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While big hydro power has fallen out of favour due to social and environmental costs, small hydro is a resource waiting to be tapped. Clean and reliable, it has few of the environmental consequences of large hydro, and there is still plenty of potential out there. Christine Lins and Maria Laguna report. Fast track for small hydro? A weir on the river Enns in Austria serves as a small hydro plant, generating 250 kW VIOREL MUNTEANU

248 ● RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLD ● July–August 2005

pproximately 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water, a resource that has been exploited for many centuries. The use of hydro power has been characterized by continuous technical development, and it is currently the second most used renewable energy source in the world,just behind solid biomass.Hydro supplies the vast majority of renewable electricity, generating 16.6% of world supply and 92% of total renewable energy electricity (IEA, 2003).

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SMALL HYDRO POWER AROUND THE WORLD There is no international consensus on the definition of small hydro power (SHP). In China, it can refer to capacities of up to 25 MW, in India up to 15 MW, and in Sweden,‘small’ means up to 1.5 MW. However, a capacity of up to 10 MW total is becoming generally accepted by ESHA, the European Commission and UNIPEDE (International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electricity). Small-scale hydro power systems capture the power in flowing water and convert it to usable energy. Although the potential for small hydro power depends on the availability of suitable water flow, where the resource exists it can provide


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