QuestionsOnTheBlackDeath
YEAR8CORESTUDIESTERM4HISTORYName:JemimahHulme
THEBLACKDEATH 1HOMEPAGE
Introduction:inafewsentences,summariseWhatIstheBlackDeath?(WHAT,WHERE,WHEN, WHO,HOW,WHY)
TheBlackDeath,alsoknownas'TheBubonicPlague'wasadevastatingpandemicinthe14th century,affectingmainlyEurope.Itwascausedbyadeadlybacteria,'YersiniaPestis'thatcaused large,pus–filledswellingsonthevictim'sbodyInthespaceof5years,theplaguespreadrapidly andclaimedthelivesof25millionpeople.
2ORIGINANDSPREAD
WhenDidtheBlackDeathOccur?WheredidtheBlackDeathoccur?Whenandwheredidthe BlackDeathSpread?
ThefirstsignsoftheBlackDeathwereinChinaandIndiainthe1330s.Englandhadheardrumours of'plagueintheEast'–butweren'talarmed,forChinaandIndiawerestilldevelopingandboth countrieshadalowpopulation
Meanwhile,tradingwasbecomingincreasinglypopular,andmanyshipsusedtheMediterranean, CaspianandBlackSeasastradingroutestogettoEurope.Asaresult,theplaguereachedthe CaspianSeaandRiverDonin1346.Approximatelyoneyearlater–1347–aboatdockedinSicily, containingcontaminatedratsaswellasmanydyingcrewmembers;thusspreadingthediseasetothe BlackSeaandConstantinopleInashorttime,TheBlackDeathhadspreadtowhatwouldbe Turkey,Macedonia,Greece,Iran,SyriaandIraqtoday.In1348theplaguespreadtothesouthern regionsofEngland,includingBristol
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TheBlackDeath
TheBlackDeathhadprofoundeffectsonMedievalEurope.Althoughmostpeopledidnotrealizeit atthetime,theBlackDeathhadnotonlymarkedtheendofoneagebutitalsodenotedthe beginningofanewone,namelytheRenaissance
Between1339and1351a.d,apandemicofplaguecalledtheBlackDeath,traveledfromChinato Europeaffectingtheimportanceofcities,creatingeconomicanddemographiccrises,aswellas politicaldislocationandrealignment,andbringingaboutpowerfulnewcurrentsincultureand religion.
Inthebeginning,theItaliantownofGenoawasoneofthebusiestportsinEurope.Shipssailedfrom theretotradeallovertheMediterraneanSea.InOctoberof1347,12merchant...showmore content
Themortalityrateforthepneumonicplaguewas90–95%;(iftreatedtodaythemortalityratewould be5–10%).Thepneumonicplagueinfectedthelungs.Symptomsincludeslimysputum;saliva mixedwithmucusexertedfromtherespiratorysystem,tintedwithblood.Asthediseaseprogressed, thesputumbecamefreeflowingandbrightred.Symptomstook1–7daystoappear.Thisdisease couldonlybetransmittedthroughtheair,bysomeone'scough
Finallythesepticemicplaguewasthemostrareformofall.Themortalitywascloseto100%. Symptoms,whichtook1–7daystoappear,werehighfeverandskinturningdeepshadesofpurple
TheBlackDeathstrucktheEuropeanpeoplewithoutwarning.Physiciansandphilosophersharmed ratherthanhelped.Theydidnotunderstandthecausesofinfectiousdiseasesnorhowtheyspread.It isnowonderthattheylookedtopriestsandstorytellers,ratherthandoctors,foranswers.Theydid nothavetheabilitytounderstandwherethissuddencrueldeathhadcomefromAndtheydidnot knowwhetheritwouldnevergoaway.
ThemostcommonbeliefwasthatGod,beingapunishmentforthesinpeoplehadcommittedsent theplague.Eveninnocentpeople,suchasinfants,hadtosufferforthehorriblecrimesofothers.The churchwasquicktocondemngambling,excessivedrinking,theimmodestyofwomen,andthe
EssayonTheBlackDeath
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TheBlackDeath
ItisimpossibletodiscussEurope'shistorywithoutmentioningthePlagueof1348,alsoknownas theBlackDeath.TheBlackDeathreachedItalianshoresinthespringof1348.Thepresenceofsuch aplaguewasenormouslydevastatingmakingitsmarkinunprecedentednumbersinrecorded history.Accordingtorecords,itisestimatedtohavekilledathirdofEurope'spopulation.TheBlack DeathwascausedbybacterianamedYersiniaPestis.Thisgermwastransferredfromratstofleas andthentohumansThisdiseasespreadquicklyduetotheinfestationofratsAlso,sanitary conditionswereverypoorwhichdidnothelptheproblematall.Whenahumanwasinfected,the bacteriamovedfromthebloodstreamshowmorecontent
ItisonlyfairthatwegivecredittosomethingsodreadfulastheBlackplagueforassistingand openingthewayfortheRenaissance.
