Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine | August 2021 by Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine

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MUNICIPAL SYSTEMS

CONTENTS

August 2021 • Vol. 34 No. 4 • ISSN-0835-605X

Editor and Publisher STEVE DAVEY steve@esemag.com Managing Editor PETER DAVEY peter@esemag.com Sales Director PENNY DAVEY penny@esemag.com ales Representative DENISE SIMPSON S denise@esemag.com Accounting SANDRA DAVEY sandra@esemag.com Design & Production MIGUEL AGAWIN miguel@esemag.com Circulation BRIAN GILLETT ese@mysubscription.ca

TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD

Archis Ambulkar OCT Water Quality Academy Gary Burrows City of London Patrick Coleman Stantec Bill De Angelis Metrolinx Mohammed Elenany Urban Systems William Fernandes City of Toronto Marie Meunier John Meunier Inc., Québec Tony Petrucci TMIG The Municipal Infrastructure Group Environmental Science & Engineering is a bi‑monthly business publication of Environmental Science & Engineering Publications Inc. An all Canadian publication, ES&E provides authoritative editorial coverage of Canada’s municipal and industrial environmental control systems and drinking water treatment and distribution. Readers include consulting engineers, industrial plant managers and engineers, key municipal, provincial and federal environmental officials, water and wastewater plant operators and contractors. Information contained in ES&E has been compiled from sources believed to be correct. ES&E cannot be responsible for the accuracy of articles or other editorial matter. Articles in this magazine are intended to provide information rather than give legal or other professional advice. Canadian Publications Mail Sales Second Class Mail Product Agreement No. 40065446 Registration No. 7750 Subscription Changes? Please email reader subscription changes to ese@mysubscription.ca, or call 705-502-0024. Environmental Science & Engineering 220 Industrial Pkwy. S., Unit 30 Aurora, Ontario L4G 3V6 Tel: (905)727-4666 Website: www.esemag.com A Supporting Publication of

FEATURES 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 22 26 28 32 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Learning from the highs and lows of engineering design and construction A growing Calgary commissions new water pumping station Ontario advances COVID variant testing with wastewater investment Major water, wastewater upgrades set for Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan communities Leaking water pipes are hurting pocketbooks and sustainability in Ontario cities The unexplored toxic effects of COVID-19 disinfectants on water and wastewater Scientists measure new depths at bottom of hydrologic cycle The consequences of incorrectly operating wastewater evaporation ponds Different ways to transfer essential data to water and wastewater treatment facilities Niagara Region works to control unnecessary sewer inflow and infiltration Using rainwater harvesting and stormwater retention to revolutionize residential water management New water tower set to boost pressure, allow growth for NS communities Hamilton considers new report of cleanup options for Chedoke Creek University of Windsor team to monitor harmful algal blooms in real time WWTP testing rare earth coagulant to cope with rising phosphorus loading Saskatchewan mining community seeks funding to end 20-year water advisory Montreal researchers using willow tree chemistry to treat wastewater New stormwater lift stations provide Calgarians with greater flood resiliency Quebec’s Magpie River first in Canada to be granted personhood Pipe restraint resilience plays an essential role in safe water system operations

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www.esemag.com @ESEMAG 4 | August 2021

Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine

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EDITORIAL COMMENT BY STEVE DAVEY

Learning from the highs and lows of engineering design and construction

esigning and building resilient infrastructure has become a key discussion point in recent years, largely due to the impacts of increasingly severe climate change events. When design, construction and proper maintenance falls short, the results are often tragic, as evidenced by the June 24 collapse of a high-rise condo building in Surfside, Florida. According to an Associated Press report, three years before the deadly collapse of the 40-year-old Champlain Towers South condominium complex, a consultant found alarming evidence of “major structural damage” to the concrete slab below the pool deck and “abundant” cracking and crumbling of the columns, beams and walls of the parking garage under the building. While the cause of the building’s collapse is still under investigation, persistent water leaks and years of exposure to corrosive airborne salt are being considered as factors. Failure to address these conditions and damages cost 98 people their lives. In contrast, proper engineering design and foresight can impact society positively for generations. One example is Toronto’s Prince Edward Viaduct, or as it is more commonly known, the Bloor Street Viaduct, which was officially opened on October 18, 1918. Architect Edmund W. Burke, of Toronto-based Burke, Horwood and White, was hired to provide architectural design services. Although a subway line did not exist at the time, and none was yet planned, the bridge was designed in anticipation of one in the future, so it was built with a double-deck. The lower deck was designed to carry the subway, with vehicular and pedestrian traffic using the top deck. This lower deck remained unused until 1966 when the Bloor-Danforth subway opened. The 103-year-old bridge is still in operation today. Another great example is London, England’s sewerage system, which was commissioned after the “Great Stink” of 1858 overwhelmed the city. Hot weather magnified the smell of untreated human effluent and industrial waste in the Thames River. Water-borne diseases like cholera and typhoid fever regularly swept through the city’s population and it was believed that the smell itself, or “miasma” was the cause. The overpowering smell from the Thames was so bad that the curtains of the Houses of Parliament were soaked in chloride of lime to try and block it out. A bill was rushed through Parliament to provide funding to construct a massive new sewer scheme for London. Joseph Bazalgette was the chief engineer of the London Metropolitan Board of Works, and had been hired specifically to take charge of constructing a new sewer system. The plan involved building some 1,800 km of drains under 6 | August 2021

Toronto’s Bloor Street Viaduct opened in October of 1918. Credit: Muskoka, stock.adobe.com

London's streets, to feed into 134 km of new brick-lined sewers, and carry the effluent to six “intercepting sewers”. The new system would funnel the waste far downstream of the main centre of London, eventually dumping it into the Thames Estuary at high tide. The plans also called for two of the intercepting sewers to run along the north and south banks of the Thames, to catch all the waste flowing downhill. This gave an opportunity to build large new “embankments” along the river, encasing the sewer pipes and also an underground tube line. These new stone constructions narrowed the river, reclaiming about 22 acres of land from the Thames. The Victoria, Chelsea and Albert embankments were all designed by Bazalgette. In a testament to his foresight, Bazalgette is quoted as saying: “We are only going to do this once and there is always the unforeseen.” So, he doubled the diameter of the sewer pipes from what was originally planned. He also insisted on using Portland cement, an extremely strong water-resistant product that was relatively new at the time. Bazalgette’s push to design for future capacity and the use of quality building materials meant that this system is still in use today, some 135 years after it was completed. One can only hope that future project leaders will learn from failures like the recent tragedy in Surfside and the successful visions of Edmund W. Burke and Joseph Bazalgette to make their own mark on the engineering world. Steve Davey is the editor and publisher of ES&E Magazine. Please email any comments you may have to steve@esemag.com

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

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WATER is the 1,950-mm diameter South Feeder, Calgary’s largest and most critical feeder main. Shaganappi Pump Station draws water directly from the South Feeder and then effectively splits the flow, adds hydraulic energy via pumping and redirects the water to both north and south Calgary. The existing Shaganappi Pump Station is over 40 years old and is past its useful life expectancy. Many of its mechanical and electrical components are now obsolete, creating operational and maintenance challenges. Given the critical nature of this pump station and the extensive upgrades that would be required to ensure efficiency and reliability, the decision was made to replace the existing pump station with a new one. The new Shaganappi Pump Station, The requirements for Shaganappi involved the supply of three large RDLO 600-600 pumps rated at which is currently under construction, 80 ML/d and three smaller Omega 300-560 pumps rated at 30 ML/d. will be located approximately 200 m west of the existing facility. This will allow the city to reuse much of the existing underground infrastructure, including the original piping connection to the South Feeder. This location was chosen to reduce construction costs, minimize disruption of the water system and suralgary is one of Canada’s fastest of the city’s water transmission network, rounding communities, and to facilitate growing metropolitan cities and which consists of 41 pump stations and a smooth transition between the existing is the major urban centre for the 23 storage reservoirs, connected by over and new facilities. southern half of the province of 4,500 km of underground piping. Calgary’s water pump stations are Alberta. It is located in the foothills of This large number of pump stations considered critical infrastructure and the Canadian Rocky Mountains, at the and reservoirs is required due to the are designed with redundancy to allow confluence of the Bow and Elbow Riv- varying and often rugged topography them to continue to operate in an emerers. Originally founded around agricul- that divides Calgary into many smaller gency situation. ture, Calgary is now the heart of Can- water pressure zones based on elevation. The existing Shaganappi Pump Staada’s energy sector, with much of the tion utilizes natural gas engines to drive current economy driven by oil and gas THE PROJECT back-up pumps in the event of a power production. The City of Calgary owns and oper- outage. The new pump station will utiWith an expanding population of ates two water treatment plants: the lize a 944-kW natural gas generator that over three million and continued diver- Bearspaw Water Treatment Plant and will be capable of starting and running sification of industry and commerce, the the Glenmore Water Treatment Plant. one or more pumps in the event of a utilever-growing demand for potable water These state-of-the-art facilities draw ity outage. The use of natural gas generhas to be met. To satisfy both current their source water from the Bow River ators in new pump station installations and future demands for safe and reli- and the Elbow River, respectively. offers an efficient, flexible and safe soluable drinking water, the City of Calgary Combined, they can produce a total tion that meets the city’s critical infrahas recently embarked on a $35 million of 950 ML of drinking water per day. structure requirements. project to replace the most critical water Treated water is stored on-site at the pump station in the city. treatment plants before being pumped THE CHALLENGE FOR KSB The existing Shaganappi Pump Sta- into the transmission network for distriThe city issued a Request for Proposal tion, originally constructed in 1978, sup- bution throughout the city. (RFP) in late 2017, in search of a vendor plies drinking water to over 200,000 The Bearspaw plant, located in the to supply pumps and drivers for existing residents of Calgary and surround- northwest quadrant of the city, pumps and new water pump stations. KSB Caning communities. It is Calgary’s largest water into three separate underground ada was the successful proponent in this pump station and is a vital component feeder mains. One of these feeder mains stringent RFP process, which saw the

A growing Calgary commissions new water pumping station

8 | August 2021

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

contract awarded in May 2018. The contract included the supply of pumps and drivers for the new Shaganappi Pump Station project, along with other projects such as the Palliser Drive Pump Station retrofit. For this project, KSB Canada supplied two electrically driven pumps and one natural gas engine driven pump to meet a pumping requirement of up to 60 ML/d. While the Palliser Drive Pump Station project was underway, details for the new Shaganappi Pump Station were being finalized and the pump supply was put into motion. The requirements for Shaganappi involved the supply of three large RDLO 600-600 pumps rated at 80 ML/d and three smaller Omega 300-560 pumps rated at 30 ML/d to give a station design capacity of 220 ML/d. This allows for a total capacity of over 300 ML/d with all six pumps in operation. However, such a situation is not anticipated to happen. For 80% of the time, only one of each pump types might be working at the same time, ser-

vicing two different pressure zones for the water supply system. One of the key challenges for KSB Canada was the size of the natural gas generator at Shaganappi Pump Station. The configuration of the pumps and their power requirement had to be modified to meet and exceed the duty condition. To meet this condition, it was necessary to modify the pump hydraulics to maximize efficiency for the most frequent operating conditions. The City of Calgary specifications stated that they required between-bearings, axially split case centrifugal pumps. Other specific requirements included suction and discharge nozzles provided with integrally cast flanges to ANSI/ ASME B16.1, the impeller trim diameter to be no more than 98% of the full size and removable wearing rings on the impeller and casing. There were also a number of specific material requirements to satisfy national and international standards relevant to the handling of potable water.

THE SOLUTION KSB Canada’s RDLO and Omega pumps were identified as being more than capable of meeting the customer’s specific demands. These axially split, single volute casing RDLO and Omega pumps feature a double-entry radial impeller. Being axially split case pumps simplifies maintenance procedures, enabling ready access to all parts for thorough inspection. The drive may be positioned on both the left and right of the pump without additional parts or modifications to the casing being necessary. From the original RFP process through construction of the new facility, KSB Canada has worked closely with The City of Calgary, the consultant engineer (Associated Engineering) and the contractor (Graham Infrastructure LLP). For more information, contact Anna Vezina. Email: anna.vezina@ksb.com

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WASTEWATER

Ontario advances COVID variant testing with wastewater investment

ew funding is helping researchers across Canada use wastewater surveillance to learn more about how the virus that causes COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is changing over time. In Ontario, researchers at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, the University of Ottawa and the University of Guelph are working with an investment of more than $338,000 from Genome Canada, Ontario Genomics, and Illumina to develop tests for newer variants, such as the Delta and P1 variants seen in India and Brazil. “Through a coordinated approach, leveraging the province’s deep genomics resources and capacity, this project will provide early signals of worrisome viral changes and equip public health with evidence for timely decision making,” said Dr. Bettina Hamelin, president and CEO of Ontario Genomics, in a statement. “Our end-to-end view of Ontario’s genomics ecosystem has enabled Ontario Genomics to break down silos and harness genomics expertise in the fight against COVID-19,” she added.

10 | August 2021

Dr. Lawrence Goodridge, director of the University of Guelph’s Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, says only a small percentage of clinical samples in Ontario are currently being sequenced to identify COVID-19 variants of concern in the general population. Credit: University of Guelph

Also included in the network of wastewater surveillance technology (real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) researchers are the University of Waterloo, University of Windsor, Ryerson University, Health Sciences North Research Institute, among others. SARS-CoV-2 can be recognized in human waste up to a week before individuals develop symptoms and in people who remain asymptomatic but may spread the virus. By collecting fecal matter at key wastewater collection sites, researchers can get an early warning sign at the population level and pre-empt further spread by local public health interventions. According to Dr. Lawrence Goodridge, director of University of Guelph’s Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, only a small percentage of clinical samples in Ontario are currently being sequenced to identify variants of concern in the general population. “With this investment, public health officials and researchers will be able to better interpret the wealth of public health data that we flush down the toilet every day,” said Dr. Tyson Graber, research associate, CHEO Research Institute. “It’s amazing how quickly this scientific field has matured since the beginning of the pandemic, starting from basic research projects in university labs to a surveillance program used by public health units across Ontario, providing a clearer picture of how COVID-19 is affecting their community. It is a stellar example of how open science and collaboration across disciplines can benefit all Ontarians,” added Graber. As Ontario expands its testing, wastewater surveillance is spreading as a general tool right across the country. Newfoundland and Labrador researchers in the City of St. John’s are collecting samples from the Riverhead Wastewater Treatment Facility, which treats wastewater for approximately 130,000 people.

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

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WASTEWATER

Major water, wastewater upgrades set for N.S. and S.K. communities

irst Nations residents in Nova Scotia’s Inverness County, as well as several Saskatchewan communities, will soon benefit from substantial water and wastewater infrastructure funding announced recently by the federal government. For Nova Scotia, the current Whycocomagh wastewater treatment plant is operating near full capacity. It was constructed in 1977 and received upgrades in 1992. Thanks to a $5.8 million investment from three levels of government, residents of Whycocomagh and We’koqma’q First Nations will have the facility replaced. “Due to the age and condition of the current facility, the system is a priority for replacement. The new facility will help keep Whycocomagh safe, healthy and environmentally sustainable for many years to come,” announced Municipal Affairs Minister Brendan Maguire in a statement. In 2019, Dillon Consulting undertook an assessment of the facility. Design work on the new Whycocomagh wastewater treatment plant is expected to be completed by January 2022, with the overall project expected to be completed by March 2024. Saskatchewan will receive $222.8 million in joint program funding to support an infrastructure rejuvenation project at the Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant, which supplies potable water to more than 260,000 people living in Regina, Moose Jaw and other communities in the region. Modifications will include upgrades to the main treatment plant, pump stations and reservoirs. The plant was commissioned in 1955 and has undergone three major capacity and

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The Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant. Credit: Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant

process improvements since its original construction. The awarding of the design services for the plant renewal project was granted to a joint venture consisting of Graham Infrastructure Inc. and AECON Water Infrastructure Inc. The Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Corporation, owned by the cities of Regina and Moose Jaw, is contributing more than $59.4 million under the program, and is responsible for any additional costs. “With these upgrades and our city's installation of the new transmission line to our high service reservoir, Moose Javians and surrounding communities can be assured that we will have efficient and effective delivery of safe drinking water,” said Moose Jaw Mayor Fraser Tolmie. “This multimillion-dollar investment eliminates the need for major utility rate increases in the future related to upgrades to the Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant,” he added.

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WATER

Leaking water pipes are hurting pocketbooks and sustainability in Ontario cities

recent study suggests that cities such as Toronto could be wasting as much as 103 million litres of treated drinking water daily due to leaky or broken pipes. The new study from the Residential and Civil Construction Alliance of Ontario (RCCAO), lays out the economic and environmental case for sustained investment in water infrastructure and indicates that many Ontario municipalities are reporting an estimated leakage rate of at least 10%. The leaks can be caused by bad pipe connections, internal or external pipe corrosion, or mechanical damage caused by excessive pipe load (i.e., by traffic). Other factors, the report suggests, could be ground movement, high system pressure, damage due to excavation, pipe age, winter temperature, defects in pipes, ground conditions, or poor quality of workmanship. “The findings of this study are alarming because they confirm that our water infrastructure is aging and in dire need of repair,” says RCCAO executive director Nadia Todorova. “It’s incredibly inefficient and almost single-handedly defeating our water conservation goals when treated drinking water never makes it to the taps because of leaky pipes,” adds Todorova. The study, Water Infrastructure in the 21st Century: Smart and Climate-Savvy Asset Management Policies, was done by Tamer E. El-Diraby, a professor in the department of civil and mineral engineering at the University of Toronto as a follow-up to a similar study he did for RCCAO in 2009. One analysis for the Town of Smiths Falls, near Ottawa, estimated that drinking water leakage rates between 2003 and 2019 ranged between 41% to 67%. The study, which also looks at available methods to detect and forecast leaks, found that leakage fixed in a single section of York Region’s water system saved 139,000 m3 a year in water, and $426,000 annually in cost, as well as 14 | August 2021

A study by the RCCAO found that leakage fixed in a single section of York Region’s water system saved 139,000 m3 a year in water. Credit: pramot48, stock.adobe.com

102 megawatt hours a year in energy, or 4.1 tonnes of CO2. In Toronto, water and wastewater systems are the largest source of the city’s GHG emissions, estimated at around 30% to 35%. “It is imperative that Ontario stay the course to preserve the value of its water infrastructure assets as well as embrace new asset management practices to make the infrastructure more resilient,” says El-Diraby, in a statement on the report. “We must pivot to face future challenges. If we let our guard down, the repercussions will be much higher than the simple issue of crumbling assets and lower levels of services,” he adds. A 2018 survey of 308 water utilities in North America showed that the typical age of a failing watermain is 50 years. That failure age is concerning, the report says, because about 28% of all watermains have an age of 50 years or older. The study notes that, in Toronto, 16% of the more than 6,000 kilometres of watermains are 80 to 100 years of age and 11% are more than 100 years old. The city experiences an average of 1,400

watermain breaks annually and replaces about 35 to 50 kilometres of watermains each year. This means it is working on the assumption that the service life of a watermain is 110 to 166 years. To manage leakage, the report suggests that municipalities may have to increase water pressure to prevent infiltration. The leaks can occur at service connections or on transmission mains, or through overflow at utility storage tanks. “Some water is lost due to the lack of metering or inaccuracies of metering,” the report states. “Some non-revenue water is unavoidable. For example, water needed for new watermain commissioning and testing. Some are authorized but unbilled, such as water used for firefighting, while others are unauthorized and unbilled, such as theft.” When proper funding is applied, positive results are achieved, the report states. For example, the City of Guelph was able to save 3.7 million m3 of water and over $300,000 in electricity costs between 2006 and 2014, after consistently using an international water audit from the American Water Works Association.

