PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Menara Glomac BUILDING SERVICES | BLD 60903 CHOW WEI QI 0331447 KOH JING FAN0330792 OW CHEN LUN 0326922
TOH YI LIN 0327984 TAN ZHI YING 0327853 YAP SHU WON 0331392
Tutor: Ar. Sateerah Hassan
Table of Content ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING 2.0 ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM
01 02 03 05
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 WATER-BASED SYSTEM 2.2.1 EXTERNAL HYDRANTS 2.2.2 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM 2.2.3 HOSE REEL 2.2.4 WET RISER 2.2.5 DRY RISER
2.3 NON-WATER-BASED SYSTEM 2.3.1 CARBON-DIOXIDE CO2 SUPPRESSION SYSTEM 2.3.2 FM 200 SUPPRESSION AGENT 2.3.3 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 2.3.3.1 ABC DRY POWDER FIRE EXTINGUISHER 2.3.3.2 CARBON DIOXIDE CO2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER
2.4 ALARM & DETECTION SYSTEM & DEVICES 2.4.1 SMOKE DETECTOR 2.4.2 HEAT DETECTOR 2.4.3 FIRE ALARM BELL 2.4.4 FIREMAN’S SWITCH 2.4.5 MANUAL PULL STATION 2.4.6 EMERGENCY BREAK GLASS 2.4.7 VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2.4.8 FIRE CONTROL ROOM 2.4.8.1 FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL 2.4.8.2 FIREMAN INTERCOM SYSTEM
2.5 CONCLUSION
3.0 PASSIVE FIRE SYSTEM 3.1 INTRODUCTION\ 3.2 PURPOSE GROUP 3.3 FIRE MARSHALL 3.4 MEANS OF ESCAPE 3.4.1 EVACUATION ROUTE 3.4.1.1 EVACUATION ROUTE DISTANCE 3.4.2 ASSEMBLY POINT 3.4.3 EXITS 3.4.3..1 HORIZONTAL EXITS 3.4.3.2 VERTICAL EXITS 3.4.4 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE
3.5 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT 3.5.1 COMPARTMENTATION 3.5.2 FIRE CONTAINMENT 3.5.2.1 FIRE RATED DOOR 3.5.2.2 SFIRE ROLLER SHUTTER 3.5.2.3 sTRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION
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3.6 FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS 3.6.1 FIRE ENGINE ACCESS 3.6.2 FIRE FIGHTING SHAFT
3.7 CONCLUSION 4.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 4.1 INTRODUCTION
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4.1.1 Type of cycles in air conditioner unit 4.1.2 Type of air conditioner system 4.1.2.1 Window air conditioner system 4.1.2.2 Split air conditioner system 4.1.2.3 Packaged air conditioner system 4.1.2.4 Centralized air conditioner system
4.2 CASE STUDY OF GLOMAC BERHAD 4.2.1 VRV air conditioning system 4.2.1.1 Wall mounted type 4.2.1.2 Ceiling cassette type 4.2.1.3 System operation
4.2.2 Single split system 4.2.2.1 Wall mounted type 4.2.2.2 System operation
4.3 CONTROL SYSTEM 4.4 CONCLUSION 5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 BASIC VENTILATION SYSTEM 5.3 TYPE OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 5.3.1 SUPPLY SYSTEM 5.3.2 EXTRACT SYSTEM 5.3.3 BALANCE SYSTEM
5.4 COMPONENT OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 5.4.1 FAN 5.4.2 FILTER 5.4.3 DUCTWORK 5.4.4 FIRE DAMPER 5.4.5 GRILLE AND DIFFUSER
5.5 CASE STUDY OF GLOMAC BERHAD 5.5.1 SPOT VENTILATION SYSTEM 5.5.2 AIR HANDLING UNIT 5.5.3 TYPE OF FAN (IN GLOMAC BERHAD) 5.5.3.1 PROPELLER FAN 5.5.3.2 CENTRIFUGAL FAN 5.5.4 DUCTWORK
5.6 CONCLUSION
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6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
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6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 BASIC LIFTS 6.2.1 Types of lifts 6.2.1.1 Traction lift 6.2.1.2 Hydraulic lift 6.2.1.3 Climbing lift 6.2.1.4 Pneumatic lift 6.2.2 Speed of lifts 6.2.3 Quality of lifts 6.2.4 Layout o lifts
6.3 CASE STUDY OF GLOMAC BERHAD 6.3.1 Overview 6.3.2 Location of lift motor room 6.3.3 Lift motor room 6.3.4 Components of elevator system 6.3.4.1 Control system 6.3.4.2 Electric motor 6.3.4.3 Sheave 6.3.4.4 Counter weight 6.3.5 Exterior of lifts 6.3.5.1 Car frame 6.3.5.2 Car sill 6.3.5.3 Travelling cable 6.3.5.4 Compensation ropes 6.3.5.5 Landing door 6.3.6 Interior of lift 6.3.6.1 Car wall 6.3.6.2 Car floor 6.3.6.3 Car ceiling 6.3.6.4 Operating panel 6.3.6.5 Component of inside the lift 6.3.7 Floor indicator 6.3.7.1 Floor designator 6.3.8 Operating of lift system 6.3.9 Lift monitoring and fire control system 6.3.10 Safety features 6.3.10.1 Apron 6.3.10.2 Safety door edge 6.3.11 Location of lifts
6.4 CONCLUSION
7.0 CONCLUSION
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8.0 LIST OF FIGURES
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9.0 LIST OF DIAGRAMS
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10.0 REFERENCES
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ABSTRACT This project aims to provide real-life case as an introduction to building services system installed in multi-storey building. By introducing the common system used in bigger volume of space with a variety of users, this knowledgement can be applied into future design studio project to ensure a practical and technically functional building design proposal. Under the tutelage of a lecture, our group selected Glomac Berhad as your case study. We are to analyse four system associated with building services which are fire protection system (active and passive), air-conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system and mechanical transportation system. After delegating each system to a group member, a thorough research was done prior to site visit. A number of site visits were conducted to complete the missing data such as information and pictures of building services components. The completed data is then analysed with references to Uniform Building By-Law 1984 (UBBL 1984), MS 1184 and MS 1525. From the Process of research and site visits, an in-depth report with a 5 minute video was done to present our findings about the building services in Glomac Berhad. Pictures and video taken on site were used to visually portray the components of each building services system with a comprehensives study describing the function and importance of it. Altogether, we have learned a substantial amount of knowledge regarding building services and its functions in creating and safe environment for the occupants of the buildings. The site visit provide us a realistic simulation of how building services are done in our local buildings and its effects toward the building’s design.
ABSTRACT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We have taken efforts in this assignment. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. We highly indebted to Mr Shaiful and Ms Aqqilah, for their guidance and constant supervisions as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the assignment. We would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to AR Sateerah for giving us such attention and time. Thanks and appreciations also to all of the group mates in developing the project and the people who have willingly helped us out with their abilities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDINGS
Owner: GLOMAC BERHAD Function: Menara Glomac Damansara GLOMAC DAMANSARA is an integrated freehold business hub with a residential component in a prime Kuala Lumpur address. GLOMAC DAMANSARA is located on the north-western edge of the city bordering the state line, just across from the ever bustling PJ-Damansara locality. Enjoying the best of both lively cities, GLOMAC DAMANSARA has rejuvenated the work and lifestyle environment of the neighbourhood - in essence, a modern genesis of Business and Pleasure. Located on a 7-acre plot of land, it consists of an impressive build-up of 1.6 million square feet of space. An upcoming MRT station will also be only a stone’s throw away from GLOMAC DAMANSARA, unlocking the true value of this all-in-one lifestyle hub.
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2. 0
ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM
2.1 INTRODUCTION Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Findings and investigation of AFP installed in buildings have to be in compliance with Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) 1984. AFP is divided into four main parts which are water-based system, non water-based system, alarm and detection system, and smoke control system.
Overview of Active Fire System : Water Based System
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Active Fire System
Non-water Based System
Alarm and Detection System
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Automatic Sprinkler System Hose Reel Dry Riser Wet Riser External Hydrants
Carbon Dioxide CO2 Suppression System FM 200 Suppression System Portable Fire Extinguishers - ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher - Carbon Dioxide CO2 Fire Extinguisher
Fire Alarm System Smoke Detector Heat Detector Fire Alarm Bell Fireman’s Switch Manual Pull Station Emergency Break Glass Voice Communication System Fire Control Room Fire Alarm Control Panel Fireman Intercom system
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2.2 Water-Based System Water-based system operated using water which located throughout every corner of the building. Water acts as a natural extinguisher agents and it is one of the most common fire system in fire suppression system in both commercial and industrial buildings. This system includes fire hydrant, automatic fire sprinkler system, hose reel system, and wet riser system.
2.2.1 External Fire Hydrant External fire hydrant plays an important role in fire protection system. It is a connection point which by the firefighters can tap into a water supply. A hose is attached to the fire hydrant to provide a powerful flow of water to assist firefighters in a fire. A fire hydrant consist of water supply/storage, pipework and valves, fire brigade booster, booster pumpset, hydrant, layflat fire hose and block plan. There are two types of external fire hydrant which is three-ways fire hydrant and two-ways fire hydrant.
Figure 2.1 Fire Hydrant behind Menara Glomac
In Menara Glomac, there is only one two-way fire hydrant located behind the building. The fire hydrant is not placed more than 10 metres away from the wet riser breeching inlet of the building.
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Fire hydrant
Diagram 2.1 Location of fire hydrant indicated in ground floor plan
The building plan is a isolated building type which allowed the firefighters to access easily to the fire scene. Fire hydrants must be installed at suitable places so that the hose from the fire engine can be installed properly and efficiently during a fire emergency.
UBBL 1984 PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 225. DETECTING AND EXTINGUISHING FIRE (2) Every buildings shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
Conclusion: The external fire hydrant system in Menara Glomac meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Section 225, (2). Based on the diagram 2.2.1.2 above, the one and only fire hydrant system located behind Menara Glomac is easily accessible by the fire brigade.
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2.2.2 Automatic Sprinkler System Automatic sprinkler system are a series of water pipes which are supplied by a reliable water supply. At selected intervals along these pipes are independent, heat activated valves known as sprinkler heads. It is the sprinkler head which is responsible for water distribution onto the fire. Most sprinkler systems also include an alarm to alert occupants when a fire occurs.
Water distribution piping system
Water tank
Fire sprinkler head
Pump
Diagram 2.2 An overview of an automatic sprinkler system
The automatic system is connected through pipes to fire sprinkler heads strategically placed in a building and pumps (jockey pump, duty pump and stand-by pump) which provide adequate pressure and flow rate of water to the sprinklers. This system minimize the damage of building during a fire emergency if activated at the early stage of fire combat.
2.2.2.1 Fire sprinkler heads Fire sprinkler head is a component of a fire sprinkler system that consists of a plug, a glass ampule or other trigger mechanism, a deflector, cap, and a frame. When a fire is detected by the trigger mechanism, the glycerin-based liquid inside expands breaking the tube. Once the ampule breaks, the plug is forced out by the pressurized water and the water is released. The water flow out of the cap and hits the deflector plate, dispersing water into the room to extinguish the fire. Generally, each sprinkler head is designed to its own temperature that will be activated individually when its heated.
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Figure 2.2 Components of a fire sprinkler head
There are two types of fire sprinkler heads in Menara Glomac which is pendant sprinkler head and upright sprinkler head. Pendant sprinkler heads are placed facing downwards and located at the lobby and office from the ground floor to the top floor of the building which hanged down to the ceiling. The deflector is curved downward, which helps to direct the water out into a cone pattern. The upright sprinkler head sprays water upwards and the deflector, which is curved, deflects the water back down to produce a hemispherical spray pattern. These sprinkler heads are found at the basements of the building.
Figure 2.3 A pendant fire sprinkler head
Figure 2.5 A pendant fire sprinkler head
Figure 2.6 A pendant fire sprinkler head
Figure 2.4 An upright fire sprinkler head
Figure 2.7 An upright fire sprinkler head
The type of bulb used in Menara Glomac is red liquid bulb. The red colour liquid in the bulb breaks as a result of thermal expansion of the liquid inside the bulb with its temperature reach 68 degree celsius in a fire hazard.
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2.2.2.2 Fire sprinkler pump Fire sprinkler pump is a part of fire sprinkler system water supply and powered by electric, diesel or steam. The pump intake is connected to water source. The pump provides water flow at a higher pressure to the sprinkler system risers and hose standpipes. A fire pump is tested and listed for its use specifically for fire service by a third-party testing and listing agency. The fire pump starts when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system drop below the threshold.
Sprinkler tanks Sprinkler pump room
Diagram 2.3 Location of sprinkler system in Menara Glomac indicated in basement 1
Figure 2.8 Sprinkler pump room
Figure 2.9 Sprinkler pump control
Figure 2.10 Sprinkler pumps
In Menara Glomac, fire sprinkler pumps and water tank for fire sprinkler system are located at basement 1 of the building. There are two set of sprinkler pumpset which both pumpsets contain jockey pump, duty pump and standby pump. Pumpset 1 serve from basements to level 6 while pumpset 2 serve from level 7 to level 15. These fire sprinkler pumps will draw water from the water storage tank to feed the sprinkler network.
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An alarm valve prevents a reverse flow of water from the installation into the fire-pump room, but in case a fire sprinkler is activated (opened) due to fire, the alarm valve will open and permit water flow into the system. Alarm valve prevents a reverse flow of water or air pressure from the installation into the fire-pump room. In case a fire sprinkler is activated (opened) due to fire, the alarm valve will open and permit water flow into the system and a pressure switch gives a signal to activate the fire-pump.
Figure 2.11 Fire sprinkler pumpset 1 indicator
Figure 2.12 Fire sprinkler pump 2 indicator
Fire sprinkler alarm valve in Menara Glomac is located inside the fire sprinkler room. Each pumpset is labelled and indicated the pressure level. Each pump sets serve different levels in Menara Glomac.
UBBL 1984 PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 228. SPRINKLER VALVES. (1)
Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
Conclusion : The fire sprinkler system in Menara Glomac meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under section 228, (1). In figure 2.3, the fire sprinkler alarm valve is placed near the exit of closed car park at basement 1. This allows the fire brigade to access for the ease of extinguishing during fire hazard. It is connected to the fire alarm system which directly linked to the nearest fire station through fire control panel.
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2.2.3 Hose Reel System Fire hose reel systems consists of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels. This system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve which enable water to flow into the hose that is typically 30 meters away. The system pressure loss will activate the pump ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide water jet of typically a minimum of 10 meter from the nozzle. Hose Reel Water tank
Pump
Diagram 2.4 Overall layout of Hose reel system
Fire hose reel is a high-pressure hose that carries water to extinguish a fire.It attached either to a fire hydrant or fire engine at the outdoor. It can permanently attach to a building’s standpipe or plumbing system. Fire hose reels are located at a strategic places in buildings to allow easy accessible and controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing.
2.2.3.1 Hose Reel In Menara Glomac, the fire hose is held in 559mm of drum that rotates around a horizontal shaft so that the hose can be withdrawn from any direction. The hose is 30m long with 25mm of rubber hose with jet and spray nozzle. The nozzle can be adjusted to vary the throw and flow of water supply. Adjustable jet and spray nozzle
559mm hose reel drum
25mm diameter x 30m rubber hose
Hose Reel valve
Figure 2.13 Hose reel system placed together with hose cradle, fire extinguisher and landing valve in Menara Glomac
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Hose reel water storage tank
Hose reel pump room Diagram 2.5 Basement 1 plan showing highlighted location of hose reel system.
Hose reel cabinet
Diagram 2.6 Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of hose reel system.
UBBL 1984 PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 230. INSTALLATION AND TESTING OF DRY RISING SYSTEM. (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
Conclusion : The hose reel system in Menara Glomac meets the requirement of UBBL 1984 under act 228. Based on diagram above, the fire hose reels are installed strategically in the fire access lobby and beside emergency staircase at the ground floor. This allow the ease of fire brigade and occupant to access the hose reel during fire emergency.
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2.2.3.2 Hose Reel Pump There are two types of pumps, which are duty pump for duty operation and standby pump for standby operation. Both serves same function but different pressure. Standby pump acts as a backup pump in case duty pump failed to operate at certain pressure. Each pump is connected to a pressure sensing pipes. These sensing pipes are connected to the pressure switches. The operation of the pumps are depends on the system pressure switches which are used to start and stop the pumps to maintain the required water pressure. The pump sets pressure setting has been labelled at the respective pressure switch to indicate the cut in and cut out pressure.
Standby pump
Duty pump
Figure 2.14 Hose reel pumpsets
In Menara Glomac, the hose reel pumps are located at the basement 1 inside the hose reel pump room together with the wet riser pumps. The hose reel system share the same water tank with wet riser system to ensure sufficient water supply during fire emergency. The water storage tank for hose reel system are located inside the hose reel pump room. The reserved water is always ensured to be fully stored in the tank which is available to supply large amount of water during fire emergency.
Figure 2.15 Hose reel pump set indicator Figure 2.16 Hose reel system water tank
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UBBL 1984 PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 247. WATER STORAGE. (1)
Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
Conclusion : The hose reel system in Menara Glomac meets the UBBL 1984 requirement under section 247, (1). The hose reel pumps work together to ensure the pressure of water flow rate in hose reel system is controlled and the water storage is required to ensure proper coverage of water during fire emergency.
2.2.4 Wet Riser System Wet riser are used to supply water within the buildings for fire fighting purposes. This system is used as the fire fighters do not need to create their own distribution system in order to fight a fire and avoids the breaching of fire compartments by running hose lines between them. Wet riser system is the opposed to dry risers system as wet risers are permanently charged with water while dry risers do not contain water when they are not being used, but are charged with water when necessary.
