RECONNECTING THE CITY: EDUCATIONAL RECREATION VERTICAL PARK KUCHING, SARAWAK,MALAYSIA

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[RE]CONNECTING THE CITY:

EDUCATIONAL RECREATION VERTICAL PARK, kUCHING, sARAWAK

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RECONNECTING THE CITY:

EDUCATIONAL RECREATION VERTICAL PARK KUCHING, SARAWAK

NUR EDZAFIRAH BINTI EDDIE A15BE0130

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture.

Faculty of Built Environment Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

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JUNE 2018

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SPECIALLY DEDICATED TO THE COLOURS THAT PAINTED THE PICTURES IN MY JOURNEY.

To my dearest love ones.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise be to Allah upon finishing this thesis. I wish to express my deepest appreciation to all those who helped me, in one way or another, to complete this thesis. Especially my parents whom never stop supporting me and made it possible for me to carry on this endeavour that yield the outcome of this entire journey.

Also I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my helpful studio master, Dr Hazrina Binti Haja Bava Mohidin whom has opened every opportunity and my eyes in completing this project. Without her dedicated involvement and assistance through every step during the process, this project would not been possible.

Not to forget, my fellow friends for being there whenever I need and give their attention to listen and lend me a hand in solving the problems in designing during this project. I am sincerely grateful to them who always supporting me and stood up for me through bad and good times.

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ABSTRACT

Perceptions. This is where it all started. The variety of people’s perception define how they think and perceive a place. They intend to change their perceptions through mass media, words of mouth or simply just by looking at some pictures. Perceptions can be changed by connecting them to knowledge and information in order for them to perceive place in depth and appreciate the surrounding. This is when connection comes in. The most essential keyword in this thesis. This thesis touches the three aspects of reconnection which are through the Residential and Urban Zones, People and Identity, Kuching Old and New. It is arrange to be a stage by stage reconnecting method which are presented from a brief idea to a complex one. By applying PRAXIS methods such as observations, interviews, sketches and even surveys throughout the studies have clarified the program and design needs for the Educational Recreation Vertical Park. This vertical park should act as the climax of the waterfront as a place of attraction at the Kuching Waterfront. It is to promote the identity, urban development and culture of Sarawak. The building program is design to emphasize the uniqueness of Sarawak and its development as the biggest state in Malaysia. Therefore, people’s perception can be alter through the connections and perceive Kuching, Sarawak as a unique place. Let the perception intertwined and connected to knowledge. The findings of this study will react to the benefit of people whom wanted to further research on Kuching, Sarawak. It is a basic beginning knowledge of the development of Sarawak especially the city of Kuching. Thus, this knowledge within the study would have the goal to change perceptions of people towards Kuching as the capital city of Sarawak.

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ABSTRAK

Persepsi. Di sinilah ia bermula. Pelbagai persepsi orang menentukan bagaimana mereka berfikir dan melihat tempat. Mereka akan menukar persepsi mereka melalui media massa, khabar angina atau hanya dengan melihat beberapa gambar. Persepsi boleh berubah dengan pengetahuan dan maklumat yang luas supaya mereka dapat dilihat secara mendalam dan menghargai persekitarannya. Kata kunci yang paling penting dalam tesis ini adalah penyambungan. Tesis ini menyentuh tiga aspek penyambungan semula yang melalui Zon Kediaman dan Zon Bandar, Orang dan Identiti, Lama dan Baru. Ia diatur untuk menjadi kaedah penyambungan semula dari idea ringkas kepada yang kompleks. Dengan menggunakan kaedah PRAXIS seperti pemerhatian, temubual, lakaran dan tinjauan sepanjang kajian, saya telah menjelaskan program dan keperluan reka bentuk untuk Taman Pendidikan dan Rekreasi Bertingkat. Taman bertingkat ini bertindak sebagai klimaks di kawasan perairan sebagai tempat tarikan di Kuching Waterfront. Ia adalah untuk mempromosikan identiti, pembangunan bandar dan budaya Sarawak.

Program bangunan ini direka bentuk untuk menekankan keunikan Sarawak dan pembangunannya sebagai negeri terbesar di Malaysia. Oleh itu, persepsi masyarakat dapat diubah melalui sambungan dan melihat Kuching, Sarawak sebagai tempat yang unik. Biarkan persepsi itu saling berkaitan dan disambungkan kepada pengetahuan. Penemuan kajian ini akan memberi impak dan manfaat kepada mereka yang ingin melanjutkan penyelidikan di Kuching, Sarawak. Ini adalah permulaan pengetahuan asas mengenai pembangunan Sarawak khususnya bandaraya Kuching. Oleh itu, pengetahuan dalam kajian ini mempunyai matlamat untuk mengubah persepsi orang terhadap Kuching sebagai ibu kota Sarawak.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE

PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii ABSTRACT iii ABSTRAK iv TABLE OF CONTENT v LIST OF FIGURE vii

CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Background 2

1.3 Issue and Problem Statement 3

1.4 Research Aim 3

1.5 Research Objectives 3

1.6 Thesis Statement 4

1.7 Scope of Study 4

1.8 Significance 5

1.9 Research Methodology 5

1.10 Research Question 6

CHAPTER 2 7 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Historical Development of Kuching, Sarawak 8

2.3 Planning of Kuching Waterfront, Sarawak 9

2.4 Relationship between Identity and People 11

2.5 The Urban Connectivity 12

2.6 Connection of Old and New In Architecture 15

2.7 Tourist Perception towards Many Aspects of Kuching 15

2.8 Conclusion 15

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CHAPTER 3 16 EARLY STUDY 16

3.1 Site Study and Analysis 17

3.1.1 Site Background and History 18

3.1.2 Site Inventory 19

3.1.3 Observation and Experience 20

3.1.4 Sketches 21

3.2 Case Study 22

3.2.1 Urban Planning Exhibition hall, Shanghai, China 22

3.2.2 Heidi Weber Museum, Zürich, Switzerland 23

3.2.3 LEGO House, Billund, Denmark 24

3.3 Conclusion 25 CHAPTER 4 26 PRAXIS 26

4.1 On Site Findings 27

4.1.1 Site Analysis and Synthesis 27

4.1.2 Site Visit Interviews 28

4.2 Design Approach 29

4.2.1 PRAXIS Reading Materials 29

4.2.2 Visitor Perception Survey 31

4.2.3 Semiotics Theory 34

4.2.4 Modern Architecture 36 CHAPTER 5 39 FINAL DESIGN SOLUTION 39

5.1 Introduction 40

5.2 Design Solution 40

5.2.1 Design Intention 40

5.2.2 Design Generator 42

5.2.3 Design Concept 42

5.3 Building Program 44

5.4 Space Tabulation 55

5.5 Technology Integration 56

5.5.1 Structure and Facade 56

5.5.2 Renewable Energy and Passive Design 57 CHAPTER 6 59 CONCLUSION 59

6.1 Conclusion 60 REFERENCES 61 DECLARATIONS 62

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LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 1-1: View of Sunrise Figure 1-2: Unconnected Pedestrian Walkway Figure 1-3: High Traffic Density (Noon, Weekend) Figure 1-4: Brooke Dockyard Warehouse

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Figure 2-1: Kuching Village across The River Figure 2-3: Differentiation Development between Two Banks Figure 2-4: IBRACO Berhad masterplan of Kuching Waterfront Figure 2-5: Waterfront Development Sections by IBRACO Figure 2-6: Sarawak Culture Village Performance Figure 2-7: Kuching City Center Figure 2-8: Kuching City Center Cat Statue

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Figure 3-1: View of Dewan Undangan Negeri Kuching Figure 3-2: Key Plan Figure 3-3: Location Plan Figure 3-4: Site Plan Figure 3-5: Brooke Dockyard Building Side View Figure 3-6: Brooke Dockyard Building Figure 3-7: Site Inventory Information Figure 3-8: Sketch 1 (Jalan Khoo Hun Yeang) Figure 3-9: Sketch 2 (India Street) Figure 3-10: Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall Exterior Figure 3-11: Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall Interior Figure 3-12: Singapore Urban Redevelopment Authority Centre Interior Figure 3-13: Heidi Weber Museum Exterior Figure 3-14: Colour Arrangement on Facade Figure 3-15: LEGO House Exterior Figure 3-16: 3D Figures Figure 3-17: LEGO House Galleries

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Figure 4-1: Darul Hana Bridge Figure 4-2: Site Analysis Synthesis Table Figure 4-3: General Background Findings Figure 4-4: Radar Chart of Site Surroundings and Environment Figure 4-5: Pie Chart of Problem Face by the People Figure 4-6: Pie Chart on Preferable Transportation around the Area Figure 4-7: 25 Respondents Interview on Waterfront Evolution Figure 4-8: Waterfront Development Positive and Negative Effects Figure 4-9: Respondent That either Have or Have Not Bean to Kuching Figure 4-10: Bar Chart on the Best Aspects of Sarawak Figure 4-11: First Impression Chart of Respondent Figure 4-12: Respondent Improvement Suggestion in Kuching Sarawak Figure 4-13: Pie Chart of Respondent That Haven’t Been in Kuching Figure 4-14: Respondent Expectation towards Kuching Sarawak Chart Figure 4-15: Rhinoceros Hornbill Figure 4-16: Sketch Form 1