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WASTEWATER

The unexplored toxic effects of COVID-19 disinfectants on water and wastewater By Saleha Kuzniewski

evere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been found in both untreated and treated wastewater, with the concentration relatively lower in treated wastewater. This virus has been detected using a biological technology, the polymerase chain reaction, to detect and quantify the amount of its RNA (the genetic material). There are several dashboards that report the detection of this virus in wastewater, including the University of California Merced on its website: “Summary of global SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring efforts by UC Merced researchers”. As reported by Foladori et al. in 2020 (in Science of the Total Environment), the faeces of an infected person could contain up to 5 x 107.6 copies of SARS CoV-2 RNA per mL of sample. This viral load is lower in the wastewater as it gets diluted in the water. However, it could still be present in the wastewater after treatment, including a concentration of 102 copies of SARS-CoV-2 RNA per mL of sample, also pointed out by Foladori et al. in 2020. To reduce the spread of infection due to the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2, the Government of Canada’s website: “COVID-19: Cleaning and disinfection” recommends disinfecting, including using wipes, and the use of bleach when disinfectants are not available. In addition to instructions for how to prepare 0.1% bleach solution containing sodium hypochlorite, the website also has a section on bleach disposal that advises following municipal guidelines and not pouring bleach down the drain. There are several municipal websites on handling bleach wastes. The Region of Waterloo’s website: “General waste collection information” mentions that while there is no curbside collection, there is a residential program to 16 | August 2021

Could the disposal of large quantities of disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic form disinfection byproducts in aquifers, septic tanks and wastewater treatment plants? Credit: F8studio, stock.adobe.com

drop off bleach. The City of Toronto’s Waste Wizard website states that bleach waste should be taken to the city’s drop off depot. These residential programs are local businesses that take in bleach as part of a stewardship program. They may differ in the types of acceptable bleach containers and quantities. Bleach is included in the list of hard surface disinfectants by Health Canada, “Hard-surface disinfectants and hand sanitizers (COVID-19): List of disinfectants for use against COVID-19” and can be found on the Government of Canada’s website on COVID-19. This list includes commercial product names for disinfectants and also their active ingredients. These include benzalkonium chloride and dimethyl ammonium chloride in domestic disinfectant products and sodium hypochlorite for disinfectant use in hospitals and food premises. The use of chlorination to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 is recommended by Health Canada and the Health and Safety Executive in the United King-

dom at a dose of 0.5 mg per litre of free chlorine for 30 minutes for disinfecting drinking water. It is also recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for wastewater treatment in their interim guidance report “Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19”. In this report, to keep water supplies safe, the WHO specifically recommends a residual free chlorine concentration of ≥0.5 mg per litre for at least 30 minutes of contact time and at a pH level of less than 8.0. Where a centralized water system is not available, the WHO recommends, among other treatments, the use of dosed chlorine products such as sodium hypochlorite. The above-mentioned residual chlorine concentration by WHO is 25 times higher than the limit for the average maximum concentration of total residual chlorine in wastewater effluent in Canada (0.02 mg per litre). Additionally, chlorinated wastewater is on the list

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

of toxic substances in Schedule 1 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act mentioned on the Government of Canada’s website: “Toxic substances list for chlorinated wastewater effluents”. This website also mentions that chlorinated wastewater effluents from wastewater treatment plants have caused lethal effects on aquatic organisms including fish. Although chlorine-based disinfectants including bleach are listed by Health Canada and other countries to disinfect SARS-CoV-2, the use of these disinfectants and the recommended chlorination by the WHO could be a problem for wastewater treatment plants. This is due to the chemistry of chlorine-based disinfectants in water causing the formation of toxic disinfection byproducts, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and trichloroacetyldehyde. These are potentially genotoxic and hepatotoxic, and some can also cause neurological damage. Disinfection byproducts are formed

from the reaction of chlorine compounds, the active ingredient in most disinfectants. In general, when chlorine reacts with water, it forms hypochlorous acid. The presence of bromine in the water forms hypobromous acid. These acids, in the presence of natural organic matter, form several trihalomethanes such as chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform, collectively called total trihalomethanes. Chlorine can also react with large organic molecules, resulting in trichloroacetone and when this reacts with hypochlorous acid, haloacetic acids are formed. Another active ingredient in disinfectants, benzylalkonium chloride, is a precursor for the formation of trihalomethanes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of liquid bleach, bleach-containing wipes, and alcohol-based disinfectants increased markedly in order to reduce the infectious spread of the virus. The active ingredient in bleach is sodium hypochlorite and it forms trihalomethanes as mentioned above. Alco-

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hol-based disinfectants have ethyl alcohol in them and when this reacts with chlorine, propionyl chloride is formed and it dissociates into acetyldehyde. The reaction of acetyldehyde with hypochlorous acid forms trichloroacetyldehyde, also a toxic disinfection byproduct. What happens to the disinfectant wipes and liquid bleach that we are using during this pandemic? Disinfectant wipes, when disposed in the garbage bin, become a part of the landfill and the chemicals in them, including chlorine chemicals, could leach and enter aquifers and eventually drinking water supplies. Liquid disinfectants, including bleach, when disposed in sinks and toilets, enter septic tanks and wastewater treatment plants. These disinfectants, when disposed, gets diluted in the water systems and low disposal amounts would not affect the water systems. However, concerns arise when large quantities of disinfectants are disposed of, as during this pandemic. As discontinued overleaf…

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WASTEWATER cussed earlier, disinfectants including chlorine-based disinfectants form disinfection byproducts. Could the disposal of large quantities of disinfectants form disinfection byproducts in aquifers, septic tanks and wastewater treatment plants? What health effects will these disinfection byproducts have? How will they affect the viability of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater? Some Canadian regions are in the process of implementing other disinfection methods in wastewater treatment plants. The Jean-R. Marcotte facility in Montréal plans to use ozonation for wastewater treatment due to the moratorium issued by the Minister of Environment about the use of chlorination in wastewater treatment and the concerns about the toxic effects of disinfection byproducts. Some communities in British Columbia that get their drinking water from Beaver and Oyama Lakes have experienced elevated concentrations of trihalomethanes. In 2018, samples collected from their tap water were reported to contain an average of 0.24 mg per litre trihalomethanes, while the maximum acceptable concentration of trihalomethanes in Canadian drinking water is 0.1 mg per litre according to Health Canada’s Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality. The same year, several communities in Western Newfoundland, including St. Paul’s and Lourdes, also had two to

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Could the disposal of large quantities of disinfectants form disinfection byproducts in aquifers, septic tanks and wastewater treatment plants?

three times the acceptable levels of trihalomethanes. So, if some of our communities experienced higher than acceptable levels of trihalomethanes in their water supplies three years ago, what is the level of trihalomethanes and other disinfection byproducts in our water during the COVID-19 pandemic? Is it elevated in some communities, and if so, will elevated concentrations of these chemicals affect the wastewater disinfection processes, drinking water quality and public health? While there is a lack of published data to answer the above questions, there are several publications on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in treated wastewater. SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in treated wastewater in several countries including France and Spain. (Foladori et al)

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Furthermore, several other published studies, including Medema et al. in 2020, reported that the amount of SARS-CoV-2 in a wastewater treatment plant is correlated with the prevalence of COVID-19 in the local communities linked to it. Therefore, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in treated wastewater indicates that this virus is not always completely eliminated by the plant’s disinfection process. The disinfection process using bleach occurs due to hypochlorous acid. It works best at low pH and destroys viruses by moving through their viral envelope. This acid is also effective against SARSCoV-2 as reported for a study done using an EPA-standard test. Two hundred mg per litre of hypochlorous acid, when used as a spray, was effective against SARSCoV-2 after five minutes of contact time. Other studies, including one by Duan et al. in 2021, showed similar results. Not all viruses are completely eliminated by chlorination. “The effects of chlorination on inactivating selected pathogens” on the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s website shows that the viruses on their list, including adenoviruses and noroviruses, in addition to having a long and persistent time in water supplies, have only a moderate tolerance to chlorine of 0.17 to 0.52 mg per litre for a variable exposure duration. However, several variants of other viruses have high resistance to chlorina-

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tion. Polioviruses 1 and 2, when in contact for one minute to a concentration of 0.4 mg of free chlorine per litre, had 10.44% and 1.33% survival rates respectively according to the 1985 study by Payment et al. Other examples include the rotovirus strain SA-11 which has high resistance to residual chlorine as reported by Meister et al. in 2018. The above examples are reason to be concerned about the resistance of SARSCoV-2 variants to chlorination. How will chlorination in wastewater treatment plants affect SARS-CoV-2 variants? Why is SARS-CoV-2 still present in treated wastewater, as shown in published studies? We don’t know yet. Could SARS-CoV-2 transmission occur from the wastewater droplets via air transmission? SARS-CoV-2 is genetically related to SARS-CoV, the virus that caused Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003. In a 50-storey building in Hong Kong, there were 342 cases of SARS and 42 deaths due to ambient transmission of

SARS-CoV through the plumbing system and aided by ventilation. This virus spreading event is described in the 2003 WHO report “Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)” and also by Gormley et al. in 2020. Could a similar infection spread event occur with SARS-CoV-2? Could it happen if it is present in drinking water?

everywhere. This means people have the tendency to dispose of liquid disinfectants down the drain. Thirdly, variants from several viruses have proved to be resistant to chlorination in water and this should be a concern for SARS-CoV-2 variants. While we need to implement practical municipal disposal programs for disinfectants, including bleach, to minimize the amount of disinfectant wipes in SUMMARY landfills and bleach disposal in the drain, The increased use of disinfectants, we also need to be ready with wastewater including chlorine-based disinfectants, treatment strategies that do not generate during the COVID-19 pandemic is con- disinfection byproducts and could also cerning for several reasons. When dis- completely eliminate viruses such as the posed in large quantities, they can affect SARS-CoV-2 and its variants from our the wastewater treatment processes and water treatment systems. hence the water quality as they form toxic disinfection byproducts in water, Saleha Kuzniewski, PhD, has worked including trihalomethanes. on environmental remediation and Secondly, bleach disposal is a prob- microbiology projects, including a lem. While the Canadian government wastewater study done for the Salt advises not to dispose of bleach down Institute. She has also authored several drains and to follow residential pro- scientific publications and books. Email: grams, such programs do not exist kuzniewski.sk@gmail.com

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GROUNDWATER

Dr. Grant Ferguson, co-author of the article “Deep Meteoric Water Circulation in Earth’s Crust”. Credit: Mark Ferguson, University of Saskatchewan

Scientists measure new depths at bottom of hydrologic cycle By Ashleigh Mattern

or the first time, researchers have mapped groundwater circulation up to five kilometres below the surface, as part of one of the first attempts to document the deepest parts of the hydrologic cycle. This research could allow people to make predictions on a continental scale about where it might be safer to store contaminants deep underground. Hydrologists are usually interested in things like stream flow and flood predictions, water that generally resides in the top 10 metres or so of the Earth. This research is at the frontier of hydrology, microbiology and geology. “It seems every time someone scratches a new spot in the subsurface, we find life existing somewhere we didn’t think it could before, and one of the key aspects to that seems to be circulating water,” said Dr. Grant Ferguson, a professor with the University of Saskatchewan College of Engineering, School of Environment and Sustainability, and member of the Global Institute for Water Security. Ferguson is co-author of the article “Deep Meteoric Water Circulation in Earth’s Crust”. “What we think we’re seeing in the 20 | August 2021

subsurface is that it hasn’t adjusted to our current geology yet,” Ferguson said. “We’re looking at not only deep hydrology, but deep time too.” The research shows that water that began as precipitation can reach depths of more than one kilometre and as deep as five kilometres over much of North America. Steep mountains have deeper circulation of meteoric water and in places where the topography is relatively flat, the circulation depth is shallower. “The deep subsurface is a black box,” said co-author Dr. Jennifer McIntosh, professor in hydrology and atmospheric sciences at the University of Arizona. “We wanted to illuminate that by using field measurements to tell how deep meteoric water has been circulated.” McIntosh said she was surprised how accurate their predictions were, but that there are places their models didn’t work. She added that in some places, today’s topography can’t explain the circulation depths of meteoric water. “If we go back in time, the Earth’s surface looked different,” McIntosh said. “We are beginning to investigate how that change over geologic time has impacted

water deep underground.” This research touches on geological forces from when the Rocky Mountains were bigger or when the Grand Canyon was formed, so the water is hundreds to millions of years old. The researchers used a “fingerprinting” technology with water stable isotopes. These are non-radioactive forms of atoms that can be measured in water samples. The stable isotopes told them the origins and history of the water, which they compared to the predictions they had made on the depth of circulation based on topography and the geometry of the subsurface. It was a data mining exercise. Most of the data points were samples collected by previous researchers, such as water that has seeped into deep mines. “The water in the subsurface can be thousands to millions of years old, and in some places travelled kilometres deep before reaching its way back to the surface,” McIntosh said. Along its flow path, the water reacted with rocks and released elements in what McIntosh describes as “a conveyor belt of water” that was once in contact with the surface and will eventually return to the surface carrying those natural signatures of their flowpaths. “If you think about what our legacy might be, with the water going into the ground today, circulating to depths of a few kilometres, what would some future civilization find?” Ferguson said. Will microplastics and other contaminants go deep into the subsurface only to be found 100 million years from now by whatever civilization exists at that time? What will that tell them about us? These are not topics hydrologists typically think about, said Ferguson, whose research is also part of the pan-Canadian Global Water Futures program. “Hydrologists think they’re talking about long time periods when they look at historical floods going back as far as the instrumental record would go,” which is about 100 years. For more information, contact Mark Ferguson with the University of Saskatchewan. Email: m.ferguson@usask.ca

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WASTEWATER

The consequences of incorrectly operating wastewater evaporation ponds By Bob Ballantyne

vaporation can seem so simple. All that is required is some surface area, latent heat from the sun and air movement. It is a simple phase change of water molecules from a liquid to a gas phase. However, if you factor in any ion content, which creates polluted or partially polluted waters, evaporation becomes a little more challenging. Operating in an outdoor environment, with the need to scale up to multi-acreage ponds, can also make evaporation challenging. The consequences of incorrectly applying the operation and methodology of evaporation becomes very real and very expensive. Resource West Inc. (RWI), a wastewater evaporator manufacturer, wanted to find a way to arrest ion content. We wanted to keep it from converting to a dry aerosol and floating away as sub-10-micron particles, which have zero sedimentation rate. The investigation’s task was to keep contaminants within the liquid in the impoundment pond. Also, to concentrate the solution for more efficient treatment and disposal by reducing volumes. A review of the “state-of-the-art” evaporation machinery ensued. First up for evaluation were pond surface evaporators. We found that there was not much of a difference over the natural evaporation rate of the test site impoundment. Using an infrared camera to explore the problems it became obvious that the major drawback was that no air was being introduced. These types of units were basically just raising the surface of the impoundment up in the air. This allowed only a small increase in natural evaporation by inducing a slightly higher surface area above the area of the impoundment they were operated on. But, it did so by stopping any natural evaporation of the surface area it was covering up. So, only the arc induced by sedimentation rates of droplets really added any evaporation enhancement. The spray itself stopped all evaporation beneath it due to the high humidity area above the pond. This completely eliminated the boundary layer and replaced it with a new one at a higher elevation. Subtracting the natural evaporation rate of that area from the rate these devices were able to achieve meant there was a very large consumption of power for a relatively small increase in evaporation enhancement. As a result of these experiments, we recommend that large volumes of air sweep the boundary layer. Induced draft would be a component of a state-of-the-art natural enhanced evaporator. The next step involved operational testing of our legacy units, which were available from 25 hp to 100 hp. They are mostly high-pressure axial flow fans, which can move large volumes of air, at very high pressures. These machines definitely evaporated a lot of water. However, we found large discrepancies between the volume 22 | August 2021

A PitBoss evaporator from RWI.

of air being moved and the amount of water removed from the pond on our five-acre test site. Lots of water was disappearing, but the amount of air being induced was way off the mark for having the capacity to carry away the liquid that had converted to a gas phase. Looking at psychrometric charting and ambient air conditions, the drop from dry bulb to wet bulb is a very simple calculation. The induced draft could not hold the amount of water that was unaccounted for at the end of a run. We knew dilution into drier air during flight would give us a secondary evaporative loss, but surface area calculations, even when considering thermophoresis effects, were well below a level that could account for the amount of water missing from the experiment impoundment. This led to an investigation into what was causing this additional loss from the experimental site’s 75 m3 pond. Leaks were ruled out and the surface area of the pond and lining system was already cataloged and normalized to the loss predicted by the Davis Pro II weather station that monitored and recorded the weather conditions in 15-second intervals. We turned to an infrared camera for a deeper look into what was going on with the loss. The investigation led us down a very deep rabbit hole as every experiment seeking answers continued overleaf…

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WASTEWATER

It was better to store the energy in the pond overnight so you could start with a high evaporation rate early when the sun’s infrared wavelengths began to warm the surface waters of the impoundment.

most often just led to more questions. We ended up building a wind tunnel, and by using micro-pipets to create droplets, we were able to determine that droplet destabilization was the problem. The systems had two areas of droplet destabilization. First, the wind speed was such that introduction of the droplet by brute pressure force saw the droplet destroyed by T plus 4.7 milliseconds. A secondary source was identified. The spray ring nozzle system itself, with 100 PSI of pressure, was colliding droplets together with so much energy that they shattered at the nozzle. This led to 30% to 40% of the water being formed into droplets of less than 10-microns. Having no sedimentation rate, this material floated off along with the pollution in the water. We were using sodium and potassium chloride to have some ion content to track both in the pond and on sedimentation catches on the liner system. We now knew that a large part of what was counted as evaporation was actually the formation of a large volume of particles with a sedimentation rate well above 60 minutes for a three-metre drop in dead still conditions. As such, any new system would need to control droplet destabilization. As we continued the three-year investigation and experiment process, we continued to refine control over the pollution plume. Some controls were obvious, such as the need to know dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures. This gave us our rate of evaporation in flight, allowing sizing of the droplets through pressure changes with the pump’s variable frequency drive (VFD). Wind conditions such as speed and direction were monitored for adjustments in the trajectory path of the droplet. 24 | August 2021

As we collected increased data, we could adjust things in real time with VFD control, only requiring a nozzle type change for seasonal changes in temperature. In the end we dropped the horsepower to 3.3 for the systems, while increasing the evaporation rates with control of the pollution plume to well over 20 GPM. The units usually only run during the day. Our experiments clearly showed that running at night was not worth it unless you had a waste caloric source to replenish the caloric content lost heating the air. It was better to store the energy in the pond overnight so you could start with a high evaporation rate early when the sun’s infrared wavelengths began to warm the surface waters of the impoundment. This was better than wasting the energy heating air all night and then waiting two hours for caloric content replacement to warm the entire pond back up to levels conducive to efficient evaporation rates. All of this research allowed us to reduce the cost of evaporative disposal of 1,000 m3 down to USD $6.30 in operating expenses (OPEX) if power is $0.14 per KWh. We are, of course, continuing to push the state of the art further. Most recently, we have brought out units that now make their own droplets using ocean wave mathematics. Also, they adjust VFD fan control to change droplet sizes through wave crash control and adding ripples to the surface of the impoundments. This increases surface area, while sweeping the boundary layers constantly with 10,000 to 20,000 CFM of variable induced draft. This is pushing costs even lower and has taken maintenance down to washing units down once per year. Completely composite and stainless-steel materials allow them to run on impoundments from 0.6 pH to 14 pH. We still have lots of work ahead of us. This includes getting renewable energy sources set up that allow areas with limited infrastructure to process wastewater, and being able to capture rare earth minerals by selective ion exchange.

