The Transformation of Cijin’s Discarded Waterfront into Urban Complement

旗津岛滨海地区复兴策略及规划 设计 (申请清华大学建筑学硕士专业学位论文)

培养单位 ：

建筑学院

申

王 于 珊

请

人 ：

指导教师 ：

黄 鹤 副 教授

二○一四年五月

旗 津 岛 滨 海 地 区 复 兴 策 略 及 规 划 设 计

王 于 珊

The Transformation of Cijin’s Discarded Waterfront into Urban Complement: through the Principles of Cultural-led Regeneration Thesis Submitted to Tsinghua University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the professional degree of Master of Architecture

by Eugenia Wang

Thesis Supervisor : Associate Professor Huang He

May, 2014

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本人完全了解清华大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即： 清华大学拥有在著作权法规定范围内学位论文的使用权，其中包 括： （1）已获学位的研究生必须按学校规定提交学位论文，学校可以采 用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存研究生上交的学位论文； （2）为教学 和科研目的，学校可以将公开的学位论文作为资料在图书馆、资料室等 场所供校内师生阅读，或在校园网上供校内师生浏览部分内容。 本人保证遵守上述规定。 （保密的论文在解密后遵守此规定）

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台湾旗津岛，作为一个典型的后工业化地区面临着工业衰退、城市面貌 急需改善的问题，对旗津岛更新的分析有助于对中国后工业化城市和地区面 临的普遍问题的探讨。 后工业化城市和地区面临的主要问题是工业的迁移带来本地经济和城市 面貌的双重衰退，如何能够使得这些地区重获新生是长期以来城市政府、学 术界和各方探讨的主要议题。正如我们在旗津岛看到的那样，曾为重要的贸 易和工业中心; 然而工业日渐衰败，经济重心转移，与完善规划的缺乏，现 今的旗津岛已不复当年的繁华容貌。近年来政府着重于提倡当地旅游行业的 发展，朝打造『国际观光岛』的目标迈进，借此振兴旗津地区经济与环境条 件。此计划针对部分地区提供了环境上的 改变，但却对于旗津岛整体的发展 缺乏考虑。 本论文针对其现况进行相关的案例研究。文化政策导向的城市更新（ cultureled regeneration）是从上个世纪 70 年代开始于西方后工业城市的更新方式， 毕尔巴鄂和格拉斯哥是两个典型案例。论文着重于分析西班牙的『毕尔巴鄂』 和苏格兰的『格拉斯哥』两城市就此问题所呈现之应对方案。由此总结出后 工业城市都市化的五大方针-『文化资产的传承、当地资源的利用、居民归属 感的塑造、城市形象的重塑、公共与私营的平衡』。经由这 方针再对于旗津 现况进行分析与研究，并进一步提出相关的建议与设计方案。 设计以全岛城市结构及现状分析作为出发，并且综合当地政府的愿景， 针对全岛的永续发展提出『城市土地脉络』的概念，并提出了荒地绿化及环 岛车道的策略。在文化资产的传承方面，启发当地创造性及发扬已有文化 ;在 当地资源的利用方面，运用当地素材以激活滨海生态；在居民归属感的塑造 方面，借鉴和采用传统的空间形态。从上述三个方面重塑旗津岛的城市形象， 并建议通过公共与私营的平衡方面使得旗津岛的更新得以实施。 通过此研究方法与设计，既能解决当地面临的挑战，同时又能创造反映 本土性且具识别性的建成环境，进而促进旗津的经济发展。 关键词：永续发展；文化资产；都市化；后工业；城市重建

I

Abstract

Abstract “Cijin Island” a typical product of a post-industrialized region, once a flourishing industrial center, now forgotten due to a shift in economic focus, a decline in demand for heavy industry and the lack of a succession plan for the region. This critical problem is twofold, a local economic recession and a gradual abandonment of the urban landscape built to support the industrial sector. A current analysis of the Cijin region explores this common problem faced in China’s Industrial cities and the regions. Regeneration efforts in Cijin remain challenging and the government’s plans on promoting Cijin as an “International Tourism Island” as the solution to revitalize the area has remained relatively unsuccessful.

In this paper, two case studies, “Bilbao” in Spain and “Glasgow” in Scotland, are analyzed to provide a comprehensive regeneration proposal for Cijin Island. Both cities have delivered successful regeneration an intelligent and integrated urban regeneration plan that focused on a culturally led regeneration policy.

Multiple guidelines can be drawn from the two case studies and serve as a blueprint for a comprehensive regeneration proposal. A city regeneration plan needs five critical pillars, “a balanced top-down and bottom-up policy”, “a resident oriented local identity”, “restoration of cultural heritage” and “use of local resources”. This provides a channel to re-brand the island in a method supported by the local populace through a cultural focal point.

An analysis on the design and current situation on the island serves as starting point for research and also amalgamates the views of the local government to critique the sustainability of development through an "Urban Land Nexus". It also serves as a basis for proposing the strategy of renewing green sites and a ‘green’ island-wide transport link.

Cultural heritage assets are preserved to inspire creativity and promote existing local cohesiveness; Local resources are fully utilized by the use of local materials and the activation of the unique waterfront; local traditional spatial form is used to shape a sense of belonging for local residents. Utilizing these three concepts to reposition Cijin’s image, it is recommended to consider both public and private opinions to provide a balanced regeneration proposal for implementation.

Through this research methods and design, the paper addresses the challenges faced II

Abstract

by a city, while creating an indigenous image that is reflected in the environment and also contributes to the economic development of Cijin.

Keywords: sustainable development; cultural heritage; urbanization; post-industrial; urban renewal

III

目

录

Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................. 1 1.1

Question introduction ...................................................................... 1

1.2

Background and significance of topic............................................... 2

1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7

Post- industrial challenges ............................................................ 2 Urbanization challenges of China ................................................. 3 Transformation / regeneration of urban context ............................. 4 Sustainable urban complements .................................................... 5 Local identity ............................................................................... 5 Significance of waterfront ............................................................ 6 Specific context- Cijin Island ........................................................... 7 Background information of Kaohsiung City .................................. 7 Post-industrial challenges of Kaohsiung City ................................ 9 Background information of Cijin Island ...................................... 10 Post-industrial challenges of Cijin Island .................................... 14 The tourism approach of Cijin Island .......................................... 15 Development challenges of Cijin Island – tourism? ................. 16 Related government agendas and projects ................................... 17

Chapter 2 Case study and principle development ............... 21 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6

Case study and reference ............................................................... 21 Abandoibarra District – Bilbao, Basque, Spain ........................ 22 City Centre, Clyde Waterfront – Glasgow, Scotland ................ 27 Case Study comparison and conclusion .......................................... 31 The private and the public sectors ............................................... 32 Cultural heritage ......................................................................... 33 Local resources .......................................................................... 34 Resident oriented local identity .................................................. 35 Rebrand the city image ............................................................... 36 Case study conclusion ................................................................ 37

Chapter 3 Concept and implementation............................... 38 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3

Initial concept relevancy- problems with current practice ............... 38 Cijin v.s. strategic planning ........................................................ 39 Cijin v.s. resident’s local identity ............................................. 42 Cijin v.s. cultural heritage .......................................................... 43 IV

目

3.1.4 3.1.5 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4

录

Cijin v.s. local resources............................................................. 45 Cijin v.s. marketing strategy ....................................................... 46 Specific architectural concept development and implementation ..... 47 Urban Land Nexus- the island approach ...................................... 49 The anchor – specific site ....................................................... 55 Integrated Community ................................................................ 55 The Lure – Activate the waterfront; facilitate the surrounding . 58

Chapter 4 Conclusion ............................................................. 63 References ................................................................................ 65 Acknowledgement ................................................................... 68 Statement.................................................................................. 69 Appendix A The Island ........................................................... 70 Appendix B Public Facility .................................................... 72 Appendix C Residential Area ................................................ 75 Curriculum Vitae/Publications/Research Achievements .... 83

V

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Question introduction This thesis focuses on a generic issue many countries are facing today, the regeneration of their post-industrial areas. Along with restructuring the greater framework, retaining the significances of the area is also widely considered. The approach of such is taken from various expectations and through numbers of implementations. Out of this wide range of context, the regeneration of the post-industrial waterfront harbor areas is often valued by cities with such characteristic. As the waterfront areas mostly act as the outer façade of a city or country and contains heritage elements and characteristics that are unique and different from the mainland, it is often viewed as the priority of regeneration. This leads to the question of “How to regenerate China’s newly urbanized post-industrial harbor sites into sustainable urban complements?” and more importantly, the desire to extract a set of guiding principles that could be applied on similar contexts.

This thesis is generated through three main interrelated processes: the context, the strategy and the implementation. This section would start off by identifying the main components that forms the specificity of the stated inquiry.

Figure 1.1 Thesis Question Introduction Diagram

1

Chapter 1 Introduction

The regeneration: The strategy or a process of reform, a transformation of a place from one declined stage to the next through various elements and factors that would be carried on in a dramatic change of forms.

Post-industrial harbor sites: The waterfront areas that were previously designed for industrial related components that are no longer the main driving force of the destination, and yet the new phase is still undetermined.

Sustainable: It is the ability to be upheld or defended. On an urban level, sustainability is the longlasting development that would only make positive impact on the environment from every aspect of the humanity. From which means creating opportunities, integrating flexibilities and adapting possible changes.

Urban complements: The object that brings positive impact on the local surroundings that further stimulates the urban fabric, but still maintains its defined identity, facilitating a beneficial integration into the framework.

1.2 Background and significance of topic This thesis tries to propose a significant intervention for a generic problem. Since the generic problem is caused by the evolution of China’s rapid development today, the urban challenges forced on the urban context are more complicated than ever. The evolution of economic framework and structure and the booming development of environmental context enhance the importance of the role of architecture in these situations. This section should further present the significance of the topic in relation to China’s current context and why this subject has been chosen for research and innovation.

1.2.1

Post- industrial challenges

Post-industrialization is the phase of society’s development when the service sector generates more wealth and becomes more significant than the manufacturing sector of the 2

Chapter 1 Introduction

economy. The most common themes are when the economy shifts from producing goods to the provision of services, the importance of white-collar replaces the blue-collar and the enlarging centrality of theoretical knowledge. Examples of post-industrialization can be seen in developed countries such as Canada, the United States of America and the European Union. The Industrial Revolution around the 1750s began in England, and then spread throughout Western Europe and the United States. The United States was able to become the first post-industrialized country due to its lack of long identical traditions.

Today, all European countries are at least industrialized, and some are post-industrialized or urbanized, which further emphasized the importance of the future considerations of this specific context. Thus, as industrial production eventually relocates to countries with a more competitive cost base, heavily industrialized cities face a decline in their industrial sector as well as the abandonment of infrastructure built to support the sector. This ‘two fold recession’ is extremely damaging to the city’s economy and environment, and is a critical issue that post-industrialized cities must tackle in order to continually develop amidst the decline.

1.2.2

Urbanization challenges of China

China today can be seen as a newly industrialized country or an industrial agriculture country and it is worldwide known for its industrial power. China’s manufacturers, miners, utilities and builders accounted for over 45% of China’s GDP in 2012; In comparison to other countries, such as for the United States, the industrial sector only accounted for less than 20% of the overall GDP. 1 This means that China is still making outstanding economic progress through the industrial sector. However, due to China’s rapid development, the shifting of economic sectors, and using other industrialized countries as a reference, it is foreseen in the near future that the service sector of China will surpass industry and the demand toward consumption would enlarge. When industry is no longer the main driving force of the economy, it would directly affect the performance of areas that were once heavily dependent on industry. Thus, the future orientation of such areas should be carefully considered to adapt to future challenges.

The rapid growth of cities is becoming a worldwide issue in recent years. It is predicted that by 2050, 70% of the world’s population will be living in cities, an increase from 50% in 2010. 2 Likewise, China is currently at the stage of booming city development at rapid pace. The change of the economic structure is now directly affecting 3

Chapter 1 Introduction

the formation of properties and the structure of city centers. The challenge China is facing today is the outcome of both post-industrialization as well as urbanization. The reform of the economic system in 1987 has led to the rapid wave of industrialization; today, the product of the prosperous economy is the fast-paced urbanization. The booming economy of China is leading towards an evolving urbanization that is now or soon paralleled with post-industrialization. Urbanization is caused by the shifting demographic allocation from agricultural areas to populated city centers for better financial opportunities and living environments. The expansion of urbanization results in the reform of highly industrialized areas. This sort of transformation can be seen from places such as the 798 Art District in Beijing city and the Pier-2 Art Center in Kaohsiung city. However, the rapid speed of post-industrialization and urbanization are creating an unbalanced situation in which the reformation of some discarded post-industrial sites are not yet to up to speed with the transformation process, resulting in waste and abandon lands scattering in the urban context.