26 27 28 28 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 35

Figure 4-17: Sketch Form 2 Figure 4-18: Sketch Form 3 Figure 4-19: Existing Steel Structures Figure 4-20: De Stijl Artwork Figure 4-21: Container Dimension Figure 4-22: Container Concept Diagram

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Figure 5-1: Indication of Pedestrian Connection Proposed Figure 5-2: Indication of Zones Figure 5-3: Steel I-Beams and I-Columns Connection Figure 5-4: Design Generator Figure 5-5: Plan Colour Arrangement Figure 5-6: Botanical Garden Figure 5-7: Souvenir Shop Figure 5-8: Water Recreation Figure 5-9: Perspective 1 Figure 5-10: Lobby & Lounge Figure 5-11: Office Lobby Figure 5-12: Space Truss Figure 5-13: Aluminium Louvers Aesthetic Figure 5-14: Perspective 2 Figure 5-15: Site Plan (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-16: Key Plan (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-17: Location Plan (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-18: Lower Ground Floor (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-19: Ground Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-20: First Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-21: North East Elevation (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-22: Second Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-23: Third Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-24: Fourth Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-25: FIfth Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-26: Section X-X (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-27: Intensive Modular Green Slab Special Detail (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-28: Shipping Container Wall Special Detail (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-29: Shipping Container Attachment Special Detail (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-30: North West Elevation (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-31: Mechanical and Electrical Diagram Figure 5-32: Sewerage and Drainage Diagram Figure 5-33: Rainwater Harvesting and Water Supply System Figure 5-34: Fire Safety Diagram Figure 5-35: Public Spaces Figure 5-36: Administration Figure 5-37: Cruise Terminal Figure 5-38: Recreation Zones Figure 5-39: Exploded Structure Diagram Figure 5-40: Rainwater Harvesting System Diagram Figure 5-41: Solar Panels Location Figure 5-42: Passive Design

40 41 41 42 43 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 55 55 55 55 56 57 57 58

Figure 6-1: Perspective 3

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

C O N N E C T I N G

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Sarawak. Kuching. Kuching Waterfront.

Now, what comes out of your mind?

Longhouses, Cats Statue, Sarawak River Maybe all. ...

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Figure 1-1: View of Sunrise (Source: Haithar Zulkiflee, 2018)

1.1 Introduction Therefore, this thesis has its intention to refresh and reconnect people to better perception of Sarawak nowadays with its gentle development progress that slowly catch our eyes now. The main purpose of this paper is to apply PRAXIS methods along the solution progress into building design of Education Recreational Vertical Park. This paper will touch on several sections in introducing Kuching Waterfront as one of the tourist and local attraction in Kuching, Sarawak while tackling the issues on site. Moreover, the process of PRAXIS methods that have been chosen and applied will be discuss in this paper. The other section of this thesis is the integration of Semiotics Theory in designing its form and space organization as a symbol and thought of the place.

1.2 Background

Rivers have always be a part of human civilisation since the beginning of time. It is an important natural resources essential for the development and livelihood of mankind. Besides from the source, trade, and transportations systems that have been serve along the river, its main function have also shift and expand to a point for cultural and recreational events. Waterfront integrates much more to the river attractions as part of the city. Thus, waterfront evolution is already a well-known phenomenon worldwide either internationally or locally especially in Malaysia for the last twenty years now. (M.Y. Azlina, 2016)

Kuching Waterfront is known as The People’s Place where many activities and events of the city are held such as Music Festival, Ragetta, ‘Penambang’ rides and leisure activities. This waterfront has three phases which are separate into Esplanade, Old Development and Extended. It also has a scenic view of Astana, Fort Margherita and the Malay Kampungs which are located at the other side of the river.

Moreover, the proposed site for us is located near the Esplanade side of the Waterfront. It is a historical heritage site where it supposed to be in a preservation and conservation process of the place to be made as a tourism part of the Kuching Waterfront Development attraction. (DBKU Architect, 2018)

However, it is still in progress of the authority and Kuching Waterfront Management. This matter commit a part of

the Kuching Waterfront to be left dark and lack of activities occur around the area rather than the Darul Hana Bridge area specifically during the nights.

Probably it has its use when it comes to big events and festivals, but it become lifeless afterwards. This gives a massive contrast between the places in terms of attractions, safety and many more though it is also part of the waterfront.

Furthermore, there is an empty and abandon pedestrian walkway along the river. People seldom use the pathways as it has stopped in the middle of the way to the Kuching Waterfront area. The connection between the residential and waterfront area which is more focus on urban activities has been severed due to an abandon historical site. Since people cannot use the pedestrian walkway to cross straight to the urban area, they tend to use their cars to the city and start a traffic congestion as the road towards the city along the waterfront is a one-way road. So, the traffic density increase in every second especially during road maintenance.

Other than the less connectivity between two zones, what do you think about Kuching, Sarawak? Some of the people perceptions are still baffle between the old and new of Kuching, Sarawak. They are developing gently and people should now the story clear.

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1.3 Issue and Problem Statement

Do you know longhouses are built with bricks now? Basically, some tourist and local Malaysians that are not from Sarawak still thinks Sarawak is not in an urban stage development.

Some has the mentality and assume people in Sarawak still lives according to respective ethnics but it is now vice versa.

Moreover, the isolated pathway behind the masjid right before the site which is The Brooke Dockyard is abandoned and unused by the people from neither the residential and urban zone. These issues leads to high traffic density in the city and also the beginning part of the waterfront as people tend to use their vehicles then walking to the attraction area.

Furthermore, the Esplanade area is near to the site where the night life there are dark and dull. People are maybe afraid to walk there be-

cause of less lights or pedestrian walking around. Plus, it is near the Brooke Dockyard where it is only operational when the person in charge is on duty in the day time. The night attraction is only occur from the bridge area and towards the city. By now it is unlively maybe because of the new floating mosque construction that have separated the two sides of the Kuching Waterfront.

Therefore, there are issues that need to be emphasize and to be solve. The main issue is currently focus on the people’s wrong perceptions of Kuching Sarawak and developments. However, there also are site issue that have been tackled in this research where the issue of high traffic density around the area due to disconnected pathway and lack of the attractions on the Esplanade area for the people.

1.4 Research Aim Connecting people through identity of Kuching for attraction and connection of places in order to control the density of transportation around the area.

Figure 1-2: Unconnected Pedestrian Walkway (Source: Aiman Fadhillah, 2018)

1.5 Research Objectives Give awareness to people within and outside of Sarawak about its achievement in urban planning.

Design a connection of pathways to reduce the high density of transportation.

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Create a new activity and landmark for the people to attract the lively situation to full stretch of the Waterfront.

Figure 1-3: High Traffic Density (Noon,Weekend) (Source: “Author�,2018)

1.6 Thesis Statement This thesis is an attempt to study and explore the PRAXIS methods and Semiotics Theory in designing a Vertical Education Recreational Park that promote the identity of Sarawak and act as a transition place for people between the residential and commercial zone in Kuching Sarawak Malaysia.

1.7 Scope of Study

There are many scope of study in this research that consist of several scope that related to the site, process and theory.

First and foremost, the site that is chosen are about 1.72 acre which is 6,961 square meter with a flat geography. The site has an existing structure and building where it is considered as a historical value by the authority. Therefore, this site is to be preserved and conserved as a tourism land use part of the city of Kuching, Sarawak. Since it is declared to be a tourism attraction land, the scope of the site is focus more towards several type of building typology that related close to the tourism activity and culture.

Moreover, the condition of the site has leaded the project to an adaptive reuse architecture as part of the design scope where some of the structure should be preserved and conserved.

The adaptive reuse specification by the Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara is to keep the steel structure of the Brooke Dockyard and be part of the new building development. This requirement is to give awareness to the people of the historical value of the place. (DBKU Architect, 2018)

Furthermore, PRAXIS is a process by which a theory, lesson, sill or an act of engaging, applying, exercising, realizing and practicing ideas. The scope to the research is target to the PRAXIS methods where it consist the process on site and design approach after analysing the site. Synthesis was made in order to design a suitable solution that suit the issues that need to be tackled. Besides, the PRAXIS methods also has been implemented in the design process where it is related to several approach that is more detailed in the methodology chapter, Chapter 4.

Lastly, scope of study for this thesis is more to the site scope where applies to the size, land use and the adaptive reuse requirements. Not just that, the methods which is PRAXIS will also be emphasize in the research findings as well as the Semiotics Theory as the approach and guide in designing the form and space arrangement of the building.