Water tank
Hose cradle
Pump starter panel
Landing valve
Pump
Diagram 2.7 Overall layout of wet riser system
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2.2.4.1 Wet Riser Menara Glomac is more than 50 metres height above the rescue service vehicle access level. Therefore, wet risers are required for Menara Glomac to provide adequate fire-fighting water supplies at the landing valves at upper floors and also to ensure that water is immediately available at every floor level. Riser pipe Canvas hose
Landing valve Hose cradle
Figure 2.17 Wet riser system placed together with hose reel system
Type E wet riser landing valve and three-ways wet riser landing valve are used in Menara Glomac. Three-ways wet riser landing valve is used only on level 7 and penthouse level while the rest of the floors are used type e wet riser landing valve. The landing valve is 65mm in diameter connected to the wet riser supply pipe which is 150mm in diameter. Landing valve is installed on each floor along with wet riser water supply pipes. All the landing valves are covered with a coupling adapter which is directly screwed into the outlet of landing valve. Canvas hose of 30 metres length and 65mm in diameter is used in Menara Glomac. These hoses is connected with a diffuser nozzle and stored on a hose cradle which is located near the landing valve.
Wet riser system in hose reel cabinet Diagram 2.8 Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of wet riser system.
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2.2.4.2 Wet Riser Pump There are two types of pumps for wet riser system, which are duty pump and standby pump. Both pumps are electrically driven which are connected to emergency power supply. Pumps, which are part of the wet rising main system, are properly protected from the effect of heat and fire. As pumps are the vital nerves of the system, they are installed in a room which have fire rated enclosures and door which has minimum of 2 hours fire resistance rating. Wet riser system shares the same water tank with hose reel system which is located at basement 1.
Wet riser water storage tank Wet riser pump room Diagram 2.9 : Basement 1 plan showing highlighted location of wet riser system.
Figure 2.18 Hose reel pumpsets
Figure 2.19 Hose reel pump set pressure setting
UBBL 1984 PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 231. INSTALLATION AND TESTING OF WET RISING SYSTEM. (1) (2)
Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5metres above fire appliance access level. A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
Conclusion : The wet riser system in Menara Glomac meets the UBBL requirement under section 231, (1), (2). As Menara Glomac is higher than 30.5 metres, it is necessary to installed a wet riser system. In figure, hose connection is provided in fire fighting access lobby to allow the fire brigade to access the wet riser system easily during the fire emergency. 2.0 ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM
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2.3 Non-Water-Based System Non-water fire suppression system a fire suppression mechanism which works on putting the fire out without using water-based agents. Although the common perception of people is that the best way to fight fire is by using water, however that is not the case, as not all fires can be dozed out using water. In fact, in many times water can cause more damage than damage-control. This is the reason why non-water-based fire suppression system was invented. There are two types of non-water-based fire suppression system used in Menara Glomac which are Carbon Dioxide CO2 Suppression System, clean agent system (FM 200) and Portable Fire Extinguishers.
2.3.1 CARBON-DIOXIDE CO2 SUPPRESSION SYSTEM CO2 fire suppression systems are used to extinguish or prevent the spread of fire in a building. Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless, electrically non-conductive gas that is highly efficient as a fire suppression agent. When applied to a fire, CO2 provides a heavy blanket of gas that reduces the oxygen level to a point where combustion cannot occur.. In Menara Glomac, NAF-S111 gas system is used and is provided in the building at generator room and main electrical switchboard room. NAF-S111 is a clean, non-conductive media used for the protection of a variety of potential fire hazards including electrical and electronic equipments. NAF-S111 is heavier than air and precaution should be taken when entering a potentially oxygen-deficient environment and ventilate the affected area.
Diagram 2.10 Basement 1 plan indicating location of Genset Room 1&2 and LV Switch Room.
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8 Nos 45kg CO2 Cylinder in Genset Room 1
2 Zone CO2 Gas Control Panel for LV Switch Room
5 Nos 45kg CO2 Cylinder in Genset Room 2 2 Zone CO2 Gas Control Panel for Genset Room 1&2
6 Nos 45kg CO2 Cylinder In LV Switch Room Diagram 2.11 CO2 Cylinder in Genset Room 1&2 and LV Switch Room
Figure 2.20 Carbon dioxide CO2 cylinders.
Diagram 2.12 Components of carbon dioxide CO2 suppression system.
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2.3.2 FM 200 Suppression System FM 200 is an ideal clean agent as it has low toxicity and short atmospheric lifetime, clean, effective and acceptable for accepted spaces in the current draft of NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguisher Systems. This system consists of high pressure cylinder containing extinguishing agent connected to discharge nozzles through a network of pipe. Upon detection of fire within the protected space, the extinguishing agent will be released from the cylinder and discharged into the protected space via the interconnecting pipe work and through the discharged nozzles within 30 seconds. This extinguishing agent is installed in TNB Roomat Menara Glomac It is operating under the Double Knocking system or 2 zones system. When the detection device first signal is triggered, it shall send a signal to FM 200 panel and only with the activation of 2 zones should the FM 200 gas be discharged after 30 seconds delay.
Diagram 2.13 Ground floor plan indicating location of Switchgear Room, Transformer Room 1 & 2.
2 Zone FM 200 Gas Control Panel for Switchgear Room and Transformer Room 1 &2
1 Nos 95kg FM 200 gas cylinder
Diagram 2.14 FM 200 gas cylinder in Switchgear Room and Transformer Room 1&2
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Figure 2.21 System layout for FM 200
System description: Gas cylinder The cylinder consists of DOT and TC high pressure steel tanks, factory filled with FM 200 agent and pressurize with dry nitrogen to 360psi (25bars) at 70°F @21°C Gas Control Panel Located outside the protected space and in such position that it is easily visible and accessible for service and maintenance. Automatic detectors Heat and smoke detectors are used. One of each type of detector within a protected area is required to be activated before the discharge signal is sent to prevent accidental discharge due to false alarms. Electrical key switch An electrical key switch of the mechanical type is provided for each system to enable immediate manual gas discharge in the event where automation operation fails. Visual and Audible Alarms Alarm bells - provide audible warning in the event of discharge. Visual indicating lights - installed at entrance to the protected spaces to indicate the status of system.
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2.3.3 Portable fire Extinguisher System Portable Fire Extinguishers are important for fire prevention as most fire starts small and can be easily extinguished. All fire extinguishers are labeled using a standardized alphabetical and color-coding system. It is designed to be operated easily by anyone who follows simple introductions labeled on the extinguishers. Menara Glomac uses two types of portable fire extinguisher which are CO2 Fire Extinguisher and ABC dry powder fire extinguisher. These fire extinguishers are provided at espace corridor, car park and electrical room.
Fire extinguishers used in Menara Glomac
Diagram 2.15 Types of Fire Extinguishers
Classifications of Fire: Class A Ordinary combustibles, such as wood, paper, cardboard and cloth as well as solid plastic. Class B Flammable liquids like gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuel as well as oil-based paint, solvents and grease. Class C Flammable gases, such as butane, methane and propane. Class E Electrical equipment like computers, microwaves and televisions as well as electrical sockets. Class F Kitchen fires involving commercial cooking oils and deep-fat fryers. 2.0 ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM
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2.3.3.1 ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher is identified through its colour coded blue label stating ‘ABC POWDER’. This extinguisher uses monoammonium phosphate which is a dry chemical that is able to quickly put out the fire. It is a multi-purpose extinguisher with pale yellow powder suitable for use on Class A, B, C and E fires involving combustible solids, flammable liquids, flammable gases and electrical equipments. The ability to put out many different types of fire making it an ideal choice for domestic use and a variety of commercial and industrial applications, especially when there is a danger of mixed fire risk. However, it can leave a residue once the fire has been put out, resulting in intensive clean-up implications, therefore for expensive electric equipment, CO2 fire extinguisher is recommended in reserve. In Menara Glomac, there are 102 nos of 9kg ABC dry powder installed at escape corridor and car park area.
Figure 2.22 ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher
2.3.3.1 CO2 Fire Extinguisher System Carbon Dioxide is discharged as a white cloud of "snow" which smothers a fire by eliminating its oxygen. CO2 is a clean, non-contaminating, odorless gas, safe for use on clothing, equipment, valuable documents or food. CO2 Fire Extinguishers are used for fires labeled Class B, C and E involving flammable liquids, flammable gases and electrical equipments. There are 20 nos of 2.0kg CO2 fire extinguisher installed in Menara Glomac, eg TNB room, Gunset Rooms, Switchboard room, Lift motor room, Pump rooms, Fan Rooms and MDF room.
Figure 2.23 CO2 fire extinguisher.
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System Operation During a fire: 1. Remove the fire extinguisher from the bracket 2. Carry near to the fire and Pull out safety clip/Pin 3. Aim Nozzle at the base of fire from Approximately 2m 4. Squeeze the valve handle, release to stop After a fire: Send back to the manufacturers or contractor for checking and refilling.
UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 227 PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be o the same method of operation.
Conclusion : Portable fire extinguisher system in Menara Glomac complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under section 227. The fire extinguishers are strategically placed at the escape corridor, car park area, TNB room, Gunset Rooms, Switchboard room, Lift motor room, Pump rooms, Fan Rooms and MDF room for it to be easily accessible by occupants in the building when encountering hazard situation.
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2.4 Alarm and Detection System The fire alarm system in Menara Glomac is of the addressable type and all field devices can be operated or carried at the main fire alarm panel which is located at Fire Control Room. All addressable interface modules at Block A, basement 1 to basement 2 is linked back to the main fire alarm panel. The fire indicative panel at Fire Control Room is equipped with a Centralized Monitoring System (CMS) which is direct link to telephone line to BOMBA. An addressable fire alarm system is one in which all fire and smoke detection devices in a system are connected and communicate both with each other and a central control monitoring location. This interconnectivity allows the control personnel to identify the location or “address� where the initial detection occurred. The information directs the emergency response team to pinpoint their efforts immediately to the precise location of the developing problem.
Diagram 2.16 Addressable alarm and detection system
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2.4.1 Smoke Detector Smoke detectors are self-contained safety device used for early detection of fire and sounding an alarm to alert occupants in an event of fire. Addressable smoke detectors are utilized in Menara Glomac. They are installed at lift lobby and fire escape route. They are addressable and recognized by the control panel, thus shorten the time required to determine the location of the alarm. Figure 2.24 Addressable smoke detector
Types of smoke detector : Photoelectric Smoke Detector
Ionization Smoke Detector
Photoelectric smoke detectors are responsive to smoldering fires. It uses stable pulsed LED light source and silicon photodiode receiver to provide consistent and accurate low power smoke sensing. It has a high degree of false alarm immunity,
Ionization smoke detectors are responsive to flaming fires. It employs electrically charged plates to determine the presence of smoke.
Diagram 2.17 Operational system for photoelectric smoke detector
1) 2)
A beam of light shoots directly above a photoelectric sensor. In normal conditions, this beam never touches the sensor. When a high enough concentration of smoke is in the air, the smoke particles interrupt the light beam and reflect the light so that it bounces off the sensor, which triggers an alarm.
Diagram 2.18 Operational system for ionization smoke detector
1)
2)
A chamber containing radioisotope charges air inside which allows flowing of electric current between the gap of separated wires. When smoke particles enter the chamber and stuck with charged air particles which clogs the air and stops the electrical current, alarm is triggered to sound.
Diagram 2.17 comparison between photoelectric smoke detector and Ionization smoke detector.
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2.4.2 Heat Detector Heat detectors have a common profile with photoelectric and ionization smoke detectors but have a low air flow resistance case made of self-extinguishing white polycarbonate. It provides rate-compensated, fixed temperature sensing and rate-of-rise temperature sensing. Due to its small thermal mass, the detector accurately and quickly measures the local temperature for analysis. In Menara Glomac, addressable heat detectors are installed in Generator Room and LV Switch Room at basement and in Transformer Room and Switchgear Room on Ground floor.
Figure 2.25 Addressable heat detector
Diagram 2.19 Operational System for heat detectors at normal condition, rate-of-rise response and fixed temperature response.
UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 153 SMOKE DETECTORS FOR LIFT LOBBIES (1)
All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
Conclusion : Fire Alarm System in Menara Glomac complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under section 153 (1). The smoke detectors are installed on the ceiling at lift lobbies and fire escape route.
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2.4.3 Fire Alarm Bell Fire Alarm Bell is an electric sounder that produce loud high pitch sound to alert people on the incidence of fire in the building. Fire Alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. In Menara Glomac, Addressable Fire Alarm Bell is used and are provided at escape corridor and car park area. It provides accurate and detailed information as to the location of a fire and to meet the needs of fire fighting and detection system with central control equipment. They are configured in a way that a specific action triggers a specific response.
Figure 2.26 Fire Alarm Bell
UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 237 FIRE ALARMS (1) (2)
(3)
Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to there By-laws. All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of master control.
Conclusion : Fire Alarm Bell used in Menara Glomac complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under section 237 (1), (2) and (3). The fire alarm bell are readily placed at escape corridor to notify occupants during occurance of fire or any emergency situation. Addressable alarm is used to ensure efficient and accurate signal and information.
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2.4.4 Fireman’s Switch A fireman's switch is a specialized switch that allows firefighters to quickly disconnect power from high voltage devices that may pose a danger in the event of an emergency. The enclosure of the switch is made of non flammable material and painted red to be easy to spot. In an event of fire in the building, Fireman uses an insulated rod which is the ‘Fireman’s Axe’ to pull the handle to, locking it at ‘O’ position to isolate the utility supply to the building. To reset, a ‘two hands grip’ must be used. In Menara Glomac, Fireman’s Switch is located at every level at the escape corridor and not more than 2.75 metres from the ground.
Operating Handle
Figure 2.27 Fireman’s Switch
Figure 2.28 Fireman’s Axe Figure 2.29 Location of Fireman’s Switch
2.4.5 Manual Call Point Manual call points are used to initiate an alarm signal, and operate by means of a simple button press. They are used to allow building occupants to signal that a fire or other emergency exists within the building. They are connected to a central fire alarm panel which is in turn connected to an alarm system in the building. There will be an indicator on the monitoring unit for visual indication to locate the call point easily. In Menara Glomac, the manual call points are located along escape routes, in particular at all level exits.
Figure 2.30 Manual Call Point
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2.4.6 Emergency Break Glass The Emergency Break Glass is an important component that helps fast evacuation in the event of fire detection or other emergency situation where the operation of access control systems need to be disabled. As users press hard on the glass and break it, the emergency break glass switch cuts the circuit immediately and release the door locking mechanism. To allow the glass to break easily when pressure is applied, soft glass is used to mimic real glass but breaks safely, making it a safe equipment to be handled by users. In Menara Glomac, Emergency Door Release is located at escape corridor while the emergency break glass is located beside the lift lobby along with the Remote Fireman Intercom Station (RFIS) and fire alarm bell.
Figure 2.31 Emergency Door Release
Figure 2.32 Break Glass
UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 240 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION SWITCH (1)
(2)
Every floor or zone of any any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified in Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
Conclusion : The fireman’s switch, manual call point and emergency break glass used in Menara Glomac complies to the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under section 240 (1) and (2). These systems are placed on every floor of the building at the escape corridor to allow disconnection of electrical power in any case of emergency.
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2.4.7 Voice Communication System In Menara Glomac, a two-way emergency communication system connecting the Remote Fireman Intercom Station located throughout the building and the master telephone handset in the fire control room. The fireman telephone handset is provided behind a locked door. It is housed within a read metal cabinet and rested on a cradle. Lifting the handset from the cradle will cause the buzzer to sound and light a ‘common call’ indicator. A maximum of 7 RFIS and master handsets can communicate simultaneously.
Figure 2.33 Remote Fireman Intercom Station (RFIS)
UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 239 VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM There shall be two seperate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communication system, one a fire bridge communication system and the other public address system between the central control station and the following areas: a) b) c)
Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metre in area. In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.
Conclusion : The Voice Communication System used in Menara Glomac complies to the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under section 239 (a), (b) and (c). The two-way communication system ensure the connection between the master handset in the fire control room and the remote fireman intercom stations which are placed throughout the building at the escape corridor. This is to allow efficient communication in the event of fire or emergency. 2.0 ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM
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2.4.8 Fire Control Room Fire control room is located on the right upon entering Menara Glomac from the main entrance at ground floor. It is the principle location where the status of fire detection system, alarm system and a communications and control systems are displayed, and from which all system can be manually controlled. The control room is under continuous video surveillance and recording with multiple securities on duty on a 24/7 basis. In the event of fire or emergency, the signal from alarm and detection system will be sent to the fire control room and the security will be responsible in executing the command.
Diagram 2.20 Ground floor plan indicating location of Fire Control Room.
Figure 2.34 Fire Control Room
Figure 2.35 Video surveillances system
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UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 238 COMMAND AND CONTROL CENTRE Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metre in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.
Conclusion : Fire control room in Menara Glomac complies with UBBL 1984 requirements listed under section 238. The fire control room is situated in a strategic location and is fully equipped with all control system required which are functioning appropriately under the supervision of security.
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2.4.8.1 Fire Alarm Control Panel Simplex 4100 Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) functions: It monitors fire alarm Initiating points (smoke detectors, heat detectors and pull stations). It activates fire alarm notification appliances (horns, strobes, audio evacuation messages) when an initiating point activates. It monitors and controls auxiliary building equipment ( fire dampers, relays, security devices).
Figure 2.38 Mimic Diagram Figure 2.37 Control Panel
Figure 2.36 Equipments in fire control room
Figure 2.39 Fire Alarm Control Panel
Entry Keypad
Facility-Specific Control Keys
Figure 2.40 Operator interface of fire alarm control panel
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Diagram 2.21 Basement 1 Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
Diagram 2.22 Basement 2 Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
Diagram 2.23 Ground Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
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Diagram 2.24 1st Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
Diagram 2.25 2nd Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
Diagram 2.26 3rd Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
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Diagram 2.27 3A-13th Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
Diagram 2.28 13A Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
Diagram 2.29 15th Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
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Diagram 2.30 Penthouse floor plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
Diagram 2.31 Lift Motor Room 1 floor plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
Diagram 2.32 Lift Motor Room 2 floor plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
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Diagram 2.33 Roof plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device.
UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE REQUIREMENTS FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 155 FIRE MODE OF OPERATION 1)
The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.
Conclusion : The Fire Alarm Control Panel in Menara Glomac complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under section 155 (1). The fire alarm control panel is equipped with fire mimic diagram for each floor in the building to allow efficient signal identification during fire emergency.
