Building Construction II - Skeletal Construction ( Bus Stop )

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II

SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER

CHOW WEI QI KOH JING FAN LEONG KA JUN LIM WEI ZHENG YAP SHU WON

0331447 0330792 0331443 0330947 0331392

CONTENTS

01.

02.

Introduction

Design Consideration

06.

Construction Details

07.

Design Analysis

03.

04.

05.

Design Development

Orthographic Drawings

Construction Process

08.

Load Analysis

09.

Load Test

10.

Conclusion

11.

Reference

One

Introduction A bus shelter is a roofed structure constructed at a bus stop that provides seating and protection from the weather for the convenience of waiting passengers. The construction of bus shelter tends to reflect its level of usage.

Skeletal construction is important as it is one of the most widely used form of structures for building support. As a designer we should know how skeletal structure works. In a group of 5, we are required to construct a temporary bus shelter with maximum height of 600mm and base size of 400mm x 800mm. We had understand and demonstrate the knowledge of skeletal frames and its joints in order to produce a strong and stable structure.

Two

Design Consideration Various considerations in terms of the surrounding and user experience were introduced to act as guidelines for prioritising the bus stop’s functionality and practicality.

SUN RAIN

WEATHER RESISTANCE

ACCESSIBILITY

MATERIALS

- Withstand heat and humidity

- Maximum amount of openings to allow easy access by the users

- Selection of material according to its durability, strength and load bearing properties.

- Shield users from direct sunlight and rainfall

SOLIDITY

VISION

CAPACITY

- Able to withstand loads from all directions

- Allow clear view of the surroundings for the users

- Able to accommodate 5-6 people while providing maximum comfort

- Able to withstand wind loads by preventing uplift or collapse

Three

Design Development The design journey reflects on how the considerations are brought into the final design outcome.

1

3

2

INITIAL IDEA

DEVELOPMENT

FINAL DESIGN

Deeper research and understanding on construction components and connections were required. This design faced major flaws with inaccurate dimensions and component arrangements.

A Butterfly roof was implemented and the seating area was placed in the middle of the bus shelter to allow users sit on both sides. However, both elements were not efficient and functionality is questioned.

Focusing more on functionality and construction details, the bus stop has developed into its current design that fulfills all the considerations.

Four

Orthographic Drawings Detailed architectural drawings of the final bus stop design.

4200 mm

2635 mm 3690 mm

FLOOR PLAN Scale 1;25

3740 mm

ROOF PLAN Scale 1;25

3690 mm

3740 mm

4858 mm

SIDE ELEVATION Scale 1;25

FRONT ELEVATION Scale 1;25

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC VIEW POLYCARBONATE ROOF

ROOF FRAMING PURLIN

RAFTER

H COLUMN

STEEL MESH GRATING BENCH

STEEL MESH FRAMING

STEEL MESH GRATING FLOORING

STEEL MESH FRAMING

STEEL BASE FRAMING

STUMP

PAD FOOTING

Five

Construction Process Construction process of the 1:5 model explains the step-by-step took to complete a self-standing sturdy structure through computer applications and on-hand modelling.

Foundation

Flooring

Concrete pad footing is molded into desired size, this is represented through wood painted grey in the model.

Hollow Structural Section (HSS) is cut into specific length and hold onto the column using L brackets and bolts.

Wire mesh is cut into desired dimension and clipped onto the framing using saddle clips.

Rafter and Purlin

Column and Beam

H column is cut into desired length and bolted into concrete stump with base plate.

Another layer of steel frame is cut and fix on top of floor frame.

Two HSS beam is cut into desired length and bolted to the back of column using brackets and bolts

Rafters were customised from i beam and bolted to the column using web cleats.

HSS is cut into desired lengths and bolt onto the rafters as purlin.

Roofing

The roof frame is made of HSS that are cut into desired length. In our model, it is represented through stickers.

Bench

Polycarbonate sheets are placed on top of the frame which are secured with bolts.

HSS is cut into specific length and connected to the column to make a frame.

Wire mesh is cut into desired dimension and clipped onto the frame using saddle clips.

A circular hole is cut out from the gutter for the down spout

A circular hole is cut out from the gutter and a drop outlet and a downspout is placed underneath.

Gutter

Gutter is cut into specific length and placed between butterfly roof frame

The gutter is bolted in the column with L-brackets.

Six

Construction Detail Detailings of each and every material for all the components used to build up the complete structure and how every component are connected with each other.

BACK

CONCRETE PAD FOOTING B STEEL HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION (HSS) Dimension :

A

Width : 150mm Length : 150mm Height : 320mm

FRONT

CONNECTION STUMP A Dimension : Width : 300mm Length : 300mm Height : 700mm

BASE PLATE Dimension : Width : 300mm / 400mm Length : 300mm / 400mm Thickness : 10mm

STUMP B

CONCRETE PAD FOOTING Dimension : Width : 900mm Length : 900mm Height : 400mm

Dimension :

NUT

Width : 400mm Length : 400mm Height : 700mm

Dimension : Width : 40mm Length : 40mm Thickness : 20mm

ANCHOR BOLT Dimension : Width : 30mm Length : 35mm Thickness : 10mm

STEEL BASE FRAME

CONNECTION Connection of floor beam to column and HSS

C

Angle Bracket Single cleat with 4 bolt and nut

B

The L bracket is bolted to the steel beam.

A

CONNECTOR 8-HOLE L BRACKET Function :

STEEL HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION (HSS)

Dimension : Function : Connects to the column to form a base frame for flooring.

Height : 75mm Width : 75mm Length : 75mm Thickness : 5mm

HEX NUT AND BOLT

A

TYPE A Dimension: Width : 75mm Height : 75mm Length : 1480mm Thickness : 10mm

Function :

B

TYPE B Dimension: Width : 75mm Height : 75mm Length : 1575mm Thickness : 10mm

C TYPE C

Dimension: Width : 75mm Height : 75mm Length : 1700mm Thickness : 10mm

To hold steel hollow structural section (HSS) and 8-hole L bracket together.

Dimension : Head : 5mm Length : 20mm Head width : 15mm Bolt width : 10mm

STEEL MESH GRATING FLOORING AND BENCH

STEEL MESH FRAMING STEEL HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION (HSS)

D

C

Function : Connect parts to form framing for steel mesh grating

E

A B

STEEL MESH GRATING

STEEL MESH GRATING

Function :

Function :

Used for flooring, placed above the steel base frame

Dimension :

Used for bench, supported by steel bracing.

C

Dimension :

Span : 152.4mm Width : 50.8mm Depth : 20mm

Span : 63.5mm Width : 25.4mm Depth : 20mm

CONNECTOR Function :

ANCHOR CLIP

STEEL BRACING

B

Dimension : Width : 50mm Height : 50mm Length : 3580mm Thickness : 10mm

D Dimension :

E Dimension :

Width : 50mm Height : 50mm Length : 1642mm Thickness : 10mm

Function :

Width : 50mm Height : 50mm Length : 867.5mm Thickness : 10mm

Function :

Connect wire mesh framing, steel base framing and h column together.

Dimension : Height : 100mm Width : 40mm Length : 100mm Thickness : 5mm

Width : 50mm Height : 50mm Length : 1786mm Thickness : 10mm

Width : 50mm Height : 50mm Length : 1642mm Thickness : 10mm

As supporter for steel wire mesh seating.

Dimension :

Dimension :

Dimension :

Function :

Secure steel ,mesh to steel mesh framing.

Height : 100mm Width : 40mm Length : 100mm Thickness : 5mm

A

To hold steel hollow structural section (HSS) and 4-hole L bracket together.

Dimension :

4-HOLE L BRACKET

Height : 55mm Width : 80mm Length : 80mm Thickness : 5mm

Dimension :

HEX NUT AND BOLT

Head : 5mm Length : 20mm Head width : 15mm Bolt width : 10mm

H COLUMN

COLUMN STRUCTURE

Function : Act as a vertical support of the whole structure.

L

Dimension : Width : 300mm Height : 300mm Length : 3000mm Web : 283mm

CONNECTOR Function : Connect I to T beam to H column

Dimension : Height : 70mm Width : 70mm Length : 70mm Thickness : 5mm

CONNECTION Connection of rafter to column

Rafter

8-HOLE L BRACKET Function : To hold H column and 8-hole L bracket together.

Angle Bracket Single cleat with 4 bolt and nut

Dimension :

The L bracket is bolted to the steel beam.

HEX BOLT AND NUT

Head : 5mm Length : 20mm Head width : 15mm Bolt width : 10mm

RAFTER AND PURLIN Purlin

Rafter I to T beam Function : To support the roof deck.. As the end of the rafter approaches, the flange is taken out and the area of web reduces to reduce weight.

A

B Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) Function : Support the frame of roofing

A L

Type A Dimension : Width : 300mm Height : 300mm Length : 2503mm Web : 283mm narrowed to 67mm starting from 976mm of the flange

CONNECTION

B

Type B Dimension : Width : 300mm Height : 300mm Length : 2421mm Web : 283mm narrowed to 67mm starting from 318mm of the flange

Dimension : Width : 45mm Height: 75mm Length : 3600mm

CONNECTOR

Connection of purlins to rafter

Angle Bracket : Single cleat with 4 bolt and nut The L bracket is bolted to the RHS purlins and rafter.

4-HOLE L BRACKET

HEX NUT AND BOLT

Function : Connect the base frame to the column.

Function : Connect the base frame to the column.