ANewSociety
Underthisnewplague,anewsocietyhasformed.Asareactiontosuchadisaster,manycitizens wentaboutexcludedthemselvesfromsocietyinordertoavoidtheplague.Homeswereabandoned andtownswereleftnearlyemptyaspeopleenclosedthemselvesintosmallcommunitiesofonlythe healthy.Thiswasalldoneinhopesofpreservingthemselvesfromtheepidemic.Thesickly retrievedlittlehelpasmanyadoptedthepolicytoavoidthesickandeverythingtheyowned.
Manyofthecitizensnowpossessedaselfishmindframebroughtonbyterrorandpanic.Neighbor abandonedneighbor,brotherabandonedbrother,andmotherabandonedchild.Itisn'tdifficulttosee howexperiencingsuchatraumaticeventcanchangeonesoutlookonlife.Afterlivingthroughsuch conditions,thiscausedpeopletohaveloosermorals.Therewasnolongeraneedtohaveorderand arrayinsuchachaoticworldThelackofauthority,officials,andlawsonlyservedtoprovethat everymanwasabletodoashepleased.Thisnewchangeinsocietyandculturehappenedgradually andsteadily.ThesocialstructureofEuropewasalteredforeveranditisthischangeinsocietythat markedthebeginningoftheRenaissanceculture
Religion
Alongwithanewwayofthinkingcameanewwayofbelieving.Manypeople
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EssayonTheBlackDeath
Whatimpactdidthe'BlackDeath'plaguesthatbeganinEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyhaveon societiesthere?
TheBlackDeathwasadisastrousillnessthatspreadquicklythrough14thcenturyEurope,leaving manybodiesinitswakeandsoondominatedEuropeansocieties.NotonlydidtheBlackDeath ravishthepopulation,buttheplaguealsocausedlongtermsocietal,economicandpoliticalchanges ChildrenwereparticularlysusceptibletotheBlackDeath,whiletragicthishadfarreaching economicconsequencesasthislostgenerationdecreasedtheablelabourpopulation.Inturn, survivorscoulddemandanincreasedwagefortheirservicesastheworkforcehadbeendecimated Thisresultedinclasstensionsbetweenworkersandemployers.Minoritycommunitieswhichhad beentoleratedinEuropenowfoundthemselvesbeingmadescapegoatsforadeadlyillness.This wasparticularlytrueforJewishcommunitiesbutsomewomenfoundthemselvestargetedalso.The clergywereathigherriskofsuccumbingtotheBlackDeaththiscausedmanytoquestiontheir beliefintheCatholicChurchThereisnodoubtthatthesefactorschangeEuropeansocietyin extensivewayswhichwillbeexaminedinthisessay.
