BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II
SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER
CHOW WEI QI KOH JING FAN LEONG KA JUN LIM WEI ZHENG YAP SHU WON
0331447 0330792 0331443 0330947 0331392
CONTENTS
01.
02.
Introduction
Design Consideration
06.
Construction Details
07.
Design Analysis
03.
04.
05.
Design Development
Orthographic Drawings
Construction Process
08.
Load Analysis
09. Load Test
10. Conclusion
11.
Reference
One
Introduction A bus shelter is a roofed structure constructed at a bus stop that provides seating and protection from the weather for the convenience of waiting passengers. The construction of bus shelter tends to reflect its level of usage. Skeletal construction is important as it is one of the most widely used form of structures for building support. As a designer we should know how skeletal structure works. In a group of 5, we are required to construct a temporary bus shelter with maximum height of 600mm and base size of 400mm x 800mm. We had understand and demonstrate the knowledge of skeletal frames and its joints in order to produce a strong and stable structure.
Two
Design Consideration Various considerations in terms of the surrounding and user experience were introduced to act as guidelines for prioritising the bus stop’s functionality and practicality.
SUN RAIN
WEATHER RESISTANCE
ACCESSIBILITY
MATERIALS
- Withstand heat and humidity
- Maximum amount of openings to allow easy access by the users
- Selection of material according to its durability, strength and load bearing properties.
- Shield users from direct sunlight and rainfall
SOLIDITY
VISION
CAPACITY
- Able to withstand loads from all directions
- Allow clear view of the surroundings for the users
- Able to accommodate 5-6 people while providing maximum comfort
- Able to withstand wind loads by preventing uplift or collapse
Three
Design Development The design journey reflects on how the considerations are brought into the final design outcome.
1
3
2
INITIAL IDEA
DEVELOPMENT
FINAL DESIGN
Deeper research and understanding on construction components and connections were required. This design faced major flaws with inaccurate dimensions and component arrangements.
A Butterfly roof was implemented and the seating area was placed in the middle of the bus shelter to allow users sit on both sides. However, both elements were not efficient and functionality is questioned.
Focusing more on functionality and construction details, the bus stop has developed into its current design that fulfills all the considerations.
Four
Orthographic Drawings Detailed architectural drawings of the final bus stop design.
4200 mm
2635 mm 3690 mm
FLOOR PLAN Scale 1;25
3740 mm
ROOF PLAN Scale 1;25
3690 mm
3740 mm
4858 mm
SIDE ELEVATION Scale 1;25
FRONT ELEVATION Scale 1;25
EXPLODED ISOMETRIC VIEW POLYCARBONATE ROOF
ROOF FRAMING PURLIN
RAFTER
H COLUMN
STEEL MESH GRATING BENCH
STEEL MESH FRAMING
STEEL MESH GRATING FLOORING
STEEL MESH FRAMING
STEEL BASE FRAMING
STUMP
PAD FOOTING
Five
Construction Process Construction process of the 1:5 model explains the step-by-step took to complete a self-standing sturdy structure through computer applications and on-hand modelling.
Foundation
Flooring
Concrete pad footing is molded into desired size, this is represented through wood painted grey in the model.
Hollow Structural Section (HSS) is cut into specific length and hold onto the column using L brackets and bolts.
Wire mesh is cut into desired dimension and clipped onto the framing using saddle clips.
Rafter and Purlin
Column and Beam
H column is cut into desired length and bolted into concrete stump with base plate.
Another layer of steel frame is cut and fix on top of floor frame.
Two HSS beam is cut into desired length and bolted to the back of column using brackets and bolts
Rafters were customised from i beam and bolted to the column using web cleats.
HSS is cut into desired lengths and bolt onto the rafters as purlin.
Roofing
The roof frame is made of HSS that are cut into desired length. In our model, it is represented through stickers.
Bench
Polycarbonate sheets are placed on top of the frame which are secured with bolts.
HSS is cut into specific length and connected to the column to make a frame.
Wire mesh is cut into desired dimension and clipped onto the frame using saddle clips.
A circular hole is cut out from the gutter for the down spout
A circular hole is cut out from the gutter and a drop outlet and a downspout is placed underneath.
Gutter
Gutter is cut into specific length and placed between butterfly roof frame
The gutter is bolted in the column with L-brackets.
Six
Construction Detail Detailings of each and every material for all the components used to build up the complete structure and how every component are connected with each other.
