Comparative Analysis Essay

School of Architecture, Building and Design Theories of Architecture & Urbanism (ARC61303) Project (Part 2) Comparative Analysis Essay

Sham Shui Po, Nam Cheong Street, Hong Kong & Jalan Tukang - Jalan Mendaling, Kajang

Name : Chow Wei Qi Student ID : 0331447 Tutor : Ar. Prince Favis Isip

Table of Contents 1.0

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3

2.0

Street background ………………………………………………………………………………………………………4-5

3.0

2.1

Sham Shui Po, Nam Cheong Street, Hong Kong

2.2

Jalan Mendaling & Jalan Tukang, Kajang

Comparative Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………………….6-18 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

Types of outdoor activities and Contact Intensity Contact points in Nam Cheong Street Contact points in Jalan Tukang - Jalan Mendaling Contact point 1 – Sidewalks & Five-foot Walkway Contact point 2 – Keung Kee Food Stalls & Tong Sin Kopitiam Contact point 3 – Pocket Parks & Public Square Contact point 4 – Street Junction & Jalan Besar and Jalan Tukang Junction

4.0

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19

5.0

References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20

1.0

Introduction

Project Part 2 requires us to write a comparative analysis essay based on findings from Project Part 1 - Case Study on Nam Cheong Street in Sham Shui Po and local site research on Jalan Tukang and Jalan Mendaling in Kajang. We are 2

required to examine similarities and dissimilarities based on the patterns of social activities, types of contact points and the varying degrees of contact intensity between these two sites.

‘First life, then spaces, then buildings - the other way around never works.’ In the book “Life between Buildings”, the Danish architect Jan Gehl emphasizes on the importance of public spaces and that the extend of outdoor activities are greatly influenced by physical planning (Gehl, 2011, p.31) An in-depth comparative analysis between the both streets will be conducted to determine how does the environment of both sites affect human behaviour pattern and how contacts are being developed in reference to “Life Between Buildings”.

Both sites are placed in the same context of urban landscape and they show similarities in terms of cultural aspects, however they differ in term of physical environment which is the factor that influence the human activities to a varying degree. This analysis will be focused on the outdoor activities and contact as well as the physical environment that affects the behavioural pattern and condition to happen.

In short, the similarities and dissimilarities obtained through the comparison of sites unfold a better contextual and physical understanding of quality of public spaces that enhances and brings the city experience to life.

2.0

Street Background

2.1

Nam Cheong Street, Sham Shui Po 3

Nam Cheong street, also known as “Lace Street” is one of the earliest streets in Sham Shui Po, an area of Kowloon, Hong Kong, situated in the north western part of the Kowloon Peninsula, north of Tai Kok Tsui, east of Cheung Sha Wan and south of Shek Kip Mei. The street was named after Mr. Chan Nam Cheong (19001971) who was a prominent local businessman. Along with other people in the neighbourhood, Chan bought a land in Sham Shui Po for development which is the current Nam Cheong Street after

Figure 1: Nam Cheong Street, Sham Shui Po.

he came back to Hong Kong in the early 1930’s and worked as an assistant in a foreign-owned architecture firm. He was at one time appointed as a Justice of the Peace by the Hong Kong government. In 1940 Chan and Dr. Lo Kwee-seong co-founded the Vitasoy Company. Nam Cheong Street was once a big drainage, spamming from Tai Po Street to Tung Chao Street. After a fire incident which was occur in Shek Kip Mei during 1953, many shop owners move to the drainage beside Nam Cheong Street to continue their business. Since then, government had covered up the drainage and set up the street as vendor streets. Due to the instability of the building structure affected the safety of the people, hence, the structures was destructed in 1986 and 221 building structures along the street was affected.

Historical Timeline of Nam Cheong Street

The British rented a new territory located at the northern part of Jie Xian Street, which forms Sham Shui Po after years. Nam Cheong Street was an important settlement at the time as it was mainly comprised of residential areas.

After land reclamation, the urban layout of Sham Shui Po are planned well in a grid layout which eases the circulation of military transportation. However, the residents were distributed into separated public spaces as there were no center focus point due to this layout.

The urban planning of the northern part of Qin Zhou Street were large in scale and was mainly used as residential, business and recreational areas. Highway (1) separated the new land reclamation which is reserved as residential area (2).

Today the street is filled with a variety of activities, where one could witness elderlies chatting on the pocket park bench, rows of local delicacies and fabric shops, loading of goods as the shop front and signages over the building facades.

2.2

Jalan Tukang -

Jalan Mendaling, Kajang 4

Jalan Tukang and Jalan Mendaling are the older streets of Kajang Old Town that has more varied display of design as compared to others. In fact, according to written records, Kajang’s first batch of shophouses were built in 1896, probably those in Jalan Tengah Jalan Tukang and Jalan Mendaling based on their characteristics. Historical information is scattered all over the town but most of them remain unnoticed under the fumes of busy traffic, or smoke from the satay grill. However, much of the historical and cultural values is still visible especially along both Jalan Tukang and Jalan Mendaling even until today. Old buildings are left weathered and artefacts stay buried; the story of Kajang is drowning in the waves of development. Although it is not an easy task but they found the right person to lead the way who is the former Kajang assemblyman Lee Kim Sin, currently the director of Kajang Community Heritage Centre formed under the Federation of Hulu Langat Tiong Hua Associations. The Kajang Heritage Centre is located no other than in Jalan Tukang where historical records of the city is being recoded and well

Figure 2 : Jalan Tukang & Jalan Mendaling

kept.

Historical Timeline of Kajang Old Town

1800scv

1900s

1960s

2000s

The Orang Asli, the Temuan Following the incident of the British Kajang became a quiet ChinesePublic transportation service - MRT set up their settlement by the army and the second Civil War, trading town surrounded bywas introduced. With its providence Chua RIver, where they lived Balai Polis Kajang was built in Malay villages and Indianof high accessibility, this service as nomads. No record of 1875., and also became the first plantation labour. Traditionalbrings people back to Kajang, and to permanent settlement was brick building in Kajang. This is local organisations such as Yupromote Kajang to the public with its stated. This was before the followed by the first brick houses Hwa School, Shiye Temple andhigh accessibility. Kajang has further migrations of the Jawa and are built along Jalan Mendaling, Merchants Club are stilldeveloped into an administrative Jalan Tengah and Jalan Tukang. running. Timber shophousescity. The settlement is more dense Sumatra.

The rest were built using timber and still exist in this time until theyand organised, with administration attap.

Kajang Station was were destroyed by a great fire.and recreational stationed in one introduced by the British to the Hence, some shoplots werezone; the commercial and the settlement in 1897, providing rebuilt. industrial stationed at the other intercity services for the town. This zone; and the residential clustered in was not the only thing British the other zone. developed, they also expanded the local industries of coffee, rubber and tin mining, which attracted more immigrants to benefit the industries.

3.0 3.1

Comparative Analysis Types of outdoor activities and Contact Intensity

5

According to Jan Gehl, outdoor activities in public spaces can be divided into three categories, each of which places very different demands on the physical environment: necessary activities, optional activities and social activities. Necessary activities include those that are more or less compulsory which occur under all conditions, optional activities are those pursuit that are participated in if there is wish to do so which only happen under favourable external conditions, social activities are all activities that depend on the presence of others in the public spaces. (Gehl, 2011, p.9-12)

Figure 3: Graphic representation of the relationship between the quality of outdoor spaces.

Jan Gehl recognized the need for contact that outline the life between buildings by referring to the varying degrees of contacts ranging from low intensity to high intensity. In a similar context, Kevin Lynch’s “The Image of the City” proposes five elements in recognizing the urban form. This will be aligned with Jan Gehl’s “Life Between Buildings” to study and analyse the quality of outdoor spaces of both sites.

Figure 4: Simplified outline of various contact forms.

3.2 Contact Points in Nam Cheong Street

6

Diagram 1: Contact Points along Nam Cheong Street.

Contact Point 1 - Sidewalk Contact Point 2 – Keung Kee Food Stalls and Fabric Whole seller Contact Point 3 – Pocket Space Contact Point 4 – Street Junction

Contact Points

Contact Intensity

Activities

7

1. Sidewalk

Low – Moderate 1. Passive Contact – People who linger around the sidewalk observing movement of pedestrian and the busy road.

2. Chance contact – meeting locals or tourist

2. Keung Kee Food Stall and Fabric Wholeseller

3. Pocket Parks

Low – High 1. Passive contact - passer-by observe the crowd environment in the eatery shop while they wait for their turn to pass the road.

