Thirty Years War Essay

TheThirtyYearsWarwasanenormousconflictthelikesofwhichEuropehadneverseenbefore.It wasawarthatdestroyedmillionsoflives.Itwouldbealmost300yearsbeforeanotherEuropean warwouldbesodestructivetothepopulaceThewarstartedmuchsimplerthanitendedLong beforetheendofthewarbothsideswereexhausted.Despitethis,itwouldtakethreemajortreaties toendthisinternationalconflict.Thesewere:thePeaceofAugsburg,thePeaceofPrague,andthe PeaceofWestphalia.ThesethreetreatiesaddressedpressingissuesintheHolyRomanEmpireand Europesuchasreligioustolerance,CatholicChurchproperty,thesovereigntyofstates,andthe loyaltiesProtestantPrincesowedtotheCatholicHolyRomanEmperorTheonlysuccessfultreaty: thePeaceofWestphaliahadagreatdealofinfluenceonEuropeanandeventuallyglobalpoliticsand peacedeals.ThisgreattreatywasanailinthecoffinoftheHolyRomanEmpire.Theconditions createdaweakEmperorandmoreautonomousGermanleadersTheendoftheHolyRomanEmpire wouldbringonanew,modern,unifiedGermanEmpireinthe1800s;First,thePeaceofAugsburg wasactuallytheconclusionofanimperialdietin1555.Itwasmeanttobringatemporarypeaceand coexistenceofChristianfaithsintheHolyRomanEmpire.Therehadalreadybeenawarbetween theEmperorandsomeprincesatthistimeoverreligion.TheEmperorwantedaquickfixtoavoid anotherwarThedocumentstates

...Getmorecontent...

Itrequiredvastarmiesofmercenarytroopsandthiswasalargedrainonstateresources.All countriesinvolvedinthewarwentnearlybrokebecauseofthesizeoftheirrespectivearmiesand thisinturnhadadevastatingimpactontheeconomiesasawhole.

AspartofthePeaceofWestphalia,thediplomaticrelationsbetweenEuropeancountriesbecame strongerandmorepowerful,especiallybetweenthedefeatedHolyRomanEmpireandtheProtestant states.WesternEuropewentthroughdramaticchangesbecauseofthefalloftheHouseof Hapsburgs,whowereoccupyingthethroneoftheHolyRomanEmpireforovertwohundredyears. ReligionbecamemajorlylessimportantinWesternEurope,whichletthenotionofsecularnations breakthrough....showmorecontent...

ThePeaceofWestphaliaallowedreligioustolerationinGermany.Afteritswasagreedupon,allthe princeswithinGermanyobtainedtherighttodeclaretheirprovincesaseitherCatholic,Lutheranor CalvinistwithoutfearofbeingreprimandedandoppressedbytheHolyRomanEmpire.Whilethis isnottosaythatthecloseofthewarcompletelymendedrelationsbetweendiversefaiths,this separationmadeitsothatthiswasthelastrealreligiouswarfought.TheTreatyof1648stipulated that"ThatthereshallbeaChristianandUniversalPeace,andaperpetual,true,andsincereAmity, betweenhisSacredImperialMajesty,andhismostChristianMajesty",whichindicatestheunity betweenProtestantsandCatholics.Thisstatementdoesnotmakeadifferencebetweenthetwo religionsbutputitasoneInfact,ChristianityreferstobelievinginJesusChrist,whichboth religionsdo.Itwasnowatimetorememberthatthetworeligionshavethesamerootsandthata peaceneededtobeachieved.TheTreatyofWestphaliaalsostipulatedthat"thatthoseofthe ConfessionofAugsburg,andparticularlytheInhabitantsofOppenheim,shallbeputinpossession againoftheirChurches,andEcclesiasticalEstates,astheywereintheYear1624"whichisa remembrancetotheKingdomofBohemiabeforeArchdukeFerdinanddecidedtoabolishthe religiousfreedomofthestate.Religionandpoliticsbecameincreasinglyseparated.ThePopewas ignoredandplayednopartin

...Getmorecontent...