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2.4.8.2 Fireman Intercom System Mictron 800 Microprocessor-based FIreman Intercom System is used in Menara Glomac. Intercom handset is provided at Lift Lobby, fire pump room and Genset Room. The system can communicate by two ways tele-conversation with the master handset located at ground floor fire control room. This system consists of three sections: a) A Mictron 800 Main Fireman Intercom Panel (MFIP) located at the fireman control room. It is the command centre where all calling and receiving of Remote Fireman Intercom Stations (RFIS) are monitored and controlled. All datas are processed into audio and visual information. b)
Remote Telephone Terminal Unit (RTTU) -serves as data gathering panel. Each RTTU can serve up to 10 RFIS. It consists of a red metal cubicle with a termination and zone modules housed within it. Upon sensing a change in in condition of any RFIS, it will send the data to MFIP for processing
c)
Remote Fireman Intercom Panel (RFIS) -Calling and fault conditions of RFIS are monitored by RTTU, hence processed and displayed into useful information by MFIP
System Status Panel
Intercom Status Panel
Master Handset Figure 2.41 Fireman Intercom Panel
Intercom Status Panel - this is the RFIS zone LED display and indication panel. Each panel consists of a ‘window box’ meants for labeling of RFIS location. There are 2 rows of Led in each panel. Master Handset Panel - used to communicate with any of the RFIS. It consists of a moduled red plastic handset with a coil cord, a dynamic receiver and a condenser mic transmitter. System Status Panel - comprises system trouble indicators, 16x1 character LCD and 4x4 alphanumeric keyboard. 2.0 ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM
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2.5 CONCLUSION The active fire system in Menara Glomac meets the minimum UBBL 1984 requirements. The system provided such as external fire hydrant, fire sprinkler system, hose reel system and wet riser system are systematic and effective. Regular maintenances are carried out to ensure all the systems are functionable and to be used during fire emergency. This is important to prevent the spread of fire, reduce the spread of smoke, increase the time for occupant to escape the building and reduce the damage of building during fire emergency.
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3. 0
PASSIVE FIRE SYSTEM
3.1 INTRODUCTION Passive fire protection (PFP) plays a vital, and increasingly significant, role in safeguarding people, as well as limiting damage to buildings and their contents from fire and smoke. How it works Passive fire protection works by: ● ● ● ●
Limiting the spread of fire, heat, and smoke by containing it in a single compartment in its area of origin Protecting escape routes and providing vital escape time for occupants Protecting a building’s critical structural members Protecting a building’s assets
Passive fire protection works in conjunction with active fire prevention, such as sprinkler systems and extinguishers, and fire safety education of building occupants.
Overview of Passive Fire System :
Purpose group
Fire marshall Passive Fire System Means of escape
Passive containment
Fire fighting access
- Evacuation route -Assembly point -Exits -Emergency exit sign -Compartmentation -Fire containment
-Fire fighting access -Fire fighting shaft
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3.2 PURPOSE GROUP Purpose group is the classification of the function of compartments. Menara Glomac serves the purpose groups of small residential, office and shop in relation to the Fifth Schedule of By-laws. A penthouse is located on the 16th floor serving the purpose group of ‘small residential’. Starting from the third to 15th floor, these levels serve as ‘office’. The ground level accommodates a showroom for property sales and therefore it serves as the purpose group of ‘Shop’. The upper half of the office levels are accommodated by an outside company and has a handful of staff members. The rest of the office levels are accommodated by staff members of Menara Glomac itself, building management team, etc, and also a few other vacant office spaces. The ‘Shop” group supports the needs of the property sales agents team. Meanwhile the ‘small resident’ which is the penthouse, serves the board of directors in GLomac Berhad.
UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 134 DESIGNATION OF PURPOSE GROUPS For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments, used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately: Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls.
Conclusion: The purpose group of Menara Glomac are compartmented and regarded accordingly to its type of use. Therefore, it complies to the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under section 134, with the purpose groups of I (Small residential), IV (Office) and V (Shop) according to the Fifth Schedule.
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3.3 FIRE MARSHAL A fire marshal’s main duty is to prevent fires on a daily basis. These day-to-day duties brings the most benefit compared to their role of evacuating the building and tackling small blazes in the unhappy event that a fire occurs. Below is a table showing a fire marshal’s duties:
No.
Reactive duties to keep building safe from fire
1
Checking emergency exits. They should be free from obstruction at all times.
2
Checking fire extinguisher. They should be in the right position, serviced and indicated by signs.
3
Checking fire doors. They should be in good working order and kept closed.
4
Checking break glass call points. They should be visible and indicated by signs.
5
Checking emergency lighting. They should be in working order.
6
Checking fire alarm. Carrying out weekly fire alarm test.
7
Checking safety signs. They should be in the right places and securely attached.
8
Checking general housekeeping. Combustible materials should be stored away from heat sources and exit routes should be clear.
9
Checking smoking areas. The area should be clean and ashtrays should be emptied.
10
Controlling hazardous materials. Flammable liquids and other dangerous substances should be kept correctly.
11
Carrying out new staff safety inductions. New starters must have fire safety awareness training, and all staff should have an annual refresher.
12
Making sure electrical devices are pat tested. Faulty electrical devices are one of the most common causes of fires.
13
Organising fire drills annually. Marshals should know exit routes of building and the evacuation procedure should be assessed.
14
Managing all paperwork and logbook. Legislation requires all fire safety activities to be accurately documented.
15
Owning a fire risk assessment. Diagram 3.1 Reactive duties of fire marshal to keep building safe from fire
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No.
Proactive duties in case of fire
1
Raising the alarm and contact the fire brigade if the building is not automatically linked to the services.
2
Closing doors and fire doors to prevent fire spreading.
3
Guiding people towards emergency exits.
4
Assisting disabled or pregnant members. Fire marshals should have Personal Emergency evacuation plan in place for more vulnerable colleagues.
5
Conducting a floor sweep. Make sure everyone has left the premises.
6
Tackling small blazes with fire extinguishers.
7
Help with roll call at assembly point. Make sure everyone exit safely and if absences are accounted. Diagram 3.2 Proactive duties of fire marshal in case of fire
OFFICE
Figure 3.1 5th floor plan of Menara Glomac
Menara Glomac has a designated emergency response team which includes the fire marshal and first aider. The contact information and photo of the the team is placed clearly at the entrance of the offices in each floor. This allows a direct guidance for the occupants to contact the correct people in case of a fire. It is a strategic way to sooth the panic mode of the occupants as they get to contact help as soon as they encounter an emergency as the contact information nearby.
Figure 3.2 Poster showing photo and contact information of emergency response team at the entrance of office
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3.4 MEANS OF ESCAPE Means of escape is a clear, ongoing and obstruction free way to get from any area within a structure to an outside area (safeopedia, 2018).
3.4.1 EVACUATION ROUTE Menara Glomac has a total of 20 floors, consisting of 2 basement car park, 2 floors of shops, 15 floors of office, a penthouse level and also a roof level for roof garden, water tank and motor room. The fire system control room and lobby are located on the ground floor. The ground floor serves as the meeting ground for all occupants from every level to evacuate as the main evacuation exit to the open area, away from building, to the final assembly point, is on the ground floor. Occupants from each level will evacuate through the emergency staircases vertically upwards or downwards towards the ground floor and then horizontally out of the main entrance towards the assembly point.
Ground floor
Towards assembly point
Diagram 3.3 Section of Menara Glomac showing horizontal and vertical exits
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Figure 3.3 Evacuation map located at the entrance of office on 5th floor
Even though the evacuation routes can easily be determined by the exit signages, Menara Glomac has went in extra measures to draw out evacuation map for each levels and attach them on the entrance to the office so that it constantly reminds the users of where to evacuate in case of emergency and also to guide occupants that have never been into the building and so happen have business to be in.
Basement 1 ; Basement 2 The basements are extended and linked to another building right next to Menara Glomac. Hence, 2 exits are available for evacuation to fulfill the ubbl requirements of evacuation route travel distance.
Diagram 3.4 Basement 1 plan with evacuation route directions
Diagram 3.5 Basement 2 plan with evacuation route directions
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Ground floor The lobby, sales gallery and fire control room are located on the ground floor. In case of emergency, there are two exits (main entrance, back door) available to evacuate from the building. Main entrance is usually for occupants around the fire control room, lobby and sales gallery and lift lobby area. Meanwhile the back door is usually for occupants evacuating from upper levels through the emergency staircase on the right side of the building and also occupants around the restrooms and pantry area.
Emergency staircases
Back door
Lift lobby
Main entrance Diagram 3.6 Ground floor plan with evacuation route directions
Level 1 to level 15 (Offices and penthouse) Evacuation route from level 1 to level 15 are the similar regardless it being an office level or penthouse. There are 2 fire staircases throughout every level in the building. One of it is on the left side of the building, which is also the office section. This is to allow convenience for the occupants in the section further inside the office to escape. However the exit signage is facing the left instead of the front, this makes the unfamiliar occupants difficult to look for the exit. The other fire staircase is on the right side of the building where the lift lobby, toilets and pantries are. This exit is hidden through a series of doors and can also be difficult to find for unfamiliar occupants. However, the doors leading towards the fire staircase has clear exit signages.
Diagram 3.7 First floor plan with evacuation route directions
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Diagram 3.8 Second floor plan with evacuation route directions Source: Jing Fan, 2018
Diagram 3.9 3rd floor plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018
Diagram 3.10 3A to 13A floor plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018
Diagram 3.11 15th floor plan with evacuation route directions Source: Jing Fan, 2018
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Roof level (motor room, roof garden, VRV systems) The evacuation route on the roof level is very much similar to levels 3-15, except that the exit on the left stretches further to the edge of the building. The VRV systems on the roof have blocked the view of the left exit Furthermore there is no exit signage either (refer to figure‌). The view of the exit on the right is blocked by the water tanks when occupants are around the open area. Hence, it is difficult to locate the exits for unfamiliar occupants. Meanwhile on the roof garden, the space is empty. Therefore, the exits can be spotted almost immediately. Open area
VRV
Water tanks
Roof garden
Diagram 3.12 Roof floor plan with evacuation route directions
Left exit
Figure 3.4 VRV systems on roof top restricting view of the left exit
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3.4.1.1 EVACUATION ROUTE DISTANCE Evacuation route distance is the term applied to the distance that occupants have to travel to a protected door and is measured along the actual route of escape from any point within a storey, including the distance across rooms.According to the Seventh Schedule of the By-law, there are a given limits of distance of travel towards an exit (shown in table 3.3).
Limit when alternative exits are available Purpose group
Dead-end limit (metre)
Unsprinklered
Sprinklered
Small residential
NR
NR
NR
Office
15
45
60
Shop
15
30
45
Places of assembly
NR
45
61
Diagram 3.13 Seventh Schedule showing maximum travel distance from emergency exits Source : UBBL 1984 (2015)
Menara Glomac has efficient fire sprinkler systems installed in each level of the building. Therefore, the travel distance towards an emergency can be 60m for offices, 45m for shop and 61m for places of assembly. Menara Glomac have implemented 2 emergency on both sides of the building. Therefore, occupants on whichever part of the building can travel an adequate distance towards the exit as soon as possible.
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UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 165 MEASUREMENTS OF TRAVEL DISTANCE TO EXITS (1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the trend noising. SECTION 166 EXITS TO BE ACCESSIBLE AT ALL TIMES (1) Except permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary. (2) The exits shall be sites and the exits access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times. SECTION 169 EXIT ROUTE No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.
Conclusion: Menara Glomac’s evacuation route have met the UBBL requirements listed above. All the exit points from first to roof level are on both left and right side of the building, providing alternative routes for occupants on different sides of the building. The exits are not obvious and can be obstructed in view at most times but the exit signages and evacuation maps makes up to it. Overall, the convenience of evacuation route is considered moderately efficient.
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3.4.2 ASSEMBLY POINT Assembly point is a free space to gather the occupants that have escaped from the building during emergency. Therefore, this area should be free from obstructions at all times to accommodate a large number of people. The assembly point of Menara Glomac is located around 20 meters away from the building’s main entrance.
Figure 3.5 Location and direction towards assembly point of Menara Glomac
Figure 3.6 Assembly point area and assembly point signage of Menara Glomac
Part of the assembly point area in Menara Glomac have been occupied by seating areas for a restaurant nearby. For better convenience and safety measures of the assembly point, it is advised to relocate these seating areas so that the assembly point remains obstruction-free.
Seating area of a restaurant
Figure 3.7 Assembly point of Menara Glomac with seating area of a nearby restaurant shown
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UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 178 EXISTS FOR INSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER PLACES OF ASSEMBLY In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the order occupancy or smoke therefrom. SECTION 179 CLASSIFICATION OF PLACES OF ASSEMBLY Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows Class A - Capacity … 1,000 persons or more Class B - Capacity … 300 to 1,000 persons Class C - Capacity … 100 to 300 persons SECTION 183 EXIT DETAILS FOR PLACES OF ASSEMBLY Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony and every individual room used as a place of assembly shall have exits sufficient to provide for the total capacity thereof as determined in accordance with by-law 180 and as follows: (e) every Class B place of assembly (capacity three hundred to one thousand persons) shall have at least two separate exits as remote from each other as practicable, and if of a capacity of over six hundred at least three such exits.
Conclusion: Menara Glomac falls in the category of Class B, with an approximate amount of 400 occupants in the building. The route towards assembly point is compartmented and confined to keep occupants away from fire. Looking back at diagram 3.6 , there are 2 exits out of the building on the ground level and the final assembly point is also located in an open area. All these shows that Menara Glomac have fulfilled the requirements of the By-laws mentioned above. Hence, the assembly point of Menara Glomac is practical.
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3.4.3 EXITS Exits act as a passageway to direct occupants to leave a space to another. Generally, going through an exit means going out from an area to another. Therefore, exits are seen as the fastest route to avoid hazardous situation in a certain area. In case of fire, exits leads the primary circulation for evacuation. Hence, it is important to make sure exits are free from obstructions at all times.
Figure 3.8 Typical exit of Menara Glomac
The exits of Menara Glomac usually comes with a electromagnetic door lock system for security purposes and only employees of the building has access to it. However during emergencies, there is a break glass (refer 2.4.6 EMERGENCY BREAK GLASS for details) to trigger the access of the exit right next to the door.
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3.4.3.1 HORIZONTAL EXITS Horizontal exits is the representation of allowing occupants to step horizontally away from fire towards safety. To achieve this, fireproof walls accompanied by fire rated doors were developed to bisect the building. Should a fire occurs on any floor of one of the either sections, occupants can simply just walk through the doorways and close the fire rated door behind and find their way to an alternative exit out of the building. The horizontal exits of Menara Glomac separates the office and lift lobby and each section leads to their own emergency exits. Along the way, are made up of fire protective systems and materials to strengthen the safety of occupants during evacuation.
Figure 3.9 Horizontal exit in between lift lobby and office
UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 171 HORIZONTAL EXITS (1) (2)
When appropriates, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits. Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building.
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3.4.3.2 VERTICAL EXITS Vertical exits are exits that leads occupants, no matter from upper or lower levels, towards ground floor and eventually out of the building. The 1st level to the roof level’s vertical exits are directly connected all the way towards the ground level. Meanwhile only one of the basements’ vertical exits connects to the ground level of Menara Glomac, whereas the other exit connects to the commercial building right next to Menara Glomac. The staircases of the basement levels do not directly connect to the upper levels above ground floor. Vertical exits are usually through staircases during emergency. Therefore, it plays a critical role in evacuation. It can be dangerous travelling in a panic state through the staircases, which is why safety consideration should always be present. These staircases can be found once exiting the exit doors directed using the exit signages.
There are 2 separate staircases on each level in Menara Glomac. In each staircase, there’s a total of 12 flights accompanied by a continuous railing. The staircases have standard dimensions of Riser - 280mm Tread - 180mm Width - 1130mm The width is sufficient to accommodate 2 occupants at once for smooth evacuation where all the occupants would all need to go through these staircases Furthermore the doors to access these staircases are 900mm in width and creates a door swing in which evacuees are open to the view of the staircase immediately. Figure 3.10 End of emergency staircase on ground floor
Emergency staircases of Menara Glomac comes with permanent ventilation utilising windows. This is to allow airflow to comfort occupants whilst accessing the rather compact staircases.
Figure 3.11 (left) Emergency staircase showing permanent window Figure 3.12 (right) Permanent window of emergency staircase
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Location of vertical and horizontal exits Vertical exit Horizontal exit
Diagram 3.14 Basement 2 plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits
The exits are centralised on both side of the building like an island since the basements act as car parks, there’s bound to be occupants from every direction.
The exits are similar to basement 2 together with the reasoning of location. similar to the ones in Basement 2. Diagram 3.15 Basement 1 plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits
Diagram 3.16 Ground floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits
The highest dense of exits are available on ground floor due to it being the final evacuation platform for the occupants, a large number of occupants will go through the exits. Furthermore, the main entrance and fire-fighting shaft are also leaning towards the right side.
Diagram 3.17 First floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits
The amount of exits are lesser due to lesser amount of occupants having to travel through these exits. The exits are divided to the left and right side of the building in liaise with the compartmentation to allow alternative access for occupants in either compartment. 3.0 PASSIVE FIRE
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Vertical exit Horizontal exit The exits from here on till the top are similar. With exits available on both the left and right side of the building allowing convenience of travel distance for occupants during evacuation Diagram 3.18 Second floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits
Diagram 3.19 3rd floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits
Diagram 3.20 3A to 13A floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits
Diagram 3.21 15th floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits
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UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 106 DIMENSIONS OF STAIRCASE (1)
(2) (3)
In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall be not less than 255 millimetres and the dimensions of the rise and the tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout. The widths of staircases shall be in accordance with by-law 168 The depths of landings shall be not less than the width of the staircases
SECTION 168 STAIRCASES (1) (2)
(3) (4) (5)
Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases. Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
SECTION 198 VENTILATION OF STAIRCASE ENCLOSURES (1)
(2)
All staircases enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square metre per floor. Openable windows shall meet the operational requirements of the D.G.F.S.
Conclusion: The vertical exits of Menara Glomac have fulfilled the standard requirements of UBBL stated above. The dimensions of tread and risers are at suitable lengths and are kept constant throughout to prevent accidents. The 900mm door width creates a door swing that does not intersects with the required width of landings. Furthermore, the staircases are well-accompanied by ventilation as per required by the By-laws. Hence, the vertical exits of Menara Glomac is efficient to be used.