BACK
CONCRETE PAD FOOTING B STEEL HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION (HSS) Dimension :
A
Width : 150mm Length : 150mm Height : 320mm
FRONT
CONNECTION STUMP A Dimension : Width : 300mm Length : 300mm Height : 700mm
BASE PLATE Dimension : Width : 300mm / 400mm Length : 300mm / 400mm Thickness : 10mm
STUMP B
CONCRETE PAD FOOTING Dimension : Width : 900mm Length : 900mm Height : 400mm
Dimension :
NUT
Width : 400mm Length : 400mm Height : 700mm
Dimension : Width : 40mm Length : 40mm Thickness : 20mm
ANCHOR BOLT Dimension : Width : 30mm Length : 35mm Thickness : 10mm
STEEL BASE FRAME
CONNECTION Connection of floor beam to column and HSS
C
Angle Bracket Single cleat with 4 bolt and nut
B
The L bracket is bolted to the steel beam.
A
CONNECTOR 8-HOLE L BRACKET Function :
STEEL HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION (HSS)
Dimension : Function : Connects to the column to form a base frame for flooring.
Height : 75mm Width : 75mm Length : 75mm Thickness : 5mm
HEX NUT AND BOLT
A
TYPE A Dimension: Width : 75mm Height : 75mm Length : 1480mm Thickness : 10mm
Function :
B
TYPE B Dimension: Width : 75mm Height : 75mm Length : 1575mm Thickness : 10mm
C TYPE C
Dimension: Width : 75mm Height : 75mm Length : 1700mm Thickness : 10mm
To hold steel hollow structural section (HSS) and 8-hole L bracket together.
Dimension : Head : 5mm Length : 20mm Head width : 15mm Bolt width : 10mm
STEEL MESH GRATING FLOORING AND BENCH
STEEL MESH FRAMING STEEL HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION (HSS)
D
C
Function : Connect parts to form framing for steel mesh grating
E
A B
STEEL MESH GRATING
STEEL MESH GRATING
Function :
Function :
Used for flooring, placed above the steel base frame
Dimension :
Used for bench, supported by steel bracing.
C
Dimension :
Span : 152.4mm Width : 50.8mm Depth : 20mm
Span : 63.5mm Width : 25.4mm Depth : 20mm
CONNECTOR Function :
ANCHOR CLIP
STEEL BRACING
B
Dimension : Width : 50mm Height : 50mm Length : 3580mm Thickness : 10mm
D Dimension :
E Dimension :
Width : 50mm Height : 50mm Length : 1642mm Thickness : 10mm
Function :
Width : 50mm Height : 50mm Length : 867.5mm Thickness : 10mm
Function :
Connect wire mesh framing, steel base framing and h column together.
Dimension : Height : 100mm Width : 40mm Length : 100mm Thickness : 5mm
Width : 50mm Height : 50mm Length : 1786mm Thickness : 10mm
Width : 50mm Height : 50mm Length : 1642mm Thickness : 10mm
As supporter for steel wire mesh seating.
Dimension :
Dimension :
Dimension :
Function :
Secure steel ,mesh to steel mesh framing.
Height : 100mm Width : 40mm Length : 100mm Thickness : 5mm
A
To hold steel hollow structural section (HSS) and 4-hole L bracket together.
Dimension :
4-HOLE L BRACKET
Height : 55mm Width : 80mm Length : 80mm Thickness : 5mm
Dimension :
HEX NUT AND BOLT
Head : 5mm Length : 20mm Head width : 15mm Bolt width : 10mm
H COLUMN
COLUMN STRUCTURE
Function : Act as a vertical support of the whole structure. L
Dimension : Width : 300mm Height : 300mm Length : 3000mm Web : 283mm
CONNECTOR Function : Connect I to T beam to H column
Dimension : Height : 70mm Width : 70mm Length : 70mm Thickness : 5mm
CONNECTION Connection of rafter to column
Rafter
8-HOLE L BRACKET Function : To hold H column and 8-hole L bracket together.
Angle Bracket Single cleat with 4 bolt and nut
Dimension :
The L bracket is bolted to the steel beam.
HEX BOLT AND NUT
Head : 5mm Length : 20mm Head width : 15mm Bolt width : 10mm
RAFTER AND PURLIN Purlin
Rafter I to T beam Function : To support the roof deck.. As the end of the rafter approaches, the flange is taken out and the area of web reduces to reduce weight.
A
B Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) Function : Support the frame of roofing
A L
Type A Dimension : Width : 300mm Height : 300mm Length : 2503mm Web : 283mm narrowed to 67mm starting from 976mm of the flange
CONNECTION
B
Type B Dimension : Width : 300mm Height : 300mm Length : 2421mm Web : 283mm narrowed to 67mm starting from 318mm of the flange
Dimension : Width : 45mm Height: 75mm Length : 3600mm
CONNECTOR
Connection of purlins to rafter
Angle Bracket : Single cleat with 4 bolt and nut The L bracket is bolted to the RHS purlins and rafter.
4-HOLE L BRACKET
HEX NUT AND BOLT
Function : Connect the base frame to the column.
Function : Connect the base frame to the column.