ThirtyYearsWar

BackgroundAthoroughunderstandingoftheThirtyYears'Warisessentialindiscussingtheeffects ofthePeaceofWestphalia.ReligiondominatedauthorityinEuropeinthe16thcentury,namely Catholicism.However,dissatisfactiongrewastheProtestantReformationgainedmorefollowers, resultingintensionanddivisionsthroughouttheHolyRomanEmpire.Weakenedimperialpower andunrestbetweenrulerandsubjectsbeganasearlyas1555AlthoughtheThirtyYears'War broke–outbasedonreligiousconflicts,themotivesofthewarbecamemainlyofpoliticalsupremacy asfightingcontinuedonacontinentalscaleinthelatteryears.ItpittedProtestantagainstCatholic, theHolyRomanEmpireagainstFrance,theGermanprincesandprincelings

...Getmorecontent...

Europeanhistory,fromtheendoftheThirtyYears'WartotheaftermathofWorldWarII.Including theconsiderationofmajoreventsandfiguressuchastheFrenchRevolutionandNapoleon.I particularenjoyedtheattentionpaidtotheexperienceofordinarypeopleintimesofupheavaland transition.Ifounditmostthought–provokingtoviewthisperiodnotintermsofhistorical inevitabilitynorasaprocessionofgreatmen,butratherthroughthelensofthecomplex interrelationsbetweendemographicchange,politicalrevolution,andculturaldevelopment.The mostinterestingtopicsincludedearlyglobalizationandcross–culturalexchanges.Thestudyof varyinganddiverseculturalformationsindifferentpartsoftheworld;thegrowth ...Getmorecontent...

ThirtyYearsWarResearchPaper

TheThirtyYears'War KristenGwilt HST111.11/16/15

TheThirtyYearsWar,whichinvolvedmultiplecountriesthroughoutcentralEurope,tookplacein 1618–1648.AlthoughitinitiallybeganasareligiousconflictbetweentheCatholicsandProtestants inGermany,itquicklyexpandedintoalargerconflictoverthethirstforpowerwithinallofthese countriesThisstrugglewasprolongedbytheconflictbytherivalrywiththeFrenchBourbonsand theAustro–SpanishHabsburgs.Thiswarresultedinpolitical,diplomatic,andreligiouswaysthat createdashiftinpowersinCentralEuropeformanyyearstocome.

TheThirtyYearsWarcameaboutasadirectresultofdifferencesbetweenreligiousgroupsin Germany.Theinitial...showmorecontent...

ItsetupastandardofnoninterventionintheinternalaffairsofotherstatesThisincludesalliances tostatesandinstructsothercountriestonotdirectlyinvolvethemselveswiththeproblemsofother states.Muchlikeallerasofsocioeconomicdevastationanddestruction,thiswarhadavasttollon thepeasantsandtheworkingclassmembersofsociety.Thesizesofthearmy,theprolongedbattle time,andtheinabilitytopaythesoldiersonlydugthisissueintoadeepergrave.Theonlywaythe countriescouldsufficethemoneytopaytheirarmiesbackwastotaxtheirpeopleheavilyThis foreshadowedthefutureuprisingsoftheunfairnessofthesetaxationsonthepeopleandhow detrimentalanddestructiveitistotheirdailylives.Alsoduringthewar,agriculturalproduction declined,leavingmanywiththeinabilitytocreateeventheminimumneededtofeedtheirfamilies FaminesweptacrossEuropeandmanydieddueto

...Getmorecontent...

WorldHistory:TheThirtyYearsWar

Adams,Simon,andGeoffreyParker.TheThirtyYears'War.London:Routledge,1977. Casale,Giancarlo.TheOttomanageofExploration.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2010. Darwin,John.AfterTamerlane:theriseandfallofglobalempires,1400–2000.London:Penguin, 2008.

Davidson,Alan"Europeans'WaryEncounterwithTomatoes,PotatoesandOtherNewWorld Foods."InChiliestochocolate:foodtheAmericasgavetheworld,byNelsonFosterandLinda Cordell,1–14.Tuscon:UniversityofArizonaPress,1992.

Edward,PeterPrinceHenry"theNavigator":alifeLondon;NewHaven;Yale:YaleUniversity Press,2000.

Engerman,Stanley,andBarryHigman."TheDemographicStructureoftheCaribbeanSlave Societies."InTheslavesocitiesoftheCaribbean,

...Getmorecontent...