As the development process goes on, urbanization is no longer only about creating city centers that are growth-oriented. The principle of a quality urban place evolves as the need for urban space expands. Creating a user-friendly urban environment requires various level of integration of human desires: work, leisure, natural settings, and even architecture. The challenge of urban context is becoming more complicated with the desire to suit the need of all; especially when China is literally the second biggest and the most populated country in the world.

1.2.3

Transformation / regeneration of urban context

As long as there are demands for change, cities would be continuously undergoing changes. Cities have been changing since the beginning of civilization. Regeneration/ transformation of the urban context is a significant part of urbanization. This form of change is heavily dependent on the government’s agendas, especially in those cities that are going through economy decline or post-industrial phase. The change in the economic production would lead to changes in the city structure affecting the social activities and the demand for a certain typology of living and needs, juxtaposed by the growing denial of living standards from the past.

The transformation of context is a progression of changes that are time consuming and are interrelated from one to another. The regeneration of a post-industrial city is even 4

Chapter 1 Introduction

more challenging due to its wide range of considerations dealing from one evolution to another. It requires a more functional framework that would provide self-adaptability for future changes as well as the ability to fulfill the vanishing main development force of the previous phase that is essential to the need of the society, in most cases of postindustrialization is the capability of being economically self-sufficient. As in the case of Bilbao, the city was able to self-adapt, and achieved great economic success through their late post-industrialization.

1.2.4

Sustainable urban complements

The future urban development approach should take into consideration the entire environment transition as one instead of separate components. It appears today that individuality is taken too far on China’s development. Typically in Chinese environment, components that are well settled singularly are being ‘individually add-on’ instead of being complements that are blended into the surroundings. This sort of setting result in today’s situation of undeveloped or discarded areas left between resolved places once a change is made or a challenge appears.3 In order to create a better living environment and an adaptable urban framework, varying levels of living criteria would need to be accounted for and more importantly, their integration with each other should be also considered. The overall urban context would only be sustainable if the system is adaptable to changes and future challenges as one interconnecting object instead of pieces scattered all-over the areas. Urban complements ranges from various sectors, being infrastructure, architecture, agriculture, natural environment, etc., but nonetheless should be beneficial for the urban surroundings and bring possibilities for the area as well as being able to adapt to changes of the future.

This principle would eventually bring stability to the greater urban framework with evolving patterns that are long lasting in the environment.

1.2.5

Local identity

Under the pressure of urban sprawl, local identity is slowly vanishing while sometimes strong individuality appears and oversteps the urban fabric. Urban settings around the globe are gradually becoming aesthetically alike from one and another containing individual objects that are somewhat similar but apart. The significant, the specificity and the identity that was once adored are no longer evident.

5

Chapter 1 Introduction

“The paradigm of the architect passed down to us through the modern period is that of the form-giver, the creator of hierarchical and symbolic structures characterized, on the one hand, by their unity of parts and, on the other, by transparency of form to meaning. (…)A number of well-known correlatives elaborate these terms: the fusion of form and function, program and context, structure and meaning. Underlying these is a belief in the unified, centered, and self-generative subject, whose own autonomy is reflected in the formal autonomy of the work. Yet, at a certain point, this long-standing practice of elements and the seamless coincidence or potentially disparate parts, becomes estranged from its external culture, from contemporary cultural condition.”4 The lack of cultural identity and disjunction between components are undeniably negative outcomes of rapid development during the process of globalization.

Globalization by definition enhances the connection of the individual urban framework, resulting in a more connected world. However, this greater connection of the outer facade is still distanced from providing the sense of belongingness for the local people. Urban components not only provide shelters or conveniences, but also should contain the symbolic meaning of the external culture, and further bring psychological closure for the people and positive impact on the environment. The intention of this thesis is to consider the meaning, the context and the significance of the local quality, to avoid ‘placelessness’ and creating sustainable innovations that would stimulate both the people and the place.

1.2.6

Significance of waterfront

The waterfront area has been significant for many countries, especially those that are industrialized or currently in the process of industrialization. A waterfront location is often viewed as a competitive advantage being between the manufacturing area and transportation hub. Facing post-industrialization, with today’s uncertainty of contemporary city life, its concern of lack of cultural identity and overpowered economic and social status, the waterfront is seen as an opportunity to express hope for future possibilities. In recent years, many cities have been focusing on rejuvenating waterfront projects, such as Vancouver’s Granville Island, Chicago’s Navy Pier, San Francisco’s Pier 70 and Copenhagen’s Harbor Bath.

The waterfront is now beyond the physical edge of the city. “The visibility of these sites means the waterfront becomes the stage upon which the most important pieces are set. In doing so, the waterfront is an expression of what we are as a culture. The urban 6

Chapter 1 Introduction

waterfront provides possibilities to create pieces of city, (...) that enrich life, offer decency and hope as well as functionality, (…) urban development is not just for profit, or personal aggrandizement, but for the benefit of humanity and the planet as well. It is on the urban waterfront that these visions of the city are finding form. These are the sites of portindustrial city space-making.”5 Waterfront revitalization becomes a direct and focused strategic response to the concerns of the society.

1.3 Specific context- Cijin Island On a smaller urban level, the specific chosen local context is based on Cijin Island, a post-industrial island located southwest of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, China. Cijin Island is chosen for this thesis based on several reasons: 1. Cijin’s current state of facing post-industrialization challenges is in need for a regeneration process.

2. Cijin’s unique location and waterfront advantage make the place iconic, but without characteristic.

3. Cijin was once an island with history, with local traditions, with culture and with economic ability, but none of the traces could be found today.

4. Cijin’s lack of functionality and overwhelming number of discarded lands make the future possibility feasible, but difficult at the same time.

5. There is evidence of the government’s intention of promoting Cijin as an ultimate tourism location, but the overall motives are weak and questionable.

For this thesis, through detailed analysis and design, various scales of specific implementations and strategic planning will be proposed based on the generic challenge that was stated. Furthermore, the ultimate goal is to present a generic proposal that can be adapted to other future cases that share similarities in this chosen context.

1.3.1

Background information of Kaohsiung City

Kaohsiung city is located in the southwestern area of Taiwan Island and with a total area of 2,948m2, it is by area the largest municipality in the region. The city contains a population of 2.77 million and is still slowly increasing over the years. Since the start of development in the 17th century, Kaohsiung has transformed from a small trading village 7

Chapter 1 Introduction

into the current political, economic, transportation, manufacturing and industrial center of southern Taiwan region. Such change in the city structure is also reflected upon the local resident. The positive growth of household income is in parallel with the average household income of the entire Taiwan region. However, even though the population increases over the years, Kaohsiung is slowly facing the problem of an ageing society and a strategic plan would be in need. The city is currently heavily depended on industry and its related economic developments, but for the past 10 years the government has been activity seeking its cultural related opportunities and developments.

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

1.45

1.44

1.48

1.47

1.45

1,013,170

1,013,233

1,053,645

1,092,613

1,073,295

Average income earners/ family Average household income (NTD)/ year

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

1.46

1.47

1.47

1.38

1.41

1.41

1,128,324

1,114,774

1,104,573

1,099,434

1,091,973

1,137,939

Table 1.1 Kaohsiung City Average Family Income Earners and Yearly Household Income. (Data: 中华民国统计信息网- 家庭收支 http://ebas1.ebas.gov.tw/pxweb/Dialog/statfile9.asp)

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

1.57

1.54

1.53

1.51

1.52

1,111,550

1,112,233

1,122,966

1,133,642

1,151,338

Average income earners/ family Average household income (NTD)/ year

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

1.50

1.49

1.46

1.44

1.49

1.46

1,162,366

1,150,912

1,128,201

1,123,761

1,157,895

1,176,877

Table 1.2 Taiwan Region Average Family Income Earners and Yearly Household Income. (Data: 中华民国统计信息网- 家庭收支 http://ebas1.ebas.gov.tw/pxweb/Dialog/statfile9.asp)

8

Chapter 1 Introduction

Year

Age: 0-

Age: 15-64

Age:65

Ageing

and

fraction

above

%

1998 563,944 1,929,677

195,763

34.71

1,380,319

1,309,055

9.79

2000 547,247 1,968,197

209,823

38.34

1,394,391

1,330,876

7.17

2002 531,291 1,988,464

223,150

42.00

1,400,062

1,342,843

4.21

2004 503,407 2,010,042

238,153

47.31

1,400,242

1,351,360

1.74

2006 473,071 2,031,417

255,692

54.05

1,398,540

1,361,640

2.43

2008 443,360 2,053,939

271,755

61.29

1,396,456

1,372,598

1.51

2010 409,053 2,078,990

285,440

69.78

1,390,927

1,382,556

0.94

2012 381,463 2,095,236

301,960

79.16

1,387,931

1,390,728

1.51

2013 372,645 2,090,998

316,234

84.86

1,385,895

1,393,982

0.44

14

Male

Female

Populatio n increase rate

Table 1.3 Kaohsiung City Age and Gender Demographic. (Data: 中华民国统计信息网- 人口概况 http://ebas1.ebas.gov.tw/pxweb/Dialog/statfile9.asp)

1.3.2

Post-industrial challenges of Kaohsiung City

Deindustrialization is affecting the development of the entire Taiwan island especially cities that are concentrated with industrial areas, such as Kaohsiung city.

Facing post-industrialization, Kaohsiung city government has been actively proposing new approaches and promoting the remaining industrial sector to create a sustainable city.

These new approaches incorporate numerous scales of development, from city transportation to local architectural facilities that concentrate on creating an ecological, economical, livable, creative and international city base on the foundations of an attractive, operational, industrial, humane and green Kaohsiung.6 A large portion of these developments focuses on embracing the new cultural landmarks to advance the leisure quality of the city, such as the Da-dong Arts Center, Wei-Wu-Ying Center for the Arts and Kaohsiung Maritime Culture & Popular Music Center.7 Numerous large-scale projects were undertaken at the same time, and this rapid development process raised several concerns that would eventually turn into bigger problems. A sustainable development does not refer to the continuous development of components rather as the continuous progression of the greater framework as a whole, with components that contain the ability to adapt and complement the society. Not to 9

Chapter 1 Introduction

mention the concern of the adaptability of these new developments and their connections to the local surrounding, the bigger concern is the preservation of the old components and the cultural property. These large-scale projects are gradually taking over the city surface.

It is overtaking the current urban fabric and identity, and providing one that is more structured, visually appealing and cosmopolitan, but with little relation to the local cultural identity. Another obvious concern is the ability to fully accomplish the projects financially. Funding must be extremely well-managed especially when there are a number of large-scale projects simultaneously ongoing. It is unfortunate to say that Kaohsiung government might have been creating appealing architectural shells without fully considering the contents within these structures. The New Kaohsiung Public Library is currently an example where these concerns are founded.8 The architecture is presentable, however, the budget for the books that will line the walls of the library are extremely limited. The government therefore needs to depend on public donations to overcome the situation. This sort of uncertainty contradicts the desire to provide sustainability and instill confidence for the local people; this is furthermore an undesirable impression for a place already experiencing post-industrialization.

1.3.3

Background information of Cijin Island

The long and narrow shaped Cijin Island is under the district of Kaohsiung city and it is a detached island located on the southwest region of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, China.(1) This northwest-southeast oriented island was once attached to the Taiwan Island until the development of the Kaohsiung Second Harbor in 1967. Being 8.5 kilometers in length and 400-500 meters in width, with a total surface area of 450.26 hectares Cijin is divided into two main sections: the Cihou area and the Zhongzhou area, and together forming 13 villages. Comparing to the rest of the urbanized Kaohsiung City, the transportation in Cijin area is relatively inconvenient. Vehicles are only accessible through the Kaohsiung Cross-Harbor Tunnel that is connected at one end of the Island, which made the ferry that carries both the people and their scooters the main transportation of the island.(2) Thus, Cijin Island has been facing post-industrial development challenges due to its extreme disproportional form and its limited transportation.

(1)

See Figure 1.2 Cijin Island Map

(2)

See Figure 1.3 Cijin Island Transportation Diagram 10

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1.2 Cijin Island Map

Located on the tropical regions and with the result of the warm costal current and the northeast monsoon blocked by the Central Mountain of Taiwan, Cijin Island contains an average temperature of 25.1 Celsius throughout the year. The long summer season and unnoticeable winter solstice makes Cijin the ideal destination for leisure or a getaway for people in the city center. Thus, the government has recently been focusing on tourism oriented city development plans such as Cijin Beach, Cijin Coastal Park, Cihou Mountain, and Cijin Ferry Station.9 Cijin now may appear to be a declining island with limited future possibilities, yet prior to its decline, it was described as the starting point of Kaohsiung City’s economic development due to its long history in international trading dating back to the Dynasty periods in Chinese history. It was once the hub for international trading. The development of the region can be traced back to the settlement of the ancestors from the Ming Dynasty, and then transited into the most prosperous area in TaKao(3) due to the high demand for international trading in the late Qing Dynasty. In 1908, during the Japanese colonial

(3)

Current Kaohsiung City 11

Chapter 1 Introduction

period, Japanese government started phase one of the development of TaKao Harbor, with it brought along a large number of immigrants and economic opportunities. The economic influence of Cijin Island declined significantly during the post-war period until the recent completion of Kaohsiung Cross-Harbor Tunnel in 1984.

Figure 1.3 Cijin Island Transportation Diagram.

Population growth: As mentioned above, the development of Takao Harbor in 1908 required large amount of labor force. Thus, the large number of immigrants and working opportunities further simulated the economic development of the area. In 1912, by the time the harbor was completed, Cijin Island accommodated nearly half of the population of the entire Takao city at the time. However, the rapid population growth didn't continue long due to the industrial development focus and the modernized facilities of the greater Kaohsiung city.10 Emigration first appeared in 1953, but the population continued to increase till it reached its peak in 1974 with a total of 37006 residents. Unfortunately, ever since the following year, the population demonstrated a negative growth, and currently resulting a total population of 28966 in the year 2014.

Year

Population

Year

Population

Year

Population

Year

Population

1905

6,456

1965

28,680

1985

34,772

2010

29,950

1912

6,550

1970

34,625

1990

34,272

2011

29,781

12

Chapter 1 Introduction 1950

15,606

1974

37,006

1995

33,120

2012

29,468

1955

19,041

1975

36,745

2000

30,939

2013

29,040

1960

24,177

1980

36,369

2005

30,210

2014/4

28,966

Table 1.4 Cijin Island Population Growth. (高雄市旗津区户政事务所 http://chichihr.kcg.gov.tw/stat/Stat-People.aspx)

Demographic: As the population continue to decrease, the aging society problem continue to increase as the life expectancy extended and the new born rate declined. Over the years, the gender ratio of Cijin Island has always been higher with the number of male over female, and this perhaps is the reflection of Cijin’s industrial pattern of production and fisheries which both required heavy labor force.

Year

Age: 0-14

Age: 15-64

Age:65

Ageing

and above

fraction %

Male

Female

1994

7,247

24,196

2,373

32.74

18,331

16,115

1996

6,412

23,233

2,389

37.26

17,259

14,775

1998

5,960

23,218

2,519

42.27

17,092

14,605

2000

5,552

22,702

2,685

48.36

16,734

14,205

2002

5,317

22,313

2,850

53.60

16,308

14,172

2004

4,890

21,939

2,999

61.33

15,944

13,884

2006

4,705

22,325

3,128

66.48

15,890

14,268

2008

4,511

22,203

3,170

70.27

15,665

14,219

2010

4,100

22,511

3,357

81.87

15,572

14,396

2012

3,700

22,283

3,485

94.18

15,286

14,181

2013

3,438

21,998

3,604

104.8

15,020

14,020

Table 1.5 Cijin Island Age and Gender Demographic. (Date: 高雄市旗津区户政事务所 http://chichi-hr.kcg.gov.tw/stat/Stat-Sex.aspx)

13

Chapter 1 Introduction

POPULATED AGING FRACTION %

Cijin Ageing Population Growth 120

104.8 94.18

100 81.87 80 61.33 60 40

32.74

37.26

42.27

48.36

66.48

70.27

53.6

20 0 1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004 YEAR

2006

2008

2010

2012

2013

Populated Ageing Fraction

Chart 1.1 Cijin Island Populated Ageing Society Growth from 1994 to 2013. (Date: 高雄市旗 津区户政事务所 http://chichi-hr.kcg.gov.tw/stat/Stat-Sex.aspx)

1.3.4

Post-industrial challenges of Cijin Island

Cijin Island is the result of an unadoptable area facing post-industrialization. The decline in Cijin was brought forth by the drop in demand for traditional heavy industry in Taiwan, China. This was exacerbated by heavy industrial facilities, such as ship building factories, relocating to more functional areas or technologically advanced countries. The shift in economic structure heavily influenced the development of Cijin Island. When work opportunities disappeared and future possibilities vanished, coupled with an underdeveloped infrastructure, inconvenient transportation and inadequate living quality, the labor forces, with the youth in particular, were the first to relocate elsewhere. Cijin is now a serious populated ageing society(4) with a fraction of 104%11 along with discarded lands and a rapidly declining industrial sector in need of reformation. More importantly, it is in need for sustainable implementation that can accommodate and adapt for future changes and development, and these implementations would aim to create self-supporting economic opportunities not only for the people but also for the future development of the (4)

Populated ageing fraction= population aged 65 or above / population aged 14 and below % 14

Chapter 1 Introduction

island itself.

1.3.5

The tourism approach of Cijin Island

When the growth of the city is no longer parallel to the growth of the industry, many cities that were facing post-industrialization have found tourism as an alternative solution for the society to remain its economically relevant as tourism benefits a declining society both on a macro and micro level. On a city-scale level, since tourism requires high-level government planning agendas including zoning change, infrastructure developments and possible new implementations, it would accelerate the post-industrial reconstruction process in order to present a new vision of the city. On the other hand, since the impacts of industrial decline are most immediately felt locally, restructuring policy brings positive reinforcement for the local society with expectations for future development and the sense of belongingness. In order to avoid uneven “cost and benefit” outcomes among specific classes and communities, tourism becomes the strategy to accomplish such expectations.

Regarding the form of integration, the ultimate goal of regeneration is to create sustainable development. By all means, tourism is simply a catalyst or a trigger in the society to generate economic opportunities to achieve the bigger vision, sustainable development.

In the case of Cijin Island, the negative impact of post-industrialization has drawn the government’s attention by introducing a series of tourism oriented development plans as a strategy to alleviate the issues brought by post-industrialization in the area. The government’s agenda is to transform Cijin Island into a world famous tourism island through various infrastructure developments. So far, the government has delivered several projects; the ocean view bike path, the Windmill Park and the expansion of the artificial beach, proposed several future developments: the future hotel facilities and mortuary service facility, and introduced of new zoning plans: the relocation of the government facilities and future tourism areas. These are in the hope of increasing the leisure value of the area and change the vision of the area that would further stimulate future development of the island.

15

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.3.6

Development challenges of Cijin Island – tourism?

Chart 1.2 Number of Visitors in Kaohsiung City Tourist Site (date: Kaohsiung City data base).

As mentioned transformation doesn't happen overnight and this progressive tourism approach has its own strengths and weaknesses.(5) The increasing tourist numbers in the past few years have made Cijin Island currently the second most popular tourist place in Kaohisung City( 6 ). However, such an approach did not fully fulfill the objectives of promoting Cijin as an international tourist island and its promise of future opportunities; not to mention, its goal of being presentable internationally. The population of local residents is waning and the local income remains relatively low as new employment opportunities are not created. The past developments of the area are oriented around presenting the natural amenities of the island, which has brought limited economic effect Strengths

  

Rich historical value Rich local culture valuetemples, fishing village Rich natural resources- ocean, beach, mountain

Weaknesses

    

Aging society, lack of energy Lack of cultural identity of Cijin Lack of natural integration Lack of local development Lack of parking at the tourism area during weekends

(5)

See Table 1.6 SWOT Analysis of Cijin Current Tourism

(6)

See Chart 1.2 Number of Visitors in Kaohsiung City Tourist Site 16

Chapter 1 Introduction

     

Friendliness of the local residents The government holds ~80% of the land.

Unique shipbuilding industry Popular sightseeing place during weekends Unique ferry transportation Quality seafood

Opportunities

  





Government own properties are not being efficiently used  Lack of comprehensive tourist movement plan / package  Lack of hotels / tourist sheltering area  Difficult for future transportation development  Overcrowded and disorganized streets.

Threats 

Large number of tourists from mainland China Government value the development of Cijin Light Rail Transit brings easy access through public transportation- from airport, fast-speed train, MRT The future development of branded international hotels along the artificial beach would bring more economic opportunities.

  

 

High coast on maintaining the cleanness of the beach Destroy of natural resources from outside force The operation of the ports would affect the development of tourism The tourists are overloaded in the northern area of Cijin, which might limit the natural resources The narrow shape of the land limits the development of Cijin The geology would effect the development of Cijin

Table 1.6 SWOT Analysis of Cijin Current Tourism.

for society. Also, these developments were only able to attract local visitors instead of international tourists with the issue being the lack of local identity. An object is appealing when it contains characteristics that are unique and special and cannot be replicated elsewhere. In order to increase the global publicity of Cijin Island, the symbolic identity of the area has to exceed its physical form. This includes comforting the needs of the local residents first since people are at the core of this identity.

1.3.7

Related government agendas and projects

This thesis is aimed to provide proposals at different levels in order to provide a comprehensive approach that would be complementary towards the government’s agenda.

Related government agendas and projects would provide valuable analysis for the design.

17

Chapter 1 Introduction

Kaohsiung City Tourism White Paper12 The objective: The objective of the Kaohsiung City Tourism Bureau is to promote Kaohsiung City’s tourism in order to simulate the market value of the southern Taiwan region. The promotion should be a combination of local characteristics and cultural creativity to promote the entire tourism sector of the city so that the culture and history of Kaohsiung City can attract international tourists.

The mission: The mission of the White Paper is to form a comprehensive tourism environment, enhance the quality of tourism, and develop possible commercial opportunities. Create different themes and tourist attractions based on the local natural and cultural resources of the area. Also, to promote green tourism with animal protection to further educate visitors on the unique facets of southern Taiwan.

The value: The expected outcome of the white Paper is to attract more local and international visitors to Kaohsiung City and to increase the economic performance of Kaohsiung City. It is also aimed to promote Kaohsiung City as an International tourist destination through sustainable development and friendly services. Also, to further use the existing transportation network to link high quality serviced regional resources, and accomplish the goal of creating a sustainable developed tourism city of Kaohsiung.

Kaohsiung City Comprehensive Development Plan- Industry Development & Urban Planning13 The objective: The objective of this plan is to promote six flagship industries: the distribution service industry, the shipbuilding industry, the green energy industry, tourism industry, producer service industry, and value the traditional industry. It is aimed to enhance the existing economic structure and further creating a logistics city.

Relation to thesis: The government promoted a comprehensive planning approach for the city and numbers of projects has been ongoing in the main city center to meet the vision.

However, the current development of Cijin Island is lacking of this comprehensiveness as its development has been limited on tourism with little sustainable approaches while other industries development is barely seen. The implementation of this thesis would aim on amplifying the balance of these promoted industries to achieve greater regeneration success of the area.

18

Chapter 1 Introduction

Kaohsiung City, Cijin District Specific Tourism Development Plan14 The objective: The objective of this plan is to cooperate with government’s agenda of promoting a tourism island. This development plan aims to create tourism hotels that live up to high-end international standards. The proposed site is located at the northwest waterfront area adjacent to the newly developed artificial beach, and within the most populated area in Cijin. The ultimate goal of the project is to stimulate tourism development and increase economic benefits through better accommodation.

Relation to thesis: This proposed project will affect the future population concentration of Cijin and should be considered as part as the thesis implementation. This particular approach is explored later in this thesis regarding its targeted customer group and in relation to Cijin’s future development.

Change in Kaohsiung City (Cijin District) Comprehensive Development Plan15 The objective: The development plan of Cijin District is to position Cijing as an international tourism outpost. Cijin is to use its natural resources, geographic advantage, tourism resources and cultural heritage to achieve sustainable and tourism development.

The purpose of this plan is to adjust the public land use of four specific areas: the Cijin Ocean Park and Windmill Park, the gravesite, the elementary school property and the marina site and industry area.

Relation to thesis: This thesis proposes a series of architectural implementations on a specific site, which is in direct relationship to the marina site stated in this development plan. The specific area is now under the administration of Taiwan International Ports Cooperation. However, it currently contains limited marina actives and is mainly filled with illegal residents and brownfield lands. The development plan aims to generate this with proper residential developments and partial fishery industry. The architectural

19

Chapter 1 Introduction

implementation of this thesis is in accordance with the government’s agenda.

Figure 1.4 Future Urban Zoning Plan of Cijin. (Chang in Cijin District Comprehensive Development Plan)

20

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

Chapter 2 Case study and principle development Post-industrialization has been a worldwide challenge in many countries especially in the western countries where post-industrialization first emerged. Numerous analysis and implementations were undertaken around the globe to better understand this phenomenon. In order to better understand the future possibilities for Cijin Island and be able to provide a more comprehensive proposal, this section would focus on the study and analysis of two cities that have successfully achieved transformation, together with other reference cases to develop concepts that will be applied to the proposed Cijin developmental plans.