We again used a VFD, but this one controlled the fan. This meant we could move both pressure and volume up or down to allow trajectory to be adjusted to keep the landing zone in the impoundment or on the return liner in real time. It became apparent that the whole industry was trying for even lower levels of pollution plume control. We stopped making high-horsepower high-pressure fans when we saw our machine’s micromillimeter TDS loss as a dry aerosol compound lofted into the atmosphere. Everyone else seemed to be in a race to take the biggest fan motor they could find and slap it into a fan case and push liquid into the sky at ever higher rates of speed. Apparently unaware of the pollution plume that was being pushed into the atmosphere to float and land somewhere unpredictable by any mathematics. We realized the third specification for evaporation technology needs to include the ratio of wattage to cubic metre evaporated. And, we realized that evaporation rates meant nothing. We could evaporate anything we wanted by making the droplets smaller and smaller. But, what really counted was controlled evaporation, where you knew what you were evaporating, what your droplet size centered around and how much the droplet would shrink in flight. This was the real evaporation rate, when you knew what was going to evaporate and what was going to land with concentrated ion content back into the impoundment. At first, we would assemble five to 10 years of weather data and make sure the nozzle produced a droplet that would take 85% of the weather parameters and perform without inflight dry-out of the Bob Ballantyne is with Resource West Inc. droplets. Email: engineering@resourcewest.com Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

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INSTRUMENTATION

Different ways to transfer essential data to water and wastewater treatment facilities By Parth Bosmia

or the water and wastewater industry, transferring data is essential and vital to facility operation. Many critical decisions are made based on simple data transmitted by a sensor located remotely from the operations control room. The issues are: how best to transfer that data; what is its value; and how much is to be spent to locate and power a sensor to obtain this data? Is it feasible to install a 50-kilometre-long cable from the plant if there is only a single sensor located in that area? The answer is likely no, due to the value of the data being less than the cost to install the wiring. The other option is to go with a leased telephone line, but it has

become difficult to obtain a leased line from a service provider in the present era. The only other available option is to go with wireless technologies, which include LAN (Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi), cellular (GSM/3G/LTE), or a low-power wide area network (WAN) modulation with internet of things (IoT). If the sensor is 10 metres away, one can think of using Bluetooth technology, or a hardwired cable for the signal. Similarly, Wi-Fi has a range of only about 50 metres, which is not a considerable distance and can be covered via hardwired cable in a more economical and reliable manner. The third option is to install a GSM/3G/LTE network connection, in

which the sensor includes a SIM card, similar to the one in a cellular phone, to connect to the facility network and transfer data. But, this technology has some limitations because it consumes more power, so if the sensor is battery operated, then a frequent battery replacement would be required in addition to a monthly payment to the cellular service provider. The second limitation is that there has to be network coverage from the service provider where the sensor is located. But, what if there is no network coverage in the area? If the sensor is battery operated and located in a remote location where oper-

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Figure 1. Low-power WAN modulation technology overview.

ations and maintenance staff do not want to travel to replace its battery every few days, the solution can be a lowpower wide area network (WAN) modulation technology combined with IoT. Figure 1 provides a general overview of low-power WAN modulation technology. This technology has limitations. While it can cover a distance of approximately 100 to 150 kilometres, the limitation is the data transmission speed. This is around 50 Kbps for a distance of one to two kilometres. However, as the distance increases, data transmission speed reduces proportionally. So, with this technology, it is not advisable to transfer images and videos. However, a small

packet of data/information such as pressure, temperature, humidity, etc., can easily be transferred. One benefit of using this technology is that battery replacement is not required for three to six years, depending on the data transmission rate set in the sensor. Line of sight is also advisable for a longer range. There is no requirement of a license to use this technology. LINK BUDGET A link budget is an accounting of all of the power gains and losses that a communication signal experiences in a telecommunication system, from a transmitter through a communication

medium such as radio waves, cable, and waveguide to the receiver. The higher the link budget, the better. Also, the loss of data transfer is directly proportional to the frequency at which the data is transmitted. The higher the frequency, the greater the data loss, and hence less distance the data could be transferred to the receiver. This means the lesser the frequency, the greater the distance that can be set between transmitter and receiver. Figure 2 compares different technologies in terms of bandwidth (the data transfer rate) versus the distance/range. CONCLUSION It depends on different factors as to which technology is the best for the selected application. These include finance, distance, transmission speed, size of the data stream, link budget and criticality of the data. The user may choose from the previously described technologies after considering the various factors for the data transfer. Parth Bosmia is with R.V. Anderson Associates Ltd. Email: pbosmia@rvanderson.com

Figure 2. Bandwidth versus range comparison. www.esemag.com @ESEMAG

August 2021 | 27

INFRASTRUCTURE

Niagara Region works to control unnecessary Inflow and Infiltration By Ilija Stetic

ometimes piping systems collecting wastewater are more then tens of kilometres long, increasing a chance of something going wrong in the process from a household to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), especially during a wet weather event. In this case, it's all about rainwater or groundwater entering the collection system, which should not be happening. There are various ways for this water to enter pipes and consequently create a problem by overwhelming the wastewater system in whole or in parts. These systems were not designed to carry these extraneous inflow and infiltration Figure 1. An example of a flow monitoring hydrograph. (I/I) flows, so sometimes they overflow into the environment or basements. I/I enters systems through cracked and broken sewer pipes and improperly connected roof and foundation drains. Figure 1 shows a situation where I/I exceeded design capacity of wastewater infrastructure during a rainfall event. Peak wet weather flows can be more than 10 times greater than dry weather flows. Designing wastewater systems to treat wastewater and receiving multiple times greater flows because of a rainfall event, makes planning and operational decisions difficult. If money weren't a problem, huge pipes could be built to carry extra flows and huge pump stations would convey it to oversized WWTPs for treatment. But nobody can Figure 2. Regional (red and violet) and municipal (green) sewers. afford that. INFLOW AND INFILTRATION IN NIAGARA REGION Niagara Region is responsible for the collection and treatment of wastewater with its pump stations, forcemains and trunk sewers. Local area municipalities (LAMs) look after collection of wastewater flows from customers through their collection system(s). It is a two-tier water and wastewater system. Realizing that I/I issues are a collec28 | August 2021

tive problem, both government entities are working collaboratively to investigate the problem, quantify it, and develop appropriate mitigation strategies based on what the discovered I/I sources are. Figure 2 is an illustration of a sanitary sewer system with shared responsibilities. While the Region is responsible for supplying potable water and treating collected sanitary water, the municipal-

ities control local servicing. The Region averages annual sewage flow charges to municipalities over multi-year periods. Sanitary water that accumulates I/I flows and that is treated by the Region increases the charges to municipalities, which consequently increases their charges to homeowners. Among many other collaborative initiatives between the Region and LAMs, a combined sewer overflow (CSO) con-

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

trol program managed by the Region provides a connecting link and financial help to deal with I/I issues on the municipal side. The program defines appropriate and acceptable works, cost share split between the Region and LAMs, and an evaluation matrix used for approving municipal I/I projects. The widely accepted program goal is to work on a targeted I/I reduction to gain back existing capacity, postpone upgrades/expansion of wastewater infrastructure, and provide capacity for growth. Between 2007 and 2021, 385 projects, costing $67 million, were approved for municipal projects through the collaborative CSO control program. They included sewer separation, studies, source control, conveyance and flow control/storage, and repair/rehabilitation/replacement of sewers. Since there are still a few older sewer systems in Niagara Region collecting and combining stormwater with sew-

Figure 3: Measured peak wet weather flows. Credit: Municipal I/I Collective

age, it is paramount to capture these two components separately into storm and sanitary sewer systems. The most popular projects undertaken across the Region are the projects that separate sanitary and stormwater into separate sewers. With this in mind, there is a necessity to combine stormwa-

ter management, wastewater management and climate change effects under the same strategy. We also need to look at the public versus private sides on existing and new infrastructure. With the amount of population continued overleaf…

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August 2021 | 29

INFRASTRUCTURE growth anticipated in Niagara and current I/I amounts in the sanitary sewers, the ability to meet future needs could be easily jeopardized. Building bigger infrastructure to convey high wet weather flows, as practiced in the past, is getting too expensive. To optimize the usage of public funds, it is more efficient to identify sources of high wet weather flows, mitigate I/I issues and upgrade infrastructure at a financially feasible level. NEW CONSTRUCTION I/I Besides evident I/I problems in older infrastructure, quite recently, it was discovered that even some newly built subdivision infrastructure is adding to wet weather flows. Figure 3 shows peak wet weather flows being multiple times over the design limits at five different subdivisions. Realizing in 2019 what a variety of actual stakeholders are in play here, the Region started engaging into proactive discussions with the development industry, home builders’ associations, consultants, the construction industry and government officials from various levels. Examples from other Regions were presented showing new developments adding wet weather flows above designed limits into the sanitary system during partial and full occupancy. Everybody involved agreed on a collaborative approach throughout the Region to ensure that the negative trend with new construction elsewhere, does not show up in Niagara, and that best construction standards are being followed. Since then, some partnering municipalities started piloting projects at new subdivisions through investigative field work and flow monitoring. As a result, site visits of not fully occupied new subdivisions showed that newly constructed sanitary sewers were still 85% full two hours after a rain event ended. It was also found that some manholes were installed without gaskets, or they were installed incorrectly. A couple of cleanouts were damaged by working vehicles and left open. Some individual foundations were draining to the sanitary system. It was also surprising to discover some illegal dumping into the sanitary 30 | August 2021

Homeowners

Region & Municipalities

Regulators Wet Weather Management

Building Officials

Developers

Figure 4: Interconnected stakeholders in a collaborative approach.

system was taking place. There are multiple reasons for these occurrences, ranging from employing multiple trades/contractors, to not understanding how the system works, and lack of knowledgeable inspection by an independent third party. Whatever the case may be, it is vital that all involved work together on ensuring that the new infrastructure is constructed properly.

public works officials, need to be interconnected (see Figure 4). Also, if a problem is found, it would be much easier to correct it during construction. Defining clear expectations from each party, so they know their responsibilities and the responsibilities of others, would be a start in the right direction. The Region is working on an industry engagement plan to increase awareness of I/I issues in new construction through educational sessions with relevant stakeholders. Additionally, a revision of the existing subdivision agreement, with proper language for addressing flow monitoring in new construction and acceptance levels based on proving a required level of service, is ongoing. Potentially, a third-party inspection could be involved to make new infrastructure acceptance smoother for all. With all of these improvements to come, we can see that the “dirty” sewer business does not need to be as dirty anymore.

REDUCING I/I IN NEW CONSTRUCTION The Region and its municipal partners all agree that a flow monitoring evaluation for infrastructure performance of new construction might be in order for its proper acceptance into the existing system. It is expected that new infrastructure performs at its peak level without adding wet weather flows into the existing infrastructure, or adding just what is acceptable by the design. It is important to note that 0.286 L/s/ha is a long-term I/I allowance per design meant for the life of sewer. Therefore, an acceptable I/I level in day one should be in the range of more than 10 Ilija Stetic is with Niagara Region. times less, say 0.02 L/s/ha. Email: ilija.stetic@niagararegion.ca To achieve this, all identified stakeholders, developers, contractors, consultants, regulators, building officials, and

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

REINVENTING THE CHEMICAL DOSING SYSTEM The DICE Dosing Module, by Meunier Technologies, integrates all the necessary discharge components required for a typical chemical dosing system. The block type design allows for a rigid, compact and reliable product, and the significantly reduced number of connections greatly decreases leakage potential. The module allows for better precision and protection in the dosing system, and also features great quality due to its machined fabrication. The Dosing Module overcomes the many fundamental problems of the current piping system design: • Poor quality of the piping connections; • Many potential leakage points; and • Excessive vibration caused by the pump pulsation – which leads to mechanical fatigue on connections and components. Other features include: • Integrated: ° Ball valves for outlet, calibration column, and drainage; ° Auxiliary ports: pulsation dampener, washing port, transport/dilution water and secondary pumps; ° Adjustable back pressure valve; ° Adjustable pressure relief valve; ° Pressure gauge with isolator; and ° Standard design that fits all your essential needs. • Extensive reliability and durability; • No threaded or glued connections; • Extremely compact design resulting in minimal footprint; • With only 3 supporting bolts and 4 connections, the module can easily be installed on new and existing systems (retrofit); • Possibility of having only 1 Dosing module for 3 pumps (1 injection point, 3 pumps); and • Capability of calibrating the pump with the correct suction head and discharge pressure.

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STORMWATER

The homes’ rainwater harvesting systems are connected in-part to a 20 m3 underground stormwater detention system, which slowly discharges to the storm sewer.

Using rainwater harvesting and stormwater retention to revolutionize residential water management By Chantel Homme

brand-new family home at The Vine at Pepin Brook development in Abbotsford, British Columbia can now also be a cutting-edge, high-performance, energy-saving resource. BARR Plastics and SonBuilt Custom Homes have worked together on several sites now to create “the net-zero energy home”. These are homes built so efficiently that most or all of the energy consumption is offset by renewable energy, utilizing resources such as rainwater harvesting, solar panels, and more, to create a multi-faceted energy-efficient system. Key components include rainwater collection, stormwater management, 32 | August 2021

heat recovery ventilators, solar panels, high-performance wall systems, tankless water heaters, and triple glazed windows. The Vine will feature 16 brand new homes, with some incorporating all of the above features to achieve net-zero energy status. Others will utilize several of the above features and be built to high-performance standards. While SonBuilt provides the construction expertise and design capabilities for the home itself, BARR Plastics fits into the equation by outfitting each home with rainwater harvesting and a stormwater management system. Using the roof area, rainwater is col-

lected via downspout into a 6,500 litre collection tank. Through a process of filtering and pumping throughout the house, this water is then used for flushing toilets, irrigating the property, and other outdoor uses such as washing vehicles. Overflow from this tank flows into the stormwater detention tank. SYSTEM COMPONENTS BARR Plastics chose to provide GRAF Carat S tanks for use in all 16 installations at The Vine development. This was due to the unique materials and construction that go into this tank. It is continued overleaf…

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

A Permit to PrActice is Now required for eNGiNeeriNG firms Under BC’s new Professional Governance Act, organizations that engage in the practice of professional engineering or professional geoscience in BC must register for a Permit to Practice by September 30, 2021. A Permit to Practice grants organizations the legal authority to practice in BC.

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STORMWATER manufactured by injection compression moulding using Duralen®, a high-quality food-grade polypropylene material that is extremely rigid and impact resistant. These qualities make the Carat S an ideal candidate for underground rainwater harvesting due to its particularly durable and long-lasting nature. Duralen is also easily recycled, reducing waste and contributing to the environmentally friendly nature of the home. Finally, these tanks are lab-tested and proven to have a service life of at least 25 years, making this a permanent and reliable add-on to a property’s water usage system. The filter system included in the Carat S is the GRAF Optimax-Pro, a filter designed specifically for use in the Carat tank. This filter is compact, low-maintenance, self-cleaning, and has a water yield of over 95%. Sediment and debris are filtered out of the rainwater collected from the roof of the home into the tank, where it is then pumped into the home for use throughout. A four-stage cleaning process produces optimal water quality and retention, providing water that is very low in sediment and other debris. Stage 1 – Collected rainwater flows through the Optimax-Pro filter system and then into the storage tank. Remaining particles and other undesirable materials are rinsed with a small amount of water and then directed into the sewer system. Stage 2 – The filtered water is routed into the tank through a calming inlet which directs it to the bottom. This process adds oxygen to the water at the base of the tank and also prevents fine sediments from being disturbed. This keeps the majority of the water left in the tank clean and fresh. Stage 3 – Residual materials, such as pollen, that are lighter than water form a floating layer on the surface of the water in the tank. An overflow siphon allows this floating layer to be removed when the tank overflows. As such, it is important to allow regular overflow of the tank to ensure continued water quality throughout the life cycle of the tank. Stage 4 – Since the cleanest water is found around 10 cm below the surface, a floating extraction unit near the top of the tank removes it for usage. 34 | August 2021

Rainwater is collected into a 6,500 litre collection tank. Through a process of filtering and pumping throughout the house, this water is then used for flushing toilets, irrigating the property, and other outdoor uses.

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT The rainwater harvesting system’s vital overflow feature connects in part to a 20 m3 underground stormwater detention tank, which slowly discharges into the storm sewer. These systems reduce the heavy flows of storm events and the ones utilized at The Vine are designed and sized to handle a 100-year storm event. BARR Plastics provided the GRAF EcoBloc Inspect smart system, comprised of detention modules that fit together to create a full detention tank. These modules are GRAF’s latest venture into streamlining their previous models of infiltration/detention modules for easier inspection, greater load-bearing, and labour-saving installation. The Inspect smart modules are unique in that they can be buried deeper than any model before them, providing more options for the location of stormwater systems. In addition to this, the new smart modules save time during installation with their simple and effortless click-together system. Assembly is quicker and easier than it was with previous EcoBloc models. EcoBloc Inspect smart modules are installed with base plates, end plates, and connectors to create the full tank system. The modules are wrapped with geotextile and a linear low density polyethylene synthetic lining. Geotextile protects the plastic lining and retains the water moving through the tank.