Dimension :
Dimension :
Height : 55mm Width : 80mm Length : 80mm Thickness : 5mm
Head : 5mm Length : 20mm Head width : 15mm Bolt width : 10mm
ROOF STRUCTURE
CONNECTION
ROOFING AND ROOF FRAME
Connection of polycarbonate roof to steel framing Self drilling screw
A
B
Glazing bar cap Polycarbonate sheet RHS purlin
POLYCARBONATE
STEEL HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION (HSS)
Function : As shade for the weather conditions
Function : As framing for Polycarbonate roof
A TYPE A : Dimension: Width : 25mm Height : 25mm Length : 1090mm Thickness : 10mm
B TYPE B : Dimension: Width : 25mm Height : 25mm Length : 1090mm Thickness : 10mm
CONNECTOR
TYPE A : Dimension : Width : 25mm Height : 25mm Length : 1059.6mm/3678mm Thickness : 10mm
TYPE B : Dimension : Width : 25mm Height : 25mm Length : 2620mm/3678mm Thickness : 10mm
SELF DRILLING SCREW Function :
Dimension :
Connect the base frame to the column.
L1 : 4.5mm L2 : 15mm L3 : 5.5mm Head : 5mm Depth : 32mm
GUTTER AND DOWN DOWN PIPE
CONNECTION Connection of gutter to polycarbonate roof using gutter strap. Zip screw
GUTTER
Gutter strap
Function :
Polycarbonate sheet Gutter brace
To serve as a channel for excess water to protect foundation from erosion and decay.
Aluminium gutter
Dimension : Width : 160mm Height: 100mm Length : 3693mm
CONNECTOR GUTTER STRAP Function : Connect gutter to polycarbonate roof
Dimension :
RUN DOWN PIPE Function : To serve as a channel for excess water into ground drain to protect foundation from erosion and decay.
Dimension : Width : 160mm Length : 500mm
Width : 40mm Length : 360mm Thickness : 2.5mm
ZIP SCREW Function : Attach gutter strap to polycarbonate roof
Dimension : Head : 3.8mm Length : 15mm Head width : 11.6mm Bolt width : 6mm
Seven
Design Analysis Analysing the choice of materials and structural support method that respects the design considerations.
MATERIALITY POLYCARBONATE Polycarbonate is a strong thermoplastic material that is lightweight and can withstand extremely low and high temperatures. The chosen texture of the polycarbonate sheet for this project is translucent, allowing sufficient light to enter while shading the users.
STEEL STRUCTURE Steel is not only known to be durable under extreme conditions but also its aesthetic nature. It’s also easy to work with due to high adaptability and ductility.
STEEL MESH Steel mesh was chosen for its high durability and flexibility in construction. Furthermore, the openings allow ventilation from below the flooring, promoting better thermal comfort.
CONCRETE Concrete structures are built to last due to its high durability. It’s suitable for foundation as it does not feed rot and mildew. As a construction material, it’s versatile, cost-effective and safe.
STEEL SKELETON FRAME STRUCTURE Steel skeleton frame structures work to support the floor and roof utilising vertical and horizontal structures.
VERTICAL STRUCTURES
HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE
Members : H-column
Members : Ground beam, Floor framing, Rafters, Purlins, Roof framing
Function : To bear loads that are perpendicular to its length.
Function : To uphold loads under compressive force
Eight
Load Analysis Loads acting upon a structure are huge factors that affect the construction methods of a design. By analysing loads that will potentially act on the structure before hand, precautions can be made.
FORCE AND LOAD
External Force STATIC LOAD
Load Transfer System ONE-WAY SYSTEM
Static Load are dead loads from the structure itself that does not change in magnitude or position for its whole lifespan.
LIVE LOAD
Steel structures imposed loads to ground in only one direction through the beams and columns.
Movable loads such as pedestrians moving around the bus stop and also rainwater add weight onto the structure.
Nine
Load Test Functionality and practicality of the 1:5 model are tested utilising physical loads.
Roof
Bench
Flooring
Test subject : Fully filled thinner cans Total load : 4kg Results : Positive
Test subject : Fully filled thinner cans Total load : 4kg Results : Positive
Test subject : Human weight Total load : 50kg Results : Positive
Ten
Conclusion Throughout this project, we learnt the key aspects of skeletal construction and adapted it to compliment the design our bus shelter. The final design of our bus shelter was achieved due to numerous mock-up models and research, through the consultation of our tutors, we were able to finally produce a suitable design that greatly differs from what we initially thought of. Besides that, our newly acquired knowledge on various forms of rafters, purlin, connections and materiality e.t.c have helped correct the numerous flaws that our original design had and would also be very important in future projects as the backbone of every design is in its construction methods and details that would determine whether a design could be conceived. As a group, we managed to delegate task among ourselves based on our own skills like researching or creating digital models to ensure the project was carried out efficiently and effectively.
Eleven
Reference Chudley, R. 2006, Construction Technology. 4th edition Pearson and Prentice Hall. Ching, Francis D.K. 1991. Building Construction Illustrated. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold.