ARCHITECTURE LABORATORY: EXPLORING THE MATHEMATICS OF ARCHITECTURE IN OXFORD by Esquared Space

ARCHITECTURE LABORATORY Exploring the Mathematics of Architecture in Oxford Nur Edzafirah Eddie 19018039 MArchD DSR

ARCHITECTURE

Exploring the Mathematic

Oxford, Unit

“IN THE WORLD OF DIGITAL

If Data is Translated In

Final Design Pr

Nur Edzafi 19018

Oxford Brook MAr DS

May

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ted Kingdom

MATERIAL AS A LANDMARK”

nto Physical Structure

roject Portfolio

irah Eddie 8039

kes University rchD SR

2021

CONTENTS

PROJECT GLOSSARY ABSTRACT

CHAPTER 1 PROLOGUE: INTRODUCTION Project Framework Project Reflection RLD Project Boards

CHAPTER 2 PROPOSED THE LABOR

Design Brie Building Pr Site Locatio Site Synthe Precedent S Design Ele Technolog

DESIGN: ATO RY

ef rogramme on esis Studies ements gy Elements

CHAPTER 3 THE PROCESS: BEHIND THE SCENE Workspace The Maker Transect Walks Mereology Design Development

APPENDICES - DESIGN JOURNAL

PROJECT GLOSSARY AR (Augmented Reality) An interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that reside in the real world are enhanced by computer-generated perceptual information, also multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, and more. Archimedes’ Screw A water screw that is a machine used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation ditches. Water is pumped by turning a screw-shaped surface inside a pipe. Architecture The art and science of designing and constructing buildings. Articulated Robot A robot with rotary joints. It can range from simple two-jointed structures to systems with 10 or more interacting joints and materials. Automation The process of using computer software, machines or other technology to complete human tasks would otherwise be done by a human worker. CNC (Computer Numerical Control) Numerical control is the automated control of machining tools by means of a computer. Discrete Individually separate and distinct. Discrete Architecture An approach by Gilles Retsin, Architect based in London. Covers a new, digital understanding of assembly, based on parts which involves complexity, openended and adaptable architecture. It entails the use of automation and robotics as part of its creative process to fabricate an architectural product. ISS (International Space Station) International Space Station is a modular space station that functions as an orbital microgravity and life sciences laboratory. It uses triangles and beams of truss that forms the backbone of the Station and a robotic arm (Remote Manipulator System) to help construct the Station. Laboratory A space or building equipped for scientific experiments, research, education, or manufacturing. Mereology A mathematical study of parts and the entities they form. The parts are illustrate as ‘points’ or ‘dots’ while the lines are the relations that connects the points. Both elements connected forming a structure or object. Parts a b c OMS (Oxford Mereology Structure) Relation 2 The structure that was translated from a data collection of Oxford’s Architectural Approaches. OMS is a short term of Oxford Mereology Structure that will be used across the Relation 1 Relation 1 portfolio. d

ABSTRACT Architecture Laboratory: Exploring Mathematics of Architecture in Oxford. Architecture Laboratory is a research and development centre for Discrete architecture that uses machines and robotics to produce fabrication of architectural products. The building programme consist of visitor centre, administration, temporary accommodation, and laboratory facilities. The laboratory functions as a hub for researchers, architects, and other construction discipline users. It is also for public and students as an educational purpose as it will be under the physics and engineering science department of Oxford University. The project is located at the old Osney Power Station which is at the west of Oxford. The site is near the edge of the River Thames that has an existing building which can be seen from the Osney Bridge. It is within a residential area at Arthur St and Russel St. The existing building has an elegant Victorian Façade facing the river and a height of 5 story warehouse. The conceptual process of the project is based on the DSR studio brief that one must pick an artist or artisan as a precedent character. So, this project evolve around the chosen maker’s concept, Gilles Retsin and Discrete Architecture. Discrete Architecture involves the use of automation and robotics as part of its creative process to fabricate an architectural product. By looking into the Discrete concept of Gilles Retsin, the project has evolves around the Mereology theory. Mereology is a mathematical study of parts and the entities they form. The process relates back to a walk in Oxford City where an observation of the city’s architectural elements was done. The observation data along the walk was translated using the Mereology method of study. Then, the data is translated into a structure that is used in form making, structural system and other architectural designs in the project. The Oxford Mereology Structure (OMS) has become a huge part of the process which involves several stages.

ARCHITECTURE

Exploring the Mathematic

Oxford, Unit

CHAPT “PROLO

Introdu

Project Fr Project R The S

May

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cs of Architecture in Oxford

ted Kingdom

TER 1 OGUE”

uction

ramework Reflection Story

2021

ARCHITECTURE

Exploring the Mathematic

Proposal

High-tech parasitic structure and landscape intertwined with existing elements (nature & man-made).

Architecture Laboratory High-Tech & Deconstructivism Approach Building

Space Programme

Use of Oxford’s Mereology Structure

Public

Project framework flowchart illustrates These are the keywords relating to th keywords develop to another relating propo

Wall Scaffolding Space Structure Bridges Walls Furnitures

Visitor Centre Seminar Exhibition Private

Element guidance:

Laboratories Workshops Offices Data collection is translated to a structure system in design.

Approach Mathematics Study

Study of parts and the structure they form

Mereology

Points: Parts

Oxford’s Buildings

Lines: Relations

Architectural Concepts

Diagram: Structure

Oxford’s Mereology Structure

Fabrication

Jose Sanchez Manja van de Worp

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Project Framework Flowchart 4

• Transects: The walks that are part o observe and transect the thoughts or during the walks. The first two walks studio went on, while the third walk related to the idea development. • Maker: Chosen artist or artisan. • Site: Location of the project. • Brief: The project. • Approach: Conceptual process and i • Proposal: Project’s outcome.

Brief

A centre that develops the Discrete Architecture approach Architectural Product Structure Furnitures Folly Others

PROJECT FR

Machines Robotics

Architecture Laboratory Laboratory

Contributors Gilles Retsin Daniel Koehler

Research & Development Centre

For Discrete Architecture Researcher Architects Engineers Other Construction Fields Students & Public

E LABORATORY

cs of Architecture in Oxford

Nature

Intertwined Man-Made

Transects Thames River Walk

Bridges

Canal

RAMEWORK

Repetitive Elements Structure & Components Connectivity Points & Lines

Oxford Canal Walk Tensegrity Structure

s a summary of the project’s journey. he thoughts during the process. The g attributes that leads to the design osal.

Reflection

Kenneth Snelson/Buckminster Fuller Science & Mathematics Method

Oxford City Walk

of the DSR’s studio task. One must objects that are recorded or collect s were the generic walks that the was our own chosen route which was

Building Elements

Data

Mathematics Method (Mereology) Transects’ experience & observation are translated to structure components.

Maker

Gilles Retsin Discrete Architecture

ideas.

Tension & Network

Automation & Robotics Fabrication & Assembly

Architectural Approach

AR (Augmented Reality) Microsoft Hololens Modular Timber Repetition Assembly

Site

Parts LEGO-like

The modern and digital method as another approach of craft in Architecture.

Old Osney Power Station

NASA Research Laboratory

Edge of Thames River

Hypersonic & Supersonic Experiments

Victorian Facade

Wind Tunnel Machine

5-story Height Warehouse

Science Engineering

Chosen site’s history related to approach methodology and idea.

ARCHITECTURE

Exploring the Mathematic

Various images based on a Mathematical calculation by Soren Ellers.

Similarity in the idea of playing with kit of parts.

Connect in different possible ways Puzzle Image

Task 3: Device

PROJECT R

St Mary The Virgin Cathedral’s West Window Stained Glass

The idea flowchart of this design pro master’s project in RLD. It is connecte project which shows the connection o making formulas and rules to produce an set of keywords that explain

Task 2: Site

Oxford University Museum of Natural History Tyrannosaurus-rex Skeleton ‘Stan’ BH3033 Skeleton

Task 1: Subject

Warm Up Project

RLD Year 1 Design Project Dissertation Project Interlocking Mechanism LEGO Building Instruction CNC Machines

Both of design projects dealt with mode that have different approaches. In RL combines idea of modern fabrication cultural as the main direction while DSR qualitative data and translating it using a leads to the pa

Reflection summary: • RLD Design Project: Cultural + Mo • DSR Design Project: Mathematical +

Modern Construction Plywood Sheets Stick Plywood Sheets together Glulam Technology Reference Culture Timber Joinery

‘Tanggam’

Vernacular Architecture

Traditional Malay Jointing

Precedent Architect Kengo Kuma Chidori Puzzle Toy Kong Ming Locks Temple Construction Construction Manual Timber Jointings

Japanese Jointing

Site Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia Malay Old Abandoned School

Chinese Jointing

Vernacular Design School

‘Tanggam’ Learning Centre & Gallery Design Project Building Information Modeling To give awareness of vernacular jointing method that can be modernize.

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Project Reflection Flowchart 6

E LABORATORY

cs of Architecture in Oxford

Mathematics Method (Mereology) Qualitative Data

The use Mathematics study to produce a structure system that is fabricated using automation and robots.

Observation

Building Elements Modular

Structure & Components

REFLECTION

oject has a relation to my first-year ed to the ‘warm up’ and dissertation of the ways I think in designing by n iteration. So, this diagram indicate a n the project connection.

ern fabrication and kit of parts system LD design dissertation, the project n using machines with a vernacular R design project integrates the use of a mathematical study as the drive that arts design.

odern Fabrication + Modern Fabrication

Oxford City Walk Reflection Oxford Canal Walk Thames River Walk

Architectural Approach

Maker Gilles Retsin

Transects Process

LEGO-like

Fabrication & Assembly Automation & Robotics

Discrete Architecture

DSR Year 2 Design Project Design Project Architecture Laboratory Research & Development Centre For Discrete Architecture Researcher Architects Engineers Other Construction Fields Students & Public

Oxford’s Mereology Structure

Site Oxford, UK Old Abandoned Power Station NASA Research Laboratory Design Project

Parts

Wall Scaffolding Space Structure Bridges Walls Furnitures

Research & Development Centre

Developing a jointing system based on Mathematical data.

Laboratory

Robotics

Machines

Fabrication Architectural Product

Space Programme Public Visitor Centre Seminar Exhibition Private Laboratories Workshops Offices 7

Eddie, N.E. (2019), RLD Project Board 1 8

Eddie, N.E. (2019), RLD Project Board 2 10

Eddie, N.E. (2019), RLD Project Board 3 12

Eddie, N.E. (2019), RLD Project Board 4 14

ARCHITECTURE

Exploring the Mathematic

Oxford, Unit

CHAPT PROPOSED

The Lab

Design Building Pr Site Lo Site Syn

Design E Pla Site Plan 1: Existing & Proposed Grou Existing & Proposed Firs Existing & Proposed Secon Existing & Proposed R Secti Existing & Proposed Longitudin Existing & Proposed Cross S Eleva Existing & Proposed East El Existing & Proposed North E Existing & Proposed South E Existing & Proposed West El Axonometr

Technology Demolition & Pro Constructi Structural Services D Det Proposed Detail 1 1 Proposed Detail 2 1 Proposed Detail 3 1 May

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TER 2 D DESIGN

boratory

n Brief rogramme ocation nthesis

Elements ans :1000 @ A2 und Floor Plans 1:500 @ A2 st Floor Plan 1:500 @ A2 nd Floor Plan 1:500 @ A2 Roof Plan 1:500 @ A2 ions nal Section 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 Section 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 ations levation 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 Elevation 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 Elevation 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 levation 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 ric Cutaway

y Elements oposed Structure ion Phases l Diagram Diagram tails 1:100 & 1:20 @ A2 1:100 & 1:20 @ A1 1:100 & 1:20 @ A2 2021

THE D

Mathematics and science expression through arts as the new norm of ar and robotics in creating an architectural outcome has been part of the in architecture by accelerating the notion of discreteness in

The Proje

Architecture Laboratory: Exploring the

The Locatio

The project is located at an old Osney Power Station, a massive buildin Russel St. It can be seen from Osney Bridge and Osney Island Residential Are height w

The Brief (What

Architecture Laboratory is a research and development centre fo fabrication of architectural products. The design project

The Users (Who is

The lab functions as an experiment’s hub for researchers, architects, a students as an educational purpose as it will be under the Phy

The Concept (How

Based on DSR studio brief (Choose a maker & transect walks), (Discrete Architecture) and Ma

(From Project Glossa Discrete A Covers a new, digital understanding of assembly, based on parts which involves com robotics as part of its creative process Mere A mathematical study of par

This project experiments with both of these approaches to create an archit observing the surroundings during the studio transect walks along observations develops ideas and they were decoded into a diagram by using M

to a structural system that a

By experimenting discrete approach of mereology as a new design principle

the design process? And to what extent the approach can it p

literature investigation from a mathematical and architecture perspective ba While doing so, experimentation on the theory with other architectural pr theory is part of the design process of model making and sketche

Thus, Architectu is the proposed design o

ESIGN

rchitectural process with the application of automation. The use of automation ndustry for the past decade which redefine the overall production chain of n both computation and the physical assembly of buildings.

ect (What?)

e Mathematics of Architecture in Oxford.

on (Where?)

ng at the edge of Thames River within a residential context near Arthur St and ea. The building has an amazing Victorian Façade facing the river and a 5-story warehouse.

t is the building?)

or Discrete Architecture that uses machines and robotics to produce consists of two sections which are private and public area.

s the building for?)

and other construction discipline users. It is also for public and

ysics and Engineering Science Department of Oxford University.

w the idea develops?)

I have taken a project journey involving a new Architectural principle

athematical theory (Mereology).

ary page; front section) Architecture: mplexity, open-ended and adaptable architecture. It entails the use of automation and s to fabricate an architectural product. eology: rts and the entities they form.

tectural intervention. The process developed from a qualitative data by g Thames River, Oxford Canal and Oxford City Centre. Those Mathematical theory (Mereology). Then, the data diagram is converted

affects the design1 project’s process.

e; the project studies on how can the approach be implemented in

produce and achieve in an architectural product? A thorough

ased on the theory of mereology was done in order to understand the theory. rinciple and existing structure on site as a vessel to see the possibilities. The es to produce several iterations for the architectural intervention.

ure Laboratory

outcome from the process.

BUILDING PROGRAMME

Public

Private Educational Tours

Workshop

Reception Lobby Proposed Spaces Laboratory Facilities Seminar Room Visitor Centre Within the facilities

Cafe

Exhibition Area

Cir c

u la tio n

A Administration

Offices Spaces in the Zones Public Circulation Private Circulation

Control Room Meeting Room

Main Circulation Space Categories Eddie, N.E. (2021), Project Bubble Diagram 20

Proposed Spaces

Discussion Space

CNC

Lasser Cutters

Proposed Spaces Robot Analogue

Automation

Material Testing

Sustainable Storage

Temporary Accommodation Proposed Space

Studio Rooms

From Across The River Thames

Architecture Laboratory is a research and development centre for Discrete Architecture that uses machines and robotics to produce fabrication of architectural products. The design project consists of two sections which are private and public area. The private area are primarily the laboratory and workshop facilities for the staffs and discrete architecture contributors to test and model their design and products. Public area is the visitor centre where the exhibition, educational activities and public engagement will take place. The lab functions as an experiment’s hub for researchers, architects, and other construction discipline users. It is also for public and students as an educational purpose as it will be under the Physics and Engineering Science Department of Oxford University. 21

PRECEDEN PROGR

NT STUDY RAMME

PRECEDENT STUDY Building Programme

ETH Zürich, Public university in Zürich

• Public research university in the city of Zürich, Switzerland. • Spaces that are design for education that involves engineers and scientists, exclusively on science, technology,

engineering and mathematics.

BRE Innovation Park, Exhibition and trade centre in Bricket Wood

• The Innovation Parks feature full-scale demonstration buildings that have been developed by industry partners. • These buildings display innovative design, materials and technologies which combine to address the development challenges facing regions across the world. 25

PRECEDENT STUDY Building Programme Sketches

Brainstorm and discussion area.

Articulated robot arm laboratory.

Articulated robot arm in warehouse setting.

Timber workshop space.

Workspace.

Articulated robot arm in warehouse setting and additional proposed structure.

SITE ANALYSIS OXF

S & SYNTHESIS ORD

S I T E LO CAT I O N

Site In Context of UK

Site In Context of Oxford

Site In Context of Oxfordshire

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Site Location (Reference from Digimap & Google Earth) 30

Proposed Site: Old Osney Power Station a.k.a Osney Lab

1:30000 @ A2 0

400

800

1200

1600

2000 2400

2800 3200

3600 4000 31

SITE HISTORY

The Reason This Site Is Chosen 1971-2010 - Department of Engineering Science Research Laboratory The project is located at an old Osney Power Station, a massive building at the edge of Thames River within a residential context near Arthur St and Russel St. It can be seen from Osney Bridge and Osney Island Residential Area. Furthermore, the building has an amazing Victorian Façade facing the river and a 5-story height warehouse. The site is chosen due to its history being a NASA research laboratory with Oxford University’s Engineering department in 1971, the ‘Osney Lab’. The experiments were on hypersonic and supersonic flows that involves missile and aerodynamic form models. A Low-Density Wind Tunnel machine was used in the experiments which was placed in the middle of the building. Several experiments and creations were done at the Osney lab such as the development and test on HYPER-X; airframe combination model which is launched from a Pegasus satellite launcher in level flight at 20 kilometres altitude and an anemometer was manufactured and tested in the wind tunnel. This historical value becomes part of the design narrative of the Architecture Laboratory at Osney.