While stormwater management can also be achieved with drainage gravel, the EcoBloc system provides three times the storage volume. As such, it saves money on expensive soil and gravel excavation, while providing a higher standard for stormwater detention in less time and with fewer expenses. This is an important component in the value of the home as well, as it adds an environmentally-sustainable edge and prevents compromised soil structure. Water siphoned off from the rainwater collection reservoirs, that is free of debris, is then moved slowly through the stormwater tank, which is only closed off on the sides and bottom. This allows the water to trickle through the tank and be slowly reintroduced to the ground This prolongs stability and mimics a more natural water seepage, thus preventing the risks of ground instability and flooding. The inclusion of stormwater management also helps keep groundwater levels stable. Home building seals the ground, lowers the natural groundwater level, and breaks the natural cycle. This environmentally sensitive method of disposing of rainwater also allows groundwater restoration. Chantel Homme is with BARR Plastics. Email: info@barrplastics.com

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

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WATER

New water tower set to boost pressure, allow growth for Nova Scotia communities

new $2.9-million gravity-fed water storage tank is set for Nova Scotia’s Osprey Village in Lunenburg County, thanks to new provincial funding. The Municipality of the District of Lunenburg and the Town of Bridgewater will both benefit from improved access to drinking water and better water flow for firefighting, according to statements from local officials. “This investment will help meet long-term development and water demands for Osprey Village and surrounding areas,” said Lunenburg West MLA Mark Furey. Lunenburg Mayor Carolyn Bolivar-Getson noted that the new water tower will mean increased water pressure for the community, resolving a longstanding issue. “It will also give us the ability to open up adjacent lands for serviced development, including a potential expansion of Osprey Village,” added Bolivar-Getson. The federal contribution is more than $1.1 million, and each municipality is investing more than $380,000 in the water storage tank project. It is funded through the Green Infrastructure Stream of the Investing in Canada infrastructure plan. The water tower project in Osprey Village should be constructed by March 2022. In addition to the construction of the new 2,460 m3 gravity-fed water storage tank, associated infrastructure will also be built to connect into the existing system. There are currently 124 water storage tanks in 88 different communities (and regional water systems) across the province, according to the Department of Environment and Conservation. A 2011 report by the province weighed the pros and cons of water storage tanks. Some of the benefits include: equaliza-

Lunenburg Mayor Carolyn Bolivar-Getson noted that the new water tower will mean increased water pressure for the community, resolving a longstanding issue. Credit: Bob, stock.adobe.com

tion of pumping rates and supply and demand; minimization of pressure variation during high consumption; and providing contact time for disinfectants to inactivate pathogens. Some of the issues that can arise in tanks are: water quality deterioration; a mismatch between tank size and water demand; and excessive use of disinfection chemicals. Lunenburg is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2019, all levels of government joined to invest $1.5 million in revitalizing and enhancing the Big Boat Shed on Nova Scotia’s Lunenburg waterfront. It was the main boatbuilding facility of the Smith and Rhuland Shipyards, which opened in 1900.

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Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

STORMWATER

Hamilton considers new report of cleanup options for Chedoke Creek

mplementing dozens of recommendations to clean up sewage contamination of Hamilton’s Chedoke Creek could cost the Ontario city more than $150 million over 14 years, a new report suggests. The latest report from GM Blueplan Engineering offers options for studies, projects, programs and maintenance to the City of Hamilton’s general issues committee, as they determine how best to remediate the creek. The problem began due to the incorrect operation of a combined sewage overflow (CSO) tank valve and the malfunction of a second gate valve without detection. Ultimately, a bypass gate left open leaked approximately 24 billion litres of combined sewage into the creek over four years. This incident has infamously become known as “Sewergate”. Ontario officials charged the City of Hamilton last December for permitting the raw sewage to be released. The two charges for the contamination came under the authority of the Environmental Protection Act and the Ontario Water Resources Act. In response to cleanup requirements, City of Hamilton officials warned that it could take nearly a year beyond Ontario’s fall deadline before it was able to complete the dredging of the creek. A separate consultant’s report in spring 2019 advised City of Hamilton officials not to remediate the areas in question. There was a recommendation of “no action.” In the latest report, several priority actions are suggested to begin addressing the contamination. Already underway is the recommendation to twin the Highway 403 trunk sewer running from the Royal CSO tank to the Main-King CSO tank, east of Highway 403. The project consists of four phases, with phase one under detailed design, phase two already constructed, and phases three and four requiring future design and construction. The objective of the trunk sewer is to provide additional sanitary sewer capacity for the catchment upstream of the Main-King CSO tank and provide an outlet for the Aberdeen CSO to significantly reduce combined sewer overflows, the report stated. Also recommended in the report is reducing overflow by rehabilitating the existing Highway 403 culvert to address existing landfill leachate flow entering the culvert and discharging directly to the Lower Chedoke Creek. An additional priority for the committee to consider is to better manage runoff from the city-owned Chedoke Golf Club, which can involve pesticides and fertilizers. Better stormwater management practice, the report stated, would improve the quality of the runoff from the golf course operations and improve the creek’s water quality. The report also recommends better stormwater management measures for Highway 403 to increase the creek’s water quality. www.esemag.com @ESEMAG

In a new consultant’s report, several priority actions are suggested to begin addressing the contamination that was discovered in Chedoke Creek and that ultimately affected Hamilton’s Cootes Paradise wetland. This was written about in ES&E’s June 2021 issue. Credit: skyf, stock.adobe.com

Researchers identified the need to address contaminants such as oil, grease, pavement deterioration, tire and brake pad wear, vehicle emissions, and spills that are present along the highway. A series of new studies will also be considered.

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WATER QUALITY

University of Windsor team to monitor harmful algal blooms in real time

niversity of Windsor researchers are using a $1 million grant to deploy real-time monitoring sensors into Lake Erie to understand more about algal blooms and learn to predict their development. The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Alliance grant, awarded to the cross-disciplinary team of researchers from UWindsor’s Faculties of Science and Engineering, will utilize sensor technology from the Real-Time Aquatic Ecosystem Observation Network (RAEON) for the first time in freshwater. Using real-time buoys and sensor suites on Slocum Gliders from Teledyne Webb Research, researchers can go deep

38 | August 2021

Rupp Carriveau, professor and director of the Environmental Energy Institute at UWindsor, said that the team will be designing optimal water treatment systems that “rapidly react to the early HABs warnings—something no one has done before.” Carriveau’s engineering team will use hydraulic models and speinto Lake Erie to understand how nutri- cialized knowledge of the regional water ents, temperature, and other factors lead grid to develop emergency management to the development of harmful algal scenarios. blooms (HABs) and oxygen-depleted Researchers will use the data to idenwater that can affect drinking water tify possible climate change triggers that treatment processes. lead to HABs, such as proliferation of The data collected will help the algal species resistant to higher temUWindsor team to create early warning peratures. indicators and water security models, The project includes three industry according to a statement from the uni- partners: Union Water Supply System, versity. InnovaSea, and Pro-Oceanus, along “Real-time data will be sent directly with researchers from Trent University, to our cellphones and lab computers. Queen’s University and the University We need this level of data collection to of Toronto. RAEON is funded by a $15.9 finally understand what is really going million grant from the Canadian Founon,” announced Dr. Aaron Fisk, proj- dation for Innovation and the Ontario ect lead and science director of RAEON, Ministry of Research and Innovation. headquartered at UWindsor.

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

WASTEWATER

ClariPhos is made with cerium and lanthanum, which form a stronger bond with phosphorus.

WWTP begins testing rare earth coagulant to cope with rising phosphorus loading

reenhouses are growing rapidly in Kingsville, Ontario, and so is the volume of nutrient-rich wastewater that is sent to the community’s Lakeshore West Water Pollution Control Plant, which currently treats an average of 5.4 million litres per day. The plant releases treated effluent into Lake Erie and, although it consistently meets regulatory limits for phosphorus removal, public works managers are taking steps to ensure it will continue to do so as nutrient loading increases. Maintaining tight control of phosphorus discharge is also critical to mitigate harmful blue-green algae blooms that are increasingly occurring in Lake Erie. In March, the town began working with the Ontario Clean Water Agency (OCWA) and Bishop Water to assess the increasing phosphorus loading to the plant and evaluate ClariPhos, a rare earth coagulant, as a solution to replace traditional ferric chloride. The 12-month trial will evaluate the ability of ClariPhos to improve phosphorus removal at the plant and avoid costly capital projects to expand clarifier capacity or add tertiary filtration systems. www.esemag.com @ESEMAG

pumps. Operators simply replace their conventional coagulant with ClariPhos, select the optimum dose location and rate, and immediately begin using it. Over 50 treatment plants in the U.S. and several in Ontario have replaced conventional coagulants with this rare earth product to achieve stringent phosphorus limits, gain operational advantages and reduce overall operating costs. Unlike conventional aluminum- or iron-based coagulants, ClariPhos is made with the rare earth elements cerium and lanthanum. These elements form a stronger bond with phosphorus, which means far less of the coagulant is needed to achieve the phosphorus removal target, even when facing ultralow phosphorus limits. To achieve a low target phosphorus concentration of 0.07 mg/L, ClariPhos is dosed at a 1:1 molar ratio. However, aluminum- or iron-based coagulants are dosed at a much higher molar ratio. This is typically around 5:2, but the ratio can go as high as 8:1. ClariPhos also forms a denser, heavier precipitate which settles up to two times faster than conventional alternatives, enabling clarifiers to operate more efficiently, while also providing higher quality effluent. Other benefits include: • Up to 50% reduction in sludge production and improved sludge dewaterability, which translates into significant savings in sludge management, hauling and disposal costs. • About 100 times less acidic than Al or Fe coagulants, enabling plants to reduce or eliminate the storage, handling and use of pH adjustment chemicals. • Rated non-hazardous for improved operator safety. • Low freeze temperature (-40°C) reduces or eliminates the need for heated storage and heat trace lines. The project is fully funded through the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks' Great Lakes Program.

“Phosphorus loading has been a focus for the town because of the rising number of new greenhouses in the area,” said Andrew Plancke, Kingsville director of infrastructure and engineering. “OCWA was very proactive, working with the Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks and Bishop Water to develop and secure 100% funding to conduct a demonstration project. If the project is a success, ClariPhos would replace conventional ferric chloride and offset the need for expensive capital upgrades for the town.” “This project will demonstrate an innovative solution to address the emerging challenges that many wastewater treatment plants face for simple, cost-effective phosphorus removal and recovery,” said Indra Maharjan, director of innovation for OCWA. “We plan to share the results of this project with the broader municipal community to enable other wastewater plants to adopt this technology and benefit from it.” For more information, visit: Bishop Water’s ClariPhos coagu- www.bishopwater.ca lant can be tested or fully implemented at a treatment plant, often without any modifications to equipment, piping or

August 2021 | 39

WATER

Sask. mining community seeks funding to end 20‑year water advisory

askatchewan is trying to secure $1.7 million in federal funds to end drinking water issues that have plagued the former mining hamlet of Uranium City for 20 years, a new auditor’s report says. The Ministry of Government Relations is seeking the funds to overhaul Uranium City’s weathered water treatment plant, where maintenance and required testing are often not meeting standards, according to Judy Ferguson, provincial auditor of Saskatchewan. The Ministry engaged an engineering firm to develop a scope of work for necessary water treatment plant upgrades. Saskatchewan’s Water Security Agency issued a precautionary drinking water advisory for Uranium City in May 2001, and an emergency boil water advisory in February 2015, both of which remain in place. The advisories note that the Uranium City water treatment plant lacks minimum water treatment processes. It has inadequate disinfection residual in the distribution system and E.coli has been detected in the drinking water system. Copper selenide minerals were discovered in the area in 1949, and Uranium City, near the border with the Northwest Territories, had thrived until its mines were shuttered in 1982. Whereas it once had a population of nearly 5,000, less than a hundred people currently live there. The new report is the third follow-up audit of actions on the recommendations made by the auditor in 2012. The Minister of Government Relations functions as the municipal council for each of the northern settlements in the province.

Credit: atdr, stock.adobe.com

While the province awaits word on new funding for upgrades, the auditor’s report notes that some progress has been made for the facility. In August 2017, the ministry upgraded Uranium City's water distribution and sewer systems to improve performance and reliability. Testing has also improved. In 2018, just 1.4% of daily and 25% of bi-monthly tests were not completed in accordance with related permits, the audit states. While that number has improved significantly, the audit’s testing still found various deficiencies in documenting or completing water quality tests. The new auditor’s report also noted significant outstanding maintenance for the Uranium City water treatment plant, including valve repair and replacement. Additionally, Uranium City had a new operator between May and November 2020, who was not properly trained to complete the logs as expected, the auditor wrote. Another northern Saskatchewan settlement, Brabant Lake, has had water quality issues since 2018 due to “equipment failure or damage.” The settlement’s treatment facility is currently being upgraded at an estimated cost of $1.5 million.

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Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

WASTEWATER

Researchers planted six small plots of willow trees on a piece of land in Québec. Credit: Gluuker, stock.adobe.com

Montreal researchers using willow tree chemistry to treat wastewater

esearchers at the Université de Montréal are experimenting with using the roots of willow trees in plantations to filter untreated wastewater. Results of the project were recently published in Science of the Total Environment to show how the process could essentially create a “biorefinery” that could treat more than 30 million litres of primary wastewater per hectare each year. The roots of the willow tree filter out nitrogen, the concentration of which is high in wastewater, tripling the biomass produced. This biomass can then be collected to make renewable lignocellulosic biofuels, researchers found. “We are still learning how these trees can tolerate and process such high volumes of wastewater, but the complex phytochemical toolkit of willows gives us valuable clues,” said Eszter Sas, lead author of the study and doctoral student, in a statement from Université de Montréal. Researchers planted six small plots of willow trees on a piece of land in Québec. Three of those plots were left un-irrigated, while the other three were irrigated with municipal wastewater effluent at a rate of 29.5 million litres per hectare per year. After three years, three trees were randomly selected from each plot, harvested and analyzed. The irrigated trees contained three times the aboveground biomass and higher amounts of salicylic acid. They also contained a series of "green" chemicals with important antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. These were all enriched by the filtration of wastewater by the roots of willows. As part of their research, Sas and a British-Canadian team of plant scientists, biochemists and chemical engineers from Université de Montréal and Imperial College London, also used advanced metabolomic profiling technology to uncover the new extractable “green” chemicals produced by the trees. Sas said her team is “only scratching the surface” of the natural chemical complexity of willow trees, which could be harwww.esemag.com @ESEMAG

nessed to tackle environmental issues. “It is astonishing to note all the mysteries which still conceal the vegetable chemistry. Even the willows, which have been growing for thousands of years, have something to teach us,” Sas said.

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STORMWATER

New stormwater lift stations provide Calgarians with greater flood resiliency

he 2013 floods in Calgary had a substantial impact on the city, its residents and businesses. Many property owners in the community of Sunnyside, located north of the Bow River and downtown Calgary, experienced flooding and basement damage. Following the disaster, the city implemented a number of flood resiliency projects. To provide greater flood protection to the Sunnyside community, it retained Associated Engineering (AE) to upgrade the existing Sunnyside Stormwater Lift Station and add a second stormwater lift station further to the east. The project increases the combined stormwater pumping capacity and improves overall flood resilience of the community. The existing lift station had a nominal capacity of 900 litres per second (l/s). However, under flood conditions, capacity was as low as 500 l/s. These new lift stations are designed for a nominal capacity of 2,000 l/s and 1,000 l/s, respectively. Their capacities can be maintained even under a high river water event, unless water elevation exceeds the river bank. During the 2013 floods, safe access was not possible to the existing lift station’s pumps, generator, and heating, ventilation and air conditioning system. In the new lift stations, the motor control centre and a 750-kilowatt standby generator are all critical equipment that has been located above the 1 in a 100year flood level to allow access during flood conditions. According to Shane Thompson, project manager of AE: “It was a challenge to upgrade the existing lift station on a small parcel of land next to an apartment complex, while keeping it operational to ensure the community was still protected during high rainfall events.” In the limited area available, the team had to accommodate an outdoor air intake for the standby generator to operate optimally. AE designed a third story for the lift station to house large air intake louvres, which were fitted with acoustic insulation to dampen noise. 42 | August 2021

The new Sunnyside Stormwater Lift Station.

Frequent community communications were important and helped minimize disruptions to the surrounding residents. The new stormwater lift station was also carefully planned. AE used a triple-bottom-line analysis to evaluate several proposed locations for it, with respect to social, environmental and economic risks and opportunities. The optimal location selected considered the natural and built environments and significant public use of the surrounding area. Design work also included a public exercise area, drinking fountain, and regrading of bike and pedestrian pathways to improve public amenities. A rooftop solar photovoltaic system was also installed to provide power to the building’s lighting and mechanical systems. Process Engineer Greg Cooper said: “We used an existing 1,050 mm diameter concrete forcemain to hold the new forcemain, which is an epoxy-coated, steel pipe. We milled and epoxy-lined the inside of the concrete pipe to slide the new pipe inside it. We also upgraded the

stormwater outfall to dissipate increased stormwater velocity and volume.” The upgraded Sunnyside Stormwater Lift Station was successfully commissioned in two stages. Stage 1 was done in 2019 and Stage 2 in 2020. The new lift station was commissioned in late 2020. Additional planning and precautions were required during the COVID-19 pandemic to protect the safety of the commissioning team. For more information, email: kokajij@ae.ca

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

LEGAL AFFAIRS

Quebec River first in Canada to be granted personhood

uebec is the first Canadian province to join a global movement, particularly active in New Zealand, the U.S. and Ecuador, that recognizes the rights of nature and grants personhood to rivers. Côte-Nord’s nearly 300-km long Magpie River, ranked among the 10 best rivers in the world for whitewater rafting, was recently granted legal personhood by the Muteshekau-shipu Alliance. Although there is technically no recognition in Canadian law, resolutions from the Innu Council of Ekuanitshit and the Minganie Regional County Municipality grant the river nine rights in partnership with the International Observatory on the Rights of Nature in Montréal. One of the resolutions says the river can be represented by “guardians” appointed by the regional municipality. “The people closest to the river will be those watching over it from now

be protected and preserved, maintain its natural biodiversity, fulfil its essential functions within its ecosystem, maintain its integrity, be safe from pollution, regenerate and be restored and the right to sue. Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society Quebec Chapter executive director Alain Branchaud said that calls to protect the Magpie River have “fallen on deaf ears” for a decade. Plans to declare The new rights are expected to add protection the river a protected area failed due to for the Magpie River’s ecosystems. the waterway’s hydroelectric potential Credit: Cephas, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons for Hydro-Quebec. “The new rights are expected to add on,” said Jean-Charles Piétacho, chief of protection for the Magpie River's ecothe Innu Council of Ekuanitshit. “The systems and allow local communities to Innu of Ekuanitshit have always been share and preserve recreational and trathe protectors of the Nitassinan [ances- ditional activities,” said Luc Noël, pretral territory] and will continue to be so fect of the Minganie Regional County through the recognition of the rights of Municipality. the Muteshekau-shipu river.” The Magpie River empties into the Among the river’s nine rights are to flow, north shore of the Saint Lawrence River respect for its cycles, natural evolution to and is named for the Canada Jay.