2.1 Case study and reference Data Sheet Location Context

Cijin Island

Abandoibarra District

Clyde Waterfront

Kaohsiung City,

Bilbao, Basque (Bizkaia),

Taiwan, China

Spain

Detached island

Post-industrial Waterfront

Post-industrial Waterfront

area

area

Glasgow, Scotland

Size/Area

450 Hectare (Total)

34.8 Hectare

Along 20km river corridor

Original Function

harbor activities,

Harbor activities,

heavy industrial

shipbuilding

Shipbuilding factories,

manufacture- shipbuilding

factories

Transport infrastructure

TBD

Tourism, Education, Arts

mix of business, housing,

&culture, Parks.

tourism, leisure, education

1984 - Current

1998 - Current

2002-Current

TBD

Guggenheim Museum,

City Centre, Glasgow

Euskalduna Conference

Harbour

New Program Transformation Period Specific Architecture / Area

Centre and Concert Hall Strategy

Cultural Factor

TBD

TBD

Functional areas, Cultural

Six prioritized area -> Use

policy, Project-led

redevelopment of the City

Regenerationďƒ flagship

Centre as a catalyst

project

approach

Recall from original

Add-on

Table 2.1 Selected Reference Project Data Sheet.

21

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

2.1.1

Abandoibarra District – Bilbao, Basque, Spain

Figure 2.1 Abandoibarra, Bilbao. (Bilbao International http://www.bilbaointernational.com/en/abandoibarra/)

History Bilbao, the capital of Biscay province of the Basque Country in the northern Spain, is situated on the northern edge of the Iberian Peninsula. It was one of the first towns founded during the 1300s with only three streets surrounded by walls, and then expanded to seven streets in the 15th century. The walls demolished during 1571 due to several floods and a major fire, but it also allowed expansion of the town. Benefited from its favorable location, Bilbao established itself as a rich commercial hub in the Spain region due to its active port activities. During the late 1800s, Bilbao was able to self-adapt with the contemporary condition and transformed itself into an industrial magnet without modeled. Before the industrialization, Bilbao remained a small city, today’s Casco Viejo area, with a population less than 10,000. As the outcome of industrialization, the population of the city rapidly increased due to its demand for labor. Industrialization of Bilbao was formed with activities heavily focusing on iron, steel industry and shipbuilding, accompanied by the development of major service sector companies such as commerce and finance. However, the lack of diversification and years of neglect the area eventually led to industrial crisis in 1975.

The oil-shock in 1973 together with the collapsed of Franco dictatorship brought industrial crisis to the bottom during the mid-1980s that along with increased in 22

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

unemployment, environmental decay, social exclusion, and relocation of population. As other heavily industrialized cities in Europe, Bilbao was facing deindustrialization.

Figure 2.2 The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao Spain Before and After. (Rally Pix www.flickr.com/photos/robertgrounds/9058297284/sizes/l/in/photostream/)

Transformation process Bilbao’s regeneration process was complicated and involved wide range of interests.

The transformation of Bilbao was based on the Strategic Plan envisioned an intelligent and integrated urban generation that balanced between economy, social concerns, and environmental matters. The Strategic Plan targeted eight critical issues: investment in human resources, service metropolis in a modern industrial region, mobility and accessibility, environmental regeneration, urban regeneration, cultural centrality, coordinated management by public administration and private sector, and social action.16 The Bilbao Metropoli-30 agency, founded in 1991, was formed to promote the overall objective of the Strategic Plan. The plan concentrated with four fields of action: formation of a knowledge-based high-tech sector, inner-city urban renewal, environmental intervention, strengthening of cultural identity through cultural-led regeneration.

A project-based approach was then introduced after the Strategic Plan. It was soon noticed that a strong activating regeneration plan was needed, so from 1990s onwards the approach integrated a more thorough and project-base direction that is named the ‘Territorial Plan’, presented in 1989. The decision of the project-base regeneration approach was through examination of other cities that shown successful outcomes, as the Olympic Games in Barcelona and the International Expo in Sevilla. The Territorial Plan aimed to recover the city and re-establish Bilbao’s position in the European Atlantic Axis.

The Bilbao Ria 2000 agency was created to deliver the Territorial Plan with the ambitious 23

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

to regenerate large-scale abandon areas formerly occupied with industrial activities.

These discarded lands were formed into several functional areas: Abandoibarra, Zorrozaure, Ametzola/Eskurtze, Miribilla and Morro.

Cultural-led regeneration Cultural Policy is the main trigger for Bilbao’s success. Bilbao was in a disadvantage when the government assigned Vitoria as the administrative capital, and had competitors as San Sebastian being the most important tourist area and Santander being the most environmental friendly place. Cultural-led regeneration was the ultimate solution for Bilbao.

The scope of cultural-led regeneration infiltrated the city through various aspects with the effort of both public and private parties. It started with sponsoring local cultural related programs such as church, opera, philharmonic and art exhibition that bring cultural understanding through social commitment. The larger cultural regeneration commitment from the government was the protection and enhancement of cultural heritage such as restoration of historic monuments, libraries and museums and protection of the Basque language. Nevertheless, these developments focused on the role of culture and leisure in the regeneration process through the perspective from the local people. The government projects included expansion on television and radio promoting Basque language, supporting young local artistic creativity, creating adult education center and workshop‌etc. Also, civic centers in the neighborhoods and various celebrations and festivals were created for the local people as strategic plan to present a vibrant city atmosphere.

24

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

Figure 2.3 Bilbao City Regeneration Diagram 25

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

Specific area - Abandoibarra District Abandolibarra is the most symbolic regeneration project presented by the Bilbao Ria 2000. The district was previously a 34.8hectare brownfield land formerly used for harbor activities, shipbuilding factories and transport infrastructure. It is located in the prime location in central Bilbao and was physically cutting off the Nervio River from the rest of the central area for years. The regeneration process began in 1998 with thorough planning.(7) The objective of the plan was to reinvent the area as a cultural district and tourist destination and being the most pedestrian friendly and green area of Bilbao.

Through strategic planning and a clear development approach, the regeneration of Abandoibarra not only changed the image of the area, developed cultural and tourism product, brought belongingness to the local people, but also positively influenced the entire regeneration of Bilbao city.

The Guggenheim Museum in Abandoibarra district is viewed as a cultural flagship project that catalyzed the environmental, social, economic, and cultural regeneration of the area. It was a way to promote culture and leisure, and further stimulate the region.

This waterfront museum is located at the end of the Abandoibarra district, below the existing bridge and next to a railway line, at once of the most degraded spaces in the city back in the days.17 The museum represents the three symbolic elements of Bilbao: stone, steel and water. Its uniqueness in structure, location and cultural context attracted large amount of visitors, and triggered the following city infrastructure investment projects, as the metro system designed by Norman Foster, that eventually brought investment interest into the area. As the Guggenheim Museum was particularly aim for tourist attraction and its profitable outcome, the Metro network was the first major infrastructure that provided confidence of regeneration for the local residents.

The current state Today, Bilbao has often seen as a success in cultural-led regeneration. The city is able to remain and enhance its cultural heritage, produce tangible outcome for the local people, and present its identity to the world. Belongingness is brought to the local people as well as other leisure related activities and space, together demonstrated a livable environment. The city presented its capability for the future, which brought in foreign investment and opportunities. The success of the Guggenheim Museum’s flagship (7)

The plan designed by architects Cesar Eugenio Aguinaga and urban designer Diana Balmori.

26

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

approach is still arguable today. Some people may question its integration with the surrounding environment and its lack of traditional architectural characteristic, and also its original expectation of attracting direct foreign investment and command function to the city have not been reached.18 However, the enormous tourism economic results from the Guggenheim Museum are still viewed as an extraordinary success. The museum acted as a magnet for visitors and event-related activities. The growing tourism-related business in the city brought economic success for the larger region of Bilbao.

2.1.2

City Centre, Clyde Waterfront – Glasgow, Scotland

History Being the largest city in Scotland, Glasgow situated on the River Clyde of the country. Through undergoing regeneration developments, Glasgow is now one of British’s most vital and successful city centers in terms of retail and service aligned with being a growing cultural and commercial location. In the late 19th century, Glasgow was one of the world’s biggest industrial cities due to its natural resources of coal and ironstone. Icon smelting and its related products were the starting force of industrialization, especially railway carriages and shipbuilding industry. The industry started booming and incorporated other new production such as marine engineering and locomotive manufacture included sawing machine and motor vehicle. Deindustrialization started appearing with the post 1918 slump and the depression in the 1930s. Instead of searching for new industrial opportunities, the society was under the impression of protecting the out-dating working practices along with dictatorial control and management of the workplace. Industrial crisis fell heavily when unemployment of shipbuilding factories and metal manufactures reached a high in 1980; the prevailing employment rate fell by 45%. With little surviving industries, even today Glasgow is no longer the main manufacturing city in Scotland.

Transformation The regeneration of Glasgow gradually processed for the past decades. However, before taking the right path of transformation, Glasgow was struggling with tremendous social problems largely caused by the high-density and low-quality, tenement housing(8) located in the city center. During industrialization, the city center was concentrated with (8)

Tenement is a form of inexpensive housing fulfilling the need of working-class people.

27

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

the working-class whereas the suburbs were for the middle-class. Urban policy at the time focused on re-housing the working-class to municipal housings in the city that are owned by the corporations. Owner-occupation was ignored as well as other accommodating public and private facilities. The city was not able to provide social commitment and community spirit for the local people. It wasn't until the late 1970s when new housing approach was introduced that rescued the situation. Private investment was encouraged into housing as well as other discarded properties in the city.

Later on, the authorities viewed the redevelopment of the waterfront as a national opportunity for promoting sustainable urban development. The Structure Plan was set to promote the agenda, and also prioritize the development of brown field sites and sustaining the town center. It first divided the region into eight sections and to eight agents in the goal of working as a partnership. Small portions of waterfront development occurred in the late 1990s, as Scottish Exhibition and Convention Centre being the first, then followed by hotel and the Clyde Auditorium. It wasn't until 2001 when the Clyde Waterfront Working Group was formed to ensure the regeneration of the Clyde from Glasgow Green to the Erskine Bridge would evolve as a whole.

From previous experiences, the regeneration of the Clyde Waterfront did not focus only on limited sectors or public initiatives. Instead, it included a mix of private and public sectors: business, housing, tourism, leisure, and world leading transport solutions.

Glasgow City Centre, Facific Quay and the SECC, Greater Govan and Glasgow Harbour, Renfrew Riverside and Scotstoun, Clyberbank and Erskine and Old Kilpatrick, six focal areas that together formed the Clyde Waterfront Project; a 20-25 year long project along the 20km river corridor. The aim was to create a series of spaces that each has its own identity and that together illuminate the city’s image. This regeneration process is still ongoing until today.

Cultural-led Regeneration The importance of cultural related elements in the role of Glasgow’s regeneration appeared in the social content before the regeneration plan from the government. The rediscovery of a livable city started from a revival within the arts, more notably from the theatre scene. In 1980, a small theatre club named Tron, located in the decaying warehouse district of the city center, attracted the attention of the middle-class. Along with new cultural events and small attractions that followed, the possibility of a livable 28

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

city center became evident.

Nevertheless, government cultural policies were the key to Glasgow’s success in its path to regeneration. The Scottish Development Agency promoted a series of culturalrelated projects such as temporary exhibitions, community art projects, and focused on architectural related themes that were a strength of the city. The Glasgow District Council also developed several regeneration projects, and it was best known for its promotion in urban marketing. The Miles Better campaign was symbolic not only because it shaped the image of the city, but also enhanced the belief that Glasgow should enrich its artistic and cultural heritage.

With continuous successes in cultural developments and events and encouragements from both the private and public organizations, the city aimed for a bigger cultural regeneration plan that emphasized rebranding the city through cultural tourism. The plan included participating in the annual event of European City of Culture, which eventually provided Glasgow with marketing, as well as cultural tourism, opportunities. The year 1990 truly changed the image of Glasgow. It was the critical time that changed Glasgow’s reputation in the globe and restored confidence and pride in the city. This year-long festival included every cultural related event: history, design, engineering, education, architecture, shipbuilding, religion, sport, music, dance, visual arts and theatre. 19 The success of the festival was beyond expectations with its tremendous economic return, increase in cultural awareness and participation of the people, and tourism development.

Figure 2.4 The Clyde Waterfront. (Clyde Waterfront http://www.clydewaterfront.com/projects)

Specific area – The City Centre The City Centre of Glasgow is now roughly divided into three different districts: retail and theatre, the Merchant city and the financial district. The transformation of the City Centre was planned with the vision to use as a catalyst for economic success as well 29

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

as its cultural heritage. The strategic plan was to remain Glasgow City Centre as the historic, cultural and economic focus of the city via flagship retail and commercial development and enhancing its rich physical environmental fabric.

Figure 2.5 Glasgow Key Regeneration Areas. (Glasgow City Council https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=5041)

The regeneration of the city centre started with the government’s vision to continually achieve tourism through creative art in the mid-1980s. The city centre was seen as a vital area for the regeneration process, and it was suggested to reactivate the area using cultural industries and the consumer service sector. In other words, the goal was “to make the city more attractive to work in, to live in and play in; to recreate Glasgow’s entrepreneurial spirit; to communicate the new reality of Glasgow to her citizens and to the world.’ 20 The process incorporated several projects following the “Top-down plan” designed by architect Gordon Cullen containing three main elements: Buchanan Street as the major artery of the city containing cultural institutions and retail stores, ‘river chain’ of the waterfront containing housing, multiuse facilities, hotels and offices, and the M8 motorway act as visual wall for the city.21 It is seen now that Cullen’s vision of the city centre was achieved. Buchanan Street is now the retail axis of the city surrounded with cultural institutes. Merchant city is in the mix of warehouse, residence and cultural and leisure facilities. Also, the facilitation of the waterfront area, maybe not as appealing as initially planned, it still fulfills its initial intentions.

30

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

Today, Glasgow’s City Centre remains as the financial hub for Glasgow city as well as in the business service sector. The regeneration is a long-term process and the City Centre would continue to develop as the heart of the city for the next 50 years.22 The current state The outcome of the regeneration is still in progress; however, its success is arguable.

The current regeneration process is often referred as lack of cultural heritage and consideration for the local people. Glasgow’s history of industrial success and its industrial heritage are limited in today’s representation of the city, especially its shipbuilding industry that once led the economy of the region. The overall waterfront development, instead of its initiative of creating connected functional spaces, is gradually becoming an area with disjointed developments. The waterfront pathway is often barred with discarded lands and parking areas and the lack of social activities of the region have made the Clyde Waterfront less appealing for the local residents.23 Also, the strategic plan of having individual functional areas seems to take on a negative effect in the process of city planning. Since different areas are separately responsible by different planners, providing an overall interrelated approach for the Clyde Waterfront is facing its challenge.

Other issues such as a limited budget, lack of water activities, lack of easy tourist navigation, and strong tourism competitors are all concerns regarding the current state of regeneration.

2.2 Case Study comparison and conclusion Bilbao’s and Glasgow’s regeneration plan has shown multiple possibilities for the regeneration of Cijin Island. As they all share similarities in regional characteristic, all facing or faced post-industrialization all contain rich cultural assets, and all aimed or aim to achieve economic success through tourism development. Bilbao’s and Glasgow’s regeneration efforts provide great examples for Cijin Island. These so-called cultural-led regeneration strategies could serve as a guideline for future Cijin’s regeneration plans. To better understand Cijin’s future possibilities, comparisons and conclusions of both the case studies as well as some related references are detailed below to explore the concepts behind Cijin’s future development proposal.

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Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

2.2.1

The private and the public sectors

A city regeneration plan needs to take consideration of the entire region from the aspect of both the private and public sectors. This scope of action contains a wide range of aspects. The most essential perspective would be the economic related strategy. As economy being a great part of a city’s development, a cohesive regeneration plan is built with the hope to bring future economic possibilities for the city. As post-industrial cities are transitioning from one form of economic production to another, a new economic strategic plan is critical. In order to do so, proven in both case studies, it is important to provide confidence for investors not only within, but also outside of the city. Comparing both case studies, some people may argue that Bilbao achieved a more successful regeneration than Glasgow with regards to its economy strategy. Bilbao’s regeneration policies included a greater amount of private investment, both inside and outside the region, and such action not only alleviated the government’s financial burdens, but also in a way creates a sustainable economic engine for the society. The strategic plan was to include the private sector developments was certainly seen in the case of Glasgow. The encouragement for private developments was strongly publicized when the city identified the ‘Merchant City” as a non-statutory ‘Special Project Area’ to encourage private investment to convert discarded warehouses and other properties in the city center.24 As the onus of responsibility was applied on both the public and private sectors, regeneration brought forth a sense of unity within the region with a promising future for the local populace.

The consideration of both the public and private sectors also means consideration of a balanced “top-down and bottom-up” policy. The bottom-up policy is seen as a locally oriented involvement and the top-down policy is a strategic plan to stimulate such performance. It is important that this combination is balanced to ensure the government policy does not overshadow local performance which is essential, but still exercises a certain degree of constrain over it. Undeveloped or areas with fewer planning restrictions are often found to spur creativity throughout its premises, in many ways this freedom of expression provides a means of cultural stimulation. These areas contain fewer regulations, which also allow the ability to be ‘free’. As seen in the case of Glasgow, it was the start of theatres and related local cultural developments in the less urbanized and less “restrained” city center that brought hope for regeneration. As well as in Bilbao, the regeneration started with the encouragement of local cultural related activities from both 32

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

the government and private investors. Similar themes were found in other cities’ regeneration processes. Berlin’s government relaxed the constraints in certain areas, allowing the freedom of expression and creativity for local society. This action was used as a temporary strategic plan to revitalize these discarded, often forgotten areas. Also in the well-known 798 Art District, Beijing, it was the bottom-up artistic quality that bought in the top-down government policy and investment attention. However, the current state of the district today remains highly debated. Some people may argue that the essential local creativity of the area has vanished due to its currently overpowering regulations and influence from external investors.25 Although the success of this form of action differs from each individual case, it is found in the case study that a balanced top-down and bottom-up policy is critical for a regeneration plan.

2.2.2

Cultural heritage

Restore and enhance cultural heritage. A city is not appealing when it does not possess its own identity, which should be successfully achieved through simply conserving its cultural characteristics. What made Bilbao’s regeneration successful, from a cultural perspective, is the city’s ability to retain both its tangible and intangible heritage and traditions. Bilbao’s cultural restoration policy took directions from almost every aspect of its tradition, including language, education, leisure, etc., and also included a great amount of effort in the restoration of its historic monuments and museums.

Cultural preservation was treated as the priority of Bilbao’s regeneration as well as its promotion in cultural creativity such as the creative arts. The actual art itself might not be the actual cultural heritage in form, but the spiritual sense and creativity behind the art are the intangible heritage values that are essential to the society. As in Glasgow, the Miles Better campaign was built on the belief of the proud artistic and cultural heritage of Glasgow. The campaign stimulated the new art gallery to house the Burrell Collection, the catalyst that drew different components together. Also, the construct of the Royal College of Music and Drama and the Citizen’s Theatre were to enrich the city’s artistic cultural heritage. During its 1990 Year of Culture, the Clyde and its shipbuilding heritage took an essential role in representing the cultural aspect of the city. 26 It was presented through one of the largest theatrical performances: The Ship, written and directed by Bill Bryden and staged in a derelict shipyard engine shop in Govan. “The setting was evocative and the special effects impressive, with part of the stage set ‘launched’ as the 33

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

finale, but essentially the play was pure wallowing in nostalgia.”27 However, criticism was drawn on the apparent disconnect between Glasgow projecting the image of cultural conservation and the identity of the local populace, often viewed as a critical component of intangible cultural heritage. Hayton (1990) states that government decisions to rebrand Glasgow as a service-driven centre and abandoning the industrial history or heritage of the city have led to physical improvements of the city to evidence this but have not led to an increase in employment opportunities. Furthermore, Halcomb (1993) states that the image of Glasgow, both within and outside the city, has radically changed but even with the wider exercise of revitalization focused on industrial employment, government policies were not in line to successfully alleviate unemployment rate or the decline of the industrial sector. Whether it was through tangible physical constructions or intangible cultural elements, local cultural heritage was heavily used to influence the direction of the city’s regeneration. Cultural preservation provides the sense of belonging to the people, and this also corresponded to the bottom up strategy that can enforce care of the city.

2.2.3

Local resources

Take advantage on local resources. This strategic approach can be seen from both the actual reuse of architecture, the implementation of local materials, and its geographic advantage. Regeneration, especially cultural-led regeneration, is seen as an opportunity to reuse abandon buildings and industrial facilities. This form of transformation can be seen in a lot of projects worldwide. This is noticeable in the reuse of the Templeton’s carpet factory for a new business center and the reuse of warehouse facilities for cultural events in Glasgow. This phenomenon is also found in the transformation of factories as art galleries in 798 Art District, Beijing and the Ocean Concrete in Granville Island, Vancouver. These are just the few examples out of the dozens regeneration projects in response to post-industrialization. Also, the use of local materials was also seen as an advantage. The Guggenheim Museum was able to achieve positive feedback for the city and was stated as the most impressive contemporary art museum of the decade. Its constitution consists of Bilbao’s symbolic elements: steel, stone, and water. 28 The material selection has been viewed an expression of Bilbao’s industrial tradition, showing the strength and independence of Bilbao 29, as well as a way to promote its declining industry. The success of Guggenheim Museum not only achieved through tourism 34

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

increment, but also increased the international publicity of its local manufactures and further stimulated the business.30 It was also the unique waterfront location and strategy made the architecture unique and appealing for visitors and locals alike. As in the city of Glasgow, its industrial materials were represented through art exhibitions, such as the Altar of the Rivet Hammer from Tom Mckendrick’s exhibition of iron. Also, Glasgow’s unique waterfront, the Clyde, was and is still used as a critical development advantage.

Moreover, in some recent regeneration project in the UK, the use of local materials is strongly emphasized by local government. As the extensive street surface work in Kilmarnock town centre was largely founded by the government in support for its local materials: Caithness stone slabs, silver-grey granite cubes and pink granite kerbs.31 The use of local resources is not only a way to represent the transition of the place, but it would also benefit the local suppliers and ensure the material quality. From a long term perspective, this can also be seen as a strategy to retain the symbolic traditional elements of the place.

2.2.4

Resident oriented local identity

Provide local identity through the consideration for the local people as a priority.

This form of action is more specific than simply focusing on local identity by considering the people’s identity instead of the generic identity of the society. It is the people that make the place, not the place that makes the people. In the case of both Bilbao and Glasgow, its regeneration started locally, to maintain the confidence of the people. It was stated in Bilbao’s Strategic Plan the aim is to ‘improve the quality of life of its inhabitants’ and specifically in its urban regeneration section to ensure “a system of housing blocks, a system of infrastructure to improve the quality of life.” 32 Before the Guggenheim Museum, the regeneration of Bilbao started with promoting local cultural facilities, such as local civic centers, along with promoting its local tradition to the citizens, and then the construction of large-scale infrastructures, such as the metro system that was built to fulfill the local need. In Glasgow, enhancing local cultural related events and facilities was the city’s priority before it began its global marketing. Especially when Glasgow was facing social problems caused by its housing situation and the government failed to deliver on leisure facilities, it was the owner-occupation concept that eventually resolved the problem and provided residents with a sense of belongingness. Even though people criticized that Glasgow’s 1990 Year of Culture lacked consideration for the quality of 35

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

jobs it provided for the local residents, it was still viewed as a policy which both visitors and locals alike can benefit in long-term. It was seen by the government as a way to enhance the cultural aspect of the community in preparation for its long-term proposal of cultural regeneration.

A more direct and critical approach for such an action is to encourage the participation of the local people directly in the city’s project. The Urban Play project for the city of Amsterdam, created by Scott Burnham in collaboration with Droog Design, is a more recent participatory approach presented as part of the ExperimentaDesign Amsterdam 2008. The project’s intention is “instead of taking the usual approach towards urban design, in which objects and areas are created to prevent alteration and intervention by the public, what if we created a series of urban design which invited it?”33 It challenged the limitation of public engagement by presenting 12 interventions that includes a ‘handson’ physical exercise with participation from the public. The Sculpt Me Point provided the unique moment of public art that is created by the public and the Moving Forest was a direct expression of the local’s impression of necessary greenery in the landscape of Amsterdam. Even though the project was temporary, these approaches were in a way creative and emphasized the importance of creating local identity oriented from the residents’ point of view.

2.2.5

Rebrand the city image

Rebranding the city image as a marketing strategy. The most essential outcome of the regeneration is the final presentation, its city image that is presented to the outside world. Policies and plans are aimed to make the city more alluring, desirable and successful. Glasgow’s 1988 Garden Festival, the Glasgow’s Miles Better campaign and the 1990 Year of Culture were all part of the city’s strategic plan to rebrand the city’s image. Michael Kelly pointed out in his creation of the Glasgow’s Miles Better campaign that it was aimed with a “specific purpose of changing the city’s reputation as a dark, dangerous and dismal conglomeration of slum housing, religious bigotry and urban decay.”34 Imitating the ‘I love New York’ slogan, ‘Glasgow’s Miles Better’ was used to promote the city from the inside–out. The 1990 Year of Culture was certainly a successful marketing strategy to present the city’s ambitions of being a globally recognized cultural city. The increase in tourism numbers and positive economic benefits realized were proof of this successful strategy. As for the city of Bilbao, “the revitalization and ‘rebranding’ 36

Chapter 2 Case Study and Principle Development

of Bilbao is widely associated with the construction of the Guggenheim Museum.”35 The Guggenheim Museum has “effectively provided Bilbao with a new identity of a modern, cultural, dynamic, artsy, avant-garde and successful city.” 36 To conclude, Bilbao and Glasgow took different paths towards their regeneration efforts but both implemented almost identical methods of rebranding the city’s image.