Interior of Wind Tunnel Machine

2011-2020 - Unoccupied Building

Exterior of Wind Tunnel Machine

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Site History Elements 32

The Power Station has been unoccupied, and it was op public for a Powerhouse exhibition on Thursday, 19th exhibition was contributed by Christ Church College a Brasenose Arts Festival, Ruskin School of Drawig & Fi Ruskin Staff. Along that duration, it also became a shel until 2017. As the university reclaim the building, a chu Oxford offered temporary accommodation to the 21 re Osney Open House. In April 2019, Oxford Saïd’s namin Wafic Saïd, signed a Deed of Gift for £15m to support redevelopment of Osney Power Station.

pened for the May 2011. The and support by ine Art and the lter for squatters urch in East esidents of the ng founder, the £60m

The electric current was switched on the first time to City of Oxford on Saturday, June 18th by Oxford Electric Company Ltd. The building was designed by the architect A. Brevitt, Thomas Parker (of Elwell and Parker and later the Electric Construction Company Ltd.), a renowned electrical engineer of the late Victorian period. The river is used to transport coal to the power station. 1892-1968 - Oxford Electric Power Station

2021/2022-Future - Saïd Business School Ongoing project by John McAslan + Partners (JM+P) Proposal. The approved scheme includes: • An ‘agora’ - a large convening space. • Flexible classrooms with associated breakout spaces. • Dining space for up to 160. • A leisure facility with a gym and exercise studio. • A library area. • 121 bedrooms for executive education clients attending residential programmes in the building. 33

SITE EXISTING ELEMENTS Elevations & Plans

North Elevation

North Elevation from North Elevation from Russel Street East Street

West Elevation

5-storey Height Warehouse

Victorian Facade

West Elevation from East Street (Across the river) Eddie, N.E. (2020), Site Existing Exploded Axonometric Illustration (Drawings from Oxford City Council) 34

East Elevation

East Elevation from Arthur Street (Residential)

South Elevation

South Elevation from East Street (Across the river)

Old Osney Power Station South Elevation from Arthur Street (Residential)

SITE EVOLUTION

Transformation from 1892-2021 (Revamp Process)

Current Existing Elements 1960-2021

Oxford Electric Power Station 1892 • Multiple gabbled elements. • Polychrome brickwork. • Victorian style.

Oxford Electric Power Station 1904-1905 • Western style. • Additional brickwork.

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Site Transformation from 1892-2021 Source Drzewicka, J (2019), ‘18/02982/FUL: Old Power Station’, West Area Planning Committee Application Agenda,City Council: Website Forde, D (2018), Osney Power Station , Oxford Historic Buildings Investigation and Recording, City Council: Website 36

Oxford Electr 1

• Victorian elements. 19th Century/Early 20th • Large, metal clad build original facade). • Eastern elements enclo • Modernisation approac • Same Characteristics to

ric Power Station 1925

h Century ding elements (Sit above

osing walls. ch o 1904-1905 phase.

First Edition OS Map 1876 N.T.S

Second Edition OS Map 1899 N.T.S

Oxford Electric Power Station 1960 • Steam turbine & modern boilers. • Alterations Russel Street part of building. 1960 • Short extension. 1969 • Interior use for University’s Engineering and Science Department research and NASA experiments at 1971. • Storage for Pitt Rivers museum.

Third Edition OS Map 1921 N.T.S

Noise

Flooding

Sun Path

Wind Direction

Environment & Surrounding The wind and sun movement affects the positioning of openings and sustainable approach in designing on site.

Flood

Existing approaches done to encoun demountable barriers along the river permanent pumps beside the Osney

1-Storey

Commercial

Residential

Building Typology

This analysis is to show the classifications of form and function of the surrounding buildings. This may help the design process in proposing a building typology and programme that suit the site and neighbourhood.

Building H

Existing structure on site is a 2-store was an old industrial landmark in Ox building are mostly residential and c not have massive height.

SITE AN 38

Design S

g Area

Flooding Barrier Prevention

Vegetation & Greeneries

nter flooding are having r and a installation of Bridge.

Heights

Oxford is known for its concept of man-made intertwining with nature in the city. The study in understanding the natural habitat around the area can be part of a design approach to integrate them in the propose site.

Vehicular Road 2-Storey 3-4 Storey

ey to 5-storey building which xford. The surrounding commercial buildings that does

Pedestrian & Cycle Path Circulation

The circulation includes the main road, pathways for pedestrian and cycling routes where there are many ways to engage with the public either to welcome them to the site or make the accessibility more private depends on the building proposal.

N A LY S I S

Strategy

Current Shadow Analysis - Fall (26th November 2020)

Shadow Analysis - Spring

Shadow at 8:00 AM

Shadow at 12:00 PM

Shadow at 3:00 PM

SHADOW 40

Solar S

Shadow Analysis - Summer

Shadow Analysis - Winter

Shadow at 8:00 AM

Shadow at 12:00 PM

Shadow at 3:00 PM

A N A LY S I S

Source

Higher side of the form

PV Panels Area Wind Load

Lower side of the form

Form & Sustainable Approach • Low to high form making from South to North to smoothen the wind flow. • South part is the dominant area for PV panels.

Leve • Raise landscape as a barrier • Raise interior floors. • Opening a new channel insi water flow path.

2 Storey Victorian Building Building Typology • Reintroduced a building typology from the past (Osney Lab). • Distinct typology from the surrounding based on historical narrative.

Existing El • Two most distinct character • Historical architectural valu

SITE SYN 42

Design S

Floor Level

Landscape Level

els and people circulation.

ide the building as a anothe

5 Storey Warehouse

lements rs of the building. ue and height.

Water Channel

Raise Greeneries

Landscape • Raise landscape as a barrier and people circulation. • New water channel for hydropower system.

Pedestrian Bridge Circulation • Adding a pedestrian bridge across the river and through the building.

NTHESIS

Strategy

PRECEDEN HIGH-TECH ARCHIT

NT STUDY ECTURE IN OXFORD

PRECEDENT STUDY

High-Tech Architechture in Oxford

• One of Oxford’s landmark building that has semi-industria • The ice rink has an unorthodox appearance, one of the first gene corrosion-resistant coatings developed • The use of steel structure and domin

Oxford Ice Rink, Ice s Grimshaw

al structure, and looks like a ship sailing along the Thames. eration of mast-supported and long span structures to exploit the

d for off-shore structures in the North Sea. nant form that is distinct from it’s context.

skating rink in Oxford Architects

PRECEDENT STUDY

High-Tech Architechture in Oxford

• A fan shaped super structure is located near the b • The fan-shaped portion of the building was ori • Modern architecture approach; Brutalist Architecture th • University of Oxford’s home to the University of Oxfor

Denys Wilkinson Building, Departm Philip Dows

Effect from touching Van De Graff generator

building and houses the university’s Van De Graff generator. iginally home to a vertical electrostatic accelerator. hat has a prominent massive structure and form on site.

rd’s astrophysics and particle physics departments.

ment of Physics, Oxford University son (ARUP)

PRECEDENT STUDY

High-Tech Architechture in Oxford

View From Anthony’s Colleg

• Its design weaves through the restricted site at St Anthon buildings and trees; while its stainless steel façade so • The building integrates new academic and research facilities • The project’s scale defers to the exist

Investcorp Building, St Anton Zaha Hadid

Elevations

Plan

ny’s College to connect and incorporate the existing protected oftly reflects natural light to echo the building’s context. s within a design defined by the existing natural environment of the college. ting buildings of 66 & 68 Woodstock Road.

ny’s College, Oxford University d Architects

PRECEDEN CONCE

NT STUDY PTUAL

PRECEDENT STUDY Conceptual: Deconstructivism

A-City: Sector 1576N, Quad 2NR, 1987

• High-technology is invisible, because it’s already so miniaturised,

artefact - Woods. (A-City: S • A fusion of the human and the natural, but here so much so t

A-City: Sector 1576N, Qua Lebbeu

City of Fire

, and so compact, and so industrialised, that it’s not a major physical

Sector 1576N Quad 2NR 1987) that one could not be distinguished from the other - Woods. (City of Fire)

ad 2NR, 1987 & City of Fire us Wood

PRECEDENT STUDY Conceptual: Deconstructivism

• The superposition in urban space of two complexly • The cloud structure, floating on pillars, contains a spatial sequence o flexibility for