TheBlackDeathinEuropewasaformoftheplaguewhichcausedpainfulsores,ulcersandspread quicklythroughpopulations.Certaingroupswereslightlymorevulnerable,however,theBlack DeathkilledquicklyandmercilesslyMedicineinthe14thcenturywasata
EssayOnTheBlackDeath
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Imaginetheworldasitis.Therearemanypeoplelivingontheplanetatagiventime.Nowimagine thatoutoftheestimated7billionpeopleonearth,about4,200,000,000peopleweresuddenly eradicatedbecauseofadiseaseinfestingjustapartoftheworld.No,itisntasceneorplotfroma horrormovie,thishorriblerealityisactuallyfactandhasalreadyhappenedinthedistantpast.Iam talking,ofcourse,oftheBlackDeathofEuropeTheBlackDeathorasitsalsoknownas"Bubonic Plague",wasaseriouspandemicthatinfectedEuropeandnearlywipedout60%ofitspopulation duringits2yearspreadallacrossEurope.Aroughestimateofabout60–200millionpeoplewere claimedasvictimsofTheBlackDeathAtthetime,showmorecontent
Sometimes,likemostexplanationsbackthen,itwastheworkofGodandpunishmentafflictedupon Europeforwhateverreasonsofthetime.Forthesepeople,theonlycurewastobesomehow forgivenbyGod.Thiswasusuallydonebypeoplecarvingorpaintingthesymbolofthecrossonthe frontdoorsoftheirhousewiththewords"Lordhavemercyonus"eithernearitoronit.Another greatcontributortothedestructionoftheBlackDeathwastheGreatFireofLondonwhichhelped eradicatemostoftheratsthatcarriedthediseaseandwipingoutmostofthepeoplewiththedisease. TheplagueactuallyrepeatedlycontinuedtoremaininEuropeandtheMediterraneanthroughoutthe centuries.Themajoroccurencesoftheplaguehappenedaroundtheyear1346and1671.The SecondPandemicBlackDeathwasprettyactiveintheyears1360and1667.AllofEuropewas ravagedanditimpactedEuropesodevastatinglythatittook150yearsforthepopulationofEurope tobefullyrecovered.Quarantiningpeoplewasanotherwayofcombatingtheplagueinancient times.Takinganti–bioticswasadvisedwasadvisedincaseyoucameintocontactwithavictimof thediseaseInearly2011itwasdiscoveredthatthebacteriaYersiniaPestiswasactuallytheculprit foroneofthemostdevastatingpandemicsevertosurfaceintheworld.While
ResearchonTheBlackDeathEssay
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PositiveAndNegativeEffectsOfBlackDeath
DescribeboththepositiveandnegativeeffectstheBlackDeathandthebreakupoftheMongol empirehadduringtheRenaissance.
ThesetwoeventsnotonlyleftEuropewithnowayoutforalongtime,buttheyalsointervenedwith themostimportantfactorduringthisyears.Trading.Thepositiveeffectithadwasthegrowthof Europe'spopulationwhichencouragedtradingtokeepongrowingaswellEuropewasnowtrading withAsia,whichmadeitaloteasier,becauseofthefactthattheycouldmovetheirmerchandise throughAsiaandgetittoEurope.
WhydoyouthinkprinceHenrydecidedtoallywithPortugalanNorthAfricainsteadofconquering both?Didhehadaspecialpurposewiththese?Ifsoplainwhatitwas.
FirstofallIthinkhedidnothaveenoughpeopletodoit,andsecond,conqueringwasnothisgoal. Hisgoalwasgettingtodiscovernewpartsoftheworld,whichiswhyhisPortuguesemen...show morecontent
HespentseveralmonthsinvestigatingtheislandsoftheCaribbeanandassumedthiswasIndia, whichiswhyhecalledthepeopleIndians.Peoplenowrecognizedhimasahero,notonlybecause ofthenewpeople,butbecausehehaddiscoveredaroutetounknowncontinents.
WhattookPortugalandSpaintocreatetheirownempire
AfterthelandswerediscoveredbyChristopher,thekingandqueenofSpainbothrequestedhelp frompopeAlexanderVItoclaimthelandtheirs.Theygottoanagreement,wherethelandwouldbe dividedintwozones;thewestbebelongingtoSpain,andtheeastbelongingtoPortugalSincein thosetimes,geographycouldnotbetechnologicallyproven,thetreatymade,waslikeapushfor thesetwonations,andtheotherrestingones,tostartclaimingtheirlandsandbuildingtheirempires asfastaspossible.
Doyouthinkbalboa'sdiscoverywasimportantfortheeventsthathappenedlateron?Whyorwhy ...Getmorecontent...
TheBlackDeathBlackDeath,epidemicofplaguewhichravagedEuropeinthemid–14thcentury. Variousformsofplaguewereknowninthecivilizedworldsinceancienttimes.GreekandRoman historiansdescribedoutbreaksofanepidemicdiseasewhichweresuddenanddeadly:at Constantinopleinthe6thcenturyAD,forexample,asmuchashalfthepopulationmayhavebeen killedTheoutbreakwhichreachedEuropefromChinain1347,andspreadrapidlyandwith disastrousresultstomostcountries,hasbeengiventhenametheBlackDeath,though contemporariesdidnotusethisterm.
EpidemiologyoftheBlack...showmorecontent...
Moredeadlystillwaspneumonicplague,oneofthemostinfectiousandfataldiseasesknownto man.Itwascommonestinthecoldwintermonths,affectedthelungsandwaseasilytransmitted,for itcouldbespreadbycoughsandsneezes.Itwas95percentfatal,victimsnormallydyingwithin threedaysoftheonset
SpreadoftheBlackDeath
[IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE]TheBlackDeathofthemid–14thcenturyprobablybeganinthe steppesofCentralAsiaandspreadtoChinaandIndia.Contemporarychroniclersthoughtthata seriesofnaturaldisasters,suchasearthquakes,hadupsettheecologicalbalancethere.Merchants travellingfromtheaffectedregionsmayhavecarriedthediseasealongtheusualtraderoutestothe MiddleEastandtheMediterranean.ItreachedConstantinoplein1347,MessinainSicily(itsfirst Europeanappearance)inOctober1347,andParisandthesouthcoastofEnglandinthesummerof 1348.ItthenspreadrapidlytotherestofEurope.Thatitcontinuedinthewintermonthsaswellas thesummersuggeststhatthepneumonicformwasalsopresentwithbubonicplague,fortheformer flourishesincrampedlivingconditionswherepeoplehuddletogetherforwarmthThespeedwith whichthediseasewasspreadinalargelyruraland,bymodernstandards,notdenselypopulated, society;theshortintervalbetweeninfectionanddeath;
TheBlackDeathEssay
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TheBlackDeathwasoneofthemostdevastatingpandemicsinhumanhistory,resultinginthedeath ofsome75to200millionpeopleinEuropeintheyears1346–53.Therewereseveralcompeting theoriesastotheetiologyoftheBlackDeath,analysisofDNAfromvictimsinnorthernand southernEuropepublishedin2010–11indicatesthatthepathogenresponsiblefortheYersiniapestis bacteriumprobablycausedseveralformsoftheplagueTheBlackDeathisthoughttohavecome fromthearidplainsofCentralAsia,whereittravelledalongtheSilkroad,reachingtheCremeaby 1343.Fromthereitmostlikelywascarriedbyratfleaslivingontheblackratsthatwerepassengers onmerchantshipsSpreadingthroughouttheMediterraneanshowmorecontent
Themostcommonlynotedsymptomwastheappearanceofbuboesinthegroin,theneckand armpits,whichoozedpusandbledwhenopened.Fromthepartsofthebodythisdeadlygavocciolo soonbegantopropagateandspreaditselfinalldirectionsindifferently;afterwhichtheformofthe maladybegantochange,blackspotsorlividmakingtheirappearanceinmanycasesonthearmor thethighorelsewhere,nowfewandlarge,nowminuteandnumerousItissaidthattheplaguetakes threeforms.Inthefirstpeoplesufferaninfectionofthelungs,whichleadstobreathingdifficulties. Whoeverhasthiscorruptionorcontaminationtoanyextentcannotescapebutwilldiewithintwo days.Anotherform...inwhichboilseruptunderthearmpits,athirdforminwhichpeopleofboth sexesareattackedinthegroin.Themodernbubonicplaguehasamortalityrateof30–75%and symptomsincludingfeverof38–
41°C(100–106°F),headaches,painfulachingjoints,nauseaandvomiting,andageneralfeelingof malaise.Leftuntreated,ofthosethatcontractthebubonicplague,80percentdiewithineightdays. ThemechanismbywhichYpestiswasusuallytransmittedwasestablishedin1898
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EssayOnBlackDeath
TheBubonicPlague,morecommonlyreferredtoasthe"BlackDeath,"ravagedEurope betweentheyears1347and1350.Duringthisshortperiod,25millionpeople,onethirdofEurope's populationatthetime,werekilled.Thousandsofpeoplediedeachweekanddeadbodieslitteredthe streets.Onceafamilymemberhadcontractedthedisease,theentirehouseholdwasdoomedtodie. Parentsabandonedtheirchildren,andparent–lesschildrenroamedthestreetsinsearchforfood Victims,deliriouswithpain,oftenlosttheirsanity.Lifewasintotalchaos.ThePlaguewasa disasterwithoutaparallel,causingdramaticchangesinmedievalEurope.ComingoutoftheEast, theBlackDeathreachedtheshoresofItalyinthespringofshowmorecontent Astheirrodenthostsdiedout,thefleasmigratedtothebodiesofhumansandinfectedtheminthe samefashionastheyhadtherats,andsotheplaguespread
Inthetext,therewereseveralideasonhowtheBlackDeathactuallydeveloped.Thefirstdocument, writtenbyIbnKhaldun,describedtheplagueinthebestdetailThemostcommonbeliefwasthat Godhadsenttheplagueandthatitwashispunishmentforthesinshumankindhadcommitted.Even innocentpeople,suchasinfants,hadtosufferforthehorriblecrimesofothers.Thechurchwas quicktocondemngambling,excessivedrinking,theimmodestyofwomenandthelazinessof peasants.Guiltlayuponeveryman'sheart.Thereforeitwasonlynaturalthatthefirstmeasures takenagainsttheplagueweretheconfessionofallsinsandprayerforforgivenessLearnedmenand women,whodidnotbelievethattheplaguewassentbygodorsuperstitions,attemptedtocomeup withamorelogicalexplanation.Somethoughtthata"mysteriouspoisonouscloud"gradually movingacrossEuropebroughttheplagueFinally,themostextremeexplanationinvolvedthe changingofseasonsandtheconjunctionsoftheplanets.Theweatherhadbeenaffectedbythe alteredseasons,whichwasinconnectiontotheconjunctionofMarsandJupiter.Thehotandwet planetofJupiter,whencombinedwiththeangerofMars,createdpestilentvapors.Thewindon Earththen
EssayaboutTHEBLACKDEATH
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TheBlackDeathwasanextensiveepidemicthatspreadacrossEuropefrom1346to1353,killing overanestimatedone–thirdofEurope'sentirepopulation(MedievalWorld56).Althoughhistorians arenotentirelysureofitsorigin,theBlackDeathspreadquicklyacrossbothEuropeandAsiawitha deathtollthataugmentedrapidly.Theplaguealsohadunusualanddeadlysymptoms,causing "paniceverywhere,withmenandwomenknowingnowaytostopdeathexcepttofleefromit" (Kohn28).ThechaoscreatedbythemalevolentforceoftheBlackDeathimpactedthesocietyof Europeasawhole.DespitetheextentoftheBlackDeath,weknowsurprisinglylittleofit (CartwrightandBiddiss38);however,historianshavepresentednumeroustheoriesshowmore content...
ThebubonicplaguewasthemaincontenderoftheBlackDeath(Byrne15–16)whichwasprimarily spreadthroughthebacteriaYersiniapestisfoundinthestomach(Corbishley47)oftheXenopsylla cheopis,acommonflea(Byrne197).Thefleawouldthenfeedonahost'sblood,andregurgitatethe bacteriaintothehost,causingthevictimtobecomeinfectedthebubonicplague(Nox)TheRattus rattus,orblackrat,isconsideredtohavehelpedthespreadoftheBlackDeathbycarryingthefleas thatcarriedthebacteriacausingbubonicplague(Byrne196).Uponinfectionofthebubonicplague, avarietyofsymptomsappearedquitequickly.Duringthefirstfewdays,victimswoulddevelopa headache,chills,afever,weakness,anincreasedpulse,andawhitetongue.Asthedisease progressed,redandblackspots,alsocalledgangrene,appearedduetothebody'stissuedying,and buboes,swollenlymphnodesfilledwithblood,puss,andbacteria,appearedonthevictim'sgroin, neck,andarmpits(Zahler26–27).Astheplagueprogressed,thebacteriabeganrunningrampant throughoutthevictim'sbody,eventuallydevelopingpneumonicplague,aplaguewithinthelungs (CartwrightandBiddiss30).Thesymptomsofpneumonicplaguemirrorthesymptomsofen exceptionallyvirulentpneumonia.Bubonic
EssayonTheBlackDeath
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TheBlackDeathhadextensiveeffectsonthelivesofmedievalcitizens.Thepestilenceboostedthe economy,hadaseriousimpactonreligion,andadvancedscienceandmedicine.TheBubonic Plague,ormorecommonlyreferredtoastheBlackDeath,beganintheearly1330's(TheBlack Death:BubonicPlague).IntheverypopulatedcivilizationofChina,theBubonicplaguewas carriedbyfleasThesefleasinfectedratsandhumansAfterahumanwasinfected,theplaguewould spreadveryquickly.In1347,theinfectedofChinasenttheplaguetoEuropeandtoEnglandin 1948usingatraderoute.TheBubonicplagueinfectedtheMediterranean,France,Spain,andItaly. Then,itspreadtoBritain,Scandinavia,andRussia(Mason)TheBubonicPlaguealsohadnomercy whenitcametowhowouldbeinfected.TheBlackDeathtookthelivesoftheelderly,children,and menandwomenofallages.Theplaguewasnotexclusivetothepoor.Ittookthelivesofnuns, peasants,monks,archbishops,andevenroyalty.Lifeascitizensknewitbefore,wouldbeforever changed.