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3.4.4 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE Fire escape signages act as an important role to inform occupants on where they should move towards during the case of emergency. Therefore, it should show itself clearly to the occupants wherever their positions may be. The exit signages are usually located above the fire-rated doors that leads occupants towards the emergency staircases. In Menara Glomac, the signages are clearly seen above the doors. However, the position of both the doors and exit signage do not face directly towards the occupants.
Figure 3.13 Exit signage above door accessing the staircases
Exit faces a limited area away from the direct view of occupants
Diagram 3.22 First floor plan indicating direction of emergency exit is facing
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UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 172 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNS (1) (2) (3) (4)
Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible sign and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment. A sign reading ‘KELUAR’ with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent. All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy. Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.
Conclusion: The emergency exit signages of Menara Glomac are less efficient if compared to the UBBL requirements stated above. First of all, as mentioned before, the exit signage is not directly in the field of vision of occupants. However, the signages are well illuminated at all times.
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3.5 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT Passive fire containment is to confine a fire to the zone of origin, for a specified time, thereby preventing fire spread and leaving more time for safe evacuation of the building occupants. Specifically engineered containment systems are used as enclosures in instances where specific identifiable hazards within a building need to be independently isolated from the remainder of the building. Fire-resistive enclosures used for containment are subjected to fire exposure conditions specified in various related test standards. In the case of Menara Glomac,
3.5.1 COMPARTMENTATION Fire compartmentations are separated from one another using fire-resisting compartmentation walls or compartmentation floor which hinders the spread of fire. Fire compartment is defined as a building or part of a building comprising one or more rooms, spaces or storeys constructed to prevent the spread of fire to or from another part of the same building or an adjoining building. A separated part of a building is a form of compartmentation in which part of a building is separated from another part of the same building by a compartment wall. Such walls run the full height of the part and are in one vertical plane. The objective of compartmentation is to: Prevents the rapid spread of fire. Reduce the spread of smoke Limits the damage of building during fire emergency. Optimize evacuation during fire emergency.
3.5.1.1 Compartmentation of Means of Escape
Diagram 3.23 Basement 1 indicating the location of compartmentalize zones
Diagram 3.24 Basement 2 indicating the location of compartmentalize zones
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The main compartmentation zone located at the right of the ground floor which connects the vertical exits and another compartmentation space consisting vertical exit at the left of the plan.
Diagram 3.25 Ground floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones.
For the following diagrams, the compartmentation zone located at the fire access lobby connects the vertical exits and another compartmentation space consisting vertical exit st the left of the plan.
Diagram 3.26 First floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones.
Diagram 3.27 Second floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones.
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Diagram 3.28 3rd floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones.
Diagram 3.29 3A to 13A floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones.
Diagram 3.30 15th floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones.
Diagram 3.31 Roof floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones.
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3.5.1.2 Compartmentation of fire risk area Type of fire compartmentations used are differentiated by the spaces, rooms and facilities. Control rooms are located either on the ground level or roof top with their own compartmentation and away from high density occupants. This is to prolong the time to perform fire saving procedures that requires to access control rooms. The offices, toilets, storeroom that has higher fire hazard materials are compartmented by the masonry walls so that the fire would be contained in only its own area.
Diagram 3.32 Basement 1 plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.33 Basement 2 plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.34 Ground level plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.35 15th floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
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UBBL 1984 PART VIII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 136. Provision of compartment walls and compartment floors. Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and which has (a) (b)
Any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose group and height; or A cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into compartments, by means of compartment walls or compartment floors or both, that (i) no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as relevant to that building; and (ii) no such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant to that building;
Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which complies with the relevant recommendations of the F.O.C. Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in relation to that building as if the limits of dimension specified are doubled. SECTION 137. Floor in building exceeding 30 metres in height to be constructed as compartment floor. In any building which exceeds 30 metres in height, any floor which is more than 9 metres above ground floor level which separates one storey from another storey, other than a floor which is either within maisonette or a mezzanine floor shall be constructed as a compartment floor. SECTION 139. Separation of fire risk areas. The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of fire hazard; (d) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous;
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SECTION 189. Enclosing means of escape in certain buildings. (1)
(2)
Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storey or more, or in a building where the highest floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting materials. Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of this by-law include walls to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with self-closing doors constructed of fire-resisting materials.
Conclusion: The compartmentation of Menara GLomac meets the UBBL 1984 requirements stated. From diagram 3.23 to diagram 3.35, the compartmentation of means of escape and fire risk areas meets the by-laws. Menara Glomac exceed 30 metres height, therefore, it is required to have compartment floor. Spaces that deemed hazardous are compartmentalize by fire-resistive components to avoid spread of fire during fire emergency and allow the occupants to escape.
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3.5.2 FIRE CONTAINMENT Fire containment systems are designed to isolate areas of fire origin, preventing smoke and heat and ensuring that small fires are not allowed to escalate into full-scale blazes. This is achieved by introducing engineered containment systems to isolate hazards.
3.5.2.1 FIRE RATED DOOR Fire rated doors are specifically engineered doors that are able to contain fire in a specific area for a period of time, in the case of Menara Glomac, 2 hours. These doors can be found in entrances to emergency fire exits, control rooms and even office departments. The fire rated doors in Menara Glomac comes in the dimensions of 900mm x 2100mm. They also come with an automatic electromagnetic door lock system to always keep the door closed.
Figure 3.14 Fire rated door of Menara Glomac
Figure 3.15 Indication of fire rated door and reminder to always keep it close
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UBBL 1984 PART VII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 162 FIRE DOORS IN COMPARTMENT WALLS AND SEPARATING WALLS (1) (2)
(3)
(4) (5)
Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws. Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedules to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS476:1951
SECTION 164 DOOR CLOSERS FOR FIRE DOORS (1) (2) (3)
All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in case of sliding doors. Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence. Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases.
SECTION 173 EXIT DOORS (1) (2)
All exit doors shall be openable from inside without the use of key or any special knowledge or effort. Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holder, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.
Conclusion: The fire rate doors in Menara Glomac has appropriate FRP of 2 hours that are located as openings of compartment walls. These doors also complies with the requirement of having automatic closing function. For security purposes, the doors are only accessible for employees of Menara Glomac. Therefore, it is difficult for public to access these areas. However during an emergency, a break glass is available right next to the door for access. In conclusion, Menara Glomac’s fire rated doors have complied with the requirements of UBBL stated above. 3.0 PASSIVE FIRE
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3.5.2.2 FIRE ROLLER SHUTTER Fire roller shutters are introduce in compartment walls to effectively prevent the spread of fire through heat radiation. These fire roller shutters can be found in the basement levels of Menara Glomac, in the walls between the car park and lift lobby. These shutters are only able to be controlled by keys in which the security guards hold on to all the time. In case of fire, these shutters are closed in the supervision of the operators so that they can stop the downward travel when obstructions are spotted.
Figure 3.16 Fire rated roller shutters on basement 1 with operator controlling the movement of the door
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3.5.2.3 STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION Structural fire protection includes the insulation materials, coatings, and systems used to prevent or delay fire-induced temperature rise in structural members in buildings. This part of passive fire is very crucial as it can affect the stability of the building during fire. Therefore, the elements of structure must have a certain degree of fire resistance in itself to bear weight even in the case of fire.
Menara Glomac is constructed utilising reinforced concrete columns and masonry walls throughout the building. Concrete itself is an excellent insulant of fire and heat. The masonry walls have also been used traditionally to provide superior fire resistance and safety for occupants. Furthermore, the walls of Menara Glomac from ground floor up to the penthouse level are covered with tiles. These tiles act as an extra layer of protection from fire temperature before it reaches the masonry core.
Figure 3.17 Masonry walls covered with tiles on office levels
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UBBL 1984 PART VIII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 143 BEAM OR COLUMN Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) od by-law 142 as to non-combustibility. SECTION 147 CONSTRUCTION OF SEPARATING WALL (1)
(2)
Any separating wall, other than a wall separating buildings not divided into compartments within the limits of size indicated by the letter “x� in Part I of the Ninth Schedule to there By-laws, shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials, excluding any surface finish to a wall complies with the requirements of these By-laws and the required FRP for the wall shall be obtained without assistance from such non-combustible material. Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, a separating wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall itself comply with the requirements of paragraph (1) as to non-combustibility.
Conclusion: The structural components of Menara Glomac have respected the laws of UBBL in the categories stated above. Therefore, we can conclude that the structure of Menara Glomac is sufficient remain stable while the firefighters perform rescue for a certain period of time.
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3.6 FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Fire fighting access are routes used by firefighters to access the building and perform fire rescues. Some factors affecting their efficiency includes: the distance and terrain between the apparatus access and the building; how easily can they enter the building; the building’s interior layout and vertical access; and, how quickly firefighters can locate the fire protection features and utilities.
3.6.1 FIRE ENGINE ACCESS Vehicle access to the exterior of a building is needed to enable high reach appliances, such as turntable ladders and hydraulic platforms, to be used, and to enable pumping appliances to supply water and equipment for fire-fighting and rescue activities. The access arrangements should be proportionate to the building size and height. This can be referenced in UBBL under clause 140.
49700m3 Average width of street = 10m
Diagram ‌ Building volume of Menara Glomac and average width of adjacent street
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UBBL 1984 PART VIII FIRE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 140 FIRE APPLIANCE ACCESS All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open spaces shall be in accordance with the following scale: Volume of building in cubic meter
Minimum proportions of perimeter of building
7000 to 28000
one-sixth
28000 to 56000
one-fourth
56000 to 84000
one-half
84000 to 112000
three-fourths
112000 and above
Island site
Conclusion: Menara Glomac has a volume of approximately 49700m3.The width of the neighbouring street for fire fighting access is 10m. Menara Glomac proportion of building abutting the street does not comply with the 12m requirement stated in the UBBL. Hence, a slower traffic will occur to the fire engine access, prolonging the period of time for rescue.
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3.6.2 FIRE FIGHTING SHAFT
A firefighting shaft provides the fire and rescue service with a safe area from which to undertake firefighting operations. They link all necessary floors of a building, providing at least 2 hours of fire resistance to protect fire crews and are connected to fresh air. S fire fighting shaft typically contain a firefighting main, stairway, lobby and lift.
Diagram 3.36 Ground floor plan showing location of fire-fighting shaft
Fire-fighting lobby
Provides access from fire-fighting staircases to the accommodation area and to associated fire-fighting lift.
Fire-fighting staircase
Protected from accommodation area. Act as vertical exit that connects all levels.
Fire-fighting lift
The only lift that operates during the case of fire to allow firefighters to access upper levels. These lifts are specifically engineered for extra protection from fire.
Diagram 3.37 Components in fire-fighting shaft and their functions
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The relationship between the components of the fire-fighting shaft in Menara Glomac is slightly complicated. The emergency staircase that's directly connected with the fire-fighting lobby can only access towards the basements. Meanwhile to access the upper levels, firefighter would have to travel through a different different staircase (indicated in diagram above) further into the building but it is also the only fire-fighting staircase that can be accessed directly from outside.. This prolongs the time taken for the firefighters to find the fire-fighting staircases. Hence, prolong time of rescue. However, the fire fighting lobby is strategically located right at the outer side of the fire fighting lobby (indicated in diagram above), in which anyone would have first hand view towards it upon entering from the main entrance (refer to next page for further understanding).
Diagram. 3.38 Ground floor plan indicating fire-fighting, staircase, lift and lobby
Figure 3.20 Fire-fighting lobby
Figure 3.18 Fire-fighting staircase
Figure 3.19 Fire-fighting lift
FIRE FIGHTING LIFT System introduction A single unit fire fighting lift is available in Menara Glomac and can be accessed through the ‘protected lobby’ on the ground floor. The fire fighting lift can be operated to all levels including the basements. The lift can be generated through a standby generator set in case of emergency and is activated using the ‘fireman switch’ that is placed right next to the fire fighting lift. Operation in case of fire 1. 2.
Fire alarm must be triggered by the ‘Main Fire Alarm Panel’ that is activated either automatically by whichever alarm device or manually by the occupants. In case of fire, all lifts will travel towards the ground floor one after another leading by the fire fighting lift and will reach the ground level in 2 minutes. All lifts will be on the ground floor with doors entirely open and at this period of time, only the fire fighting lift can be operated by triggering the ‘fireman switch’.
Diagram 3.39 Ground floor plan of Menara Glomac
Figure 3.21 Fire-fighting lift
The fire fighting lift in Glomac Berhad is located in such a way that it sits in the direct view from the main entrance. This is to allow convenience for the fireman to locate the fire fighting lift as soon as possible to save time.
Figure 3.22 Fireman switch
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UBBL 1984 PART VIII FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS SECTION 229 MEANS OF ACCESS AND FIRE FIGHTING IN BUILDINGS OVER 18.3 METRES HIGH (1) Buildings in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres above fire appliances access level shall be provided with means of gaining access and fighting fire from within the building consisting of fire fighting access lobbies, fire fighting staircases, fire lifts and dry or wet rising systems. (2) Fire fighting access lobbies shall be provided at every floor level and shall be so located that the level distance from the furthermost point of the floor does not exceed 45.75 metres. (3) A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at fire appliance level. This may be one of the staircase required as a means of egres from the building. (4) The fire lift shall be discharged directly into the fire fighting access lobby, fire fighting staircase or shall be connected to it by a protected corridor. (5) A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire-fighting access lobby or in the absence of a lobby to the fire-fighting staircase at each floor level. (6) The fire lift shall discharge directly into the fire-fighting access lobby fire-fighting staircase or shall be connected to it by a protected corridor. SECTION 243 Fire lifts (1) (2) (3) (4)
In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance access level firee lifts shall be provided. A penthouse occupying not more than 50% of the area of the floor immediately below shall be exempted from this measurement. The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby. Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.
Conclusion: In conclusion, Menara Glomac have fulfilled the requirements stated by the UBBL above. Even Though the emergency staircases aren’t as efficient, the access towards it still matches with the standards.
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3.7 CONCLUSION Menara Glomac overall has a very standard passive fire system, respecting majority of the By-laws. For instance, adequate travel distance and to escape an area through exits. Suitable position of exits even though the access to wards exits can be inconvenient at times. Suitable location of assembly point but with slight obstruction when it comes to having to gather all occupants. Furthermore, the horizontal exits have proven to be adequate in location while the vertical exits are less convenient due to less proper indicate of directions. Menara Glomac is also well compartmented together with the well-thought structural materials and installation of fire rated doors. Fire engine access might be slowed down a little but the passive features introduced within the building are sufficient to make up to the time lost. In conclusion, Menara Glomac has a satisfactory passive fire system.
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4. 0
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
4.1 INTRODUCTION As a results of Malaysia’s close proximity to the equator, our country contains a tropical climate that is hot and wet throughout the year. the common temperature of Asian country is 28 ̊C and therefore the average wetness falling between 70 – 90 % which exceeds the thermal comfort range of 20 - 22 ̊C. Hence, the requirement Associate in an usage of air conditioning and Mechanical ventilating system (ACMV) is important to achieve thermal comfort of users. Although apparently similar to the mechanical ventilation system, air-conditioning system is the circulation and cooling of air within the internal area while mechanical ventilation is the exchange of the fresh outdoor air to replace the indoor air by mechanical devices. air conditioning involves a method of fixing the properties of air by the removal of warmth and wetness from the interior atmosphere to offer thermal comfort of occupants. It additionally functions to control the indoor temperature and humidity while maintaining air cleanliness and air quality. This system ensures that the internal atmosphere is more comfy than the external atmosphere. Besides, providing health and comfort to users, this system can facilitate to meet the needs of commercial processes, like machineries and data servers encircled in an interior space no matter the external climatic conditions. Therefore, the factors for using air conditioning system are: Comfort Performance - workers, machinery, etc Health - prevents smoke and dust Equipment - computer, electronic equipments
4.1.1 Type of cycles in air conditioner unit Air conditioner is able to cool a building as a result of it removes heat from the indoor air and transfers it outdoors. At a specific point, gas is compressed to liquid and this releases a lot of latent heart. Once liquid vaporizing into gas, the pressure will be lowered . However, when it boils through this vapourizing method an outsized amount of heat energy is absorbed. There are 2 cycles concerned during this system, refrigerant cycle and therefore the air cycle.
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Refrigerant cycle
Figure 4.1 Refrigerant system cycle
Refrigerant flows through the compressor, that raises the pressure of the refrigerant. Next the refrigerant flows through the condenser, wherever it condenses from vapor to liquid , giving off heat within the process. the warmth given off is what makes the condenser "hot to the bit." once the condenser, the refrigerant goes through the expansion valve, wherever it experiences a pressure drop. Finally, the refrigerant goes to the evaporator. The refrigerant attracts heat from the evaporator that causes the refrigerant to vaporize. The evaporator attracts heat from the region that's to be cooled. The vaporized refrigerant goes back to the compressor to restart the cycle. Main structure: -
Compressor Condenser Expansion valve Evaporator Refrigerant Pipes Tubes
Simple Principle -
Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.
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Air cycle
Figure 4.2 HVAC Diagram
An air cycle is a process to distribute cooled conditioned air into the spaces that needs air conditioning. When the return air goes into the evaporator, latent heat inside the room is removed. When the heat is removed, the internal sir slowly becomes cooler. Air or water can be used as a medium to absorb this heat. The distribution of air is done through ducts or chilled water pipes. This system functions by the compression of air and removal of contained heat which then expands the air to a lower temperature. The components that are required for the air cycle are: AHU - Used for heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, filtering and distributing air as well as for recycling the return air. Blower fan - Propeller creates air flow for distribution and also removes the heat of condenser Air filter - To purified the air from dust Air duct/Diffuser - Air duct distributing treated air into air conditioned rooms from the AHU. The diffusers lets air flows out of the duct Clean air intake - To renew contents of air to be distributed Humidifiers - Used to humidify the air for spaces that is damp.
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Type of Air-Conditioning System There are various types of air conditioners like window air conditioner, split air conditioner, packaged air conditioner and central air conditioning system. This series of articles describes all types of air conditioners.
4.1.2.1 Window air conditioner system Window air conditioning is usually brought up as room air conditioning too. it's most common kind of air conditioning system and is mounted on windows or walls. it's one unit that's assembled in a casing wherever all the parts are set This refrigeration unit includes a double shaft fan motor with fans mounted on either side of the motor. One at the evaporator facet and the other at the condenser facet.
Figure 4.3 Window air conditioning system
Figure 4.4 Working of Window AC
The evaporator facet is found facing the room|the area} for cooling of the space and also the condenser facet outdoor for heat rejection. there's an insulated partition separating this 2 sides within the identical casing.
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4.1.2.2 Split air conditioner system Split air conditioner system is the common system in Malaysia, It can be easily found in every single house due to its characteristics. A split air conditioner made by two main parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit is installed on or near the wall outside of the room . The components of it include the compressor, condenser coil and the expansion coil or capillary tubing. The sleek-looking indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long blower and an air filter. It usually use in residential building or office room because of this is environmental friendly and low cost to install.
Figure 4.5 Layout of split air conditioning system
Figure 4.6 Split air conditioning system
4.1.2.3 Packaged air conditioner system This system is used to cool medium sized buildings or rooms. There are two possible arrangements with the package unit. The first one, all the components, namely the compressor, condenser (which can be air cooled or water cooled), expansion valve and evaporator are housed in a single box. The cooled air is thrown by the high capacity blower, and it flows through the ducts laid through various rooms. In the second arrangement, the compressor and condenser are housed in one casing. The compressed gas passes through individual units, comprised of the expansion valve and cooling coil, located in various rooms.
Figure 4.7 Component of packaged air conditioning system
Figure 4.8 Packaged air conditioning system
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4.1.2.4 Centralized air conditioner system Central air conditioning could be a system within which air is cooled at a central location and distributed to and from rooms by one or additional fans and ductwork. The work of the air conditioning compressor is what makes the whole process of air conditioning possible. The compression of the refrigerant gas allows it to discharge heat out of the house, that is how the cool air is formed.
Figure 4.9 The components of Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Systems
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4.2 CASE STUDY OF GLOMAC BERHAD Menara Glomac is a office block with 16 levels height and 2 basement levels, the main air conditioning system they used is VRV system which can also call it VRF and the secondary is single split air conditioning system.
4.2.1 VRV air conditioning system VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume), also known in the wider industry as variable refrigerant flow (VRF). Menara Glomac introduced VRV system because it is a commercial system that allowed to adjusts the refrigerant volume within the system to the required temperature of each area, for optimum comfort and maximum energy efficiency. VRV air conditioning system is actually a large multi-split systems where a number of indoor units are connected to the outdoor unit. These VRV air conditioning systems are generally used for larger applications where the alternative might be a central chilled water system or central ducted system. Although the cost is higher while comparing to the other systems, but will quicker to install and more energy efficient to run which hit their requirement.
Figure 4.10 Introduction of VRV air conditioning system
The advantages of VRV air conditioning system â—?
â—?
As with split systems a good form of indoor unit sorts together with floor mounted, high wall, below ceiling, ceiling recessed (cassette) and hid ducted kind area unit out there. Indoor units and outside unit may be up to 100m apart.
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● ● ●
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Inverter driven compressors and sophisticated controls provide accumulated energy efficiency. Large open plan areas and tiny spaces will all be served from one system with individual management in every room. Systems may be cooling only, heating + cooling or heat recovery. Heat recovery systems will transfer heat from one part of a building to another (such as from South to North sides) then dramatically reduce energy consumption. Using a modular arrangement in excess of 1000 indoor units can be installed. Units may be controlled either separately, in groups, centrally or in any combination needed.
Menara Glomac use to place the outdoor unit on the rooftop. During the site visit, we can see that there’s 20 VRV compressors well plan on the rooftop. Every single compressor provide its service to different floor, and the refrigerant pipes are going downward to different level to provide service to each floor
Diagram 4.1 Roof plan of Menara Glomac
Diagram 4.2 Elevation of Menara Glomac
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The components of VRV air conditioning system Outdoor unit The main heating and cooling plant of a VRV system is typically an air supply or water supply heat pump. Ground source or "geothermal" heat pump systems have proved effective in some western applications. the aim of the outdoor unit is to exchange heat with the outdoor environment, either by discharging heat (when cooling) or gripping heat (while heating). Heat is changed with the outdoor environment utilize a heat exchanger with full of R-410a refrigerant, which is then pumped-up throughout the building to 1 of the many indoor units. Variable speed compressors are used in order that lower compressor speeds will be used throughout part-load circumstances.
Figure 4.10 Introduction of VRV air conditioning system
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Indoor unit Refrigerant from an open air unit is pumped to one of numerous indoor evaporator units, every one of which is in charge of warming and cooling an individual zone in a building. Indoor evaporator units control the amount of heat being dumped to (or gathered from) a space utilizing linear or electronic expansion valves (EEVs). Indoor evaporator units exchange heat between the refrigerant and surrounding air by blowing air over the unit's evaporator coil. When the heat exchange, the refrigerant either condenses (Heating mode) or evaporate (cooling mode). Refrigerant comes back to an intermediary heat recovered unit or specifically to the outdoor unit, where it is accordingly warmed or cooled once more.
Figure 4.11 The ceiling cassette air conditioning system
Refrigerant VRV system is using a R-410a refrigerant, which is more energy dense than water or air. This means that a smaller volume of vapor or liquid refrigerant is required to move the same amount of heat. The process provide more efficient during the heat transfer from one zone to another and result in pumping motor saving.. R-410a is a non-ozone depleting compound; however, R-410a will cause global warming, so it must be collected and disposed of properly.
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Figure 4.12 The refrigerant pipe in VRV outdoor unit
Heat recovery unit A Heat Recovery Unit (HRU) provide the synchronous warming and cooling of a few individual zones that are co-situated on a similar main refrigerant cycle. For instance, a HRU may remove heat from the refrigerant coming back from a cooled zone to warm refrigerant leaving for an alternate zone that is right now in heating mode. By reusing the heat that can be extricated locally, HRUs can diminish the amount of the general heating and cooling loads that must be fulfilled by the outdoor unit.
Figure 4.13 Operation of heat recovery unit
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Efficient motor Fan coil units can be installed with variable speed motors which are energy efficient, such as electronically commutated motors (ECMs), to modulate air flow rates by changing heating and cooling loads. Fans that operate at lower speeds when heating and cooling loads are low use far less energy and often have the added benefit of being quieter.
Figure 4.14 Fan coil and FCU motor
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4.2.1.1 Wall mounted type In Menara Glomac, we can find this type of air conditioner at smaller areas such as control rooms and smaller offices. This is used to at strategic areas that are used outside the normal working hours such as public holidays or weekends. Thus, this system can be manually controlled for that specific space without the need to use the centralized air conditioning system and this will save cost and energy. The VRV wall mounted type consists of multiple fan coil unit (indoor) and corresponding to a VRV condensing unit (outdoor). Refrigerant line connect the indoor and outdoor unit as well as the interlock control wiring. Condensate water is discharged through a PVC drainpipe and connects to a main PVC drainpipe. Wall Mounted indoor unit equipped with Built-In Starter, is installed at the skinned-coated partition wall or external of plaster box-up. The power is constantly supply to all VRV fan coil units. A wired remote controller installed at the designated location is use to turn ON/OFF the system, control the fan speed and set the temperature. The cooling process of the system shall be via cold air from the indoor unit distributing within the conditioned areas. If the desire temperature setting is achieved, a signal will be send to the vrv unit, through signal screen cable. After receiving signal fan the indoor units (which required lower refrigerant flow), then the inverter compressor with adjuster to lower speed to produce lower refrigerant flow. The VRV condensing unit will send a signal back to the indoor unit gradually close the EXV valve until to a level so that the smaller amount of refrigerant flow will be passing through the indoor coil and hence maintain the achieved room temperature, compressor will increase to higher speed to produce more refrigerant flow, EXV valve at indoor units will open widely to allow more refrigerant flow and thus to cool down the room to the set temperature. The process above will be repeated.
Figure 4.15 Wall mounted air con in office
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4.2.1.2 Ceiling cassette type In Menara Glomac there’s few Ceiling cassette air conditioner can be found in the offices from each floor, it is the main air conditioning system that had been introduced. It normally been used to cool the larger space such as office. The VRV Ceiling Cassette Type consists of multiple fan coil units(indoor) and corresponding to a VRV condensing unit ( outdoor). Refrigerant lines connect the indoors and outdoor unit as well as the interlock control wiring. Condensate water is discharged through a PVC drainpipe and discharge to the nearest water outlet. Ceiling Cassette indoor unit is installed on the surface of the plasterboard ceiling. A panel is installed at the designated area to control the power supply to the fan coil unit. A wired remote controller installed at the designated location is use to turn ON/OFF the system, control the fan speed and set the temperature. The cooling process of the system shall be via cold air from the indoor unit distributing within the conditioned areas. If the desire temperature setting is achieved, a signal will be send to the vrv unit, through signal screen cable. After receiving signal fan the indoor units (which required lower refrigerant flow), then the inverter compressor with adjuster to lower speed to produce lower refrigerant flow. The VRV condensing unit will send a signal back to the indoor unit gradually close the EXV valve until to a level so that the smaller amount of refrigerant flow will be passing through the indoor coil and hence maintain the achieved room temperature. If the room temperature increases above the set temperature, compressor will increase to higher speed to produce more refrigerant flow, EXV valve at indoor units will open widely to allow more refrigerant flow and thus to cool down the room to the set temperature. The process above will be repeated.
Figure 4.16 ceiling cassette air con in office
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4.2.1.3 System operation The VRV System consist of 1 condensing unit(outdoor) and corresponding to more than 4 numbers of fan unit (indoor). The panel of the VRV condensing unit must be in “ON” mode before switch “ON” the corresponding fan coil unit.
Figure 4.17 How does the VRV system usually operate
Wall Mounted Type The Wall mounted indoor units shall be operating manually and individually with the wired remote controller. Before operating any of the air conditioning equipment, the following points must be observed and adhered to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
All the doors and windows are closed tightly The MCB on panel which installed at the designated area must be at “ON” position all the time to get power standby supply to the system. Press ON button once at the wired remote controller to operate the system Now, the fan coil unit is in operation and the condensing unit will run after few seconds. If the desire temperature setting achieved, inverter control of the condenser unit will adjust to low capacity operation to maintain this temperature Press OFF button at the wired remote controller to switch off the fan coil unit
When the power failure occurs, the air conditioning system will stop automatically due to no electricity supply. When the power resumes, the condensing unit is need to reset then only can operate again.
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Ceiling Cassette type The Ceiling Cassette indoor units shall be operating manually and individually with the wired remote controller. Before operating any of the air conditioning equipment, the following points must be observed and adhered to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
All the doors and windows are closed tightly The MCB on panel which installed at the designated area must be at “ON� position all the time to get power standby supply to the system. Press ON button once at the wired remote controller to operate the system Now, the fan coil unit is in operation and the condensing unit will run after few seconds. If the desire temperature setting achieved, inverter control of the condenser unit will adjust to low capacity operation to maintain this temperature Press OFF button at the wired remote controller to switch off the fan coil unit
When the power failure occurs, the air conditioning system will stop automatically due to no electricity supply. When the power resumes, the condensing unit is need to reset then only can operate again.
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4.2.2 Single split system A single split air conditioner system is the common system in Malaysia, It can be easily found in every single house due to its characteristics. In Menara glomac, they also uses a split unit air conditioning system at smaller areas such as fire control rooms and motor rooms. This is used to at strategic areas that are used outside the normal working hours such as public holidays or weekends. To reduce the energy use, they use split system for those area where will still working during weekend, because of it can be controlled individually. The outdoor unit is installed on or near the wall outside of the room . The components of it include the compressor, condenser coil and the expansion coil or capillary tubing. The sleek-looking indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long blower and an air filter.
Figure 4.18 & 4.19 Introduction of Single split air conditioning system
The advantages of single split air conditioning system 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Decreases household energy expenditures Easy to install the system It can provide certain climate control Quiet during operation Great flexibility , allowing individuals in different rooms to maintain their own perfect climate..
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The components of single split air conditioning system There are few components of Single Split System which is compressor, vent fan, condenser coil, evaporator coil and blower. The compressor, vent fan and condenser coils are on the outside of the building in a self-contained unit, and the evaporator coils and blower are on the inside. The two are connected via pipes or other tubing. Compressor The compressor is that the heart of the cooling cycle. The cycle begins when the compressor attracts in cool, low-pressure refrigerant gas from the indoors. The motor-driven compressor’s sole perform is to "squeeze" the refrigerant, raising its temperature and pressure so it exits the compressor as a hot, high-pressure gas.
Figure 4.20 Daikin outdoor unit
Condenser The condenser used in the outdoor unit of split air conditioners is the coiled copper tubing with one or more rows depending on the size of the air conditioning unit and the compressor. The condenser has to give up the heat from the compressor . The tubing is made up of copper since it rate of conduction of heat is high. The condenser is also covered with the aluminum fins so that the heat from the refrigerant can be removed at more faster rate.
Figure 4.19 Introduction of Single split air conditioning system
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Vent fan The cooling fan is located in front of the compressor and the condenser coil. As the blades of the fan rotate it absorbs the surrounding air from the open space and blows it over the compressor and the condenser with the aluminum fins thus cooling them. The hot air is thrown back to the open space and the circulation of air continues unhindered. This is used to discharge the heat of the compressor after long run.
Figure 4.21 the cooling fan of compressor
Evaporator coil The Evaporator is used to remove the indoor heat but not create cool air. The evaporator coils are filled with very cold refrigerant (a heat transfer fluid). And as warm air from inside your home passes over those cold coils, the refrigerant absorbs all of the heat and moisture from that air. The result? Cold, dehumidified air that gets blown directly into your home.
Figure 4.22 the evaporator coil in evaporator system
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4.2.2.1 Wall mounted type The Wall Mounted Single Split units consists of 1 number of fan coil unit (indoor) and corresponding to Single condensing unit (outdoor). Refrigerant line connect the indoor and outdoor unit as well as the interlock control wiring. Condensate water is discharged through a PVC drainpipe to the nearest water outlet. Wall Mounted indoor unit equipped with Built-In Starter, is installed at the skinned-coated partition wall or external of plaster box-up. Panel is installed at designated area to control the power supply to the system. A wired remote controller is used to turn ON/OFF the system, control the fan speed and set the temperature. The cooling process of the system shall be via cold air from the indoor unit distributing within the conditioned areas. If the desire temperature setting is achieved, the compressor of the condensing unit will cut-off the above temperature set at the controller, thw compressor unit will cut-in again. The process above will be repeated.
Figure 4.23 wall mounted air conditioner in fire motor room
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4.2.2.2 System operation Wall Mounted Type The Wall mounted indoor units shall be operating manually and individually with the wired remote controller. Before operating any of the air conditioning equipment, the following points must be observed and adhered to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
All the doors and windows are closed tightly The MCB on panel which installed at the designated area must be at “ON� position all the time to get power standby supply to the system. Press ON button once at the wired remote controller to operate the system Now, the fan coil unit is in operation and the condensing unit will run after few seconds. If the desire temperature setting achieved, inverter control of the condenser unit will adjust to low capacity operation to maintain this temperature Press OFF button at the wired remote controller to switch off the fan coil unit
When the power failure occurs, the air conditioning system will stop automatically due to no electricity supply. When the power resumes, the condensing unit is need to reset then only can operate again.
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4.3 Control System The control system in Menara Glomac is individual control system, unlike conventional air conditioning systems, the VRV system is applied separately to each room. So, this system is ideal for areas with fluctuation in traffic. Moreover, you can have precise control over each of the rooms to achieve exact conditions. Individual control makes this system more cost-effective and efficient.
Figure 4.24 Wireless controller
Figure 4.25 wall mounted signal receiver unit
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The same operation modes and setting as with wired remote controllers are possible. A compact light receiver be mounted on the wall A light receiver unit for a ceiling mounted cassette(run flow, compact multi flow)type, wall mounted type is mounted into the indoor unit
Figure 4.26 A light receiver unit for a ceiling cassette type
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4.4 Conclusion In Menara Glomac Damansara, the main air conditioning system is VRV air conditioning system that is a multi split unit. Besides, the single split unit act as the secondary system is used for certain area to help maximise cost and energy efficiency. Although the cost of installation of VRV system is high, this system is used mainly as it is an effective and efficient way to circulate cool air and improve air quality within a larger building. Based on our experiences during site visit, the compressor on the rooftop are rusted may need to have maintenance regularly to keep well air-conditioned in each level. In my opinion, i think this is a very good system for this office since they will be some worker or visitor come in during weekend and they won’t be able to turn on the whole air conditioning system but only a single room or space.
UBBL 1984 Part 1: Preliminary Section 41 ( 1 ) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the relevant building by laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority ( 2 ) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure such that within half an hour of the air conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air conditioning system is not functioning. ( 3 ) The provisions of the Third Schedule of these by-laws shall apply to building which are mechanically ventilated or air conditioned.
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5.0
MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
5.1 INTRODUCTION Ventilation plays an important role in an enclosed space to remove stale air and provide fresh air through provide fresh air, moisture, odors and also control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants. Ambient air will help to achieve desired indoor comfort levels and ideal comfort level varies from individual to individual.
Stale air
Fresh air
Figure 5.1: Basic Ventilation System
Ventilation can be categorized into two types: Natural ventilation : refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces. Mechanical ventilation: defined as a process of supplying or removing air by mechanical equipment such as ductwork, fan, diffusers. Commonly, natural ventilation is more preferable than mechanical ventilation as it provide a high ventilation rate in a economical way, due to the use of natural forces and large openings. But in some consequences, mechanical ventilation such as: -
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ventilation is reliable than natural
Delivered the designed flow rate, regardless of the impacts of variable wind and ambient temperature. Integrated easily into air-conditioning, the indoor air temperature and humidity can also be controlled. Filtration systems can be installed in mechanical ventilation to secure the harmful microorganisms, particulates, gases, odours and vapours can be removed. Mechanical ventilation can work everywhere when electricity is available.
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5.2 BASIC VENTILATION SYSTEM Basic ventilation system is used to improve production and living condition of a enclosed space to cause health, safety and other relevant air environment. It categorizes into 2 elements, Fan to exclude stale air in a high moisture areas, mostly found in kitchen, utility and bathrooms. Makeup supply to delivered outside air into the space. The suction by the exhaust fan pulls air through the house from supply point to the pickup points.
