Design for a fully driverless future/ The CHS Dissertation by Eunji_Choi

ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART The CHS Dissertation 2017 / Greg Votolate Vehicle Design Eunji Choi

Design for a fully driverless future Interior design factors for autonomous vehicles

6989 Words

Table of Contents Table of Figures ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: General social phenomena in the digital market ..................................... 2 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Background .................................................................................................... 4 1.3 The digital generation ..................................................................................... 5 1.4 Disadvantages of the digital world .................................................................. 7 1.5 Market trends in the car industry .................................................................... 9 Chapter 2: Possible design for an AI future ............................................................ 11 2.1 Three potential industries in an AI future ...................................................... 11 2.2 Possible design for AI transportation ............................................................ 14 2.3 Aesthetic, practical and emotional points of view .......................................... 17 2.4 Luxury car ownership and city car-sharing.................................................... 20 Figure Works Cited ................................................................................................ 25 Works Cited ........................................................................................................... 26

Table of Figures Figure 1: Archigram walking city for the 21st century, 1964, Ron Herron ................. 2 Figure 2: Archigram walking city ............................................................................. 2 Figure 3: Share of smartphone owners in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2012 to 2014, by age group............................................................................................................ 6 Figure 4: Chan Sik Park, Gateway Project (London, 2016). ................................... 15 Figure 5: Driverlessfuture (London, 2016) .............................................................. 16 Figure 6: Eunji Choi, The Classification of Autonomous Vehicles, 2017. ................ 21 Figure 7: Number of car sharing users worldwide from 2006 to 2014 (in millions) . 22 Figure 8: Chan Sik Park, SAIC Phoenix Project (London, 2017) ............................ 23 Figure 9: Jonathan Stoker, Gateway Project (London, 2016). ................................ 24

Chapter 1: General social phenomena in the digital market 1.1 Introduction

Figure 1: Archigram walking city for the 21st century, 1964, Ron Herron 1 Figure 2: Archigram walking city

In 1960, the 3Archigram architecture group showed in their illustrations that flexible buildings are become self-moving spaces. The title of this work is 4â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Plug-In Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; by Peter Cook. The illustrations can push ideas for transportation design in the digital era. The Figure 1 show the robotic structures which can be applied to AI (artificial intelligence) mobility in coming years. Individual moving buildings and various AI (artificial intelligence) vehicles could interconnect with each other in metropolitan areas.

"A Walking City for the 21st Century", Archdaily, 2017 <http://www.archdaily.com/443701/a-walking-city-for-the21st-century> [accessed 20 June 2017]. 2

"ARCHIGRAM", Archigram.Net, 2017 <http://www.archigram.net/projects_pages/walking_city.html> [accessed 20 June 2017]. 3

"Portfolio", Archigram.Net, 2017 <http://www.archigram.net/portfolio.html> [accessed 19 June 2017].

"AD Classics: The Plug-In City / Peter Cook, Archigram", Archdaily, 2017 <http://www.archdaily.com/399329/adclassics-the-plug-in-city-peter-cook-archigram> [accessed 20 June 2017].

Nowadays, these pictures are not the future anymore, which means that the AI industry has progressed to building self-driving and learning vehicles. Thanks to new technologies, we can lead a driverless life. Meanwhile, the key designs of car interiors and exteriors have been changing in autonomous cities. As the high-tech industry moves towards considering vehicles that require less driver input, profound questions are being raised concerning the space inside the vehicle and how the user can spend their time in the moving space. The purpose of this thesis plan is to analyse autonomous vehicles with a focus on interior design. In the first chapter, this project will present some concept designs with examples from car companies and examine what companies are struggling with regarding the future of autonomous vehicles in the transportation sector. Creation of new design for cars is facing difficulty due to the world trend towards autonomous vehicles. Additionally, this thesis will explain millennial trends and behaviours, along with the risks associated with a hyperconnected society, and outline some assumptions about three potential industries, between car companies and technology companies, regarding autonomous cars by using existing examples of the autonomous future. This future is attractive to a range of users, such as someone who does not have a driving license. This is the simplest definition to allow for basic understanding of an artificially intelligent vehicle. Market research carries over into the ideas of interior design in AI mobility systems. 1) The ideas are moving on to the explanation of tangible interiors; 2) the first step is to talk about space for the user journey, look at aesthetic, practical, and emotional approaches to driverless cars, and understand what consumers really want to have in an interior without drivers, as well as what up-and-coming designers suggest for AI vehicles (with some examples). Subsequently, I classify four different types of vehicles that use AI technology and then give more attention to two of those types: one being luxury ownership AI cars and the other being normal shared cars. Finally, there are some valuable sketches from up-and-coming designers at the Royal College of Art in London

1.2 Background

At present, the urbanisation of digitalisation is referred to as a 5“smart city”. The nature of intelligent infrastructure such as that in communities, building structures and public services has been dramatically changing worldwide. Moreover, the Internet of Things is becoming increasingly common in different spheres of our life. The truth is that people live surrounded by interconnected digital products such as smartphones, smart pads and laptops. In 2017, all growing smart cities are facing the challenges posed by an interconnected smart world. Smart cities can be also called a ‘hyperconnected world’, because more and more infrastructure exhibits strong links from person to person and from person to object. Based on the future of the connected world, transportation systems are moving towards full autonomy. The hyperconnected world is linked with new design challenges through the online. According to

IBM, a computer manufacturing company with large-scale online user data,

describing a smart building can mean many different things in the 21st century. The building can be thought of as a moving and self-assembling structure like a car. Modern people who live in hyper-connected worlds tend to use smart objects. This generation has a new sense of digital ways to use vehicles, such as sharing cars. The basic idea of sharing is to efficiently use energy, transforming the use of cars in urbanised cities. Based on this recent phenomenon, the car industry is facing challenges in terms of design. One of the challenges for the designer is that the development of this new digital age has emerged so rapidly; in particular, the design of shared and artificially intelligent vehicles has not yet found solutions for either the interior or the exterior. This is the reason that many vehicle companies have become aware of new designs for autonomous vehicles. However, the car industry has not found a clear design solution for AI in coming years, meaning that there are many challenges for AI concept design for future vehicles, although the cars are not yet available in real markets for consumers. Meanwhile, young people who live in the digital world are absorbing new technologies without hesitation.

Anthony M Townsend, Smart Cities (New York: WW Norton & Co, 2014), pp. 1-14, 165.

"IBM And Cisco Ranked as Top Suppliers For Smart Cities - Rethink", Rethink, <http://rethinkresearch.biz/articles/ibm-and-cisco-ranked-as-top-suppliers-for-smart-cities/> [accessed 18 2017].

2017 June

1.3 The digital generation

Since the internet and smartphones have come into worldwide use, the features of cities have been changing dramatically. Young people born between 1980 and 1997 are referred to as “millennials”. The generation is the main demographic to consider when proposing vehicle design for the digital generation. This is because more and more people are now well-connected to each other through the internet. Millennial consumers in present-day cities have always been surrounded by, and interacted with, new technologies. Millennials also demand variety in all aspects of their lives, especially as concerns interconnected services for future markets in the AI car industry. Millennials can be described as digital natives, hyper-connected consumers, the ‘net generation’, or smart consumers. All these terms are used to highlight the importance of new technology markets. According to IBM, people who live in this generation have a ‘digital personality’, the types of which can be 7categorised as efficiency experts, content kings, social butterflies, and connected maestros. This generation expects to be able to personalise their products, places and services. Millennials build their own social media, communities and blogs and open their ideas and daily life to others. Moreover, this generation is not buying or owning cars, but are instead increasingly interested in renting and sharing cars through services such as 8Zipcar. Millennials do not hesitate to share ideas and locations or to meet new friends through the internet. Short-term sharing platforms such as and

AirBnB

GoCarShare are interesting examples of ‘digital people’ investing money to

seek out new experiences such as travel, leisure and hobbies. The younger generation are the digital natives who were born in the digital era. This generation are all native speakers of the digital language of computers and the internet in the smart world.

"IBM Survey Reveals Digital Behavioral Trends For Consumers: What Is Your Digital Personality?", Www03.Ibm.Com, 2017 <https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/37423.wss> [accessed 20 June 2017]. 8

"Car Sharing & Club | Cheap Alternative To Car Hire | Zipcar UK", Zipcar.Co.Uk, 2017 <http://www.zipcar.co.uk/> [accessed 20 June 2017]. 9

"Holiday Rentals, Homes, Experiences & Places - Airbnb", Airbnb, 2017 <http://www.airbnb.co.uk> [accessed 17 June 2017]. 10

"Gocarshare - Car Sharing Made Fun", Gocarshare.Com, 2017 <http://gocarshare.com/> [accessed 20 June 2017].

Figure 3: 11Share of smartphone owners in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2012 to 2014, by age group

The above data shows that more and more people in all age groups younger than 75 years of age are adapting to the use of smartphones. The trend now impacts not only young consumers, who are called ‘digital natives’, but also older people, who are called ‘digital immigrants’; both these groups are now used to receiving information faster than they did a few years before via smartphones and the digital world. This trend boosts the future of interconnected societies and personalised experiences. The consumer trends also push AI technology for large-scale digital cities. The ‘smart people’ need and want tailored experience in their lives. This is because living environments always exert influence on consumer decision-making. A key point for design challenges is to begin to understand the digital consumer for an AI future. Vehicle companies can benefit from the trend toward ‘collaborative consumption’, i.e. how consumers access, connect with and use the internet. Additionally, young consumers who very much depend on the Internet of Things have an important impact on new business models and company strategies in terms of both design and services. This is because more and more people tend to ubiquitously use the internet in daily life.

age group Share of smartphone owners in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2012 to 2014, "Smartphone Owners 2012-2014, By Age Group | UK Statistics", Statista, 2017 <https://www.statista.com/statistics/270889/smartphoneowners-in-the-united-kingdom-uk-by-age-group/> [accessed 20 June 2017].

AI vehicles will play a central role in hyper-connected people, the vehicles will provide door-to-door in smart cities. Improving transportation systems is set to be a huge challenge to access smart consumer groups in autonomous cities in a few years. The next market will use collected data, known as 12’Big Data’, to develop tailored design for smart users. The data has potential for the design for artificially intelligent vehicles; for example, design for a flexible interior could depend on a consumer’s biorhythms and user preferences. One example of this could be the quality and time of sleep, steps, and heart rate and so on. All this data could be used to push a new personalised interior.

1.4 Disadvantages of the digital world

Reducing congestion in urban areas, improving safety by reducing crime, lower

emergency service response time, tailored services, suitable healthcare data—all sectors focus on the high-tech world and its potential to provide better user quality of life based on digital information. However, there is another side to the digital generation. There are some drawbacks to the hyper-connected world which should be considered. For example, user data can be used for crime. First, hackers can sell the information at a high price in the black market. The main problem here is that most consumers do not think about the security of their online information. Personal information is regularly exchanged between one organisation and another, but smart citizens, who have had their data collected since they were born, do not have the skills to protect their data security. Digital natives in particular do not realise where and how this information comes and goes. Furthermore, wearable products, such as smart keys, smartphones, smart watches, Bluetooth systems, and all digital products have the ability to collect a huge amount of information about our daily activities. Therefore, design for autonomous vehicles needs to consider security more than ever before. One example, according to 14Bank

Economical term for large collections of data via internet.

Smarter Cities For Smarter Growth (IBM Global Business Services, 2012), pp. 1-3, 7-10,15 <https://www.zurich.ibm.com/pdf/isl/infoportal/IBV_SC3_report_GBE03348USEN.pdf> [accessed 19 June 2017]. 14

Brett King, Bank 3.0 (Singapore: Marshall Cavendish, 2010).

3.0 written by Better, concerns how banks are selling and collecting user data. Customers’ bank accounts contain information regarding bills or other aspects of their purchase history that reflects user preferences. There is a further challenge to bring a feeling of safety into interior design using elements such as colour, material, and form.

Second, a number of digital products promote excessive consumption, as more and more people spend too much of their time using smart objects. Following this trend, many car companies try to put more and more screen- and technology-based products into the car interior. Technology-rich environments may cause changes in the brain structure. This drawback of the high-tech generation can also be a key for AI design in the car industry. Concern about avoiding digital products (a trend called “digital detox”) may close off user adaptation in the smart world. Another risk in a hyper-connected society is that engaging in a digital place may create serious hacking-related problems. Jeremy Rifkin, an American economic and social theorist, mentions that nowadays the Internet of Things has spread to cover such things as auto-driving systems, smart phones, smart TVs, tablets and so on; since all of these may potentially be hacked, serious problems may be result. For example, 15Charlie Miller and Chris Valasek, who are security experts in Uber, tested the remote hijacking of a Jeep’s digital systems. Hackers can remotely cut off the connection between the AI system and its owners. This means hackers can remotely damage the car or passengers on the streets; after cutting off the control base of the GPS and WiFi, hackers could control most of the car’s systems, like the speed system, the locking system and the volume of sound via wireless Internet. This mean that digital attacks may soon appear everywhere. By extension, another dangerous fact is that digital crimes such as hacking the auto systems of cars on the highway can conceivably kill someone. There are thousands of possible dangers in a digital society. This lack of security in technology can give rise to a massive amount of crime and a lack of safety. From the design point of view, these potential risks should be considered when generating ideas for an AI mobility future. Moreover, AI vehicles need to have long-term survival prospects in hyper-connected cities. For the

"Car Sharing & Club | Cheap Alternative To Car Hire | Zipcar UK", Zipcar.Co.Uk, 2017 <http://www.zipcar.co.uk/> [accessed 20 June 2017].

upcoming generation, specially AI mobility users many need to be consider dangers of digital crimes.

1.5 Market trends in the car industry

The car markets have recently predicted fully autonomous transportation systems.

The CEO of Tesla expects fully autonomous mobility by 2023,

with 17Jaguar and Land-Rover to provide artificially intelligent vehicles within the next 10 years.

Uber, for its part, plans to provide self-driving vehicles by 2030. The

company has well-connected door-to-door service for the digital generation. Uber can increase the efficiency of connection between users. There are many secret projects for fully autonomous transportation among car and IT companies. In the coming year, artificially intelligent vehicles are already predicted as a trend for urban areas. Many companies are struggling to face the first generation of driverless future design. To explore prime car design trends, many vehicle companies are trying to understand the IT industry. Artificial Intelligence Technique, driving conditions, sharing economyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;all these terms are stimulating the car market for the digital generation.

Firstly, in 2017, there were many predictions about fully self-driving technology. The AI will eventually handle all driving, starting in metropolitan areas. The biggest question is that of improving road safety and mobility for everyone. AI vehicles have sensors that observe and predict not only all movement near vehicles, but also that of all road users around the vehicles. Currently, more cities are investing money to develop automated vehicles, especially in smart cities or areas like Barcelona, Greenwich and Manchester. The places will be interconnected among smart objects such as smart buildings, lights, roads and so on. One interesting example of this trend is named the 19GATEway (Greenwich Automated Transport Environment) project,

"Forbes Welcome", Forbes.Com, 2017 <https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeanbaptiste/2015/02/05/exclusiveinterview-ford-ceo-expects-fully-autonomous-cars-in-5-years/#4ec77b18a0c8> [accessed 19 June 2017]. 17

Jonathan Hawley, "Jaguar Joins The Race To Driverless Cars", Drive, 2017 <http://www.drive.com.au/motornews/jaguar-joins-the-race-to-driverless-cars-20141003-10ply7.html> [accessed 19 June 2017]. 18

"Uberâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plan For Self-Driving Cars Bigger Than Its Taxi Disruption - Mobility Lab", Mobility Lab, 2017 <http://mobilitylab.org/2015/08/18/ubers-plan-for-self-driving-cars-bigger-than-its-taxi-disruption/> [accessed 20 June 2017]. 19

"Home", Gateway Project, 2017 <https://gateway-project.org.uk/> [accessed 17 June 2017].

which is located in the Royal Borough of Greenwich in the UK. The project shows the various challenges for AI transportation in urban environment, both as regards public and personal feelings about these vehicles. More ideas on this subject are explained in chapter 2. Moreover, Barcelona in Spain has established smart buildings with sensor technology. Real-time data, smart traffic lights and live-updated bus routes can be interconnected with AI vehicles. Smart traffic lights allow an emergency vehicle to reach the scene of an incident without any delay time. One more example is 20Manchester in the UK. In 2015, Manchester’s Smart City Project was chosen for government investment. The project created 22 public and private organisations in 2016 and focuses on network security, user trust and adoption, interoperability, scalability and so on. Looking at the industry aspect, most automotive companies are looking for fresh ideas from outside the car industry. One more market trend is that more and more car companies are trying to21 engage with IT companies or start-ups. There are a range of examples. In 2016, Audi, BMW and Daimler bought Nokia’s mapping brand HERE, an automotive location service. HERE is an open location platform, which is important for AI systems in smart cities owing to its connectivity with smart objects. Jaguar Land Rover has also launched the InMotion start-up incubator, a smart transportation start-up to develop and test mobility services including self-driving vehicle sectors. Moreover, VW has launched the MOIA mobility solutions service company. MOIA is the Berlin-based team for developing new services in metropolitan areas and intends to offer connected commuting services for an app-based market towards 2025. Another important example is WAYMO from Google. Like other teams, this company is set up to realise an autonomous car vision. WAYMO is developing a fully self-driving car and has been using AI cars to develop a driverless future with Google since 2009. Lastly, Apple has invested in Didi, Uber’s Chinese rival; following this, VW and Toyota have also invested in future mobility companies such as GETT and Uber. Let us now consider the sharing economy sector. Analysing companies’ proposals for sharing cars is the way to approach future industry planning. There are many concept cars for sharing transportation systems within the AI world. Firstly, looking at general trends, the digital sector is coming for 21st century trends. In terms of mobility services, car-sharing is a social phenomenon

Manchester Council, "Smarter City | Manchester City <http://www.manchester.gov.uk/smartercity> [accessed 20 June 2017]. 21

Cardesignerview, 4th edn (Car Design News, 2017), pp. 8-16.

Council", Manchester.gov.uk,

2017

in millennial generation. The best example of car-sharing is the BMW concept design for Next 100. In 2016, BMW suggested a new design language called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;VISION NEXT 100â&#x20AC;&#x2122;. In particular concept design for the MINI Vision Next 100 reflects modern trends very well. The concept design shows that the driverless MINI can be shared by every potential passenger, while the car also provides passengers with a feeling of ownership. Its interior and exterior features many screens and sensors that offer many kinds of different modes and colours to users. The simple interior design can be easily cleaned before going to another user. This is a trend for the modern world, as shared mobility is dramatically growing worldwide. The reason for this trend is that population and traffic are highly dense in the urban area, while the technology is ready in the sharing and AI fields. That is why the MINI Vision Next 100 concept is a reasonable suggestion, since it uses the sharing system and features a simple and clean interior design. This is an understandable solution for a sharing mobility system. At present, AI sharing mobility is the main design sector competing in the future industry. This is because the statistical trend is that more and more people of traditional consumers will consider using the sharing mobility in daily life from door to door in the next 10 years. Similar data can be found in an

Annual Survey of Car

Clubs in London.

Chapter 2: Possible design for an AI future 2.1 Three potential industries in an AI future

Chapter 1 describes industry and social trends. Vehicle companies at present are posing a challenge for designers and governments, as this is the very first time in history that we are seeing how the mobility system is based on the exchange of interior and exterior and services that already exist. What can we assume about the

Carplus Annual Survey Of Car Clubs (Carplus Bikeplus, 2017) <https://www.carplus.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2017/04/Carplus-Annual-Survey-of-Car-Clubs-2016-17-London.pdf> [accessed 18 June 2017].

industry in the future? I would like to divide this speculation into three avenues. First, a vehicle company might create their own software. Second, an IT company might create their own vehicle, like the Google Car. Lastly, the car industry and the IT industry might collaborate, as they have in the case of BMW and Apple. All of these approaches have both pros and cons. Now is the time to track feedback, especially from young people; this is because the collaborative project is influencing the brand and image of the companies. It is true that hearing the terms ‘digital nomad’ or ‘digital native’ is not unusual anymore. Consumers are living in the highly-developed digital world. AI industries are coming closer to real industry. In terms of urbanisation and highly connected technology, the smart vehicle industry is looking for the next market for efficiency of systems. The market has been changing more rapidly than any other time in history before the twenty-first century; the future smart scenario represents digital products. Smartphones, microcomputers, smart tablets and smart watches will be part of the AI body. An AI car does not only mean mobility—it can be more like a robotic machine or self-learning mobility. More and more consumers are willing to customise their own space. The possibilities of three different AI mobility markets can help with the visualisation of a future AI interior.

First, let us consider current vehicle companies creating their own software. Vehicle companies invest their knowledge to develop individual software and AI sharing platforms. The smart platforms which belong to car companies can provide specific offers for the brand consumer and thus build stronger data safety systems than typical IT companies with limited users. The information collected by their own consumers can provide suitable information and suggestions to their users. This temporary market influences users’ trust of the brand, which is followed by brand loyalty. For example, ‘Mercedes-me’ is the company’s first step in building their own branded application and smart platform in the digital world. One of the intelligent functions of Mercedes-me is Remote Parking Assist. Consumers can park their own car while outside of the car using a smartphone. Benz users can access the vehicle via their smartphone and experience connectivity anywhere. The brand has been collecting data about consumer lifestyles and personal day-to-day habits. The next step is to offer a digital assistant for the autonomous life for their members. The brand can then provide more specific information and community service. This is what the vehicle industries need to highlight to develop in the interconnected world.

Second, the case where an IT company creates their own vehicle. Some multinational technology companies such as Apple, Google, IBM, Microsoft and Intel can conceivably create AI mobility, as they have huge amounts of data which can be applied to smart products. As a result, IT companies have been applying the data from the transportation industry in a real environment. In the previous market, these companies did not invest in vehicle industries, but in recent years, technology companies have been adapting to the mobility industry. This is because of ideas about the AI future. For example, Googleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s AI car WAYMO or IDEOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s AI mobility. In this case, IT companies have the largest amount of information about consumers. Interestingly, most IT companies appeared in around 1990. For example, Google was founded in1998, IDEO was founded in1991, IBM was founded in 1924, Apple was founded 1976. However, they only have been collecting data to provide better service to consumers via the internet. The WAYMO at Google is one notable example. Google is investing in a self-driving future; in this case, the vehicle is focused on the technology sector rather than the design sector. The company collects their own statistical information through testing in real-life conditions. Over the years, WAYMO have been testing fully autonomous vehicles in four cities (in Washington, California, Arizona and Texas) in the United States. The project has been concerned with driving every day in different types of environments over eight years. In this way, the autonomous cars learn safe driving skills through testing. The cars can thus be successively improved in many different situations under real conditions. The database companies are trying to create AI DNA for transportation. There are more challenges facing IDEO regarding future mobility. The focus of innovation in companies is changing from ownership to usership. The company tries to approach the AI future on multiple levels, from small products like bicycles up to huge moving pods.

Third, consider collaboration between the car industry and the IT industry. There is ample possibility for collaboration between multinational technology companies and vehicle companies. This is a typical way for design to discover temporary industries. Some of car companies have acted quickly in entering the technology market. Rather than simply observing user trends, companies such as Hyundai and Volvo moved quickly to collaborate with tech-companies. Therefore, the CarPlay from Apple came into the car industry. Apple has been looking for traditional approaches to service.

BMW also realised that the company cannot be built without tech, digital, big data and software experts. In 2017, more than 200 models of vehicle used CarPlay. We can see a similar trend in the smartphone industry. Each company chooses a specific IT brand. This means that the AI mobility market will be divided not only depending on car industries but also IT industries. At present, the AI industry is dominated mostly by Android and Apple. In this case, the main companies have monopolistic power over the market rather than pushing for start-ups. That is why there is more possibility that personal or small businesses will lose their power in the future. Another possibility in the collaborative market is that users have a choice of software; when a user buys a car, they can select a tech brand.

2.2 Possible design for AI transportation

Artificial intelligence is a growing trend for the near future. Simply put, this technology has an effect not only on personal vehicles but also sharing vehicles. The observation of materials and forms in the interior have diversity. Looking at the interior design for a sharing car, we must ask: what kinds of functions do we need? What kinds of interiors provide a comfortable area of action? At present, well-known vehicle brands such as BMW, AUDI, and Ford are creating new mobility programs in order to compete against what they consider to be their empty future. In the case of getting user feedback, the company wants to emulate a sharing or rental system such as Car2go, Drive Now, Zipcar and so on. This can increase use patterns among young people. More and more people feel happy to live in a sharing system. This is their vision and mission. Simply, the traditional spaces are no longer an attractive point in the future interior. The future user will want the flexibility to choose the suitable solution for a specific purpose.

Figure 4: Chan Sik Park, Gateway Project (London, 2016). 23 24

The sketches above are by RCA VD students capturing the challenges for the AI future. The left sketch depicts a module vehicle with an AI system. The UK Smart Mobility Living Lab in Greenwich (GATEway project) is pushing up-and-coming designers for ideas. The future mobility can be called a moving structure. It is selfassembling structure with building and car. Therefore, it can extend the space into a house when it is no longer in use. This concept is a great way to save parking space, which means that this idea can also constitute a kind of future smart parking system. Therefore, in the future, having a docking car may be an extension of personalisation of a vehicle in the metropolitan area. Moreover, the docking design can open up new scope for future luxurious design in the realm of the interior design. Even though these challenges still need more consideration of consumer needs, this is a possibility for future development in the AI industry. There is more brainstorming regarding AI vehicles at the GATEway project.

Chan Sik Park, Gateway Project (London, 2016).

Figure 5: Driverlessfuture (London, 2016) 25

Nowadays, markets and competitors are changing so fast that many car companies

cannot maintain the tremendous speed that is encouraged by a huge amount of highly-informed consumers. Designers need to think about developing something different, an adequate response that allows them to respond to the smart user. Traditionally, interior design has been focused on the driver; however, the vehicles of the future will focus more on interior design for the journey. Traditional vehicle design is therefore not a suitable answer for the digital native consumer. Therefore, young designers have suggested a wide range of new solutions such as a sleeping car, cafĂŠ car, office car and so on. The entertainment aspect is a new value for a self-moving place. Moving on to the companies, Bentley and Rolls-Royce have been very famous for their bespoke interiors for a long time. Luxury companies have hesitated to absorb smart objects. The companies explain traditional approach way for interior design in AI world. The luxury brands give some attractive point from balanced strategy of interior design.

Driverlessfuture (London, 2016).

2.3 Aesthetic, practical and emotional points of view

Designers’ points of view as regard aesthetic, practice and emotion are key points that should be considered in this context. Before mentioning autonomous design, it should be noted that user security is limited in this design solution. This is because that security is not simply solved problem by design. The challenges for AI cars today are becoming more and more urgent. Nowadays, companies can use online user data in an unethical way, which can bring about negative consequences. Customers may then discover that their information is being used without their authorisation or in a way that violates the rules. Historically, the earliest cars were designed only in a practical way for human beings, after which vehicles that looked good gradually appeared. The invention of manufacturing systems pushed the design aspect in the vehicle industry at that time. The cars were appeared in the beautiful way after mass production. What this means that some customised cars were produced for high-class families among the plentiful manufactured cars. Thus, market trends pushed the aesthetic factor in the practical sector of car design. Regarding aesthetic value. the term ‘aesthetic’ has always been difficult to define, as the concept of beauty has been constantly changing through the generations. The concept of beauty in vehicle design is strongly connected with luxury. Interior design ,in particular, has had a chance to develop diverse options. Nowadays, smart tools have been the preference for autonomous future design. There are more physical spaces, more variations of textiles, and more new materials in AI vehicles. A new methodology for interior design is emerging thanks to 3D printing. No one can perfectly predict car design for the AI future. However, there are challenges for AI cars among brands. The assumption is that the main key element for interior design will be IT products, because IT products impact on world communities and people’s behaviour. The digital world marks a significant change in the design for AI transportation. New aesthetic value has been introduced to the autonomous industry, such as touchscreens, laser texture, 3D print texture, synthetic fabrics, flexible screens and so on. Based on the available technologies, vehicle companies have tried to absorb digital areas such as the Internet of Things, applications, and multiple touch screens in car interiors. We will easily find many concept cars, especially electric cars and AI cars, in the digital sectors.

The development of light-weight, sustainable technologies are considerable point for self driving car design. All smart system focus on the improving of core reduction of carbon dioxide emissions is anticipated, as are clean technologies for autonomous mobility. Moreover, the impact of the digital world will mean that more and more nondesigners develop their creativity and social intelligence skills. The influence of endless customisation and personalisation on the appearance of AI vehicles can foster design diversity. In addition, the exterior and interior should have interconnected form language and the same graphic elements. The future automotive interior tends to maintain harmony between traditional materials and digital products. The first generation of automotive interiors tend to elicit surprise when consumers open the door.