2.2.6

Case study conclusion

Using the case study analysis and comparison previously discussed, five critical points are detailed to serve as an illustration for an improved development approach for the Cijin Island. The five critical points are: cohesive private and public sectors strategic plans with a balanced “top-down bottom-up” policy, restore and enhance cultural heritage, take advantage of local resources, a resident oriented local identity, and rebrand the city’s image as a marketing strategy. These points will serve as the generic concepts to better analyze Cijin Island’s current situation and future possibilities, and through strategic design and implementation, detailed architectural approaches will be presented in the following chapter.

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

Chapter 3 Concept and implementation From the previous chapter of case study and analysis, conclusions have been drawn to illustrate the initial design concepts. These concepts are able to serve as a framework of rules and definitions from which the implementation of the project can be better understood and judged. As a continuation from the previous chapter, through the initial design concepts, this chapter focuses on forming architectural concepts and implementations that are related to the specific context of Cijin Island.

Figure 3.1 Impression of the future Cijin Waterfront.

3.1 Initial concept relevancy- problems with current practice In order to provide a better understand of Cijin’s development challenges, this chapter will start off by using the five critical points driven by the case studies as a guideline to analyze the island’s current situation. As mentioned briefly in the introduction chapter, Cijin Island is currently struggling with many development problems, and the most critical ones being its post-industrial stage with unclear direction for its economy, discarded properties and land, lack of local identity, an unorganized development plan, especially in relation to the waterfront development, and questionable tourism development strategies. In many ways the critical components for a successful regeneration in Cijin Island is missing. For a better implementation proposal, the following sections will carefully identify the missing link between the guidelines and 38

Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

Cijin’s current situation.

3.1.1

Cijin v.s. strategic planning

As mentioned previously, a well-planned strategic policy requires the consideration of the public and public sectors as a balanced top-down and bottom-up approach. In terms of policy making, architectural implementations are relatively hard to influence government’s development procedures; however, the analysis of such would set up the greater framework to better understand the disconnection between the public pursuit and the private desire. What currently exists in Cijin Island is a complicated public policy with no private sector involvement. The main issue that has made Cijin’s regeneration plan more complicated today is its complex government policy with a lack of communication between its departments. Its property ownership policies are a confusing mix of, privately owned and government owned properties held by various departments, in addition of a large amount of illegal buildings(9).

During some interviews with government officials, it was clearly a chaotic situation with unclear lines of property ownership, unclear locus of responsibilities, and a lack of communication. Not to mention the ironic situation of a one-man operation for the island’s planning and development with almost no support teams. This is further

Figure 3.2 Cijin Property Ownership Diagram.

(9)

See Figure 3.2 Cijin Property Ownership Diagram.

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

aggravated by the fact that this department has not set foot on Cijin Island and has no firsthand experience of its environment. These circumstances have gradually led to a situation in which the voice of the local people has disappeared along with their confidence in the local government. This further leads to in passive local involvement, low creative innovation, and government’s ignorance of the local’s need. Previous examples have shown that a cohesive team can be formed to improve government efficiency that directly respond to this particular issue. However, this scope of discussion is not in line with the basis of this thesis and will not be developed further. Nonetheless, the situation is a direct indication of an unbalanced top-down and bottom-up approach.

This disconnection between the upper sector and the bottom sector creates a chain effect that not only results the passive vibe in the local society along with aggressive but not sentimental development decisions from the government, which altogether impacts the development of the area.

Figure 3.3 Cijin Shipbuilding Factory Operation Diagram.

It is to understand that the decline in industry is influenced with various factors. Thus, there are many reasons that have led to the decline in the shipbuilding industry of Cijin.

However, responsibility lies heavily with inefficient government policies. Disregard its government property ownership issues between departments; its shipbuilding industry 40

Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

was barely the focus of the government’s agenda. The ignorance of related policies include a lack of government promotional plan, a missing overall cohesive plan for the development of its shipbuilding industry, shortage of fully integrated yacht piers, and its short-term 10 year property lease policy is disadvantageous for large-scale investment as the leasing policy restrains business owners from receiving adequate financing terms.37 What is presented today is a mixture of decaying and deserted factories. Discarded factories remain in the area due to its cheap rent and the intention to ‘hold-on’ to the assets for capital growth whilst not making any further improvements. These operating factories are not given much attention and do not participate in community events nor tourism development plans due to a lack of belongingness and unclear benefits for doing so. The consequence of the unconstructed top-down approach is the decrease in local investor participation and segregation between the industry and the local people and surrounding.

The outcome of disconnection between the public and private parties is the unbalanced policy plan that restrains a cohesive transformation. The current Cijin’s development is overly focused on public facilities that mainly targets the tourism industry and has very limited direct relation to the private sectors. It is under an unbalanced topdown and bottom-up policy in which the government policy is overpowering and leaves no room for the local society to exert its own creative influences. Viewing the city’s current developments, as the artificial beach, the bike route, windmill park, etc., none of these nature-oriented projects are in direct consideration for the residents or in favor for the private investors. Moreover, the city’s current hotel proposal is based on the understanding that currently the only reason restricting Cijin’s tourism development is the island’s lack of a fully integrated hotel.38 However, from site observation and analysis, this critical knowledge contradicts with the current tourism development situation, which contains a series of tangible and intangible problems. The hospitality proposal involves only a specific group of external investors, which has very limited benefits for the local people. Also, the hotel proposal consists of an ‘Ocean View Design Hotel’ and ‘Villa,’ which raises the questions whether Cijin is ready for this type of high-end development when the majority of the island is still struggling with deterioration, and whether this proposal would worsen the already evident social divide between the visitors and the local people. Another currently on-going project is the construction of the new Cijin Memorial Hall.(10) This modern architecture is treated as the replacement for the traditional cemetery, (10)

中译: 旗津生命纪念馆 41

Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

also part of the city’s plan to embellish the city image as part of its tourism campaign.

This new development can also be a direct solution for its aging-society. However, its contribution towards the overall city regeneration, economic possibilities and direct relation toward the resident’s future is vague.

3.1.2

Cijin v.s. resident’s local identity

The disruptive policy plan is directly reflected upon the local people. As mentioned previously, the government’s recent approaches is not focused on the local needs. Cijin’s current disunion between the two parties, the government and the people, are made worse by a fall in the local people’s willingness to participate in community events and diminishing pride for the area. The strategic approach to reposition local identity should be addressed with top-down policy making; however, its impacts should be oriented through the perspective of the local people. This term of identity first should be approached through the physical settlement of people. As mentioned above the chaotic situation of property ownership versus user-ship deteriorates the process of settlement.

The owner-occupation concept in many ways benefits the sentimental aspect as well as the habitation of the people. However, the government’s attempt to do so is fairly inexplicit. The Stated-owned Property Law states the direct occupants of non-public use real estate have the opportunity to purchase the property at discounted prices, with proof of occupation before year 1946.39 However, Cijin’s suitability of this policy has been arguable since currently 90% of Cijin’s occupants do not own their properties, and the fairly long backtrack period does not favor its current inhabitants, which in most cases are not the direct occupant dated back to 1946.40 Also without following structured guidelines, relative individual occupation petitions have been brought up for discussions many times to the authorities41, which not only results in a waste in government resources but also decreases the residents’ confidence in the government. This also further affects the local atmosphere by demolishing the sense of rooting; contradictory with the

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government’s initial intentions and the essential principle of local identity.

The owner-occupation issue is not the only element that prevents local cohesiveness.

Post-industrial society residuals such as limited working opportunities, unpleasant living environment and lack of vitality of the people, together with the increase in people’s living expectation, decreases the mobility of reform and worsens the local situation. The transformation tardiness of the society is in conflict with the advent-garde mind of the youth resulting in a relocation of the main creative force and leaves an aging society with minimal motivation of creativity and participation in public policy making. This negativity is an impact of the segregation between the policy applied and its targeted audiences, which directly influences the efficiency of transformation. Cijin is desperately in need for an ‘active approach’, an approach that will stimulate the involvement of the locals and further provide an identity for the people.

Figure 3.4 Cijin Current Residential Setting Diagram.

3.1.3

Cijin v.s. cultural heritage

Cultural heritage can be seen as the characteristic of the area, the essential elements which formed the society. From site analysis and observation, another major deficiency of Cijin Island’s plans is its missing cultural heritage. Cijin is an island that contains rich 43

Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

cultural characteristic, but is in rapid process of losing it. The most symbolic cultural heritage of Cijin Island is its rich shipbuilding history, identical to Glasgow’s industrial past. Industrial characteristic is a direct inheritance of the previous society. Even though the industrial sector is in a decline, this significant traditional industry should be conserved, emphasized and introduced to the broader audience. There are many reasons that have led to the decline in the shipbuilding industry; however, amidst these actual policy issues, what is present now is an isolated waterfront area that contains both operating and deserted factories and the segregation between areas. The government currently has no strategic plan to enhance or conserve its shipbuilding heritage or reconstruct the discarded areas, which could have been a symbolic theme for Cijin’s regeneration.

Other than the shipbuilding industry, Cijin contains a vast number of local characteristics originating from both its cultural tradition and local creativity. These include its rich religious traditions and related cultural heritage such as the architecture and its related craftsmanship. Before industrialization, Cijin was rich with its fishery industry, which heavily influenced the local religious traditions of the area. Fortunately, due to the slow pace development, these religious architectures, its structure craftsmanship, and its traditional handcraft decoration elements such as the Koji pottery (交趾陶) and the unique convex embroidery (凸绣), are still preserved in the area. As well as other forms of local arts such as the industry related craftsmanship of fishing net and propeller, local art of floating log sculpture the famous 1300 Only Porcelain, and etc.(11) However, these are the ‘hidden arts’ in Cijin Island, the arts that are scattered around the island and can barely be noticed without being told by someone knowledgeable of the island.

Recently years, public awareness in cultural heritage has slightly increased. The need in restoration of such characteristics has been brought to attention to small organizations.

Small-scale cultural related events were formed in the area by these organizations in collaboration with the local government. The Community Master Workshop was based on the concept of ‘Eco-museum’, proposing the environment and society as the exhibition for the local audience.42 This two-day workshop delved deep into the life of the people and the local cultural heritage of the area. Related small-scale discussion group and exhibitions were also formed to accommodate the idea of increasing cultural heritage (11)

See Table 3.1 The Hidden Arts of Cijin Island 44

Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

awareness. Also, local creativity was used as an approach to enhance cultural recognition.

The five week art exhibition of the New Environmental Art in Cijin “presents some of the complex cultural and geographical issues of Cijin, and also examines how Cijin has been socially and economically marginalized in Taiwan.” 43 These cultural related activities can be seen as the start of a cultural regeneration of the area since what has been presented so far are relatively short-term and temporary events and activities that target a smaller portion of audiences. It is from referencing the case studies that a structured and long-lasting top-down policy would need to correspond with such approach in order to achieve greater cultural awareness among the society, and such policy could further present these cultural heritage sources as a tool for attracting tourists, benefiting the developing tourist sector.

Religious (宗教) Temple fair (庙会)

Industrial (工业)

Artistic (艺术)

Life Style (生活)

Shipbuilding (造船业)

1300 Only Porcelain

Mullet roe production

(旗津窑)

(传统乌鱼子)

Convex embroidery

Handcrafted fishing net

Handcrafted ship

Local flavors

uniform (凸绣庙服)

(渔网工艺)

model (手工船舰模型)

(特色小吃)

Handcrafted propeller

Floating log sculpture

Music festival, jugging

(手工螺旋桨)

(漂浮木艺术)

festival

Temple (寺庙)

(音乐节、慢跑节) Koji pottery (交趾陶)

Sunk household (半穴居)

Table 3.1 The Hidden Arts of Cijin Island.

3.1.4

Cijin v.s. local resources

Cijin’s use of local resources including the advantage of having a waterfront is heavily underutilized. Other than the industrial material of steel, the most symbolic local material in Kaohsiung city is its manufacturing of red-brick. The city’s advantage of being located adjacent to the Kao-Ping River, the fine texture clay quality, and the humid weather has made Kaohsiung the perfect place for red-brick production. 44 Before the construction of reinforced concrete architecture, during the 18th century, red-brick was the main architectural material in Taiwan Island. However, following the industrial revolution, the use of red-brick was slowly replaced by other industrial materials, leaving San-He Tile Kiln the only red-brick factory that remains in southern Taiwan. For the people, “the red-brick represents the meaning of shelter and is an emblem of eternity. (…)

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Regardless of your distance, it will always be your shelter protecting and guiding you through every obstacle.”45 It is this sense of protection that the people are looking for through the regeneration process; shelter and the enduring feeling of comfort and support.

However, as it was not implemented in Cijin’s development plans, it is seen as a missed opportunity.

Another local materials that was not been implemented is the shipping container in Cijin Island. Due to Cijin’s location and industrial function, a large portion of the land is currently used as a major container terminal. Thus, making shipping container greatly available for the area. However, the implementation or reuse of such material is not seen in any purpose other than the industrial use, creating another missed opportunity for local material usage.