Function: A. B. C. D. E.
Ventilation: pull indoor polluted air and maintain fresh air in an enclosed space, to prevent combustion occurred. Dust removal: Remove the smoke and dust in the air, with invisible bacteria. Reduce humidity: Get rid of indoor moisture, bath, and gas appliance to keep indoor dry and comfortable. Lower temperature: exchange the indoor heat to cool outdoor air to maintain comfortable indoor environment. Deodorizing: rule out the smell that form in the spaces due to various causes.
Figure 5.2: Fan
Figure 5.3: Makeup air supply
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5.3 TYPE OF MECHANICAl VENTILATION SYSTEM Mechanical ventilation can be classify into 3 types such as supply system, exhaust system and balanced system that was used in Glomac Berhad.
5.3.1 Supply system Supply ventilation defined as a systems that mechanical inlet and natural extract air into the space. This systems work best in hot and humid climates same as Malaysia; and been widely used in boiler plant and factories. Supply ventilation work by pressurization; it sucks outside air into the house, creating positive pressures and causing inside air to leak out through holes, cracks and openings, or through ducts and vents, if any exist, or through open windows and outlets. Moreover, supply ventilation systems may have some advantages over Figure 5.4: Supply system exhaust systems. Supply ventilation are relatively easy and affordable to install. They allow better control of the air that enters the spaces and filtered outdoor air to remove dust and pollutants or dehumidified, which is very important in high-humidity climates such as Malaysia. Lastly this system prevent combustion of gases from fireplaces and appliances. But supply ventilation systems have also their own disadvantages, especially when they aren't properly designed. Since they create positive pressures in the space, if the system isn't designed to filter and heat the air moving into the spaces that can cause moisture issues and higher energy costs. On the other hand, indoor moist air will move across the building envelope, through cracks and holes in the walls and ceilings, causing mold and other damage.
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5.3.2 Extract system
Exhaust ventilation defined as a system that natural inlet and mechanical extract air into the space. The system work by depressurizing the building; fans create negative pressures on its inlet side, which cause the air inside the space flow through dedicated vents and the air is displaced by fresh air from the outside room. Exhaust ventilation systems can be shown by several area such as bathroom, kitchen and internal toilet. Typically, an exhaust ventilation system is composed of a single fan Figure 5.5: Extract system connected to a centrally located, single exhaust point in the house. A preferable option is to connect the fan to ducts from several rooms (especially rooms where pollutants tend to be generated, such as bathrooms) with adjustable passive vents through windows or walls can be installed to introduce fresh air rather than rely on leaks in the building envelope.
The only matter of exhaust ventilation systems is that they may draw pollutants, along with fresh air, into the house. For example, in addition to drawing in fresh outdoor air, they may draw ● ● ● ●
Radon and molds from a crawlspace Dust from an attic Fumes from an attached garage Flue gases from a fireplace or fossil fuel–fired water heater and furnace.
This can especially be of concern when bath fans, range fans, and clothes dryers (which also depressurize the home while they operate) are run when an exhaust ventilation system is also operating.
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5.3.3 Balance system
Balanced ventilation is defined as a system that supply fresh air and extract stale air using fan. A typical balanced ventilation system work by slightly pressurization of air inside the building is achieved by using an extractor fan smaller that inlet fan to prevent dust, draughts and noise.
Figure 5.6: Balanced system
A balanced ventilation system usually has two fans and two duct systems. It facilitates good distribution of fresh air, by placing supply and exhaust vents in appropriate places. Moreover, its has such a benefit to remove dust and pollen using filters from outside air before introducing it into the building. Mostly been used in cinema, theaters, sport center and basement.
Like both supply and exhaust systems, balanced ventilation systems do not temper or remove moisture from the air before it enters the house. Balanced ventilation systems are appropriate for all climates; however, because they require two duct and fan systems, they are usually more expensive to install and operate than supply or exhaust systems..
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5.4 COMPONENT OF MECHANICAl VENTILATION SYSTEM There are 5 types of components involved in mechanical ventilation system, such as fan, filters, ductwork, fire damper, diffusers.
5.4.1 FAN A device that play an important role in mechanical ventilation system. The fan creates flow of air through inlet point, distributed fresh air in the spaces with high volume and low pressure. The purpose of fan is to remove hot, humid and polluted air, in order to bring in fresh outdoor air to cool the user in the building. Moreover, it also helps to circulate the indoor air when the indoor air is cooler than outdoor air. There are 3 types of fan: A.
Propeller fan
A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. The main purpose of propeller fans is for free air discharge from wall or window. It most commonly used for ventilation or cooling. The basic characteristics of these fans is they can move large amounts of air if there is little resistance, to achieve quiet surrounding. Typical applications for propeller fans are wall- and ceiling-mounted exhausters; usually found in small or medium industrial buildings, toilets and kitchen.
Figure 5.7: Propeller fan
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B.
Axial fan
An axial fan has the form a cylindrical-cased wheel with the impeller fixed to a bushing at some angle to rotation plane. As the impeller blades rotate air is trapped between and is moved in a direction of parallel shaft. Axial fans are typically used for exhausting dirty air or fumes from processes (such as paint spray booths), supplying fresh air, and general spot cooling of people, rooms or machinery. They are typically designed to handle large volumes of air at low pressure. It usually found in basement and tunnel.
Figure 5.8: Axial fan
C.
Centrifugal fan
The centrifugal fan is a mechanical device that consists of impeller which revolve inside a casing shape like a scroll for moving air or gases. It efficiently move large or small quantities of air over a wide range of pressure through a system of ducts or tubes. Because of the high pressure they create, centrifugal fans are ideal for high pressure applications such as drying and air conditioning systems. It's usually used in basement and rooftop.
Figure 5.9: Centrifugal fan
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5.4.2 FILTER Filters are used to shift the external air before releasing into the room. They are used as a protection against impurities of the entire system or damage its individual components. Furthermore, air filters are also used to ensure the indoor air quality by preventing dust, smoke, bacteria enter the space. Filter are commonly installed at the inlet grille.
Figure 5.10: Filter
5.4.3 DUCTWORK Ductwork is used to distribute or withdrawn airflow from heating or cooling system throughout the building. They can be in a round or rectangular section based on its configuration.
Figure 5.11: Ductwork
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5.4.5 GRILLE AND DIFFUSER A grille is a device that used in supplying and extracting air vertically without any kind of deflection. A device used to direct the air at different angles by profiled blades when the air is leaving the unit and going into the space is known as a diffuser. The device is located at the edge of the ductwork where the air is released into the room.
Figure 5.12: 1-way louvre blade diffuser
Figure 5.13: 4-way louvre blade diffuser
5.4.4 FIRE DAMPER Fire dampers are devices designed to hold up the spread of fire through walls, floors and partitions. Fire dampers are installed in the ducts of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems which penetrate fire-resistant constructions and will automatically close on the detection of heat. Typically, fire damper placed at the compartment wall.
Figure 5.14: Fire damper
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5.5 CASE STUDY OF MENARA GLOMAC Menara Glomac is an office tower straddling into the North western edge of Kuala Lumpur located just across the ever bustling PJ-Damansara locality. The typical floor plate for the building is about 6,050 sq.ft for a floor and connected to Glo Damansara Mall. The mechanical ventilation in Menara Glomac consists of different variety of system depend on the type, function, sizes of the space in the building.
5.5.1 Spot ventilation system Spot ventilation was used in the toilet of Menara Glomac. This is due to its has low opening and window in the space, so it means the space is lack of airflow. This may cause the entire space have stinky smell, especially when toilet have a damp atmosphere. Lastly, Menara Glomac does not have other mechanical ventilation system as it overall are ventilated by (VRV) air-conditioning system in the office area, lobby hall, meeting room, etc.
Figure 5.15: The extract ventilation system that located at the ceiling of the toilet
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5.5.2 Air Handling Unit (AHU) A air handling unit act as a central control device used to regulate and circulate air as part of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system. AHU is a large metal box that consists variety of component, such as separate ventilators for supply and exhaust, heating coil, cooling coil, heating/cooling recovery system, air filter racks, sound attenuators, mixing chamber, and dampers. AHU removed exhaust air in the space, which to create an acceptable indoor air quality to the users. Moreover, AHU are placed at each floor of the building, to provide cool air to that particular level. The ductwork that are distributed the conditioned air in the current floor level are all connected and return it to particular ahu unit as per floor.
Figure 5.16: AHU room
Figure 5.17: Control panel in AHU room.
Figure 5.18: Detail of control panel.
Figure 5.19: Process of AHU.
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5.5.3 Filter The filter are located at the back of the (AHU) air handling unit to filter the inlet and outlet air from the atmosphere before its process fresh air into the building. Its function to trap the dust, bacteria, smoke and other micro element in the air. Polyester Filter Media Pad are chosen as it offers ● alternative to disposable panel filters ● High resistance ● easier to handle and install ● High dust-holding capacity ● Washable, for repeat use
Figure 5.20: Polyester filter media pad
5.5.4 Ductwork- basement carpark Menara Glomac used a rectangular ductwork in the basement carpark as a extract ventilation system, as it was more effective on remove the stale air and increase the speed of air extraction.
Figure 5.21: Ductwork that placed in basement carpark
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5.5.5 Type of fan Propeller fan Located in various places such as toilet, pantry,and machinery room to remove heat, moisture and odour of the space.
Figure 5.22: Propeller fan
In-line fan An inline exhaust fan is best defined as a fan that is mounted inside or connected to ducting that is used for extract heat in the air from ductwork. It does not sit directly on the plasterboard or ceiling, instead it is typically located inside the attic or roof space.
Figure 5.23: Inline fan
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5.5.6 Grille and Diffuser Type of diffusers used in Menara Glomac: 4- way Louvre Bladed Diffuser ● Supply air from the ceiling level, with a curved bladed that provide air flow in 4 direction.
Figure 5.24: 4- way louvre bladed diffuser
Linear Diffuser ● Provide airflow from the ceiling level with an aesthetic appearance.
Figure 5.25: linear diffuser
Fire rated transfer Grille ● Designed with intumescent grilles, when in a fire situation they swell the exposed to heat and provide a fire barrier to restrict the passage of hot gases.
Figure 5.26: Fire rated transfer grille
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UBBL 1984 Part III: Space, Light And Ventilation Section 41: Mechanical ventilation and air- conditioning ( 1 ) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air- conditioning is intended, the relevant building by- law relating to natural ventilation, natural lightning and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. ( 2 ) Any application for the waiver of the relevant bylaws shall only be considered of in addition to the permanent air- conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air- conditioned enclosures, such that within half an hour of the air- conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the airconditioning system is not functioning. ( 3 ) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By- law shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air- conditioned. ( 4 ) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, waterclosets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By- laws, the provisions of these By- laws relating to the natural ventilation and natural lightning shall not apply to such lavatories, water- closets, bathrooms or corridors.
5.6 CONCLUSION The mechanical system that used in Menara Glomac is well planned in each floor. All the systems are arranged in an organized manner such as linear diffuser is used to achieve an aesthetic appearance and the ductworks are cleverly hidden inside the ceiling. Beside that, the passive ventilation in Menara Berhad is poor, as there is less needed of mechanical devices because there are mostly ventilated by airconditioning system. According to ubbl requirements, clause 41 ( 2 ) each mechanical ventilation system (supply or exhaust) shall be equipped with a readily accessible switch when ventilation is not required as an example such as VRV system. Normally, the rooms or zones within the building will need to operate in a different volume of airflow by occupants to maintain a constant and comfortable internal environment. VRV system will be the most suitable choice as it is extremely energy efficient means of precisely regulating the temperature within Menara Glomac. 5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
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6.0
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 6.1 INTRODUCTION The mechanical transportation is a fundamental part in modern building design, described as a system that allows various mean of people or goods between different floors within a building. The benefit of the elevator in multiple storey buildings is the convenience and operational efficiency transporting items or user across floors.
6.2 LIFTS Lifts, also known as elevators, is a type of vertical transportation with platform housed within a shaft that moves people or goods between floors of a building safety and efficiently. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like hoist or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a platform like a jack. The arrangement of lifts is important to maintain a smooth circulation between the occupants of a building. Factors which need to be considered during the installation of lifts include: 6.2.1 Type of lifts; 6.2.2 Speed of lifts; 6.2.3 Quantity of lifts; 6.2.4 Layout of lifts.
6.2.1 TYPES OF LIFTS Lifts or elevators can be classified based on their means of moving. These 4 categories include traction lifts which is gearless traction, gearless traction, machine-room-less, hydraulic lifts which is hole type, hole-less type, rope type, climbing lifts and pneumatic lifts. 6.2.1.1 Traction lifts 6.2.1.2 Hydraulic lifts 6.2.1.3 Climbing lifts 6.2.1.4 Pneumatic lifts
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6.2.1.1 Traction lift Traction elevators are the most common type of elevators. The wheel is usually placed in the machine room, constructed on the highest floor of the building. Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a sheave attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient. Traction elevators have 3 main types as follow:
Figure 6.1 Geared traction elevators
Figure 6.2 Gearless traction elevators
Figure 6.3 Machine-room-less elevators
Geared Traction Elevators Geared Traction Elevators have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. This is useful to use low KW motor and reduce cost. Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. geared machines are less efficient compared to the gearless one. Gearless Traction Elevators Gearless Traction Elevators have the wheel attached directly to the motor. The elevators are capable of speeds up to 2000 feet per minute. They use synchronous motors with permanent magnets. These elevators will have more controlled comfort ride. They will be smooth and efficient and produce less sound. Machine-Room-Less Elevators Machine-Room-Less Elevators are typically traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and the controls sit above the ceiling adjacent to the elevator shaft. Machine-room-less elevators are becoming more common; however, many maintenance departments do not like them due to the hassle of working on a ladder as opposed to within a room. They are becoming common because this saves productive space in the buildings. 6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 125
6.2.1.2 Hydraulic lift Traction elevators has a slightly slower mechanism. It consists of a piston placed below the elevator. This piston is controlled by an electric motor and is to push the elevator car up or down when the specific floor buttons are pressed. However, this is a very slow process and thus, the maximum speed of travel is 200 ft/min. The electric motor is accommodated in a machine room which is built in the lowest level of the building, unlike the traction elevators. These types of elevators are used for smaller buildings with less than 10 floors. Like the traction, there are different types of lifts in hydraulic as follow;
Figure 6.4 Roped hydraulic elevators
Figure 6.5 Hole hydraulic elevators
Figure 6.6 Holes-less hydraulic
Roped Hydraulic Elevators Side indirect acting suspension with using a combination of wire ropes with one piston for regular loads and long travel to move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet. Hole Hydraulic Elevators (Conventional) It have sheave that extend below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet. Holes-less Hydraulic Elevators It have a piston on either side of the cab. In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet or travel distance. Non-telescoping pistons only allow about 20 feet of travel distance.
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6.2.1.3 Climbing lift A climbing lift is a self-powered lift that is commonly used in the work and construction areas as a mode of transportation solely to transport construction material or people to deliver services such as window cleaning for tall skyscrapers. Electric or combustible engine is connected to the elevator car which moves the car towards to the top.
Figure 6.7 Climbing lift
6.2.1.4 Pneumatic lift Pneumatic lift combines a smooth vertical cylinder with a coaxial car that moves up and down through air suction. The difference between the pressure on top of the car versus the pressure under the car creates an ascending push on the car. The difference in pressure is achieved as the top part of the car is a vacuum system created by turbines operating as exhaust fans. Rubber seals are used to prevent air leakage from the car. Pneumatic lift has a low capacity of occupancy as it can only cater 1 to 3 passengers and is therefore only used in villas and duplex apartments.
Figure 6.8 Pneumatic lift
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6.2.2 Speed of lifts Required speed of an elevator depends on the quality and type of service that is provided in the building as well as the number of floors. For optimum speed, a lift should not take more than 30 seconds to travel in between the top and lowest floor.
Type of lifts
Car speed (m/s)
Passenger - Up to 4 floors Up to 9 floors 9 to 15 floors Over 15 floors Paternoster
0.3 - 0.8 0.8 - 2.0 2.0 - 5.0 5.0 - 7.0 Up to 0.4
Goods, to any height
0.2 - 1.0
Hydraulic, passenger or goods (max. 4 to 5 floors)
0.1 - 1.0
Diagram 6.1 Table of type of lifts and car speed
6.2.3 Quantity of lifts Number of lift used in a building depends on the estimated population of the building and type of building occupancy as the different function of a building dictates different type of lifts. It is also determined by the number of floors and height of the proposed building. Cost is another factor that will determine the number of lifts in a building.
Building type
Waiting time (second)
Office building - Central town - Commercial
25 -30 30 - 45
Diagram 6.2 Table of building type and waiting time
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6.2.4 Layout of lifts The minimum standard of service states that one lift for every 4 storey should be positioned with a maximum walking distance of 45 meters from the lift libby. Lifts are commonly positioned together in a group to reduce cost and waiting time of the users. Lift layout has a significant influence on a building’s functionality. The lifts must be installed in such a way that it is easy to use and allow easy movement.
Diagram 6.3 Arrangement of 3 lifts
Diagram 6.4 Arrangement of 4 lifts
Diagram 6.5 Arrangement of 6 lifts
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6.3 CASE STUDY OF GLOMAC BERHAD A total of 4 lifts are available in Menara Glomac to accommodate the occupants of the building, span the height of the building throughout, reaching every level of the building. As Menara Glomac has 20 storey, including the two level of basement car park. It uses a gearless traction lift type where its machine room is located at the rooftop. Traction lift type is more suitable for the building compare to hydraulic lift type because the building is more to 8 storey.
UBBL 1984 Part VI: Constructional Requirements Section 124: Lifts For non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one shift shall be provided.
Diagram 6.6 Table of comparison between traction lift and hydraulic lift
Conclusion: Menara Glomac meets the UBBL (2013) requirement where the building has 18 storey high. Therefore, it have provide 4 elevators throughout the buildings.