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www.esemag.com @ESEMAG

August 2021 | 43

PIPING

Pipe restraint resilience plays an essential role in safe water system operations By Gareth Price

estraining techniques ensure piping stays connected and helps prevent costly repairs that can shut down a water or wastewater system. Mechanical-joint piping connections such as 45s, 90s, end caps, and hydrant connections are common points of restraint, as well as connections within wells, wastewater lift stations and treatment plants. Restraining inline piping has become so common, that the practice is often a matter of standard procedure among city or project engineers. Instead of using restraints for specific applications, some engineers use restraints throughout entire systems. Adding restraints in this manner can be expensive and increase project costs significantly. It is worth examining what criteria should be followed for restraining pipe connections and which techniques to use within particular conditions and environments. CRITERIA FOR RESTRAINING PIPE Although engineers typically decide when and how to restrain pipes, utility managers can and should be part of the process. Once a piping system is completed, it is in their hands to ensure the system works properly and to make repairs. So, it is essential to include their input. The first thing is to examine factors that may affect the chances of pipe movement and separation. Important criteria to consider include the nature of the piping system, ground movement and other ground stresses.

THE NATURE OF THE PIPING SYSTEM The first consideration is the design of the piping system itself. In a pressurized buried pipeline, such as a watermain or wastewater forcemain, axial thrust forces act on the pipe based on changes in fluid velocity, pipe size, or pipeline direction. This generally happens at fittings such as plugs, caps, valves, tees, bends, or reducers. Such “hot spots” definitely need to be restrained. GROUND MOVEMENT Earthquakes and ground movement can cause connection failure, beam or shear breaks, and cracks along the length of a pipe. A region’s geographic phenomena can determine how much the ground moves. Some regions regularly experience ground movement, whereas others are relatively stable. Ground movement can also be caused by seasonal weather changes, especially during winter and spring. The ground freezes in the winter, and ice melts in the ground during the spring; both cause major ground shifts. Ground movement is also correlated to extreme weather changes.

44 | August 2021

The Hymax GRIP T is used to replace a mechanical T connecting 50 mm piping to 150 mm pipes.

OTHER GROUND STRESSES Pipe can also be affected by the ground in a variety of other ways. The amount of ledge or rock in the ground can negatively affect piping. If a high level of ledge is in the ground, even slight movements caused by traffic or weather can cause piping to break. Conversely, swampy areas with ground that is moist and spongy, move easily and can also stress pipes. There’s also a long list of other environments that lead to pipes uncoupling, including tidal areas, bridge crossings and pipes running under water. For these circumstances, it is best to consult with engineers on how to evaluate the risks associated with a distribution system’s environment. TECHNIQUES FOR RESTRAINING PIPE Several techniques are available to restrain pipes. Each method has distinct advantages and disadvantages with regard Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

to cost, time and labour. Rodding – Until relatively recently, rodding was the most commonly used technique for restraining pipes. It is effective and used in underground and aboveground installations. Thrust rods are usually all-thread rods with washers and bolts that dog-ear into connections for restraint. Some installers even use rodding for flanged connections. The main drawback of rodding is price, as material costs are high. The time to install these rods is also a concern. Thrust blocks – Thrust blocks are engineered concrete blocks placed at either end of a line of pipes or beside a joint to prevent pipes from pulling out. Whereas rodding strings pipes together so they stay connected, thrust blocks provide a solid mooring at the end or a bend in a pipeline to prevent movement. Although thrust blocks are typically made of concrete, it is not uncommon to find makeshift versions made from steel posts, pressure-treated wood posts, or bags of ready-made concrete. Materials used to make thrust blocks are inexpensive, but it takes time to construct them, pour the concrete, and wait for it to cure. The water supply must be turned off to ensure the concrete cures properly before connecting the pipe. Although money is saved on materials, additional costs are incurred in terms of the time it takes for the job to be completed. In addition, there isn’t always enough space for thrust blocks, such as where utility lines are in close proximity. Another way concrete is used to restrain pipes is by pouring it on the connection itself. This can be effective, but repairing the connection in the future can be tricky. At a minimum, a pipe must be surrounded by plastic before the concrete is poured on it. If a plastic cover isn’t applied, the entire pipe and connection will need to be cut out and replaced when repairs are required. Mechanical restraints – Mechanical restraints and sleeves involve connecting a sleeve using multiple lugs. Several mechanical products like this are on the market, and it is a great way to join pipe. However, it is a time-consuming process. The larger the mechanical restraint device, the more bolts there are to tighten. The technique is particularly effective for large-diameter pipes, that need significant reinforcement to stay connected. The biggest drawback to mechanical restraint and sleeves is their high cost, which is mostly due to labour. Material cost of the lugs is also substantial. Additionally, when using a product with lugs, the gripping mechanism creates stress points on the pipe. It can also take crews a long time to connect lugs to the sleeves and ensure they are tightened properly. Coupling restraints – Coupling-restraint products, such as the HYMAX® Grip family of products by Mueller®, use a mechanism to grip the pipes to restrain them. These products have been shown to be effective with relatively low cost, as the restraining technology is within the coupling itself. Offered in a wide range of diameters, coupling restraints can be used on all metal and plastic pipes in situations where utility lines either cross or run parallel to water and wastewater pipes. Such close pipe-to-pipe proximity makes it difficult, if not impossible, to install thrust blocks and rodding. As with all new techniques, restraint-grip products have www.esemag.com @ESEMAG

The HYMAX Grip Swiveljoint can connect and restrain two pipes at any angle from 0° to 90°.

faced some skepticism from installers who are more familiar with techniques such as rodding or thrust blocks. The HYMAX Grip also offers continuous dynamic deflection, meaning the pipe can flex within the coupling to maintain a strong connection while preventing pipe pullout. This feature can substantially help reduce future breaks, where ground movement is a key cause for pipes pulling out. The coupling restraint’s chain of gripping teeth applies counter-pressure that prevents the pipe's axial motion, thus restraining the pipe. Additionally, its patented progressive hydraulically assisted gasket self-inflates using water pressure as it rises in the pipe. Water enters the gasket that then self-inflates and allows for dynamic deflection of the pipes, while maintaining a perfect seal. TO RESTRAIN OR NOT TO RESTRAIN? Some circumstances definitely require pipes to be restrained. These include wastewater lift stations, wells, piping in water and wastewater treatment plants, and industrial applications that involve hydrants and valves. In all of these situations, water flow can fluctuate and involve stresses associated with daily use. The question of whether to restrain doesn’t always have an obvious answer. Restraining pipes makes a system stronger, but if the risk is relatively small, it might not be worth restraining the pipe. Cost is always a consideration whenever making restraint decisions for a system. It is worth trying to evaluate the areas of a system that need to be restrained and which restraint technique will be most appropriate. Thus, the question of whether to restrain piping should be considered carefully, according to the needs of each circumstance. By looking at all factors, including cost, engineers and system operators can determine the needs and benefits of each solution before deciding what kind of restraint is optimal for any given situation. Gareth Price is with Mueller Water Products. Email: gprice@muellerwp.com

August 2021 | 45

where the

community comes to connect Learn, explore, network, grow professionally, and strengthen your connection to the water community at WEFTEC 2021. October 16–20 I Conference October 18–20 I Exhibition McCormick Place, Chicago, IL November 16–18 I Online

#WEFTEC In Person + Online

ES&E ANNUAL GUIDE TO: ASSOCIATIONS PAGE 47

GOVERNMENT PAGE 50

EDUCATION, RESEARCH & TRAINING PAGE 53

ASSOCIATIONS ABORIGINAL WATER & WASTEWATER ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO PO Box 20001, Riverview Postal Outlet, Dryden ON P8N 0A1 Sara Campbell info@awwao.org T: 807-216-8085 F: 807-223-1222 www.awwao.org The Aboriginal Water and Wastewater Association of Ontario’s (AWWAO) goal is to attain assurance that First Nations water and wastewater treatment plant operators are confident, efficient and effective in managing the purification of the water and the treatment of wastewater in their community. AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION Koppers Building, 2100-436 Seventh Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15219 Stephanie Glyptis sglyptis@awma.org T: 412-232-3444 F: 412-232-3450 www.awma.org ALBERTA ONSITE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 21115 – 108 Ave NW, Edmonton AB T5S 1X3 Lesley Desjardins lesley@aowma.com T: 877-489-7471 F: 780-486-7414 www.aowma.com ALBERTA WATER & WASTEWATER OPERATORS ASSOCIATION 10806 – 119 St NW, Edmonton AB T5H 3P2 Dan Rites T: 780-454-7745 Ext. 226 F: 780-454-7758 www.awwoa.ca

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AMERICAN CONCRETE PIPE ASSOCIATION 340 – 5605 N MacArthur Blvd, Irving TX 75038 Doug Dayton ddayton@concretepipe.org T: 972-506-7216 F: 972-506-7682 www.concretepipe.org AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS Fl23 – 120 Wall St, New York NY 10005-4020 T: 203-702-7660 F: 203-775-5177 www.aiche.org

scientific and educational society dedicated to providing total water solutions assuring the effective management of water. Founded in 1881, the Association is the largest organization of water supply professionals in the world.

ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL SITE ASSESSORS OF CANADA INC. PO Box 490, Fenelon Falls ON K0M 1N0 info@aesac.ca T: 877-512-3722 www.aesac.ca

AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION 1400 – 1200 Main St, Kansas City MO 64105-2100 Scott Grayson sgrayson@apwa.net T: 816-472-6100 F: 816-472-1610 www.apwa.net The American Public Works Association serves professionals in all aspects of public works. With a worldwide membership of 30,000, APWA includes personnel from local, county, state/province, and federal agencies, as well as the private sector that supply products and services to those professionals.

ASSOCIATION OF CONSULTING ENGINEERING COMPANIES CANADA PO Box 4369 Stn E, Ottawa ON K1S 5B3 John Gamble jgamble@acec.ca T: 613-236-0569 www.acec.ca

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 1801 Alexander Bell Dr, Reston VA 20191 Thomas W. Smith board@asce.org T: 703-295-6300 www.asce.org

ASSOCIATION OF MUNICIPALITIES OF ONTARIO 801 – 200 University Ave, Toronto ON M5H 3C6 Brian Rosborough brosborough@amo.on.ca T: 416-971-9856 Ext. 362 F: 416-971-6191 www.amo.on.ca

AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6666 W Quincy Ave, Denver CO 80235-3098 David LaFrance T: 303-794-7711 F: 303-347-0804 www.awwa.org The American Water Works Association is an international, nonprofit,

ASSOCIATION OF CONSULTING ENGINEERING COMPANIES – ONTARIO 405 – 10 Four Seasons Pl, Toronto ON M9B 6H7 Bruce Matthews bgmatthews@acecontario.ca T: 416-620-1400 Ext. 224 www.acecontario.ca

ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO LAND SURVEYORS 1043 McNicoll Ave, Toronto ON M1W 3W6 Brian Maloney brian@aols.org T: 416-491-9020 F: 416-491-2576 www.aols.org ASSOCIATION OF POWER PRODUCERS OF ONTARIO 1040 – 67 Yonge St, Toronto ON M5C 1J8 David Butters david.butters@appro.org T: 416-322-6549 F: 416-481-5785 www.appro.org ATLANTIC CANADA WATER & WASTEWATER ASSOCIATION (ACWWA) PO Box 28141, Dartmouth NS B2W 6E2 Clara Shea contact@acwwa.ca T: 902-434-6002 F: 902-435-7796 www.acwwa.ca ACWWA is a section of the American Water Works Association (AWWA) and a Member Association of Water Environment Federation (WEF). With more than 500 water and wastewater professionals from Atlantic Canada, the ACWWA provides training and information that keeps members current in the rapidly advancing water and wastewater profession. AUDITING ASSOCIATION OF CANADA 9 Forest Rd, Whitby ON L1N 3N7 Todd Hall admin@auditingcanada.com T: 866-582-9595 www.auditingcanada.com

August 2021 | 47

ASSOCIATIONS

BRITISH COLUMBIA ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION info@bceia.com www.bceia.com BRITISH COLUMBIA GROUND WATER ASSOCIATION 1334 Riverside Rd, Abbotsford BC V2S 8J2 David Mercer general-manager@bcgwa.org T: 604-530-8934 www.bcgwa.org BRITISH COLUMBIA WATER & WASTE ASSOCIATION 247 – 4299 Canada Way, Burnaby BC V5G 4Y2 Carlie Hucul chucul@bcwwa.org T: 604-433-4389 www.bcwwa.org CANADIAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ACCREDITATION INC. 102 – 2934 Baseline Rd, Ottawa ON K2H 1B2 Andrew Adams aadams@cala.ca T: 613-233-5300 F: 613-233-5501 www.cala.ca CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCERS 2100-350 – 7 Ave SW, Calgary AB T2P 3N9 T: 403-267-1100 F: 403-261-4622 www.capp.ca CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF RECYCLING INDUSTRIES PO Box 67094 Westbro, Ottawa ON K2A 4E4 Tracy Shaw tracy@cari-acir.org T: 613-728-6946 www.cari-acir.org CANADIAN ASSOCIATION ON WATER QUALITY PO Box 5050, Burlington ON L7R 4A6 Dr. Elsayed Elbeshbishy elsayed.elbeshbishy@ryerson.ca T: 289-780-0378 www.cawq.ca CANADIAN BROWNFIELDS NETWORK 820 Trillium Dr, Kitchener ON N2R 1K4 Tammy Lomas-Jylha admin@ canadianbrownfieldsnetwork.ca T: 647-873-5873 www.canadianbrownfieldsnetwork.ca CANADIAN CENTRE FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY 135 Hunter St E, Hamilton ON L8N 1M5 T: 905-572-2981 www.ccohs.ca

48 | August 2021

CANADIAN CONCRETE PIPE & PRECAST ASSOCIATION 447 Frederick St, 2nd Floor, Kitchener ON N2H 2P4 admin@ccppa.ca T: 519-489-4488 F: 519-578-6060 www.ccppa.ca CANADIAN COPPER & BRASS DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION 210 – 65 Overlea Blvd, Toronto ON M4H 1P1 Stephen Knapp library@copperalliance.ca T: 416-391-5599 F: 416-391-3823 www.coppercanada.ca CANADIAN COUNCIL OF INDEPENDENT LABORATORIES (CCIL) PO Box 41027, Ottawa ON K1G 5K9 Francine Fortier-ThéBerge ccil@ccil.com T: 613-746-3919 www.ccil.com CANADIAN GENERAL STANDARDS BOARD L’Esplanade Laurier, 6th Floor E Tower 140 O’Connor St, Ottawa ON K1A 0R5 ncr.cgsb-ongc@tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca T: 800‑665‑2472 www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb/ index-eng.html CANADIAN NETWORK OF ASSET MANAGERS 705 – 1 Eglinton Ave E, Toronto ON M4P 3A1 Doug Cutts execdir@cnam.ca T: 416-335-0171 F: 416-981-8759 www.cnam.ca CANADIAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION Anne Jackson ajackson@apwa.net T: 202-218-6750 www.cpwa.net CANADIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY ASSOCIATION 400 – 240 Bank St, Ottawa ON K2P 1X4 Robert Hornung info@renewablesassociation.ca T: 613-234-8716 www.renewablesassociation.ca CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING 200 – 203 Hymus Blvd, Pointe Claire QC H9R 1E9 Lois Arkwright lois.arkwright@csce.ca T: 514-933-2634 Ext. 2 F: 514-933-3504 www.csce.ca

CANADIAN WATER & WASTEWATER ASSOCIATION 11 – 1010 Polytek St, Ottawa ON K1J 9H9 Robert Haller rhaller@cwwa.ca T: 613-747-0524 F: 613-747-0523 www.cwwa.ca CWWA is a non-profit national body representing the common interests of Canada’s public sector municipal water and wastewater services and their private sector suppliers and partners. CWWA is recognized by the federal government and national bodies as the national voice of this public service sector. CANADIAN WATER NETWORK 200 University Ave W, Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Bernadette Conant bconant@cwn-rce.ca T: 519-904-2897 www.cwn-rce.ca CANADIAN WATER QUALITY ASSOCIATION 4–180 Northfield Drive W, Waterloo, ON N2L 0C7 info@cwqa.com T: 416-695-3068 www.cwqa.com

CHEMISTRY INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION OF CANADA 805 – 350 Sparks St, Ottawa ON K1R 7S8 Bob Masterson membership@canadianchemistry.ca T: 613-237-6215 F: 613-237-4061 www.canadianchemistry.ca COMPOST COUNCIL OF CANADA 16 Northumberland St, Toronto ON M6H 1P7 info@compost.org T: 416-535-0240 F: 416-536-9892 www.compost.org CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF ONTARIO C/O Cariporter Inc. PO Box 73021, 465 Yonge St, Toronto ON M4Y 2W5 www.conserveontario.ca CORRUGATED STEEL PIPE INSTITUTE PO Box 20104, Kitchener ON N2P 1B4 Ray Wilcock rjwilcock@cspi.ca T: 519-650-8080 www.cspi.ca CSA GROUP T: 416-747-2661 www.csagroup.org

CANADIAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 4411 Dalgetty Hill NW, Calgary AB T3A 1J63 Maggie Romuld executivedirector@cwra.org T: 613-237-9363 Ext. 1 www.cwra.org

DUCTILE IRON PIPE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION PO Box 19306, Birmingham AL 35219 Patrick J. Hogan info@dipra.org T: 205-402-8700 www.dipra.org

CANADIAN WOOD WASTE RECYCLING BUSINESS GROUP Jim Donaldson jdonaldson@ cdnwoodwasterecycling.ca T: 780-963-7117 www.cdnwoodwasterecycling.ca

ECO CANADA 400 – 105 12th Ave SE, Calgary AB T2G 1A1 info@eco.ca T: 403-233-0748 www.eco.ca At ECO Canada, we act as the steward for the Canadian environmental workforce across all industries. From job creation and wage funding, to training and labour market research, we champion the end-to-end career of all environmental professionals. We aim to promote and drive responsible, sustainable economic growth, while also ensuring that environmental best practices remain a priority. We challenge the status quo by existing outside the typical activist mentality.