• Functions as a transparent urban

Confluence Mu Coop Him

Superstructure

Elevation

y linked architectural units, crystal and cloud. of black boxes— admitting no daylight, so as to achieve maximum

r exhibition design. forum; it faces the city and receives visitors.

useum, France mmelb(l)au

PRECEDENT STUDY Conceptual: Deconstructivism

Perspectiv

• The project has been a catalyst internationally for innovation in dig advanced digital and f • The façade were simulated using mathematical techniques and m shared

Fondation Louis Gehry & P

Structural System

Steel Connections

gital design and construction, setting a new standard for the use of

fabrication technologies.

molded using advanced industrial robots, all automated from the 3D model.

s Vuitton, France Partners

PRECEDEN STRUCTURES

NT STUDY & LANDSCAPE

PRECEDENT STUDY Structural Approaches

Structural & Connection Syste

• A historical masterpiece that has become synonymous wit • Sensitive restoration and re-us • Diagrid system supported by an immense funnel and sixteen

King’s Cross, Railwa John M

Tree Like Column

th British rail travel and the merits of Victorian architecture. se of the train shed and range buildings. n ‘tree’ columns, each of which supports 1.5 metric tonnes of castings.

way station, London McAslan

PRECEDENT STUDY Structural Approaches

Connect

• This landmark bridge at Singapore’s Marina Bay is ins • Awalkway encircled by opposing double • The bridge’s two delicate helix structures to act together as a tubular tr • The concept was developed in 3D i

Helix B ARUP (A

Weaving Effect

tors

Concept based on DNA structure (Science)

spired by the geometric arrangement of DNA. e helix structures of stainless steel. russ – inspired by the inherent strength of the curved DNA molecule. in a virtual, digital environment.

Bridge Australia)

PRECEDENT STUDY Structural Approaches

Sense of play in landscape

• Futuristic terminal represented an emergent ty • Its radical, hyper-technological design explored new frontiers of a social responsibility of large-scale p • A series of interlock

Yokohama P Foreign Office A

Interior Experience

ypology of transportation infrastructure.

architectural form and simultaneously provoked a powerful discourse on the projects to enrich shared urban spaces. king circulation loops.

Port Terminal Architects (FOA)

ARCHITECTURE

Exploring the Mathematic

Oxford, Unit

The D

Design E

Exterior Pe Axonometr Interior Pe

Pla Site Plan 1: Existing & Proposed Grou Existing & Proposed Firs Existing & Proposed Secon Existing & Proposed R Secti Existing & Proposed Longitu @A Existing & Proposed Cross S Eleva Existing & Proposed East El Existing & Proposed North E Existing & Proposed South E Existing & Proposed West El Axonometr

May

E LABORATORY

cs of Architecture in Oxford

ted Kingdom

Design

Elements

erspectives ric Cutaway erspectives

ans :1000 @ A2 und Floor Plans 1:500 @ A2 st Floor Plan 1:500 @ A2 nd Floor Plan 1:500 @ A2 Roof Plan 1:500 @ A2 ions udinal Section 1:500 & 1:200 A1 Section 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 ations levation 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 Elevation 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 Elevation 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 levation 1:500 & 1:200 @ A1 ric Cutaway

2021

ARCHITECTURE EXTERIOR PE

E LABORATORY ERSPECTIVES

AERIAL WEST PER

R S PE C T I VE ( DAY )

AERIAL WEST PER

SPECTIVE (NIGHT)

AERIAL SOUTH WEST

T PE R S PE C T I VE ( DAY )

AERIAL SOUTH WEST P

PERSPECTIVE (NIGHT)

A E R I A L N O RT H E A ST D R O N E VI EW PE R S PE C T I VE ( DAY )

AERIAL NORTH EAST DRONE VIEW PERSPECTIVE (NIGHT)

N O RT H E A ST PE R S PE C T I VE E N T R A N C E & WA L L B R AC I N G ( DAY )

N O RT H E A ST PE R S PE CT IVE E N T R A N C E & WA L L B R AC I N G ( N I G H T )

N O RT H WE ST PE R S PE C T I VE F R O M E A ST ST R E E T ( DAY )

NORTH WEST PERSPECTIVE FROM EAST STREET (NIGHT)

S O UT H WE ST PE R S PE C T I VE B R I D G E E N T R A N C E ( DAY )

SOUTH WEST PERSPECTIVE BRIDGE ENTRANCE (NIGHT)

ARCHITECTURE AXONOM

E LABORATORY METRIC

Building Elements 5-Storey Existing Building New Additional Building Structure Victorian Facade Existing Building

Spaces Main Laboratory Cafe Visitor Centre Mereology Bridge Corridor Office Mereology Bridge Loading Bay CNC Laboratory Temporary Accommodation

AXO N O M E T R 90

Inhabit

I C C UTAWAY

tability

Roof Finishing (Reroofing Existing Roof & Proposed Roof Panels) Additional Water Channel to drop at Osney Mill

Diagrid Space Frame & Existing Roof Structure

Curtain Walls & Panels (Double Glazed & Perforated Panels) Additional Water Channel to drop at Osney Hydro Station

5 4 10

Existing & Proposed Brick Walls

Raise Landscape

Hyropower Channel 9 Existing

STRUCTURA 92

Parts As

Key 7

1. Lobby (North Entrance; from Arthur St & Russel St) 2. Visitor Centre Space (Activities & Exhibition) 3. Seminar Room 4. Meeting Room 5. Main Laboratory 6. Control Office 7. Mereology Bridge 8. Temporary Accommodation 9. Hydropower Station (Archimedes Screw) 10. Mereology Bridge Corridor

AL DIAGRAM

ssembly

ARCHITECTURE INTERIOR PE

E LABORATORY ERSPECTIVES

CNC LAB

Ground Floor

VISITOR CENTR

Ground

E (EXHIBITION)

d Floor

M A I N L A B ( AUTO M AT I O N )

First Floor

MEREOLOGY BRIDGE CORRIDOR

First Floor

MEREOLOGY BRI

First F

IDGE CORRIDOR

Floor

MEREOLOGY BRIDGE CORRIDOR

First Floor

ARCHITECTURE PLA

100

E LABORATORY ANS

101

PROPOSED

1:1000

102

SITE PLAN

0 @ A2

100

103

GROUND FL

Existing Ground Floor Plan

104

1:500

LOOR PLAN @ A2

Proposed Ground Floor Plan 50

105

1 3

PROPOSED GROU 1:200

0 106

4 8

7 5

Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Lobby (North Entrance; from Arthur St & Russel St) Visitor Centre Space (Activities & Exhibition) Articulated Robot Arm Lab Workshop & Testing Area Storage Hydropower Station (Archimedes Screw) CNC Lab Loading Bay

UND FLOOR PLAN

@ A2

20 107

FIRST FLO

Existing First Floor Plan

108

1:500

OOR PLAN @ A2

Proposed First Floor Plan 50

109

PROPOSED FIRS 1:200

0 110

Key

1. 2. 3. 4.

Seminar Room Cafe Main Lab Mereology Bridge (West Entrance; to Ground Floor Visitor Centre) 5. Mereology Bridge (West Entrance; to Main Lab, Cafe, Visitor Centre First Floor) 6. Temporary Accommodation

ST FLOOR PLAN

@ A2

20 111

SECOND FL

Existing Second Floor Plan

112

1:500

LOOR PLAN @ A2

Proposed Second Floor Plan 50

113

PROPOSED SECO 1:200

0 114

Key 1. Meeting Room 2. Control Space & Offices 3. Temporary Accommodation

OND FLOOR PLAN

@ A2

20 115

ROOF

Existing Roof Plan

116

1:500

PLAN

@ A2

Proposed Roof Plan 50

117

PROPOSED

1:200

0 118

ROOF PLAN

@ A2

20 119

ARCHITECTURE SECT

120

E LABORATORY IONS

121

Existing Longitudinal Section

Proposed Longitudinal Section

EXISTING & PROPOSED L 1:500

122

LONGITUDINAL SECTION @ A2

123

Lobby

Mereology Bridge Corridor Archimedes’ Scre

PROPOSED DIAGON 1:200

0 124

ew Hydropower

N A L S E C T I O N ( DAY )

@ A2

20 125

Lobby

Mereology Bridge Corridor Archimedes’ Scre

PROPOSED DIAGONA 1:200

0 126

ew Hydropower

AL SECTION (NIGHT)