2. Chance contact – Passerby atop by to join the crowd 3. Acquaintances - possibility of meeting neighbours and co-workers 4. Close friends – friends and family gathering at the food stall to catch up with each other.

Low - Moderate 1. Passive Contact Pedestrians spend time in the pocket park overlooking locals and tourists shopping along the sidewalk.

2. Chance contact - Tourists asking locals for direction or having quick chats at the pocket park while resting.

4. Street Junction

Low 1. Passive Contact Pedestrians walking across the street

Necessary Activities: Pedestrian traveling to work using the sidewalk.

Optional Activities: Pedestrians stops by at shops to buy good or for recreational walk.

Social Activities: Pedestrian greeting others from the neighbourhood.

Necessary Activities: Pedestrians waiting for their turn to cross the road at the roadside beside the eatery shop Optional Activities: Having a meal or chilling at the eatery shop for longer hours.

Social Activities: chatting with their friends over a meal at the eatery shop.

Necessary Activities: Pedestrian waiting for bus and taxi.

Optional Activities: Recreational area for people to rest, jog, walk or cycle.

Social Activities: Children at play, conversations, communal activities.

Necessary Activities: Pedestrian waiting at the side of junction to cross the street.

3.3 Contact Points in Jalan Tukang - Jalan Mendaling 8

Contact Point 1 - Five-foot

Diagram 2: Contact Points along Jalan Tukang & Jalan Mendaling

walkway

Contact Point 2 - Chop Tong Sing Kopitiam Contact Point 3 – Open Plaza & Bus Stop Contact Point 4 – Intersection Junction

Contact Points

Contact Intensity

Activities

9

1. Five-foot walkway

Low – Moderate 1. Passive contact – Pedestrian observing the spill over space along the five-foot walkway.

2. Acquaintances – Bumping into neighbours.

3. Chance contact – meeting locals or tourist.

2. Chop Tong Sing Kopitiam

3. Open Plaza & Bus Stop

4. Jalan Besar, Jalan Tukang Junction

Low – High 4. Passive contact - Pedestrian hearing and observing the interactive environment in the kopitiam.

5. Acquaintances – Meeting neighbours and friend and catching up over a meal.

6. Close friends – friends and family gather at the kopitiam for breakfast.

Low 1. Passive Contact – Pedestrian waiting for public transport 2. Acquaintances – meeting coworker or even neighbours 3. Chance Contact – Tourist and locals.

Low 1. Passive contact – Pedestrian crossing junction

Necessary Activities: Shop owner selling their goods along the walkway.

Optional Activities: Tourist stopping by to buy local products.

Necessary Activities: Workers preparing food for customers.

Optional Activities: Having a meal or chilling at the eatery shop for longer hours.

Social Activities: Chatting and catching up with friends and family over a meal.

Necessary Activities: Pedestrian gathering at the bus stop for shade while waiting for bus.

Optional Activities: Tourist stopping by to explore the site.

Necessary Activities: Pedestrian coring the junction as a shortcut route.

10

3.3 Contact Point 1 – Sidewalks ( Nam Cheong Street ) & Five-foot Walkway ( Jalan Tukang - Jalan Mendaling ) Comparison between sidewalks in Nam Cheong Street and five-foot walkway in Jalan Tukang and Jalan Mendaling show similarities. The building typology of these streets uses sidewalks and Five-foot walkways as the primary circulation route. Both serves the same function which is to shade pedestrian from rain and hot sun. Historical stories, values and social and cultural aspects are also embedded within the sidewalks and five-foot walkway.

Figure 5: Five-foot walkways along Jalan Tukang and Jalan Mendaling.

Figure 6: Sidewalks along Nam Cheong Street.