CEMENT ASSOCIATION OF CANADA 1105 – 350 Sparks St, Ottawa ON K1R 7S8 Michael McSweeney mmcsweeney@cement.ca T: 613-236-9471 Ext. 1 www.cement.ca CENTRE FOR ADVANCEMENT OF TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGIES University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Summer Rashed catt@uwaterloo.ca T: 519-888-4770 www.catt.ca

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

ASSOCIATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ASSOCIATION OF ALBERTA 102 – 2528 Ellwood Dr SW, Edmonton AB T6X 0A9 Joe Chowaniec info@essa.org T: 780-429-6363 Ext. 223 www.esaa.org

MUNICIPAL ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION 22 – 1525 Cornwall Rd, Oakville ON L6J 0B2 Dan Cozzi dan.cozzi@municipalengineers.on.ca T: 289-291-6472 F: 289-291-6477 www.municipalengineers.on.ca

NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO MUNICIPAL ASSOCIATION PO Box 10308, Thunder Bay ON P7B 6T8 Andrea Strawson admin@noma.on.ca T: 807-683-6662 www.noma.on.ca

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ASSOCIATION MARITIMES 502 – 5657 Spring Garden Rd, PO Box 142, Halifax NS B3J 3R4 Michael Doucet contact@esamaritimes.ca www.esamaritimes.ca

MUNICIPAL WASTE ASSOCIATION PO Box 1894 Station Main, Guelph ON N1H 7A1 Trevor Barton trevor@municipalwaste.ca T: 519-823-1990 F: 519-823-0084 www.municipalwaste.ca

GEORGIAN BAY ASSOCIATION 138 Hopedale Ave Toronto ON, M4K 3M7 Rupert Kindersley rkindersley@georgianbay.ca T: 416-985-7378 www.georgianbay.ca

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CLEAN WATER AGENCIES 1050–1130 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington DC 20036 Adam Krantz akrantz@nacwa.org T: 202-833-2672 F: 888-267-9505 www.nacwa.org

ONTARIO ASSOCIATION OF CERTIFIED ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS & TECHNOLOGISTS 404 – 10 Four Seasons Place, Etobicoke ON M9B 6H7 info@oacett.org T: 416-621-9621 F: 416-621-8694 www.oacett.org

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ONTARIO COALITION Jennifer Court jcourt@greeninfrastructureontario.org www.greeninfrastructureontario.org INTERNATIONAL OZONE ASSOCIATION PO Box 97075, Las Vegas NV 89193 support@ioa-pag.org T: 480-529-3787 F: 480-522-3080 www.ioa-pag.org INTERNATIONAL ULTRAVIOLET ASSOCIATION 207 – 6935 Wisconsin Ave, Chevy Chase MD 20815 Ron Hofmann info@iuva.org www.iuva.org MANITOBA ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 310 – 112 Market Ave, Winnipeg MB R3B 0P4 admin@meia.mb.ca T: 204-783-7090 www.meia.mb.ca MANITOBA WATER & WASTEWATER ASSOCIATION Box 1600, Portage La Prairie MB R1N 3P1 Bill Brenner office@mwwa.net T: 866-396-2549 www.mwwa.net MARITIME PROVINCES WATER & WASTEWATER ASSOCIATION PO Box 28142, Dartmouth NS B2W 6E2 Clara Shea contact@mpwwa.ca T: 902-434-8874 F: 902-434-8859 www.mpwwa.ca

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL BALANCING BUREAU 8575 Grovemont Circle, Gaithersburg MD 20877 Tiffany Meyers tiffany@nebb.org T: 301-977-3698 www.nebb.org NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOCIATION 601 Dempsey Rd, Westerville OH 43081 Terry Morse tmorse@ngwa.org T: 614-898-7791 F: 614-898-7786 www.ngwa.org NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION PO Box 1011 Torbay Stn Main, Torbay NL A1K 1K9 Kieran Hanley kieran@neia.org T: 709-237-8090 www.neia.org NORTH AMERICAN HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 220 – 12110 N. Pecos St, Westminster CO 80234 Victoria Hodge victoria@nahmma.org T: 303-451-5945 F: 303-458-0002 www.nahmma.org NORTHERN TERRITORIES WATER & WASTE ASSOCIATION 201 – 4817 49th St, Yellowknife NT X1A 3S7 info@ntwwa.com T: 867-873-4325 www.ntwwa.com

ONTARIO ASSOCIATION OF SEWAGE INDUSTRY SERVICES PO Box 184, Bethany ON L0A 1A0 Numair Uppal numair.uppal@oasisontario.on.ca T: 877-202-0082 www.oasisontario.on.ca ONTARIO CLEAN TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION info@octia.ca www.octia.ca ONTARIO CONCRETE PIPE ASSOCIATION Fl2 – 447 Frederick St, Kitchener ON N2H 2P4 admin@ocpa.com T: 519-489-4488 F: 519-578-6060 www.ocpa.com ONTARIO ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 306 – 192 Spadina Ave, Toronto ON M5T 2C7 Alex Gill info@oneia.ca T: 416-531-7884 www.oneia.ca ONTARIO ENVIRONMENT NETWORK Ste 11 - 2675 Bloor St W, Toronto ON M8X 1A4 oen@oen.ca www.oen.ca ONTARIO GROUND WATER ASSOCIATION 125-750 Talbot Street E, St. Thomas ON N5P 1E2 K.C. Craig Stainton executivedirector@ogwa.ca T: 519-245-7194 F: 519-245-7196 www.ogwa.ca ONTARIO MUNICIPAL WATER ASSOCIATION 2593 Tenth Concession, Collingwood ON L9Y 3Y9 Ed Houghton admin@omwa.org T: 705-443-8472 F: 705-443-4263 www.omwa.org

ONTARIO ONSITE WASTEWATER ASSOCIATION PO Box 2336 Peterborough ON K9J 7Y8 info@oowa.org T: 855-905-6692 www.oowa.org ONTARIO POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT ASSOCIATION (OPCEA) Box 72070, Toronto ON M4C 0A1 Rebecca Alexander T: 416 524-8988 opcea@opcea.com www.opcea.com OPCEA is dedicated to assisting member companies in the promotion of their equipment and services to the pollution control market sector of Ontario. Originally founded in 1970, OPCEA has over 140 member companies whose fields encompass a broad spectrum of equipment and services for the air and water pollution control marketplace. ONTARIO PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION 22 – 1525 Cornwall Rd, Oakville ON L6J 0B2 Brian Barber info@opwa.ca T: 647-726-0167 F: 289-291-6477 ontario.cpwa.net ONTARIO RURAL WASTEWATER CENTRE University Of Guelph, School Of Engineering, Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Bassim Abbassi babbassi@uoguelph.ca T: 519-731-3122 F: 519-836-0227 www.ontarioruralwastewatercentre.ca ONTARIO SEWER & WATERMAIN CONSTRUCTION ASSOCIATION 300 & 400 – 5045 Orbitor Dr, Unit 12, Mississauga ON L4W 4Y4 Patrick McManus patrick.mcmanus@oswca.org T: 905-629-7766 F: 905-629-0587 www.oswca.org ONTARIO SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS 502 – 4950 Yonge St, Toronto ON M2N 6K1 info@ospe.on.ca T: 866-763-1654 www.ospe.on.ca ONTARIO WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 580 – 170 Attwell Dr, Etobicoke ON M9W 5Z5 Mike Chopowick mchopowick@owma.org T: 905-674-1542 www.owma.org

continued overleaf… www.esemag.com

August 2021 | 49

ASSOCIATIONS

ONTARIO WATERPOWER ASSOCIATION 264 – 380 Armour Rd, Peterborough ON K9H 7L7 Paul Norris info@owa.ca T: 866-743-1500 www.owa.ca ONTARIO WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 215 – 507 Lakeshore Road E, Mississauga ON L5G 1H9 Michele Grenier mgrenier@owwa.ca T: 416-231-1555 www.owwa.ca PLASTICS PIPE INSTITUTE 825 – 105 Decker Court, Irving TX 75062 T: 469-499-1044 F: 469-499-1063 www.plasticpipe.org PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS ONTARIO 101 – 40 Sheppard Ave W, Toronto ON M2N 6K9 T: 416-224-1100 www.peo.on.ca PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA executivedirector@pwabc.ca www.pwabc.ca PULP & PAPER TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION OF CANADA 440 – 6300 Ave Auteuil, Brossard QC J4Z 3P2 Greg Hay ghay@paptac.ca T: 514-392-0265 www.paptac.ca RÉSEAU ENVIRONNEMENT 295 Place d'Youville, Montréal QC H2Y 2B5 info@reseau-environnement.com T: 514-270-7110 www.reseau-environnement.com SASKATCHEWAN ENVIRONMENTAL & INDUSTRY MANAGERS ASSOCIATION PO Box 22009 RPO Wildwood, Saskatoon SK S7H 5P1 Patrick Legg info@seima.sk.ca T: 844-801-6233 www.seima.sk.ca SASKATCHEWAN ONSITE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 449 Haviland Cr, Saskatoon SK S7L 5B3 Lesley Desjardins ldesjardins@wcowma.com T: 306-988-2102 F: 855-420-6336 www.sowma.ca

50 | August 2021

GOVERNMENT

SASKATCHEWAN WATER & WASTEWATER ASSOCIATION PO Box 7831 Stn Main, Saskatoon SK S7K 4R5 T: 306-668-1278 www.swwa.ca SOLID WASTE ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA 650 – 1100 Wayne Ave, Silver Spring MD 20910 David Biderman membership@swana.org T: 800-467-9262 F: 301-589-7068 www.swana.org STEEL TANK INSTITUTE/STEEL PLATE FABRICATORS ASSOCIATION 944 Donata Ct, Lake Zurich IL 60047 T: 847-438-8265 F: 847-438-8766 www.steeltank.com THE GREEN BUILDING INITIATIVE 7805 SW 40th Ave, PO Box 80010, Portland OR 97219 Vicki Worden info@thegbi.org T: 503-274-0448 www.thegbi.org WATER RESEARCH FOUNDATION 6666 West Quincy Ave, Denver CO 80235 Peter Grevatt pgrevatt@waterrf.org T: 303-347-6100 F: 303-730-0851 www.waterrf.org WATER & WASTEWATER EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. 304 – 540 Fort Evans Rd, Leesburg VA 20176 Vanessa Leiby vanessa@wwema.org T: 703-444-1777 www.wwema.org WATER ENVIRONMENT ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO 6559A Mississauga Rd, Mississauga ON L5N 1A6 Heather Tyrrell heather@weao.org T: 416-410-6933 www.weao.org WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 601 Wythe St, Alexandria VA 22314 csc@wef.org T: 800-666-0206 www.wef.org The Water Environment Federation is a not-for-profit association that provides technical education and training for thousands of water quality professionals who clean water and return it safely to the environment. WEF members have proudly protected public health, served their local communities, and supported clean water worldwide since 1928.

WATER FOR PEOPLE – CANADA G1001 – 1 Hunter St E, Hamilton ON L8N 3W1 T: 416-434-4502 www.waterforpeople.org/water-forpeople-canada Water For People – Canada is a charitable nonprofit international humanitarian organization, dedicated to the development and delivery of clean, safe water and sanitation solutions in developing nations. WATER SUPPLY ASSOCIATION OF B.C. Box 21013 Orchard Park, Kelowna BC V1Y 8N9 watersupply@wsabc.ca www.wsabc.ca WESTERN CANADA ONSITE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 21115 – 108 Ave NW, Edmonton AB T5S 1X3 Lesley Desjardins ldesjardins@wcowma.com T: 780-489-7471 F: 780-486-7414 www.wcowma.com WESTERN CANADA WATER ASSOCIATION PO Box 1708, Cochrane AB T4C 1B6 Audrey Arisman aarisman@wcwwa.ca T: 403-709-0064 F: 403-709-0068 www.wcwwa.ca WCW was founded in 1948 to promote the exchange of knowledge of water treatment, sewage treatment, distribution of water and collection of sewage for towns and cities in Western Canada. Today, WCW is a collaboration of seven Constituent Organizations representing over 5,500 diverse and skilled members who work in water across Western Canada.

PROVINCIAL & FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES KEY GOVERNMENT WEBSITES: Government of Canada www.canada.ca Environment & Climate Change Canada www.canada.ca/en/ environment-climate-change Health Canada www.canada.ca/en/healthcanada Natural Resources Canada www.nrcan.gc.ca National Research Council of Canada www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca

ALBERTA

www.alberta.ca

Information Centre Ministry of Environment and Parks 9th Floor, South Petroleum Plaza 9920 108 St, Edmonton, AB T5K 2G8 aep.info-centre@gov.ab.ca T: 877-310-3773 Environment and Water Peace Region 3rd Floor, Provincial Building, 9621 96 Ave Peace River, AB T8S 1T4 T: 780-624-7133 Lower Athabasca Region 2nd Floor Provincial Building 9503 Beaverhill Rd, Lac La Biche, AB T0A 2C0 T: 780-623-5240 Upper Athabasca Region 1st Floor, Provincial Building 5020 52 Ave, Whitecourt, AB T7S 1N2 T: 780-778-7153 Red Deer/North Saskatchewan Region Twin Atria Building #111, 4999 98 Ave Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3 T: 780-427-7617 South Saskatchewan Region 303 Deerfoot Square Building 2938 11 St NE, Calgary, AB T2E 7L7 T: 403-297-7602

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

GOVERNMENT

Environmental Emergency 24-Hour Service Alberta Ministry of Environment and Parks T: 800-222-6514

BRITISH COLUMBIA www2.gov.bc.ca

Ministry of Environment & Climate Change Strategy Headquarters 525 Superior St, Victoria, BC V8V 1T7 T: 263 478-0896 Ministry of Environment & Climate Change Strategy – Communications & Public Engagement PO Box 9360, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9M2 T: 800-663-7867 Environmental Emergency 24-Hour Service Emergency Management British Columbia Ministry of Justice T: 800-663-3456 Report All Poachers and Polluters (RAPP) British Columbia T: 877-952-7277 rapp.bc.ca Environmental Appeal Board PO Box 9425, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9V1 T: 250-387-3464 www.eab.gov.bc.ca Environmental Assessment Office PO Box 9426, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V9W 9V1 T: 250-356-7479 www.projects.eao.gov.bc.ca Climate Change Division PO Box 9339, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9M1 T: 250-387-6121 Monitoring, Assessment & Stewardship T: 250-354-6333 BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy PO Box 9339, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9M1 T: 250-387-9870 enquirybc@gov.bc Environmental Emergencies & Land Remediation Branch PO Box 9342, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9M1 T: 250-387-9971 Environmental Standards Branch PO Box 9341, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria BC V8W 9M1 T: 778-698-1973

www.esemag.com

Water Strategies & Conservation PO Box 9362, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9M2 T: 778-698-4061

MANITOBA www.gov.mb.ca

Manitoba Conservation and Climate PO Box 22, 200 Saulteaux Cres Winnipeg, MB R3J 3W3 T: 204-945-6784, 800-214-6497 cc@gov.mb.ca Clean Environment Commission 305-155 Carlton St, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3H8 T: 204-945-0594 www.cecmanitoba.ca Manitoba Conservation and Climate Environmental Approvals 1007 Century St Winnipeg, MB R3H 0W4 T: 204-945-8321 eabdirector@gov.mb.ca www.gov.mb.ca/sd/permits_licenses_ approvals/eal/ Environmental Compliance and Enforcement 1007 Century St, Winnipeg, MB R3H 0W4 T: 204-945-5762 Water Services Board 2010 Currie Blvd Unit 1A, Brandon, MB R7B 4E7 T: 204-726-6076 mwsb@gov.mb.ca www.mbwaterservicesboard.ca Environmental Emergency 24-Hour Service T: 204-944-4888

NEW BRUNSWICK www2.gnb.ca

Ministry of Environment and Local Government Head Office Marysville Pl, PO Box 6000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1 T: 506-453-2690 egl-info@gnb.ca www.gnb.ca/environment Environmental Emergency 24-Hour Service T: 800-565-1633 Environmental Science & Protection (Division) T: 506-444-5382 Air & Water Sciences Branch Marysville Pl, PO Box 6000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1 T: 506-457-4844 elg/egl-info@gnb.ca www.gnb.ca/environment Assessment & Planning Appeal Board City Centre, PO Box 6000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1 T: 506-453-2126

Climate Change Secretariat Marysville Pl, PO Box 6000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1 T: 506-453-3700 Source and Surface Water Management Marysville Pl, PO Box 6000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1 T: 506-457-4850 Policy, Climate Change, First Nations & Public Engagement (Division) Marysville Pl, PO Box 6000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1 T: 506-453-3700 elg/egl-info@gnb.ca www.gnb.ca/environment Waste Diversion Unit Marysville Pl, PO Box 6000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1 T: 506-453-7945

NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR www.gov.nl.ca

Ministry of Municipal Affairs & Environment – Environment & Conservation Head Office West Block, Confederation Bldg. PO Box 8700, St. John’s, NL A1B 4J6 T: 709-729-3046 www.mae.gov.nl.ca Environmental Assessment Div. Floor 4 – Confederation Bldg West, PO Box 8700, St. John’s, NL A1B 4J6 T: 709-729-2664 Water Resources Management Div. Floor 4 – Confederation Bldg West, PO Box 8700, St. John’s, NL A1B 4J6 T: 709-729-2563 water@gov.nl.ca Pollution Prevention Division Floor 4 – Confederation Bldg West, PO Box 8700, St. John’s, NL A1B 4J6 T: 709-729-2556 Environmental Spill Emergencies 24-Hour Service T: 709-772-2083

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES www.gov.nt.ca

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources 600-5102 50th Ave, Yellowknife, NT X1A 3S8 T: 867-767-9055 www.enr.gov.nt.ca 24-Hour Spill Report Line T: 867-920-8130

NUNAVUT www.gov.nu.ca

Department of Environment 1104A-Inuksugait Plaza, PO Box 1000, Stn 1300, Iqaluit, NU X0A 0H0 T: 867-975-7700 environment@gov.nu.ca www.env.gov.nu.ca/ Environmental Emergency 24-Hour Service T: 867-920-8130

NOVA SCOTIA www.novascotia.ca

Ministry of the Environment 1800-1894 Barrington St, PO Box 442, Halifax, NS B3J 2P8 T: 902-424-3600 Environmental Emergency 24-Hour Service T: 800-565-1633 Environmental Compliance T: 902-424-2547, 877-936-8476 ice@novascotia.ca Water and Wastewater Branch T: 902-424-2553 www.novascotia.ca/nse/water/

ONTARIO

www.ontario.ca

Ministry of the Environment, Conservation & Parks c/o Macdonald Block Mailing Facility 77 Wellesley St W, Toronto, ON M7A 1N3 T: 416-325-4000 www.ontario.ca/environment Spill Reporting 416-325-3000, 800-268-6060 Corporate Management Division Foster Bldg 5th Flr, 40 St Clair Ave W, Toronto, ON M4V 1M2 T: 416-314-6426 Advisory Council on Drinking Water Quality & Testing Standards Floor 7 – 40 St Clair Ave W, Toronto, ON M4V 1M2 T: 416-212-7779 www.odwac.gov.on.ca Ontario Clean Water Agency (OCWA) 2085 Hurontario St, Suite 500, Mississauga, ON L5A 4G1 T: 905-491-4000 ocwa@ocwa.com www.ocwa.com Walkerton Clean Water Centre 20 Ontario Rd, PO Box 160, Walkerton, ON N0G 2V0 T: 519-881-2003, 866-515-0550 inquiry@wcwc.ca www.wcwc.ca

August 2021 | 51

GOVERNMENT

Environmental Policy Division Floor 15 – 438 University Ave, Toronto, ON M7A 2A5 T: 416-314-6352 Environmental Assessment & Permissions Branch Floor 14 – 135 St Clair Ave W, Toronto, ON M4V 1P5 T: 416-314-8001 Environmental Sciences & Standards Division Floor 14 – 135 St Clair Ave W, Toronto, ON M4V 1P5 Laboratory Services Branch 125 Resources Rd, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6 T: 416-235-5743 Standards Development Branch Floor 7 – 40 St. Clair Ave W, Foster Bldg Toronto, ON M4V 1M2 T: 416-327-5519 Climate Change & Resiliency Division 15th Flr, 438 University Ave, Toronto, ON M7A 1N3 Ontario Land Tribunal 1500 – 655 Bay St, Toronto, ON M5G 1E5 T: 416-212-6349 www.olt.gov.on.ca

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND www.princeedwardisland.ca

Ministry of the Environment, Water and Climate Change Floor 4 – Jones Bldg, 11 Kent St, PO Box 2000, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 7N8 deptewcc@gov.pe.ca T: 902-368-5044, 866-368-5044 Environmental Emergency Response T: 866-283-2333

QUEBEC

www.gouv.qc.ca

En Quebec, le Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques avez 17 régions administratives sont desservies par 9 directions régionales. Pour tout renseignement, veuillez communiquer avec l’une de nos directions régionales.

Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques Marie-Guyart Bldg, 29th Floor 675 Rene-Levesque Blvd E Quebec City, QC G1R 5V7 T: 418-521-3830 acces@environnement.gouv.qc.ca www.quebec.ca/gouv/ministere/ environnement/

52 | August 2021

Bas-Saint-Laurent et Gaspésie – Îles-de-la-Madeleine 212, avenue Belzile Rimouski QC G5L 3C3 T: 418-727-3511 124, 1re Avenue Ouest Sainte-Anne-des-Monts QC G4V 1C5 T: 418-763-3301 125, chemin du Parc, bureau 104 Cap-aux-Meules QC G4T 1B3 T: 418-986-6116 Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean 3950, boulevard Harvey, 4e étage Saguenay QC G7X 8L6 T: 418-695-7883 Capitale-Nationale et Chaudière-Appalaches 1175, boulevard Lebourgneuf, Bureau 100 Québec QC G2K 0B7 T: 418-644-8844 675, route Cameron Bureau 200, Sainte-Marie QC G6E 3V7 T: 418-386-8000 Mauricie et Centre-du-Québec 100, rue Laviolette, bureau 102 Trois-Rivières QC G9A 5S9 T: 819 371-6581 1579, boulevard Louis‑Fréchette Nicolet QC J3T 2A5 T: 819-293-4122 Point de services 62, rue St-Jean-Baptiste S-02 Victoriaville QC G6P 4E3 T: 819-752-4530 Estrie et Montérégie 770, rue Goretti Sherbrooke QC J1E 3H4 T: 819-820-3882 201, Place Charles-Le Moyne, 2e étage, Longueuil QC J4K 2T5 T: 450-928-7607 Points de services 101, rue du Ciel, Bureau 1.08, Bromont QC J2L 2X4 T: 450-534-5424 900, rue Léger, Salaberry-deValleyfield QC J6S 5A3 T: 450-370-3085 Montréal, Laval, Lanaudière et Laurentides 5199, rue Sherbrooke Est Bureau 3860 Montréal QC H1T 3X9 T: 514-873-3636 850, boulevard Vanier Laval QC H7C 2M7 T: 450-661-2008 100, boulevard Industriel Repentigny QC J6A 4X6 T: 450-654-4355 Sainte-Thérèse 260, rue Sicard, suite 200 Sainte-Thérèse QC J7E 3X4 T: 450-433-2220

Point de services 1160, rue Notre-Dame Joliette QC J6E 3K4 T: 450-752-6860 (Pour les questions relatives à l’eau potable seulement) Outaouais 170, rue de l'Hôtel-de-Ville, bureau 7.340, Gatineau QC J8X 4C2 T: 819-772-3434 Abitibi-Témiscamingue et Nord-du-Québec 180, boulevard Rideau, 1er étage Rouyn-Noranda QC J9X 1N9 T: 819-763-3333 Point de services Case Postale 160 101, rue Springer Chapais QC G0W 1H0 T: 418-745-2642 Côte-Nord 818, boulevard Laure Sept-Îles QC G4R 1Y8 T: 418-964-8888 20, boulevard Comeau Baie-Comeau QC G4Z 3A8 T: 418-294-8888

SASKATCHEWAN www.gov.sk.ca

Ministry of the Environment 3211 Albert St, Regina, SK S4S 5W6 T: 306-953-3750, 800-567-2442 centre.inquiry@gov.sk.ca www.saskatchewan.ca/environment Environmental Emergency 24 hour Service T: 800-667-7525 Environmental Assessment & Stewardship Floor 4 – 3211 Albert St, Regina, SK S4S 5W6 T: 306-787-6132

YUKON

www.gov.yk.ca

Environment Yukon Government of Yukon PO Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6 inquiry.desk@gov.yk.ca T: 867-393-6930, 867-393-6931 www.env.gov.yk.ca 24-Hour Yukon Spill Line T: 867-667-7244 Climate Change Secretariat PO Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6 T: 867-456-5544 climatechange@yukon.ca Environmental Programs Branch Box 2703, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 2C6 T: 867-667-5683 Yukon Fish & Wildlife 409 Black Street, PO Box 31104, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 5P7 T: 867-667-3754 officemanager@yfwmb.ca www.yfwmb.ca Yukon Environmental & Socio-Economic Assessment Board (YESAB) 200-309 Strickland St, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2J9 T: 867-668-6420 yesab@yesab.ca www.yesab.ca Yukon Water Box 2703 (V-310) Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6 T: 867-667-5652 environmentyukon@gov.yk.ca www.yukon.ca/en/departmentenvironment

Environmental Protection Floor 5-3211 Albert St, Regina, SK S4S 5W6 F: 306-787-2947 Resource Management & Compliance Division Floor 5 – 3211 Albert St, Regina, SK S4S 5W6 F: 306-787-2947 Climate Change and Adaptation Division Floor 2 – 3211 Albert St, Regina, SK S4S 5W6 T: 306-787-9016 SaskWater – Head Office 200-111 Fairford St E, Moose Jaw, SK S6H 1C8 T: 888-230-1111 www.saskwater.com SaskWater – Saskatoon 5-1925 1st Avenue N, Saskatoon, SK S7K 6W1 T: 306-933-1116 SaskWater – Prince Albert PO Box 3003, Prince Albert, SK S6V 6G1 T: 306-953-2250

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

EDUCATION, RESEARCH & TRAINING

COLLEGES, UNIVERSITIES, RESEARCH CENTRES & TRAINING The following institutions offer post-secondary education in fields relating to water, wastewater, environmental protection and environmental remediation. Also included in this guide are research centres affiliated with Canadian universities, and training companies.

COLLEGES ɗ ALBERTA Keyano College Fort McMurray www.keyano.ca

ɗ NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Aurora College Various www.auroracollege.nt.ca

ɗ NOVA SCOTIA

Lakeland College Vermillion, Lloydminster www.lakelandcollege.ca

Nova Scotia Community College Various www.nscc.ca

Lethbridge College Lethbridge www.lethbridgecollege.ca

ɗ NUNAVUT

Medicine Hat College Medicine Hat www.mhc.ab.ca Portage College Lac la Biche www.portagecollege.ca Southern Alberta Institute of Technology Calgary www.sait.ca

ɗ BRITISH COLUMBIA British Columbia Institute of Technology Burnaby www.bcit.ca

Nunavut Arctic College Various www.arcticcollege.ca

ɗ ONTARIO Algonquin College Ottawa www.algonquincollege.com Cambrian College Sudbury www.cambriancollege.ca Canadore College North Bay www.canadorecollege.ca Centennial College Toronto www.centennialcollege.ca

Camosun College Victoria www.camosun.ca

Collège Boréal Sudbury www.collegeboreal.ca

Douglas College New Westminster www.douglascollege.ca

Conestoga College Kitchener www.conestogac.on.ca

Okanagan College Kelowna www.okanagan.bc.ca

Confederation College Thunder Bay www.confederationcollege.ca

ɗ MANITOBA Assiniboine College Brandon www.assiniboine.net Red River College Winnipeg www.rrc.ca

ɗ NEW BRUNSWICK New Brunswick Community College Miramichi www.nbcc.ca

www.esemag.com

Durham College Oshawa www.durhamcollege.ca Fleming College Lindsay www.flemingcollege.ca Georgian College Barrie www.georgiancollege.ca Loyalist College Belleville www.loyalistcollege.com Mohawk College Hamilton www.mohawkcollege.ca

Niagara College Canada Niagara-on-the-Lake www.niagaracollege.ca

Mount Royal University Calgary www.mtroyal.ca

Northern College Various www.northernc.on.ca

The King’s University Edmonton www.kingsu.ca

Sault College Sault Ste. Marie www.saultcollege.ca

University of Alberta Edmonton www.ualberta.ca

Seneca College Toronto www.senecacollege.ca

University of Calgary Calgary www.ucalgary.ca

Sheridan College Oakville www.sheridancollege.ca

University of Lethbridge Lethbridge www.uleth.ca

St. Lawrence College Cornwall www.stlawrencecollege.ca

ɗ BRITISH COLUMBIA

ɗ PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

Kwantlen Polytechnic University Various www.kpu.ca

Holland College Charlottetown www.hollandcollege.com

ɗ QUEBEC Cégep de Saint-Félicien Saint-Félicien www.cegepstfe.ca John Abbott College Montreal www.johnabbott.qc.ca Vanier College Montreal www.vaniercollege.qc.ca

ɗ SASKATCHEWAN Luther College Regina www.luthercollege.edu Saskatchewan Polytechnic Various www.saskpolytech.ca

ɗ YUKON Yukon University Whitehorse www.yukonu.ca

UNIVERSITIES ɗ ALBERTA Concordia University of Edmonton Edmonton www.concordia.ab.ca

Royal Roads University Victoria learn.more@royalroads.ca www.royalroads.ca Royal Roads University is designed for what's next in your career, in your community, in the world. We create educational experiences that inspire change-makers like you: people with the courage to transform themselves and the world. The programs at the School of Environment and Sustainability are designed to help you facilitate the changes we need to protect the environment. Harness your passion for science and the environment to empower your career. Explore our programs. Simon Fraser University Vancouver, Burnaby www.sfu.ca Thompson Rivers University Kamloops www.tru.ca University of British Columbia Vancouver, Kelowna www.ubc.ca University of Northern British Columbia Prince George www.unbc.ca

August 2021 | 53

EDUCATION, RESEARCH & TRAINING

University of Victoria Victoria www.uvic.ca

Carleton University Ottawa www.carleton.ca

Concordia University Montréal www.concordia.ca

ɗ MANITOBA

Lakehead University Thunder Bay, Orillia www.lakeheadu.ca

Polytechnique Montréal Montréal www.polymtl.ca

McMaster University Hamilton www.mcmaster.ca

McGill University Montréal www.mcgill.ca

Nipissing University North Bay www.nipissingu.ca

Université de Montréal Montréal www.umontreal.ca

Ontario Tech University Oshawa www.ontariotechu.ca

Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke www.usherbrooke.ca

Queen’s University Kingston www.queensu.ca

Université du Québec Various www.uquebec.ca

Redeemer University Ancaster www.redeemer.ca

Université Laval Québec City www.ulaval.ca

Ryerson University Toronto www.ryerson.ca

ɗ SASKATCHEWAN

Global Institute for Water Security University of Saskatchewan www.usask.ca/water

First Nations University of Canada Regina www.fnuniv.ca

Global Water Institute Carleton University www.carleton.ca/gwi

University of Regina Regina www.uregina.ca

Ontario Rural Wastewater Centre University of Guelph www.ontarioruralwastewatercentre.ca

University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon www.usask.ca

Ontario Water Consortium www.ontariowater.ca

Brandon University Brandon www.brandonu.ca Canadian Mennonite University Winnipeg www.cmu.ca University of Manitoba Winnipeg www.umanitoba.ca University of Winnipeg Winnipeg www.uwinnipeg.ca

ɗ NEW BRUNSWICK Mount Allison University Sackville www.mta.ca Université de Moncton Moncton www.umoncton.ca University of New Brunswick Fredericton www.unb.ca

ɗ NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s, Corner Brook www.mun.ca

Trent University Peterborough www.trentu.ca University of Guelph Guelph www.uoguelph.ca University of Ottawa Ottawa www.uottawa.ca

ɗ NOVA SCOTIA

University of Toronto Toronto www.utoronto.ca

Acadia University Wolfville www.acadiau.ca

University of Waterloo Waterloo www.uwaterloo.ca

Cape Breton University Sydney www.cbu.ca

University of Windsor Windsor www.uwindsor.ca

Dalhousie University Halifax www.dal.ca

Western University London www.uwo.ca

Saint Mary’s University Halifax www.smu.ca

Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo www.wlu.ca

St. Francis Xavier University Antigonish www.stfx.ca

York University Toronto www.yorku.ca

University of King’s College Halifax www.ukings.ca

ɗ ONTARIO Brock University St. Catharines www.brocku.ca

54 | August 2021

ɗ PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown www.upei.ca

ɗ QUEBEC Bishop’s University Sherbrooke www.ubishops.ca

Brace Centre for Water Resources Management McGill University www.mcgill.ca/brace Canadian Rivers Institute University of New Brunswick www.canadianriversinstitute.com Centre for Advancement of Trenchless Technologies University of Waterloo www.catt.ca Centre for Environmental Engineering Research and Education University of Calgary www.schulich.ucalgary.ca/ceere Centre for Water Resources Studies Dalhousie University www.centreforwaterresourcesstudies. dal.ca ECO Canada www.eco.ca

ɗ YUKON Yukon University Whitehorse www.yukonu.ca

Pacific Water Research Centre Simon Fraser University www.sfu.ca/pwrc Pulp and Paper Centre University of British Columbia www.ppc.ubc.ca Research and Technology Institute Walkerton Clean Water Centre www.wcwc.ca

R&D CENTRES Advancing Canadian Wastewater Assets University of Calgary www.ucalgary.ca/acwa

The Beaty Water Research Centre Queen's University, Royal Military College of Canada www.waterresearchcentre.ca

Annacis Research Centre Delta, B.C. Tel: 604-395-2325 arc@metrovancouver.org www.annacisresearchcentre.ca Annacis Research Centre is a LEED Platinum research facility designed to support researchers exploring new innovations in wastewater, water, and resource recovery research. Bench and pilot scale leasing opportunities are available to businesses, start-ups, and academia. The Centre is operated by the Metro Vancouver regional government organization.

The Centre for Advancement of Water and Wastewater Technologies Fleming College www.cawt.ca Urban Water Research Centre Ryerson University www.ryerson.ca/water Water & Climate Impacts Research Centre University of Victoria www.uvic.ca/research/centres/wcirc Water Institute University of Waterloo www.uwaterloo.ca/water-institute

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

EDUCATION, RESEARCH & TRAINING

TRAINING PROVIDERS

Alberta Water & Wastewater Operators Association Alberta www.awwoa.ca Associated Environmental Site Assessors of Canada Canada www.aesac.ca

Acute Environmental & Safety Services Waterloo ON N2V 2J4 Tel: 519-747-5075 info@acuteservices.com www.acuteservices.com ACUTE is committed to partner with our customers to exceed corporate and legislative requirements by providing our services from motivated and knowledgeable people. ACUTE assists our customers with health and safety services for more than just legal compliance, but to help their employees stay safe and work successfully. ACUTE believes in developing strong partnerships with our clients to ensure that we are meeting their health and safety requirements and exceeding their corporate safety goals.