@ A2

20 127

Existing Cross Section

Proposed Cross Section

EXISTING & PROPOS 1:500

128

SED CROSS SECTION @ A2

129

Archimedes’ Screw Hydropower

PROPOSED CROS 1:200

0 130

Main Lab

Workshop

Storage

S S S E C T I O N ( DAY )

@ A2

20 131

Archimedes’ Screw Hydropower

PROPOSED CROSS 1:200 0 132

Main Lab

Workshop

Storage

S SECTION (NIGHT)

@ A2 20 133

ARCHITECTURE ELEVA

134

E LABORATORY ATIONS

135

Existing East Elevation

Proposed East Elevation

Existing West Elevation

Proposed West Elevation

EAST & WEST 1:500

136

E L EVAT I O N S

@ A2

137

E A ST E L EVA 1:200

0 138

AT I O N ( DAY )

@ A2

20 139

E A ST E L EVAT 1:200

0 140

TION (NIGHT)

@ A2

20 141

WE ST E L EVA 1:200

0 142

AT I O N ( DAY )

@ A2

20 143

WE ST E L EVAT 1:200

0 144

TION (NIGHT)

@ A2

20 145

Existing North Elevation

Proposed North Elevation

Existing South Elevation

Proposed South Elevation

NORTH & SOUT 1:500

146

T H E L EVAT I O N S @ A2

147

NORTH ELEV

1:200 &

0 148

AT I O N ( DAY )

& @ A2

20 149

E A ST E L EVAT

1:200 &

0 150

TION (NIGHT)

& @ A2

20 151

SOUTH ELEV 1:200

0 152

AT I O N ( DAY ) @ A2

20 153

S O UT H E L EVA 1:200

0 154

AT I O N ( N I G H T )

@ A2

20 155

ARCHITECTURE

Exploring the Mathematic

Oxford, Unit

The D

Technology Constructi Demolition & Pro Constructi Structural Services D Det Proposed Detail 1 1 Proposed Detail 2 1 Proposed Detail 3 1

May 156

E LABORATORY

cs of Architecture in Oxford

ted Kingdom

Design

y Elements ion Process oposed Structure ion Phases l Diagram Diagram tails 1:100 & 1:20 @ A2 1:100 & 1:20 @ A1 1:100 & 1:20 @ A2

2021 157

ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTIO

158

E LABORATORY ON & SERVICES

159

160

Existing building on site.

Demolition Elements.

Mereology bridge (main circulation) and first floor connecting the separate spaces.

Second floor constructed.

Main space structure.

Landscape and outdoor structure.

CONSTRUCTI

Reuse Structure and Building Elements. Retention would be done at the East and North wall.

Sculpting the landscape along the river, ground floor floor elements, service core and separate building for accommodation.

Interior laboratory curtain and cladding wall.

Main circulation curtain and cladding wall.

Steel diagrid roof connectors.

Finishings.

ON PROCESS

161

Ground Floor Demolition Phase

First Floor Demolition Phase

Ground Floor Proposed Structure

First Floor Proposed Structure

DEMOLITION & PRO

Existing & Ne

162

Second Floor Demolition Phase

Overall Demolition Phase

Second Floor Proposed Structure

Overall Proposed Structure

OPOSED STRUCTURE

ew Structure

163

Fire Staircase

Water Supply & Foul Water (Provided by Thames Water)

SERVICES

M&E F

164

Vertical Circulation

M & E Service

DIAGRAM

Features

165

ARCHITECTURE DETAI

166

E LABORATORY LINGS

167

Double-Glazed Panel, PV Cells between panels Insulation 250x250mm Aluminium Diagrid Mullions

Proposed Detail 4

Curtain Wall, Double-Glazed Panels with Perforated at metal external layer

50mm Metal Deck Bridge 100mm Steel Beams Aluminium Platform

Cement Infill Access Floor Panels Steel Pedestals 100mm Concrete Slab Building Pad Insulation Hardcore 300mm Concrete Wall, Waterproofing external layer Concrete Pad footing for water load

Proposed Curtain Wall & Cladding Detail 1 @ 1:100

0 168

PR O P O S E D D E TA I L 1

1:100 & 1:20 @ A2

Metal Cleat

Curtain Wall Aluminium Mullion Aluminium Gutter Box Double-Glazed Panel, PV Cells between panels Insulation 250x250mm Aluminium Diagrid Mullions

Proposed Detail 1 @ 1:20

GUTTER TECH PRECEDENTS

Gutter Detailings

169

Aluminium Gutter Box

New Brick Wall 500mm ø Aluminium Tubular Steel Structure

Proposed Detail 2

Existing Brick Wall

Bracing Connector, attach to wall and slab 750mm Thick Concrete, for Wall Bracing Load

Proposed Detail 3

425mm Concrete Slab Building Pad Insulation Hardcore

Proposed Wall Bracing Detail 2 @ 1:100

0 170

PR O P O S E D D E TA I L 2

1:100 & 1:20 @ A2

New Brick Wall

Metal Plate

250mm ø Aluminium Bracing Mullion Metal Plate, with Steel Jointer

Existing Brick Wall

Proposed Detail 2 @ 1:20

Existing Brick Wall

Metal Plate

Concrete Slab

Proposed Detail 3 @ 1:20

2 171

Denver International Airport

• Self-supporting wall cladding system that supports the wall and acts as the structure system.

Sworts, S. 2020. Arch 7007 Tech Lecture Slide Curtain Wall / Sheating / Building Codes & Reg 172

WA L L B R AC I N G T E C H PR E C E D E N TS

73-81 Dee Street Facade Retention Scheme Invercargill • General wall retention process before demilition.

Icc.govt.nz. 2018. [online] Available at: <https://icc.govt.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Appendix-09-Facade-Retention-Assessment-Batchelor-McDougall-Consulting-Ltd.pdf> [Accessed 7 May 2021]. 173

Double-Glazed Pan PV Cells between p Insulation 250x250mm Alum Diagrid Mullions

500mm ø Alumini Tubular Steel Struc

Double-Glazed Pan PV Cells between p Insulation 250x250mm Alum Diagrid Mullions

Curtain Wall, Double-Glazed Pan with Perforated at external layer

Cement Infill Acce Floor Panels Steel Pedestals

Proposed Detail 4

Proposed Detail 5

750mm Thick Con for Wall Bracing L

300mm Concrete W Waterproofing ext layer

Concrete Pad footi for water load 4m deep Concrete Footing

Proposed Main Column Detail 3 @ 1:100

0 174

nel, panels

minium

ium cture

nel, panels

minium

PR O P O S E D D E TA I L 2

1:100 & 1:20 @ A2

500mm ø Aluminium Tubular Steel Structure Steel Plate Layer Node Cover End Cone Tube Steel (Cast Steel) Cast Steel Ball Node Connector, with steel bolt and shims screw components 500mm Concrete Slab

4m deep Concrete Footing

Proposed Detail 4 @ 1:20

nels metal Sealant

ess

ncrete, Load

Wall, ternal

Waterproofing Layer

300mm Thick ConcreteWall

ing Earth

Proposed Detail 5 @ 1:20

2 175

King’s Cross Station, London

Confluences Museum

• Space structure system reference fo • Tree like column and diagrid patt “King’s Cross Station / John McAslan + Partners” 21 Mar 2012. ArchDaily. Accessed 7 May 2021. <https://www.archdaily.com/219082/kings-cross-station-john-mcaslan-partners> ISSN 0719-8884 “Musée des Confluences / Coop Himmelb(l)au” 12 Jan 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 7 May 2021. <https://www.archdaily.com/585697/musee-des-confluences-coop-himmelb-l-au> ISSN 0719-8884 176

S PA C E T R U S S T E C H P R E C E D E N T S

Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku

or the main structure of the proposed design. tern structure to support a long span load.

“Heydar Aliyev Center / Zaha Hadid Architects” 14 Nov 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 7 May 2021. <https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects> ISSN 0719-8884

177

ARCHITECTURE

Exploring the Mathematic

Oxford, Unit

CHAPT “THE PR

Behind th

The Pr

Work The M Transec Mereo Site An Preceden Design Dev Concl

May

E LABORATORY

cs of Architecture in Oxford

ted Kingdom

TER 3 ROCESS”

he Scene

rocess

kspace Maker ct Walks ology nalysis nt Study velopment lusion

2021

WORK LEGO BUILDER MEE

Understanding my workspace and workflow LEGO x ARC

180

SPACE ETS ARCHITECTURE

w leads to the choice of maker for this project. CHITECTURE

181

WO R KS PA C E Creative process and ideas often associate with how we work and the space we inhabit. As creative people, our workspace is essential for us to develop and have the sense of engagement and play in working out our thoughts. As a person that has an interest in collecting LEGO while pursuing Architecture on top of that, my way of thinking has evolved around kit of parts or components of elements. The interest affects my workspace and working method that will always have these two elements of working; model making (LEGO and other materials) and digital

computerise works for an up-to-date process of working due to how I build LEGO digital and physical models. These are the analysis and synthesis of how I move around my

workspace which is my current en-suite student hall room. The analysis covers how I move around my space in my free time and during work. In the process of understanding my working environment, I found a relation of how I work to my previous first year master RLD project and the maker that choose for the DSR design brief. So, welcome to my humble abode.