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1.8 Significance

It is a source for PRAXIS methods examples that can guide the process towards the solution of design in terms of many issues.

It has the integration of theory which is Semiotics Theory that works as though, symbol and feature to the design of form and space organization. t contributes a certain knowledge of connectivity between aspects that involve people, identity, zones, old and new.

1.9 Research Methodology The study of this thesis aimed to search for material and answers towards Education Recreational Hub as a transition between zones which gives advantage to the users especially in terms of reconnecting the people to identity of Sarawak that should not be forgotten, the both residential and urban zones, and the old and new Kuching Sarawak urban development. The data collecting category: 1.

Primary Data

The primary data is mostly taken from the early study on site. The Legal and Law Requirements especially on the parking, plot ratio and also setback information was taken from the person in charge in the Building Development Section of Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara. Since the site is at the Brooke Dockyard which consist of existing buildings and structure, the drawings of the building was taken from the authority where the drawing gives some technical information of the building such as the dimensions and structures.

In addition, data of interviews and surveys were conducted in order to get more precise and wide knowledge of the site. A set of questionnaire was given out to the local people with different ages and background to vary the outcome of the data. Plus, attending a talk by the Kuching Waterfront Management was also a medium to add the existing information. Site analysis also was part of the primary data where readings of the wind cycles, noise, orientations and many more were recorded in order to be apply in the design process. During the visit, some of the famous museums were the target place to visit for additional information of the city and site. Most of the time, the experience and observation of the site was a big part of the information as to understand the site advantages and user needs especially the locals. The observation was recorded through sketches and photographs.

2.

Secondary Data

Some of the information are also categorized as the secondary data where it is made before and after going to the site. The first stage data before going to the site was mostly from trusted source in the internet and reading materials. The site was initially not confirmed and have been analyse through Google Maps and come out of different choices of site. However, the site selection was confirmed on site with the initial research done. Furthermore, the basic history and cultural knowledge of Kuching, Sarawak were added after the site visit in order to sharpen the site study outcome.

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Figure 1-4: Brooke Dockyard Warehouse (Source: “Author”, 2018)

1.10 Research Question “ “ What are the essential aspects to reconnect the city?

How the city can be reconnected through the aspects taken through Architecture?

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

C O N N E C T I N G

2.1 Introduction

This section of the thesis is more focus on the recent research and issue form other researchers in several related topic.

These literature review is the beginning part of the answers to the research question on the aspects and ways in reconnecting the city. In order to achieve the desired outcome, there are aspects that need to be study which are the history of development, waterfront planning, identity, urban connection, relationship of old and new and the people’s perception.

2.2 Historical Development of Kuching, Sarawak

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The history started back in BC 40,000 where prehistoric human activity in Niah Cave happened. Then, human activity evolved and in 1476 Sultanate of Brunei established with control over Sarawak.

(Spencer, 2013) In the 1500’s the Sultanate was one of the most powerful Malay states in South East Asia with the empire that extends as far as the Philippines. This captured the eyes of the European and Sarawak was recorded on a European

map as the world’s fourth largest island before the 1800’s. (Reece, 2018)

Later, a discovery of antimony ore on the upper reaches of Sarawak River had provoke the European interest as they needs for metal alloys but Brunei was keen to tax the profitable trade. This leads to the Brunei’s renewed interest in Sarawak for its antinomy exports and had produce to oppressive taxes on the local population.

(Reece, 2018) The Bidayuh whom formerly known as Land Dayaks and Malay inhabitants of the place began undertake a rebellion and started fighting for independence from their Bruneian rulers. Thus, James Brooke had helped the Bruneian empire in crushing the rebellion and as a reward, Kuching is given to him. (Reece, 2018)

Kuching, the State capital of Sarawak lies on the Sarawak River, a city that is rich in history. The Kuching Township started along the river where a Chinese temple, Tua Pek Kong Temple was the beginning of the township and Wooden shop houses extended towards the west side of the riverfront named Main Bazaar

Figure 2-1: Kuching Village across The River (Source: Nik Najib, 2018)

while Malay Kampung was scattered along the river bank with a small wooden mosque built near the river. (Larsen, 2006)

In 1880, the Main Bazaar had widen to the inland part of the city and started a new street named Carpenter Street.

(Larsen, 2006) This is when Charles Brooke has rebuilt the Church School into a oneroofed government office with the court.

He also built a palace which is the Astana opposite the rivet. Then, about 1880, a new wet market (Pasar Ceko) was built at Gambire Sreet. Opposite the Pasar Ceko, which is on the inland part, rows of shop houses and an Indian Mosque was built with a small population of Muslim Indian inhabitant around the area. India Street was formed where many of the Indian operates textile and curry powder business there. (Spencer, 2013)

Later in 1920, a previous Javanese settlement had moved to a new village named Kampung Gita across the river.

(Spencer, 2013) However, the rows of new shop houses at the Java Street was built and it was indicated as the end of

the waterfront development. There was where the Brooke Dockyard was built in between the shop houses area and the old mosque. Besides, other government officers were built such as Resident’s Offices, Post Office, Police Station and many more. The first power plant which is the current Electra House was built behind the Java Street, it was functioned to supply electricity to the government offices, residential houses and street light.

The city became larger and functional as the Fire Brigade station was built opposite to the Power Plant. (Larsen, 2006)

Now, waterfront development is still ongoing in order to attract the tourist and also to give more facilities and attraction to the local people as more development occurs towards inland as well as at the opposite of the river where the Dewan Undangan Negeri building stands opposite the town center serve as a great view from the waterfront. Moreover, Kuching waterfront is developing and continuing to serve as a connection for the people and the urban context.

(Larsen, 2006)

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2.3 Planning of Kuching Waterfront, Sarawak

C O N N E C T I N G

The morphology of the city started when James Brooke had conquered the city. River is always a medium as a stronghold for political administration which is also a symbol of power due its advantages in many aspects such as the military affairs and transportation, it is mostly occupied by the British Colony in 1890. (Larsen, 2006)

The riverfront undergone primary urban planning as compared to other area with nodes forming at the junction that framed towards Astana and Fort Magherita. (Law, 2016) Waterfront development started as the Kuching development history as the development of the city started from the river banks. When the saturation and dependence of river shrinks due to the invention of automobile, city expands towards inland. Pedestrian walkability improved to boost the riverfront’s significance by constructing promenades. (Law, 2016)

During occupation until 1970’s, waterfront detreated after abandonment and have been through a major urban planning improvement on 1989 by the United Consultant (Kuching) & Conybeare Morrison & partners. There are three stages of the urban development around the area.

First and foremost, the dirt and truck traffic had been removed from the waterfront and the first agenda started with the idea of linking Main Bazaar to the water and views across the river. The waterfront had been a dominated place by the colonial oc9

Figure 2-2: Differentiation Development between Two Banks (Source: Kuching Waterfront Development Project (Law, 2016))

Figure 2-3: IBRACO Berhad masterplan of Kuching Waterfront (Source: Kuching Waterfront Development Project (Law, 2016))

cupants for centuries and it is now can be access for the people after the independence. Then, the stage of first phase development was focus at the vibrant shopping and shop houses.

By providing a mix facilities along the waterfront that act to both local and international visitors give the sense of place whereby all races come together and united. This is mainly around Little India and Carpenter Street. After that, the preservation of historical landmarks around the waterfront area were done. This is done in order to make sure the people appreciate the historical value witnessed by the city. To conclude, the first development project induced good impacts by fulfilling the agendas of opening the water corridor, creating vibrant shopping street and preserving historical landmarks.

Then, the Kuching Waterfront development planning had the extension plan project by IBRACO Berhad in 2013. This extension involved the whole stretch of the waterfront consist several parts started from the Civic Spaces, Retails, Festival and Cultural Hub, Offices, and Residential Condominiums. Plus, new street and promenades are constructed along the waterfront for better facilities. The new master plan aims to restore the activeness of Kuching Waterfront in terms of economy, entertainment, tourism, cultural, social activity in a mix-used planning.

These development doesn’t stop there but still in its certain stage as a step by step effort by the authority in maintaining the Kuching Waterfront quality. There are three aspects that can be seen such as connecting the banks with an S-shaped bridge as a landmark to increased permeability of the region, whereby it is more accessible and less hierarchical division. (Law, 2016) Next, the Figure 2-4: Waterfront Development Sections by restoration of the vicinity with a new IBRACO Two Banks gush of pulsating active lifestyle by (Source: Kuching Waterfront Development Project increasing the variety which means (Law, 2016)) the wide range choices to accommodate different people purpose, activities within different time. Last but not least, the masterplan is intended to weave the past and present aspect of the area in respecting the legibility of trails left by the ancestors while retaining robustness to meet today’s needs. (Law, 2016)

In conclusion, most of the development is to enhance the social and economic status of all communities in Sarawak as well as to increase the land value around the area.

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2.4 Relationship between Identity and People

Identity is more subtle as it is form by the significant relationships to the human race, body, place of birth, language, possessions, education or work, hobbies, religions and political parties and all the people met through these relationships. (Hamilton, 2016) Relationship is the landscapes in which identities exist, thinking that the identity as an artifact all by itself is unsatisfactory because we can talk about an identity and the attributes of an identity leaves out important details about ways they are created and evolve over the years within humanity. (Adam, 2009) Therefore, relationships is important in connecting people with themselves in order to understand their identity that consist many aspects such as culture, races, religions and many more.

Sarawak is rich with many race and ethnicity. Not to be confused, race and ethnicity are two concepts that need to be differentiated. Race is a category comprised of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society deem socially significant which can be seen through their physical characteristic like skin colour, facial features, hair texture, and body shape. (Jehom, Ethnicity and ethnic Identity in Sarawak, 1999) On the other hand, ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage. (Jehom, Ethnicity and ethnic Identity in Sarawak, 1999) So, race and ethnicity are quite different especially one is biological and the other cultural respectively.

Sarawak can be a state where it is complex with ethnic identities as for its multicultural society that consist more than thirty ethnic groups. (Jehom, Ethnic Pluralism and Ethnic Relations in Sarawak , 2002)

To conclude, everybody has different ways on showing their identity. The close one is our race and ethnicity. Despite of how many there are identities in the world or to be more specific in Sarawak, they have shown everybody the various relationship of colours in identities as a mark to people’s mind in recognizing Sarawak attraction.

Figure 2-5: Sarawak Culture Village Performance

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(Source: Wany Rahman/ flickr.com)

2.5 The Urban Connectivity Connectivity specifies to the directness of links and density of connections in a transport network or pathways. (HSP, 2009) Connectivity or permeability can increase as the travel distances decrease and the route option increase with minimal dead ends and numerous of interactions. (HSP, 2009) People find space for movement, meetings, activities and appreciation in remembering their historic places by using streets that connecting that places. (WSNW Mohamad, 2014) Therefore, connection between zones and places are important in making an urbanization and development progress in the urban context.

Urbanization and development of the cities is necessary in contemporary society, but these achievements are also causing urban problems which are green space, density problems, traffic congestion and over population. (Kim Y. D., 2015) Permeability of a city is important in order to control the problems listed as well as to have clear circulations of the city specifically in terms of human and traffic movement from places to another. Since urban regeneration within traditional settings has transformed places and constructed meanings embedded in the existing social and cultural settings as part of the journey of the city story. (Norsidah Ujang, 2014)

According to Shuhana Shamsuddin (2011) in Townscape Revisited, the structure of the old town centers is formed by the five elements which the most major element influencing the structure is the paths.

Plus, street connectivity variable as link describe as level of connection between street to streets, street to

nodes, or node to streets, and node to nodes which affect other aspects such walkability, wayfinding and spatial connection in street environment.

(WSNW Mohamad, 2014) In Kuching we can see the major paths in the city are form of roads followed by rivers. The places in the Kuching city is mark by certain value of landmark and meaning such as at the Kuching Waterfront, place markers can be a sculpture that play as important role in helping a person to recognize the townscape. (Shamsuddin, 2011).

Urban pattern is one of the fundamental element of a design city.

It can be described in terms of plan or figure ground and seen in terms of absence and presence of elements, vacant, and occupied space and most importantly the public and private space. (Shamsuddin, 2011) Most of the major town in Malaysia have a uniform urban pattern demarcated by the grid iron pattern of roads quite typical. The roads are built parallel either to the river and then following the early existing grid to the first street. In Kuching Sarawak, river is still part of the transportation linkage where it connects the people from the village zone across to the urban zone.

In conclusion, a city is design to have a certain pattern in connecting people to places and spaces.

People depends on the roads and landmarks that act as directions and sense of place so people can recognize the city. Thus, the linkage that have been separated should be reconnected for the city to have more options in serving the circulation of the people.

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C O N N E C T I N G

URBAN CONNECTIONV

Figure 2-6: Kuching City Centre (Source: Mohd Fazlin/ flickr. com)

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LANDMARK

Figure 2-8: Kuching City Centre Cat Statue (Source: “Author”, 2018)

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C O N N E C T I N G

2.6 Connection of Old and New In Architecture

New architecture in historic settings brings with it many varies sentiments and questions to explore. (Susan Piedmont-Palladino, 2017) Many considerations must be made in order to multitude and variety of styles and purposes that the new architecture can adapt in an old setting. (Susan Piedmont-Palladino, 2017) As architecture technologies and style emerge, there are always been strain between contemporary and historical buildings and the people that supports for them. (Yasunaga, 2014)

By applying adaptive reuse in order to connect the old

and new in Architecture is one of the ways in conserving the historical value of the building.

It is believe that new building should continue the tradition of storytelling in cities. (Susan Piedmont-Palladino, 2017) Adaptive reuse in architecture express the process of building conversion so as to accommodate new functional requirements. (Ashraf M. Salama, 2010)

In conclusion, it is important for the design to collaborate with the needs of technology and aesthetic value of the building is presented while minimizing the burden on natural resources and the existing site.

2.7 Tourist Perception towards Many Aspects of Kuching, Sarawak Like many other things, one’s perception and thoughts give out many possibilities and probabilities of stories that people have in mind. Some maybe positive while some can be contradict from the other one. People have different views of every different things. Here are some views of tourism that have been found by other researchers towards many aspects of Sarawak.

Tourist perception means the recognition and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. (Ali, 2015) Based on a study, respondent who were not likely to visit the state perceived there was nothing to do or they did not know what activities or attraction were available. Their perception of the place is based on some factors such as personal experience, knowledge, mass-media and many more. (Kim S. J., 2007) Some

tourist may find unfamiliarity with destinations but food consumption can offer a memorable sensory experience which can become an important part of the travel representing both adventure and cultural encounter. (Ali, 2015)

To conclude, the relationship between tourist and word of mouth from others is factors generating perception and expectations of a future destination experience. Plus, the information that consist internal sources (past experience) and external sources (advertisements and brochures) are given to the tourist in order to lessen the uncertainty and clear their expectations of a future destination experience. Destination images are most important and represents the true ability of a place to give a great deal of confidence to the tourist psychologically. (Ali, 2015)

2.8 Conclusion

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To summarize the various studies that related to this thesis are more focused on the relation of urban development of Kuching and how to improve by reconnecting aspects that involve the urban zones, people, identity and the architecture around the area.

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Figure 3-1: View of Dewan Undangan Negeri Sarawak (Source: “Author”, 2018)

C O N N E C T I N G

CHAPTER 3 EARLY STUDY

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3.1 Site Study and Analysis

C O N N E C T I N G

Figure 3-2: Key Plan

Figure 3-3: Location Plan

Figure 3-4: Site Plan

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The proposed site is located at the Sarawak River with a land area of 1.72 acre which is also 6,961 square meter. The site geography condition is flat except for the dry dock area.

All of the land section of the site including the dry dock is covered with concrete and tar roads. Moreover, the Brooke Dockyard warehouse that is the existing building on site is abandoned and only operates by the person in charge during the day. However, it is declare by the authority to preserve and conserve the area to be a tourism zone. Furthermore, the

site plot ratio is about 1:3 and one of the local authority regulations on the suitable height for the design building can be more than 5 storey building if the building is complete with a lift system. In the other hand, building should at least be around 18 meters height due to the calculations and surroundings of the site specifically in terms of the existing urban building height. Finally, the proposed design in this area is to be related to the needs of the authority where the building typology should related to the toutism type of building.

Figure 3-5: Brooke Dockyard Building Side View (Source: Nik Najib,2018)

3.1.1 Site Background and History

The Brooke Dockyard is built in 1907 and finish in 1912 and it is located at the Market Street on the bank of Sarawak River Planked by Masjid Bandaraya Kuching. It was the first maritime steel structure building in Kuching together with the Satok Suspension Bridge in 1924. In 1960’s, the Brooke Dockyard became a focal point for repairing all type of military vessel. Plus, The dry dock facilities is one of the earliest industrial working dry docks in South East Asia, some of the other facilities that had been abandoned in this site were the oldest Steam Crane and machineries from British Era probably been used around 1920ss to 1960’s.

Based on the interview with the architect in charge of Planning Department in Dewan Bandaraya Utara Kuching, the warehouse in Brooke Dockyard has been declared by Land Custody and Development Authority (PELITA) of Kuching, Sarawak as a heritage building. PELITA has proposed the site to be revamped into a Maritime Museum which is in design stage where they wanted to transfer a big vessel in the middle of the dry dock to design a museum inside it.

Next, the structures of the warehouse needs to be preserve because of its source that were brought by the Brooke family to the site.

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Figure 3-6: Brooke Dockyard Building (Source: “Author”, 2018)

3.1.2 Site Inventory

Sun Orientation

Wind Direction

Sound/Noise

Pedestrian Walkway

Qiblah Direction

View From Site

Figure 3-7: Site Inventory Information

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3.1.3 Observation and Experience Site Visit Information: Date: 22 – 26 February 2018 (Thursday – Monday) Site: Brooke Dockyard, Kuching, Sarawak

During the site visit, observations were made in order to tackle the site needs. There are many aspects that have been taken part from the result of observation such as the culture, activities and many more.

These culture parts of Sarawak other than its ethnics are well-known with the tourist. People tend to search for these varies things that related to Sarawak culture as souvenirs. The uniqueness of Sarawak culture leads to a certain tourist perception towards Sarawak identity.

• History

Brooke Dockyard has its own history where the government wanted to preserve it. Therefore, the most important part of building that need to be preserve is the structure that uses the Industrial Building System (IBS) method of construction. Based on information on site from Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara, the structure were brought by the Brooke Family to Kuching to construct the warehouse and was declared that the warehouse is one of the heritage building in Kuching by the Land Custody and Development Authority (PELITA). Plus, the local people also have the same opinion that the building should be preserved and be made as a tourist attraction and open the opportunity of Kuching to attract the tourist. Still, a few locals does not want to revive the buildings glory as it brings back the old dark memories when the land was colonized by Brooke Family.

• Activities

There are many activities captured around the site during the site visit and the activities during the day are different than the night activities. In addition, there are extra occasional activities when there are big events and festival around the waterfront.

• Circulation

The vehicular circulation in the site area is more to one way circulation as to control the vehicular movement in the Kuching city. However, it can be either an opportunity or a threat to arrange the site circulation for the users.

The one way circulation actually have caused a temporary traffic congestion in front of the site especially the second road is closed. The vehicular traffic can be quite busy during the Jumaat prayer at Jalan Main Bazaar and also during the peak hour at Jalan Market.

Next, the pedestrian circulation is much more flexible but there is a flaw in terms of the pedestrian connection from the residential zone on the west side of the site where it contributes to the traffic density around the area.

People form the zone prefer more to ride their own vehicle rather than walking because of the pedestrian walkway condition.

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3.1.4 Sketches

C O N N E C T I N G

Sketch 1 is to capture one part of the city with the bus stop. It has the old and history value of the old shop lots.

Figure 3-9: Sketch 2 (Indian Street)

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Figure 3-8: Sketch 1 (Jalan Khoo Hun Yeang)

Sketch 2 is around the Indian Street area where it shows the additional structure and renovations of part of the city in order to add value to the old commercial area for better facilities and attraction for the local people and tourist.

3.2 Case Study 3.2.1 Urban Planning Exhibition hall, Shanghai, China

Figure 3-10: Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall Exterior (Source: jzgong/flickr.com)

The Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall is located on the People’s Square, Shanghai, China. It has an area of over 0.4 hectare and rises about 142 feet high. It is a five storey above the ground level and two underground. It was opened to the public in 2000. The building is built in order to promote the achievement of the city planning and construction. Moreover, the building programs are more focus on exhibitions, reference, research, communication, recreation and entertainment.

In addition, the style and design of the main building has created an additional beauty feature to the surrounding environment. It may act as the new landmark of the building and also an attraction to the People’s Square. Its designers got their inspiration from the traditional Chinese city gates and follow the Chinese aesthetics ideal that emphasizes the central symmetry and integrates the traditional with modern flair. The top of the building is designed

in the shape of the white Magnolia flower of Shanghai. The building’s design was awarded the “White Magnolia Cup” and China “Luban Cup” as for the top architectural construction award in China. (ChinaGuideTeam, 2012)

However, this building is much the same with the Singapore Urban Redevelopment Authority building. The design is much simpler than the Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall. But the building program is the similar. In conclusion, both of the buildings has the ability to educate people through their program and walk through of the spaces to be an exhibition of the city.

This buildings are taken for the design reference in order to achieve one of the reconnecting aspects which is to connect the people with identity through knowledge of the city. So, the program of these buildings serve as a major guideline in solving the issue of the site.

Figure 3-11: Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall Interior

Figure 3-12: Singapore Urban Redevelopment Authority Centre Interior

(Source: “Author”, 2017)

(Source: “Author”, 2016)

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3.2.2 Heidi Weber Museum, ZĂźrich, Switzerland

C O N N E C T I N G

Figure 3-13: Heidi Weber Museum Exterior (Source: Samuel Ludwig Archdaily 2013)

Heidi Weber Museum is an iconic building for its floating roof and brightly coloured panels. It is also called as the Pavilion Le Corbusier as it is the last building designed by him before his death in 1965 and it was completed in 1967. (C.Molly, 2013)Furthermore, it is importantly the synthesis of the arts that was portrait so strongly in everything he created. Plus, Heidi Weber Museum is composed of two dominant volumetric elements which are the floating parasol roof-structure and beneath it. It has a two-story rectilinear volume sitting on a concrete pavilion floor. Dimension of 226cm x 226cm x 226cm which is about 7.5 cubic feet as a standard modular steel frame that make up the structural framework of the base volume. (C.Molly, 2013)

The roof structure of the building

stands on four rectangular supports that are consist of two 12m x 12m square elements made of welded steel sheets. Each square is in shape of a parasol one facing up and the other down. (C.Molly, 2013) The two parasols actually provided cover from the sun and rain during construction and continue to provide cover for the entire pavilion while also perform as a major aesthetic element of the building. Besides, the enamel panels in primary colours and glass act as the envelope of the main volume of the building. To conclude, this building is taken as a case study as to portray the design solution with integration of colours in symbolize the Semiotics Theory throughout the building. (C.Molly, 2013)

Figure 3-14: Colour Arrangement on Facade (Source: Samuel Ludwig Archdaily 2013)

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3.2.3 LEGO House, Billund, Denmark

Figure 3-15: LEGO House Exterior (Source: Iwan Baan Archdaily 2017)

LEGO House is a literal manifestation of the possibilities of the LEGO Bricks. The LEGO Brick architectural scale with LEGO house gives out a vast of exhibition spaces and public squares that personify the culture and values at the heart of experiences.

There are 21 overlapping blocks are placed like individual buildings and framing a 2,000 sqm LEGO square that is illuminated through the crack between te volumes. (BIG, 2017) Above the square, there are cluster of galleries overlap to create a continuous sequence of exhibition. The galleries are coded with primary colours of LEGO to display a wayfinding journey through the exhibitions.

Moreover, the colours of the

galleries are design to represent the aspect of a child’s learning system: red is creative, blue is cognitive, green is social, and yellow is emotions. The proportions of the brick are nested in the geometries off all man-made in the building like the golden ratio including the glazed ceramic tiles in the steps and walls to the overall 21 block scheme. (BIG, 2017)

Lastly, this case study is proposed to duplicate and imitate the idea of how the spaces been sequenced for the through colours. Another idea on how to illustrate Semiotics where the architect make LEGO House to be symbolize as a LEGO bricks with bigger architectural scale for people to notice from far.

Figure 3-16: 3D Figures (Source: Bjarke Ingels Group)

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C O N N E C T I N G

Figure 3-17: LEGO House Galleries (Source: Iwan Baan Archdaily 2017)

3.3 Conclusion

The early study of this project consist of site and precedence study that are very important in order to guide the design process. The site study consist basic information of the site and also the outcome of observation and experience on site which include many aspects such as the historical value, circulation near the site and the activities around the site. Moreover, the precedence study that have been chosen is based on the ideas and approach that wanted to be applied to the building design. It is related to the Semiotics Theory and also the Modern Architecture approach.

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CHAPTER 4 PRAXIS

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C O N N E C T I N G

Figure 4-1: Darul Hana Bridge (Source: “Author”, 2018)

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C O N N E C T I N G

4.1 On Site Findings

4.1.1 Site Analysis and Synthesis

Internal Origin

Figure 4-2: Site Analysis Synthesis Table

Helpful Strengths

Harmful Weaknesses

Analysis Flat Topography Insufficient land for except for the dry parking area dock.

Synthesis

Take advantage of Proposed automatthe land use and ed parking system the dry dock as part of the building.

External Opportunities Threats Origin Analysis The pedestrian The one way road walkway near the around the site river side Synthesis Connect the pe- Provide an efficient destrian walkway ingress and egress to across the side. the site

This analysis and synthesis are aspects and criteria for the design to respond to the surrounding site. It is the result of understanding the site for the building to be either odd or harmonize with the site itself especially there is an existing building in the site.

4.1.2 Site Visit Interviews

This Site Visit Survey was conducted among us in order to know a glimpse of the site background, environment, circulations, safety and needs of the users around the site proposed. There are 27 responds from the people around the area.

Survey Sections:

27

1. General Background

How Long Have You’ve Been Here?

1 - 5 Years (22%) 6 - 10 Years (4%) Beyond 10 Years (74%) How Often Are You In This Area?

Daily (37%) Weekly (19%) Occasionally (44%)

What Do You Do Here?

Visiting/ Passing by 33%

Resident 41%

Study 4% Work 22%

In this radar chart, most of the respondent are agree to the three aspects of the environment and surrounding of the site where they are agree of the place being busy and noisy as for the city surrounding and people make it as the main transit place. Plus, the city is a good place to work in the opinion of the respondent.

Figure 4-3: General Background Findings

The data shows the general background of 27 respondent altogether. Most of the respondent live around the area as the site is near to the residential zone. Since the site is also a place of attraction in Kuching city, 33% of the respondent are probably visiting as a tourist or local people whom just passing by there in order to go somewhere else. Despite from that, 74% of the respondent have been reside around the area beyond 10 years.

44% of them are often in the area occasionally as for the attraction and the needs in going to the city. In addition, the 37% of the respondent are in the area daily because of their works in the city. Therefore, these data helps out the possible target users around the area which are more likely to be focus to the tourist and local people whom live and work near the area.

Walking 30%

Public Transportation 15%

Personal Vehicle 55%

Figure 4-5: Pie Chart on Preferable Transportation around the Area

This pie chart show data on the preferred transportation medium mode among the respondents, 55% percent of the respondents prefer to use their own vehicle either their cars or motorcycle to go to the Kuching city.

2. Environment & Surroundings This has cause the traffic density of the area. In the other hand, 30% of them Strongly Disagree which is the second highest data prefer to walk to the city probably because Slightly Disagree of the high density of vehicle in the city Agree cause traffic congestion. Some of them are from across the Sarawak River using the ‘Penambang’ because the route from the other side to the Kuching city Slightly is quite far and takes much of their time.

Agree Disagree

Figure 4-4: Radar Chart Good Place To Work of Site Surroundings and Environment Noisy Area Busy Area

Slightly Agree

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3. Transportation & Access Crime 19%

C O N N E C T I N G

Facilities 19% Figure 4-6: Pie Chart of Problem Face by the People

Traffic 23% Transportation 39%

From the analysis of the pie chart above is a factor in reconnecting the city which emphasize the issue of high density of vehicular circulation around the area. This issue is due to the local people where they prefer using their own vehicle in order to enter the city.

However, walking is the second highest preferable ways for people to go to the Kuching city. Therefore, the connection of the pedestrian from the residential zone to the commercial zone should be done as to respond on the people suggestions on improving the infrastructure of the city.

4. Improvement Suggestion

From this survey, the aspects that can be improved which are suggested from the local people are mostly focus on the infrastructure and facilities of the area with 38% and 34% respectively. However, the other lower 28% of the survey are consist of traffic, cleanliness, Transportation and safety aspects.

4.2 Design Approach

4.2.1 PRAXIS Reading Materials Waterfront Development Evolution in Malaysia

Figure 4-7: 25 Respondents Interview on Waterfront Evolution (Source: ResearchGate Article)

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Federal State Government Government

From a finding and discussion of a graph on an interview that was carried out between May and July 2009 among 25 respondents about their expression 29

Local Authority

Private

Professionals

the comprehensive issues related with the evolution of waterfront development in Malaysia. The graph shows that majority of that 25 random respondents

were from the government organizations which is 92% of the total. While the other 0.8% comes from the private sector. Therefore, this figure shows that the waterfront development is dominated by the government sector and most of the development projects specifically in front pf the river area at this time are mostly the government project and mainly for the public user. (Azlina MD. Yassin, 2010)

However, as much as we wanted to develop the waterfront there are many positive and negative effects to it. From the 25 respondents thought that waterfront development has given effect on social, economy and environment. The figure summaries the results of the interviews with positive and

negative effects altogether. (M.Y. Azlina, 2016)

In other discussion and recommendation of research done, the urban design concept is evolving towards mix land development as a strategy to provide social and economically. The waterfront development is a structure by conservation to protect the distinctive identity and image of urban fabric and to be able for competition with other cities. As the foundation of this strategy, the public space works as a stimulated environment for interaction due to its ability to contain different activities which also consist the society with different people and cultures in the same time within the same space. (Ahmed Raad Al-Shams, 2013)

Variables G1 n = 25 (%) G2 n = 18 (%) G3 n = 7 (%) Positive Improving riverbank beautifi11 (44) 10 (55.5) 1 (14.3) cation and landscape Generate income for the 9 (36) 8 (44.4) 1 (14.3) state and country Increased property markets 7 (28) 5 (27.8) 2 (42.6) Increased property prices 6 (24) 3 (16.6) 3 (42.8) Business activity 5 (20) 3 (16.7) 2 (28.6) Job availability for residents 4 (16) 4 (22.2) 0 (0) Upgrading waterfront settle4 (16) 4 (22.2) 0 (0) ment Accessibility 3 (12) 2 (11.1) 1 (14.3) Negative Environmental problem water 15 (60) 13 (72.2) 2 (28.6) pollution and flooding Social impact vandalism 8 (32) 7 (38.9) 1 (14.3) Increased cost for mainte7 (28) 6 (33.3) 1 (14.3) nance and river cleaning Lost cultural values 5 (20) 5 (27.8) 0 (0) Property market speculation 2 (8) 1 (5.5) 1 (14.3) G1 = All Respondents , G2 = Government Officers , G3 = Non-Government Officers Figure 4-8: Waterfront Development Positive and Negative Effects (Source: Medwell Journals)

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4.2.2 Visitor Perception Survey

Visitor Perception Survey is intentionally to collect data on the people specifically tourist or not locals on their perception towards Kuching Sarawak. This survey was made after the site visit using the Google Form to be distribute to some random respondents that either have or have not been to Sarawak. Furthermore, this survey has a result to 60 respondents.

Survey Sections:

C O N N E C T I N G

50 40

Figure 4-9: Respondent That either Have or Have Not Bean to Kuching

30 20 10 0

No

Yes

From the survey that have been done, 40 out of 60 respondents’ perceptions about Sarawak never have been to Kuching. However, the other 20 have been to Kuching. This result has made the survey and findings more interesting.

Sarawak is known well with its culture specifically for its different and various ethnic than other states in Malaysia such as Bidayuh, Melanau, Kayan, Kenyah, Penan and much more 27 big ethnics. (Kalang, 2015) 45 respondent have tick in the checkbox respond for

Figure 4-10: Bar Chart on the Best Aspects of Sarawak

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50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Sarawak culture. Then, nature and wildlife is one of the best attraction in Sarawak to the 37 respondent. However, handcrafts and food are also part of the culture section but the survey was made to see more variety and specific result to people’s perception straight away which has slightly the same result which are 33 and 32 respectively. Others are more focused to the people of Sarawak where 2 of the 60 respondent add it as an option to choose. Lastly, the remaining 15 and 12 are urban sightseeing and museums respectively.

Culture Handcrafts Food Nature & Museum & Other: Wildlife History Nice People

Village 10%

1. Have been to Kuching, Sarawak

Culture 15%

Ordinary Place 15% Cats 15%

Beautiful Place 40% Busy 5%

Figure 4-11: First Impression Chart of Respondent

40% of the respondent first impression of the Kuching Sarawak because of the view, attraction place and the buildings. Some has an unnatural thoughts of Kuching where they are expecting the place has many cats and some looking forward to take a selfie with the cat statues since Kuching is a ‘cat’ in Malay. However, Kuching has its own origins of its name.

In addition, Kuching has still capture people with culture and its rural sense of place among the tourist as both of the aspects have the same data which is 15% of the respondent thoughts.

From the pie chart, transportation has high demand as the main suggestion of improvement for Kuching Sarawak. Transportation system that have been listed by the respondent are most likely focus for public transportation which is the MRT and LRT service in urban context but one of the respondent suggested a transportation in order to explore wild life nature like cable cars and shuttle bus. Plus, half of the others suggested Kuching to development more in terms of their economy aspects where they need to improve their marketing of the destination for holidays. Some suggested for Kuching to develop their urban environment and the waterfront facilities.

Accomodation 10% Development 25%

Facilities 15%

Transportation 50%

Figure 4-12: Respondent Improvement Suggestion in Kuching Sarawak

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2. Have not been to Kuching, Sarawak

Cats 23%

Beautiful Place 15% Nature 8%

Figure 4-13: Pie Chart of Respondent That Haven’t Been in Kuching Sarawak

Culture 47%

Future Destination 7%

The given survey is made to tackle both people that have been and have not been to Sarawak especially to Kuching city. This is because people perceptions can develop by the words of mouth, mass media and many more.

This chart shows the first thought comes in mind for the people whom have not been to Sarawak. The result of the data is equal to the respondents who have been to Sarawak. 47% respondent thought of Sarawak rich of culture and ethnics. Well, this is what people been talking and even published trough brochures and advertisement all around.

Because of the name of city is Kuch-

ing which means cat in Malay, people thinks that there are a lot of cats in the area. This thought of cats is not only focus to the real cats but also to the famous cat statue in the middle of Kuching city. Despite that, 15% of the respondent have the same perception with the people that have been in Sarawak where they think the place is beautiful maybe because of the word of mouth from the others or from mass media. Nature of Sarawak has its name in these 8% of respondents, they may focus the question wider than the others.

None 5% Culture 13%

Figure 4-14: Pie Chart of Respondent That Haven’t Been in Kuching Sarawak Development 13%

Transportation 10% Activities 22%

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Experience 37%

From the survey, the expectation the future tourist in Kuching Sarawak have been made. 37% seeks for experience through nature the most. Some says that they wanted to enjoy nature and went to Gua Niah. However, 22% of the respondent wanted to enjoy their trip in Kuching Sarawak with different activities and make memories. There is one unique and odd activity listed by one of the respondent is to swim inside Sarawak River. Besides that, culture and development of Kuching, Sarawak are expected by the respondent by 13% of them. The respondent whom mention development is expecting Kuching to be the same as Kuala Lumpur and some would expect more on shopping malls around the area. Same goes to the tourist in Sarawak, 10% respondent expecting Kuching to have improve their transportation system especially in rural area and one of them expect MRT and LRT around the city.

In conclusion, this data of tourist perception is useful in order to justify the Educational Recreation type of building in the city of Kuching because people does not fully recognize Kuching, Sarawak full potential in developing its city to another level. This Educational Recreation Park is design in order to reconnect people with knowledge in knowing the story of Kuching, the capital city of Sarawak.

4.2.3 Semiotics Theory

Architecture is always been a media of transforming abstract concepts into physical reality. Physical becomes more essential when it comes to public built forms. Therefore, applying Semiotics Theory as a guideline in making of the form as it is the science of studying systems of signs within a culture which have been stated

by Charles Jenkcs, a cultural theorist and landscape designer. He represent that any architectural form can be construct through three aspects which are thought, referent and symbols. (Sinha, 2010) Therefore, a Rhinoceros Hornbill is chosen to act

as the symbol for the design form for this project. Rhinoceros Hornbill is one of the symbols that portraits the identity of Sarawak.

Figure 4-15: Rhinoceros Hornbill (Source: flickr.com)

Rhinoceros Hornbill is the type of bird that can be found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia. (Post, 2015) Hornbill are very different from the other birds’ species due to its massive ‘double storey’ bill which consist of a long, deep beak with a projection known as a casqued on top. Sarawak is known as the Land of the Hornbills as it is the home of eight out of 54 species of hornbills in the worlds. (Post, 2015) Therefore, it is quite a lot rather than the other states in Malaysia. This is the reason why Hornbill is chosen as the Semiotics guideline of the form.

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Figure 4-16: Sketch Form 1

The process of form making through Hornbill as part of the symbol started from a simple line sketch of the exact shape of the Hornbill bird. The top part is its beak while the bottom part

symbolize its feathers and wings. However, this sketch is unable to be done as the form of the building as it is too steep and have small space in other to put many spaces in it.

Figure 4-17: Sketch Form 2

Furthermore, the initial sketch is stretch to make it more realistic to make a building form. Now, the form is widen and have more space. But it has its own constraint as the spaces in side are lim-

Figure 4-18: Sketch Form 3

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ited to its curve shape and to straight forward as a form. Thus, it comes to a solution where the curve like shape like its top beak is taken as part of the skin design for the building.

4.2.4 Modern Architecture

Modern Architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture that are based upon new technologies of construction such as the use of glass, steel and reinforced concrete.

(Johnson, 2018) It became dominant after the World War II with some notable architects whom had an influential role to the history and development of the modernist movement. (Johnson, 2018) Thus, in this project some of the characteristic of the building have an approach to the modern style of archi-

tecture which consist several aspects like materials and art.

Since there are existing structures involve in this project that had been brought by the Brooke family to the site are more to steel structure, the design should continue the construction method by repeating the same material which is steel. Moreover, the modern style is more to industrial materials and exposed structure with its aesthetic value to the building.

Figure 4-19: Existing Steel Structures (Source: “Author�, 2018)

There are also many movement that had been done by the architects and one of it is taken to be part of the approach which is the De Stijl movement. De Stijl is found by Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian, the movement is more to simplicity and abstraction through expression of Utopian idea of order and harmony. (Wikipedia, 2018) De Stijl is an art by Mondrian that consist of straight lines, plane surfaces, rectangles and primary colours with a combination of neutral colours. (Gaur, 2014)

In order to achieve the De Stijl pattern and colour, shipping containers are the medium that proposed to be used in the design to arrange the circulation of the space for the users to experience the whole journey of the building.

Figure 4-20: De Stijl Artwork (Source: Yun Frank Zhang Archdaily 2017)

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MODULAR SHIPPING CONTAINER 2500mm

2500mm 6000mm

6000mm

2500mm

2500mm

Figure 4-21: Container Diagram

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The container are develop with three ways where some of them are attached with each other to make a bigger space for certain area that in need of open plan situation such as the gallery and exhibition. Plus, the containers also had been arranged to make a linear spatial arrangement where it is for the user to experience the linear journey of the building.

The containers are sliced and opened for some spaces that need a smaller space and an outdoor area respectively.

In conclusion, modern architecture is suitable approach as to produce the relationship of one of the reconnecting aspects which is the reconnection of old and new of Kuching in terms of Architecture.

The container is combine to make a bigger space for the gallery and axhibition.

It is more open and flexible for the user.

Combination of containers to form linear spatial arrangment.

Some of the containers are sliced into half to make the journey shorter.

Figure 4-22: Container Concept Diagram

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CHAPTER 5 FINAL DESIGN SOLUTION

5.1 Introduction

The container are develop with three ways where some of them are attached with each other to make a bigger space for certain area that in need of open plan situation such as the gallery and exhibition. Plus, the containers also had been arranged to make a linear spatial arrangement where it is for the user to experience the linear journey of the building. The containers

are sliced and opened for some spaces that need a smaller space and an outdoor area respectively.

In conclusion, modern architecture is suitable approach as to produce the relationship of one of the reconnecting aspects which is the reconnection of old and new of Kuching in terms of Architecture.

5.2 Design Solution

5.2.1 Design Intention

Waterfront

Pedestrian Path

Figure 5-1: Indication of Pedestrian Connection Proposed

The proposed site now is seperating the two zones, the residential and urban zones. The existing pedestrian walkway is seperated from the waterfront area where most of activity in Kuching are held. The so called the ‘People Place’ by them is disconnected from the residential area and lead to a congested traffic upon the entrance of the city. This is because of the people are disconnected from the city nodes by the pedestrian path and will decided on using their own vehicles in order to go to the Kuching City. This situation increased the vehicular density around the area. One of the intentions is to connect the two zones in order to create alternative ways for the people to go around the Kuching City easily and reduce the traffic congestion at the area. Thus, a pedestrian walkway connecting across the site from the res-

idential to urban zone is proposed as part of the opportunity to invite and allow users to enter the building.

Next, the connection continues to the two more aspects. People and Identity aspect is tackled by the program of the building were the spaces of the building is a journey of storytelling sequence of the history and development of Kuching City. It is to expose people especially visitors, tourist and even local in their identity and appriciate their culture, urban development and nature as part of their identity. This design is proposed to give awareness to the visitors on how Kuching is a big city to be in the future and it takes time in developing its place. So, the builidng program of the building is inttentionally to educate people on three aspects of Sarawak which are the development, culture and nature.

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Figure 5-2: Indication of Zones

Moreover, the Kuching Old and New connection implies the adaptive reuse design on site. It is to create the relationship of the building between the old Brooke dockyard warehouse and the new design building. In this process, the materials of construction plays a massive role in intergrating the design process in order to achieve the third aspect of connection. In this design the conservation needs to be

applied to the existing structure of the building where it is declaired by the PELITA of Sarawak that it is best to conserve it for the future generations.

Hence, the structures of I-Columns and I-Beams are repeatedly arrange to the new building to create the connection and relationship of the old and new on site and yet does not disturb the existing value.

Figure 5-3: Steel I-Beams and I-Columns Connection

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5.2.2 Design Generator

User Responding to user needs for the building.

Design Generator Site Context

Activity

Tackle to the site context and forces.

Propose different zones in building for the building

Figure 5-4: Design Generator

5.2.3 Design Concept

By using the Piet Mondrian De Stijl approach as plan arrangement using the shipping container units as part of the concept. These are the plan view of the containers arrangement. By adding the lines, the art work of De Stijl can be revealed.

The Semiotics of colours symbolizing the colour of Sarawak flag which are red, yellow and black have been arrange randomly to make the De Stijl artwork.

Therefore, the plans of the building is its own art that harmonise within each other and has its own simplicity value.

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Third Floor

Ground Floor

Second Floor

Fifth Floor

First Floor Fourth Floor

Figure 5-5: Plan Colour Arrangement

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5.3 Building Program

Figure 5-6: Botanical Garden

Figure 5-7: Souvenir Shop

The Educational Recreation Vertical Park activities are focussed on the second aspect of reconnecting where to connect people with their identity with knowledge through gallery, exhibition and interaction with new technology and real life observation. So, there are some essential spaces of the building program.

Figure 5-8: Water Recreation

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Figure 5-9: Perpsective 1

The use of the old building as the start of the journey.

Figure 5-10: Lobby & Lounge

Figure 5-11: Office Lobby

INTERIORS 45

STRUCTURES Aesthetic of the structure aong the pedestrian walkway.

Figure 5-12: Space Truss

The repitition of vertical louvers from the in side of the building.

Figure 5-13: Aluminium Louvers Aesthetic Figure 5-14: Perpsective 2

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Figure 5-15: Site Plan (Scale N.T.S)

Figure 5-17: Location Plan (Scale N.T.S)

Figure 5-16: Key Plan (Scale N.T.S)

Lower Ground Floor Plan consist underwater recreation with aquariums and different species of water life. It is connected to the jetty where the water recreation happen such as kayak, hydraulic bikes, cruise ride and even the ‘penambang’ ride.

Figure 5-18: Lower Ground Floor (Scale N.T.S)

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On the ground floor, containers are arranged to make small spaces such as the cafe, offices and even stores. The old building act as a major public area with cafe and lounge.

Figure 5-19: Ground Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S)

The first floor plan consist of recreation area but only accessible from the top floor as the journey starts from the third floor to the bottom. Users can go to the third floor by using the excalator or the inclined lift.

PIET MONDRIAN ART INSPIRATION

Figure 5-20: First Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S)

Figure 5-21: North East Elevation (Scale N.T.S)

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B U I L D I N G P L A N S

Figure 5-24: Fourth Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S)

Figure 5-22: Second Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S)

The Cultural Gallery Floor

Figure 5-23: Third Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S)

The Beginning: Histrory and Urban Introduction floor.

Figure 5-25: FIfth Floor Plan (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-26: Section X-X (Scale N.T.S)

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50mm Growing Medium

Figure 5-27: Intensive Modular Green Slab Special Detail (Scale N.T.S)

5mm Filter Membrane 10mm Drainage 5mm Root Repellent 10mm Support Panel 10mm Thermal Insulation 10mm Vapor Control 100mm Concrete Slab

Outside Panel 1.6mm Corten Steel Folded to a 20mm Corrugation 4mm Steel Supports at Max 600mm Centres Figure 5-28: Shipping Container Wall Special Detail (Scale N.T.S)

85mm Mineral Wool Insulation behind Outer Panel 9mm Plywood Supported 2 Layers of 12.5mm Gypsum Wall Board Steel Tube Welded to Steel Deck Termination 9mm Plywood Supported 2 Layers of 12.5mm Gypsum Wall Board 4mm Steel Support Containers Floor Steel Support Faces for Airtight Seal

Figure 5-29: Shipping Container Attachment Special Detail (Scale N.T.S) Figure 5-30: North West Elevation (Scale N.T.S)

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Figure 5-31: Mechanical and Electrical Diagram

VRV Mechanical

Sewerage

Electrical

Drainage

Figure 5-32: Sewerage and Drainage Diagram

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Figure 5-34: Fire Safety Diagram

Staircase 45m Range Sprinkler RWH

Hose Reel

Water Supply

Fire Staircase

Figure 5-33: Rainwater Harvesting and Water Supply System

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53

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5.4 Space Tabulation Space

Lobby

Cafe Total

Unit(S) User Area Per Total Capacity Person Area (Person) (m2) (m2) Reception Office 4 2.00 Lounge 1 20 1.50 42 Control & Security Room 2 2.00 Dining Area 32 2.00 Counter Area 1 2.00 2 148 Cold Storage 1 2.00 Preparation Area 2 3.00 190

Figure 5-35: Public Spaces

Space Offices

Urban Lego Miniature Model Built Area Meeting Room Pantry Documentation Room Storage Total

Unit(S) User Area Per Total Capacity Person Area (Person) (m2) (m2) 5 2.00 20

1

4

3.00

12

15 8 1 1

2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

30 16 2 2 82

Space

Figure 5-37: Cruise Terminal

Land

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Unit(S) User Area Per Total Capacity Person Area (Person) (m2) (m2) 2 60 1.50 90 3 10 1.50 45 2 2.00 4 1 2 2.00 4 1 2.00 2 145

Cruise Port “Penambang” Jetty Ticketing Area Maintenance Room Storage Total

Space

Figure 5-36: Administration

Unit(S) User Area Per Total Capacity Person Area (Person) (m2) (m2) Explore Zones

Urban Culture Nature Green Nature Water

Water Kayak Hydraulic Bike Total

1

60

5.00

1200

1

15

2.00

30 1230

Figure 5-38: Recreation Zones

5.5 Technology Integration

5.5.1 Structure and Facade Steel Roof Truss

Space Trusses

Aluminium Vertical Louvers

Steel Skeletal System Figure 5-39: Exploded Structure Diagram

The structural system of the building is separated into two type which are the main building and the skin of the building. The main building mainly supported using skeletal structure of the steel I-Beams and I-Columns. In the other hand, the skin is have an attempt in exploring space structure in order to support a metal decking roof system on top. The faรงade is a repetition element of Cylindrical Aluminium Louvers to create a certain rhythm to the building.

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5.5.2 Renewable Energy and Passive Design

Collected Rainwater Fall

Continue to underground pipping Rainwater Flow

The rainwater is transfer from the roof and to the pipping align with the skin of the building. Then, the water flow continues in the underground pipe and pump to the bottom tank. Next, the stored water at the bottom tank supplied the water supply for the water feature at the lobby and it is pump to the top tank. It is for water distribution to the toilet.

Figure 5-40: Rainwater Harvesting System Diagram

Semi- Transparent Solar Panels

Figure 5-41: Solar Panels Location

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Transparent photovoltaic (PV) glass for buildings is used as a building material while act as an energy-generating device that capture sunlight for the building use. (Onyx, 2009) PV by Onyx have a thermal inner comfort, since the UV and infrared radiation are filtered out by the Silicon-based material.

Plus, PV skylight actually combine the active and passive properties that improve efficiency of the system. It is suitable material as it can be combined passive and active properties in improving the efficiency of the system. Not just that, semi-transparent reduces the need for artificial lighting, generates lower and provides thermal and sound insulation. It is a helpful medium in delaying the interior ageing. (Onyx, 2009) Shaded by Aluminium Louvers from Direct Sunlight Cross ventilation through Vertical Louvers

Cantilevered Shading

Figure 5-42: Passive Design

Other than having active design strategies, Passive Design are one of the aspects that have been tackled in this design. The Aluminium Louvers are mainly installed at the main building as a skin to reduce direct sunlight and have the ability to allow cross ventilation occur in the building.

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CHAPTER 6 THE END Figure 6-1: Perpective 3

6.1 Conclusion

From the PRAXIS process that have been carried out along this mini thesis, to conclude that the aim to connect people with through Educational Recreation Vertical Park is conceivable in reconnecting the people through three main aspects; Residential and Urban Zones, People and Identity, Kuching Old and New.

The zones are connected through the site by continuing the existing pedestrian walkway to the waterfront. This allow people to reduce traffic congestion upon entering the Kuching City as walking is one of the preferable options for Kuching people. The idea supposed to be direct as it is the initial step of reconnection.

Then, the reconnect aspects touches on the people and identity. This is based on the surveys that have been done where people especially the ones whom never been in Sarawak and only knows Sarawak by word of mouth and mass media. People perception of Sarawak is always to their culture, rural areas and nature as that is how Sarawak tend to promote themselves. What people do not know is how Sarawak developing gently in order to achieve the urban development goal. So, the aspect of reconnect people with identity through the building program which consist of exhibition of miniatures of Sarawak development especially Kuching City, gallery that consist nature, culture and urban exhibit and interaction spaces for people to learn and gain knowledge of Sarawak. This part of reconnect aspect is a little bit complex yet it is possible.

Last but not least, this aspect of Kuching Old and New implies to the design of the building where to connect the moment of the old building to the new design. Based on this design, it is successful that the building can be harmonize with each other with the help of repetition of the same material which are the I-Beams and I-Column throughout the building. Therefore, all of the objectives have been achieved through out the design outcome and the research question have been answered.

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