ATAP Infrastructure Management Saskatchewan www.atap.ca Atlantic Canada Water & Wastewater Association Atlantic Provinces www.acwwa.ca BC Water & Waste Association British Columbia www.bcwwa.org Canadian Association for Laboratory Accreditation Canada www.cala.ca Canadian Water Quality Association Canada www.cwqa.com Colleges and Institutes Canada Canada www.collegesinstitutes.ca

Manitoba Water and Wastewater Association Manitoba www.mwwa.net ECO Canada Calgary, AB Tel: 403-233-0748 or 800-890-1924 info@eco.ca www.eco.ca At ECO Canada, we act as the steward for the Canadian environmental workforce across all industries. From job creation and wage funding, to training and labour market research, we champion the end-to-end career of all environmental professionals. We aim to promote and drive responsible, sustainable economic growth, while also ensuring that environmental best practices remain a priority. We challenge the status quo by existing outside the typical activist mentality. IBI Group Ontario www.coletraining.ca

Ontario Clean Water Agency Ontario www.ocwa.com Saskatchewan Polytechnic Saskatchewan www.saskpolytech.ca Team-1 Academy Ontario www.team1academy.com Walkerton Clean Water Centre Ontario www.wcwc.ca Waste Water Nova Scotia Society Nova Scotia www.wwns.ca World Water Operator Training Company Ontario www.wwotc.com

Keewaytinook Centre for Excellence Ontario www.watertraining.ca

Blue-White’s web site has been completely reimagined with you in mind. All Blue-White® products can now be viewed on one site making it so much simpler to use. The new site is easy to navigate and ensures quick access to all technical information and data to make an informed decision. Blue-White’s new eQuote will help suggest the right solution for your problem and provide instant access to list prices on products and accessories. There are also case studies, videos, news feeds, informative articles, company news and so much more. Please visit our all-new site:

www.blue-white.com

www.esemag.com

August 2021 | 55

PRODUCT & SERVICE SHOWCASE

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

The new Ecobloc SMART series of stormwater infiltration modules replaces Maxx & Inspect Flex with superior performance (96% efficiency). It offers ultradeep installation, up to 7.5m burial; vehicle loading up to 60t (HS-25 loading); enhanced access for cleanout/inspection – every row is inspectable; and, improved logistics (up to 10 – 15% more blocks per container). Can handle heavy loads, such as crane operation areas, and special applications, such as container terminals, heavy machine operating yards, etc. BARR Plastics T: 800-665-4499 E: info@barrplastics.com W: www.barrplastics.com

NEW PERISTALTIC DOSING PUMP

Standardize on one chemical feed solution with FLEXFLO® M1 Peristaltic Dosing Pump. M1 will not vapour lock and never loses prime. This self-priming chemical feed pump delivers smooth, precision chemical dosing. SCADA Inputs include: 4-20mA. Feed output range: .0001 – 5.6 GPH (.0004 – 21.2 LPH), pressures to 100 PSI (6.89 Bar). Blue-White Industries T: 714-893-8529 F: 714-894-9492 E: info@blue-white.com W: www.blue-white.com

PIPING SYSTEMS FOR SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE

Chemline’s ECTFE is our proven, longterm rigid piping system solution for sodium hypochlorite applications in sewage and water treatment plants. ECTFE withstands oxidizing chemicals where other plastics fail. We offer single wall and dual containment systems, fusion machines and TSSA approved training, resulting in leak-free service and long-term value. Chemline Plastics T: 800-930-CHEM (2436) F: 905-889-8553 E: request@chemline.com W: www.chemline.com

NEW PERISTALTIC METERING PUMP

The New FLEXFLO® A1V Peristaltic Metering Pump delivers smooth, gentle, chemical feed with no loss of prime and no vapour lock. The A1V’s peristaltic pumping action makes it an excellent choice when pumping gaseous chemicals such as sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid. A1V’s gentle chemical feed will not damage long chain polymers or other delicate chemicals. Other features include a broad turndown range, 4-20mA input, and feed range of 0.0028-5.6 GPH / 0.011-21.2 LPH. Blue-White Industries T: 714-893-8529 F: 714-894-9492 E: info@blue-white.com W: www.blue-white.com

56 | August 2021

TWIN SHAFT GRINDER

Eliminate downtime with the Boerger Multicrusher – a twin shaft grinder for processing debris including wood, wet wipes, plastics, textiles, etc. Do you have confined space conditions? The vertically installed Multicrusher is a great space-saving option! There is quick access to parts with the back-pullout design. Boerger T: 612-435-7300 E: america@boerger.com W: www.boerger.com

CORROSION PREVENTION

Large diameter work being done? Time is money and with Denso Mastic Blankets as part of your Denso corrosion prevention system, you can get the job done right, more efficiently. At 10 "x 39 ," the mastic blankets cover a large area, filling voids and profiling in seconds. Protect your assets and save time and money with the Denso Petrolatum System. Denso North America T: 416-291-3435 E: sales@densona-ca.com W: www.densona.com

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

PRODUCT & SERVICE SHOWCASE

BATTERY-POWERED CELLULAR FLOW METER

Endress+Hauser’s new Promag W 800 battery-powered electromagnet flow meter with cellular communications provides consistently accurate process and freshwater measurement in remote areas, even where there are no power or ground-based data lines. It provides highly accurate measurement with maintenance-free operation and worldwide data transfer via cellular radio for up to 15 years. It even supports integrated cloud connectivity. Endress+Hauser Canada T: 800-668-3199 F: 905-681-9444 E: info.ca.sc@endress.com W: www.ca.endress.com

FISHCULVERT BAFFLE SYSTEMS

There are thousands of culverts and low head dams in Canada that are blocking the migration and spawning of fish. Fishculvert Baffle Systems can help you to overcome these barriers quickly, effectively and economically, with proven environmental award winning solutions. Fishculvert T: 519-212-1252 E: penny@fishculvert.com W: www.fishculvert.com, www.couloirpoisson.com

LAKE CIRCULATORS

SolarBee© Active Lake Circulators help control cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in lakes, reservoirs and ponds. Whether you manage a raw water drinking source or a recreational or stormwater pond, a key component for cyanobacteria control is to circulate the epilimnion, the upper layer of water. One solar powered circulator can treat up to 35 acres. Greatario T: 866-299-3009 E: info@greatario.com W: www.greatario.com/greatwater

PIPE AND PRECAST PRODUCTS

ENVIRONMENTAL DUE DILIGENCE ON-SITE

Your on-site visits just got easier and more efficient with our new game-changing field app. Access your ERIS projects and data; see map layers, add notes, capture photos, complete checklists; then upload and access your files. ERIS Mobile facilitates exceptional property risk assessments–on the go. Do more in the field. Save time in the office. ERIS – Environmental Risk Information Services T: 416-510-5243 E: bford@erisinfo.com W: erisinfo.com www.esemag.com @ESEMAG

Forterra is a leading manufacturer of pipe and precast products. Our products improve quality of life, provide sustainable infrastructure and help communities grow and thrive. A specialized technical sales force, including engineers and field representatives, delivers a high degree of customer service and tailored solutions. Forterra delivers industry-leading service, quality, innovation and commitment. Our mission is to build the longest lasting infrastructure for our communities’ today and tomorrow. Forterra T: 519-622-7574 F: 519-621-8233 E: canada@forterrabp.com W: www.forterrabp.com

CATCH BASIN INSERT

The LittaTrap Catch Basin Insert is a low-cost, innovative technology that prevents plastic and trash from reaching our waterways. Designed to be easily retrofitted into new and existing stormwater drains, the LittaTrap is installed inside storm drains and when it rains, catches plastic and trash before it can reach our streams, rivers and oceans. Imbrium Systems T: 800-565-4801 E: info@imbriumsystems.com W: www.imbriumsystems.com

August 2021 | 57

PRODUCT & SERVICE SHOWCASE

WATER FILTERS

OGS/HYDRODYNAMIC SEPARATOR

The new Stormceptor® EF is an oil grit separator (OGS)/hydrodynamic separator that effectively targets sediment (TSS), free oils, gross pollutants and other pollutants that attach to particles, such as nutrients and metals. The Stormceptor EF has been verified through the ISO 14034 Environmental Management – Environmental Technology Verification (ETV). Imbrium Systems T: 800-565-4801 E: info@imbriumsystems.com W: www.imbriumsystems.com

ORIVAL WATER FILTERS use a technology that assures that 100% of the filter medium gets clean during each 5-12 second cleaning cycle. Utilizing a backwash stream with a velocity of over 50 fps, enormous energy is available to clean the Orival fine screen each and every time without interrupting downstream flow. Visit www.orival.com to see how this system works. ORIVAL, Inc. T: 800-567-9767 F: 201-568-1916 E: filters@orival.com W: www.orival.com

HYPERBOLOID MIXERS

Invent Environment is the manufacturer of hyperboloid mixers which have revolutionized anoxic and swing zone mixing. Invent provides low-shear, efficient mixers with no submerged motors or gear boxes for easy access for maintenance. They have now released the Hyperclassic Mixer Evo 7 which has increased the number of motion fins and adjusted the geometry of the mixer to maximize mixer efficiency, reducing operation costs even further. Pro Aqua T: 647-923-8244 E: aron@proaquasales.com W: www.proaquasales.com

WATERTIGHT DOORS

METAL CUTTERS FOR HARSH ENVIRONMENTS

Wastewater is tough on grinders. Gritty material wears the cutters and acidic conditions corrode them. Previously, operators had to choose hard steel alloy cutters and sacrifice corrosion resistance or choose softer corrosion-resistant stainless steel cutters and sacrifice abrasion resistance. Now you can have both with JWC Monster Metal. JWC Environmental T: 800-331-2277 E: jwce@jwce.com W: www.jwce.com 58 | August 2021

Huber, a proven German manufacturer, now provides watertight doors that allow safe access to tanks for construction and/ or maintenance. Doors can be provided as round or rectangular for installation onto existing concrete surfaces or cast-inplace in new concrete. They can handle heads up to 30 m and hold pressure in seating and unseating directions. Huber’s watertight doors can greatly reduce construction and maintenance costs and dramatically improve safety/access. Pro Aqua T: 647-923-8244 E: aron@proaquasales.com W: www.proaquasales.com Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

ES&E NEWS NEW WASTEWATER DATA REVEALS SURGE IN DRUG USE AS PANDEMIC LED TO LOCKDOWNS

document to assist water utilities in its kind and “a positive development for knowing their rights and understand- the sector” if Kimberly-Clark is required ing how they are affected by the recent to meet current International Water SerNew municipal wastewater analysis court settlement between South Caroli- vices Flushability Group (IWSFG) Pubreleased by Statistics Canada shows that na’s Charleston Water System and Kim- licly Available Specifications (PAS) 3 the recreational use of cannabis, fen- berly-Clark Corp’s Cottonelle Flushable Standard by May 1, 2022. Thereafter, the tanyl and methamphetamine increased Wipes. settlement stipulates that the water syssignificantly in five major Canadian citWEF called the yet-to-be-finalized set- tem would be required to endorse these ies early on in the pandemic. tlement the first industry commitment of continued overleaf… Through wastewater-based epidemiology, a breakdown of 14 drugs found in the metabolites of residents in HalDelivering clean water solutions for 60 years ifax, Montréal, Edmonton, Vancouver and Toronto, reveals narratives specific to each city. But overall, the use of recreational drugs spiked significantly in the spring and summer of 2020, after COVID-19 began to lead to lockdowns. B a rri e • B e l l e v i l l e • B ra m pt o n • C o l l i n gw o o d • K i n gs t o n • O t t awa AINLEYGROUP.COM “The analysis also indicates that estimates for drug use vary significantly Celebrating 75 Years of Engineering Excellence from city to city, suggesting that different cities have distinct drug use profiles,” states a segment of the Canadian Wastewater Survey. The estimates are based on the amount of drug measured in wastewater A Carbon Neutral Company since 2009 (i.e., grams) and presented on a load per www.ae.ca capita basis, per day, or levels. For each wastewater sample, a positive detection occurs when the target compound is present in a concentration exceeding the limit of detection, states StatCan. The Public Health Agency of Canada states that a number of factors have WATER AND WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS likely contributed to a worsening of the Visit www.bv.com to learn more overdose crisis during the pandemic, “including the increasingly toxic drug supply, increased feelings of isolation, stress and anxiety, and limited availability or accessibility of services for people who use drugs.” For overall cannabis use in the cities studied, the load of cannabis metabolite in wastewater was found to be 28% higher in April of 2020 than just one month earlier. By a large margin, the city www.stantec.com/water with the highest per capita use of cannabis was found to be Halifax, which also reported the highest use for the legalized drug when StatCan first began collecting municipal wastewater data in 2018.

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WEF SEES POSITIVITY IN WIPES SETTLEMENT

The Water Environment Federation (WEF) has released a new guidance www.esemag.com @ESEMAG

Land Development Structural Water Resources Municipal Infrastructure

Transportation Water & Wastewater Electrical NEW! Mechanical NEW!

August 2021 | 59

ES&E NEWS Kimberly-Clark products as “flushable.” The January 2021 lawsuit filed by the Charleston Water System alleged that the Cottonelle wipes were dubiously labelled “flushable” and instead “wreaked havoc” by clogging local sewer systems without adequate deterioration of the material. In 2020 alone, the utility claims that flushed wipes cost the system about $250,000 in maintenance to remove them from sewers and wastewater treatment plants. In the spring, a court approved a landmark settlement that would see the wipes maker develop better labeling, manufacturing improvements and two years of testing, which WEF said it sees

as a huge step forward for utilities that have struggled with costly clogs.

FLUORIDE DEBATE RETURNS TO REGINA The City of Regina’s attempts to fluoridate its water, as is done in many major Canadian cities, have failed many times over the years. But, now that major upgrades are approved for the local water treatment plant, local officials are again debating the dental health protection measure. The city has previously held referendums on fluoridation in 1954, 1958, 1965, and most recently in 1985. Throughout

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60 | August 2021

this, there have been vocal pockets of anti-fluoridation groups that have kept fluoride out of the water system with claims that it is not only ineffective but toxic and linked to various health issues. According to reports about the new upgrades set for the Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant, space is being made available in the new design to accommodate fluoridation equipment. Implementing the program would cost an estimated $2 million for a one-time equipment purchase and then about $210,000 per year for fluoride supplies. The plant’s modifications will include upgrades to the main treatment plant, pump stations and reservoirs. It was commissioned in 1955 and has undergone three major capacity and process improvements since its original construction. Calgary has had a similarly complicated history with fluoride, having also had numerous referendums over the decades. It will host yet another vote during the fall municipal election. In Calgary, the cost of fluoridation has often been raised as a sticking point, with some arguing it should be covered by the provincial government.

NEW WATER TREATMENT PLANTS HELPING FIRST NATIONS IN SK AND MB

The construction of new water treatment plants in two First Nation communities means that Indigenous Services Canada has lifted two more long-term drinking water advisories in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Initiatives are underway to address the remaining 51 long-term drinking water advisories in effect in 32 First Nation communities across Canada. According to Indigenous Services Canada, the increase in operations and maintenance funding has already started flowing directly to First Nations, with $150 million in operations and maintenance topups having been provided. According to Indigenous Services Canada, the funding will enable an increase to 100%, up from 80%, of formula-based funding for operations and maintenance, and will support First Nations to better sustain the approxiEnvironmental Science & Engineering Magazine

ES&E NEWS mately 1,200 water and wastewater systems across the country. One of the most recent First Nation communities to lift an advisory is White Bear First Nation in Saskatchewan, southeast of Regina. The community has constructed a new water treatment plant and removed in-home filters to ensure they did not become a cause of contamination. A total of 180 homes and nine community buildings now have reliable access to safe drinking water, after being under a boil water advisory since September 2011, according to Indigenous Services Canada. In 2017, some $9.2 million was invested to replace the White Bear community’s water treatment system with the intention of having the boil water advisory lifted within one year, but the project faced delays. The advisory was eventually lifted in June 2021. Another long-term drinking water advisory has been a challenge for Sapotaweyak Cree Nation’s public water system in Manitoba. The community’s existing water treatment plant was no longer in operation or supplying water to the community due to being undersized and in need of replacement. Construction of a new water treatment plant has seen water sampling meet required guidelines and the longterm advisory was lifted effective May 20, 2021. The $14.2-million project consisted of an intake, intake pumphouse with wet well, outfall, and 1,350 m3 capacity, below-grade, concrete reservoir. Eleven community buildings and 251 homes now have access to safe drinking water following the investment in Sapotaweyak.

Bay between the early 1970s and mid1990s has previously been identified as the main source of PFAS on the property due to its presence in firefighting foams, although it was historically present in a variety of industrial and consumer products. PFAS have been detected in Trout Lake, Lees Creek, North Bay Jack Garland Airport, CFB North Bay and monitoring wells located near the Armed Forces base, information from the North Bay Parry Sound District Health Unit says. The chemicals had leached into the surface water, soil, bedrock, and groundwater surrounding the airport site. Immediate next steps will include issuing a request for proposals for engineering consulting services to aid the city in the environmental remediation process for the airport lands. The scope of work will include environmental assessment, site-specific risk assessment, development of remediation objectives, treatability studies and remediation design. Once a design is complete, the works will be tendered and remediation can begin.

DND officials said they will now be assessing the PFAS contamination at interim guidance levels provided by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, which will be lower than Health Canada’s thresholds.

FUNDING SECURED FOR WINNIPEG’S NORTH END SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT OVERHAUL

Photo credit: City of Winnipeg

The North End Sewage Treatment Plant—the City of Winnipeg’s oldest and largest—has secured some $213 million for the first of three stages of upgrades, continued overleaf…

NORTH BAY SIGNS $20M CLEANUP DEAL WITH DND OVER AIRPORT PFAS CONTAMINATION

North Bay has finalized a landmark agreement with the Department of National Defence (DND), which will provide nearly $20 million over six years to remediate per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) from Jack Garland Airport. DND’s use of the airport lands for firefighter training at 22 Wing North www.esemag.com @ESEMAG

August 2021 | 61

ES&E NEWS following new federal and provincial investments. Commissioned in 1937, the plant is one of three in Winnipeg. It processes 70% of the city’s wastewater, but must now be upgraded to increase its capacity to treat and manage wastewater and stormwater. The scope of the upcoming work includes the design and construction of a new headworks facility that will create a raw sewage pump station, a micro-tunnel extension of existing interceptor sewers, a grit removal system, a main control room, fine screens and compactors, and a plant emergency generator facility. Overall funding for all three stages of upgrades is expected to reach $1.8 billion, which means further funding will be required for upgrades such as a new facility to address nutrient removal, local officials announced. Based on recommendations from the Clean Environment Commission in 2003, Manitoba Conservation issued provincial Environment Act licences regarding treatment at the Winnipeg facility for nitrogen and phosphorus, which can lead to overgrowth of algae. In July, Aecon Group Inc. announced that Red River Solutions, a 50/50 joint venture between Aecon and Oscar Renda Contracting of Canada Inc. had been awarded a $272-million design-build contract for the initial plant upgrades.

Construction is expected to com- a similar project, where they degraded mence in the third quarter of 2021, with pesticide-polluted water (Atrazine) expected completion in the second using engineered nanomaterial. quarter of 2025. “We will use our 25 years of experience and know-how in this field to develop a new class of electrodes based on metal QUEBEC TEAM STUDIES NEW oxides,” El Khakani said in a statement CLASS OF ELECTRODES TO about the new PFAS reduction project. DEGRADE PFAS IN WATER “These will offer unmatched specific surA new research project team in Que- faces while preserving excellent electribec hopes to create innovative solutions cal conductivity and chemical stability,” to decontaminate waters containing he added. harmful chemical compounds like perDrogui stated that advanced elecfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl sub- tro-catalytic processes have “great stances known as PFAS. potential to decontaminate waters” by Professors at the Institut national de removing persistent organic pollutants la recherche scientifique (INRS) say they (POPs), such as PFAS. will be using nanomaterials to develop The new research is being conducted better electro-catalytic processes to in close collaboration with two indusdegrade the chemicals in water. The trial partners, SANEXEN and Rio Tinto electrochemical reactions research will Fer et Titane. be funded through a $338,688 grant from the Ministère de l’Économie et de l’Innovation under PRIMA Quebec. INRS professors Patrick Drogui and My Ali El Khakani will be joined by COMPANY PAGE Université de Montréal professor SébasACG-Envirocan ...........................35, 63 tien Sauvé, who will monitor and anaACO Systems......................................43 lyze the chemical degradation. Acute Environmental........................37 El Khakani is an expert in nanoAnnacis Research Centre....................9 structured materials, while Drogui speAsahi/America....................................10 cializes in electrotechnology and water Associated Engineering....................36 treatment. The two recently worked on AWI......................................................15

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Advertiser INDEX

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Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

Wastewater debris varies. So should your grinder cutters.

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Since materials in the waste stream vary, grinders often need to address multiple challenges from the bottom to the top of the grinder. JWC’s Monster StackTM addresses those specific challenges. No longer do you need to settle on a single cutter type. The Monster Stack mixes and matches the right cutter at the right location to optimize grinder performance and unit longevity.

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Stormwater Treatment

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