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Illustration of process wall in the room. 182

183

WO R KS PA C E L O CA

Flat P

The experience living in an en-suite room in UK. parts at the corner of the room. Most of the time I digital LEGO models. A common work process a back and forth from digital to physical. This plan sh communal space which i

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Sketch of st 184

AT I O N I N B U I L D I N G

Plan

. I inhabit my room with boxes and bags of LEGO spend my time at the table either to work or build as a ‘builder’ and an Architecture student is I went hows my movement in the flat from the room to the is the current workspace.

tudent hall flat plan view N.T.S. 185

WO R KS PA C E L O CA

Building

The room that is nearest to the tree leaves and the fi on the top floor and facing sunrise, I tend to wake u build

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Sketch of stud 186

AT I O N I N B U I L D I N G

g Section

irst to encounter the morning sun. Since my room is up early in the morning. A section of the student hall ding.

dent hall flat section view N.T.S. 187

M OVE M E N T I N A DAY Room Plan

Modelling work on the floor, digital work at the table and mess everywhere. This plan illustrates amount of movement when I work with two mediums simultaneously.

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Sketch of student hall room plan view N.T.S. 188

M OVE M E N T I N A DAY Room Section

I use the whole space if I have to. Normal mode of working is on chair with the digital process. I make a mess and model making process on the floor. Sometimes I use the ceiling to record things I did on the floor.

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Sketch of student hall room section view N.T.S. 189

MAK GILLES RETSIN & DISC

The use of automation and modern techno DISCRETE A

190

KER CRETE ARCHITECTURE

ology in fabricating architectural elements. APPROACH

191

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Collage of sketches of Gilles Retsin and the team constructing Discrete Architecture (reference to Gilles Retsin Photographs). 192

THE MAKER Reflecting on my workspace analysis, previous design projects and tasks, I realise that I work on a style of designing which involves custom parts, components of a building and structure components. My conceptual process of creating rules and formulas to design an intervention has become the domain character in choosing my maker which either is an artist or an artisan. There were several choices of people that I am interested in knowing more of their work. After a detail consideration, I have picked Gilles Retsin as the maker. Gilles Retsin is an Architect based in London and currently in a teaching practice at Bartlett School of Architecture, London. This was my initial engagement to a new architectural approach that is Discrete Architecture.

Discrete Architecture is a newly introduced architectural approach which involve machines and robotics to fabricate an architectural component.

With his passion looking into this concept, he is determined in contributing his knowledge to young architects with this modern and digital as another approach of craft in architecture. He also owns a practice, Gilles Retsin Architecture that has installed a giant wooden structure,

combining timber construction with augmented reality and automation at Royal Academy in London. Gilles Retsin Architecture used Microsoft’s Hololens to

assemble modular timber building blocks in real-time. Hololens overlays a digital model of the expected design in the exhibition space, indicating the position of the lego-like blocks and their connections. As the blocks are modular and the design is not fixed, adaptations

to design could be done in real-time.

Modularity is a driver for this process to work, rather than constructing a jigsaw puzzle, where every part is unique and has only one possible position, in this case parts can be placed anywhere and enable adaptation and interactivity between the model and the construction. They used Augmented Reality, AR to send instructions directly from digital model to the team working on site. AR therefore helps us understand what a fully automated construction process would look like, where a digital model communicates directly with people and robots on site. The parts are fabricated using soft plywood sheets that has been CNCmilled into kit of parts. The elements are the engineered to be able to perform in any structural installation. The building blocks are kept together under tension with lateral steel rods placed in specific, repeating connection points between the elements. The installation at the Royal Academy gives a first glimpse of what timber architecture could look like when combined with automation and algorithms.

193

The Childhood Memory: Influence by Architecture & Art Books

Reappraising the Digital: Talks About Discrete Approach

Before Automation: Model Makings & Prototypes

The Digital T Generating Mo Software and

Discrete Lecture: Talks & Discussions

The Digital Technology: Programming the elements

The Team: Assemble the Discrete (Construction)

The Team: Assem (Constr

LEGO-like Parts: Discrete Timber Elements

The Massive Discrete Parts: The Tim House Project Parts

In Progress: Tim H Belg

MAKER STORYB

Gilles A Day In A

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Sketches of Gilles Retsin and the team construct 194

Technology: odels Through Programmes

Automation Help: Robotic Hand Building his Project Test

The Present: Discrete Automation

mble the Discrete ruction)

Other Projects: Royal Academy of Arts 2019

Royal Academy of Arts 2019: The Finishing Photo

Previous Process: Royal Academy of Arts 2019

House Project in gium

The Team: Assemble the Discrete (Programme the Manual)

The Team: Assemble the Discrete (Construction)

Assembling the Discrete Elements: Roof and Column Structure

BOARD SKETCH

A Life Sketches

ting Discrete Architecture (reference to Gilles Retsin Photographs). 195

Eddie, N.E. (2020) Collage of the Discrete: Reapprasing The Digital In Architecture and Architecture for the Commons contents.

196

D I S C R E T E: R E A PPR A I S I N G T H E D I G I TA L I N A R C H I T ECTU R E Gilles Retsin’s Approach

‘DISCRETE: REAPPRASING THE DIGITAL IN ARCHITECTURE’, Gilles Retsin is the guest-editor of the

book.

This book is a collection of projects and experiments that defines Discrete Architecture. This approach exploits on the digital economy and automation, with the potential of digital to democratise production and information accessibility. The issue of global housing charts an emerging body of work that is based on a computational understanding of discrete part or building blocks, aspiring a new digital understanding of assembly that contains

complexity, open-ended and adaptability of parts.

By definition, discrete means individually separate and distinct, or an exact value if it is in Mathematics. Discrete approach is state as a style that opposed to Patrik Schumacher’s style of Parametricism where discrete does not involve in a continuous and curvilinear forms, but more likely be discontinuous and large straight pointy and blocky forms. In a sense, scales are important to get the clear view of discrete, it is like a brick to a brick wall, the clay brick material is considered as a discrete element. The materials, components of structure

or methods can be discrete but the process of making the volume and form of design is still a continuous process. One will repeatedly stack the discrete unit together or do a repetitive methodology to make a

form. In the end, my opinion in the fabrication method of discrete is not specifically to be automations and robotics, but it is generally explorative artwork process to achieve a design outcome. Thus, discrete concept needs to be looked at

in several different perspective in terms of scale, materials, and methods.

197

TRANS GENERATING IDE

A qualitative data of experience and ob DATA BASED

198

SECTS EAS FROM WALKS

bservation becomes a super structure. D STRUCTURE

199

200

T R A N S E CT WA L KS This part of the portfolio consists three transects that I did from the walks along the River Thames, Oxford Canal and in the Oxford City. Transect is a term used to describes these walks. The walks are to reflect the information based on visual engagement. The things we saw affected our thoughts that works as an impression to our ideas. The first transect is along Thames River which I started observing the surrounding generally. Then, I began to focus on how man-made and nature are intertwining with each other that can be either complementing or conflicting each other. Since I looked at both of the elements, I focused my view to structures and their elements like bridges with their component, material and form. Structure elements became the setting that I focused on during the second walk along the Oxford Canal. Based on both walks, I interpreted the transects into a

visual message that involves the basic elements of points and lines.

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Collage of River Thames, Oxford Canal and Oxford City surrounding elements. 201

TRANSECT

The Perch

Wolvercote Green

Iffley Lock

River Thames A mix of elements and different patterns of structures both between man-made and nature. Man-made created within the nature while the nature slowly growing between the elements. It is like the two elements webbing or weaving between each other creating a scenery of concepts.

Oxford

Repetitive concept of patterns

From the same process, a synthesi nature and man-made. The relation like harmonious or contra

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Collages of Oxfo 202

COLLAGES

Investcorp Building

Folly Bridge

Gasworks Bridge

d Canal

s, transition of materials and forms. is was made a relationship of both nship concludes to several concepts ast elements across the scenes.

Oxford City The transect diagram shows several conceptual and principles of Oxford city. It is a mix of elements between old and new. Illustrates the development of Oxford and the use of old buildings as part of the new. They are several elements of form making and design.

ord architecture and environment 203

PHYSICAL COLLAGE

Thames River & Oxford Canal Intersection Eddie, N.E. (2020), Physical collage of transect walk along Thames River & Oxford Canal 204

HIDDEN VISUAL ELEMENTS Points & Lines Approach

After using a digital medium, I took a different approach of making the collage for the transect. I found that I view things in random ways where some photos I will cut according to subject or figure in the photo, some are based on the existing frame that I have. This collage illustrates the man-made spatial connectivity along the river that also weaving through and across nature. It creates an invisible webbing pattern of elements of nature and man-made interlocking alternately. So, the points (structures) and lines (river) form a patterns of webbing that may create a shape or volume. How I got this idea of lines and points is through arranging the photos and following the river’s direction. Eddie, N.E. (2020), Transect approach and ideas sketches 205

REFLEC THE INITIAL REFLECTI

Site location for THE R

206

CTION ION FROM TRANSECTS

r the reflection. RIVER

207

Site Plan

Th es er Riv

208

REFLECTION SITE In The Middle of the River

The chosen site for the first reflection. Site study is important in designing process. This site is chosen due to the intersection of bridges at the West Elevation.

Proposed Location Proposed Location

Site West Elevation

Site East Elevation

Proposed Location

Site Section Eddie, N.E. (2020), Site sketches 209

REFLEC PROCESS INVOLVING SC

The result from a question that I ask NEWTON’S THIRD LAW AND

210

CTION CIENCE & MATHEMATICS

k myself ; ‘How to make things float?’ D THE DUALITY OF FORCES

211

TENSEGRITY STRUCTURE

Buckminster Fuller & Kenneth Snelson Inspired

Fuller’s disciple

Buckminster Fuller with his tensegrity model

Kenneth Snelson with his tensegrity sculpture

WH AT I S T E N S EG R I TY ? Tensegrity, tensional integrity or floating compression is a structural principle based on a system of isolated components under compression inside a network of continuous tension, and arranged in such a way that the compressed members (usually bars or struts) do not touch each other while the pre-stressed tensioned members (usually cables or tendons) delineate the system spatially. Individual tension lines; strings, wires or rope, are attached to the ends of the struts as shown so that each assembly is a closed system made of tension and compression parts. Each tension line connects individually to the ends of two struts. Tightening the tension system stores both tension and compression forces in equal amounts, a state that engineers call “restressing.” The energy remains stored inside the structure until it is

disassembled.

Tensegrity structures are endoskeletal, as are humans and other mammals whose tension “muscles” are external to the compression members’ bones. - Kenneth Snelson

212

TENSEGRITY SYSTEM Snelson, K. http://kennethsnelson.net/ [Painted Steel & Stainless Steel Sculpture] 213

TENSEGRITY STRUCTURE

Understanding and experimenting with the system

Basic tensegrity connection concept with 3 points. The tension lines; strings must be equal in length to achieve the zero force of equilibrium; balance.

When there is tension on the strings

214

TENSEGRITY STRUCTURE TEST MODEL The Basic Principle

In order to understand a complex system, I take the sense of play of model making with LEGO as a tool to comprehend the basic principle. The model collapse, falls and break into pieces during the building process which I have a clear awareness of the fragile state of the system. Eddie, N.E. (2020), Basic tensegrity model 215

TENSEGRITY STRUCTURE

Understanding and experimenting with the system

It is possible to construct any number of varied tensegrity configurations, from simple to highly complex. But, only those forms whose tension network is composed entirely of triangles are truly stable. If the network has squares, pentagons, etc. the structure will lack firmness. This is especially true of tensegrity spheres, none of which have triangulated tension networks.

216

Type 1

Type 2

Combination

The two tension lines run from the end of one strut to the two ends of a second strut.

A tensegrity triangle can also be formed with three tension lines attached to three different struts.

A three-strut prism showing type 1, red and type 2 yellow triangles

TENSEGRITY STRUCTURE Triangulated Tension

An experimentation with triangulated tension networks which can be form with a three-strut prism and triangles method. A tensegrity structure’s whole tension network is external to the compression struts so that it is an endoskeleton structure with compression forces pushing out against the tension skin. Eddie, N.E. (2020), 3 networks triangle tensegrity model 217

TRANSECT REFLECTION INTERVENTION Tensegrity Structure

During the testing of tensegrity on water, I found that the structure will collapse especially with a massive force allowing it to move vigorously and reduce the tension force. This is due to the light material of plastic (LEGO) that cannot produce a certain tension to the string that cause it to collapse when it was being drive by water. This shows how strong the force produce by the water movement which we use as a sustainable method in producing energy.

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Collage & dr 218

rawings of tensegrity on water 219

REFLEC FLOATING C

Let the force be w TENSEGRITY

220

CTION CONCRETE?

with the material. Y CONCRETE

221

TENSEGRITY SYSTEM

Testing the system with heavy material This cube project is a group project to test the ability of concrete, metal, wood and glass as materials to understand their character, physical properties and aesthetic potential. Each of the members in the group chose one material to work on. We decided to work with several approaches. The Concept Combination: • Tensegrity Structure System • Material Pair Contrast • Type of Jointing This section discuss my chosen material, concrete with tensegrity system.

222

CONCEPTUAL PROCESS

Conceptual Process Eddie, N.E. (2020), Conceptual sketch concrete cube 223

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Plywood pieces after laser cut.

Assembly of formwork.

Cutting 8mm diameter steel bar with hacksaw.

Steel bars after cutting.

90 degree bend with steel bending machine.

Steel bars after bending.

Spread out non-stick agent at the formwork.

Pour the concrete inside formwork.

Open the formwork.

Assembling process.

Use steel wire to tie the steel bars together.

Tension and compression of the load made it float.

224

C O N C R E T E T E N S E G R I T Y A N A LY S I S

Smooth concrete pattern from plywood.

Air bubble pattern produce from failure of formwork.

Supported from tension of steel wire between the upper and bottom part of concrete.

Pattern produce from failure of formwork. 225

REFLEC IDEA DEVELOPMENT FROM

Mixing the maker’s concept to the p MEREO

226

CTION M OXFORD CITY TRANSECT

process with a Mathematical theory OLOGY

227

OXFO R D C I TY T R A N S ECT I N D E TA I L Looking into Oxford’s Architecture Principles

During my third transect, I went away from the river and canal and to the city. I follow the stream of concepts in the city instead of following the flow of the water. Besides, I did some research about the Oxford’s concept before going on a walk, then I planed my transect based on the knowledge that I have. I looked into several buildings in Oxford which I plotted them in a map while continuing my collage making process. The analysis diagram of the transect seem complex to me. Then, I tried to simplify it with a ‘Set Theory’ using Venn Diagram. However, it become more complex than it supposed to be. Under a similar theory, I found out about ‘Mereology’, which related to how I see Oxford city being the whole to the parts which is the city. When I started connecting and simplifying my data, I produced an interesting structure which become my concept for the project.

Investcorp Building

Venn Diagram Parts

c Relation 2

Relation 1

Relation 1 d

(Recap From Project Glossary page; front section)

Folly Bridge

Mereology A mathematical study of parts and the entities they form. The parts are illustrate as ‘points’ or ‘dots’ while the lines are the relations that connects the points. Both elements connected forming a structure or object.

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Oxford City collage 228

B U I L D I N G S A L O N G T H E WA L K

From Osney Bridge (South of Oxford) to Investcorp Building (North of Oxford)

1 Christ Church

2 Bridge @ Brewer St

4 Blue Boar Quad

5 Radcliffe Camera

3 The Story Museum

6 Bridge of Sight

7 Jowet Building

8 Clore Music Studio

12 Keble College

13 Lincoln College

11 Clarendon Laboratory

9 School of Geography & Environment

10 Department of Biology, Oxford University

15 Margery Fry House

16 Balvatnik School of Government

14 Denys Wilkinson Building

17 St Anthony’s College 18 Investcorp Building Eddie, N.E. (2020), Photos taken during the walk 229

OXFORD CITY TRA

Vernacular & Contemporary

Repetitiv

These are collages of the buildings I come across architectural concepts and started

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Collages of 230

ANSECT COLLAGES

ve Notion

Tower Elements

in my walks. The collages helped me to see these to separate the buildings into a diagram.