NegativeEffectsOf'TheThirtyYears'War

¬TheThirtyYear'sWarlastedthroughouttheduration1618untilaround1648.Predominantlythe warwascenteredinGermany,althoughseveralothercountrieswereinvolvedinthecontroversial matterathand.Thewarprimarliyconsistedofmost,ifnotallofthepowerfulcountriesinEurope. Thereweretogroupsthatleadtothecauseof'TheThirtyYears'War'theseweretheprotestantsand theCatholicswhowereindisagreementsTheThirtyYears'Warhadafewnegativeeffectssuchas famineanddiseasewhichhappenedinalmostallofthecountriesinvolved.Theconflictlastedfor 30yearshencethename'TheThirtyYears'War'despitethefactthoseproblemsthatcausedthewar werenotresolveduntilalongtimeafterthewarhadfinished

...Getmorecontent...

TheThirtyYearsofWarstartedwiththeissuesthatarosebetweentheirProtestantGermanprinces andCatholicemperor.Obviously,atthebeginningthereweretensionsbasedonthefactthatthey didnotpracticedthesamereligion.Theyalsodidnotagreeontheconstitutionalissuesathand.This resultedindefenestrationakathrowingsomeoneoutofawindow.Inotherword,thingsexcecated veryquicklywhenmembersoftheProtestantBohemianlegislationwantedtomakestatementthat theydidn'tlikethenewCatholicemperor.Consequently,theythrewtwoimperialofficialsoutofthe castleswindowinprotest.Averydramaticwayofstartingoff30yearsofwarbutnonethelessit wasdefenestrationatitsfinestThiswasaverysignificant

...Getmorecontent...

TheFourPhasesOfTheThirtyYearsWar

WhiletheThirtyYearsWarultimatelybeganin1618,thiswasnotthebeginningofreligious tensionandconflictwithinEurope.In1555thePeaceofAugsburgwassignedstating"Cuius Regno,EiusReligio"meaningwhoeverisinrulinggetstodictatethereligionoftheirterritory.This becameanissuewhenaCatholicleaderbeganrulingoveraprimarilyProtestantpopulation.Soif theThirtyYearsWarwassimplyareligiouswar,thenwhywassomuchofthepoliticalsystem affectedbytheconflictbetweentheCatholicsandtheProtestants?Inthisessay,Ihopetoexplore otherfactorsthatinfluencedtheThirtyYearsWar.DuringthistimeinEurope,religionwaslargely thedecidingfactorinpoliticsThereweretworeiningreligions:showmorecontent Upuntilthispoint,themajorityofthewarhadbeenonareligiousbasisandallofthefightingshad beencontainedwithintheHolyRomanEmpire.Duringthisphase,Francewasworkingagainstthe HRE(HolyRomanEmpire)andaidinginthefundingofSwedishwarfare.So,whywoulda CatholiccountrylikeFrancebeaidingaProtestantcountrylikeSweden?Thisiswherepolitics comeintotoplayevenmoreprevalentlyTheFrenchsawthatbyassistingSweden,theycould potentiallybringHRE'slevelofpowerdown.Thisisreferredtoasthe"BalanceofPower"oraway toensureallnationshaveanequalpower.Upuntilnow,Swedenhaddonemostofthebattlingbut afterthedeathofKingGustavusAdolphus,theyhaddecidedtoretractfromthewar.Thisentersus intothefourthandfinalphaseofthewar,theFrenchphase.Atthispoint,FranceandSwedenswitch positionsFrancebeginsfightingmorepredominantlywhileSwedentakesonthefinancialrole Also,itisimportanttomentionthatthisbeganatimeofmasshangingsandwitchhuntsamongthe Europeans.Thistimewasconsideredthebloodiestandresultedinanextremepopulation

...Getmorecontent...