Rolls-Royceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Car Vision Next100 103EX may be a good example

of the first step of AI design. The concept keeps to the middle, with both digital products and a wood-based, classic feel.

Consider next the practical point of view. The history of transportation, from wheels to self-driving cars, is very influenced by practical concerns, in that factors such as time saving, energy saving and convenience are important. Past forms of transportation such as the wheel and wagon were strongly connected with engineering and shifted slightly to incorporate new materials. Less practical sectors for driving remain as a design heritage, but key sectors for new practical possibilities will be highlighted in AI technologies. In the future, there are challenges for practical possibilities in numerous start-ups and incubators. Small companies are emerging and investing their time and budgets into providing a detailed service which huge companies cannot match. Various challenges could stimulate ideas for the first generation of autonomous cars. Upcoming designers can bring fresh ideas to the AI interior, with some keywords including e.g. disabled person, silver generation, digital native, digital nomad, one person company, 3d hologram, social media and so on. This also exerts an influence on car factories. Basically, AI technologies include speech recognition, decision management, deep learning platforms, specially self learning systems have potential reaction from the AI vehicles. This starts with clear communication with robotic cars for persons without a driving licence. One other issue

"Rolls-Royce 103EX", Rolls-Roycemotorcars.Com, GB/103ex.html> [accessed 20 June 2017].

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for AI cars is a sense of hygiene. Cleanliness may be key for the sharing economy in the car industry; since nobody wants to use a dirty car, more and more new materials may play a main role in the interior of shared transportation. Moreover, environmental factors and other people affect positioning in the car. As a result, I would say that only sharing seats is not a solution, and that we can easily find sofa-like seats in many concept interiors for AI vehicles. Considering seating position within an intelligent vehicle is also an important factor. Transportation design and architecture have many features in common with construction, production, assembly, aesthetics, emotions, ergonomics, sustainability and social aspects. Designers of lightweight structures are always looking for new ideas for saving resources, both in the production and in the function of the vehicle. For the mobile object, a consistent lightweight construction has an impact, especially on the user journey characteristics. The transportation object can be designed as a unique customised piece, though this is changing for the users.

We will next consider the emotional point of view. In the digital world, artificially intelligent systems have a particularly strong relationship with data-based services. The intangible user data offers significant business benefits through online platforms. Companies are considering more analytics tools and the advice of digital experts such as

Kenneth Cukier in the digital boom. Data experts have started to analyse user

emotions and preferences based on Big Data. The challenges for AI interior design can be analysed using a huge amount of user data. However, analogue and classic design still exists. In coming years, companies and designers can find a balance between analogue and digital. User experience design has been a key starting point for discovering consumer needs, as the emotional design (called UX design) for cars is becoming simpler and less visual. The term â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;journeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is an important keyword for the emotional design in moving space.

Users have more time and more freedom to do something with their hands in selfdriving vehicles. Moreover, AI car passengers can enjoy peaceful time inside their private space, away from daily stress. Although new design is everywhere, the key emotional elements do not differ greatly between the past and now. One factor that could be very interesting to observe is how concept cars which need to give more

Kenneth Cukier, "Big Data Is Better Data", 2014.

consideration to the user journey can be designed for the next generation with a view to history. One example is when helium-filled balloons were invented a long time ago. In 1863, the balloon expressed for the first time the idea of

â&#x20AC;&#x153;sky in the skyâ&#x20AC;?. The

emotion in the journey between a helium filled balloon and an autonomous mechanical vehicle is not so different; ultimately, they embody a rapidly-changing view of the world. Moreover, the two kinds of vehicle have similar freedom in the small space of a self-moving vehicle. As the passengers in balloons faced incredible freedom and danger, so similar emotions may be felt by first generation to take advantage of the new technology. The designer could consider the emotion associated with autonomous vehicles for the first generation of hyper-connected vehicles and cities. The digital generation is going to live in well-developed smart cities as digital natives. What this means is that the nostalgia of classic sectors can be slightly reduced. For instance, nowadays modern people use automatic transmission, although some people still love to drive manual cars. However, many modern consumers do not have memories of manual gear. In the near future, the terms of nostalgia will be changed. Recently, an interesting point is that people who have nostalgia for the first generation of digital products are becoming priority consumers. The main value is providing satisfaction with the space, as with an art piece. With this trend of the smart world no longer being only for the future, the interconnected smart world is coming into real lives. This phenomenon pushes more emotional design.

2.4 Luxury car ownership and city car-sharing

There are many challenges for AI design, especially as concerns the interior. The fully-autonomous vehicles can be classified by ownership car and sharing car, where we can pick the key design for autonomous vehicles. In 2016, car design faced a difficult year in many ways in the digital world. The unpredictability surrounding 2016 certainly led to advances, innovation and creativity in AI car design. The trend is emerging, and the primacy of interior design is for classified user groups. Autonomous vehicle design can be divided into four categories: luxury car ownership, luxury car sharing, city car ownership and city car sharing. In this section, we will

Gregory Votolato, Transport Design: A Travel History (Reaktion Books Ltd, 2007), pp. 157-162.

mainly focus on two of these: first, luxury car ownership, and second, city car sharing. What kind of design features can be created and disappear? The question could be

Figure 6: Eunji Choi, The Classification of Autonomous Vehicles, 2017. 29

Looking first at luxury ownership, AI cars can grow with a sense of ownership. The relationship and interaction between humans and robotic cars draws from history. There are, after all, differences between Ferrari and Rolls-Royce; while Ferrari has focused on the sensation of driving, Rolls-Royce has focused on passenger experience. The spaces for

temporary users are more important in AI mobility.

There is no reason to doubt or avoid the digital world, as it is true that the next generation of car designs should take the AI future into consideration. High-end brands may have a monopoly over the market for personal AI vehicles. In the fully autonomous future, the question is that of which design aspects should remain and which parts will need to be transformed to ensure autonomy. AI interior design will rest more on considerations of journey and space than of driving itself. The freedom of driving will provide a different approach for the next generation of transportation. Many people assume that the young generation, who tend to absorb rapidly live updating information and get feedback from smart objects, will be happy to use autonomous vehicles for their journey. AI vehicles are the great challenge to designers for tailored interior. A new direction for AI vehicles is design that is balanced between classic and digital. Rolls-Royce and Bentley may be good examples of future interior design. What this means is that more and more, cars will be tailored and customised for high-class family users who tend to keep their own car rather than sharing a car. The basic feature in AI mobility is that of wider and purer space with less disruption. The car can thus become a perfect personal place of movement without hiring a chauffeur. Car companies are also getting used to digital design while adapting to fully autonomous systems. As brands have previously been focused on

Choi, Eunji, The Classification of Autonomous Vehicles, 2017

Florian Haydn and Robert Temel, Temporary Urban Spaces (Basel: BirkhĂ¤user, 2006), pp. 9-20.

specific consumers, they are therefore slightly slow to adapt to the autonomous future. From the future point of view, the important factor among high-end brands is providing high-class user experiences and services. The main key sector is to enable users to reach their destination without stress. The bespoke has been an important key for high-end brands for a long time, and this has directly impacted on the notion of luxury in the 21st century. In the digital world, self-expression is a popular trend among digital consumers. Therefore, AI cars can be considered more as craftsmanship using new materials. The classic feel can be maintained in the design rather than using too many digital products and screens.

Figure 7: Number of car sharing users worldwide from 2006 to 2014 (in millions)

The other category is that of city sharing vehicles using an AI system. The graph above shows the global number of car sharing users from 2006 to 2014; in 2014, there were roughly 5 million car-sharing users worldwide. These users are considered digital natives and digital immigrants, which means that they will use more and more sharing services in their daily lives rather than buy their own car. This is leading to the increasing growth of the shared vehicle trend. The biggest challenges in the AI world are machine learning and cognitive technologies that are more accessible to users. More and more consumers are investing their money in gaining new

millions), "Car Sharing: Number Of Users Worldwide 2006-2014 | Statistic", Statista, 2017 <https://www.statista.com/statistics/415636/car-sharing-number-of-users-worldwide/> [accessed 19 June 2017].

experiences other than driving their own car. At this time, technology companies should try to truly understand smart users.

Figure 8: Chan Sik Park, SAIC Phoenix Project (London, 2017) 32

The sketch in figure 8 was submitted for a challenge to depict the AI sharing future set up by SAIC Motor in Shanghai. This is the upcoming design for a city sharing car in a metropolitan area. The sketch illustrates an efficient system for the autonomous city sharing car. The module system around urban cities and transports in fully develop cities. In the tech world, the predictions of design are moving into this sharing mobility space. The changes in car systems are related to the interior and exterior designs for the car.

Park, Chan Sik, SAIC Phoenix Project (London, 2017)

Figure 9: Jonathan Stoker, Gateway Project (London, 2016). 33

The above is another challenge submission from Jonathan Stoker depicting a driverless future for the GATEway project. Here, the mobility space can be a personal gym with stretchy fabric. The sketch stimulates ideas: for example, the idea can stimulate a visual image for the moving vehicle. Thinking about artificial intelligence in sharing transportation is an interesting sector for upcoming designers. The autonomous mobility is closely related to micro space. This trend pushes the vehicle designer to find accessible exterior and interior design. In 2017, interior designers have the opportunity to seek out potential for brand differentiation, customer personalisation and self-expression. Considerations of living with interconnected technologies are major issues for carmakers and designers. It is clear that IT plays a central role in the digitalisation of society, both in designersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lives. On the other hand, there are many dangers in the digital world, and this also should be accounted for in design. IA vehicles are a well-developed digital technology, and the coming year will provide the chance to be the first user of fully AI vehicles. Personally, the key information is linked to the interior design sectors rather than exterior design. Successful AI vehicle design should have a good understanding of user experience and journey.

Stoker, Jonathan, Gateway Project (London, 2016)

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