Oxford architecture elements 231

17-18

18 Investcorp Building

17 St Anthony’s College 16 Balvatnik School of Government

16 Contemporary / Vernacular Contemporary

15 15 Margery Fry House

Vernacular Reflective / Transparency Reflective Reflection Balance & Unity Adaptive Reuse

14 Denys Wilkinson Building

Tower Elements Hidden & Camouflaged Repetitive Notion Sense of Play & Variety Symmetry

DATA

12 Keble College

13 Lincoln College

Oxford City Architectural Concept The diagram shows the Architectural approaches in Oxford City from the South (Folly Bridge) to the North (Investcorp Building). There are 11 elements of Architectural concept based on my observation and experience in Oxford. These data are translated into lines and points chart which is a method called Mereology. Mereology is a theory of parthood relations: the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a form. In this case, the parts are the collection of Oxford’s Architectural concepts (buildings) while the object that they are forming now is the city. Also, the colourful lines indicate the relation that the buildings (parts) have which are the concepts. Thus, these is the summary indication of the method.

Mereology: Parthood relations: the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a form. Parts : Oxford’s buildings – Points Relation : Concepts – Lines Form : City – The Whole Diagram

232

3 The Story Museum

2 Bridge @ Brewer St

11 Clarendon Laboratory

10 Department of Biology, Oxford University

9 School of Geography & Environment

11 9

12 10

8 Clore Music Studio

13 8 7

7 Jowet Building

6 Bridge of Sight

3 5 Radcliffe Camera

4 1 2

4 Blue Boar Quad

1 Christ Church

233

MEREO MATHEMATICAL & PH

Philosophical & Architectur WELCOME TO MEREO

234

OLOGY HILOSOPHICAL STUDY

ral Mereology Explanation. OLOGY RABBIT HOLE

235

WH AT I S M E R EO LO G Y ? Explanation

In logic, philosophy and related fields, mereology is the study of parts and the wholes they form. Mereology emphasizes the meronomic relation between entities where the relations of parts can be different and connected in someway that illustrate as the lines. Meanwhile the parts are the individuals or entities which are the points or dots. So, the connection of parts with the lines becomes a form. The form will be different based on the data (parts & relations). In order words, Oxford Mereology Structure can only be done by having the data in Oxford while London or any other places have different structure of Mereology according to data from that place.

Form Form Form

Parts Parts

Parts Relation

Parts

Relation Parts

Relation

Parts

Relation

Parts

Parts Parts

If this data is from London Form Parts

Parts Relation

Parts

They will be constructed differently due to differentiation of data

Parts

If this data is from Tokyo

Form

Parts Form Relation

Relation

Parts

Parts Relation

Parts

236

Parts

Relation

Parts

What Can Mereology Do For Architecture?, based on Daniel Koehler Who is Daniel Koehler?

He is an architect, urbanist, researcher, and co-founder of lab-eds. He is an assistant professor for architecture computation in the School of Architecture at The University of Texas at Austin. Mereology begins as an attempt to describe a building through its parts using properties of transfrence, reflection and gluing: features and sharing. These are the example by Koehler in his experimentation with Lab-eds in Mereology. It starts with existing individuals or entities and describe their clusters, groupings and collectives. As a result of abandoning the whole, there is no

uniform theory of ‘Mereology’ in any discipline, but a plurality of concepts.

Koehler.D 2020, Lab-eds https://lab-eds.org [Accessed 7 May 2021]. 237

MEREO MODEL & SKETCH D

Exploring and experiment TRANSLATING THE INV

238

OLOGY DESIGN VARIATIONS

ting the possible outcome. VISIBLE TO PHYSICAL

239

M E R EO LO G Y EXPLO R AT I O N

This section is process of exploration of this diagram

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Oxford Architectural concept data before transforming to structure 240

241

AT TAC H A B L E M O D E L Blocks This model is a prototype mimicking the site existing building which replicate its concept of transformation from it was started to current status. From this model, I get several concepts which are parasitic, adaptive and modular. The parasitic approach is illustrated on how I attached the blocks to the grey base plate. It is like another building attaching to another surface of a building. Meanwhile, the adaptive approach is when different blocks are assembled together just like the site context where it has different size and style of blocks attached to each other. Next, modular concept is more to its character of blocks and repeatedly constructed together.

STRING ART Mereology Model Experiment

From data to a physical pattern, I tried to made it in models with string art method.

Eddie, N.E. (2020), String model in frame cube formula sketches & models 242

MERGING BOTH ELEMENTS String Art & Blocks

After making both of the models, I took some photos and combined them together in a sketch. This is to see how mereology structure combine with a block form. I traced the block form and sketch and rearrange the mereology structure around the blocks to make a form. The outcome was this strange structure emerge from a vessel. This process acts as an image to the next model making experimentation. Eddie, N.E. (2020), Combination of string art and adaptable blocks model 243

STRING ART IN A BLOCK VESSEL

Inhabitability & Interior Experiences

The string models are modeled in different size of cube vessel to see how the structure infest the interior. I used nylon thread to produce the structure within the vessel. By using the nylon threads, my models creates this spider web like image. At I tried to capture the photos using flash where they emphasized the webbing structure of mereology. Then, I tried using brighter lights to get a wider image of the model. During the photography process, I found out that using nylon threads produce an elegant image with lights reflecting from it. I also test out the habitability within the thread’s environment. These may affect the materials that I used and play with the sense of lights and shadows on site to get the similar outcome as the conceptual model.

C4 C4

FORMULA SETTINGS

Mereology in a Cube Manual

Record the string movement in the cube like a set of form manuals. Each has different approach and loops that connects to the structural system of the cube and produced a different pattern.

244

Eddie, N.E. (2020), String model in frame cube formula sketches & models 245

SKEWER STICK MODELS Weaving Elements

Based on the previous model experimentation where I combined them together, I replaced the strings with a structure system that can support the form with other materials which are bamboo skewer sticks. I build the model using jointings and pressure made them a bit fragile but able to support a certain limit weight like tensegrity system which I put some slabs of plaster that I casted.

Eddie, N.E. (2020), Skewer sticks weaving, adaptable & movable stick models 246

CONNECTION

Adaptable Connectors These are the prototypes for a proposed structure connectors that can hold different directions.

247

MEREOLOGY

Translating

Sketches are done based on the Mere

Eddie, N.E. (2021), Sketches of mereology kit variations and designs 248

VA R I AT I O N S

g The Data

eology data and structure precedents.

249

Eddie, N.E. (2021), Sketches of mereology kit variation designs and wall bracing 250

M E R E O LO G Y VA R I AT I O N S K I T Translating The Data

Transformation of diagram to a structural kit based on several experiments

in model making and sketches. These are the possible form that the Mereology can be constructed. By testing with different scale figures, Oxford Mereology Kit (OMS)

can be constructed various function like a superstructure, folly, benches, bridges or even a door nob. This is related to the Discrete Architecture approach in terms of scale. The structures are proposed to be constructed with strips of turbular steel that connects them with each other.

Model with 1:25 Figure

Model with 1:50 Figure

Model with 1:100 Figure

Mereology Kit

Mereology Kit Random Connections

Mereology Kit Parts

Mereology Kit Random Connections

Mereology Kit Parts 251

252

M E R E O LO G Y WA L L R E T E N T I O N

Application

After experimenting what Mereology could be, the components is tested for application on site and design.

253

DESIGN DEV ARCHITECTURE L

Implementing Mereolo DESIGN EXP

254

VELOPMENT LAB ITERATIONS

ogy Variations in design. PLORATION

255

DESIGN DEV

Overall Idea of Imple

Playing around with sketches in 3D drawings to get the overa structure in th

256

VELOPMENT

ementing Mereology

all view of the hierachy and contrast elements of the he existing site.

257

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Iteration 1

Circulation Raise landscape from across the rive and connected to building with bridges. Form In between the two significant existing features of the building.

258

259

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Iteration 2

Circulation The bridges is design to be from the West (across the river from site), through the building, and ends at the North (another entrance for the building. Form Application of structure to make the form. The form is more blocky and has wide spaces. Interior Spacious experience & chaotic steel structures

260

261

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Iteration 2 3

Circulation The bridges is design to be from the West (across the river from site), through the building, and ends at the North (another entrance for the building. The bridge act as a corridor for users to move around from space to another. Form The form is more arc like design at the entrance. Interior Spacious experience. But less chaotic steel structures and minimal steel structures.

262

263

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Iteration 4

Circulation The bridges is design to be from the West (across the river from site), through the building, and ends at the North (another entrance for the building. Additional ramps going down to the visitor centre and paths to private and public spaces. Form Application of structure to make the form. The form is more blocky and has wide spaces. Interior Spacious experience & chaotic steel structures

264

265

ARCHITECTURE

Exploring the Mathematic

Oxford, Unit

“EPILO

Appen

May

E LABORATORY

cs of Architecture in Oxford

ted Kingdom

OGUE”

ndices

2021