Geographically, the long narrow-shaped Island provides the advantage of an encircled waterfront. Unfortunately, other than the proposed landscape area that is aimed towards tourism, the surrounded waterfront areas are barely accessible for the local residents. For an island that started with its water activities and once heavily depended on its marina, its waterfront characteristic is slowly vanishing from physical existence. The threshold between the island and its waterfront areas not only limits the waterfront development, but also creates a boundary between the people and its sentimental enclosure. The presentation of this outer façade and its connection and continuity within and from the island would require both a government policy and an architectural implementation.

3.1.5

Cijin v.s. marketing strategy

As mentioned, the promotion of tourism and related developments is the official strategic approach towards city image rebranding and marketing, particularly through its landscape reconstruction and natural amenities profile. This transformation is treated as an economic marketing opportunity through the promotion of tourism. However, at Cijin’s current state of regeneration, with its lack of local significance along with other critical reasons, the desired outcome has not yet been seen. As reference from the case study, a successful marketing approach is based upon the understanding of the needs of the local society, the essential characteristics that identify and structure the story of the place, and the launch of an iconic corner-stone structure. The current approach dictates the limited social and economic returns from Cijin’s recent public events. The Rock n 46

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Roll Cijin Ocean Music Festival and the Cijin Marathon both are fairly short-term events that had limited long-term effects on the area’s future development, caused by not meeting the needs that are relevant to the local society. In order for future events to be successfully promoted and marketed, they would need to create local relevance as priority with an iconic, recognized event.

3.2 Specific architectural concept development and implementation The final intention of this thesis is to drive architectural implementations derived from conceptual principals of cultural-led regeneration concluded from previous studies of others. The fundamentals of cultural-led regeneration is based on the five critical points being: cohesive private and public sectors strategic plans with a balanced “top-down bottom-up” policy, restore and enhance cultural heritage, take advantage of local resources, resident oriented local identity, and rebrand the city’s image as a marketing strategy. These principles serve as the guideline for the following design concepts; aim to present a comprehensive strategic plan and a rational and effective architectural design that would vitalize the post-industrialized Cijin Island.

The principles are implemented in the architectural design as the following: 1.

A sustainable development approach: proposes the development cohesiveness of the entire island, the ‘urban land nexus’ is a conceptual approach that unifies the urban fabric. Together with the ‘green pocket’ and the ‘roundabout bike path’ scheme, forming a connected sustainable development.

2.

Inherit cultural heritage: The cultural heritage approach is mainly treated with two forms of actions: the preservation of existing cultural heritage and recreating local creativity. Existing cultural elements are located, discovered, and represented to the public knowledge through implementations such as distinguished functional areas and the pop-up cultural museum and other related facilities. Instead of having irrelevant temporary events, this is a strategy to promote long-term cultural awareness. Local creativity is to be rebuilt starting with the people: from maximizing the diversity of residents to the interactions between the local residents and the tourists.

3.

Utilize local resources: Local resources are utilized through two main strategies: 47

Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

the use of local materials and activation of the waterfront area. Local materials such as the shipping containers and red bricks are implemented in the architectural design and the landscape elements to bring familiarity to the area, as well as continuity of the culture. The waterfront area is treated as the lure to draw both public and private attentions, to stimulate the vitality, as well as rebuilding the outer façade of the island.

Shape residents’ local identity: The strategy to creating local identity for the

4.

residents is shown through the approach of an integrated community. The design of this new community is in respect to the existing living pattern and prototype as well as its existing framework. Steps are taken to rebuild the local’s confidence in the regeneration process and at the same time provide them with the sense of permanent belongingness. This will enhance the local people’s willingness to participate in social events and public policies and the engagement between to public and private, together further benefits the regeneration of the entire island.

5.

Cooperation with balanced policies: A balanced policy approach is suggested from two perspectives. The policies that should coexist with the suggested future projects to ensure a balanced and efficient development and the policy that applies to future marketing strategy. The actual marketing strategy itself is not achievable with architectural design; however, the core element of promotion is to be created. This thesis design is to create the matters of attention, and in cooperation with a balanced government marketing plan, together boost the regeneration of Cijin Island.

This chapter will continue introduce the architectural concepts and design implementations in detail, starting from the greater urban fabric towards the specific waterfront area: 

Urban Land Nexus - the island approach



Integrated Community



The anchor



The lure - Activate the waterfront and facilitate the surrounding

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3.2.1

Urban Land Nexus- the island approach

Even though Cijin Island is administered under Kaohsiung City, its geographic isolation could be used as an advantage to develop the area as an individual component.

Thus, its ingredients, the functional spaces, and the network connection between these areas are even more critical for the Island’s future development. Urbanization or other forms of the regeneration process is associated with special concentration and various cumulative actions of clustering and sorting. This form of action is the foundation of a related feature that is called the ‘urban land nexus,’ “an interacting set of land uses expressing the ways in which the social and economic activities of the city condense out into a differentiated, polarized, locational mosaic. (…) The urban land nexus corresponds to the essential fabric of intra-urban space.” 46 Disregard Allen J. Scott’s in depth definition of the urban land nexus in relation to the social and economic sectors, urban land nexus in this particular approach is the expression of the agglomeration and polarization of spatial integration within the island.

Figure 3.5 The Urban Land Nexus Master Plan.

Nexus is defined as a form of connections, a connected series or group. The intention of the project is to generate a cohesive approach aimed towards the entire island development. Only to agglomerate the island’s individual functional areas, to create 49

Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

interlinking spatial quality that would bring cohesive development in the region. This ‘interlinking adhesive’ could be either tangible or intangible depending on the desired outcome. For the sake of this project, a tangible, physical linkage will be developed first.

The Implementation: This island approach of the urban land nexus requires three critical elements: the adhesive that creates spatial linkage, the functional areas that contains characteristics, and the ingredients that promotes these characteristics. It is to the understanding that this approach would only incorporate a meaning if these ingredients are significant to the local society. Taking a bottom-up approach, performing from its local existing cultural elements, the ingredients, the attractions, are carefully identified and analyzed, and sorted into nine categories: nature, historical, commercial, museum, government, religious, education, industrial and transportation. These attraction points is a mixture of government promoted well-known developments and the hidden culture that were ignored but still symbolic.

Figure 3.6 Cijin Existing Cultural Heritage

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

Derive from this pattern of cultural dots, and incorporate the government development proposal and analysis of the current settings, new functional areas are proposed regarding the development the entire island. With considerations of the guideline derive from the case studies, these functional areas each contains it unique identity and together will act as a network forming a cohesive development plan. The functional areas are listed as the following, from north-east to south-east: the traditional society, the educational area, the commercial pier/ yacht house, the cultural center and the art district; from north-west to south-west: the historical area, the beach-front hotel, the green landscape/ public art, the government / commercial office, the religious cultural area and the shipping container storage port.

-

Historical area, beachfront hotel, green landscape zone: These has been the focus of the government policy recently. The historical area and the green landscape zone has been pretty much developed according to the government’s vision and the beachfront hotel is still under government planning.

-

Traditional society area: This is not part of the government’s focus of development, but due to the location of the ferry station, it is currently the most populated area in Cijin Island. Currently, being directly connected to the Cihou Ferry Station, the Miaoqian Road is the most crowded road among the island. The street contains a strong locally driven force with local shops and restaurants as well as cultural elements. It is to suggest that this form of society driven development could expand to the rest of the connecting streets, and together enhance its traditional social characteristic of Cijin.

-

Educational area: Majority of this functional area is now part of Cijin Military Base. Due to the decreased necessity of military forces in the region, this particular military base is no longer fully utilized. To revitalize and reuse unattended land, the military base, together with its surrounding library and schools, is proposed to regenerate as a new educational area. This area would not only focus on the local education. Being located adjacent to the most populated area in Cijin, it is advantageous to serve as an educational hub for the tourist. A place that tells the story.

-

Commercial Pier / Yacht House: From research and analysis, it is in the best interest of the shipbuilding industry to build a commercial pier and yacht house 51

Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

in Cijin Island. This area is the ideal place to fulfill the desire of promoting Cijin’s shipbuilding industry and enhance the island’s leisure quality. Its current context of operating and discarded shipbuilding factories and its existing pier setting made this area the most functional compatible place for such an approach. Through architectural design, these discarded factories could be utilized as yacht houses for public use. Together with the activated factories, this area contains a high potential to demonstrate the industrial, commercial and recreational profile of Cijin.

-

Art District: Being at the center of the inner-harbor, this area is currently concentrated with both operating and deserted shipbuilding factories, similar to the proposed commercial pier area. However, this area has the advantage of having the Chungchou Ferry Station in the middle of the region. Chungchou Ferry Station routes with the Qianzhen Ferry Station that is directly across the harbor.

Different from the Cihou-Gushan ferry route, the Chungchou-Qianzhen ferry route provides the unique view of the industrial façade. Unfortunately, the commuters do not frequently use this route mainly due to the ferry station locates in the middle of a chaotic industrial area. Taking advantage on the area’s existing discarded architectures and its transportation convenience, this area is proposed as a future art district, a creative area. The shipbuilding factories buildings are generally long spanned and tall structures. Conveniently, these spacious buildings are ideal spaces for art studios due to the open floor plan and flexibility in programming. From previous case studies, it is known that creativity is necessary for cultural-led regeneration. A common factor in facilitating a creative space is maintaining a less restricted atmosphere to allow room for innovative ideas.

Currently, such quality is not to be found in Cijin Island. In order for the regeneration to happen, an art district is necessary to function as a creative hub.

-

Government / Commercial Office: This district is proposed to be a commercial center of the island. The Cijin City Hall is moved from the beachfront hotel area to this location to accompany future office buildings. The benefit of having a commercial district is to attract foreign investors, bring in other economic opportunities. Cijin has been trying to acquire foreign investors through tourism only, however the result has not been prominent. A new business district can provide a home for new businesses.

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

-

Religious Cultural Area: The area is relatively secluded from the populated areas on the island; it is distant from major tourist attractions and adjacent to the container port. Due to the isolated location of this area, it is remained intact with rich religious sediments. Along with the unintentional preservations of the temples, the unintentional cultural heritage is also made up by the local religious beliefs. The area is rich of local identity that should be promoted as a tourist attraction, becoming part of the urban land nexus.

Storage / Container Terminal: This area, known as the Container Terminal No.4, is currently the largest container terminal in Taiwan region. Due to the long length in form, this terminal contains the capacity to accommodate most of the largest containerships worldwide. Together with the completion of the Cross Harbor Terminal and the Kaohsiung Second Harbor, this particular container terminal is becoming essential for the industry. Recently, plan of expansion has been proposed to accommodate the need for future development and it is estimated to complete in 2018.47 Thus, it is to predict that such expansion would enlarge the importance of this terminal, and will further affect the future development of the

Figure 3.7 Container Terminal No.4 Future Expansion Plan. (高雄港第四貨櫃中 心後線場地擴建工程計畫，中華民國交通部。) 53

Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

entire Cijin Island as well.

Figure 3.8 The Green Pocket Connection.

As mentioned previously, a physical adhesive link is needed to connect all the functional areas. The proposed ‘physical adhesive’ is achieved by a bike path that forms a loop around the island and a series of green pockets. The existing bike path only extends from the northwest corner to the western edge of the island, and the western portion of the bike path is underutilized due to lack of programming. The existing bike path is then re-routed to loop around the proposed functional areas, providing a mean of transport as well as being an additive attraction. Currently, the west edge of the island is fully vegetated where as other parts of the island is bare. The proposal calls for pinpointing wastelands and un-used lots on the island, and turn them into a series of ‘green pocket’ parks. By populating the island with green pockets, living environment is greatly improved and fits the government’s vision of a green sustainable attraction.

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

3.2.2

The anchor – specific site

Figure 3.9 The Anchor- Specific Site Location.

A specific site, in between the proposed commercial pier and art district, was chosen to be further developed as the anchor point of the island. The site is located approximately at the center of the island, offset to the east and sits next to the water. The waterfront site acts as a connection between the existing tourist-populated green landscapes to the inner harbor. The site also brings all the functional areas together, acting as a main adhesive.

3.2.3

Integrated Community

Figure 3.10 Existing Urban Pattern and Future Integrated Community Conceptual Diagram.

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

Figure 3.11 Residential Typology Conceptual Diagram.

It is crucial to provide a desirable living environment in order for people to feel a sense of belongingness and take ownership of their surroundings. The current composition of the site involves a cluster of poorly built metal-sheet houses, wooden houses, brick houses and concrete houses. Flow of circulation is poor due to the unorganized growing cluster pattern. The basis of the bottom-up cluster pattern is to tailor to individual needs. However, the non-regulated cluster growth has resulted in a disconnected urban fabric and a lot of residue spaces, and has turned the area into an undesirable living environment. Certain parameters should be applied to regulate cluster of buildings. Unused open lots are the residues of the random fabric and are closed off from the public. These open lots are to be transformed into green pockets and courtyards, and they are scattered throughout the area with respect to its current setting. New circulation paths are created to allow better flow between the residential areas and to the waterfront; enhancing the environmental settings and the integration of public and private.