Jalan Tukang has a fully shaded five-foot walkway along the front facade in response to the tropical weather in Malaysia whereas Nam Cheong Street has a wider and partially shaded sidewalks. These transition spaces offer shared space between public and private which promote contact and create opportunities for people to meet for unplanned daily activities. Shop owners in Jalan Tukang tend to privatize the five-foot walkway by extending their business and placing goods along walkway. This increases the possibility of chance contact, thus creating opportunities for optional and social activities to evolve spontaneously by creating stopping points for pedestrian. Spaces are sufficiently narrow and rich in experiences, yet still wide enough to allow room to maneuver. (Gehl, 2011, pg 133) . Pedestrians in Kajang usually uses the Five-foot walkway to travel to their desired shop as the narrow walkway evoke a sense of belonging and intimacy where it acts as a social space for interaction between shopkeepers, restaurateurs and the public, or for the benefit of local residents. Similarly, pedestrian utilises the sidewalk in Nam Cheong Street to travel to work. There are various spill out spaces as well such as food stalls and vendors who extend their businesses out into the sidewalk. It evoke the feeling of security and sense of belonging. Chance contact is more likely to take place as pedestrian stop by to buy goods and meet their neighbours or even friends.

Personalization of public space – Placing goods outside along the five-foot walkway

11

Passive contact – pedestrian along the external and five-foot walkway observing the crowd in Chop Tong Sing kopitiam.

Chance Contact – Tourists and locals

Figure 7: Shop owner of a biscuit shop along Jalan Tukang personalise the five-foot walkway by placing their goods along

Five-foot Walkway

the walkway.

Diagram 3: Activities along five-foot walkway outside biscuit shop

Pedestrian lingering along the sidewalk while having a conversation with acquaintances Vacant shop

Pedestrian tend to stay and linger around the sidewalk in Nam Cheong Street and the five-foot walkway in Jalan Tukang not only because it

Sidewalk Figure 8: Pedestrian linger around the sidewalk in front of a

vacant shop.

Diagram 4: Activities along five-foot walkway outside biscuit shop

provides shade and shelter but also the edges of the space such the façade and

columns provides

a space for them to lean on. The edge effect, according to Jan Gehl, popular

zones for staying

are found along the facades in a space. At the edge of the façade, one is less

exposed than if

one is out in the middle of a space (Gehl, 2011, pg 149). especially in front of

vacant shops as

it is a popular zone for pedestrian to stay as they greet others from the

neighbourhood or

to seek for shade. This is because their personal territory is reduced to a

semicircle in front

of them and is less exposed than if they are out in the middle.

3.5 Contact Point 2 – Keung Kee Food Stalls ( Nam Cheong Street ) & Chop Tong Sing Kopitiam (Jalan Mendaling) 12

A comparison between Keung Kee food stalls & Chop Tong Sing Kopitiam reveals various similarities. Keung Kee food stalls in Nam Cheong Street and Chop Tong Sing Kopitiam in Jalan Mendaling are both known as eatery node. Both sites demonstrate similar traits of people are attracted to people (Gehl, 2011, p.23). Wherever there are human activities, people tend to slow down their pace or even stop by to watch other people and events, suggesting that people and human activity are the greatest object of attention and interest (Gehl, 2011, p.29). It is a rather stimulating experience that evokes a considerable interest towards the others even if it’s merely seeing and hearing.

In Nam Cheong Street, food stalls are spilled over spaces along the sidewalk. It is a high intensity contact point of eatery node, contributing to a high possibility of chance contact and optional activities. The concentration of activities depends on active and closely spaces exchange zones between street and façade and on short distance between entrances and other function, which contributes to activating the public environment. (Gehl, 2011, pg 93). The smooth transition between the public and private area attracts people to participate. Similarly, Chop Tong Sing Kopitiam appears to be an attraction along the five-foot walkway especially in the morning when people gather and meet for breakfast, thus creating opportunity to see, hear and meet others. Passive contact prevails as pedestrians observe the crowd in the kopitiam while passing by the walkway, being able to see what is going on in the space also can be an element of invitation (Gehl, 2011, p.113).

Passive contact – pedestrian along the external and five-foot walkway observing the crowd in Chop Tong Sing kopitiam.

Close friendship – Friends and neighbours Figure 9: Chop Tong Sing Kopitiam crowded with people gather for meal and conversation. especially in the morning.

Diagram 5: Contact intensity inside and outside Chop Tong Sing Kopitiam.

Passive Contact - Passer-by tend to observe as they pass through the sidewalk Chance Contact – Possibility of people meeting someone they know.

Figure 10: Food stalls spill over spaces along the sidewalk of Nam Cheong Street.

Diagram 6: Contact intensity around the food stalls along the sidewalk.