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6.3.1 Overview There are four passenger gearless traction lifts with machine room located by the side of the building in Menara Glomac. These lifts have capacity to carry load of 1160 kg and 17 persons with the achievable speed of 1.75 m/s. These lifts are suited for the office building as it is efficient into transporting people without the sacrifice of space and cost. The diagrams below show the passenger lifts on the ground floor of Glomac Berhad. These passenger elevators are also used as an emergency lift for the firefighters, and services lift. The elevator which connects all the office levels with the ground floor to the rooftop floor level.
Figure 6.9 Bomba lift and passenger lift in Glomac Berhad
Type of elevators: Gearless traction elevator Brand: EITA-SCHNEIDER Manufacturing number: 11MR00105 Registered number: WP PMA 16257 Capacity of person: 17 person Capacity of kilogram: 1160 kg Rated speed: 1.0 - 1.75 m/s Car Height: 2500mm Entrance opening: 1000x2100mm Type of entrance: 2-panel center opening Structure door opening: Wide jamb: 1300x2250mm Narrow jamb: 1200x2250mm
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6.3.2 Location of lift motor room There are one lift motor room in Glomac Berhad building, it is located at rooftop floor level.
Diagram 6.7 Location of lifts - section 1 of Glomac Berhad
Diagram 6.8 Location of lifts - section 2 of Glomac Berhad
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6.3.3 Lift motor room Lift motor room, also known as machine room or elevator machinery room. It is a room dedicated for the the elevator drives and controllers. In Menara Glomac, the lift motor room for the elevators are located on the rooftop of the building that are fully enclosed or otherwise secured against unauthorised access and it above the elevator shaft which minimizes the length of rope and optimises the efficient. For every machineries, it is imperative to let allow the cooling of their components to the prevent them from combusting and damage of the machines which could endanger the lives of occupants in the building.
Figure 6.10 Sign of lift motor room
Figure 6.12 Electric motor
Figure 6.11 Lift control panel
Figure 6.13 Exhaust fans
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6.3.4 Components of the elevator system There are various components that function as a whole in ensuring the workability of the elevator to transport passengers efficient and safety. In this case study, the component used in gearless traction elevator system is further elaborated and explained below. Gearless traction elevator consists mainly of 5 components:
6.3.4.1 Control System An elevator controller is a system to control the elevators, either manual or automatic. The controller usually tune down the voltage between 12V to 24V to the controlling system. Only the motor need 3-phase power supply. The lower voltage power supply is for the controlling component and the fixtures to control the elevato.
Figure 6.14 Elevator controller
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6.3.4.2 Electric Motor The lift motor machine used in Menara Glomac is gearless permanent magnet synchronous traction machine (figure 6.15). The PMSM Gearless traction machine is assembled by permanent-magnet synchronous motor, traction wheel and brake system through the encoder to achieve closed-loop control and frequency control operation. Compared with the traditional products, the traction machine has high efficiency factor, high efficiency, low starting current is small, large starting torque, smooth running comfort etc.; use of rare earth permanent magnet materials, small size, light weight; no gear, low noise and high reliability.
Figure 6.15 Gearless permanent magnet synchronous traction machine
Figure 6.16 One of the electric motor
Figure 6.17 Two electric motor
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6.3.4.3 Sheave A drive sheave also known as traction sheave is a metal sheave that is fixed to the motor and it has cable grooves liners in form of U or V grooves as shown in figure 6.18. The linear is a solid elastomeric and pressure band release materials. This enables the deformation of linear, so that it increase lateral pressure on the cable to keep the found shape. Therefore increasing the grip of the cables by the liner. Traction ropes are to elevator car and looped around the sheave. This acts like pulley with grooves around the circumference to grib the ropes. Hence, then movement of the elevator car, as the sheave rotates so does the ropes and hoisting the car or counterweight.
Figure 6.18 Traction sheave holding the steel rope
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6.3.4.4 Counter weight Counter weight is located in the hoist way which hangs on the other side of sheave. The counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled to 40-percent capacity. In other words, when the car is 40 percent full (an average amount), the counterweight and the car are perfectly balanced. The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each side of the sheave, it only takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or the other.
Figure 6.19 Component of counter weight
Figure 6.20 Counter weight
6.3.4.5 Guilding rail Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails along the sides of the elevator shaft. The rails keep the car and counterweight from swaying back and forth during movement, and they also work act as a breaking rail with the safety system to stop the car in an emergency.
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6.3.5 Exterior of lift The elevator car is a cabin which is mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called the shaft or hoistway. The elevator car consist of travelling cable, car frame, car sill, compensation chain.
Figure 6.21 Component of car exterior
6.3.5.1 Car frame The car frame is used to support the elevator car cabin located at upper, side and the bottom.
Figure 6.22 Car frame
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6.3.5.2 Car Sill The door sill assembly comprises a sill plate, a support sill located below the sill plate having a rail that presents an inboard sliding surface and an outboard sliding surface.
Figure 6.23 Car sill
6.3.5.3 Travelling Cable Traveling cable is a cable that is used for power transmission to the elevator car, and communication between the controller, and the elevator car. The cable is usually if not always black, and hangs from the elevator car.
Figure 6.24 Travelling cable
6.3.5.4 Compensation ropes A Compensating chain is a welded-link or plastic-coated chain used for compensating or balancing the weight of the hoisting ropes. One end of the chain is attached to the underside of the car frame, and the other end is fastened to the counterweight sling.
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6.3.5.5 Landing door These doors are the doors seen on the floor of the building is known as the outer doors or hoistway doors. Landing doors are part of the buildings landing which are dependent on elevator car’s doors. The door can be opened and closed by electric motor or manually in case of emergency. Safety features are placed on each landing to prevent landing doors from accidentally opening and to prevent the elevator car from moving until landing doors are closed and locked into position. While the landing door is a fixed door on each floor landing. The type of landing door used in Menara Glomac is an automatic door. This door has a center opening doors consisting of two power operated panels that part simultaneously with a brisk and noiseless motion.
Figure 6.25 Elevator door sensors
Figure 6.26 Landing door
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6.3.6 Interior of lift The elevator cabin is completely enclosed by car walls, car flooring and ceiling, the only permissible opening being are the car door, emergency trap door and ventilation apertures.
Figure 6.27 Component of interior lift
Figure 6.28 Overview of interior lift
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6.3.6.1 Car wall The car wall of the elevator in Menara Glomac is made of stainless steel.
Figure 6.29 Car wall texture
6.3.6.2 Car floor The car floor of the elevator in Menara Glomac is finishing by black marble polatein tile.
Figure 6.30 Car floor
6.3.6.3 Car ceiling The car ceiling of the elevator in Menara Glomac is cover up with lighting ceiling to improve the spatial quality and ambience when utilising the elevator.
Figure 6.31 Car ceiling
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6.3.6.4 Operating Panel All button on the operating panel in Menara Glomac glows in res to show the selected floor level that was chosen once it is pressed. It also has braille writing system on every button, allowing the visually impaired to access the lift safely.
Overload warning A warning sound will go off if the elevator is overloaded which causes the elevator to stop its operation.
Open and close door button Informs the landing doors to open or close.
Emergency bell button In case of malfunction, users can press this button to notify the control room.
Floor request button Allow users to choose the desired floors and indicate which floor the elevator is heading to.
Figure 6.32 Operating panel
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6.3.6.5 Component of inside the lift
Figure 6.33 Lift certificate in Glomac Berhad
Figure 6.35 Instruction of do and don’t inside the lift
Figure 6.34 Notice panel that notice capacity and load
Figure 6.36 Floor indicator of the lift in Glomac Berhad
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6.3.7 Floor indicator This indicator displays the floor destination. Passenger can view this indicator from the elevator cabin. This act as a notification to the passengers on the location of the elevator, it will notify with the sound. The call lift button is used to calling for lifts.
Figure 6.37 Floor indicator
Figure 6.38 Call lift button
6.3.7.1 Floor designator The designator placed on the wall at lift lobbies, it is indicating the floor level that user standing. The lobby display act as a notification to the passengers that lift is either go up or go down.
Figure 6.39 Floor designator and lobby display
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6.3.8 Operating of Lift System An elevator operating system functions to coordinate all aspects of elevator service such as travel, speed, door opening, delay, and others. It accepts inputs through button signal and produces outputs such as elevator cars moving and landing doors opening, and others. The main aims of the lift operating system are: To bring the lift car to correct floor. To minimise travel time. To accelerate, decelerate and travel within safe speed limits. To maximize passenger comfort by providing a smooth ride. There are 3 main types for elevator operating systems namely single automatic operation, selective collective operation and group automatic operation. In Glomac Berhad, the elevators uses the group automatic operation system where many elevators are controlled with programmable microprocessors to respond.
Diagram 6.9 Lift control panel simple elevator control system inputs and outputs
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6.3.9 Lift monitoring and fire control system All lift in Menara Glomac are monitored by a computer system known as Remote Monitoring and Assistance System (RMS), when there is lift not functioning, it can be identified immediately through this system. The RMS is the control room at ground floor. The intercom allow the security officer communicate with the user who trapped inside the lifts, and provide them the correct instruction.
Figure 6.40 Intercom
Figure 6.41 Lift remote monitoring
The following functions and operations monitored by the RMS in Glomac Berhad. -
Lift car position Lift on independent service Lift on normal operation Lift on maintenance Lift on fire service Alarm button pressed Lift fail to start
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6.3.10 Safety Features The elevator system contains many safety features and layer of safety to keep the occupants safe, making it one of the safest mode of transportation around. Each component of the elevator system has been designed in mind with safety features and the elevators at Menara Glomac are no different. During an emergency, when the alarm bells are sounded and the fire control room confirms there is a fire, the standard elevators would be override and moves to the ground floor to allow passengers to evacuate out and the lift would park when the main power is disabled. Meanwhile, a separate fireman’s elevator would be manually activated by the fireman or authorised staff for evacuation or fire fighting needs. The fireman’s elevator would be powered by the backup generates as main power would be cut off during an emergency.
UBBL Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies -
All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
Figure 6.42 Smoke detector at lift lobbies
UBBL Section 154: Emergency mode of operation in event of main power failure -
On failure of main power lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.
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UBBL Section 155: Fire mode of operation -
-
If main power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open. The fire lifts shall be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s switch. Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall be only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
Figure 6.43 Emergency intercom
Figure 6.44 Fireman switch
UBBL Section 229: Means of access and fire fighting in buildings over 18.3 meters high A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire fighting access lobby or in the absence of a lobby to the fire fighting staircase at each floor level.
Diagram 6.10 Access from main entrance to fire lift
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6.3.10.1 Apron A car arpon, also known as a toe guard is a vertical protective board installed on the car sill. It functions as a barrier which protects the passengers from being exposed to the lift shaft under the car if the doors are opened when the car is not at the landing.
Figure 6.45 Car apron
6.3.10.2 Safety door edge Car-door safety device that reverses door operation if a person or object is hit by the closing doors. There are also other door-safety system such as the multi-beam door sensor that detects people or objects with photo-electric beams, safety ray and more. At Glomac Berhad, a photoelectric and infrared sensors is used to detect objects in their path and prevents the doors from closing.
Figure 6.46 Door sensor
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6.3.11 Location of lifts Glomac Berhad has placed their elevator in the right side of each block and at the entrance of block. This insures each access to the elevators and that they are easy to locate in the building. It is a opposite arrangement lift in the building, that are provide a wide space for the lift lobbies.
Diagram 6.11 Floor plan of the lift system
Diagram 6.12 Section of the lift system
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Also when it comes to emergencies the fire (bomba) lift is located closest to the entrance of each block and the fire lift is bigger than the passenger lift. This helps firemen to access the building easily. There is also two fire escape exits located in each lobby making the movement for people and fire fighters.
Figure 6.47 Floor plan of emergency exit route
6.4 Conclusion During the site visit, we are quite satisfied by the quality of rides in Glomac Berhad, it is a very comfortable just because inside the lift car is air conditioned and ventilated. There are passenger lifts and fire lift. There are all in same size and same lift system, which it will easier while conducting maintenance work. Overall, Glomac Berhad office tower is considered a well thought design arrangement of the lift lobbies location. It also mets all the UBBL requirements for the lifts which ensure the safety and usability of the lifts.
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7.0 CONCLUSION
7.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, building services are the systems installed in buildings to make them comfortable, functional, efficient and safe. Building services might include: Fire system, air conditioning system, ventilation system and mechanical transportation system. Menara Glomac damansara is a very good building for us to learn about the building service and how they work. They doing very great in managing those system and we can learn a lot from them. In this project, we learn about how the system such as ventilation, air conditioner and fire system work to get a basic knowledge of the building service which is good for our own future.
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8.0 Figure List ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM Figure 2.1 Fire Hydrant behind Menara Glomac Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.2 Components of a fire sprinkler head Source: Meyefire, 2010 Figure 2.3 A pendant fire sprinkler head Source: Innovest Engineering, n.d. Figure 2.4 An upright fire sprinkler head Source: Indiamart, n.d. Figure 2.5 A pendant fire sprinkler head Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.6 A pendant fire sprinkler head Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.7 An upright fire sprinkler head Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.8 Sprinkler pump room Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.9 Sprinkler pump control Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.10 Sprinkler pumps Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.11 Fire sprinkler pumpset 1 indicator Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.12 Fire sprinkler pump 2 indicator Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.13 Hose reel system placed together with hose cradle, fire extinguisher and landing valve in Menara Glomac Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.14 Hose reel pumpsets Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.15 Hose reel pump set indicator Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.16 Hose reel system water tank Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.17 Wet riser system placed together with hose reel system Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.18 Hose reel pumpsets Credit: Yap, 2018 Figure 2.19 Hose reel pump set pressure setting Credit: Yap, 2018
PASSIVE FIRE SYSTEM Figure 3.1 5th floor plan of Menara Glomac Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.2 Poster showing photo and contact information of emergency response team at the entrance of office Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.3 Evacuation map located at the entrance of office on 5th floor Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.4 VRV systems on roof top restricting view of the left exit Credit : Ow, 2018 Figure 3.5 Location and direction towards assembly point of Menara Glomac Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.6 Assembly point area and assembly point signage of Menara Glomac Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.7 Assembly point of Menara Glomac with seating area of a nearby restaurant shown Credit : Ow, 2018 Figure 3.8 Typical exit of Menara Glomac Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.9 Horizontal exit in between lift lobby and office Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.10 End of emergency staircase on ground floor Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.11 (left) Emergency staircase showing permanent window Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.12 (right) Permanent window of emergency staircase Credit: Koh, 2018
Figure 2.20 Carbon dioxide CO2 cylinders. Sources : System, 2018 Figure 2.21 System layout for FM 200 Sources : Janus Fire System, 2012 Figure 2.22 ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.23 CO2 fire extinguisher. Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.24 Addressable smoke detector Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.25 Addressable heat detector Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.26 Fire Alarm Bell Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.27 Fireman’s Switch Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.28 Fireman’s Axe Sources : Nupla, 2018 Figure 2.29 Location of Fireman’s Switch Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.30 Manual Call Point Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.31 Emergency Door Release Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.32 Break Glass Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.33 Remote Fireman Intercom Station (RFIS) Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.34 Fire Control Room Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.35 Video surveillances system Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.36 Equipments in fire control room Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.37 Control Panel Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.38 Mimic Diagram Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.39 Fire Alarm Control Panel Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.40 Operator interface of fire alarm control panel Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 2.41 Fireman Intercom Panel Credit: Chow, 2018
Figure 3.13 Exit signage above door accessing the staircases Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.14 Fire rated door of Menara Glomac Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 3.15 Indication of fire rated door and reminder to always keep it close Credit: Chow, 2018 Figure 3.16 Fire rated roller shutters on basement 1 with operator controlling the movement of the door Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.17 Masonry walls covered with tiles on office levels Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.18 Fire-fighting staircase Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.19 Fire-fighting lift Credit: Toh, 2018 Figure 3.20 Fire-fighting lobby Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.21 Fire-fighting lift Credit: Koh, 2018 Figure 3.22 Fireman switch Credit: Koh, 2018
8.0 Figure List AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Figure 4.1 Refrigerant system cycle Source: Tienganhkythu, 2010 Figure 4.2 HVAC Diagram Source: Standard heating, 2014 Figure 4.3 Window air conditioning system Source: Compact appliance Figure 4.4 Working of Window AC Source: Brigthub engineering, 2015 Figure 4.5 Layout of split air conditioning system Source: air conditioner service Figure 4.6 Split air conditioning system Source: Mosartic Figure 4.7 Component of packaged air conditioning system Source: Brigthub engineering, 2015 Figure 4.8 Packaged air conditioning system Source: Brigthub engineering, 2015 Figure 4.9 The components of Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Systems Source: Brigthub engineering, 2015 Figure 4.10 Introduction of VRV air conditioning system Credit: Ow, 2018 Figure 4.11 The ceiling cassette air conditioning system Credit: Ow, 2018 Figure 4.12 The refrigerant pipe in VRV outdoor unit Credit: Ow, 2018 Figure 4.13 Operation of heat recovery unit Source: Bertieair Figure 4.14 Fan coil and FCU motor Credit: Ow, 2018 Figure 4.15 Wall mounted air con in office Credit: Ow, 2018
Figure 4.16 ceiling cassette air con in office Credit: Ow, 2018 Figure 4.17 How does the VRV system usually operate Source: Mansonbarry Figure 4.18 Introduction of Single split air conditioning system Credit: Ow, 2018 Figure 4.19 Introduction of Single split air conditioning system Credit: Ow, 2018 Figure 4.20 Daikin outdoor unit Source: AirAndWater Figure 4.21 the cooling fan of compressor Source: Angieslist Figure 4.22 the evaporator coil in evaporator system Source: Indiamart, 2016 Figure 4.23 wall mounted signal receiver unit Credit: Ow, 2018 Figure 4.24 Wireless controller Source: Ebay Figure 4.25 wall mounted signal receiver unit Credit: Ow, 2018 Figure 4.26 A light receiver unit for a ceiling cassette type Credit: Ow, 2018
MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Figure 5.1: Basic ventilation system Credit: Tan, 2018 Figure 5.2: Fan Credit: Shopee Figure 5.3: Makeup air supply Credit: Captiveaire Figure 5.4: Supply system Credit: House Energy Figure 5.5: Extract system Credit: House Energy Figure 5.6: Balance system Credit: House Energy Figure 5.7: Propeller fan Credit: Cook Figure 5.8: Axial fan Credit: Kruger Figure 5.9: Centrifugal fan Credit: FBA Figure 5.10: Filter Credit: Indiamart, 2016 Figure 5.11: Ductwork Credit: Ventverx Figure 5.12: 1- way louvre blade diffuser Credit: The grille shop Figure 5.13: 4- way louvre blade diffuser Credit: The grille shop Figure 5.14: Fire damper Credit: Indiamart Figure 5.15: The extract ventilation system that located at the ceiling of the toilet. Credit: Tan, 2018
Figure 5.16: AHU room Credit: Tan, 2018 Figure 5.17: Control panel in AHU room. Credit: Tan, 2018 Figure 5.18: Detail of control panel. Credit: Tan, 2018 Figure 5.19: Process of AHU Credit: Esaplling pvt ltd, 2017 Figure 5.20: Polyester filter media pad Credit: Tan, 2018 Figure 5.21: Ductwork that placed in basement carpark Credit: Tan, 2018 Figure 5.22: Propeller fan Credit: Tan, 2018 Figure 5.23: Inline fan Credit: Tan, 2018 Figure 5.24: 4- way louvre bladed diffuser Credit: Tan, 2018 Figure 5.25: linear diffuser Credit: Tan, 2018 Figure 5.26: Fire rated transfer grille Credit: Tan, 2018
8.0 Figure List MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Figure 6.1 Geared traction elevators Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.2 Gearless traction elevators Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.3 Machine-room-less elevators Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.4 Roped hydraulic elevators Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.5 Hole hydraulic elevators Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.6 Holes-less hydraulic Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.7 Climbing lift Source: Okder.com, 2018 Figure 6.8 Pneumatic lift Source: elevator services co, inc Figure 6.9 Bomba lift and passenger lift in Glomac Berhad Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.10 Sign of lift motor room Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.11 Lift control panel Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.12 Electric motor Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.13 Exhaust fans Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.14 Elevator controller Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.15 Gearless permanent magnet synchronous traction machine Source: Neii, 2018 Figure 6.16 One of the electric motor Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.17 Two electric motor Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.18 Traction sheave holding the steel rope Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.19 Component of counter weight Source: Encyclopaedia, 2018 Figure 6.20 Counter weight Source: Liftsolution, 2018 Figure 6.21 Component of car exterior Source: Mitsubishielectric, 2018 Figure 6.22 Car frame Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.23 Car sill Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.24 Travelling cable Source: RBA Vertical Transportation Consultant, 2018 Figure 6.25 Elevator door sensors Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.26 Landing door Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.27 Component of interior lift Source: Mitsubishielectric, 2018 Figure 6.28 Overview of interior lift Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.29 Car wall texture Source: Eita, 2018 Figure 6.30 Car floor Credit: Toh,2018
Figure 6.31 Car ceiling Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.32 Operating panel Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.33 Lift certificate in Glomac Berhad Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.34 Notice panel that notice capacity and load Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.35 Instruction of do and don’t inside the lift Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.36 Floor indicator of the lift in Glomac Berhad Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.37 Floor indicator Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.38 Call lift button Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.39 Floor designator and lobby display Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.40 Intercom Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.41 Lift remote monitoring Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.42 Smoke detector at lift lobbies Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.43 Emergency intercom Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.44 Fireman switch Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.45 Car apron Source: Savonia, 2018 Figure 6.46 Door sensor Credit: Toh,2018 Figure 6.47 Floor plan of emergency exit route Credit: Toh,2018
9.0
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
9.0 DIAGRAMS LIST ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM Diagram 2.1 : Location of fire hydrant indicated in ground floor plan Credited by Yap, 2018 Diagram 2.2 An overview of an automatic sprinkler system Sources: Firerequest,2018 Diagram 2.3 Location of sprinkler system in Menara Glomac indicated in basement 1 Credited by Yap, 2018 Diagram 2.4 : Overall layout of Hose reel system Sources: Firefighting,2018 Diagram 2.5 : Basement 1 plan showing highlighted location of hose reel system Credited by Yap, 2018 Diagram 2.7 : Overall layout of wet riser system Sources: Highrisefirefighting,2018 Diagram 2.8 : Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of wet riser system Credited by Yap, 2018 Diagram 2.9 : Basement 1 plan showing highlighted location of wet riser system Credited by Yap, 2018 Diagram 2.10 Basement 1 plan indicating location of Genset Room 1&2 and LV Switch Room. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.11 CO2 Cylinder in Genset Room 1&2 and LV Switch Room Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.12 Components of carbon dioxide CO2 suppression system. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.13 Ground floor plan indicating location of Switchgear Room, Transformer Room 1 & 2. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.14 FM 200 gas cylinder in Switchgear Room and Transformer Room 1&2 Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.15 Types of Fire Extinguishers Sources : Fire extinguisher types and uses chart, 2018 Diagram 2.16 Addressable alarm and detection system Sources : Морозов & profile, 2018 Diagram 2.17 Operational system for photoelectric smoke detector Sources : Simplisafe, 2013 Diagram 2.18 Operational system for ionization smoke detector Sources :Simplisafe, 2013 Diagram 2.19 comparison between photoelectric smoke detector and Ionization smoke detector. Sources : Simplisafe, 2013 Diagram 2.20 Operational System for heat detectors at normal condition, rate-of-rise response and fixed temperature response Sources : Simplex, 2018 Diagram 2.21 Ground floor plan indicating location of Fire Control Room. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.22 Basement 1 Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.23 Basement 2 Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.24 Ground Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.25 1st Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.26 2nd Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.27 3rd Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.28 3A-13th Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.29 13A Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.30 15th Floor Plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.31 Penthouse floor plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.32 Lift Motor Room 1 floor plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.33 Lift Motor Room 2 floor plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018 Diagram 2.34 Roof plan highlighting alarm, detection system and device. Credited by Chow, 2018
PASSIVE FIRE SYSTEM Diagram 3.1 Reactive duties of fire marshal to keep building safe from fire Source : surreyfire, 2018 Diagram 3.2 Proactive duties of fire marshal in case of fire Source : surreyfire, 2018 Diagram 3.3 Section of Menara Glomac showing horizontal and vertical exits Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.4 Basement 1 plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.5 Basement 2 plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.6 Ground floor plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.7 First floor plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.8 Second floor plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.9 3rd floor plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.10 3A to 13A floor plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.11 15th floor plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.12 Roof floor plan with evacuation route directions Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.13 Seventh Schedule showing maximum travel distance from emergency exits Source : UBBL 1984 , 2015 Diagram 3.14 Basement 2 plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.15 Basement 1 plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.16 Ground floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.17 First floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.18 Second floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.19 3rd floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.20 3A to 13A floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.21 15th floor plan indicating location of horizontal and vertical exits Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.22 First floor plan indicating direction of emergency exit is facing Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.23 Basement 1 indicating the location of compartmentalize zones Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.24 Basement 2 indicating the location of compartmentalize zones Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.25 Ground floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones. Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.26 First floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones. Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.27 Second floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones. Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.28 3rd floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones. Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.29 3A to 13A floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones. Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.30 15th floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones. Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.31 Roof floor plan indicating the location of compartmentalize zones. Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.32 Basement 1 plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.33 Basement 2 plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.34 Ground level plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.35 15th floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment Source : Shu Won, 2018 Diagram 3.36 Ground floor plan showing location of fire-fighting shaft Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.37 Components in fire-fighting shaft and their functions Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram. 3.38 Ground floor plan indicating fire-fighting, staircase, lift and lobby Source : Jing Fan, 2018 Diagram 3.39 Ground floor plan of Menara Glomac Source: Jing Fan, 2018
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Diagram 4.1 Roof plan of Menara Glomac Credit: Ow, 2018 Diagram 4.2 Elevation of Menara Glomac Credit: Ow, 2018
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Diagram 6.1 Table of type of lifts and car speed Credit: Toh, 2018 Diagram 6.2 Table of building type and waiting time Sources: MitaliGondaliya, 2018 Diagram 6.3 Arrangement of 3 lifts Credit: Toh, 2018 Diagram 6.4 Arrangement of 4 lifts Credit: Toh, 2018 Diagram 6.5 Arrangement of 6 lifts Credit: Toh, 2018 Diagram 6.6 Table of comparison between traction lift and hydraulic lift Sources: MitaliGondaliya, 2018 Diagram 6.7 Location of lifts - section 1 of Glomac Berhad Credit: Toh, 2018 Diagram 6.8 Location of lifts - section 2 of Glomac Berhad Credit: Toh, 2018 Diagram 6.9 Lift control panel simple elevator control system inputs and outputs Sources: Savonia , 2018 Diagram 6.10 Access from main entrance to fire lift Credit: Toh, 2018 Diagram 6.11 Floor plan of the lift system Credit: Toh, 2018 Diagram 6.12 Section of the lift system Credit: Toh, 2018
10.0 REFERENCE
11.0 REFERENCE LIST ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
12.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Fire Hydrant. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_hydrant Fire sprinkler system. (n.d.) Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler Fire Sprinkler Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from http://www.firequest.com.au/service/fire-sprinkler-system/ Hugo, J, Montanye, C., Hartenbach, A. (2016) Fire Sprinkler Head Types: Pendents,Uprights, Sidewalls, and Concealed. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from http://www.qrfs.com/61--Fire-Sprinkler-Head-Types--Pendent-Upright-Sidewall-Concealed Hose Reel System. (2012). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://firefighting.com.my/category/hose-reel Hose Reel System. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from http://www.excelfire.com.my/service/hose-reel-system/ Model E: Hose Cabinet. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.sri.com.my/product/model-e-hose-cabinet/ WET RISER SYSTEM. (2014). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from http://finalprojectfyp.blogspot.com/2014/01/unit-10-wet-riser-system.html Wet riser. (2018). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Wet_riser Wet riser system. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from http://www.fireknock.com/wet-riser-system.html Fire Fighting System. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.scdf.gov.sg/docs/default-source/scdf-library/fssd-downloads/hb_v4_ch6.pdf Fire Riser Rooms. (2013). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from http://electricalinstallationwiringpicture.blogspot.com/2013/01/fire-riser-rooms.html Wet Risers: Wt/pre-pumped standpipes. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from http://www.highrisefirefighting.co.uk/wr.html Everything You Need to Know About Non-Water Fire Suppression Systems. (2018). Retrieved from https://rotaflow.ca/everything-need-know-non-water-fire-suppression-systems/ FM-200 Suppression Systems | Fire Protection Systems – Alarm and Detection – Janus Fire Systems. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.janusfiresystems.com/products/fm-200/ Fire extinguisher types and uses chart. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.northantsfire.co.uk/fire-extinguisher-types-and-uses-chart/ (2018). Retrieved from https://www.selectsafetysales.com/c-139-abc-fire-extinguishers.aspx User, S. (2018). CAITEK - HSTfire Alarm. Retrieved from http://www.caitek.com/index.php/hst-fire-alarm Giaimo, C. (2018). Smoke Detector Alarms Save Lives—Which One Is Right For You?. Retrieved from https://simplisafe.com/blog/smoke-detector-alarms-guide (2018). Retrieved from https://tycosafetyproducts-anz.com/BROCHURE/TAdetbroS1410-a4.pdf What is an Addressable Fire Alarm System?. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.eurofireprotection.com/blog/what-are-addressable-fire-alarm-systems/
11.0 REFERENCE LIST PASSIVE FIRE SYSTEM 1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10. 11.
Surrey fire (2016). Fire Marshal duties are key to keeping your premises, employees and customers safe. Retrieved from https://surreyfire.co.uk/fire-marshal-duties/ Safeopedia (n.d.). Means of Escape. Retrieved from https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/4870/means-of-escape Porter H.F.J. (1925). Horizontal versus Vertical Fire exits. Retrieved from https://www.fireengineering.com/articles/print/volume-77/issue-10/features/horizontal-versus-vertical-fire-e xits.html Firestop (n.d.).Containment Overview. Retrieved from https://www.firestop.org/fire-containment.html Firecurtainsltd (n.d.). Fire Containment. Retrieved from https://www.firecurtainsltd.com/fire-safety-equipment/fire-containment/ GDSGloabl (n.d.). Fire Insulated Shutter. Retrieved from http://www.gdsglobal.com.sg/FSS-ifs-50-240.html Brick Industry Association (2008). Fire Resistance of Brick Masonry. Retrieved from https://www.gobrick.com/docs/default-source/read-research-documents/technicalnotes/16-fire-resistanceof-brick-masonry.pdf?sfvrsn=0 Lumen (n.d.). Firefighter access. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/firetech/chapter/firefighter-access/ Design buildings (2017). Firefighting lobby. Retrieved from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Firefighting_lobby Design buildings (n.d.). Firefighting shaft. Retrieved from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Firefighting_shaft Design buildgins (2018). Fire compartment. Retrieved from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fire_compartment
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Yeh, R. (2018). 2.972 How A Compression Refrigeration System Works. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/compression_refrigeration_system/compression_refrigeration_system. html Air conditioning. (2018). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning Khemani, H. (2018). Types of Air Conditioning Systems: Window, Split, Packaged and Central. Retrieved from https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/897-types-of-air-conditioning-systems/ Stonecyphe, L. (2018). How Window Air Conditioner (AC) Works? Working of Window AC. Retrieved from https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/55241-how-the-window-air-conditioner-works/ Rubinoff, S. (2018). What is a Split Air Conditioner System? - Networx. Retrieved from https://www.networx.com/article/split-air-conditioner-system Khemani, H. (2018). What is Packaged Air Conditioner? Types of Packged Air Condtioners. Retrieved from https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/61457-packaged-air-conditioners-types-of-packaged-ac/ What is VRF & VRV Air Conditioner System? | LECOL. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.lecolkenya.com/what-is-vrf-vrv-air-conditioner-system/ Timothy, J. (2018). Benefits of a Split Air Conditioning System. Retrieved from https://www.pointbayfuel.com/5-benefits-of-a-split-air-conditioning-system/ Haas, K. (2018). Variable refrigerant flow (VRF). Retrieved from https://www.seventhwave.org/new-technologies/variable-refrigerant-flow-vrf Kirchhoff, H. (2018). What Are the Functions of Compressors on Air Conditioners?. Retrieved from https://homeguides.sfgate.com/functions-compressors-air-conditioners-85051.html What Is a Central Air Conditioner Evaporator Coil?. (2018). Retrieved from https://georgebrazilhvac.com/blog/what-is-a-central-air-conditioner-evaporator-coil
11.0 REFERENCE LIST MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Ramachandram. S (August 7, 2017), Building services case study| Pam centre, Bangsar. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/rsukeshshef/docs/building_services_case_study_-_pam_ Energy star ( October 1, 2015), Ventilation Fan| Product. Retrieved from https://www.energystar.gov/products/heating_cooling/fans_ventilating HomeTips Contributors (March 16, 2015), Types of ventilation systems. Retrieved from https://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems-exhaust.html Wikipedia (August 13, 2018), Propeller. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller Industrial electronic ( February 12, 2009), Process Plant Machinery--Propeller, Axial, and Centrifugal Fans. Retrieved from http://www.industrial-electronics.com/engineering-industrial/process-plant-mach_13.html Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety (October 15, 2018), 4-Fans : OSH Answers, Retrieved from https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ventilation/fans.html Pelonis. S (November 4, 2015), Axial Vs. Centrifugal Fans, Retrieved from https://www.pelonistechnologies.com/blog/axial-vs.-centrifugal-fan Designing Buildings Wiki (July 24, 2018), Designing Buildings Wiki Share your construction industry knowledge, Retrived from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fire_damper. Glomac (July 30, 2018), Menara Glomac | Glomac, Retrieved from https://glomac.com.my/project/menara-glomac Safelincs. (June 2, 2009), Fire Rated Intumescent Air Transfer Grilles, Retrieved from https://www.safelincs.co.uk/fire-rated-intumescent-air-transfer-grilles/ Heinen & Hopman (July 15, 2010), Air Handling Unit | Heinen & Hopman, Retrived from https://heinenhopman.com/en/merchant/air-handling-unit/
11.0 REFERENCE LIST MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19. 20.
21.
Traction Elevators -types of elevators(lifts). (2018). Retrieved from http://www.aboutelevator.com/2015/11/traction-elevators-types-of.html ELEVATOR APRON REQUIREMENTS INFORMATION | IQ Elevators Inc. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.iqelevator.com/apron-requirements-information/ Gearless Traction Elevators. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.aboutelevator.com/2015/11/geared-traction-elevators_21.html Geared Traction Elevators. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.aboutelevator.com/2015/11/geared-traction-elevators.html Machine-Room-Less Elevators. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.aboutelevator.com/2015/11/machine-room-less-elevators.html Hydraulic lift | Express Lifts Ltd. - Technologies that ELEVATE lifestyle. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.expresslift.co.in/hydraulic.html Otis Expands SkyRise with Self-Climbing Construction Elevator - Elevator Today. (2018). Retrieved from https://elevatortoday.com/2016/05/19/otis-expands-skyrise-with-self-climbing-construction-elevator/ Home Elevator Manufacturers | Pneumatic Vacuum Elevators. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.vacuumelevators.com Dr. Mohd Rodzi Ismail. (2009). Transportation Systems In Buildings. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/arkam_slideshare/transportation-systems-in-buildings Elevator machine room. Retrieved from http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Elevator_machine_room Lift motor room - Designing Buildings Wiki. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Lift_motor_room Elevator control system. Retrieved from http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Elevator_control_system Gearless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor | Cheng Day Machinery, Top Supplier of Traction Machine. Retrieved from https://www.chengday.com/elevator-traction-machine/pmsm.html The Importance of Regrooving Elevator Sheaves. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.renown-electric.com/blog/importance-regrooving-elevator-sheaves/ HARRIS, T. (2018). How Elevators Work. Retrieved from https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/elevator3.htm Elevators, Escalators and Hoists. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/component/k2/153-tools-equipment-and-materials/elevators-escalators-and-hoists US6684573B2 - Elevator door sill assembly - Google Patents. Retrieved from https://patents.google.com/patent/US6684573 Traveling cable. Retrieved from http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Traveling_cable Traction elevators. Retrieved from http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Traction_elevators Tang, Y., & Gui, T. Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/111723/Final%20Thesis%20Tang%20and%20Gui.pdf?sequence=1 Remote Monitoring and Assistance System (RMS) - Wärtsilä. Retrieved from https://www.wartsila.com/products/marine-oil-gas/power-systems/hybrid-automation/remote-monitoring-and-assistanc e-system-rms