ThirtyYearsWarPhilip,Spanishkings.PhilipI(theHandsome),1478–1506,kingofCastile (1506),wasthesonofHolyRomanEmperorMaximilianIandMaryofBurgundy.Heinherited BurgundyandtheLowCountriesfromhismotherandwastitularjointrulerofCastilewithhiswife, Joanna.Butherfatherruledtheselandsashisregent,sohecontested(1504)Ferdinand'sregency andassumed(1506)jointruleofCastilewithhiswifePhilip'searlydeath,however,andhiswife's deterioratingmentalconditionallowedFerdinandtoresumejointcontrolofCastile.TheLow CountriespassedtoPhilip'sson,wholaterbecameHolyRomanEmperorCharlesV.PhilipII, 1527–98,kingofSpain(1556–98),kingofNaplesandSicily(1554–98)showmorecontent ButthenationfoughtinItaly(1615–17)andenteredtheThirtyYearsWar.Althoughthechurch prosperedandthegrandeesaccumulatedvastestates,theSpanisheconomydeclined,partlyasa resultofPhilip'sexpulsion(1609–14)oftheMoriscos.DuringPhilip'sreign,Spanishculture flourishedandgavetotheworldgreatartistssuchastheauthorCervantesandthepainterElGreco. PhilipIV,1605–65,kingofSpain,Naples,andSicily(1621–65)and,asPhilipIII,kingofPortugal (1621–40),intelligentbutlackingenergy,wasunabletopreventSpain'spoliticalandeconomic decline.TheThirtyYearsWarcontinueduntil1648,andthewarwithFrance(1621–59)endedwith Spain'shumiliation.Portugalrevolted(1640),CataloniawasoccupiedbytheFrench,andSpainhad torecognizetheindependenceoftheNetherlands(1648).Philipwasapatronoftheartsand,thanks toVelazquez,wasperhapsthemostfrequentlyportrayedkinginhistoryTheaccessionofPhilipV, 1683–1746,thefirstBourbonkingofSpain(1700–1746),precipitatedtheWaroftheSpanish Succession(1701–14)becausehisgrandfather,LouisXIVofFrance,hadacceptedtheSpanish throneforPhilipBythePeaceofUtrecht,Spainlostmuchterritory,includingtheSpanish Netherlands,Naples,andSicily.PhilipwasforcedtointroducetheSaliclawofsuccession,which forbadefemalemonarchsandthusprecludedthecrown'spersonalunionwithFrance.The

...Getmorecontent...

Warhaslongbeenapartofthehumanexperience.Inearlierdatesofhistory,itwasusedasameans togainpowerandland.Romansexpandedtheirempirebyconstantlygoingtowarwithsurrounding areas.Manycountrieswehavetodayarearesultofonewaroranother.Therehavebeenprotests andralliesacrosstheglobegivingtheirtakeonwar.EvenphilosopherssuchasSunTzugivetheir takeinbookssuchasTheArtofWarAlthoughwarscanbejuvenileattimes,andresultinahorrid numberofdeaths:theyarenecessary.Intoday'sdayinage,warsarenotfoughttogainmorepower, normoreland,butinsteadtoprotectthosewhoneedhelpprotectingthemselvesandtocombatthose whowouldattempttowreakhavocamongciviliansInhistory,therehavebeenafewwarsthat didn'tneedtooccur.TheVietnamWar,TheWarof1812,andtheThirtyYearsWarallbeganover insignificantmeansandultimatelysolvedverylittle.TheThirtyYearsWar,forexample,beganwith thedefenestrationofPrague,whichwasofverylittleimportancesincenoonedied.That,tobe clear,wasnotagoodreasontogotowar.ItiswarssuchasthesethatcausedJamesBoswelltosay thatshowmorecontent

Simultaneously,asimilareventwashappeningatthepentagon.Tothisday,September11isaday ofpainandremembrancefortheUnitedStates.Onthesameafternoonoftheseevents,congressand PresidentGeorgeW.Bushdeclaredawaronterrorism.Theterroristwhocommitted9/11actedin aninhumaneanddisturbingmanner.Thecountrycouldnotsitonitshandswhilepeoplesuchas theselurkedaroundeverycorner,waitingforthenextopportunitytohurtAmericanCitizensItwas thecountriesdutytostareintothefaceofevilandemphasizethatourcountryanditscitizenswould notstepdownbecauseoffear.War,asincasessuchasthis,isoftenusedtoprotectanddefendareas againstthosewhowouldwishit

...Getmorecontent...

ThirtyYearsWarResearchPaper

TheThirtyYearsWarAsbecamecustomaryintheCzechprovinces,theperiodofeconomicboom wasfollowedbyacrisis,thistimecausedbytheThirtyYearsWar,whichsweptacrossEuropein 1618–1648.ThetimesthatsupportedthebohemianlifestyleofRudolphIIwerefollowedbya periodofmilitarycampaigns,andtheproductionoffinecloth,wineglasses,andfiligreedjewels wasreplacedbythemanufactureofweapons,coarseclothandbootsforsoldiers

...Getmorecontent...

WarInEuropeanHistory:TheThirtyYearsWar

TheThirtyYears'WarwasaseriesofwarsinCentralEuropebetween1618and1648.Itwasoneof theextensiveandmostdestructiveconflictsinEuropeanhistory.AlsoitwasthedeadliestEuropean religiouswar,resultingineightmillioncasualties.Inthebeginning,itstartedbaseduponwhich religionshouldbethedominantwaythateveryonefollowed.FerdinandIItriedtochangeeveryone toCatholicism,butcertaingroupsofnoblesrebelledSincemultiplewarstookplace,perspectives changedandswitchedtheirmotive.Peoplestartedtoargueaboutpoliticsinsteadofreligionand broughtanotherwarintoplace.Intheend,atreatycalledWestphalia,createdasystemwherethe emperorwouldcontrolwhatreligionpeoplefollowed

...Getmorecontent...

WarwasarecurringpresenceoverthecourseofEuropeanhistory.Theperiodsfrom1500to1648 wasmarkedbyanumberofmajorconflicts,butthesewarswerefoughtindifferentwaysfor differentreasons.Thedevelopmentofnation–statesaswellascoloniesshiftedthewaythatbattles werewaged;however,theoverallgoalofinfluenceonaforeignterritoryremainedthesame.Wars atthistimewerefoughtonasmallerscale,primarilyforreligiousreasons,withoneofthosewars beingtheThirtyYears'War,whichlastedfrom1618to1648.TheThirtyYears'War,thebloodiest ofallthewars,servedasthelastreligiouswarinEurope,anddecimatedthecontinent.Inthiswar, veryclearsidesemergedandtheywerequitehostiletoeachshowmorecontent (Wedgewood,1961,p.23)TheThirtyYears'Warthatstemmedfromtheconflictthatwasbrewing duringtheReformation,wassaidtobethebloodiestofallthereligiouswarsofthattime.According toJasonDaley(2017)atSmithsonian.com,thedeath–toll"ravagedEurope;20percentofthetotal populationofGermany(wheremostofthefightingoccured)diedduringtheconflictandtherewere lossesupto50percentinacorridorbetweenPomeraniaandtheBlackForest"(para2)Famineand diseaseclaimedthemajorityoftheliveslost,withthebubonicplaguebeingthebiggestculprit.The warfarealsoclaimedthelivesofmany,andthemortalityamongthecivilianpopulationwas certainlyasgreatinproportion,ifnotgreater,thanamongthearmies.In1631,whentheImperial calvarystormedthecityofMagdeburganditsinhabitants,"some20,000persons,oldandyoung, losttheirlives"(Müller,para7)Thewarhadasignificantimpactonsocietyasawholewiththe largeportionoftheGermanpopulationdecimated,cropsdestroyed,andthespreadofdisease,and alltogetherresultinginmillionsofcasualties.IttookseveralyearsforGermanytostartseeing steadygainsintheir

...Getmorecontent...

MalcolmMichelsNavarroNovember15,2015HST111–EarlyModernEuropeThirtyYears WastedTheThirtyYearsWar(1618–1648)wasalargeinfluenceinthepivotalturningpointthat changedEuropeanhistoryforthedecadestocome.Thelong,painfulwarwascomposedofaseries ofbattlesthatwereprimarilyfoughtonGermansoilwithseveralnationstakingpart.Itwas commonlyseentohavebegunwhentheHolyRomanEmperorFerdinandIIofBohemiaattempted torestrainotherreligiousactivitiesunderhisgoverningbody.Asaresult,Ferdinandsparkeda rebellionamongProtestantstodebunktheoldcentralizedRomanCatholicempire.Religious catastrophescoupledwithpoliticalstrugglessparkedtheThirtyYearsWarandwouldlaterhave severeimplicationsonhowEuropewouldoperatepolitically,religiouslyanddiplomatically.The ThirtyYearsWar,thereligiouswartoendallwars,wouldberememberedasoneofthemost significanteventsinEuropeanhistory.Sowhatexactlysparkedthewar?"Thewarbeganasa conflictbetweenProtestantGermanprincesandtheCatholicemperoroverreligiousconstitutional issues"andwasofficiallyignitedin1618withtheDefenestrationofPragueThebuiltupreligious tensionbetweennationshadcreatedsomemomentumandthisactsparkedawar.In1618,members ofthepredominantlyProtestantBehmianlegislaturethrewtwoimperialofficialsoutofthethird storycastlewindowasaprotestagainstthereligiouspoliciesthat

...Getmorecontent...

ThirtyYearsWarResearchPaper

TheThirtyYearsWarwasoneofthelongestanddestructivewarsoverreligiousandpolitical conflictsbetweentheCatholicandProtestantstates.ThePeaceofWestphalia,aseriesofpeace treaties,wasthepeakelementoftheHolyRomanEmpire;itpavedthewayforcompromisesin establishingsovereignstatesandthebasisofreligioustoleration.

TheBohemianPhaseislocatedinBohemiaIthadaCatholicrulerbutmajorityofthepopulation areProtestant.ThiscausedalotofangryProtestants.EvenwiththePeaceofAugsburg,itisvery difficulttoruleoverpeopleofdifferentreligion.ThisledtheHapsburgEmpiretograntProtestants tolerationthrough"TheLetterofMajesty"or"EdictofToleration"issuedbyEmperorRudolph II....showmorecontent...

TheDanishPhaseislocatedinDenmark,NorthofmodernGermany.TheLutheranKingof Denmark,ChristianIV,wantedtohelptheProtestantssoheinvadestheHolyRomanEmpire. However,hewasdefeatedbyWallenstein,amercenaryworkingfortheHapsburgs,resultingin anotherCatholicVictory

Thefirsthalfofthewarconsistedmostlyofreligiousmotives.AstheProtestantsbecomemore oppressedtherewillbeagrowingtensionbetweenthetwostates.AsCatholicsstarttorestrainthe Protestant'sfreedom,arebellionwilloccur.

TheSwedesweredirectlyinvolvedintheThirtyYearsWar.TheirLutheranking,Gustavus Adolphus,wasoneofthemostsignificantleadersduringthetimeofthesereligiouswarsHewas knownasthe"FatherofModernWarfare"duetohisactionsandcontributionstowardstheBattleof Breitenfeld.

IntheBattleofBreitenfeld,theFrenchsupportedtheSwedish,theyfundedthemwhiletheSwedes fight.FranceisaCatholiccountryhelpingtheProtestantsbecausetheyvaluepoliticsoverreligion. TheyaremoreconcernedwiththebalanceofpowerinEurope.SincetheHapsburgwasthemost dominatingandpowerful,theydecidedtosidewithSwedentoovercome

...Getmorecontent...

ThefourstagesoftheThirtyYears'War,whichwasfoughtmostlyintheHolyRomanEmpire (modernGermany),involvednearlyallofthemajorpowersofEurope,andwasawarthatused religionasacover–upforpolitics.ThewarcausedthedemiseoftheHolyRomanEmpire,andthe riseofFranceasthenewpowerinEurope.Duringthewarnewtechnologiesalsowereused.The ThirtyYear'sWarwasendedbythepeaceofWestphaliain1648Beforethewar,theHolyRoman Empirealreadybegantohaveitsstruggles.In1555,thePeaceofAugsburgwasrecognized.Itstated thattheindividualprinceoftheHolyRomanEmpirecoulddeterminethereligionofhissubjects. ThePeaceofAugsburgwasunravelingassomeconvertedbishopshadnotshowmorecontent TheBohemianselectedFredrickVastheirnewking.Ferdinandthencalleduponhiscousin,King PhilipIIofSpainforhelp.FerdinandformedanarmytoopposetheBohemians.CountBucquoy,an AustrianCatholic,wonahugebattleagainsttheProtestantsatSablatinJuneof1619.Thebattle causedtheProtestanttolooseanallyinSavoy.TheSpanishsentanarmyunderthecommandof AmbrosioSpinolatoaidFerdinandInthefallof1620,theSpanishandHolyRomanEmpire'sarmy advancedontheProtestantforcesinBohemia.OnNovember8,1620,theProtestantsweredefeated attheBattleoftheWhiteMountain.Fredrick'sdefeatearnedhimthenicknametheWinterKing. Tilly,commanderofaCatholicforcecaughtupwiththereminderoftheBohemianprotestantforce, anddefeatedthemattheBattleofStadtlohnin1623.TheCatholicswerevictoriousinthefirst phaseThisbattlewasthelastmajorbattleoftheBohemianphaseoftheThirtyYearsWarThe secondorDanishPhaselastedfrom1625–1629.Itreceiveditsnamefromtheinvolvementofthe kingofDenmark,ChristianIV.HewasaLutheran,sohesupportedtheProtestants.Otherreasons alsoincludepoliticalrivalrieswiththeHolyRomanEmpireThecountryofDenmarkhad enormouswealththatwasunmatchedanywhereelseinEurope.France,underRegentCardinal Richelieu,agreedtosubsidizethewar.CardinalRichelieuwasindeedaCatholic,but

...Getmorecontent...

TheThirtyYearsWar

WithinthethirdsetofreadingsofTheEuropeanWorld1500–1800focusesonthecomplex religiousviolenceandwarsthatsurroundedthe16thcenturyandonwardsmainlythatofTheThirty YearsWar.TheThirtyYearsWarwastheeruptionofreligioustensionbetweenlutheranprotestants inNorthGermanyandScandinaviaagainstthedevoutcatholicsbasedinRome.TheThirtyYears Warwasuniqueasthechangenotonlyaffectedthewayofmodernwarfarewithashifttowards 'totalwarfare'butalsothereligiousdynamicsoftheEuropeanworld.Furthermore,thetopicof warfareindepthisalsodiscussedinthissetofreadingsandtheimpactofwaronEuropean populationsandtheenvironmentaroundthemAdvancementoftechnologylogisticsinthe ...Getmorecontent...

ThirtyYear'sWarResearchPaper

TheEuropeanconflictknownastheThirtyYear'swardrasticallychangedthepowerbalanceof Europeatthetime.Theconflictforcedindependentstatesintoalliancesthatcanstillbeseentoday andwhichinpartshapedfollowingconflictswithinEuropeannationstates.Initially,theThirty Years'Warwassolelyareligiousconflict,butthatswiftlyescalatedintoamorecomprehensive powerstrugglewithintheHolyRomanEmpireTheThirtyYear'swarideallycanbeviewed generallyspeakingfromtwodifferentpointsofviewtheEuropeanandGermanone.Fromthe Europeanpointofviewitwasthe"lastofthegreatwars"thewarthatwouldfinallyputanendthe influenceandcontroloftheCatholicpowersThewarwouldprovetothecatholic

...Getmorecontent...

WhatWasTheCauseOfTheThirtyYearsWarDbq

FollowingmanyyearsofstrifebetweenCatholicsandProtestantReformers,warbrokeoutinthe HolyRomanEmpirein1618.Thislonglastingconflict,knownastheThirtyYears'War,wouldnot ceaseuntiltheTreatyofWestphaliain1648.Thepolitical,economic,andsocialcauseshadbeen intensifyingsincetheProtestantReformationandthePeaceofAugsburg.Withanationdivided vastly,inmassivedebt,andincontinuousreligiousconflict,therewasonlyonesolution:warThe ThirtyYears'WarwasaturningpointinmodernEuropeanhistorybecausenewstrongnations emerged,butthewaralsobroughtdevastationtoEuropeanpopulationsandeconomics.Divisionin theHolyRomanEmpireandEuropeannationsandthebattleoverreligiousandpoliticallandswere themainpoliticalcauseoftheThirtyYears'War.OneofthereasonstheReformationwasableto spreadquicklythroughouttheHolyRomanEmpirewasbecausetheempirehadcollapsedinto360 smallerstates,whichwereruledbyprinceswhoheldvastamountsofpower.Asaresult,theHoly RomanEmperor,...showmorecontent...

TherewasanimositybetweenthetwomajorreligionsandinternalProtestantreligionsTheThirty Years'WarwasmainlyfoughtbetweentheProtestantsandtheCatholics.FollowingtheProtestant Reformationandthecounter–reformation,bothsideswereannoyedwithtoleratingtheother.The ProtestantsinsistedontheirrightswhiletheJesuitsfoughttotakebackcontrolofProtestantlands, suchastheCalvinistPalatinate.However,therewerealsointernalconflictswithintheProtestant religionsTheCalvinistsandLutheranswereinconstantstrugglebecausetheCalvinistswantedto berecognizedasareligion.ThePeaceofAugsburgrefusedtorecognizeCalvinism,butrecognized Lutheranism.Asaresult,theLutheransfeltthreatenedbytheCalvinistsbecausetheCalvinists wantedtobecomethemainProtestant

...Getmorecontent...