Five residential typologies are introduced to control the bottom-up pattern; this is considered to be a balance between top-down and bottom-up systems. The five typologies are: single family unit A and B, studio unit, apartment unit and street front store unit. The five typologies reflect the current housing situation, but they are designed to be a kit-ofparts that can be easily plugged into the current urban fabric or composing a new block.

Similarly, the five typologies can also replace any of the poorly built housing in the area.

The resulted fabric is an integration of the old and the new. The mix of the five typologies is intended to increase the cultural and social diversity of the residents. Naturally, economic abilities and social behaviors are linked to the affordability of the five 56

Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

typologies. It is a strategic approach to maximize the diversity in order to create a big cultural melting pot. Diversity is essential to spark creativity and advocate a cultural-led community. Therefore, the integrated community will perform as a functional model for cultural-led regeneration of the island.

Figure 3.12 Junkspace v.s. Green Pocket.

Figure 3.13 Community Housing Block.

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

3.2.4

The Lure – Activate the waterfront; facilitate the surrounding

Figure 3.14 Impression of The Lure Waterfront Area.

The interesting feature of this site is a U-shaped boardwalk extension that hugs its waterfront with approximately 25,000 m2. This area will be converted into an aquatic recreational hub, the Lure, to promote athleticism and act as a luring factor to energize the waterfront. The Lure will break the boundaries between the land and the water, create waterfront accessibility, as well as promote interactions between local residents and visitors. The Lure is served as the icon representing athleticism and local participation, as similar to the Guggenheim Museum being the poster child to Bilbao.

Figure 3.15 The Lure Waterfront Conceptual Diagram.

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

The aquatic recreational hub is designed to accommodate different age groups and activities, ranging from a baby pool to a six meters high diving pool. The program is comprised of a sun bathing deck, baby pool, a lap pool, a water polo pool, a water volleyball pool, a diving pool, a water park, a lounge and an amphitheater. Vegetation is planted on the northern edge of the hub to for sustainability reasons. A solar powered filtration system is used to supply clean water by intaking seawater at the site. The activation of the water hub is a strategic approach that will trigger, stimulate and create a chain effect activating other parts of the island.

Figure 3.16 The Lure Waterfront Program Implementation Diagram.

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

To further accommodate the Lure, the connecting waterfront area is packed with leisure programs - retail, restaurants, café, bars and a ‘pop-up’ cultural center that hosts and promotes the hidden culture of Cijin Island. Service programs for the aquatic recreational hub, such as public bathrooms, locker rooms and information centers, are also found at this location. These programs are temporary developments, to be taken down when the area is fully activated. Thus, shipping containers will be used as a building module. There are several advantages in using containers – lower construction cost due to the local abundance of containers and flexible arrangements due to modularity.

Figure 3.17 Shipping Container Modular System Diagram.

The pop-up cultural center follows the characteristic of modularity in the area.

Containers are stacked and programed into offices / archive room, small and large scale exhibitions, corner lounge, active zones and green space. These individual programs can be creatively and flexibly inserted into the main core steel structure to accommodate the surrounding environment. This cultural center is given the name to serve as a traveling center that could be easily ‘pop-up’ at any area. It is proposed that this creative architecture, with its essential cultural heritage of Cijin, will travel around spaces and spread the Cijin story.

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

Figure 3.18 Pop-up Cultural Center Program Development Diagram.

Figure 3.19 Pop-up Cultural Center Modular Structure Diagram.

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Chapter 3 Concept and Implementation

Figure 3.20 Pop-up Cultural Center.

Also, the shipping containers are identical to the footprint of the proposed residential community to serve as a guideline for future expansion of the residential area. These containers are stacked and organized in a way to enhance the circulation between the residential area and the aquatic recreational hub as well as to remain the characteristic of the courtyard / green space- the open lots. To reduce carbon footprint and make use of local materials, this area is paved with locally produced traditional red bricks. Red bricks possess special sentimental values to the area and nostalgic idea of protection and home.

The continuation of the waterfront bike ramp will interlace the site with other functional areas on the island.

Therefore, it is suggested that in cooperation with a balanced government policy, the Lure, with its waterfront vitalization, social diversity and integration, and cultural heritage inclusion, would be the future marketing focus of Cijin Island, creating a milestone in the regeneration process.

Figure 3.21 The Anchor- Master Plan.

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Chapter 4 Conclusion

Chapter 4 Conclusion As discussed, a region or city through progress or decline constantly undergoes the process of change. Post-industrialization is simply one phase of the change process and requires the active participation of the government and public alike to manage the transition between phases of growth or decline.

Post industrialism is an inevitable phenomenon faced by developed countries, where their service sector increasingly generates more overall wealth than the industrial sector.

As economic dependencies shift away from industrialism, accelerating the decline of industrialized regions, the neglect of infrastructure, buildings, factories, result in the eventual decay and abandonment of these post-industrialized regions.

The strategy of managing the transition between phases of economic development is critical. Furthermore, the implementation and conservation of intangible cultural values can be the difference between a successful or extended regeneration process.

In the case of Cijin, post-industrial challenges arise from the local labor-intensive manufacturing society when labor-intensive manufacturers start relocating production facilities to third world countries with much lower wages and lower standards. In addition, in the push for efficiency, technological advancements result in manual labor slowly reducing. The continual development of the country leads to a focus on the service sector and a gradual elimination of industrial dependency. The less visible effect of deindustrialism, although just as significant, is the exodus of young talent that relocates to pursue more financially viable employment opportunities. Hence regeneration is at the core of restoring the relevance of the local populace and the economic stability of Cijin, its unique waterfront can be used as a competitive advantage to lead revitalization efforts.

The overall island approach is to create a linkage between different functional areas, to bind the development of the island into one cohesive plan. In essence, this unity of transformation also aims to preserve the current cultural setting and cultural elements of the region; the implementation of a culturally led regeneration.

The reconstructed/ reorganized residential area serves as a method to rebuild and preserve local identity by improving the livable conditions of the area. This local need has to be addressed to restore the confidence of the local populace.

Developments to the waterfront area are treated as the “activation point� and 63

Chapter 4 Conclusion

facilitate the revitalization process of the island. This area becomes the focus of marketing campaigns to the public and act as the main draw to the island.

The abundant containers on the island utilized as temporary infrastructure are twofold; to keep costs low and retain the industrial heritage of the island. This brings a sustainable approach to a stage by stage redevelopment process where the construction of functional, permanent structures can be balanced with the continual restoration value of Cijin.

The above architectural implementation might be specific to Cijin’s current urban setting but the underlying principles of the proposal can be used in other cases for areas that are facing similar issues. The five guidelines that are identified as critical pillars to a successful regeneration proposal can also be used to ascertain missing considerations within a pre-existing proposal.

While this case is focused on the post-industrial stage, regeneration proposals are integral to manage changes in society successfully as a city undergoes constant change and the next transition phase will always be just on the horizon.

64

References

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17. Richard M. Waterfronts in Post-industrial Cities[M]. London:Spon Press, 2001:91.

18. Elizabeth W. Accrediting the success of Bilbao’s urban regeneration to the Guggenheim Museum is misguided[/]. European Urban Knowledge Network , 2011-01-28[2013-02-20]. http://www.eukn.org/Interviews/2011/Accrediting_the_success_of_Bilbao%E2%80%99s_urban_ regeneration_to_the_Guggenheim_Museum_is_misguided.

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24. Booth P and Boyle. R. See Glasgow, See Culture[M]. In Bianchini F. and Parkinson M. (ed) Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration: The West Europe Experience. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993: 29 25. Klaus K. Creativity, Culture and Urban Development[C]. Tsinghua University, 2014-4-18.

26. Booth P and Boyle. R. See Glasgow, See Culture[M]. In Bianchini F. and Parkinson M. (ed) Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration: The West Europe Experience. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993: 31 27. Martin B. Journal for Maritime Research Shipbuilding and Cultural Identity on Clydeside[J/OL].

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34. Michael K. Learning and Beliefs Glasgow's Miles Better[G/OL]. The Glasgow Story, 2004[20142-20].

35. Musterd S. and Kovács Z. Place-making and Policies for Competitive Cities[M]. 1. United Kingdom:Wiley-Blackwell, 2013:105-123.

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37. Wang E. Interview with Chin Chiang Juo, Manager of Jade Yachts Inc [C]. Personal Notes, 2013-12.

38. 城都国际开发规划管理顾问有限公司。旗津区公所与旗津医院旧址发展观光旅馆潜在投资 商先期调查暨整体规划委托技术服务案 [M]。草案。高雄市:高雄市政府观光局、 2013:13-15： 1-1。 39. 第 52 条之 2，国有财产法 [S]。 40. 高雄市议会。高雄市议会公报初稿第 1 届第 4 次定期大会第 30 期 [C]。高雄市： 高雄 市议会，2012 年。 66

References 41. 扩大及变更高雄市主要计划 (第三次通盘检讨) 案公开展览期间公民或团体陈情案综理表 [DB/MT]。高雄市政府，[2013 年-04-20]。 http://plan.kcg.gov.tw/KUPC/web_upload/KPA0007/20140117095900-1.pdf。 42. 江仲驿。民间博物馆:小区大师工作坊 [J]。旗刊，2013 年 (2)： 1。 43. 陈明惠。不便之真相: 新环境主义艺术在旗津 [M].高雄市关怀台籍老兵文化协会， 2013:9。 44. Wang E. Interview with San-He Tile Kiln [C]. Personal Notes, 2013-8.

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Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis adviser Huang He, who has been a great source of knowledge and inspiration, and was extremely patient and helpful during the process. Thank you for guiding me through this thesis and leading me toward a new direction that I would have never pursued without you. It will be forever appreciated.

I would also like to express my gratitude to all the professors who have taught me during this master program. It was a mind changing experience, a pleasant journey that will forever be remembered.

Also, special thanks to our Teaching Assistance, Martin de Geus, who I also refer to as the ‘walking library’. You have been so supportive and selflessness with all your knowledge and time. Especially during the thesis process, you were inspirational, helpful and patient. I would have never been able to achieve this thesis without you. Thanks!

Lastly, I would like to thank all the EPMA classmates. Thank you all for being part of this overall experience. I would forever remember all those nights we pull off together, ‘mobily’. It would have been impossible to accomplish this thesis without any single one of you.

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Statement

Statement 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师指导下，独立进行研究工作 所取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本学位论文的研究成 果不包含任何他人享有著作权的内容。对本论文所涉及的研究工作做出贡献的其 他个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式表明。 The author asseverates: this thesis was prepared solely by myself under instruction of my thesis advisor. To my knowledge, except for documents cited in the thesis, the research results do not contain any achievements of any others who have claimed copyrights. To contributions made by relevant individuals and organizations in the completion of the thesis, I have clearly acknowledged all their efforts.

签

名： 日

Signature:

期：

Date:

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Appendix A The Island

Appendix A The Island

Figure A.1 Existing Bike Path.

Figure A.2 Existing Bike Path Usage.

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Appendix A The Island

Figure A.3 Existing Green Landscape

71

Appendix B Public Facility

Appendix B Public Facility

Figure B.1 The Lure Waterfront- Ground Level Cut Plan.

Figure B.2 Pop-up Museum Detailed Floor Plan 72

Appendix B Public Facility

Figure B.3 Shipping Container Program 1F- Floor Plan.

Figure B.4 Shipping Container Program 1F- Floor Plan.

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Appendix B Public Facility

Figure B.5 Public Parking Lot- 1F Floor Plan.

Figure B.6 Salt Water Filtration Solar System Diagram.

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Appendix C Residential Area

Appendix C Residential Area

Figure C.1 Studio Unit Floor Plan

Figure C.2 Apartment Unit Floor Plan

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Appendix C Residential Area

Figure C.3 Single Family Unit B Floor Plan

Figure C.4 Single Family Unit B Section

76

Appendix C Residential Area

Figure C.5 Street Front Store Unit Floor Plan

Figure C.6 Residential Block Detailed Floor Plan 77

Appendix C Residential Area

Figure C.7 Residential Area Ground Floor Plan 78

Appendix C Residential Area

Figure C.8 Residential Block Roof Plan

79

Appendix C Residential Area

Figure C.9 Existing Residential Housing Floor Level Diagram

Figure C.10 Waterfront Access.

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Appendix C Residential Area

Figure C.11 Keep Housing Units.

Figure C.12 Housing Identity.

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Appendix C Residential Area

Figure C.13 Residential Area with New Housing Typology.

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Curriculum Vitae, Publication and Research Achievements

Curriculum Vitae, Publications and Research Achievements

83