Both

sites

suggest social distance for ordinary conversation among friends, acquaintances, neighbours and co-workers, thus 13

regulating the level of intensity within the space. Stores in Nam Cheong Street are stretched out to the kerb and are often extended into the street, occupying public pace. Similarly, shop owners in Jalan Tukang privatize the public spaces by extending their businesses to the five-foot walkway by displaying their goods along the walkway. This permits movement from the more private to the gradually more public spaces, giving a greater sense of security and belonging (Gehl, 2011, p.59). It also increases the potential for occurrence of optional activities while acting as a stopping point for pedestrian to stop by and buy goods, thus promoting contact and social interaction.

3.6 Contact Point 3 – Pocket Space (Nam Cheong Street) 14

Open Plaza and Bus Stop (Jalan Tukang) Contact points - pocket space in Nam Cheong Street and Open plaza & bus stop in Jalan Tukang are being compared in relation to public realm and outdoor activities. The pocket space in between the street in Nam Cheong Street is a notable void and green space whereas the open plaza in Jalan Tukang is rather less noticeable and attractive.

Figure 11: Pocket park along Nam Cheong Street as a prominent void public space.

Figure 12: Open space and bus stop along Jalan Tukang.

In terms of outdoor activities, the

pocket space in Nam Cheong

Street appears to be a high

intensity contact point as it

demonstrates a good quality of

outdoor

activities are influenced by the

quality of outdoor space, optional

and social activities are given a

chance to develop within the

pocket

conducive physical environment,

space.

Due

to

the

space.

As

outdoor

people tend to linger around the space for a longer period of time, thus optional and social activities are more likely to develop as social interaction are likely to occur between neighbours and friends when they stop by and linger around the space. The longer the outdoor stays in an area, the greater are the chances that friends and neighbours meet and talk (Gehl, 2011, p.168). Contrarily, the quality of open plaza in Jalan Tukang is less favourable as compared to the pocket space in Nam Cheong Street. Although seats are provided in the open space, it is unable to capture interest amongst pedestrians mainly due to the dull environment without shade and greeneries. People stop and utilise the benches provided when they are waiting for public transportation and when there are limited space in the bus stop during peak hour.

15

Orientation and view play an important role in the choice of a place of sit. The pocket space in Nam Cheong Street appears as a prominent void space amongst the solid blocks as it is positioned in the middle of the street with sidewalk and shopfronts on both sides. As it also offers good sitting opportunities where seats are placed in the most favourable spot facing towards the sidewalk and shopfronts, thus allowing people to view the surrounding activities all at once. Wellprotected places to sit, with an unobstructed view of the surrounding activities and always more popular than the paces offering fewer advantages and more disadvantages (Gehl, 2011, p.159). In contrast, the open space in Jalan Tukang is being overshadowed by the crowd at the large bus stop, resulting in obstruction of view of surrounding activities. The bus stop seems to attract more attention and interest from passers-by rather than the open space. Therefore, people are less likely to linger around the open plaza.

Pocket space acts as a gathering and stopping point for pedestrian.

People gathering around the bus stop rather than the seating area in the open space as majority of them are waiting for public transportation to travel out of Kajang.

Diagram 7: Section of pocket space along Nam Cheong Street

Lack of greeneries and restricted view in the open space.

Diagram 8: open space in Jalan Tukang showing human activities within the space.

Both site experience high density of people, however, the pocket space in Nam Cheong Street is a favourable positive green outdoor space which acts as a stopping point that evoke interest of people to gather and carry out possible optional and social activities; meanwhile the open space behind the bus stop adheres to the culture of ‘wait and go’ where people does not linger around for a long period of time, contributing to more necessary activities as people gather while they are waiting public transportation

3.7 Contact Point 4 – Street Junction & Jalan Tukang and Jalan Besar Junction 16

The comparison between street junction in Nam Cheong Street and Jalan Tukang & Jalan Besar Junction show dissimilarities in terms of human behavioural pattern which is highly affected by the physical environment.

The sense of pedestrian routes differs for the both streets. The street junction in Nam Cheong Street has a more favourable walking route as compared to the Junction between Jalan Tukang and Jalan Besar. It connects pedestrian from walkway to walkway in an organised way as there are proper street crossing provided for pedestrian. The quality of route offers pedestrian protection and good stimulation despite the wide length of street crossing. Contrarily, the intersection junction in between Jalan Tukang and Jalan Besar is where two adjacent road meets and merge into Jalan Tukang. The heavy automobile traffic at the junction has considerably interrupted the pedestrian traffic and walking routes as there is no proper street crossing, thus threatening the safety of pedestrian. The discontinuation of five-foot walkway between Jalan Tukang and Jalan Besar also results in confusing direction of crossing for pedestrian.

Besides, the street junction in Nam Cheong Street provides a relatively wide stopping point for pedestrian which is the void space in between the street. This shorten the experienced distance for the pedestrian as they do not need to cross the street in one go. Pedestrian traffic is sensitive to pavement and surface condition (Gehl, 2011, p.135). The texture of pavements along the street junction also helps pedestrian to find their way through. On the contrary, The junction between Jalan Tukang and Jalan Besar does not provide a conducive stopping point but only a small triangular island in between the busy road which result in negative experience on pedestrian travel. Pedestrian has to run across the busy road despite heavy automobile traffic and difficult street crossing.

Figure 13: Street Junction in Nam Cheong Street with a stopping void space in between.

Diagram 14: Congested junction between Jalan Tukang and Jalan Besar with small triangular island in between.

The speed of movement at the street junction in Nam Cheong Street range from slow at the sidewalks, medium around the pocket park and fast along the zebra crossing. There is also a 17

pronounced separation of people and activities as each type of traffic – pedestrian, motorcycles and automobiles have their own designated route. In contrast, the vehicles merging into Jalan Tukang are moving in a slow to moderate speed due to the transition into a narrower road. Pedestrians in the area are observed to have a high tolerance for interference encountered during crossing the street as even though there are no proper crossing available, they are willing to use the direct route which is to travel across the busy junction to get to the opposite street which could be threatening and dangerous. People reluctantly accept large deviations from the determined main direction, and of the goal is insight, they tend to steer directly towards it. (Gehl, 2011, p.137).

Both site shows different traits in terms of outdoor activities and human behavioural pattern as the quality of the physical environment differ. The street junction in Nam Cheong Street provide opportunity and possibility for necessary activities and optional activities to occur as people travel across the street, they are able to choose to either cross the road at one go or to stop by at the void space, meanwhile the junction between Jalan Tukang and Jalan Besar is mainly focused on necessary activities where people travel fast to cross the street.

4.0 Conclusion 18

The comparative analysis has proven that there is a close relationship between quality of outdoor space and outdoor activities. The human behavioural pattern is highly dependent on the physical environment on how does it affect the users, resulting in different types of outdoor activities – necessary activities, optional activities and social activities.

Outdoor activities that are particularly dependant on the quality of the outdoor spaces are the optional, recreational activities, and by implication, a considerable part of the social activities (Gehl, 2011, p.33).

Both streets shares similar traits in terms of cultural aspect - the sidewalk and five-foot walkway as well as the with serve more or less the same function with similar activities and contact intensity as well as the Keung Kee food stalls and Chop Tong Sing Kopitiam where both are known to be eatery nodes that develops social interaction between people, however differs in terms of purpose and the life experience it provides – the pocket space and open plaza as well as the street junction and intersection junction. The differences in terms of quality space between these two contact points result in the formation of different level of contact intensity and outdoor activities.

According to Jan Gehl, such an extension of opportunities for outdoor stays exactly where everyday activities take place will almost without exception be a valuable contribution to a given function and to life between buildings in the building project, in the neighbourhood, and in the city. (Gehl, 2011, p.197).

5.0 References 19

Books: Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Kevin Lynch. (2014). Image of the city. Boston: Birkhauser.

Website: Huluhk.org. (2019). HULU Culture - HAD. [online] Available at: http://www.huluhk.org/SSP/heritage.php? lang=en&id=ssph Project-see.net. (2019). [online] Available at: http://project-see.net/wp-content/uploads/ssp2010_004.pdf Digging up on a bygone era - Focus | The Star Online. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/focus/2015/03/31/digging-up-on-a-bygone-era-students-and-volunteers-eager-topreserve-kajangs-history-and-heritage/ Cover Story: Preserving the old while embracing the new. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/cover-story-preserving-old-while-embracing-new

20