TheBlackDeathhadagreatimpactontheeconomyEuropehadbeenundergoingagreat populationboostupuntiltheplague.TheBlackDeathputanendtothisboostandevenbrokedown thepopulationmuchfarther.Workers,thatwerestillalive,demandedhigherwagesandbetter workingconditions.In1349,anEnglishlawwasmadethatstatedthataworkerhadtoacceptthe samesalarythattheyweregivenin1346.Soon
EssayOnTheBlackDeath
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"DONOT,andImeanDONOTgooutsideunlessIamwithyou,"repeatedmydad,forwhat seemedlikethousandsoftimes.AsIalwaysdid,Irespondedwith,"Yesdad,Iknow."Mydad constantlyinsertedthislineinmyhead,andeverytimeIalwaysdozedoffthinkingabouteveryone daringtobeoutsideandallthecontagiouspeopleandlovedoneslost.Thesewereprecautionsthat myfathertooktoprotectheandIfromthehumaneliminatingdisease,knownastheBlackDeathIt hadbeentwoyearssincetheplaguehadbegunin1347andstartedtoinfectandsavagelykill millionsofpeople,almost⅓ofEurope'swholepopulation,tobeexact,whenfleasonratsspreadthe disease,butsomehowmydadandIwerestillaliveMymomandmylittlesistercaughttheplague aboutayearagoanddiedahorridandtragicdeath.ItwasthesaddestdayofmydadandI'slives, andwevowedtobestrongforthemandsurviveaslongaswecouldintheirhonor.Thetearsthat rusheddownourfaces,andthepainthesurgedthroughourbodiesonthatdaywasalmost unbearable.Somehowwemanagednottogetinfectedwiththediseasewhenmymomandsisterhad gotit,despitethediseasebeingtransmittablethroughtouchofclothesandevenairIguessyou couldcallitamiracle,butduringthisperiodoftime,thewordmiraclewasn'tsuchagoodoneto use,consideringtheamountofdiseaseanddeath.Myhometown,Paris,anditspeoplehadalmostall beeninfectedbytheraginganddangerousBlackPlague.Pariswasoneofthefirstcountriesin EuropethatwasaffectedbytheBlackDeath.Becauseofthedeadlyplague,everysingleday,andI meaneverysingleday,mylifewasthesameI,BobbyBrown,andmydad,HeraldBrown,brushed ourteeth,atethesmallamountsoffoodthatwerationedouttohelpsurvive,putonclothesthat couldcoveruscompletely,andworkedondividingthefood,items,andgoodsaroundthehouse, becausewecouldn'tleaveMyhousewaslikeadungeon,exceptthebadthingswereontheoutside ofitandnotinthehouse.MyfatherandIhadtobestrong;wehadtokeepfightingtosurvivefor ourfamilyandeveryotherfamilyaffectedbythisdisease.Myfatheralwayspleadedtome,"Never let
PersuasiveEssayOnTheBlackDeath
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TheBlackDeath
TheBlackDeath,themostsevereepidemicinhumanhistory,ravagedEuropefrom1347–1351. Thisplaguekilledentirefamiliesatatimeanddestroyedatleast1,000villages.Greatlycontributing totheCrisisoftheFourteenthCentury,theBlackDeathhadmanyeffectsbeyonditsimmediate symptoms.NotonlydidtheBlackDeathtakeadevastatingtollonhumanlife,butitalsoplayeda majorroleinshapingEuropeanlifeintheyearsfollowing.
TheBlackDeathconsistedmainlyofBubonicplague,butpneumonicplaguewasalsopresentinthe epidemic.SymptomsoftheBubonicplagueincludedhighfever,achinglimbs,andbloodvomiting. Mostcharacteristicofthediseasewereswollenlymphnodes,whichgrewuntiltheyshowmore content
EuropeaneconomyandsocietychangeddrasticallyfollowingtheBlackDeath.Becausesomany peoplehaddied,therewasahugelaborshortageThiscontributedtotheendofthefeudalsystem, sinceserfscouldoftenleavetheirmanorsandmakeabetterlivingincities.Inadditiontobetter workopportunities,survivorsoftheplaguehadasurplusofmaterialgoods.Manyofthedeadhad leftbehindentireestatesandotherbelongings.Thesegoodswereavailablethroughinheritanceand looting.Atthistime,thepawnshopbusiness,madefamousbytheMedicifamily,becameextremely successfulThroughthesefactors,Europeexperiencedanoverallriseinitsstandardofliving
Theplaguealsoaffectedreligionandart,whichbecameverydarkandpreoccupiedwithdeath. ManypeoplebelievedthattheBlackDeathcamefromGod'sextremeangerattheworldAgroupof fanatics,calledFlagellants,inflictedvariouspunishmentsonthemselvesinanattempttoatonefor theworld'ssins––andendthedisease.Anartisticstyleknownasthedansemacabredepicted skeletonsandcorpsesminglingwiththelivingduringhappyoccasions.Theseactionsremindedthe peopleoftheoverridingsenseofdoomthatshadowedtheirlivesbecauseoftheBlackDeath. TheBlackDeathchangedEuropeanhistoryinmanysignificantwaysItsfatalsymptomstookmany humanlives,anditsinfluencecarriedoverintomanyareasofsociety.Economically,Europe flourishedbecause
TheBlackDeathEssay
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Thevictimsofthisplaguesufferedfromdelusions,nightmares,feversandswellingsinthegroin, armpitsandbehindtheirears.Someofthesuffererswentintocomaswhileothersreportedbeing highlydelusional.Atthetimeperiodthiswasgoingontherewasn'tanymedicinethattheyhave triedtocurethisplague.Thisplagueendedupbeingcontainedin750CEittook208yearsforthis plaguetopassbecausetheycouldn'tfindacureforitbecausetheydidn'thaveastrongmedicalfield thisplaguespreadexponentially.Theycouldn'tfindawaytoactuallycurethisdiseasebecauseit wascombinedwiththeBlackDeathsotheywerekillingalltheirskilleddoctorsbeforetheycould evenbegintostartonacureforthisdiseaseOnehistorianbythenameofProcopiushasreported that10,000peopleperdayhavebeen...showmorecontent...
Apandemicdiffersfromepidemicbecauseapandemicaffectsalargeareawhileanepidemicaffects alocalizedarea.Oldpeople,youngkids(approximatelyyoungerthan5)andpregnantwomenare moreatriskofgettingillfromapandemicorepidemic.Theconditionsofdeclaringapandemicisif thevirusisabletocauseseriousillnessesorevendeathsithastobeavirusthatcanbespreadfrom humantohumanItalsoneedstohavelittletononeimmunitylevels.Thesocietalfactorsthatwill increasethepandemicarewatersupply,sanitationfacilities,food,climate,andtemperature.Water supplycouldbeafactorbecausepeoplecouldhavecontaminatedthewatercausingthewaterto infectiousmeaningthatiftheydrinkitthentheycouldgetthediseasethemselves.Foodbecauseif theykillandeatananimalwithoutkillingallthebacteriaintheanimalthentheycouldgetthe disease.Climateandtemperaturebecausesometimesifthetemperaturebecomestoohotthenthat couldmakethebacteriaincrease
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ArgumentativeEssayOnBlackDeath
ThesunwarmsmybackasIskipalongsidemyyoungersisterthroughthebrightlycoloredgarden. Abirdcallsjustabovemyhead,andasugarywhiterabbithopsacrosstheroad.Ihearmymother sweetlycallingmynameforlunch,"Alice",thenagain,"Alice",thenmoreforcefully,"Alice!"I heararustlingfrombehind,assomethingsimultaneouslyshakesmyshoulders.Thewarmthfrom holdingmysister'shanddisappears,theworldgoesblack,andmyeyesclosealmostasquicklyas theyflutterbackopen.Iseemymotherstandingabovemybed,waitingexpectantly–itwasonly justadream.
Afterslippingonmytunicandpullingmyhairback,IwakeupMatilda,myfive–year–oldsisterI thenheadovertomyparentsforabreakfastofbreadandvegetables.Withthesunbarelyrisingover thehorizonIbeganalongdayofwork,whichwasrequiredbythenoblewhoowntheland.While mindlesslyfeedingthepigsandsheepandplantingseedsandweedingthefields,allIcanreallypay attentiontoisthewhisperingsofadeadlyillnesssweepingacrossnearbyvillages.Myheartracesas hushedvoicesdiscussthis"BlackDeath"
"IheardpeoplewiththeBlackDeatharecoveredinredandblackboils,"afemaleexclaimed.
"Yes!Andfeverandmusclepainstoo,"anotherdescribed.
"Myfriendtwotownsoverdiedthreedaysaftershowingsymptoms.Webestavoidmiceandfleas," amangrimlysaid.Terrifiedoftheseconversations,Iprayedforthedaytoendquicklysothat
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NarrativeEssayOnTheBlackDeath
BlackDeathEssayTest
TheBubonicPlague,ortheBlackDeath,wastheworstrecordedpandemicinourhumanexistence. TheBlackDeathravagedthroughtraderoutesfromitsoriginsinCentralAsiaallthewaytoEastern Europebetween1347to1351Thedamagethediseaseleftbehindisoverwhelmingasthehigh mortalityrateofoverone–thirdoftheEuropeanpopulationwerekilledoffalongwiththe undocumentedcasesofthepeoplealongthetraderoutesasthemerchantstraveledfromvillageto villageTheplaguedidnotjustbringdepopulationhowever,italsobroughtlatersufferingand prosperitytotheplacesaffected.TheBubonicPlaguewasandstillisacatastrophicdiseasethat needstoberememberedsonothinglikeitcanhappenagain.
TheplaguewasaterrifyingdiseaseoriginatingfromtheheartofCentralAsiacausingchaos whereveritmightfinditself,accordingtoText1:TheBlackDeath,"TheBlackDeathisthebubonic plague,andiscausedbybadbacteria(Y.Pestis)whichlivesinthestomachsoffleasthatliveon rats."Theinfestedfleaswouldtravelonratswhowouldthentravelwiththewanderingmerchants travellingalongthetraderoutesbetweenAsiaandEurope.Thefleaswouldinfecttheirpreyby biting,thanvomitingintotheholetheyhadjustcreatedtospreadthediseasefromtheirstomachsto thevictim'sbloodstream,infectingthemThereasonforthewidespreadofthediseasewasbecause ratsandfleaswereextremelyprevalentin
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EssayOnTheBlackDeath
TheBlackDeath
"TheBlackDeath"isknownastheworstnaturaldisasterinEuropeanhistory.Theplaguespread throughoutEuropefrom1346–1352.Thosewhosurvivedlivedinconstantfearoftheplague's returnanditdidnotdisappearuntilthe1600sNotonlyweretheeffectsdevastatingatthetimeof infection,butduringtheaftermathaswell."TheBlackDeath"ofthefourteenthcenturydramatically alteredEurope'ssocialandeconomicstructure.
Theplaguewasspreadbyfleas,whichwerenoteffectedbythedisease.Fleasfirstinfectedtherats, whichlivedoffgarbageandsewage.Theratsthenspreadtheinfectiontothehumans.Ratswerea commonsightinthecities,duetothepoorsanitaryconditions,sonooneshowmorecontent "TheBlackDeath"alonewasnottheonlyfactorthatwasresponsibleforthesocialandeconomic changealthoughitwasthemostimportant(Ziegler234)Evenwithout"TheBlackDeath" continueddeteriorationinEuropewouldhavebeenlikely.Thesocialandeconomicchangehad alreadysetinwellbefore1346.Foratleasttwenty–fiveyearsbefore"TheBlackDeath,"exports, agriculturalproduction,andtheareaofcultivatedlandhadallbeenshrinking."TheBlackDeath" contributedalargeparttoallofthisdestructionandledtoimportantchangesinthesocialand economicstructureofthecountry(Ziegler234–235)Theplaguetouchedeveryaspectofsociallife (Herlihy19).Therewashardlyagenerationthatwasnotaffectedbytheplague (www.jefferson.village.virginia.edu).Familiesweresetagainsteachother–thewellrejectingthe sick(wwwbyuedu)FamilieslefteachotherinfearManypeoplediedwithoutanyonelooking afterthem.Whentheplagueappearedinahouse,frightenedpeopleabandonedthehouseandfledto another(www.jefferson.village.virginia.edu).Duetothis,theplaguespreadmorerapidlybecause peoplewerenotawarethatbeinginthesamehousewiththeinfectedpersonhadalreadyexposed themtoit.Physicianscouldnotbefoundbecausetheyhadalsodied.Physicianswhocouldbefound wantedlargesumsofmoneybeforetheyenteredthehouse(wwwjeffersonvillagevirginiaedu) Whenthe
ThePlague
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