Dimension :

Dimension :

Height : 55mm Width : 80mm Length : 80mm Thickness : 5mm

Head : 5mm Length : 20mm Head width : 15mm Bolt width : 10mm

ROOF STRUCTURE

CONNECTION

ROOFING AND ROOF FRAME

Connection of polycarbonate roof to steel framing Self drilling screw

A

B

Glazing bar cap Polycarbonate sheet RHS purlin

POLYCARBONATE

STEEL HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION (HSS)

Function : As shade for the weather conditions

Function : As framing for Polycarbonate roof

A TYPE A : Dimension: Width : 25mm Height : 25mm Length : 1090mm Thickness : 10mm

B TYPE B : Dimension: Width : 25mm Height : 25mm Length : 1090mm Thickness : 10mm

CONNECTOR

TYPE A : Dimension : Width : 25mm Height : 25mm Length : 1059.6mm/3678mm Thickness : 10mm

TYPE B : Dimension : Width : 25mm Height : 25mm Length : 2620mm/3678mm Thickness : 10mm

SELF DRILLING SCREW Function :

Dimension :

Connect the base frame to the column.

L1 : 4.5mm L2 : 15mm L3 : 5.5mm Head : 5mm Depth : 32mm

GUTTER AND DOWN DOWN PIPE

CONNECTION Connection of gutter to polycarbonate roof using gutter strap.

Zip screw

GUTTER

Gutter strap

Function :

Polycarbonate sheet Gutter brace

To serve as a channel for excess water to protect foundation from erosion and decay.

Aluminium gutter

Dimension : Width : 160mm Height: 100mm Length : 3693mm

CONNECTOR GUTTER STRAP Function : Connect gutter to polycarbonate roof

Dimension :

RUN DOWN PIPE Function : To serve as a channel for excess water into ground drain to protect foundation from erosion and decay.

Dimension : Width : 160mm Length : 500mm

Width : 40mm Length : 360mm Thickness : 2.5mm

ZIP SCREW Function : Attach gutter strap to polycarbonate roof

Dimension : Head : 3.8mm Length : 15mm Head width : 11.6mm Bolt width : 6mm

Seven

Design Analysis Analysing the choice of materials and structural support method that respects the design considerations.

MATERIALITY POLYCARBONATE Polycarbonate is a strong thermoplastic material that is lightweight and can withstand extremely low and high temperatures. The chosen texture of the polycarbonate sheet for this project is translucent, allowing sufficient light to enter while shading the users.

STEEL STRUCTURE Steel is not only known to be durable under extreme conditions but also its aesthetic nature.

It’s also easy to work with due to high adaptability and ductility.

STEEL MESH Steel mesh was chosen for its high durability and flexibility in construction. Furthermore, the openings allow ventilation from below the flooring, promoting better thermal comfort.

CONCRETE Concrete structures are built to last due to its high durability. It’s suitable for foundation as it does not feed rot and mildew. As a construction material, it’s versatile, cost-effective and safe.

STEEL SKELETON FRAME STRUCTURE Steel skeleton frame structures work to support the floor and roof utilising vertical and horizontal structures.

VERTICAL STRUCTURES

HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE

Members : H-column

Members : Ground beam, Floor framing, Rafters, Purlins, Roof framing

Function : To bear loads that are perpendicular to its length.

Function : To uphold loads under compressive force

Eight

Load Analysis Loads acting upon a structure are huge factors that affect the construction methods of a design. By analysing loads that will potentially act on the structure before hand, precautions can be made.

FORCE AND LOAD

External Force STATIC LOAD

Load Transfer System ONE-WAY SYSTEM

Static Load are dead loads from the structure itself that does not change in magnitude or position for its whole lifespan.

LIVE LOAD

Steel structures imposed loads to ground in only one direction through the beams and columns.

Movable loads such as pedestrians moving around the bus stop and also rainwater add weight onto the structure.

Nine

Load Test Functionality and practicality of the 1:5 model are tested utilising physical loads.

Roof

Bench

Flooring

Test subject : Fully filled thinner cans Total load : 4kg Results : Positive

Test subject : Fully filled thinner cans Total load : 4kg Results : Positive

Test subject : Human weight Total load : 50kg Results : Positive

Ten

Conclusion Throughout this project, we learnt the key aspects of skeletal construction and adapted it to compliment the design our bus shelter. The final design of our bus shelter was achieved due to numerous mock-up models and research, through the consultation of our tutors, we were able to finally produce a suitable design that greatly differs from what we initially thought of. Besides that, our newly acquired knowledge on various forms of rafters, purlin, connections and materiality e.t.c have helped correct the numerous flaws that our original design had and would also be very important in future projects as the backbone of every design is in its construction methods and details that would determine whether a design could be conceived. As a group, we managed to delegate task among ourselves based on our own skills like researching or creating digital models to ensure the project was carried out efficiently and effectively.

Eleven

Reference Chudley, R. 2006, Construction Technology. 4th edition Pearson and Prentice Hall.

Ching, Francis D.K. 1991. Building Construction Illustrated. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold.