Eurofish Magazine 1 2018

www.euroďŹ shmagazine.com

ISSN 1868-5943

February 1 / 2018 C 44346

February 1 / 2018 Eurofish Magazine

Italy The Coast Guard ensures the legitimacy of seafood EUROFISH International Organisation

Madrid seafood conference debates innovative value addition Draft strategy promises boost to Mediterranean aquaculture Danish project on by-product valorisation suggests ways forward is a member of the FISH INFO network

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Official Media

In this issue

Italian Coast Guard

Italian Coast Guard protects fish stocks and their environment In Italy, the National Fisheries Control Centre is a unit within the Coast Guard that is responsible for the monitoring and control of fishing activity. Their authority extends all along the production chain from the sea to deep inland. Inspectors from the NFCC can inspect fishing vessels, landing points, processing facilities, supermarkets and fishmongers to ensure that the seafood on sale is legitimate. Inspections are one part of the control responsibility, the other is monitoring. All vessels above 12 m, about a third of the fleet, are obliged by law to transmit a signal that enables the Coast Guard to monitor their position. Any suspicious activity can then be reported to one of the 15 local offices which can follow up. The NFCC works closely with other Italian authorities such as the customs and tax departments, and is also involved in multilateral activities with other countries through the European Fisheries Control Agency.

Read more on page 36 The quest for sustainable yet effective and more competitively priced alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil is bearing fruit. Traditionally fishmeal and fish oil are the ingredients of choice in fishmeal, and with good reason. They contain all the essential nutrients needed for the development and healthy growth of the fish. On the other hand they are expensive and there are questions about their sustainability. Producing fish feed is technically complex and any alternative ingredient must be able to meet the demands placed on it by the manufacturing process – in addition to all the other requirements. Plants are among the most promising and well-researched sources of raw materials for fishmeal, but they are hardly the only ones. Micro and macro algae are another potential source not only of fishmeal, but also of fish oil, another vital ingredient in fish feed. As the search continues for appropriate ingredients, new opportunities are presenting themselves in the form of krill and insects. Read Dr Klinkhardt’s article on page 20 Total fish production in Bosnia and Herzegovina has stayed more or less stable for the last six or seven years, but there is a distinct trend visible in the increasing production of trout and the declining output of carp. Today, trout is by far the main farmed species followed by carp and the marine fish, dentex, seabass, and seabream that are farmed in cages in the sea. Bosnia has a seafood export trade dealing mainly in fresh fish, molluscs and crustaceans. Several EU countries, as well as Serbia, are important export destinations, while the EU is the main source of seafood imports into Serbia.

Abundant freshwater in the form of rivers and lakes with plenty of fish make Bosnia and Herzegovina a delight for anglers. The sport is well organised with local sport fishing societies with access rights and licenses from the concerned ministry. Read more on page 49 Increasing globalisation has added significantly to the spread of animal and plant species beyond their natural range. Scientists draw a distinction between invasive species that are harmful or potentially harmful to their new environment, and alien species that are not. In the EU regulating alien and invasive species is a complex task thanks to the number of countries and environments, and the fact that species behaviour may not be uniformly threatening or benign. This can lead to basic challenges such as defining the standards that will identify a species as invasive or not. Today the EU maintains a list of species that are of Union-wide concern and that is updated regularly. In general, the EU tries to prevent the introduction of invasive species as this is more cost-effective than trying to undo the damage they cause after they establish themselves, but it is an uphill battle. Read more on page 52 There is increasing interest in many parts of the world to make better use of low-value or trash fish, species that are not typically consumed by humans, but instead go into other uses such as fish bait, fishmeal and fish oil, or fertiliser. But these fish could in fact be used for human consumption and in many countries efforts are on to overcome the disadvantages of low-value fish (small size, bony) and to make the most of the nutritional properties, which are often equal to or even greater than those of high value species. Read more on page 56

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Table of News

6 International News

Events 13 New opportunities for value creation, 15-16 November 2017, Madrid Increasing value along the seafood supply chain

16 International coldwater prawn forum 2017 (ICWPF) Adding more value to prawns as volumes stagnate 18 International Conference on Fisheries and Blue Growth, 31 October to 1 November 2017, Istanbul Institutional capacity, investments, and cooperation must increase

Aquaculture

20 Feed alternatives for aquaculture How salmon became a vegetarian 26 Sustainable development of aquaculture in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea GFCM strategy gradually crystallises

Italy

29 Research under the Success project identifies challenges, potential solutions in the Italian mussel sector Consumers interested in certified products

33 Fishalldays delivers fish straight off the boat to consumers Cleaning, gutting, and filleting are the future

36 The Italian Coast Guard is responsible for fisheries control Monitoring the fleet 24/7 39 Consorzio Coop. Pescatori del Polesine O.P. is among the biggest Italian bivalve producers Product line for packaged clams and mussels planned 41 A marine protected area with benefits for fishermen Fishing and tourism can peacefully co-exist 43 Az. Agr. Vicenzi Marco deals with several niche products Bio certification may aid exports to Germany, Austria

45 Plans to create a unified PO for greater efficiency Concentration in the tuna fishery is here to stay

Denmark 47 Marine Lipids Network explores new opportunities for the utilisation of by-products Quality of by-products is critical

Front cover picture courtesy the Italian Coast Guard.

4

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Contents Bosnia and Herzegovina 49 Bosnia and Herzegovina has all the resources to increase farmed fish production* Product quality meets EU requirements

Fisheries (CC BY-SA 3.0) Map based on https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_European_nation_states.svg

by Hayden120 and NuclearVacuum

52 Invasive animal and plant species threaten Europe’s biodiversity EU regulation aims at more effective protection of native species

56 Need for better use of low-value fish and trash fish Tapping resources for human nutrition

Trade and markets 60 Eurofish study on fish consumption in Croatia Most Croatians consume fish, but are sceptical about labels

Technology

62 GS-Schleiftechnik has 21 years of experience in knife sharpening Grinding systems for numerous application areas

Fish Infonetwork News

63 Kohlhoff Hygienetechnik shifts location New site will allow company to grow in comfort

64 Poject, News

Service 65 Diary Dates

Worldwide Fish News

Belgium

pages

Croatia

page

Denmark

pages

6, 7

Estonia

pages

9, 10

Japan

page

10

Latvia

page

10

Turkey

page

12

UK

pages

66 Imprint, List of Advertisers

6, 9 7

8, 12

Scan the QR code to access the Eurofish Magazine website (www.eurofishmagazine. com), where you can also sign up to receive the Eurofish Magazine newsletter.

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[ INTERNATIONAL NEWS ] Belgium: New ďŹ sheries rules adopted by the European Parliament New EU rules on how, where and when fish can be caught, were enacted by the European Parliament (EP). Key highlights are an EU-wide ban on the use of electric pulse fishing, simpler rules on fishing gear and minimum size of fish, more regional flexibility for fishermen, but also limits on catches of vulnerable stocks and juvenile fish. The new law, which updates and combines more than 30 regulations, also allows tailormade measures that cater to the regional needs of each sea basin.

During the vote on existing technical measures in fisheries, the EP adopted an amendment of importance to Croatian fisheries – the amendment to strike a Mediterranean Regulation provision which prevented the use of purse seines at depths less than 70 of their

height, which did not suit Croatian fishermen and nearly stopped such fishing since Croatia’s accession to the EU in 2013. An amendment calling for a total ban on the use of electric current for fishing (e.g. to drive fish up out of the seabed and into the net) was passed by 402 votes to 232, with 40 abstentions. The EU rules, designed to progressively reduce juvenile catches, would prohibit some fishing gear and methods, impose general restrictions on the use of towed gear and static nets, restrict catches of marine mammals, seabirds and marine reptiles, include special provisions to protect sensitive habitats, and ban practices such as “high-grading� (discarding low-priced fish even though they should legally be landed) in order to reduce discarding.

Among the rules adopted by the European Parliament recently was one rescinding a provision that prevented the use of purse seines at depths less than 70% of their height. This was of particular interest for Croatian fishers, shown here preparing the nets for a fishing voyage.

Denmark: Employment in ďŹ sheries threatened by Brexit According to a new report, Brexit can cost Danish jobs and have large consequences for a number of Danish fishing ports. The report, which focused on Danish fisheries and Brexit, was commissioned by the Danish Government and produced by Aalborg University. The report estimates that fish worth DKK1bn (EUR134m) and between 272 and 844 Danish jobs are at risk if the British government excludes Danish fishermen from fishing in British waters. It is the first concrete estimate on the number of jobs at stake for Danish fishing in the negotiations on Brexit.

The report bases its calculations on two scenarios, both of which imply that foreign fishermen are excluded from British waters. This will especially affect Skagen, Thyborøn, Hirtshals and Hanstholm, where Denmark’s largest fishing port is located. Søren Qvist Eliasen, lead author of the report,

says Brexit will have a huge impact on these communities if it happens at once. On the other hand, he says these communities are highly dynamic and used to the fact that fishery resources fluctuate, and therefore “they are actually quite flexible.�

At the fish factory TripleNine in Thyborøn, fish from the British part of the North Sea is a major raw material in the production of fishmeal. The managing director of TripleNine’s department in Denmark, Peter Jensen says he is not thinking about it, but admits to being worried about the final outcome. The company has 140 employees in Esbjerg and Thyborøn and is owned by Danish fishermen. Last year TripleNine landed a profit of more than DKK 100 million. Mr Jensen explains that a large reduction in the raw material will mean scaling down

the factory with a concomitant loss of jobs. In total, a quarter of Danish fishermen catch in the British part of the North Sea. According to the report, there are 35 large Danish vessels fishing mainly for mackerel, herring, sandeel and sperling. They are able to do this because EU rules allow fishermen to fish their quota in all EU waters, a facility that the British government has said that it may want to close. Michael Gove, UK Fisheries Minister, told the BBC in an interview that Britain wanted to control and determine the conditions for access. “When we leave the EU, we

become an independent coastal state, which means we can extend the control of our waters for up to 200 miles.� Karen Ellemann, Danish Fisheries Minister is preparing to negotiate fisheries with the other EU countries and Britain in the coming year. According to her, a hard Brexit that closes British waters to the EU will have major financial consequences for Danish fishing. Karen Ellemann hopes that the EU can reach an agreement with Britain such as it has with Norway giving it access to fishing in the British North Sea in the future.

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[ INTERNATIONAL NEWS ] Croatia: Recreational ďŹ shers face more restrictive rules The Directorate of Fisheries of Croatia has announced the entry into force of new regulations governing sports fishers that subjects them to new obligations, but also opens up areas previously closed to them. A new special license is required for certain kinds of fishing tackle, while a new license is required to fish in national parks,

wildlife reserves, and nature parks, areas hitherto closed to sports fishers. Another change is the obligation to tag each of 18 fish species that are recognized as economically important but caught in recreational fisheries.

Tagging is by cutting the tail of the fish or by notching cephalopods under the eyes. The idea is to try

and prevent the commercial sale of fish caught by recreational fishers. The maximum allowable catch per day is 5 kg of fish and 2 kg of shellfish and cephalopods.

A license for recreational sea fishing can now be purchased at the web shop on the Directorate of Fisheries’ website www.mps.

hr/ribarstvo. A sport and recreational fishing license can be issued for a one-day, three-day, one-week, one-month or oneyear period. Annual licenses can be bought from 1 December to 1 March at authorised dealers for recreational licenses at sea, or at the Directorate of Fisheries’ offices in Zagreb or the field.

Denmark: Minister tightens controls on aquaculture industry Esben Lunde Larsen, Danish Minister for the Environment and Food, will investigate whether companies are breeding fish for which they do not have permission. In autumn at Hjarnø in Horsens Fjord, Denmark about 200 coho salmon

escaped from a farm. Following a request from the Danish Sports Fishing Association, it emerged that the company did not have all the necessary permits to breed the nonindigenous species. While a farming company is responsible

for having the permits in place, the authorities need to do more to ensure knowledge of the rules and to make sure that they are being respected, said Mr Lunde Larsen. The farm in question was authorised by the Danish Veterinary and Food

Administration to import coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) eggs but did not have a valid permit to breed an alien species.

The minister has now asked the Danish Environmental Protection Agency to check for and address any similar cases.Â

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[ INTERNATIONAL NEWS ] UK: Effectively battling IUU ďŹ shing depends on robust data on ďŹ shing vessels

Private monitoring initiatives like Global Fishing Watch and FishSpektrum are undermined by limited size and insufficient quality of their datasets, the report finds. One problem is tracking vessel location. Large vessels can be monitored as they are legally required to be fitted with communication equipment known as vessel monitoring systems (VMS) or automatic identification systems (AIS), however smaller fishing boats do not need these to be installed or the systems are simply switched off to avoid surveillance. One of the biggest problems is the absence of a unique global database of fishing vessels. Vessel records are dispersed across national ship registries, licencing bodies, national radio bodies, regional fisheries management

Italian Coast Guard

Satellite imagery and big data infrastructure offer a more costeffective way to tighten enforcement against Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, according to a report released by the UK-based charity, Overseas Development Institute (ODI).

There are however problems that hinder efficiency.

Larger fishing vessels fitted with VMS or AIS systems can be monitored continuously in close to real time. However, to combat IUU fishing a single standardised global registry of vessels would be a big step forward.

organisations, and international organisations. The confusion multiplies as vessels change owners and operators, are reflagged, and are registered with new authorities. Identifying individual ships and their owners is therefore a significant challenge. As a result, most

of the private initiatives have developed their own vessel databases to pool and correlate static data from varying sources. These range in size from around 75,000 vessels to over 779,00, but a far cry from FAO estimates of 4.6 million fishing vessels in 2016.

Better data management and

closer collaboration between the different initiatives to gather, standardise, and analyse this data will contribute to making initiatives against illegal fishing more effective. The report calls in fact for a single unified database, if the fight against IUU fishing is not to be an uphill battle.

UK: Ban on microbeads enters into force A statement from the UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has announced a ban on manufacturing and selling cosmetics and personal healthcare products containing microbeads in an attempt to reduce the volumes of plastic polluting oceans. Microbeads are used in rinse-off products such as body scrubs, shower gels and

toothpastes. The pellets are tiny, multi-coloured and look harmless, however when washed down the drain they are almost impossible to be filtered out by water treatment plants and trillions of them end up in the world oceans affecting marine life including fish and crustaceans, and through them, entering food chains.

The ban has been praised by

environmental organisations as one of the toughest in the world.

Calling the world’s seas and oceans some of “our most valuable natural assetsâ€?, Environment Minister ThĂŠrèse Coffey said she was determined to “tackle the plastic that devastates our precious marine lifeâ€?. Microbeads are not irreplaceable, as many natural substitutes are available.

While the ban on manufacturing microbead-containing products was effective from 9 January 2018, a ban on the sale of products containing microbeads will follow later in the year. The action against microbeads is in line with other efforts to reduce plastic pollution such as the introduction of a 5 p (EUR0.06) charge on singleuse plastic bags in October 2015.

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[ INTERNATIONAL NEWS ] Estonia: Conclusions from Tallinn conference call for EMFF renewal after 2020 In October 2017, the European Commission and the Estonian Presidency of the EU Council jointly organised the conference “Beyond 2020: Supporting Europe’s Coastal Communities� in Tallinn, Estonia on the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) both now and beyond 2020. The conference, which had more than 70 speakers and attracted some 300 participants has now presented its conclusions from the event. The main findings are that the EMFF, as the EU’s main funding instrument for the fisheries sector, helps to support the CFP objectives by making fishing and aquaculture more sustainable, competitive and innovative,

by increasing the availability of data and strengthening control as well as by enhancing the conservation of the environment and natural resources.

By the end of 2016, nearly 6,500 projects had been selected for financing. More than half of them are designed to help SMEs in fisheries and aquaculture become more competitive.

More than a third of them are also designed to preserve and protect the marine environment and to promote resource efficiency. Although the EMFF has helped to mobilise more than 1 billion euros of public and private investment, there was

common understanding among participants that efforts need to be stepped up to maximise EMFF achievements.

Looking beyond 2020, the conference examined in detail the challenges and opportunities facing the fisheries and maritime sectors.

Although the sector has become more sustainable and competitive, e.g. with the fleet generating nearly 800 billion euros in net profit in 2015 alone, there was widespread agreement that there are still a number of important challenges ahead for which support will be needed. At the same time, participants largely concurred on the need to avoid harmful subsidies

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The conclusions from a conference on the future of the EMFF strongly supported a renewal of the fund after 2020.

which increase fleet capacity, thus leading to over-fishing, and to focus instead on the protection of existing resources and marine ecosystems.

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[ INTERNATIONAL NEWS ] First yellowtail farms to be ASC certiďŹ ed are Japanese

Seriola or yellowtail amberjack is the most widely farmed species in Japan. ASC certification will help increase the market for this species.

Japanese seriola (Seriola lalandi) farms run by Kurose Suisan and Global Ocean Works are the first in the world to be certified to the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) standard. Yellowtail is the most widely farmed finfish in Japan and an integral and historical part of many coastal

communities. Kurose Suisan achieved the certification in December 2017 after an independent assessment, following the ASC multi-site approach, of three sites – Kushima, Uchinoura and Nobeoka Farma – by SCS Global Services. The ASC Seriola and Cobia Standard, launched

just over a year ago, addresses the key negative environmental and social impacts associated with seriola farming. The standard requires that farms preserve local habitats and biodiversity, minimise fish escapes, conserve water and water quality, and manage production with minimal use

of therapeutics and antibiotics. The responsible sourcing of feed ingredients, including strict limits on the use of wild fish as an ingredient, and full traceability back to a responsibly managed source, are additional demands that farms are expected to fulfil.

Estonia and Latvia continue to work out canned-ďŹ sh trade problems At the end of 2017, the Russian Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) lifted a twoyear ban on the import of canned fish from Latvia and Estonia.

Introduction of the ban in mid2015 was reportedly related to insufficient safety control of the products and lack of traceability.

The ban affected 31 processing plants in Estonia and 44 plants in Latvia, as well as consumers in Russia to whom canned smoked sprats in oil from Baltic states represented “taste of childhood�.

In the summer of 2017, experts from Rosselkhoznadzor inspected several enterprises in Latvia and Estonia and as a result decided to allow the import of canned fish into Russia from two companies - SIA Karavela from Latvia and DGM Shipping from Estonia.

Lifting the import ban on the remaining producers will be considered in the light of the information presented by competent authorities in Latvia and Estonia showing that the causes for the alleged violations were eliminated.Â

Canned fish from Karavela in Latvia and DGM Shipping in Estonia can once again be exported to the Russian Federation. The Arnold Sørensen brand is owned by Karavela.

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[ INTERNATIONAL NEWS ] Turkey: EuroďŹ sh and Black Sea Commission meeting in Istanbul

Aina Afanasjeva, Director of Eurofish International Organisation, Prof. Halil Ibrahim Sur, Executive Director of the Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution, and Irina Makarenko, Pollution Monitoring and Assessment Officer, meet to discuss how best to involve the commission and its members in a project on marine data.

Irina Makarenko, Pollution Monitoring and Assessment Officer and Prof. Halil Ibrahim Sur, Executive Director of the Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution met with Aina Afanasjeva, Director of Eurofish International Organisation and Toni Bartulin, Eurofish Project Manager, at the secretariat premises in Istanbul just before Christmas 2017, to discuss the commission’s involvement in EMODnet, a project that

collects, processes, and distributes data from the marine environment. Eurofish is a partner in EMODnet’s Human Activities, one of seven data portals.

Prof. Sur gave a detailed overview of the current situation in the Black Sea Commission, its activities and priorities, and stressed the importance of good cooperation among the members (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russian

Federation, Turkey and Ukraine).

The main challenges to Black Sea sustainability include pollution from land-based sources and maritime transport. Sustainable management of marine living resources, and sustainable human development are priorities for the commission. He welcomed the EMODnet initiative highlighting the need to involve as many stakeholders as possible in the project. Ms Afanasjeva

presented the core activities of Eurofish and of the EMODnet Human Activities project and expressed her interest to further deepen the cooperation with all Black Sea member states with regards to data sharing with interested stakeholders such as researchers, policy-makers and other parties. The meeting concluded with an agreement to cooperate on EMODnet Human Activities related topics.

UK: MSC tightens requirements for ďŹ sheries assessments In mid-January the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) adopted a new requirement for the assessment of fisheries. The new requirement came out from reviewing the current Unit of Assessment (UoA), which allows a fishery to define the target stock, management area, fishing

gear and vessels. The main concern about the existing UoA was that it allows a vessel to catch fish from the same stock and use both certified and uncertified fishing gear or catch methods on a single trip. Under the new requirements this will not be possible; certified seafood will

only enter MSC certified supply chains if it comes from fishing trips on which all activities on the target stock are certified. The new UoA requirement is being finalized and will be released in August 2018. In compliance with FAO guidelines, fisheries going through the certification process

for the first time after February 2019 will need to meet the terms of the new UoA requirement, while fisheries which are currently under assessment or already certified will be given a transition period of three years from August 2018 to adapt to the new requirements.

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[ EVENTS ] New opportunities for value creation, 15-16 November 2017, Madrid

Increasing value along the seafood supply chain Spain’s capital city was the venue for a regional seafood conference on “New Opportunities for Value Creationâ€? on 15-16 November 2017. The event, hosted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Food and Environment and co-sponsored by EuroďŹ sh International and the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), featured ďŹ ve interesting sessions over the two days on innovation, ďŹ sh byproducts, aquaculture, markets, and consumption. The Ministry also helped organise tours to the famous seafood market Mercamadrid where ďŹ sh being traded and sold could be witnessed ďŹ rst-hand.

I

n the first session, on innovation in production and marketing of higher valued seafood products, attendees learned about the benefits of automation in processing, leading to reduced waste and greater consistency in product form

and quality. GuĂ°bjĂśrg HeiĂ°a GuĂ°mundsdĂłttir, of Icelandbased Marel, explained how European seafood processors are adopting modern automated methods that have been used with success in other food industries, allowing the industry

to get more finished product from world supplies (of wildcaught fish especially) that have leveled off in recent years.

Automation also boosts productivity per worker, which can translate into better wages for employees.

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Modern packaging can lead to less waste, greater product uniformity With increasing demand for easyto-use prepacked fish products, the need also grows for advances in product packaging, especially

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[ EVENTS ] for seafood products with short shelf-lives, as well as snacks and other convenience foods which are becoming popular. Here, technological advances have reduced waste and increased

a healthy food to consumers who often are unsure how to prepare seafood at home. Fishmongers often pay more attention than supermarket staff to product presentation, to capture the custom-

many new uses have been created.

Human foods such as seafood analogs, nutritional supplements, and even snacks from fish skin and bones, as well as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and medical supplies,

A ďŹ sh can be used to produce smoked liver and liver pate’, leather and collagen, medical products and cosmetics, natural ďŹ sh stock, dried heads and bones, hand and foot creams, omega-3 and liver oil capsules, and lots more – apart from ďŹ llets!

Leticia Regueiro Abelleira, ANFACO CECOPESCA returns in the seafood industry, explained Gonzalo Campos Valverde of Sealed Air, located in Spain. Proper packaging helps ensure product safety, quality and shelf-life, and of course directly promotes a company’s reputation through its brand name. Social benefits include reduced food waste and added environmental sustainability.

In retail marketing, the focus of a presentation by Luisa Alvarez, FEDEPESCA, Spain, innovative fishmongers have advantages over supermarkets in connecting with consumers, providing information and advice not often available from staff in supermarkets.

Marketing through fishmongers is not “new� of course, but it can be a better way to increase sales of

er’s attention. And, increasingly, fishmongers are using the internet, videos, and other modern technology to sell more product at higher returns.

Using fish waste, bycatch etc. to create high-value byproducts Session Two looked at the challenges of increasing the value of byproducts, a key part of the fight against fish waste, whether occurring as bycatch or discards, unsold fresh fish, or “waste� left over after processing. Traditional uses of byproducts, such as in food for pets and other animals, are well known.

But in recent years, as outlined by both Leticia Regueiro Abelleira of ANFACO CECOPESCA, and Marco Frederiksen of Eurofish,

JosÊ Luis Gonzålez Serrano, Spain’s Director General for Fisheries Management and Aquaculture, with Aina Afanasjeva, Director, Eurofish International Organisation

leather and a variety of other industrial products, contain fish as ingredients, adding to industry revenues and reducing waste.

In Session Three, the current state and future prospects for value-added aquaculture took center stage. Fabio Massa of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) opened with some impressive statistics: in the Mediterranean and Black Sea region, in the last two decades aquaculture grew by 171 in volume and 278 in value – to 2.4 million tonnes, worth USD 6.8 billion, in 2014, with more than 400,000 direct and indirectly related jobs. Dozens of species are grown, and in an array of environments from the free-flowing waters of the seas to

land-based based operations – including the desert (even using desert salt for marine species).

Focusing on Mediterranean mussels, Maria Cozzolino of the NISEA fishery and aquaculture research organization in Italy, showed how producer organisations (POs) are improving product quality and value by investing in purification and shipping centers to get their product to wholesalers and retailers as efficiently as possible. Surveys have found consumers are willing to pay a bit more for certainty as to quality control, environmental sustainability, and other considerations that can be put under the direct control of POs. Another important activity of aquaculture POs is product promotion. The Polish rainbow trout experience was described by Tomasz Kulikowski, Poland Fish Market Development Association, where the Polish Trout Breeders’ Association carried out a 3-year, EUR 2,5 million advertising campaign with the slogan “Teraz PstraË›gâ€? (“Now Troutâ€?) on posters, billboards, TV. The campaign was a big success, as trout sales volume grew by 244 above target growth during the 3-year period, with impacts on sales growth in restaurants as well as trout purchased for meals at home.

Lluis Serra-Majem, IFMED; Valentina Sannino, Cogea; Aurora de Blas Carbonero, Spanish Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Food and Environment, Spain; Elizabeth Graham, FAO; Javier Iglesias Vega, Kantar Worldpanel, in a panel at the conference.

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[ EVENTS ] Extra-EU imports of fish and seafood continue to grow Session Four’s focus on markets opened with an outlook for trade and consumption in the European seafood market by Ekaterina Tribilustova of Eurofish.

The European seafood market is characterized by strong demand fed mainly by growing extra-EU imports, although domestic aquaculture production is also growing in response to generally rising prices. EU imports of key commodity groups such as salmonids, crustaceans, and groundfish are rising, although most salmonids are imported from a single European source, Norway. A notable exception is freshwater fish, EU imports of which are facing competition from local production of

rainbow trout and other freshwater species.

An increasingly common way to provide added value to seafood is through voluntary certification, especially with respect to sustainability. Victoria Chomo of FAO’s Hungary regional office described how voluntary standards used to certify seafood products by private organizations such as Marine Stewardship Council and Global G.A.P., among several others, bring significantly high added value because consumers in many countries have demonstrated a willingness to pay extra for certified seafood.

In France, for example, consumers are willing to pay as much as 10 more for eco-labelled products; in Japan, the premium can be 20.

This willingness to pay depends partly on consumer concern for

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chione) fishery in Italy’s northern Adriatic waters. There, co-management involves the central administration and local operators in a joint effort to match management measures (such as catch limits or days fished) with production and sales plans (e.g., marketing efforts to meet demand patterns). In this instance, such coordination has been successful: local fasolari prices have risen to 5 EUR/kg, about ten times the price during the “crisis� times in the 1990s that precipitated the need for management change.

sustainability, as well as trust in the certification scheme, but equally important on the ability to pay – thus such consumers are typically found in high-income countries in Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. The cost to producers for private certification can be high (as much as USD 500.000 plus 0,5 royalty for an MSC label), but for an increasing number of producers it seems to be worth it in terms of added sales value.

Local fishers and central administration successfully co-manage a clam fishery

In the conference’s final formal session, on consumption, panelists examined seafood’s role in food security and nutrition, consumer purchasing and dietary habits, as well as trends, and product innovation. FAO’s Elizabeth Graham made

Co-management of a fishery as a way to create added value was the topic examined by Loretta Malvarosa of NISEA, in a presentation on the “fasolari� (the clam Callista

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[ EVENTS ] clear what is truly the “value� of seafood products: the principal means by which billions more mouths by the year 2050 will be adequately fed.

Seafood in all its wide variety brings a mix of all the necessary nutrients people need, more efficiently than other types of foods.

Use health as an incentive to promote seafood consumption Of course, getting people to eat fish can be challenging, as surveys

of consumers have shown many times. Results of some surveys were described by Valentina Sannino, Cogea S.r.l, Italy, and by Javier Iglesias Vega, Client Manager, Kantar Worldpanel, Spain, in their presentations on consumer habits. Many seafood producers and marketers are aware of the growing demand for prepared, pre-packaged fish and shellfish over the “old-fashioned� whole fish one’s grandparents bought (or caught), and more frequent casual dining with pizza or salads

(which can contain fish but usually don’t) means it’s harder to sell fish and shellfish. But simply preparing ready-to-eat seafood for the consumer, which adds to costs, isn’t enough, the products must be attractive to get the consumer’s attention without breaking their bank account. In Spain, as in other countries, more of the consumer’s food budget is spent on seafood than on fruits & vegetables, dairy, bread, and most other categories.

One key to keeping that share of the budget going to seafood sellers

is taking advantage of consumers’ increasing interest in healthy foods. Lluis Serra-Majem, IFMED, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, in Spain, described the “Mediterranean diet,� which is much more than a set of recipes, it’s more a way of living. And passing on that interest to one’s children and their children can keep “value added� for the seafood industry for generations to come.

Roger Corey, roger.corey.1000 @gmail.com

International coldwater prawn forum 2017 (ICWPF)

Adding more value to prawns as volumes stagnate The bi-annual event was held this time in Reykjavik, Iceland and attracted 171 participants from 112 companies and 13 countries. The conference was opened by the chairman of the International Coldwater Prawn Forum, Simon Jardin, whose speech was followed by one from the Ambassador of Norway in Iceland, Cecilie Landsverk. The conference included 22 presentations by high level representatives from the sector and covered the entire prawn value chain: resources, catch, production, innovation, development and market.

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rofessor Carsten Hvingel from the Institute of Marine research in Norway spoke about prawns and their relationship with cod. The catch between cod and shrimp is very closely related – if the cod stock is high, the shrimp stock will be low. He predicted that average prawn production towards 2030 will be reduced by 3.5 annually to a level of about 160,000 tonnes a year in 2030. He said that a regime shift was in progress from a “shellfish regimeâ€? towards a “groundfish regimeâ€?, something which has happened before.

In China, online sales of shrimp are booming Melanie Siggs from Sancroft International, a consultancy, gave a

presentation on social sustainability and responsibility saying that everyone must be aware of the signs of slavery and human trafficking if they are to be prevented. She mentioned an international convention “ILO 188 on work in fisheries� that describes good practice in this area. Fan Xubing from Beijing Seabridge Marketing presented their results from 10 years work for the Canadian Association of Prawn Producers (CAPP) in China. Shrimp is now the most important imported seafood in China. Their first activities were to educate consumers because 10 years ago they preferred fresh and live fish and considered frozen shrimp poor quality. Today the most important sales channel for shrimp in China is e-commerce. Plenty of

At the 2017 edition of the International coldwater prawn forum the entire prawn value chain – resources, catch, production, innovation, development and market – was discussed.

online market places are available and the two most important are JD.com and Tmall.com. In addition, supermarkets are creating their e-commerce platforms today.

Shrimp by-products can be used to produce very high value items The day concluded with four CEOs, Mikael Thinghuus Royal

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[ EVENTS ] Greenland; Tom Harry Klausen, Stella Polaris; Fridrik Mar Thorsteinsson, Northcoast Seafood UK; and Yngvi Ottarsson, IEC (Icelandic Export Center), discussing, among other issues, how to increase the value of the prawns as the volume is limited by the stock. Optimizing quality instead of the very strong focus on yield was one solution. A focus on medical products derived from the by-products, that are 60 of the raw material. These products have a potential value even higher than the main product today. A raw prawn product in MAP with extended shelf life was one of the solutions to increase value which had just started to be marketed by IEC. A discussion followed about the future of the sector, and the impact of China as the major buyer of prawns. The

discussants agreed that quota however is owned by national states and will probably never change owners – but the industry could change owners in the future. New owners might also move the industry in a better and even more profitable direction.

Special seasonal products that are not so dependent on yield were also discussed. The large companies are focused primarily on yield today and it is not easy to handle small seasonal products in the current setup.

A suggestion was given to focus the forum on 3-4 subjects to work on in collaboration for the future. Several suggestions were given by the CEOs based on the day’s presentation (marketing initiatives as have been done in UK, quality standards, develop the

value chain, reinvent the products). It is now up to the forum to decide which of these topics should be taken up.

The importance of technology must not be understimated In the closing section David BlĂśndal, CEO of Decobel, Iceland gave a talk entitled “How to understand the disruptive power of technology and why it matters to the shrimp sectorâ€?. He showed that throughout history a new technology has always taken over when another technology ends. He talked about exponential growth and gave a lot of examples on how fast companies grow or die. The lesson is to think in terms of exponential growth even it is very hard to

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understand and predict. Finally, he gave some examples on what could happen in the future. One of the examples was to cultivate meat directly instead of growing animals, a process that offers many advantages in terms of sustainability, health, and production possibilities. Concluding the event, Simon Jarding from Royal Greenland made a suggestion for the stakeholders in the sector to work closely together in the future. The next conference will be held in St. Johns, NFL, Canada on14 November 2019.

For more information about the conference contact: Jens Møller, Secretary ICWPF Steering Committee icwpf@ gemba.dk, www.ICWPF.com Marco Frederiksen, Eurofish, marco.frederiksen@eurofish.dk

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[ EVENTS ] International Conference on Fisheries and Blue Growth, 31 October to 1 November 2017, Istanbul

Institutional capacity, investments, and cooperation must increase An international conference to discuss ďŹ sheries and blue growth in the Black Sea region was held in Istanbul. The purpose of the event was to discuss the management of ďŹ sheries and aquaculture in the Black Sea, its socio-economic importance, and to encourage riparian countries to cooperate.

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ishermen have been exploiting the Black Sea for centuries. The activity has shaped the development and culture of coastal communities around the sea and continues to do so as several thousands are directly and indirectly dependent on the sea for their livelihoods and as a source of nutrition. However, fisheries are also plagued by illegal activities, a scourge which harms stocks, often damages the environment, and affects legitimate fishers.

IUU fishing is a threat to be taken seriously Ambassador Michael B. Christides, the Secretary General of BSEC PERMIS in his address therefore urged Member States to consider signing FAO’s Port State Measures Agreement to help combat the problem.

A better understanding of the issue will also make it easier to tackle the underlying causes of IUU (illegal, unreported, unregulated) fishing, said Dr Ejbel Cira Duruer from the Turkish Coast Guard Command, who explained that the main drivers were the economic benefits that accrue to the perpetrators, overcapacity in global fishing fleets, market demand, economic and social conditions of fishermen, and the level of monitoring and control.

She pointed out that IUU fishing, in addition to its obvious impacts, is also a threat to food security, takes

Among the take home messages from the International Conference on Fisheries and Blue Growth was that a higher degree of cooperation between countries would contribute to the development of the aquaculture and fisheries sector.

billions of dollars out of the global economy and is very often linked to other serious crimes including human and drug trafficking, and money laundering. In the Black Sea since 2013 there has been a decline in the number of vessels that have been fined by the Coast Guard from 3,800 to 2,100 in the first ten months of 2017. Some of the measures she suggested that could help deter IUU fishing include better cooperation at the local, regional, and international levels; increased penalties; strengthened inspections at ports; and ensuring traceability. Supermarkets in the region are also interested in traceability if it can lead to greater sustainability. Metro in Turkey, for example,

supported in 2012 a three-year project that sought to protect bonito.

Today, the retailer is collaborating with cooperatives and is using QR codes to track the journey a fish makes from the vessel to the consumer. In addition, it encourages its fish suppliers to implement international quality standards to support sustainable fisheries.

Better fisheries management and more collective actions also have a role to play in overcoming this challenge, a point that had been mentioned a year earlier at the Bucharest conference on enhanced cooperation between Black Sea countries in the areas of fisheries and aquaculture. These

joint activities could cover several topics, for example, the mitigation of impacts of fisheries and aquaculture on marine habitats; research and training; or data collection and analysis. One example of this crossborder collaboration is the Black Sea Littoral States Border/Coast Guard Cooperation Forum, which was established at the behest of Turkey in 2000 and brings together border forces from all six riparian countries, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey, and Ukraine. The organisation’s mandate includes establishing cooperation in the protection of Black sea natural resources and prevention of fishery rules violation, as well as the prevention of

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[ EVENTS ] marine pollution and the protection of the marine environment.

Only one species is sustainably fished in the Black Sea The main commercial species in the Black Sea are the small pelagics (sprat, anchovy, horse mackerel, and sardines) and the demersals (red mullet, turbot, whiting, and rapana, a marine snail), reported Voilin Raykov, Institute of Oceanology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Of these only one, sprat, is sustainably exploited, while the rest are in overexploitation, and one, piked dogfish, is depleted. The data for red mullet, he said, were considered unreliable, and rapana was not assessed.

Mr Raykov also showed delegates the available data on which these estimations are based and suggested improving the quality of the advice by refining the estimates and by ensuring the collection of other relevant data such as the length distribution of landings for all the main commercial species.

Although Black Sea fisheries will continue to play a role in terms both of food and economic security among the coastal states, the sector with the potential to really increase its contribution to blue growth is aquaculture. Aquaculture production from all environments in the Black Sea countries has grown at an annualised rate of 5 a year since 1994 reaching 445,200 tonnes in 2014 with a value of USD1.7bn. Over the same period capture fisheries production went from 4.6m tonnes to 4.7m tonnes.

However, marine and brackish production in the Black Sea area represents a modest 12,000 tonnes or 2.7. Fabio Massa, Senior aquaculture officer and CAQ backstopping officer at the GFCM suggested that if the constraints limiting the development of aquaculture in the region are dealt with,

regional production could reach 4.4m tonnes by 2030. The Black Sea riparian countries recognise the potential of aquaculture and several have developed national strategies for the sector. Legislation is also being adopted that will allow the sector to move forward.

Seminars on aquaculture-related topics have allowed experts from the riparian countries to exchange information and discuss how to further develop the sector. The GFCM too is developing a strategy for the sustainable development of Mediterranean and Black Sea aquaculture that will help countries achieve their national production plans.

In conclusion the conference recognised the importance of fisheries and aquaculture in terms of employment and food security as well as its potential to contribute to blue growth in the region.

Stimulating blue growth in the Black Sea region

A well-attended event The International Conference on Fisheries and Blue Growth was jointly organized by the Sariyer municipality of Istanbul and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Permanent International Secretariat (BSEC PERMIS). It was attended by representatives from the BSEC Member States (Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova, Turkey and Ukraine), BSEC Related Bodies (PABSEC), BSEC Observers and Special Dialogue Partners (Black Sea Commission and the Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions - CPMR) and international organizations (European Commission, FAO and EUROFISH). Representatives from Black Sea municipalities, academic communities, NGOs and the private sector also participated in the conference.

Some countries have many years of experience and knowledge to share Almost 70 species are farmed in the Black Sea region, most of which are freshwater. Currently only about a quarter are marine species, said Hayri Deniz, from the Mugla Fish Farmers’ Association in Turkey. He sees several opportunities for the further development of the sector thanks to demand in the region for seafood, the variety of species that are already being farmed, as well as the knowledge and experience that countries have built up over the years in the sector. On the other hand, he acknowledges that the lack of financial support, institutional capacity, and cooperation with other countries in the region are among the important constraints to be mitigated if the sector is to fully realise its potential. As the country with the largest farmed fish production in the Mediterranean, Turkey can offer valuable experience for the development of aquaculture in other countries in the Black Sea region, including the institutionalisation of administrative systems for the sector.

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Regional organisations like the GFCM and the BSEC as well as the EU should work closely with national authorities to address the challenges facing the sector and to help it realise its full potential.

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[ AQUACULTURE ] Feed alternatives for aquaculture

How salmon became a vegetarian Replacing ďŹ shmeal and ďŹ sh oil in feed for aquaculture is a long-term and indeed on-going task but one which is already producing some encouraging results. The ďŹ rst suitable alternatives are now available, but the search continues, because feed is a key issue for the development and economic success of global aquaculture. Fishmeal substitutes have to meet numerous requirements if they are to be viable.

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he world market for aquaculture feed is already growing at an annual rate of 6 to 8 per cent, and demand is expected to increase further.

This causes problems, because a lot of the traditional aquaculture feeds were based on fishmeal and fish oil which best meet the nutritional needs of fish and crustaceans. Fishmeal is a natural source of high-quality protein with a balanced, almost perfect mix of nearly 40 essential nutrients that fishes need for their healthy development and good growth. So market demand is high – it has long since outstripped the available supply – and fishmeal accordingly expensive. But which substances have the potential to serve as suitable ingredients? The nutritional

requirements of fish vary from species to species. Herbivorous species can utilize feed containing plant proteins. Carnivorous fish, on the other hand, require more animal protein and this has a different amino acid spectrum.

In principle, however, it doesn’t matter to fishes where what they eat comes from as long as it contains the nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates and fats, essential amino and fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and trace elements they need for healthy development and as long as these are available in the right quantities and the right proportions. And so it is even possible to produce suitable fish feed without fishmeal by combining agricultural plant products, marine algae and other raw materials. From a

Fishmeal is a scarce, expensive and controversial resource. The feed industry is looking for alternatives to meet aquaculture’s growing feed demands.

purely theoretical point of view it would be possible to feed a lion with carrots as long as the feed were enriched with suitable ingredients. But of course, that is not enough: the lion has to be persuaded to take an interest in the feed. And here at the very latest we must face the fact that feed production is not as simple as one might have thought. Finding a replacement for fishmeal in aquaculture feed is a huge challenge which will continue to present major problems to researchers, feed producers and fish farmers if aquaculture keeps on growing at its present rate.

But time is short and quick solutions are needed. A Rabobank forecast predicts that a further 500,000 tonnes of alternative

feed protein will be needed by 2022. A fishmeal substitute that meets all the fish’s nutritional requirements, besides also being less expensive than today’s fishmeal, whose world market price has almost tripled since 2002.

And that’s not all: it should also conserve natural fish resources and be ecologically acceptable, because the fishes used in the production of fishmeal play an important role in the marine ecosystem. This sounds rather like an attempt to square the circle and accordingly the problem is by no means easy to solve. Particularly since one of the conceivable options, the use of genetically engineered feed crops, is largely rejected by European consumers.

For this reason, all major fish feed producers currently do without

When raising fish in aquaculture there is a suitable feed for every phase of the fish’s life: it can differ in protein content, nutritional value and particle size.

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[ AQUACULTURE ]

Nearly 70% of salmon feed in Norway is now of agricultural origin, and the proportion of marine components such as fishmeal and fish oil has fallen below 30%.

GMO components, although in fact in some cases their use would be legally permissible. Another complicating factor is that, on 27 June 2017, the EU Commission suspended approval of the fishmeal additive ethoxyquin.

Residual quantities may still be used until 2019, but this development has further exacerbated the risk of not being able to meet aquaculture’s feed requirements, and thereby increased the need for viable alternatives.

Each species has its own nutritional requirements. The feed industry is constantly developing new mixtures that are tailored to individual fish and crustacean species.

Under the pressure of growing problems, research institutes and feed companies around the world have stepped up their search for suitable fishmeal alternatives.

Fish nutrition experts claim that in the last five years more time, work and money have been invested in this area of research than in the previous 50 years.

Never before has our knowledge of the nutritional needs of fish and crustaceans been as extensive and detailed as it is today.

It is hardly possible to find a potential feed that has not been thoroughly examined and tested: rapeseed meal and grasses, soy-, sunflower- and cotton seed meal, feather- and bone-, blood- and krill meal as well as insect larvae, countless ingredients from microand macro-algae, fish and vegetable silages, poultry by-products, protein concentrates from peas, leaves, yeasts and bacteria, plus many more. Some ideas such as

the use of recycling waste have been rejected or at least set aside and postponed for aesthetic or hygienic reasons, other raw materials are not available in the quantities required or their processing proved too expensive.

Proteins from vegetable sources would often be suitable, but they often lack amino acids such as lysine, methionine and tryptophan which are indispensable for fish nutrition. Of the alternatives investigated so far, krill meal and proteins from single-celled organisms such as yeasts, bacteria or fungi, so-called “single cell proteins� (SCP) and leaf protein concentrates from plant foliage probably have the greatest chances of being commercially exploited within the next three to five years.

Of the fishmeal alternatives currently used in fish feed, soybeans, barley, rice and peas as well as rapeseed, lupine, wheat- and maize-gluten are the most important. Micro- and macro-algae are likely to play an equally important role in the future because these could replace not only fishmeal but also fish oil which is even scarcer. In the medium term, algae concentrates are generally expected to substitute up to one third of the omega-3-containing oil in fish feed. At present, however, algae research is still in its infancy. Our present knowledge concentrates on a few relatively well studied algae species. The

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[ AQUACULTURE ] Krill and insect meal are important animal fishmeal alternatives

Feed composition is optimally adapted to the needs of individual fish species to enable fast healthy growth.

biochemical diversity of algae species is considerably larger than that of all terrestrial plants combined, which makes it difficult to generalise the nutrient profiles within this diverse group.

However, laboratory analyses of 19 tropical marine algae and 34 marine algae products show that almost all of them have a more or less complete spectrum of essential amino acids.

Soybean meal is probably the most widely used substitute for fishmeal. Soya is a compromise that combines high protein content (on average 47 to 50 per cent) with reasonable prices. However, the amino acid spectrum of soy protein does not quite meet the fish’s needs. The lysine content is close to that of fishmeal, but soy protein lacks sulphur-containing amino acids and tryptophan. For this reason alone, soya can be ruled out as a sole source of protein and must be mixed with other high-quality proteins in order to compensate for the deficits.

Great expectations also rest on SCP, which can be produced on an industrial scale in a very simple and cost-effective way using sustainable methods. Yeasts, bacteria and other single-cell organisms

grow very quickly on dry or liquid carbonaceous substrates and can multiply their biomass within a short period of time. They contain many vitamins, lipids and carbohydrates, and their proteins are characterized by well-balanced amino acid profiles. SCP production is currently dominated on an industrial scale by two commercial processes. One uses paraffin as a substrate for growing yeast, mostly Candida lipolytica.

The other method uses methanol as a substrate, and the preferred organism is methylophilus methylotrophus. Bacteria cultures on methanol have the advantage over yeasts that their protein is easier to purify. Bacteria also grow at higher temperatures of up to 50°C, while yeasts rarely tolerate more than 37°C. Since the cooling of the bioreactors is a key cost factor there is a lot in favour of bacteria, especially as they also score better than yeasts in terms of protein content (with yeasts containing only 60 per cent protein compared to 70 per cent in bacteria).

In principle, it would even be feasible to cultivate SCP on impure substrates such as industrial waste. However, the risk of contamination with mycotoxins (e. g. aflatoxin) is quite high, which is why they are mostly avoided.

The largest potentially alternative source of protein is krill. These are small marine crustaceans that are concentrated in huge quantities at the earth’s poles in the Arctic and Antarctic. Fishery biologists estimate that over 300 million tonnes could be harvested annually without causing excessive damage to krill stocks. However, greater economic exploitation is offset by the enormous capital and technical expenditure required for a profitable krill fishery. Krill meal contains 55 protein but also about 15 ash.

This high ash content could be the reason why in comparative farming tests fish fed on krill grew about twenty per cent less well than fish that received feed containing fishmeal. Krill meal continues to have a certain importance as a feed additive in salmonid rearing because the shells of krill contain a lot of carotenoids which give the salmon meat its red colour.

An idea that is still relatively new is that of using insect meal as a way of responding to the protein shortage in fish feed for aquaculture. Tests with trout and tilapia feed, in which fishmeal was fully replaced by meal from housefly larvae (Musca domestica) showed no differences in growth or feed conversion. In order to increase protein yield, the few companies that produce insect meal industrially use considerably larger fly species. AgriProtein, a South African producer, for example, cultivates the maggots of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) which can reach two to three centimetres in size after just four weeks. With 8.5 billion flies, around 50 tonnes of larvae can be produced daily from 250 tonnes of waste. They feed on organic waste from supermarkets, restaurants and slaughterhouses. Extraction of

the protein from the large larvae is rather difficult. As soon as the maggots have reached their “harvesting size� they are collected, cleaned, degreased and then pressed to magmeal (“mag� as in maggot).

Tests have shown that insect meal made from fly larvae that have only been dried and ground together with their outer shells is not suitable for feeding fish. Pellets produced in this way were extremely hard and were spurned even by tilapias. Because the results otherwise were good, protein-rich larvae of flies and other insects are now regarded as a source of hope when it comes to finding alternatives to fishmeal. For insect meal to be used in feed for aquaculture would, however, require its approval as feed

There is not just one fishmeal for every purpose. Special meals for particular species and single-variety meals such as this “salmon meal� are particularly popular in some application fields.

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[ AQUACULTURE ] for farmed animals within the EU, which has not yet been obtained.

The absence of official approval is probably the main reason why potential investors are still reluctant to invest their money in this type of protein production.

The spectrum of possible substitutes for fishmeal in feed for aquaculture is broad and continues to grow. At present, concentrates, isolates, meals and oils from plants, mostly from agricultural production, are mainly used for feed production. Soybeans, barley, rice and peas, or even potato protein can be used, and organic waste from bioenergy and bioplastics production may soon be added. Unfortunately, the plant proteins lack important amino acids such as lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. This deficiency can be remedied by extracts of seaweed and microalgae, but it is clear that none of these substances can on its own completely replace fishmeal. Fish species that feed primarily on animal protein in the wild need taurine as an essential nutrient. That is why this must also be present in aquaculture feed, which is difficult for agricultural raw materials because taurine does not occur in terrestrial plants, or at least has not yet been detected there. In this case, too, macro-algae can present a solution, as significant amounts of taurine have been detected in Laminaria, Undaria and Porphyra.

Some types of algae even contain pigments (carotenoids, astaxanthin) that give salmon and other salmonids or ornamental koi the desired intense colouring

Fish feed requires the right mix of different ingredients Although the nutrient profiles of the alternatives differ from the composition of fishmeal they at

least go some way towards reducing our dependence on marine resources. Whereas in the past feed manufacturers simply used fishmeal and could be sure that the nutritional requirements of fish and crustaceans were covered, much greater effort today goes into trying to find the right mixture for every species at every age, and the right proportions of the used components in the

feed cocktail. This increases the demands on and the responsibility of feed researchers, who have to solve numerous problems at the same time. The composition of many of the alternative feedstuffs has to be modified and specially prepared in order to render them suitable for use in aquaculture at all. Some ingredients, especially vitamins and lipids, need to be stabilized in order to preserve them

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for at least a certain period of time.

If they are stored in a dry or frozen state there is an increased risk of oxidation and loss of nutritional value. Other potential feedstuffs contain compounds that cannot be utilised by the digestive system of a fish species or are even harmful. If bioavailability is not guaranteed, nutritional deficiencies can occur even though the nutrient required is actually present in the

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[ AQUACULTURE ] feed. Sometimes even dangerous ingredients may be present in the alternative feeds, which then have a toxic effect on the fishes.

Soybeans are used most frequently as a substitute for fishmeal. The beans have a high protein content but lack some important amino acids.

Antinutritional factors found in feed components are also harmful.

They are only poorly utilized by fish and can cause metabolic disorders. They disturb the uptake and availability of nutrients or interfere with the fish’s metabolism, and the biological effects can range from a slight reduction in animal performance to death. For example, some polysaccharides, beta-glucans and lectins, as well as saponins and tannins, which are mainly found in plant feedstuffs (soybeans, for example) have an antinutritional effect. Antinutritional factors must be deactivated and eliminated by special treatments in order to be able to use these raw materials in the feed at all.

This brief list alone gives an idea of the immense challenges facing feed researchers and producers.

Fish feed not only has to be highly digestible and meet the nutritional requirements of farmed fish or crustaceans but it also has to be available in the required quantities and be as inexpensive as possible. After all, feed is already the largest item in the balance sheet of aquaculture companies, accounting for almost 50 to 60 of production costs. And it is also important to take into account the future viability of the feed alternatives so that the same problems are not encountered again in ten or twenty years‘ time. Global aquaculture is growing rapidly, and with it the demand for aquafeed. Alternative feeds for the future are expected to help reduce environmental pollution and lower nitrogen levels in the aquatic environment.

Maggots of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) reach a size of two to three centimetres in four weeks and are then processed to high-quality insect meal.

Fish feed has to taste good for the fish to pick it up at all and so researchers are looking for

substances that stimulate appetite. Consistency and structure of the feed also have to be adapted to the natural diet of individual species. And at the end of the process, the fish produced in aquaculture have to taste good for the final consumer who wants to enjoy the same health benefits as those known and expected from wild fish. This applies in particular to the content of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA which fish, too, can only absorb via their feed. A solution to this problem is already in sight.

Evonik, a specialty chemical company, and Royal DSM, a global science-based company active in healthcare, nutrition and materials, announced in June 2017 that they are investing 200 million US dollars in a facility for the industrial production of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids from natural marine algae. The plant is scheduled to go into production at the Blair (Nebraska) site in the USA in 2019 and is expected to meet 15 per cent of the global salmon farming industry‘s EPA and DHA requirements. The feed manufacturer Skretting is already using algae oil in salmon and trout feed in pilot trials.

Implementation of the numerous demands within the aquafeed industry already began years ago.

Research and industry have set their course in the right direction but they still have a long way to go before they reach their goal. In 1990, 90 of the salmon feed used in Norway still came from marine resources, i.e. fish oil, fishmeal and krill meal. Today, this proportion has fallen below 30. About 70 of today’s salmon feed is of agricultural origin, mainly rapeseed oil and soy protein concentrate.

But this is only the beginning of a development that will likely lead to some changes and surprises in the coming years. mk

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[ AQUACULTURE ] Sustainable development of aquaculture in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea

GFCM strategy gradually crystallises

Sea cages such as these may become more common in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea as the GFCM’s strategy for the sustainable development of aquaculture in the region is finalised.

A

Draft Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Aquaculture in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea was recently released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). With the triple goals of (a) an efficient regulatory and administrative framework for sector management, (b) enhanced interactions between aquaculture and the environment, and (c) a marketoriented approach to sector development, the ambitious strategy plan seeks to establish a sensible, sustainable regional approach to governing this

rapidly growing sector of the seafood industry.

Aquaculture growing by leaps and bounds The FAO estimates that globally aquaculture will remain one of the fastest-growing sectors for animal food production with output expected to expand at a rate of 3 per annum over the 2015–2025 period. In the Mediterranean and Black Sea countries, this would, according to some aquaculture national strategies, translate into a production of more than 4.6 million tonnes by 2020-2030, says

Fabio Massa GFCM senior aquaculture officer and backstopping officer for the GFCM Scientific Advisory Committee on Aquaculture (CAQ).

Production, therefore, is not the problem. Mediterranean marine aquaculture i.e. sea bass & sea bream industry has been technically quite successful as far

“... according to some aquaculture national strategies, the production is expected to reach over 4.600.000 tonnes by 2020-2030 in the Mediterranean and Black Sea riparian countries�

Fabio Massa, GFCM senior aquaculture ofďŹ cer and backstopping ofďŹ cer for the GFCM ScientiďŹ c Advisory Committee on Aquaculture (CAQ)

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[ AQUACULTURE ] as production is concerned, says Prof. Ferit Rad, Dept. of Aquaculture, Mersin University, Turkey “We have no problem with producing fish. To me, the main

ing. As the industry continues to flourish (the region’s output in 2014 totaled 2.4 million tonnes, valued at USD 6.8 billion), concerns have been raised in terms of its sustain-

“To me, the main challenges are: problems related to allocation of production sites for aquaculture, lack of investment-friendly legislative and administrative frameworks, and negative public perception/social acceptability regarding aquaculture and aquaculture products�

Prof. Ferit Rad, Dept. of Aquaculture, Mersin University, Turkey challenges are: problems related to allocation of production sites for aquaculture, lack of investment-friendly legislative and administrative frameworks, and negative public perception/social acceptability regarding aquaculture and aquaculture products.�

The expanding aquaculture industry in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea has contributed significantly to the supply of sustainable and healthy food fish, both within the region and outside, and has created direct and indirect employment opportunities, including in coastal communities where job opportunities are generally lack-

ability. The aquaculture sector thus has a crucial economic and social importance in the region which is only likely to be strengthened over time; it is therefore in the interest of all stakeholders that the aquaculture be, and remain, sustainable.

Three years in the making The FAO draft strategy plan is the result of three years of research and consultations by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) of the FAO, the competent regional body for fisheries management in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The term “fisheries management�

is used here in the broadest sense because the overarching objective of the GFCM is the conservation and sustainable use, at the biological, social, economic and environmental level, of living marine resources, as well as the sustainable development of aquaculture.

The GFCM is currently composed of 24 Contracting Parties (23 countries and the European Union) and 3 Cooperating non-Contracting Parties (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia and Ukraine), collectively referred to as CPCs.

plans for a regional strategy with practical opportunities for cooperation. Given the active growth and tremendous potential of aquaculture throughout the region, the similarities of species production and marketing means, and the oft-stressed importance of the role of aquaculture in supplying food and nutrition needs of the world’s burgeoning population, the need for coordination of the many national management plans in such a regional strategy is readily apparent.

In 2015, the GFCM established an Aquaculture Task Force charged with developing a strategy for the sustainable development of Mediterranean and Black Sea aquaculture, with a goal to achieve the sector’s sustainable potential by the year 2030. This strategy plan is in line with UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 (Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources), as well as SDG 2 (Zero hunger), SDG 6 (Clean water and sanitation), SDG 8 (Decent work and economic growth), and others.

A challenging task for the Task Force

The Task Force has met multiple times with governments, stakeholders, and experts, to compile information on existing national

Aquaculture, like capture fisheries, has transboundary issues, in terms not so much of fish migration, but of environmental impacts. To alleviate negative impacts and capitalize on positive ones, and to help ensure sustainability of production as well as environmental health, a regional rather than purely national approach is logically the most efficient way forward. Yet different nations can have different goals and preferred means to achieve them, sometimes in potential conflict with one another. This was a challenge faced by the GFCM Task Force: how to coordinate the region’s different management

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[ AQUACULTURE ] approaches to sustainable aquaculture development.

Despite many of the same species and similar if evolving levels and means of production and

there is a critical lack of resources to provide capacity building in aquaculture, says Tetiana Yakovlieva of (title/organization and/or Task Force member?), and in that sense the strategy is an impor-

countries that are less developed in some areas, adds Milena Krasic, Advisor for aquaculture, Directorate for Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Montenegro.

The GFCM commitment

â€œâ€Śthose components of the strategy, which prove themselves as versatile and exible tools for the development of aquaculture‌, can become models for wider implementation.â€?

Tetiana Yakovlieva, Head of Division of Aquaculture and Reproduction of Water Bioresources of the State Agency of Fisheries of Ukraine

marketing strategies, the aquaculture sectors of the nations and localities bordering the Mediterranean and Black Seas sometimes take different management approaches, have different geo-spatial and market planning issues, and different environmental concerns. The FAO strategy plan is designed to harmonise these national programmes to address common challenges – a framework and a tool towards capacity building at the regional level, for development of sustainable aquaculture including environmental and market related issues, says Prof. Rad. For some countries

tant development tool. Since countries are at different levels of

The GFCM has a clear mandate to promote the sustainable development and responsible management of aquaculture, a task it has supported since 1995 through the CAQ. The main areas covered by this committee address for instance issues connected to aquaculture governance, the promotion of marine spatial planning and allocated zones for aquaculture (AZA), environmental monitoring programmes for

“It is expected that countries with successful practices, e.g. environmental protection and marketing of products, will share their knowledge with countries that are less developed in some areas.�

Milena Krasic, Advisor for aquaculture, Directorate for Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Montenegro development, it is expected that those who have successful practices, ie environmental protection and marketing of products, will share their knowledge with

marine cage finfish farming, sustainable management of coastal lagoons and the development of sustainability indicators at the national and regional levels.

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The CAQ follows an ecosystem approach to aquaculture and is also promoting cooperation in the region through a series of projects. The consultative process among the main actors is well underway and the outcomes will be translated into an aquaculture strategy by the ATF. Once the strategy has been approved by the Commission, it will be adopted by the CPCs. This degree of discussion will naturally prolong the process and allow to obtain a strategy that is acceptable to, and implementable by, most if not all the countries in the region.

Might the Mediterranean and Black Sea strategy for aquaculture become a model for regions elsewhere in the world? Every region has its own characteristics and own challenges with regard to development of aquaculture, says Ferit Rad. Nevertheless, he hopes that this strategy will be a source of inspiration and a general framework for addressing similar challenges in other regions.

A regional meeting to operationalise the strategy will be held on 13 March in Trabzon, Turkey.

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ITALY

Research under the Success project identiďŹ es challenges, potential solutions in the Italian mussel sector

Consumers interested in certified products Success or “Strategic Use of Competitiveness towards Consolidating the Economic Sustainability of the European Seafood Sectorâ€? is a European research project ďŹ nanced over three years (2015-2018) and is part of the H2020 Strategy. The overall aim of the project is to reinforce the competitiveness of the European ďŹ sheries and aquaculture industries.

S

ome of the research carried out under the SUCCESS project has been based on the Italian mussel sector. The scientists carried out a number of task including: r Ç” F DPMMFDUJPO PG EBUB PO RVBOUJ ties, average ex farm prices and production value r 3FDPOTUSVDUJOH UIF NVTTFM value chain using data from national statistical sources and through direct interviews with the main stakeholders involved in the formation of the final price at consumption level r $PMMFDUJPO PG EBUB PO DPTUT BOE revenues of companies in the mussel segment r $PNQBSJTPO PG CBMBODF TIFFU indices and performance indicators of the Italian mussel sector with the main European competitors r "OBMZTJT UISPVHI JOUFSWJFXT PG the main bottlenecks that can jeopardize the growth of the mussel sector r "OBMZTJT PG CPUUMFOFDLT JO UIF value chain that reduce profit for producers

Rare display of unity at workshop Ç” F TUSFOHUI PG UIF QSPKFDU TUFNT from the strong involvement of stakeholders in the research activiUJFT "T QBSU PG UIF QSPKFDU B NFFU JOH XBT IFME JO $BUUPMJDB MBTU .BZ Ç” F NFFUJOH XBT BUUFOEFE CZ BMM

Economic overview and performance

representatives of mussel producers, the main wholesalers, who provide for the purification and wholeTBMF PG NVTTFMT CPUI JO *UBMZ BOE abroad, and the European president PG NVTTFM QSPEVDFST ǔ F FWFOU achieved two important goals: − for the first time around 40 producers representing over 70 companies attended the same meeting − for the first time the meeting was held with the first national association of mussel producers.

Ç” FSF XFSF ħčį GBSNT JO ĨČħĪ PG which around half are small enterQSJTFT XJUI MFTT UIBO ĂŞ WF FNQMPZ *O ĨČħč FOFSHZ DPTUT TIPXFE BO FFT Ç” FTF BSF VTVBMMZ GBNJMZ abnormal increase compared with owned and managed, and the UIF QSFWJPVT ZFBS Ç” JT BTQFDU XBT same people are involved also in discussed with the stakeholders other fishing activities, such as the BOE UIF SFBTPO JT QSJNBSJMZ MJOLFE catch of the seeds. Italian mussel with new rules that oblige the proQSPEVDUJPO JO UIF MBTU TFWFO ZFBST ducers to move the new installahas shown a significant contrac- UJPOT CFZPOE UISFF OBVUJDBM NJMFT UJPO JO WBMVF ħįĆ?

DPNQBSFE XJUI GSPN UIF DPBTUMJOF Ç” F HSFBUFS UIF WPMVNF ÄŹĆ?

XIJDI DPSSF distance meant an increase in fuel ǔ FTF UXP HPBMT SFQSFTFOUFE spond to a decrease of more than DPOTVNQUJPO CZ CPBUT UP SFBDI UIF a turning point for the Italian &63į čN BOE PWFS Ċ čČČ UPOOFT facilities and also meant higher fees mussel production sector, the for private surveillances services biggest in terms of cultivated vol- In volume terms the mussel seg- UP NPOJUPS UIF GBDJMJUJFT ǔ F TFH umes, since before this it was not NFOU JT NPSF JNQPSUBOU UIBO BOZ ment, while producing significant SFQSFTFOUFE CZ B VOJê FE USBEF PUIFS BRVBDVMUVSF TFDUPS XJUI volumes of product, is the one with BTTPDJBUJPO "XBSF PG UIF JNQPS B QSPEVDUJPO PG ĭĪ č UIPVTBOE the worst economic performance. tance of the event, the meeting tonnes, but it is an unprofitable On average gross value added organisers sought to use it to: segment for future investments, (7" EVSJOH ĨČħĊ ĨČħĪ XBT BCPVU due to low ex farm prices. &63ĊČN XIJMF OFU NBSHJO BOE r WBMJEBUF UIF FDPOPNJD JOEJDBUPST of the Italian sector and obtain feedback related to anomalies GPVOE JO UIF BOBMZTJT PG DFSUBJO production and operative costs r EJTDVTT UIF NVTTFM WBMVF DIBJO JO *UBMZ UP VOEFSTUBOE UIF HSBZ areas, where it might be appropriate to invest to strengthen the bargaining power of producers r QSFTFOU UIF MJTU PG CPUUMFOFDLT detected in the sector through UIF BOBMZTJT DBSSJFE PVU UISPVHI

interviews, and ask participants

about the order and degree of importance of the bottlenecks.

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Ç” F UXP NBJO GBDUPST BĹ€ FDUJOH operating costs in the breeding of mussels are wages and salaries at ÄŞÄŞĆ? BOE TFFE BU ÄŠÄŞĆ?

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Some 40 representatives of Italian mussel producers attended a meeting in Cattolica to discuss among other topics the mussel value chain in Italy and the bottlenecks that hindered producers from expanding production.

&#*5 XFSF SFTQFDUJWFMZ &63ħĪ čN BOE &63ħĊ čN ǔ F NVTTFM TFH ment is unable to generate cash PQFSBUJOH DBTI Í PX JT &63Ď ĭN

"WFSBHF SFWFOVFT JO UIF MBTU UXP ZFBST XBT PWFS &63čČN XIJDI JT BQQSPYJNBUFMZ &63ĊĨĊ UIPVTBOE for each mussel farm. ǔ F MJNJUFE DBQBDJUZ UP HFOFS BUF SFWFOVF JT EVF UP UIF QPPSMZ DBQJUBMJTFE TUSVDUVSF ǔ F IVNBO SFTPVSDFT FNQMPZFE BSF CFMPX the number that would be appropriate to make work more effiDJFOU ǔ F JOUFSWJFXFE QSPEVDFST farmers involved in the SUCCESS NFFUJOH IBWF SFQFBUFEMZ TUBUFE UIBU UIFZ IBWF EJŠDVMUZ JO IJS JOH NPSF FNQMPZFFT BT XPSL JT WFSZ TFBTPOBM GSPN 'FCSVBSZ UP June in some regions, or at most UP "VHVTU JO PUIFS SFHJPOT .PTU PG UIF FNQMPZFFT BSF PDDVQJFE JO GVMM UJNF KPCT *O ĨČħĪ UIFSF XFSF BSPVOE ħ ČČČ XIJMF UIF OVNCFS PG

'5&T XBT BCPVU ÄŽÄŠÄŚ XIJDI JT EVF UP UIF TFBTPOBMJUZ PG UIF NVTTFM harvesting phases.

Two main areas of mussel production in Italy Mussel production is located in two main geographical areas: the "ESJBUJD BSFB XIFSF IJHIFS PVUQVU JT GPVOE JO UIF &NJMJB 3PNBHOB SFHJPO BOE UIF 5ZSSIFOJBO BSFB In addition, significant production comes from Puglia, and some GSPN UIF $BNQBOJB SFHJPO *UBMZ MJLF 4QBJO BOE 'SBODF DPODFO USBUFT JUT QSPEVDUJPO NBJOMZ PO molluscs. It provides two-thirds PG &6 BRVBDVMUVSF QSPEVDUJPO with regard to mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis BOE JT UIF NBJO EU producer of clams (Ruditapes philippinarum XJUI ÄŻÄŞ ĨĆ? JO WPM VNF BOE įħ ÄŹĆ? JO WBMVF PG UPUBM &6 production.

Ç” F QFSDFOUBHF PG NVTTFMT GPS UIF QSPDFTTJOH JOEVTUSZ JT WFSZ MPX MFTT UIBO ĨĆ? PG UIF OBUJPOBM QSPEVDUJPO BMUIPVHI JO UIF TUB tistics on food consumption mussels are among the first products UP CF CPVHIU CZ *UBMJBO GBNJMJFT Ç” F TFDUPS JT GSBHNFOUFE UIFSF fore the reconstruction of the value chain considers the main factors that drive the formation of prices PG QSPEVDUJPO JODSFBTFE TVQQMZ which is expressed in the producUJPO PG UIF "ESJBUJD Ç” F BOBMZTJT PG FY GBSN QSJDFT PG mussels has shown a price almost VODIBOHFE JO UIF MBTU ĂŞ WF ZFBST though both consumption and DPOTVNFS QSJDFT IBWF HSBEVBMMZ JODSFBTFE *O ĨČħď ĨČħĭ QSJDFT PG PWFS &63Ĩ ÄŤÄŚ LH XFSF SFDPSEFE for mussels with organic certificaUJPO BOE GPS NVTTFMT DBSSZJOH QSP UFDUFE EFTJHOBUJPO PG PSJHJO 1%0

Italian Mussel Production 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Volume (Tons)

67239

76800

64256

64300

63257

64235

63700

Value (Euro)

59275

64073

53365

56364.54

42433

44355

49766 Source: Eurostat 2016

MBCFMT 'SPN B NBSLFU QPJOU PG WJFX JU TIPXT B UFOEFODZ BNPOH consumers to appreciate the consumption of Italian mussels and to SFDPHOJ[F UIFJS WBMVF JG UIFZ IBWF DFSUJĂŞ DBUFT PG RVBMJUZ PSHBOJD PS international recognition, such as 1%0 XIJDI FOTVSF UIF DFSUBJOUZ PG PSJHJO BOE UIF FYDMVTJWJUZ PG USBEJ tional production methods. Unlike GBSNFE ĂŞ TI NVTTFMT NPSF DMPTFMZ GPMMPX UIF DPNNFSDJBM EZOBNJDT PG ĂŞ TIFSJFT QSPEVDUT FTQFDJBMMZ BT regards enhancements such as the RVBMJUZ DFSUJĂŞ DBUJPO PG QSPEVDUJPO processes. Consortia producing CJWBMWFT JODMVEJOH NVTTFMT

where there is vertical integration, also have purification centres and provide direct marketing. In this case, the product certification is the added value that allows the sale of mussels to the retail chains.

"DDPSEJOH UP B TVSWFZ DPOEVDUFE JO *UBMZ JO XIJDI NPSF UIBO ĨČČ fish consumers were interviewed, it emerged that for molluscs the consumer expresses a great deal of interest in knowing the origin of the product and receiving certain JOGPSNBUJPO PO IFBMUI BOE IZHJFOF TUBOEBSET .PSF UIBO ÄŻÄŚĆ? PG UIF TBNQMF TUBUFE UIBU EFTQJUF TMJHIUMZ IJHIFS QSJDFT ħČ ħčĆ? NPSF UIFZ BSF XJMMJOH UP CVZ NPMMVTDT NBJOMZ SFGFSSFE UP NVTTFM Ç” F UFOEFODZ JT UP CF TVSF PG PSJHJO BOE RVBMJUZ because molluscs often cause contamination dangerous to human IFBMUI Ç” F QSPEVDFST QSFTFOU BU the Cattolica meeting confirmed the data emerging and described UIFJS BDUJWJUJFT UP RVBMJGZ BOE JO

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TPNF DBTFT FOIBODF UIF PĹ€ FS PG mussels.

Bottlenecks in the mussel sector and opportunities in the future

ǔ F NBKPS QSPEVDFST XIP BSF members of the same consortium During the SUCCESS project and who sell the mussels through information about the most a producers’ organisation, have EFTDSJCFE UIF EZOBNJDT VOEFSMZ JOH UIF DIPJDF UP DFSUJGZ PSHBOJD NVTTFMT PS TFMM UIFN BT TVDI POMZ XJUI JOGPSNBUJPO SFRVJSFE CZ MBX BCPVU UIF IZHJFOF BOE GPPE TBGFUZ 3FMBUFE UP UIF FY GBSN QSJDF UIF mussel producers have confirmed UIF TUBHOBUJPO BOE UIFJS JOBCJMJUZ UP push the integration of phases following the collection of mussels.

Downstream of production, the integration is not widespread, since the entire distribution process is entrusted to wholesalers, which TVQQMZ CPUI UIF XIPMFTBMF ĂŞ TI NBSLFUT BOE )PSFDB TFDUPS 'SPN ĂŞ TI NBSLFUT BSPVOE ÄŻĆ? PG NVTTFMT are exported.

important bottlenecks in the musTFM TFDUPS XBT DPMMFDUFE Ç” FTF were discussed with the farmers, who explained that the main need of producers is to improve the ex-farm price and promote

the expansion in national and GPSFJHO NBSLFUT Ç” F CPUUMFOFDLT confirmed during the discussion were: r -BDL PG BSFBT UIBU BSF BWBJMBCMF for new installations

FISHFORUM

0WFS ÄŻÄŚĆ? PG UIF FOUJSF QSPEVDUJPO JT EJSFDUMZ TPME UP XIPMFTBMFST XIP are responsible for purification BOE TBMFT 0OF HSPXUI TUSBUFHZ GPS UIF NVTTFM TFDUPS JO *UBMZ FOWJT ages making investments for the purification of mussels through &.'' GVOET Ç” F PQQPSUVOJUZ GPS small producers would be to join up with producer organisations and be able to make investments UP JODSFBTF UIF RVBOUJUZ PĹ€ FSFE enhance it through certifications and arrange to place the mussels on the main distribution channels. $FSUBJOMZ BHHSFHBUJPO BDUJWJUJFT XPVME CF TVQQPSUFE CZ CFUUFS DPM laboration between producers, and CZ HSFBUFS QBSUJDJQBUJPO JO BTTPDJB tions. Moreover, it will be an opporUVOJUZ UP EJWFSTJGZ BDUJWJUJFT $VS SFOUMZ UIF EFHSFF PG EJWFSTJĂŞ DBUJPO JO UIF NVTTFMT TFDUPS JT WFSZ MPX Ç” FSF XFSF OP DBTFT PG FDPOPNJD activities related to tourism or EJSFDU QSPDFTTJOH *O OPSUIFSO *UBMZ there are some fishing cooperatives UIBU BHHSFHBUF JOUFSOBMMZ BOE CSFFE mussels, clams and other bivalves.

10-14 DECEMBER 2018 FAO HEADQUARTERS, ROME - ITALY

www.fao.org/gfcm/FishForum2018 #FishForum2018

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often damages the producers FDPOPNJDBMMZ BOE PGUFO QVUT them in a position of default XIJDI PCWJPVTMZ EPFT OPU BMMPX them to access either public funding or bank credit lines.

Distribution of operational costs Other operational costs, 9% Energy, 6%

Mutually beneficial discussions between producers from different regions

Repair and maintenance, 6%

Wages and salaries, 44% Raw materials: livestock, 35%

Source: STECF EWG 14-10

r 1PPS BCJMJUZ UP JOUSPEVDF OFX species of shells r * NQSPWJOH QSPGFTTJPOBM USBJOJOH BOE TVQQPSU XPNFOhT FNQMPZ ment r * OBCJMJUZ UP WFSUJDBMMZ JOUFHSBUF r 'SBHNFOUBUJPO PG QSPEVDFST MBDL PG OBUJPOBM BTTPDJBUJPO

r 'SBHNFOUFE TVQQMZ r - POH TVQQMZ DIBJO GSPN QSP ducer to final consumer r - BDL PG DFSUJê DBUJPO MBCFMMJOH UIBU can enhance the fresh products

to expand or build new facilities. *O BEEJUJPO JO NBOZ BSFBT UIFSF has been an increase in human BDUJWJUJFT EBNBHJOH UIF RVBMJUZ PG water where long-line breeding GBDJMJUJFT XFSF BMSFBEZ JOTUBMMFE Ç” F QBDF BU XIJDI BVUIPSJ[BUJPOT are granted both for new installations and for the renewal of state QSPQFSUZ DPODFTTJPOT PG FYJTUJOH GBSNT NPSFPWFS JT EJÅ€ FSFOU GSPN region to region, creating barriers XJUIJO UIF TBNF *UBMJBO UFSSJUPSZ

ǔ F NBJO DPOTUSBJOUT BSF DPOTJE ered to be slow speed and difê DVMUZ JO UIF SFHJPOBM TQIFSF UP obtain permits and concessions

.BOZ SFHJPOT DPOUJOVF UP FRVBUF NVTTFM BRVBDVM ture with fish farming so that SFRVJSFNFOUT BSF QMBDFE PO UIF

producers regarding the release of sediments and about enviSPONFOUBM BOBMZTFT PO UIF RVBM JUZ PG BRVBDVMUVSF XBUFS QSPDFTT 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF EJGGFSFOU *UBM ian approach to calculating the cost of using the marine breeding areas continues to be a bottleneck: the fees are considerBCMZ MPXFS JG UIFZ BSF UP CF QBJE CZ KPJOU TUPDL DPNQBOJFT PS CZ cooperating companies. Ç” F BEWJTBCJMJUZ PG VTJOH &.'' funds for future investments was OPU EJTDVTTFE DPNQSFIFOTJWFMZ Ç” JT JT CFDBVTF CVSFBVDSBUJD BOE administrative fragmentation

Value chain map Imports 13197 t. (mainly from Spain 56% and from Greece 36%) Value of Imports 8.89 mil.€

Domestic production: 75000 t(estimated)

0.78€/kg

0.67€/kg Depuration Center

0.82 €/kg Wholesalers 9% of

Exports (fresh and deep frozen) mainly to 65% France 22% Spain Average price 0.98€/kg

ǔ F HPBM PG JOWPMWJOH UIF TUBLF holders and reporting the real OFFET PG UIF TFDUPS UP ê OE B XBZ to constructive growth has been XJEFMZ BDIJFWFE 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF meeting managed to summarise UIF NBJO HSBZ BSFBT PG UIF NVTTFM TFDUPS CVU BCPWF BMM UP JEFOUJGZ B KPJOU OBUJPOBM BDUJPO MJOF .BOZ present, whether members of a trade associations or not, found it WFSZ JOUFSFTUJOH UP DPNQBSF OPUFT XJUI QSPEVDFST PG EJŀ FSFOU SFHJPOT BOE UP FYDIBOHF JEFBT PO BOZ CFTU QSBDUJDFT BMSFBEZ BEPQUFE PS BMUFSOBUJWFMZ ê OE DPNNPO TPMV UJPOT ǔ FSF XBT NVDI JOUFSFTU JO UIF QBSUJDJQBUJPO PG NBOZ iZPVOHu CSFFEFST XIP TBJE UIFZ IBE OFWFS wanted public aid or support, such as from past structural funds etc., but expected the commitment of the state and the regions to support them with the creation and provision of infrastructures to be shared. Participants shared the conviction that the sector has significant margins of growth, but UIBU CSFFEJOH BDUJWJUZ NVTU OFD FTTBSJMZ CF TVQQPSUFE CZ WFSUJ cal integration activities, better DPNNVOJDBUJPO BOE CZ KPJOJOH or reinforcing producer organizations.

91%

Maria Cozzolino, Nisea, cozzolino@nisea.eu Retailers 65% 1.40-1.90 €/kg

GDO 25% 1.50-2.20 €/kg

Final consumers

HORECA 10%

ǔ F 4VDDFTT QSPKFDU IBT SFDFJWFE funding from the European 6OJPO T )PSJ[PO ĨĦĨĦ SFTFBSDI and innovation programme under HSBOU BHSFFNFOU /P ĬĩīħĮĮ

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Fishalldays delivers ďŹ sh straight off the boat to consumers

Cleaning, gutting, and ďŹ lleting are the future Adding value to seafood products has several beneďŹ ts. These include greater convenience, higher earnings, longer shelf life, and the potential to open new markets among others. A ďŹ sherman in Molfetta near Bari is planning to process the ďŹ sh he catches before delivering it to his customers.

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roducers of raw material such as fish and other seaGPPE TUBOE UP HBJO JG UIFZ can add value to their product.

Value addition can be as simple as having ice on board the vessel to better preserve the fish on UIF KPVSOFZ CBDL UP QPSU PS JU could mean processing the fish CZ IFBEJOH HVUUJOH ĂŞ MMFUJOH PS GSFF[JOH 'VSUIFS QSPDFTTJOH UIF fish into smoked or marinated, PS JOUP TBMBET SFBEZ UP DPPL PS SFBEZ UP FBU EJTIFT BSF BMM XBZT PG adding value to the raw material. Ç” JT EFWFMPQNFOU JO UIF ĂŞ TI TFD UPS JT GPMMPXJOH B QBUUFSO BMSFBEZ TFFO JO UIF CFFG BOE QPVMUSZ JOEVTUSZ *O UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT GVS UIFS QSPDFTTFE QPVMUSZ QSPEVDUT GPS FYBNQMF BDDPVOUFE GPS ÄŹÄŚĆ?

PG UIF WBMVF PG UIF QPVMUSZ NBSLFU JO ĨČħČ DPNQBSFE XJUI KVTU ĨĆ? JO ħįďČ BDDPSEJOH UP B TQFBLFS BU

the recent regional conference in Madrid on new opportunities for value creation.

Direct sales to consumers become more popular 'JTIFSNFO VTVBMMZ DPODFOUSBUF on catching fish and selling the raw unprocessed fish for the highest price. Some however BSF QVSTVJOH EJĹ€ FSFOU TUSBUF gies to get a better price for their QSPEVDU Ç” JT DPVME NFBO GPS example, setting up a small proDFTTJOH GBDJMJUZ 0UIFST IPXFWFS are using the internet, social media, and direct marketing to eliminate the middleman and TFMM UIF ĂŞ TI EJSFDUMZ UP UIF DPO TVNFS *O QBSUT PG (FSNBOZ BOE Denmark fishers have for some ZFBST CFFO TFMMJOH EJSFDUMZ GSPN UIF RVBZ *O *UBMZ UPP ĂŞ TIFST BSF

F YQFSJNFOUJOH XJUI OFX XBZT of approaching consumers that EPFT BXBZ XJUI POF MJOL JO UIF WBMVF DIBJO %PNFOJDP 'BDDIJOJ a fisherman based in Molfetta OFBS #BSJ PO UIF "ESJBUJD DPBTU illustrates this approach. .S 'BDDIJOJ DPNFT GSPN B ê TIJOH GBNJMZ BOE IBT CFFO JO UIF CVTJ OFTT GPS NPSF UIBO čČ ZFBST )JT is a traditional Italian mixed trawl ê TIFSZ JO UIF "ESJBUJD DBUDI JOH TFWFSBM EJŀ FSFOU TQFDJFT PG fish, shellfish, and cephalopods, JODMVEJOH IBLF TRVJE PDUPQVT cuttlefish, monkfish, gurnard, QJOL TISJNQ NVMMFU BOE /PSXBZ MPCTUFS 5PEBZ .S 'BDDIJOJ IBT B TJOHMF ĨĪ N WFTTFM BOE VTFT JU UP ê TI UISPVHIPVU UIF ZFBS TVC KFDU UP UIF MFHBM SFTUSJDUJPOT ǔ JT USBOTMBUFT JOUP BCPVU Ī EBZT JO UIF XFFL " UZQJDBM USJQ TUBSUT GSPN

Ĩħ ČČ IST PO B 4VOEBZ FWFOJOH XJUI B TUPQ JO 7BTUP TPNF ĨČČ LN UP UIF OPSUI PG .PMGFUUB ǔ F vessel then returns to Molfetta BSSJWJOH CBDL PO 8FEOFTEBZ OJHIU 'SPN .PMGFUUB UIFSF BSF two kinds of vessels that are used to fish, explains Giovanni 'BDDIJOJ ǔ F ê STU BSF UIF CPBUT XIJDI BSF BXBZ GPS UIF EBZ MFBW ing in the morning and returning in the evening, while the other JT UIF LJOE PG WFTTFM PXOFE CZ .S 'BDDIJOJ UIBU DBO TUBZ BXBZ BU sea for two or three nights.

Catch volumes and fish sizes have fallen The catch volume depends on a number of factors including the season, the weather, conditions in the sea, but averages about Ĩ č U GPS FBDI USJQ "T B GJTIFSNBO

COLUMBUS SPEDITION GmbH Food Transport & Port Logistics We offer „Full-Service“ in frozen logistics " " "

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altogether, but when the time came to take a decision, he elected to retain his vessel, continue fishing, and instead make changes in UIF XBZ UIF ê TI XBT TPME )F SFB TPOFE UIBU TIPSUFOJOH UIF TVQQMZ DIBJO BOE TFMMJOH ê TI EJSFDUMZ to local consumers would strike a blow for local sourcing and reverse the decline in revenues.

Approaching the final consumer directly through social media

Domenico Facchini, a Molfetta fisherman uses social media, the internet, and telephone to sell and deliver fish directly to consumers.

XJUI B MPOH IJTUPSZ .S 'BDDIJOJ JT XFMM RVBMJGJFE UP DPNNFOU PO the changes that he has observed PWFS UIF ZFBST JO UIF DBUDIFT The size of the individual fish IBT CFDPNF TNBMMFS IF TBZT and so have the volumes parUJDVMBSMZ GPS DFSUBJO TQFDJFT 5IF "ESJBUJD JT NPSF PS MFTT B DMPTFE TFB TBZT .S 'BDDIJOJ BOE DPO ditions in the sea are similar to those in a large lake, for example, in terms of water exchange.

This can have an impact on the distribution of pollution from large shipping vessels that sail JO UIF "ESJBUJD "OPUIFS JTTVF is higher water temperatures DBVTFE CZ DMJNBUF DIBOHF XIJDI NBZ DBVTF GJTI UP NPWF UP BSFBT PG DPPMFS XBUFS *O .S 'BDDIJOJ T

Giovanni Facchini, Domenico’s son, gives his father a hand with deliveries on Fridays. The rest of the week he studies at university.

experience the average composition of the catch changes from ZFBS UP ZFBS 0OF ZFBS UIFSF NBZ be a lot of shrimp while the next NBZ CF CBE GPS TISJNQ CVU HPPE for hake. Prices too fluctuate depending on demand and supQMZ 1JOL TISJNQT GPS FYBNQMF VTFE UP CF &63ī &63Ĭ QFS LJMP and now prices are half. Hake VTFE UP CF &63ħĦ &63ħħ QFS LJMP BOE UIFZ UPP IBWF GBMMFO CZ IBMG On the other hand, prices of PUIFS TQFDJFT WBSZ POMZ TMJHIUMZ ǔ F DIBOHFT IF IBT TFFO JO the recent past he attributes to pollution, increasing water temperatures, and the increase in tuna, a fish which feeds on other species. In addition, drilling

(JPWBOOJ 'BDDIJOJ FYQMBJOT UIBU the main idea was to develop a difGFSFOU XBZ PG TFMMJOH UIF ê TI ǔ F usual channel was through the public market, while the alternaUJWF XBT B QSPKFDU DBMMFE 'JTIBMM EBZT UIBU CSPVHIU UIF ê TI EJSFDUMZ from the boat to the consumer. ǔ F DVTUPNFS DBO PSEFS UIF ê TI using a form that shows the species and the prices that are available. Ordering can be done using social media, including Whatsapp, PS 'BDFCPPL PS CZ FNBJM TNT PS PWFS UIF UFMFQIPOF ǔ F PSEFST BSSJWF PO %PNFOJDP 'BDDIJOJ T mobile phone from where he puts UIFN JOUP UIF TZTUFN HJWJOH UIFN B QSJPSJUZ 0SEFST IBWF UP CF JO CZ BU MFBTU ħĮ ĦĦ PO UIF EBZ QSJPS UP EFMJWFSZ XIJDI VTVBMMZ IBQQFOT PO 8FEOFTEBZ PS 'SJEBZ ǔ FSF BSF certain constraints regarding the PSEFST " DVTUPNFS IBT UP PSEFS BU MFBTU ĩ LH PG ê TI BOE BU MFBTU ħ LH QFS TQFDJFT ǔ F MJTU PG PSEFST JT TFOU UP the vessel and the orders are proDFTTFE ǔ F ê TI JO UIF SFGSJHFSBUFE hold is divided into two lots, one for the traditional market and the other based on the orders. When the boat arrives at the port, the fish is placed in boxes – one box per EFMJWFSZ ǔ F QBDLBHJOH DPNQMJFT XJUI BMM UIF SFMFWBOU IZHJFOF BOE TBOJUBSZ SFHVMBUJPOT

BDUJWJUZ GPS PJM BOE OBUVSBM HBT has, he thinks, had an impact on catches of cuttlefish. Over the MBTU ZFBST .S 'BDDIJOJ T DBUDIFT have been decreasing somewhat, QBSUMZ GPS UIF SFBTPOT NFOUJPOFE above, but also because of a tightening in the laws governing UIF IPVST UIBU NBZ CF TQFOU ê TI JOH BOE UIF DMPTFE TFBTPOT "T a result, income has fallen subTUBOUJBMMZ ǔ FTF DIBOHFT GPSDFE .S 'BDDIJOJ UP TUBSU DPOTJEFSJOH what he should do to arrest this decline. Some of his colleagues IBE PQUFE UP MFBWF UIF ê TIFSZ taking advantage of the vessel decommissioning programme Pŀ FSFE BU UIF UJNF CZ UIF &6 'JTIBMMEBZT IBT CFFO JO PQFSB .S 'BDDIJOJ UPP XPOEFSFE UJPO GPS GPVS ZFBST BOE TP GBS XIFUIFS IF TIPVME RVJU ê TIJOH .S ' BDDIJOJ JT UIF POMZ

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TJODF ĨČħč XIFO UIFSF XFSF POMZ ďČ IPVTFIPMET "OE UIF BNCJUJPO JT UP TBUJTGZ BMM UIFTF DMJFOUT JO UIF GVUVSF ǔ JT JT OPU IBQQFOJOH BU UIF moment because the catches are either not big enough or the wrong DPNQPTJUJPO TP UIF XBZ GPSXBSE NBZ CF UP KPJO UPHFUIFS XJUI PUIFS WFTTFMT XIPTF TUBOEBSET PG RVBM JUZ BOE IZHJFOF NBUDI UIPTF PG .S 'BDDIJOJ ǔ FTF WFTTFMT DPVME FWFO CF JO PUIFS QBSUT PG UIF "ESJBUJD XIJDI XPVME FOBCMF 'JTIBMMEBZT UP Pŀ FS UIF DPNQMFUF SBOHF PG TQFDJFT GPVOE JO UIF "ESJBUJD

the price at which we sell the ĂŞ TI TBZT (JPWBOOJ 'BDDIJOJ $VSSFOUMZ B CVZFS TBWFT BCPVU ÄŤÄŚĆ? XIFO IF QVSDIBTFT DFSUBJO TQFDJFT PG ĂŞ TI GSPN 'JTIBMMEBZT compared with a supermarket.

So, there is some scope to raise QSJDFT )PXFWFS JU XJMM BMXBZT CF DIFBQFS UP CVZ GSPN 'JTIBMMEBZT than from a supermarket. He has BMSFBEZ OPUFE UIBU QBSUJDVMBSMZ BNPOH ZPVOHFS CVZFST UIFSF JT an interest in the information UIBU 'JTIBMMEBZT TVQQMJFT BCPVU the fish, its nutritional profile, where it was caught, whether it is TVTUBJOBCMF USBDFBCJMJUZ FUD )F also supplies videos of the fish being packaged, how it is handled on board, which are then posted on social media. We are MJLF B CJH GBNJMZ TBZT %PNFOJDP 'BDDIJOJ 8IFO CVZFST XBOU information about filleting, or gutting then we send it to them or post a video.

Prices more competitive than in supermarkets 'PS UIF NPNFOU BMM UIF ĂŞ TI JT sold whole round. But in the next phase of the project the plan is to PĹ€ FS QSPDFTTFE ĂŞ TI IFBEFE HVU ted, and perhaps even filleted. #Z EPJOH UIJT XF DBO JODSFBTF Gabriela de Candia is a biologist working with the Facchinis.

fisherman who is offering this service, which is includes not POMZ SFDFJWJOH BOE QSPDFTT ing the orders, but also delivFSZ 5IF TZTUFN JT XPSLJOH WFSZ XFMM CFDBVTF TPNFUJNFT UIFZ are forced to stop taking orders because there is not enough fish.

In other words, the fish for which EFMJWFSZ DBO CF HVBSBOUFFE JT VTVBMMZ MFTT UIBO UIF JODPNJOH PSEFST 5PEBZ IPXFWFS OPU BMM the fish that is caught is sold to JOEJWJEVBMT CVU POMZ BCPVU ÄŠÄŤĆ?

The issue is that often there is too much fish of a particular kind. Pink shrimp for example NBZ BNPVOU UP ÄŠÄŚ ÄŞÄŚ CPYFT QFS week which is too much to sell to individual consumers. However, if orders exceed the catch UIFO GJTI DBO BMXBZT CF QVS chased at the wholesale market to fulfil them. The advantage of course is that the orders are in IBOE BOE CVZFST EP OPU IBWF UP be found.

Facchini Pesca

Number of regular consumers increases exponentially ǔ F QSPKFDU IBT DSFBUFE B EBUBCBTF PG TPNF Ĩ ČČČ VTFST UP XIPN B message goes out informing them XIFO UIF ê TI XJMM BSSJWF ǔ F DVT tomers then have two or three EBZT JO XIJDI UP QMBDF UIFJS PSEFST However, the composition of the catch will not be known before the vessel returns to port. Once the fish arrives in the port the boxes are loaded on to a refrigerated truck and are delivered from house to IPVTF JO B SBEJVT PG TPNF ĊČ LN from the Molfetta. Because the truck is refrigerated the boxes have a minimum of ice in them. Octopus BOE DVUUMFê TI XIJDI DBO CF EJSUZ are placed in plastic bags to separate them from the other species.

0G UIF Ĩ ČČČ QFPQMF JO UIF EBUB CBTF TPNF ĊČČ BSF GBJUIGVM DMJFOUT PSEFSJOH ê TI PODF FWFSZ XFFL PS GPSUOJHIU ǔ JT JT B ê WF GPME JODSFBTF

Tel.: +39 335 135 3410 domenicofacchini@tiscali.it facchinipesca@ďŹ shalldays.it Director: Domenico Facchini Activity: Catch and distribution of ďŹ sh and seafood

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Fishing vessel: Trawler Products: Hake, mullet, atďŹ sh, gurnard, other Mediterranean ďŹ sh species, cephalopods, crustaceans Volumes: Approximately 2.5 tonnes for each four-day ďŹ shing trip Customers: Final consumers, wholesalers, Employees: Four on boat

Via Gaetano Balice 3/8 70056 Molfetta (Ba) Italy

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The Italian Coast Guard is responsible for ďŹ sheries control

Monitoring the eet 24/7 The protection of Italy’s marine ďŹ sheries resources is the responsibility of the Italian Coast Guard, an institution ideally suited to this task provided as it is with the physical and legal infrastructure to defend the country’s more than 7,500 km of coastline. Protecting ďŹ sheries from overďŹ shing and from the negative impacts of other human activities is necessary to ensure the sustainability of the sector and its survival as a source of nutrition and livelihoods.

The authority of the Coast Guard extends all along the value chain

is to prepare the coordination rules and instructions which the local offices are expected to follow in the execution of 5IF SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ PG UIF /'$$ JT their duties. These documents to implement and coordinate all ensure the methodical executhe control activities along the tion of inspection and control in *UBMJBO DPBTU TBZT UIF SFTQPO particular when more than one TJCMF PGGJDFS XJUI *5$( /'$$ sub-centre is involved in the This covers the entire value BDUJWJUZ PS XIFO JU JT BO JOUFSOB chain – fishing, landing, and the tional operation involving two commercial activities that fol- or more EU Members States. low, up to the final consumer. 5IF /'$$ XIJDI JT CBTFE JO The national centre is organ- 3PNF BMTP IPVTFT UIF DPOUSPM JTFE JOUP ħč TVC DFOUSFT 'JTIFS BQQBSBUVT UIBU LFFQT BO FZF PO ies Control Sub-Centres, which the fishing fleet using VMS (vesare the local offices of the Coast TFM NPOJUPSJOH TZTUFN 5IJT JT B Guard located along the coast. TBUFMMJUF CBTFE TZTUFN UIBU TVQ "NPOH UIF UBTL PG UIF /'$$ plies data on a vessel’s position,

course, and speed to fishing BVUIPSJUJFT FWFSZ UXP IPVST 5IF ħč TVC DFOUSFT BMTP IBWF BDDFTT UP UIF 7.4 EBUB DPMMFDUFE CZ UIF /'$$ &VSPQFBO SFHVMBUJPOT demand that the VMS applies UP BMM GJTIJOH WFTTFMT PWFS ħĨ N however there is a derogation for WFTTFMT CFUXFFO ħĨ BOE ħč N UIBU BSF POMZ BDUJWF JO UIF UFSSJUPSJBM waters of the Member State and are out of port for a maximum PG ĨĪ IPVST 5IJT JOGPSNBUJPO when combined with nautical DIBSUT FOBCMFT UIF FOUSZ BOE FYJU of the fishing vessel to and from the fishing grounds as well as its activities in between to be plotted.

Source: Italian Coast Guard

T

IF /BUJPOBM 'JTIFSJFT $PO USPM $FOUSF /'$$ JT UIF department within the Italian Coast Guard that is responsible GPS ê TIFSJFT DPOUSPM #SPBEMZ JUT activities can be divided into two areas, surveillance and inspecUJPOT "MM *UBMJBO ê TIJOH WFTTFMT MPOHFS UIBO ħĨ N TPNF Ċ ďČČ PVU PG B UPUBM PG ħĨ ĨĭČ BSF NPOJUPSFE CZ UIF $PBTU (VBSE JSSFTQFDUJWF PG UIF XBUFST JO XIJDI UIFZ BSF operating, or of the port of landing. In addition, non-Italian vessels operating in Italian waters BSF TVCKFDU UP TVSWFJMMBODF CZ UIF /'$$ 4VSWFJMMBODF JT DBSSJFE PVU CZ NPOJUPSJOH TJHOBMT JTTVFE CZ the vessel that provide its position. *OTQFDUJPOT BSF DBSSJFE PVU CZ UIF /'$$ UISPVHIPVU UIF DPVOUSZ BOE OPU POMZ PO CPBSE WFTTFMT CVU BMTP at ports, as well as inland.

The control room at the National Fisheries Control Centre in Rome where the fishing fleet is monitored.

Close collaboration with other customs and tax agencies Ç” F TZTUFN ĂŤ BHT JO SFBM UJNF WFTTFMT UIBU NBZ CF TQBUJBMMZ PS UFNQPSBMMZ JOGSJOHJOH UIF SVMFT bringing them to the attention of the officer observing the screen so that he can go in and look at the details of the case. *O NBOZ DBTFT UIF WFTTFM NBZ IBWF QFSGFDUMZ MFHJUJNBUF SFB sons for its activities, but if the /'$$ UIJOLT PUIFSXJTF UIFO JU DBO UBLF BDUJPO Ç” FSF JT B DPO stant exchange of information between the central office in 3PNF BOE UIF TVC DFOUSFT TP

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Source: Italian Coast Guard

Source: Italian Coast Guard

BVUIPSJUJFT UP BOBMZTF DBUDI DFS tificates. The catch certification scheme is intended to improve UIF USBDFBCJMJUZ PG GJTI BOE TFB food products traded with the EU and ensure that these prodVDUT DPNQMZ XJUI DPOTFSWBUJPO BOE NBOBHFNFOU SVMFT 'JTI BOE TFBGPPE QSPEVDUT NBZ POMZ be imported into the EU with a catch certificate. This document JT JTTVFE CZ UIF BVUIPSJUJFT JO the state, whose flag the vessel JG GMZJOH BOE DFSUJGJFT UIBU UIF products have been caught in conformance with the law and with international conservation and management measures. The /'$$ JT BMTP UIF CPEZ UIBU JT empowered to validate the catch certification if the product is to be exported. Validation confirms that fish exiting EU borders IBT CFFO DBVHIU JO DPOGPSNJUZ with all the relevant laws. In the The fisheries control activities of the Italian Coast Guard extend from the sea to places inland where fish case of imports, the situation is and seafood are traded.

SFWFSTFE BOE UIF /'$$ XPSL that if the centre determines that noted a decrease in the num- is also involved in combating JOH DMPTFMZ JO DPPQFSBUJPO XJUI some action is needed the sub- ber of infringements detected, IUU fishing as part of a global UIF DVTUPNT BVUIPSJUJFT BOBMZ DFOUSFT DBO BDU SBQJEMZ UP UIF TBZT UIF PGGJDFS BMUIPVHI PWFS effort to reduce this problem. TFT DBUDI DFSUJGJDBUF JTTVFE CZ JOGPSNBUJPO Ç” F *UBMJBO $PBTU UIF TBNF QFSJPE /'$$ BDUJW 5IF /'$$ JO UIJT DPOUFYU XPSLT the authorities in the exporting (VBSE JT BVUIPSJTFE CZ CPUI &6 JUZ IBT OPU DIBOHFE 5IF /'$$ DMPTFMZ XJUI UIF *UBMJBO DVTUPNT DPVOUSZ BOE OBUJPOBM MBX UP QIZTJDBMMZ inspect vessels as well as all the other operators along the value DIBJO Ç” F QPXFS UP DBSSZ PVU B QIZTJDBM JOTQFDUJPO JT WFTUFE XJUI UIF $PBTU (VBSE TBZT UIF responsible officer with ITCG /'$$ CVU XF IBWF BU BMM UJNFT UP be in compliance with the reguMBUJPOT Ç” F HFOFSBM QPMJUJDBM BOE strategic coordination lies with UIF NJOJTUSZ PG BHSJDVMUVSF BOE fisheries and the Coast Guard also coordinates with other bodies that have an interest in the fisheries sector such as customs and tax authorities.

An important role combating IUU fishing -PPLJOH CBDL PWFS UIF NFEJVN term the Coast Guard has Control activities can broadly be grouped into monitoring and inspections.

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Source: Italian Coast Guard

ITALY

The Coast Guard can also check retail outlets to ensure the fish and seafood is legitimately traded.

"OPUIFS JTTVF UIF $PBTU (VBSE can pursue is the detection and prosecution of fraud, for example, when one species of fish is being sold as another, more valuable, species. Detecting GSBVE XJUI UIF OFDFTTBSZ UFTUT GPS FYBNQMF %/" BOBMZTJT UIBU DBMMT GPS TPQIJTUJDBUFE MBCPSBUPSZ facilities is done with the help of external institutes as the Coast Guard itself does not have the OFDFTTBSZ GBDJMJUJFT PS QFSTPOOFM

International cooperation makes policing more effective " TJHOJĂŞ DBOU QBSU PG UIF /'$$ T work is collaboration with other EU organisations such as UIF &VSPQFBO 'JTIFSJFT $PO USPM "HFODZ &'$" BOE XJUI national fisheries control bodies

JO PUIFS DPVOUSJFT &'$" IPX FWFS JT CZ GBS UIF NPTU JNQPSUBOU PG BMM UIF QBSUOFST PVUTJEF *UBMZ *UT QSJNBSZ SPMF JT UP DPPSEJOBUF the national control agencies so that the rules of the Common 'JTIFSJFT 1PMJDZ BSF SFTQFDUFE BOE BQQMJFE FĹ€ FDUJWFMZ Ç” F /'$$ IBT B SFQSFTFOUBUJWF PO UIF &'$" TUFFSJOH DPNNJUUFF participates in all the working groups, and also has two officers TFDPOEFE UP &'$" TP UIF SFMB tionship is indeed a close one. +PJOU %FQMPZNFOU 1MBO +%1

activities involve several counUSJFT BOE BSF DPPSEJOBUFE CZ &'$" *UBMZ JT DVSSFOUMZ JOWPMWFE JO B +%1 JO UIF "ESJBUJD UPHFUIFS with Croatia and Slovenia. We maintain a continuous exchange of inspectors for one week in the month when, for example, an officer from Croatia will work in

*UBMZ PS POF GSPN $SPBUJB XJMM CF EFQMPZFE JO 4MPWFOJB UP NBLF inspections both at sea and in QPSUT Ç” JT LJOE PG KPJOU BDUJWJUZ JT DPPSEJOBUFE CZ &'$" $PM laboration with other internaUJPOBM PSHBOJTBUJPOT TVDI BT '"0 ('$. *$$"5 BOE UIF SFHJPOBM fisheries management organisaUJPOT JT IBOEMFE CZ UIF .JOJTUSZ PG "HSJDVMUVSF 'PPE BOE 'PS FTUSZ 1PMJDJFT XIJDI ESBXT PO UIF /'$$ BT OFDFTTBSZ

Working together with countries outside the EU too Ç” F /'$$ BMTP DPMMBCPSBUFT XJUI non-EU states, though again VOEFS UIF BVTQJDFT PG &'$" *O 0DUPCFS MBTU ZFBS SFDBMMT UIF PĹ DFS UIF /'$$ IBE -JCZBO BOE &HZQUJBO JOTQFDUPST BCPBSE

JUT WFTTFMT BT QBSU PG B ('$. pilot project in the Strait of SicJMZ 'JTIFSJFT JOTQFDUJPO JT TVC ject to several legal provisions UIBU OFFE UP CF TUSJDUMZ GPMMPXFE CZ UIF JOTQFDUPST 5P FOTVSF UIJT UIF /'$$ QVUT B MPU PG FĹ€ PSU JOUP training its inspectors. Twice B ZFBS UIFSFGPSF B CBTJD USBJO ing course for newcomers and an advanced course are taught CZ UIF TUBĹ€ GSPN UIF /'$$ Ç” JT keeps the inspectors up-to-date XJUI DPOUJOVPVTMZ FWPMWJOH MFHJT MBUJPO *O BEEJUJPO /'$$ PĹ DFST also train inspectors from other countries in courses organised CZ &'$" Ç” F FNQIBTJT PO TPGU TLJMMT USBJOJOH BOE DPMMBCPSBUJPO

in addition to hard ones (moniUPSJOH BOE JOTQFDUJPOT NBLF UIF /'$$ B IJHIMZ VTFGVM GPSDF JO UIF prevention of illegal fishing in the Mediterranean.

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Consorzio Coop. Pescatori del Polesine O.P. is among the biggest Italian bivalve producers

Product line for packaged clams and mussels planned Italy’s Adriatic coast is well known for the production of mussels, clams and other species of bivalve molluscs. Production is highest in the Marche region, which was responsible for a quarter of the bivalve production in Italy, followed by Veneto, Puglia, Emilia Romagna and Abruzzo. The seven Adriatic regions between them account for almost three quarters of the national production in terms of volume.

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cardovari in the province of 3PWJHP JO UIF 7FOFUP SFHJPO hosts one of the biggest proEVDFST PG NPMMVTDT JO *UBMZ ǔ JT JT the Consorzio Coop. Pescatori del 1PMFTJOF 0 1 B DPOTPSUJVN PG ħĪ cooperatives, which between them IBWF BCPVU ħ čČČ XPSLFST BCPVU IBMG PG XIJDI BSF XPNFO ǔ F DPOTPSUJVN XBT GPVOEFE JO ħįĭď UIPVHI UIF BDUJWJUZ PG ê TIJOH GPS CJWBMWFT TUBSUFE JO UIF ďČT "U UIF time there were few cooperatives BOE OPU NBOZ QFPQMF JOWPMWFE JO UIF BDUJWJUZ "U UIBU UJNF NVTTFM spat had to be obtained from other places in the area or from natural NVTTFM CBOLT 5PEBZ IPXFWFS DBSFGVM IVTCBOESZ BOE HPPE NBO agement practices have ensured that there is enough spat in the area for sustainable cultivation. ǔ F QSJODJQMF QSPEVDUT BU 4DBS dovari are mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis BOE DMBNT Tapes

philippinarum XJUI B QSPEVDUJPO PG ÄŹ ÄŚÄŚÄŚ UPOOFT BOE ÄŻ ÄŚÄŚÄŚ UPOOFT SFTQFDUJWFMZ

Number of members and production grow over the years Ç” F DPOTPSUJVN JT WFSUJDBMMZ JOUF grated, with all operations starting from the spat to grow-out, harvesting, sales and marketing, figuraUJWFMZ VOEFS POF SPPG Ç” F OPSUI "ESJBUJD JT BO BSFB XJUI B OBUVSBM abundance of clam (and musTFM TQBU *O ĨČħď NPSF UIBO Ä­ÄŚĆ? of the Italian production came from Scardovari and neighbourJOH (PSP XIJMF TPNF ZFBST QSJPS to that it was the Venice lagoon, where output was highest. SevFSBM GBDUPST NBZ CF CFIJOE UIF increased production in Scardovari and Goro compared with Venice including changes in the

Mussels are grown on lines attached to a frame in the lagoon and on longlines outside the lagoon.

Vito Mancin, Office Manager; Gabriele Siviero, Commercial Director; and Emanuele Rossetti, Quality Manager.

FOWJSPONFOU BOE EJĹ€ FSJOH NBO BHFNFOU TUSBUFHJFT Ç” F 4DBSEP vari consortium has grown over UIF ZFBST JO UFSNT PG UIF OVNCFS of member cooperatives. In fact, UPEBZ BMM UIF DPPQFSBUJWFT JO UIF area are members of the consortium, which has a concession for about 6,000 ha of lagoon area. Of UIJT IPXFWFS POMZ ÄŹÄŚÄŚ IB BSF TVJU able for the cultivation of clams and this area has been divided into ÄŠÄŚ QMPUT Ç” F TQBU JT IBSWFTUFE GSPN TPNF TJY PS TFWFO OBUVSBMMZ PDDVS ring nurseries in the lagoon area for which the consortium owns the concession and the exclusive SJHIUT UP ĂŞ TI Ç” JT SJHIU JT SVUI MFTTMZ FOGPSDFE XJUI UIF IFMQ PG DMPTFE DJSDVJU 57 BOE TPNF ÄŠÄŚ QSJ vate guards who patrol the area.

Gabriele Siviero, the commercial EJSFDUPS PG UIF DPOTPSUJVN TBZT

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UIJT EFHSFF PG TFDVSJUZ JT OFFEFE UP prevent poaching as well as possible damage to the environment.

4QBU PG UIF DMBN JT UZQJDBMMZ MBJE JO "QSJM .BZ BOE UIFO BHBJO JO September-October. While the official size at which clams can be IBSWFTUFE JT Ĩč NN UIF DPOTPS UJVN IBT FMFDUFE UP XBJU VOUJM UIFZ SFBDI ĊČ NN JO PSEFS UP FOTVSF an abundance of reproductive NBUFSJBM ǔ JT JT JO MJOF XJUI UIF conservation objectives of the consortium which seek to susUBJOBCMZ NBOBHF UIF TUPDL ǔ F PSHBOJTNT UBLF BCPVU ħĎ NPOUIT UP SFBDI IBSWFTU TJ[F ǔ F DVSSFOU production is not enough to satJTGZ UIF NBSLFU CVU JODSFBTJOH UIF volume of clams produced is curSFOUMZ EJŠDVMU XJUI UIF NBOBHF NFOU TUSBUFHZ UIBU UIF DPOTPSUJVN &VSPl TI

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has. In addition, the area available to grow clams is limited and increasing this will call for expenTJWF IZESPEZOBNJD XPSL

Harvesting is managed with a detailed plan Ç” F ĂŞ TIFSZ GPS DMBNT JT NBOBHFE CZ UIF DPOTPSUJVN XIJDI IBT B TZTUFN PG EBJMZ RVPUBT BOE PG rotation among the fishers, which EFUFSNJOFT UIF RVBOUJUZ BOE BSFB UIBU NBZ CF IBSWFTUFE PO B EBJMZ CBTJT Ç” F TZTUFN JT CBTFE PO B provisional figure that the consortium calculates for the annual strategic plan, which is prepared BU UIF TUBSU PG UIF ZFBS Ç” F UPUBM IBSWFTU UISPVHI UIF ZFBS NBZ OPU exceed the figure in the annual QMBO 'SPN UIJT QPJOU PG EFQBS ture, the consortium calculates the volume that it needs each EBZ B ĂŞ HVSF XIJDI BMTP EFQFOET on the demand from the market and the season. Plots to be harvested are chosen based on XIFO UIFZ XFSF TFFEFE BOE BMTP UIF RVBMJUZ BOE RVBOUJUZ PG DMBNT that are available to be harvested.

Each lagoon has a person who SFHVMBSMZ NPOJUPST UIFTF QBSBN eters as well as the rate of growth and reports back to the consorUJVN &BDI EBZ UIF DPOTPSUJVN announces to the fishermen XIBU UIFZ NBZ DBUDI XIFO UIFZ NBZ DPNNFODF BOE DPODMVEF UIFJS ĂŞ TIJOH BDUJWJUZ BOE XIFSF UIFZ TIPVME MBOE UIF DMBNT "U BMM

landing points a record is made PG UIF WPMVNFT MBOEFE FBDI EBZ and after this the clams are transGFSSFE UP UIF QSPDFTTJOH GBDJMJUZ UP be packaged and distributed. ǔ F XBUFS JO UIF MBHPPO XIFSF the clams are grown is B-grade meaning that the clams must CF EFQVSBUFE CFGPSF UIFZ DBO be consumed. Half the production is therefore depurated at UIF QSPDFTTJOH GBDJMJUZ BOE UIFO distributed under the consortium’s brand, while the remainder is sold to depuration centres, often in other countries, which then depurate and sell it further.

Depurating the entire production in Scardovari is not feasible as it XPVME DBMM GPS B WFSZ MBSHF EFQV SBUJOH GBDJMJUZ

Shellfish has to be depurated before it can be consumed as the water in the lagoon is classified B-grade.

ê TIFSNBO ǔ F DPPQFSBUJWFT line for packaging the bivalves can sell their production to the GPS FYQPSU UP UIF &6 BOE 3VT consortium or outside, but most sia. To this end the consortium choose to sell to the consortium IBT JOWFTUFE &63ĨN JO B CVJME BT UIFZ BSF QBJE QSPNQUMZ BOE ing and packaging line of which know all the production will be about a third was in the form TPME ǔ F NVTTFMT BSF IBSWFTUFE JO PG TVQQPSU GSPN UIF &.'' ǔ F spring from the lagoon area and new packaging will be modified CFUXFFO +VMZ BOE 4FQUFNCFS GSPN atmosphere giving the product Mussels too are an UIF MPOHMJOFT "CPVU B ê GUI PG UIF a shelf life that is three times important product mussel production is exported longer than if it is sold in nets.

UP 'SBODF XIJMF 4QBJO BCTPSCT B Ç” JT XJMM PQFO VQ NBSLFUT JO 8IJMF DMBNT GPSN UIF NBKPSJUZ TNBMMFS QSPQPSUJPO *O *UBMZ TBMFT other EU countries and also in of the production at Scardovari BSF NBJOMZ UP UIF DFOUSBM BOE countries further east, where both in terms of volume and northern areas as in the south DPOTVNFST BSF XJMMJOH UP QBZ GPS value, mussels too are an impor- the presence of product imported BO BUUSBDUJWFMZ QBDLBHFE QSPEVDU UBOU QSPEVDU Ç” FZ BSF QSPEVDFE GSPN 5VSLFZ BOE 5VOJTJB NBLFT JU XJUI B MPOH TIFMG MJGF Ç” F GBDU UIBU in the lagoon on stakes and out- a less attractive market. the production is ISO-certified side the lagoon on longlines.

GPS RVBMJUZ BOE USBDFBCJMJUZ IBT 0G UIF ħĪ DPPQFSBUJWFT OJOF New product line to go a Protected Designation of Orion stream soon FNQMPZJOH TPNF ĪčČ QFPQMF BSF gin for mussels, and an organic involved in mussel farming as certification for the clams will no well. In the case of mussel farm- ǔ F 4DBSEPWBSJ DPOTPSUJVN IBT doubt also add to its attractiveing, the cooperative owns the ambitious plans to build a new ness. concession, while the vessel, the gear, the shed to store the gear Consorzio Coop. Pescatori del Polesine O.P. FUD BSF PXOFE CZ UIF JOEJWJEVBM Via della Sacca 11 45010 Scardovari (Rovigo) Italy Tel.: +39 0426 389226 Fax: +39 0426 389148 www.scardovari.org

Clams and mussels are the main products. The consortium produces about 9,000 tonnes of clams and 6,000 tonnes of mussels.

Commercial Director: Gabriele Siviero Quality Manager: Emanuele Rossetti Office Manager: Vito Mancin

Cooperative members: 14 No. of workers: 1,500 Activity: Production of clams and mussels Volumes: 9,000 tonnes of clams, 6,000 tonnes of mussels Product forms: Net packaged in different sizes; modiďŹ ed atmosphere packaged trays to start shortly Markets: Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands

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A marine protected area with beneďŹ ts for ďŹ shermen

Fishing and tourism can peacefully co-exist The marine protected area Punta Campanella is part of a ďŹ sheries local action group (FLAG) in the area. Together the two bodies, as well as a local action group (LAG), are working to help ďŹ shermen diversify their activities, renovate their vessels, and add value to their products.

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outh of Naples on the Italian west coast is the Sorrento peninsula which separates the Gulf of Naples on the north from the Gulf of Salerno in UIF TPVUI ǔ F "NBMê DPBTU POF PG *UBMZ T HS FBUFTU UPVSJTU BUUSBD tions, forms part of the southern TJEF PG UIF QFOJOTVMB " CFMU PG water from the Germano point on the southern side and extending around the peninsula to the Cape of Sorrento on the northern TJEF GPSNT UIF ħ ħĨĎ IB NBSJOF QSPUFDUFE BSFB .1" 1VOUB Campanella.

Limited fishing opportunities within the MPA "OUPOJP .JDDJP JT UIF EJSFDUPS of this marine protected area as well as of another in the water around the islands, Ischia and 1SPDJEB #PUI .1"T XFSF DSF BUFE CZ UIF *UBMJBO HPWFSONFOU JO ħįįĭ 1VOUB $BNQBOFMMB JT NBOBHFE CZ B DPOTPSUJVN formed of the municipalities of six towns on the peninsula. Each of municipalities has a repreTFOUBUJWF PO UIF .1" T CPBSE and it is the board that sets the TUSBUFHZ GPS UIF .1" "NPOH the main objectives of the management is to popularise the sustainable use of biological resources in the area, as well as UP QSPNPUF UIF VOJRVF GFBUVSFT

Giuseppe Guida, President, LAG Terra Protetta; Michele Giustiniani, Board President, Marine Protected Area Punta Campanella; Antonio Miccio, Director, Marine Protected Area Punta Campanella

of the marine and coastal environments that lie within the .1" Ç” F .1" JT EJWJEFE JOUP three zones, explains Mr Miccio, which are colour-coded depending on the restrictions in force.

Zone C, for example, is delineated with green lines on a map and here both commercial and recreational fishing is allowed

against a special authorisation, XIJDI TJODF BCPVU B ZFBS IBT been limited in number. Other activities such as bathing, divJOH BOE DSVJTJOH CZ CPBUT VQ UP ĨĪ N BSF BMTP QFSNJUUFE ǔ F ZFM low Zone B is the largest of the UISFF [POFT PDDVQZJOH BCPVU IBMG UIF UPUBM BSFB )FSF POMZ TNBMM TDBMF WFTTFMT ħĨ N BSF

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BMMPXFE UP PQFSBUF BOE POMZ XJUI DFSUBJO LJOET PG ĂŞ TIJOH HFBS Ç” F red zone which comprises two boxes, one each in the Gulf of Salerno and the Gulf of Naples, is the most restrictive. EssenUJBMMZ POMZ TDJFOUJĂŞ D SFTFBSDI and service activities authorised CZ UIF NBOBHFNFOU BSF QFSNJU ted in the red zone, together &VSPl TI

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with supervised diving, likewise BVUIPSJTFE CZ UIF NBOBHFNFOU

Consumers need to learn about non-commercial fish species Ç” FSF JT TPNF SFTFBSDI BDUJWJUZ HPJOH PO JO UIF .1" JODMVEJOH a project to take a census of the NBJO TQFDJFT QSFTFOU 'JTIFSNFO who fish in the area have a negaUJWF MJTU PG TQFDJFT UIPTF UIBU NBZ OPU CF UBLFO CVU JU JT JNQPSUBOU to get a more complete picture of the life that is inhabiting the BSFB TBZT .S .JDDJP 0OF PG IJT most important tasks is communication, informing people about UIF .1" JUT JNQPSUBODF BOE the activities that are carried out there. But he also disseminates information about non-commercial fish species and fish that are not good for direct human consumption, but that could be used as a raw material for other products that could benefit consumFST Ç” FZ BSF BCVOEBOU JO UIF BSFB IF TBZT CVU QFPQMF EP OPU LOPX about them and do not appreciate UIF OVUSJUJPOBM WBMVF UIFZ IBWF Ç” F NBOBHFNFOU PG UIF .1" JT also responsible for ensuring the DPSSFDU VTF PG UIF .1" CZ UPVSJTUT who can sail, dive, or swim in the BSFB *U BMTP QSPWJEFT FDPTZTUFN services such as taking tourists or TDIPPM DIJMESFO PVU JOUP UIF .1" in its own vessel, and providing lectures about the environment, UIF .1" BOE IPX JU TIPVME CF protected and used.

The MPA offers opportunities to fishermen too "GUFS ĨĦ ZFBST PG QSPUFDUJPO UIFSF have been positive changes in

UIF CJPNBTT JO UIF .1" JO UFSNT of species composition and abundance, according to Mr Miccio, who sees species that have been absent now returning to the area. This in turn drives an increase in tourism. But it has also proven beneficial for fisherNFO 6TVBMMZ GJTIFSNFO SFTJTU UIF DSFBUJPO PG BO .1" BT UIFZ feel it places further restrictions on their livelihoods, but now the fishers are good partners of UIF .1" BOE UIFZ TFF UIBU XIFO fishing with some vessel and HFBS UZQFT JT QSPIJCJUFE JU DSF ates opportunities for artisanal GJTIFSNFO TVDI BT UIF BCJMJUZ UP target high-value species, which OPSNBMMZ XPVME CF UBLFO CZ UIF bigger boats. In addition, the .1" IBT DSFBUFE OFX JODPNF generating opportunities in the form of taking tourists out to GJTI PS UP TFF UIF .1" PS UP SFOU out the vessel for other activities such as school trips. On Ischia GPS FYBNQMF BSF BODJFOU 3PNBO ruins to which fishermen bring people who are interested in BSDIBFPMPHZ BOE IJTUPSZ 4PNF PG UIFN IBWF QVMMFE DPNQMFUFMZ out of the fishing business, renovated their boats with a glass bottom and give people tours.

5IF .1" JT BMTP SFQSFTFOUFE JO UIF MPDBM '-"( -BOEJOH PG 6MZTTFT "QQSPEP %J 6MJTTF JO XIJDI UIF -"( 5FSSB 1SPUFUUB is also represented. Giuseppe (VJEB EJSFDUPS PG UIF -"( TBZT UIBU JO ĨĦħĮ B DBMM XJMM CF launched seeking projects that aim to modernise vessel engines, perhaps making them electric, and to renovate the landing points in harbours.

There are several small harbours

in the area that are in need of upgrades, for example, in their TBOJUBSZ GBDJMJUJFT 5IF EJGGFSFOU municipalities that are members PG UIF '-"( XJMM DP PSEJOBUF UIF work on their landing points to ensure that the harbours do not OFFEMFTTMZ DPNQFUF XJUI FBDI other. The goal is to establish at least four points where the fishers can arrive with their vessels and unload without getting into conflicts with tourists. The point is to make it more conveniFOU GPS UIF GJTIFSNFO UP DBSSZ out their work, otherwise we run the risk that this ancient BDUJWJUZ KVTU EJFT PVU GPS XBOU PG CBTJD JOGSBTUSVDUVSF TBZT .S Guida, and that would be a great QJUZ 5IJT BSFB JT B WFSZ BUUSBDUJWF one for tourists and it is in fact FBTJFS UP NBLF NPOFZ GSPN UPVS ism than from fishing. However, we want to maintain the old traditions, though sometimes I feel it is the work of Don Quixote!

FLAG activities try to spread from the coast to the mountainous inland While tourism is an important BDUJWJUZ BOE QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO UIF BSFB BSPVOE UIF "NBMê DPBTU JU JT DPO DFOUSBUFE JO DPBTUBM UPXOT ǔ F '-"( BSFB DPWFST CPUI UIF DPBTU and the mountainous inland area, which does not benefit as much from tourism. Mr Guida would like UP DIBOHF UIJT CZ FODPVSBHJOH UIF creation of tourist services also in the mountains. He feels that these inland regions are considered farming areas producing crops, for XIJDI UIFZ HFU TPNF TVQQPSU CVU the approach should be not to produce rural goods, but rural services and to have a tourism circuit and tourist activities in the mountains.

However, this is easier said than EPOF BT NBOZ PG UIF '-"( NFN bers have invested in coastal tourJTN JO POF XBZ PS BOPUIFS BOE EP OPU XBOU UP SFEJSFDU UPVSJTUT BXBZ from the coasts.

Marine Protected Area Punta Campanella Via Roma 29 Massa Lubrense 80061 Napoli Italy Tel.: +39 081 808 9877 Fax: +39 081 878 96 63

info@puntacampanella.org www.puntacampanella.org President of board: Michele Giustiniani Director: Antonio Miccio

LAG Terra Protetta Via A. Coppola 1 Pianillo 80051 Napoli Italy

Tel.: +39 081 930247 info@galterraprotetta.it www.galterraprotetta.it President: Giuseppe Guida

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Az. Agr. Vicenzi Marco deals with several niche products

Bio certification may aid exports to Germany, Austria Over 30 species of ďŹ sh, crustaceans, and molluscs are farmed in Italy. However, production of about half this number was less than 100 t per year in 2015, according to the FAO. The main produced species, where individual output exceeded 1,000 t in 2015, were only six, three bivalves and three ďŹ nďŹ sh.

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RVBDVMUVSF JO *UBMZ JT IJHIMZ EJWFSTF *U JODMVEFT cultivation in freshwater, marine water, and brackish water lagoons, and covers molluscs, crustaceans, and finfish.

(FPHSBQIJDBMMZ UPP JU SBOHFT GSPN the highlands in the north, to flat terrain inland, to the coastal BSFBT ǔ F NBJO TQFDJFT GBSNFE JO *UBMZ JO ĨČħč XFSF UIF CJWBMWFT Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis +BQBOFTF DBS pet shell (Ruditapes philippinarum BOE HSPPWFE DBSQFU TIFMM (Ruditapes decussatus BOE UIF finfish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss &VSPQFBO TFBCBTT (Dicentrarchus labrax BOE HJMU head seabream (Sparus aurata

Individual production of these TQFDJFT FYDFFEFE č ČČČ U JO ĨČħč with the exception of the grooved DBSQFU TIFMM XIJDI XBT Ċ ČČČ U

Species cultivated have changed over the last 40 years )PXFWFS B HPPE Ĩď PUIFS TQFDJFT XFSF BMTP GBSNFE JO *UBMZ JO ĨČħč XJUI WPMVNFT SBOHJOH GSPN ħ UPOOF UJMBQJB UP ĎĨč UPOOFT TUVSHFPOT

"NPOH UIFTF NPSF FTPUFSJD TQFDJFT BSF TPNF XIJDI BSF QSPCBCMZ OPU farmed in other parts of Europe. *O ħįĭħ BO FOUSFQSFOFVS .BSDP Vicenzi, started breeding the local species of catfish (Ictalurus melas BU B GBSN JO .BTTB 'JOBMFTF in Modena. His farming activities

DPOUJOVFE JOUP UIF ĎČT XIFO IF TUBSUFE UP CSFFE UIF "NFSJDBO DBU fish (Ictalurus punctatus GPMMPXFE CZ UIF MBSHFNPVUI CMBDL CBTT (Micropterus salmoides JO UIF įČT and European perch (Perca fluviatilis JO UIF ĨČČČT "OPUIFS TQF DJFT UIBU JT CFJOH DVMUJWBUFE UPEBZ JT IZCSJE TUSJQFE CBTT B DSPTT between Morone chrysops and M. saxatilis 5PEBZ IJT TPO 3PC FSUP BO JDIUIZPMPHJTU CZ USBJOJOH runs the business. ǔ F DPNQBOZ UPEBZ IBT UXP TJUFT in addition to the original one in .BTTB 'JOBMFTF XIFSF UIF QPOET BSF Ĩ ČČČ UP Ċ ČČČ TR N *O 7JMMB EFM $POUF JO 1BEVB UIF DPNQBOZ has both on-growing ponds and B GBDJMJUZ UP QSPDFTT UIF ê TI XIJMF in Isola della Scala in Verona are ponds for the on-growing of black CBTT BOE IZCSJE TUSJQFE CBTT )FSF UIF XBUFS JT ESBXO GSPN B OFBSCZ spring and is excellent in terms of CPUI RVBMJUZ BOE RVBOUJUZ BDDPSE JOH UP 3PCFSUP 7JDFO[J ǔ F JEFBM UFNQFSBUVSF GPS UIF ê TI JT ħĎ ĨĨ degrees C, in winter, however, the UFNQFSBUVSF JT HFOFSBMMZ BSPVOE ħĪ CVU DBO GBMM UP BT MPX BT ħĨ EFHSFFT C. When it gets too cold the water is mixed with water from a resFSWPJS ǔ F TJUF JT B GPSNFS USPVU farm and the water temperature is perfect for that, but according to Mr Vicenzi, the farm itself would have been too small to allow profitable trout farming. Sensors in the QPOET NPOJUPS UIF PYZHFO DPOUFOU

Alessandro Mengoli (left) and Roberto Vicenzi, the owner of Az. Agri Vicenzi Marco, a company farming and processing niche species.

of the water and when it falls past a threshold, aerators are used. It EFQFOET PO UIF TUPDLJOH EFOTJUZ CVU OPSNBMMZ UIJT JT OPU NPSF UIBO ĨČ ĊČ LH QFS DVCJD N $PNNFSDJBM feed that floats is used for the fish. ǔ F GBDU UIBU JU Í PBUT MFUT UIF GBSNFS know whether all is well with the ê TI BOE UIFZ BSF GFFEJOH QSPQFSMZ m PS OPU ǔ JT TJUF JT BMTP VTFE GPS the production of small volumes Ĩ UP Ī UPOOFT PG &VSPQFBO QFSDI in indoor tanks.

Vertically integrated production of some species "U .BTTB 'JOBMFTF UIF DPNQBOZ BMTP IBT B IBUDIFSZ IPVTJOH broodstock for the black bass and QFSDI Ç” F IZCSJE TUSJQFE CBTT JT more complicated as the female

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broodstock Morone saxatilis is a saltwater species and needs a SFDJSDVMBUJPO TZTUFN SVOOJOH TBMU water if it is to survive and breed.

8JUI UIF TNBMM RVBOUJUJFT PG ê TI that I produce, it would not be a XPSUIXIJMF JOWFTUNFOU TBZT 3PC erto Vicenzi. He therefore imports the larvae from Israel, and grows them into fingerlings at the hatchFSZ CFGPSF JOUSPEVDJOH UIFN UP the on-growing tanks. )F FTUJNBUFT UIBU B UPUBM PG ĊČČ ĪČČ tonnes of striped bass is produced JO *UBMZ JO č ĭ GBSNT ǔ JT NPSF PS MFTT DIJNFT XJUI '"0 EBUB XIJDI SFQPSUT UIBU TPNF ĨčČ UPOOFT XFSF QSPEVDFE JO ĨČħč "MUIPVHI UIF 7JDFO[J T IBWF XPSLFE GPS NBOZ ZFBST XJUI UIJT TQFDJFT JU JT TUJMM B SFMBUJWFMZ VOIFBSE PG ê TI JO *UBMZ 3PCFSUP 7JDFO[J DVSSFOUMZ TFMMT &VSPl TI

ITALY

market niche for these small fillets which are popular near the lakes JO UIF OPSUI PG *UBMZ Ç” FZ BSF TJNJ lar to perch, a species consumed BSPVOE UIF MBLFT BOE QBSUJDVMBSMZ in summer, when no Italian perch is available and the imported QSPEVDU DBO CF PG EVCJPVT RVBMJUZ the fillets of black bass are popular.

Milano, Torino and other northern cities and the areas surrounding them are the biggest markets for UIF ĂŞ TI 4FMMJOH JO 3PNF JT NPSF EJĹ DVMU TBZT 3PCFSUP 7JDFO[J BOE The site at Isola della Scala in Verona, where largemouth black bass, hybrid striped bass, and European JO UIF TPVUI UIFZ QSFGFS NBSJOF perch are grown from the fingerling stage. fish. In addition to farming the his production on to the Italian fish as smoked products are popu- MBTU UXP PS UISFF ZFBST BOE IF GFFMT DPNQBOZ BMTP USBEFT GSFTIXBUFS market either whole, gutted or MBS QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO (FSNBOZ Ç” F a new product will allow him to ĂŞ TI CVZJOH UIF ĂŞ TI MJWF QMBDJOH JU in fillets. He is however looking fillet is smoked and sliced much break into other markets. Striped in tanks for a few months, and then for opportunities to export small like salmon and vaccum packaged CBTT HSPXT SFMBUJWFMZ SBQJEMZ UBLJOH selling.

RVBOUJUJFT UP (FSNBOZ 'SBODF BOE XJUI BO BUUSBDUJWF TMFFWF ǔ F NBS BSPVOE ħĎ NPOUIT UP SFBDI BCPVU QFSIBQT "VTUSJB ǔ F DPNQBOZ IBT ket for these species has remained ĎČČ H B TJ[F UIBU HJWFT B EFDFOU ê M Mr Vicenzi’s next project is to therefore started cold smoking the BCPVU UIF TBNF TJ[F JO *UBMZ GPS UIF let. Striped bass can be compared IBWF UIF GBSN PSHBOJDBMMZ DFSUJê FE with seabass in terms of taste and GPS CMBDL CBTT ǔ F TUSJQFE CBTT JT flesh texture, but large seabass of BMSFBEZ DFSUJê FE CZ UIF SFUBJMFS ħ LH BOE BCPWF BSF WFSZ FYQFOTJWF $PPQ ǔ BU XBT B EFNBOEJOH QSP while striped bass is more reason- cess and calls for the submission, able. on a regular basis, of test reports GSPN BOBMZTJOH UIF XBUFS BOE Main markets feed on the farm, and from the are currently in the QSPDFTTJOH GBDJMJUZ )PXFWFS UIF north of Italy GBNJMJBSJUZ XJUI UIFTF QSPDFEVSFT should make it easier to get the -BSHFNPVUI CMBDL CBTT JT VTVBMMZ PSHBOJD DFSUJê DBUJPO ǔ JT JO UVSO HSPXO UP ĊČČ ĪČČ H BOE JT UZQJDBMMZ will help, he hopes, break into TPME BT ê MMFUT ǔ FSF JT B QBSUJDVMBS NBSLFUT JO (FSNBOZ BOE "VTUSJB

Az. Agr. Vicenzi Marco Via Mirandola n. 26 41035 Massa Finalese Finale Emilia (Modena) Italy vicenzi.r@libero.it vicenzipersici.it Director: Roberto Vicenzi Tel.: +39 329 2179270

Largemouth black bass is cold-smoked at a temperature of 22-24 degrees C and is also available gently cooked and sliced.

– Trading in freshwater species, sturgeon, trout, as well as those mentioned above Production volumes: 150 tonnes of striped bass, 80 tonnes of largemouth black bass, 2-4 tonnes of European perch Processing: Gutting, ďŹ lleting, smoking Products: Whole, fresh, gutted, ďŹ llets, cold smoked ďŹ llets (new)

Activities: – Cultivation of largemouth black bass, hybrid striped bass, European perch

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ITALY

Plans to create a uni№гЂed PO for greater ef№гЂciency

Concentration in the tuna fishery is here to stay The tuna №гЂshery has seen a lot of consolidation over the last few years. Now. as tuna quotas increase the №гЂshers are understandably against any talk of diluting the allocation by spreading it among more №гЂshermen. They are also working to create a single uni№гЂed producer organisation.

I

O ─е─д─Д─Г UIF *UBMZ T RVPUB PG CMVF├ф O UVOB XBT ─Е ─Е─д─д UPOOFT VQ GSPN ─е ─Г─Ф─д UPOOFT JO ─е─д─Д─г BO JODSFBTF PG ─е─дкЇ *UBMJBO DBUDIFT PG CMVF├ф O UVOB BNPVOUFE UP ─Д ─г─Г─« UPOOFT JO ─е─д─Д─Ф "MUIPVHI UIF WPM umes are small, amounting to less than one percent of the total catch, in terms of value bluefin tuna is among the more imporUBOU TQFDJFT DBVHIU CZ UIF *UBMJBO fleet. With an average price of &63─Д─д ─Г LH UIJT TQFDJFT XBT UIF third-most expensive finfish on UIF NBSLFU BOE DPOUSJCVUFE ─екЇ to the total sales of fish and seaGPPE UIBU ZFBS .PTU CMVF├ф O UVOB JT DBVHIU CZ QVSTF TFJOFST XJUI B NJOPS WPMVNF MBOEFE CZ MPOH MJO FST Кћ F *UBMJBO ├Ф FFU BMTP DBUDIFT PUIFS LJOET PG UVOB CJH FZF ZFM MPX├ф O BMCBDPSF FUD UPUBM WPM VNFT PG XIJDI BNPVOUFE UP ─Д ─е─д─д UPOOFT JO ─е─д─Д─Ф Кћ F HFBS VTFE UP catch these species is varied and includes bottom trawls, passive gears, long lines, as well as purse TFJOFT Кћ F MBUUFS XFSF SFTQPO sible for almost half the catch of these other varieties of tuna.

Quota increases are welcome, but will make little difference to fleet structure Кћ F UVOB ├ф TIFSZ IBT CFFO TVCKFDU UP B ─Д─Ф ZFBS NVMUJBOOVBM SFDPWFSZ QMBO TJODF ─е─д─д─Г GPMMPXJOH B EFDMJOF in the stock of Eastern bluefin tuna FTUJNBUFE BU ─«─дкЇ TJODF UIF FBSMZ

Fortunato Della Monica, Mayor of Cetara, and President of the FLAG Approdo di Ulisse; Matteo Novella, a fisherman and owner of one of the 12 boats authorised to fish for tuna in Italy.

─Г─дT Кћ F SFDPWFSZ QMBO IBT BMMPXFE UIF RVPUBT GPS CMVF├ф O UVOB UP CF JODSFBTFE CZ ─е─дкЇ JO UIF UISFF ZFBST ─е─д─Д─Ф ─е─д─Д─Г "T GBS BT UIF *UBMJBO ├Ф FFU is concerned however the increase JO UIF RVPUB XJMM NBLF MJUUMF EJ┼ђ FS ence to the big purse seiners that IBWF USBEJUJPOBMMZ CFFO ├ф TIJOH GPS bluefin tuna, the number of which IBT SFEVDFE GSPN ─»─г UP ─Д─е PWFS UIF ZFBST OJOF JO 4BMFSOP BOE $FUBSB POF JO $FUBSB BOE UXP JO 4JDJMZ

according to Matteo Novella, the owner of a tuna-fishing vessel in Salerno.

Vessels fishing for tuna usuBMMZ IBWF UP JOUFSSVQU UIF ├ф TIFSZ XIFO UIF WFTTFM T RVPUB IBT CFFO ├ф MMFE ─«─дкЇ Кћ JT JT UP QSFWFOU UIF TLJQQFS GSPN JOBEWFSUFOUMZ PWFS ├ф TIJOH IJT RVPUB *OJUJBMMZ B WFT TFM XBT BMMPDBUFE RVPUB CBTFE PO its historic catches and current RVPUB BMMPDBUJPOT GPMMPX UIF TBNF EJTUSJCVUJPO LFZ 'PS UIF MBTU GFX ZFBST TLJQQFST IBWF UP EFNPO TUSBUF UIBU UIFZ IBWF DBVHIU BU MFBTU ─Д─Е─д UPOOFT PG UVOB JO UIF QSFWJPVT ZFBS B MJNJU UIBU IBT OPX CFFO SBJTFE UP ─е─д─д UPOOFT

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Regulations can have unexpected side effects *O TPNF XBZT UIJT NBLFT TFOTF TBZT -PSFUUB .BMWBSPTB PG /JTFB an economic research institute in Salerno, because smaller RVPUBT QSFWFOU B QSP├ф UBCMF ├ф TIFSZ 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE UIF limit makes it impossible for smaller fishers to participate in UIF ├ф TIFSZ "OPUIFS DIBOHF UIBU XBT JOUSPEVDFE B GFX ZFBST BHP was that fishers had to choose CFUXFFO XIFUIFS UIFZ XBOUFE &VSPl TI

ITALY

Pasquale Della Monica, a fisherman and owner of a tuna vessel based in Cetara; Gennaro Fiume, Director of the FLAG, Approdo di Ulisse, which includes all the towns between the Amalfi and Sorrento coasts.

to fish for small pelagics or large pelagics as purse seiners were no longer allowed to target both.

Before the new regulation, vesTFMT XJUI FWFO B TNBMM UVOB RVPUB DPVME TVSWJWF BT UIFZ DPVME TVQ plement their income from the UVOB DBUDIFT CZ ĂŞ TIJOH GPS TNBMM pelagics. With the new rules fishers realised that their business would no longer be viable, TP UIFZ QVMMFE PVU PG UIF ĂŞ TIFSZ leading to further consolidation PG UIF ĂŤ FFU "DDPSEJOH UP .BU teo Novella, at least some of the big vessel skippers fishing for tuna do not want to fish for small pelagics to avoid conflicts with the small boats, for which small pelagics are the main target. In areas where skippers of big purse seiners are less thoughtful, there are conflicts between them and the owners of smaller fishing WFTTFMT Ç” F TNBMM QFMBHJD ĂŞ TIFSZ JT BMTP MJLFMZ UP DIBOHF BT UIFSF BSF SVNPVST UIBU RVPUBT BSF NBZ be introduced into the MediterSBOFBO $VSSFOUMZ UIF ĂŞ TIFSZ JT regulated with measures other UIBO RVPUBT TVDI BT TQBUJBM BOE temporal restrictions.

Tuna recovery plan brought benefits – to some The bluefin tuna multiannual SFDPWFSZ QMBO JOUSPEVDFE B number of additional obligations and restrictions for fishFST UIBU XFSF OPU FBTZ UP DPQF with. In retrospect, however, Matteo Novella feels that the SFDPWFSZ QMBO XBT B HPPE JEFB as the results have been positive with stocks in better conEJUJPO BOE RVPUBT JODSFBTJOH and he is confident that things will improve from now on. The SFMBUJWFMZ TNBMM OVNCFS PG MBSHF tuna purse seiners left in the GMFFU IBT QSPWPLFE TPNF UP TBZ that there was too much conDFOUSBUJPO JO UIF GJTIFSZ #VU Mr Novella disagrees with this, TBZJOH UIBU WFTTFM PXOFST UPPL TJHOJGJDBOU SJTLT XIFO UIFZ EFDJEFE UP KPJO UPHFUIFS 'JTIFS NFO BMTP MFGU UIF GJTIFSZ DPN QMFUFMZ EFDPNNJTTJPOJOH UIFJS WFTTFMT BOE TFMMJOH UIFJS RVP UBT BOE BDDPSEJOH UP IJN UIFZ should not be allowed to get RVPUB BHBJO *OTUFBE JG UIFSF BSF

plans to increase the number of RVPUB TIBSFT BOE BMMPDBUF TIBSFT to more vessels, then he feels, he and others like him, who have had to adapt to the new management regime should be the first UP CF BMMPXFE UP SFDFJWF RVPUB shares. The purse seiners that BSF TIBSJOH RVPUBT TPNFUJNFT operate in joint fishing operations, where two or more vessels fish together and catches are TIBSFE JO SFMBUJPO UP UIF RVPUB that each brings to the operaUJPO +'0T FOBCMF NPSF FGGFDUJWF fishing operations are there are more boats and crew members, risks can be shared, and a wider area can be covered.

1BTRVBM %FMMB .POJDB CSPUIFS PG UIF NBZPS PG $FUBSB IBT CFFO B GJTIFSNBO GPS NBOZ ZFBST BOE owns a tuna purse seiner. He too feels that the trend in tuna BDUJWJUZ IBT CFFO QPTJUJWF TJODF ĨČČĎ CPUI GPS UIF GJTIFSNFO but also for the stocks. He thinks the large purse seine tuna fishermen should be organised into a single producer organisation rather than the three or four that exist at the moment. It is imporUBOU CFDBVTF XJUI UIF UVOB RVP tas going up there is a risk that the price starts to drop as more tuna enters the market. If all the vessel owners were joined in a single PO it would be easier to control the price and the fishermen are therefore working towards this.

FLAG hopes to help small-scale fishers valorise their catch 'PS UIF TNBMM TDBMF GJTIFSNFO the increase in tuna numbers has been less welcome. Because the tuna eat small pelagics as XFMM BT TRVJE UIF JNQSPWFNFOU JO UIF UVOB TUPDL NBZ XFMM IBWF

DPOUSJCVUFE UP UIF ÄŞÄŞĆ? EFDMJOF in the income in the small-scale GJTIFSZ TJODF ĨČČď 5IF '-"( "QQSPEP EJ 6MJTTF XIJDI DPVOUT both this segment and the big tuna fishers among its members, is also working towards assisting the small-scale fishermen of the *UBMJBO GMFFU (FOOBSP 'JVNF UIF EJSFDUPS PG UIF '-"( TBZT UIF XBZ UP EP JU JT UP WBMPSJTF UIF catch of these fishermen. One QPTTJCJMJUZ JT CZ BTTJTUJOH UIFN to renovate their vessels with FOFSHZ TBWJOH FMFDUSJD FOHJOFT OFX UFDIOPMPHZ PO CPBSE UP JODSFBTF FGGJDJFODZ BOE FTQF DJBMMZ CZ TIPSUFOJOH UIF WBMVF chain. One of the issues that the small-scale sector faces is the lack of landing points and markets, and direct sales to the end DPOTVNFS JT B XBZ UP DPVOUFS these infrastructural deficienDJFT *O BEEJUJPO TBZT .S 'JVNF UIF '-"( JT XPSLJOH PO IPX UP make use of non-commercial species, both for direct human consumption, but also as raw materials for other products.

With some innovative thinking both discarded fish and waste from the sector could be made JOUP VTFGVM QSPEVDUT UIFSFCZ contributing to blue growth and UIF DJSDVMBS FDPOPNZ

A common brand for fisheries and agriculture products? Ç” F '-"( JT BMTP FODPVSBHJOH the fishermen to get together into a producer organisation for small scale fishermen that could create and market its products under a brand for the area. One XBZ IF UIJOLT NBZ CF UP DSFBUF a common brand with a local action group for the agriculture sector so that fisheries and agriculture products from the area could be marketed under the same brand.

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DENMARK

Marine Lipids Network explores new opportunities for the utilisation of by-products

Quality of by-products is critical An increasing global population and the consequent pressure on our food production means that also the ďŹ sh industry must be innovative in terms of how resources are utilized. The Marine Lipids Network was initiated to explore today’s front runners within utilization of ďŹ sh by-products for human and animal consumption and implementation of promising new solutions.

A

s a part of that purpose, Danish researchers and fish processors visited Cuxhaven in November 2017 to investigate the potential of byproducts from the fish processing industry. The production facilities of Bioceval, Lipromar and Royal Greenland were visited to investigate, how they utilise the potential of fish byproducts. The use of high quality by-products to create high quality products and the importance of freshness were among the key take-aways.

Cuxhaven was chosen as the place to visit for inspiration as the network wanted to learn more about the production of marine lipids for human consumption.

Cuxhaven is a German city with a population of approximately 50,000 in the German state Niedersachsen. The city is located by the river Elbens and the North Sea coast and has prospered within both the fishing industry and tourism.

Lipromar converts high-quality by-products to high quality products The first company the network visited was the fish processor Lipromar. Like Bioceval Denmark A/S, which is a member of the Marine Lipids Network, Lipomar is part of the Saria Group. Lipromar produces species-pure fish oils and fish proteins for use in the food industry

Andreas Wolkmann (far left), Lipromar, shows off the company’s high-quality raw materials.

and other sectors. The company has a fully automated production facility, which entered service in 2015 and meets the requirements of European regulations on the hygiene of foodstuffs. The state-of-the-art plant supports batch processing of incoming raw materials to create unmixed fish oils and proteins.

The gentle production process is nutrient-friendly and enables production of high-quality, food-grade fish products. Lipromar says that the key for them to create high-quality products is the use of high-quality fish byproducts. Lipromar uses exclusively by-products from fish processing and thereby contributes towards better use of the food resource “fish�. Freshness and quality of raw materials are

the most important parameters influencing the quality of the final products. By exclusively working with by-products from the fish-processing industry, Lipromar also helps to create a sustainable future for our fish stocks.

The next company to be visited was Bioceval. The company also has a production facility in Cuxhaven, where they process byproducts from the fish-processing

SCANDSEA SEAFOOD SIMPLIFIED

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For Bioceval freshness is key

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DENMARK

robust understanding. The network participants have appreciated the network activities during the last three years and the Cuxhaven tour was a great success. It allowed the participants to learn more about fish oil and meal processing and provided an opportunity to network by interacting with each other.

Fish oils at Lipromar, a company that supplies the animal feed industry, are extracted from by-products of the fish processing industry.

industry. From this raw material Bioceval Cuxhaven produces fish meals and fish oils for the feed and pet food industry and fish farming companies. The production facility is located across the road from Lipromar and directly by the North Sea allowing easy access to raw materials. These comprise fish by-products (e.g. bones, heads, skin, guts) as well as mussels and shellfish (shells, sieve shrimps). Bioceval emphasised how the type and freshness of their raw materials, which for others are by-products, are key parameters in defining the quality of the final product.

Royal Greenland’s Cuxhaven facility is by-product free The last visit was to Royal Greenland – also a member of the Marine Lipids Network. In Cuxhaven they only process frozen shellfish and fillets and roe and therefore do not have byproducts at these sites. However, they participated in the visit to gain new inspiration from the network for their other plants.

The network participants were given a presentation by Quality Manager Patrick Haupt and Commercial Manager Carsten Fitter and had a very interesting guided tour of the roe processing plant, where the roe is processed and packed. This was followed by a tour of the Zip Lock factory, where the company packs frozen fish and shellfish in Zip Lock bags and serving-bags with 3-6 individual pieces in each pack.

Implementation of new ideas The Marine Lipid Network ended in December 2017, but new projects and project ideas from the network are being pursued.

Amongst others, projects on utilisation of fish skin for fish gelatine and fish leather have been initiated.

The network structure was a great success, as it allowed all the participants to bring forward their points of view and discuss the problems and issues that affect each partner. Since the network represented companies from the

entire value chain, each with its own set of concerns, the issues were perceived from different angles giving a more credible and

The Danish Technological Institute is very interested in further collaboration and to continue with network activities in another setup. Interested parties are always welcome to contact us for possible collaboration. For more information on the Marine Lipid Network contact Eva-Marie Lange, eml@teknologisk.dk or Sara Kobbelgaard, sak@teknologisk.dk.

Eva-Marie Lange, Technological Institute, eml@teknologisk.dk

The Marine Lipids Network

Researchers and commercial actors combine forces Danish researchers and various ďŹ sh processors formed the network in 2015 with the purpose of investigating the potential of adding value to byproducts from the processing industry. Today only about 50 % of the catch is utilized as a food resource. The remaining 50 % are by-products from ďŹ sh processing, which are sold mainly to mink farmers who use it to feed their stock, or they are sold to the feed mills, where they are turned into meal.

The focus of the network group was to explore alternatives which increase the value for these by-products to increase sustainability. Topics such as container process facilities and mobile facilities, other high-value components from the marine lipid oil, oxidation and antioxidants, as well as reďŹ nement processes are among the opportunities discussed in the network.

The network participants are DTU-FOOD, SĂŚby Fiske-Industri A/S, Bioceval Denmark A/S, Nordsøen Forskerpark, FF Skagen, TripleNine, Royal Greenland Seafood A/S, Proby Ingredients A/S, Seagains ApS, EuroďŹ sh International Organisation and The Danish Technological Institute.

The Marine Lipids Network was supported by the Grønt Udviklings- og Demonstrationsprogram, (Green Development and Demonstration Programme) under the Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries.

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BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Bosnia and Herzegovina has all the resources to increase farmed ďŹ sh production*

Product quality meets EU requirements Bosnia and Herzegovina’s long tradition of aquaculture and the country’s many advantages suggest great potential for increasing national aquaculture production. These include a rich supply of clean water, a well-educated and inexpensive workforce, highly capable ďŹ sh processing facilities, and a large number of hatcheries.

B

osnia and Herzegovina is located in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula and covers an area of 51,129 km2.

In 1990, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) held its first democratic multiparty elections and, in early 1992, it became an independent country.

BiH has borders with Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, Croatia to the north and west, and a 24-km coastline on the Adriatic Sea. Its landscape varies. In the north, it has high-altitude central mountains and arable land. In the south are Mediterranean vineyards. Most of the major towns are located in valleys. Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of two entities and the Brcˇko District (BH). The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) covers 50 of the territory, and Republika Srpska (RS) covers 49. Brcˇko District covers the remaining 1 of the total territory.

Aquatic resources of the fishery and aquaculture sector The coastline is 24 km long, with a sea area covering 12.2 km2. BiH is rich in high-quality inland water resources. The total renewable water resource (TRWR) is 37.5 km3 per year. The dependency ratio is only 5.3, which is exceptionally favourable. Rivers in BiH – a total of ca. 1,125 m3 per second – flow either north through the Danube into the Black Sea (62.5) or south into the Adriatic Sea (35.5). Within the two main drainage basins, nine river basins exist, including Korana/Glina, Bosna, Una, Vrbas, Sava, Krka-Cetina, Neretva, Drina, and Trebisnjica.

Dinara and the Alps mountain ranges are the source of much precipitation. Together with the extensive underground hydrological potential in the waterretaining capacity of the karst topography, it is able to feed the numerous river-size springs.

Consequently, most rivers originate from karst underground waters and springs. Water originating in the country flows through more than 20,000 km of a long, dense web of streams and rivers. The total length of the main rivers is 2,630 km, and the estimated total length of all water

that flows farther than 10 km is about 9,000 km.

In addition to its huge and dense web of rivers, BiH has a total of 59 natural and artificial lakes, 36 of which are natural lakes.

Their total area is ca. 3,111 ha.

Twenty-three water reservoirs have been constructed, for flood control, water accumulation/ storage, and electricity generation, with a total area of 18,773 ha. Of all freshwater fish farms, 74 get their water from surface water, and most of the rest (22) use spring water.

Table 1. Fish production in Bosnia and Herzegovina (tonnes) 2010

The hydrological characteristics and capacities of the country are determined by geomorphological and hydrogeological factors. The

2011

2012

2013

2014 2015

2016

Trout

2,901

3,053

2,818

2,382

2,930

3,163

3,395

Carp

1,356

926

573

317

218

941

789

355

250

193

155

210

346

380

4,612

4,229

3,584

2,853

3,358

4,450

4,564

Other ďŹ sh Total

Source: Agency for statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina: www.bhas.ba.

Table 2: Structure of ďŹ sh facilities in production in 2014–2016.

Size of facilities 2014 Trout ďŹ shponds (sq. m) Carp ďŹ shponds (ha) Cages (cubic m )

Fish production in Bosnia and Herzegovina amounts to some 4,500 tonnes per year.

2016

141,250

98,659

2,090

2,191

94,766 2,191

77,690

81,760

75,163

Source: Agency for statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, www.bhas.ba.

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2015

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BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Table 3: Capacities and production in tonnes of the main ďŹ sh farming companies Name

No. of sites

Capacity

Species

Production

Freshwater aquaculture NorďŹ sh Blagaj d.o.o.

3

900

Trout

550

Tropic ribarstvo d.o.o.

3

1,550

Trout

1,500

Laks d.o.o.

1

350

Various trout, carp, and endemic ďŹ sh

250

Small saltwater ďŹ sh, salted pilchard and mackerel

808

In 2016, total production of consumer fish increased by 2.6 over 2015. Production of carp decreased 16 while trout increased 7. Of the total production of consumer fish in 2016, 74.4 was trout, 17.3 was carp, and 8.3 was other fish.

Aquaculture

Marine aquaculture Zuvela HB d.o.o. Stolac

1

Table 4: Fish and seafood imports and exports

The promise of sport-fishing tourism In mountainous regions, natural lakes are important sources of drinking water and are used in animal husbandry. Although natural lakes have no economic importance, they could still play a special role in sport-fishing tourism. The

rivers Ribnik, Sana, and Pliva are especially attractive for fly fishing.

The small streams and mediumand large-sized rivers offer excellent opportunities to catch grayling, brown trout, and large rainbow trout. Recreational fishing is done under the auspices of local sport fishing societies, which secure access rights and licences

from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Water Management.

The societies devote 8 of their income to restocking. The market for recreational fishing is growing, and companies specialising in tourism organise fly/sport fishing tours for foreign anglers in close collaboration with the sport fishing societies. Several of the fishing associations maintain lodges for anglers, and investors have started to build hotels close to fishing areas. Commercial fishing in rivers and lakes is currently banned.

Trout dominates seafood production

The main farmed species is trout by an overwhelming margin. Carp is also farmed, but production has declined 41% since 2010.

The ten-year average production of fish in BiH is ca. 4,350 tonnes, of which about 80 consists of trout production, 14 of carp production, and 6 of other fish species.

Both freshwater and marine aquaculture is practised, although freshwater systems dominate the production (97). Three freshwater aquaculture farms are responsible for most production and export, but there are more than 130 trout farms and 11 carp farms in the country. For example, out of all operating land-based trout farms, 66 (83) are small- and medium-sized enterprises. The farms are private (family) enterprises and limited companies, and a few are cooperatives or shareholder groups. An association of fish producers has ten members.

Mariculture makes up less than 3 of the total aquaculture production.

There are only two cage farms on the sea in Neum region. Marine farms produce three species, the common dentex (Dentex dentex), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) and Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) are also reared in the region.

Only approximately 20 fishermen in small-scale companies fish at sea, mostly using gillnets. Their catch is small, estimated at ca. 5 tonnes. The fish caught by artisanal fishermen is sold directly to customers or sold through the marketing chains of the two marine cage farms.

Export and import of fish and seafood In 2017 (11 months), the total export of fish and fishery products was

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BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Table 5: Farm-gate prices and retailer prices of table ďŹ sh on the Sarajevo ďŹ sh market.

Farm gate price

Retailer price

Gutted/cleaned fish

KM/kg

â‚Ź/kg

KM/kg

â‚Ź/kg

KM/kg

â‚Ź/kg

Trout

7.5–8.5

3.75–4.25

11.0

5.50

14.0

7.00

Carp

4.7

5.50

10.0

5.00

11.0

5.50

Silver carp

4.5

2.25

6.0

3.00

11.0

5.50

Grass carp

3.0

1.50

6.0

3.00

14.0

7.00

Pike perch

8.0

4.00

European bass (lubin), Sea bream (orada)

caught

25–30

12.5–15

European bass (lubin), Sea bream (orada; bred)

grown

15

7.5 Source: Research by the Sector Team.

EUR14 million (2,975 tonnes), while the total value of imports was EUR30 million (11,424 tonnes). Bosnia and Herzegovina exports mainly fresh fish (EUR5 million in 2017) rather than processed fish (EUR0.5 million in 2017). In 2017, more than half of total exports of fish went to Serbia, and ca. 30 went to EU countries, mostly Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy. Bosnia and Herzegovina also exported ca. EUR8.8 million (1,312 tonnes) of molluscs and crustaceans, mostly to EU countries: Romania, France, and Italy. Exports to EU and Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) countries are increasing gradually, especially to the EU, demonstrating the high quality of Bosnian products.

Regarding the export of fish and fish products, Table 5 and the accompanying graph indicate that about half of the total exports are to the EU market. Also, exports to the EU regularly exceed the exports to CEFTA countries (regional and neighbouring countries, with which Bosnia and Herzegovina has signed a free trade agreement), proving that exporters from Bosnia and Herzegovina are very competitive in this challenging market.

Regarding the import of fish and fish products most imports originate in EU countries. Also, the total imports from EU and CEFTA

countries are almost half of the imports coming from the rest of the world, demonstrating the high demand that still exists in the Bosnia and Herzegovina market for fish and fishery products.

Retailers are the main sales channel Fish produced on farms are sold directly to farm-gate consumers or to supermarkets, specialised

*Sources: The fisheries and Aquaculture Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, 2015; FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Important European eel migratory route flows through Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cooperation with the EU will help protect the European eel The European eel, Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758), is present in all European estuaries, as well as in the wider area of the Neretva River, the municipality of Capljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and lagoon ecosystems in Croatia. The main and most valuable ďŹ shery resource in the Neretva delta area was discovered in the area of Hutovo mud, a unique natural area. In the 1950s, ca. 50 tonnes of eels were harvested there.

Because of the loss of large areas of the Neretva River (Lake Modricˇ) and Hutova mud, and the construction of dams on Lakes Neretva and Svitava, living space and migratory routes for eel have been signiďŹ cantly reduced.

Today, the status of eels is unknown and uncertain in these areas. The EU has a common policy for eels, with a view to the species’ comprehensive protection. Eels have declined by more than 95% in the past 50 years, during which time only sporadic scientiďŹ c research has taken place.

In accordance with EU legislation establishing measures for the recovery of stock of European eel), Bosnia and Herzegovina must adopt a detailed management plan that will determine the need for landing and catch quotas, the number of ďŹ shermen and tools that will be used, and the control mechanisms of catches and markets, considering its high market value. Because the biological cycle of eels is relatively slow, and it is assumed that in these waters males reach maturity from the age of seven and females from the age of 12, the offspring of this year’s migratory generation will reach sexual maturity ďŹ rst in 12–17 years. As a result, it is difďŹ cult to estimate the population status.

The question of the protection of the European eel is associated with regional cooperation with the Republic of Croatia. The Neretva River (total length, 225 km) springs in and flows mostly through Bosnia and Herzegovina (203 km) and outflows into the Adriatic Sea through the Republic of Croatia for just 22 km. For the survival of the European eel, however, it is a very important route. Clearly, Bosnia and Herzegovina will have to look for cooperation and technical assistance from the EU to protect this extremely important species.

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fish stores, and restaurants. There is no wholesale fish market in the country. Approximately 65 of total fish production is sold on the domestic market. The country’s fish supply is maintained mainly through supermarkets, specialised units in food markets, and retail stores. A significant portion of the fish is sold on-farm in gutted form, whereas in supermarkets, fish stores, and fish markets, it is sold mainly in gutted and iced forms.

Most fish is consumed during the Orthodox Christmas holiday.

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[ FISHERIES ] Invasive animal and plant species threaten Europe’s biodiversity

EU regulation aims at more effective protection of native species The presence of alien species of ora and fauna in new locations is not necessarily a cause for concern. However, some of them can become invasive and thus pose a serious threat to biodiversity within an ecosystem. That is why alien invasive species require special attention. They must be tackled and their proliferation repressed in order to prevent serious biological, economic and social consequences.

T

he increasing globalisation of markets does not only drive forward international trade, the exchange of goods and long-distance travel, but also enables numerous animal and plant species to spread beyond their natural range. When alien species appear in a completely new environment it is not always good news. Often enough, they turn out to be not just short-term guests but outstay their welcome and settle permanently in the new habitat. Such new arrivals present numerous risks and threats. They change the species structure and interrelationships and thus the carefully balanced functional processes within the ecosystem, sometimes proving to be predators or rivals of native species, which they can then even completely suppress. It is not uncommon for new arrivals to bring with them diseases to which indigenous species are often vulnerable and defenceless. This can have an impact on human health and harm the economy. For this reason, nature conservationists rate invasive alien species as the second largest threat to global biodiversity immediately after habitat destruction. Invasive species can cause problems in five areas: r C Z DPNQFUJOH XJUI OBUJWF TQFcies for habitat and resources, r CZ BDUJOH BT QSFEBUPST BOE thus endangering native species,

r C Z NBUJOH XJUI JOEJHFOPVT species and thus gradually altering the gene pool and genetic diversity, r CZ JOUSPEVDJOH BOE USBOTNJUting diseases and parasites (e. g. crayfish plague), r B OE CZ JOĂŤVFODJOH UIF DIBSacteristics of and processes within the ecosystem (e.g. water balance, vegetation The carp (Cyprinus carpio) is considered invasive in large areas of structures, nutrient dynamics).

Two recent examples show that almost always it is human beings who are behind the spread and settlement of alien species. Sometimes it is intentional because the new species promises an advantage or benefit, but often it is accidental, unintentional, or due to carelessness, because people are not always aware of the possible consequences of their actions. Whether a species is classified as “invasive� also depends on the settlement region. While carp (Cyprinus carpio), one of the world’s most widespread, economically important and mostproduced freshwater fish species, is valued in Europe and Asia, it is considered invasive in many areas of America, Canada and Australia where it is seen as a “plague� and fought using all available means because it burrows and raises sediments in the soil, reduces water quality and thus makes life hard for other animal and plant species. The second example is

America, Canada and Australia, and all available means are used to fight this “plague�.

Red lionfish (Pterois volitans, Pterois miles) have been spreading freely on the southeast coast of the USA, in the Caribbean Sea and parts of the Gulf of Mexico for about 30 years.

red lionfish (Pterois volitans, Pterois miles), which is actually native to the Indo-Pacific and Red Sea but which for almost 30 years has spread uninhibitedly along the south-eastern coast of the USA, in the Caribbean Sea and parts

of the Gulf of Mexico and has in the meantime become a terrible plague. Because of the large venomous spines that protrude from its body it need not fear any natural predators, and eats everything that it can overwhelm.

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[ FISHERIES ] borders. They represent a crossborder challenge that forces the international community to act together. With Council Decisions 82/72/EEC and 93/626/ EEC the EU has committed itself to prevent the introduction of non-native species that endanger ecosystems, habitats or species and to control or eliminate such species where possible and appropriate. However, despite 40 legislative acts and provisions on animal health in the EU these alone are not enough to protect the natural environment.

After habitat destruction, invasive alien species are considered to be the second largest threat to natural indigenous ecosystems.

It is completely unclear how these admittedly beautiful but nevertheless dangerous predators got there. Biologists suspect that they were released by ill-informed aquarists. Experts from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) believe that the population will continue to grow and can no longer be stopped by conventional methods.

Concerted action against invasive species is essential But one doesn’t have to look as far afield as Australia or the Caribbean to recognize the scale of the problem. Europe, too is plagued by alien animal and plant species, many of which are considered invasive. Experts estimate that in the EU as a whole there are nearly

The natural distribution range of Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii), the second species on the Union list, is the Amur Basin in eastern Russia and northeastern China. Photo: Petrtyl (Wikimedia commons)

12,000 alien species, of which 10 to 15 per cent are considered invasive because they have been shown to have a negative impact on the indigenous environment or could at least cause potential damage. In many cases, it is up to the member states themselves to decide whether to take action against the intruders or not. But the problems caused by invasive species do not stop at national

The stone moroko is one of the two species of fish that were added to the Union list in 2016. Photo: Seotaro, edited by Lycaon (Wikimedia commons)

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The difficulties in implementing the decisions begin already with the definition of minimum standards specifying which species are in fact “invasiveâ€? and of concern to member states of the Union across EU borders. Agreeing on a definition is a prerequisite for the early detection of emerging problems and the targeted control of invasive species. In the case of “established speciesâ€? (i.e. alien species which have survived indepenEFOUMZ XJUIPVU IVNBO JOĂŤVFODF over several generations in the newly populated area), the effort is hardly worthwhile. Here, the measures taken are usually limited to preventing further expansion

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[ FISHERIES ] into neighbouring regions. Invasive alien species which experts believe to be of “EU-wide concern� must be given priority when instigating control measures.

EU list of invasive alien species of Union-wide concern On 1 January 2015, after much preparatory work and tough negotiations, Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species came into force. It applies directly to all Member States. It is of enormous practical importance because, in addition to the Flora and Fauna Habitats and Wild Birds Directives, it provides another key piece of legislation for the conservation of biodiversity in Europe. At the heart of the regulation is a legally binding “List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern�, the spread of which could adversely affect habitats, indigenous species or ecosystems and harm biodiversity on the continent. The list is usually referred to simply as the “Union list�. The EU Commission consulted with representatives of the member states and discussed in expert panels about which species should be included in the initial version of the Union list. When the first list came into force on 3 August 2016 it contained only 37 invasive plant and animal species. Some of them have been living wild in Europe for a long time, others were only known to a few experts. Criticism was levelled above all at the low number of species named, which amounted to only a fraction of the species considered invasive throughout the EU. For this reason 12 more species were added in the first revision which appeared on 2 August 2017, so that the Union

Artificial waterways such as the Rhine-Main-Danube canal, here in the section near FĂźrth (Bavaria), also contribute to the spread of invasive alien fish species. Photo: Simon Koopmann (Wikimedia commons).

list now contains 49 invasive alien species from different taxonomic groups.

The largest group are vascular plants with 23 species, followed by eleven species of mammals.

Invertebrates are represented by six crustacean species and one insect species, and the remaining eight species are divided between birds (4), fishes (2), reptiles and amphibians (1 each). Bivalve species such as the Pacific cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas), which have displaced the indigenous species almost everywhere on European coasts, are not listed, neither are other marine species.

Although the EU regulation also covers marine waters of member states beyond the 12-mile zone the current Union list does not include any marine animal or plant species. Only the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), which mainly populates inland and coastal waters but also tolerates marine environmental conditions, is listed. However, the EU Commission has announced that it intends to thoroughly review and update the Union list at least every six years. New invasive alien species which have emerged in Europe may be added and existing species may be deleted if they no longer meet one or more of the criteria

laid down in paragraph 3 of the Regulation. Since the problem of invasive species is highly dynamic the Union list needs to be continually reviewed. The assessment of the invasiveness of individual species is based on the ecological, social and economic damage they cause. Since the measures required to fight and control these species can involve considerable costs they must be objectively substantiated and justified.

Citizens can help identify emerging threats in good time The Union-wide significance required by Regulation 1143/2014 does not mean that the listed species must be invasive throughout the EU. According to Article 5 (1) concerted action is already necessary if risk assessment in part of the EU territory leads to expectations of such severe adverse effects that joint action at Union level seems absolutely essential. Decisive action can prevent, reduce or alleviate damages caused by invasive species early and cost-efficiently. In order to achieve this goal, all EU member states must participate equally‌ even those countries that are not affected by the problem, and perhaps never will be. Otherwise,

there would be a risk that timely action taken in one member state could be rendered ineffective by inaction in another member state.

So it is important that individual states develop efficient monitoring and management systems that are capable of early detection of emerging risks and thus protection against possible damages.

The success of such measures will of course also ultimately depend on the participation of the public.

Citizens need to be made aware of the problems associated with invasive animal and plant species and they need more help to identify any possible risk species.

In areas where invasive species are suspected, the authorities or nature conservation organisations can, for example, prepare illustrations and descriptions of the species concerned to make identification easier.

From an ecological point of view and for cost reasons, however, prevention is better than any measures introduced once damages have occurred. It is therefore essential to give priority to preventive measures that make the introduction of invasive alien species difficult or – at best – impossible. According to Annex B of Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of the EU Council, certain species whose

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[ FISHERIES ] invasiveness has been detected and is clearly verifiable may not even be imported into member states of the European Community. This applies, for example, to the North American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), which has been introduced (accidentally or on purpose) to many aquatic ecosystems worldwide where it is a cause of considerable damage.

Next enlargement of the Union list is already planned The IAS (Invasive Alien Species) Committee and the Scientific Forum, the two bodies responsible for the Union list under Articles 27 and 28 of the EU Regulation, are currently discussing the inclusion of up to 55 further invasive species. One focus will be on fish species, which were EFBMU XJUI TVSQSJTJOHMZ CSJFĂŤZ JO the previous list. With the stone moroko (Pseudorasbora parva) and the Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii) only two species were included, which hardly did justice to the actual situation in many European waters.

Fish experts in Germany probably miss those four burrowing species that have spread rapidly in the Rhine, its tributaries and other watercourses over the last few years and been identified in mass occurrences. Their appearance, which in the beginning perhaps still seemed to some to be an interesting enrichment of ichthyofaunism, has since developed into a tangible ecological plague.

The species concerned are: r 8FTUFSO UVCFOPTF HPCZ Proterorhinus semilunaris): First recorded in 1999, this goby species was the first to penetrate the Rhine after the opening of the Rhine-MainDanube canal, where it then settled almost completely and very quickly.

r # JHIFBE HPCZ PS ,FTTMFS T goby (Ponticola kessleri): First recorded in 2006 in the Lower 3IJOF OFBS ,ÕOJHTXJOUFS ǔF species emerged presumably from the Austrian Danube, into which several species of goby from the Black Sea region had already penetrated earlier, via the Rhine-Main-Danube canal and the Main. r 3 PVOE HPCZ Neogobius melanostomus): First evidence in 2008 at Dormagen. The intensive search that was then initiated showed that the species was already extensively present throughout the Lower Rhine. The migration path is therefore unclear. The species could have migrated via the Rhine-Main-Danube canal (although it was not observed there), but an upstream ascent from the Rhine delta is more likely, because penetration via the eastern waterway network into the Baltic Sea and further into the Rhine delta is well documented. r .

POLFZ HPCZ Neogobius fluviatilis): First evidence in 2009 in the Rhine near Duisburg. Here, too, the immediate search measures revealed that this goby was already widespread throughout the Lower Rhine, but only appeared locally in mass occurrences.

Propagation via the RhineMain-Danube canal is likely, but cannot be proven beyond doubt.

and the young fish stocks of native fish species in the shore area. The effects on invertebrate fauna and the entire ecosystem are hardly foreseeable at present. And in addition they have adverse effects on fishing in this area. Although the Black Sea gobies meet all the conditions for recognition as invasive alien species, there is no chance of them being included in the Union list. The reason is that they entered the new waters naturally without human intervention and so cannot be regarded as alien in their new environment according to the requirements laid down in the EU regulation. Incidentally, this also applies to invasive species driven into new areas by climate change and environmental change.

However, six alien crustacean species, which have proved to be invasive were included in the Union list. With that, import, keeping and breeding, transport and acquisition, use, exchange and release of live mitten crabs

This exactitude in dealing with invasive species may seem harsh in individual cases but it is essential if the problem is to be kept under control, at least to some extent. There is no better solution at present because, despite international environmental agreements and other legal instruments adopted to protect biodiversity, the problems associated with invasive alien species have not yet been convincingly resolved. mk

Definitions

Distinguishing “alienâ€? from “invasiveâ€? “Alienâ€? refers to living specimens of species or subspecies (including their living parts, seeds, eggs and hybrids, varieties or breeds) that have left their natural range of distribution and been introduced into a new area where they survive and can subsequently reproduce. “Invasive alien speciesâ€? are deďŹ ned as those forms of life whose introduction or spread can endanger or adversely affect biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. “Invasive alien species of Union-wide concernâ€? include all invasive alien species whose adverse effects on indigenous nature have been assessed to be so signiďŹ cant that they require concerted action at Union level.

Strict requirements and prohibitions apply to species on the Union list

Species of animals or plants that do not occur naturally in a certain area, but have only arrived there by human inuence, are called “neo-biotaâ€? (sometimes also imprecisely “exoticâ€? or “foreignâ€? species). Their introduction may be intentional (e.g. ornamental ďŹ sh) or unintentional (e.g. mitten crab). Trade and transport play such an important role in the introduction of neo-biota that 1492 (discovery of central America and the subsequent strong increase in transcontinental trade) was deďŹ ned as the “cut-off dateâ€? for the introduction of neo-biota.

The four invasive goby species from the Black Sea cause severe ecological damages in their newly conquered habitat. They compete for food with economically important fish species and exert strong pressure on the spawning grounds

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(Eriocheir sinensis), spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus), northern crayfish (Orconectes virilis), signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia) are prohibited in the EU region.

Although it is possible to apply to the responsible authorities for exemptions from the regulations these are rarely granted or only under strict conditions and usually only for research purposes (e.g. for medical examinations in the public interest).

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[ FISHERIES ] Need for better use of low-value ďŹ sh and trash ďŹ sh

Tapping resources for human nutrition Only a fraction of the world’s available ďŹ sh species is used for human consumption. People are not really interested in some of the ďŹ shes that are caught as unwanted by-catch. So they are thrown back into the sea, taken to the ďŹ shmeal factories, or serve as a cheap fertilizer. Slowly however, an increasing number of ďŹ sh processors are recognizing the value of these long underestimated resources and are using them as a basis for attractive food products.

H

ow do you measure a fish’s value? What are the decisive criteria? Are they primarily financial aspects, and above all the market value, or should ecological and culinary significance be taken into account as well? Well over half of the more than 50,000 known vertebrate species on our planet are êTI CVU UIJT JT OPU SFÍFDUFE PO our plates. Admittedly, not every species is suitable for human consumption, but our menus are in general rather monotonous.

From a global perspective, our interest is concentrated on little more than 300 species of fish that are either targeted specifically by the fishing sector or produced on a regular basis in aquaculture. From a regional point of view, the number of species used is even lower. In the Mediterranean region, which is famous for its seafood-rich diet, about thirty species form the basis for all the various fish dishes served. Variety on the menu is not only the result of a maximum number or different – or new – fish species, however. It is also enabled by the inventiveness of kitchen chefs and the wealth of ideas that are possible during preparation.

Which fish are valued and consumed in different regions of the world depends on many factors. For example on habits

and traditions, on how much money people have and on the availability of certain species, on individual culinary needs and desires, experiences and expectations, on people’s health consciousness and other factors. Our fish consumption is not a “fixed size�, but can change in the course of a human life.

However, some principles and preferences stand out amidst all the complexity and variability.

In the Western world, demand is concentrated on a few highquality species such as salmon and cod, which are mostly marketed in the form of boneless fillets. This one-sided focus of the markets only developed during the past few decades. It is a consequence of the general prosperity that prevails in these regions.

But there were times in Central Europe, too, when the cookery books described dishes based on ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) or crucian carp (Carassius carassius), species which are today completely unknown to most consumers. It would seem that growing prosperity within a society narrows the range and acceptance of fish species‌ a development that is even said to have been commented on by the former German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck: “If herring were just as expensive as caviar, people would value it far more.â€?

Every now and then, a German discount retail chain offers highquality Peruvian anchovy fillets in olive oil at a very attractive price (230 g net weight for 4.49 euros).

The Icelandic company Triton has made an economic success of exporting lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to China.

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[ FISHERIES ] Getting the most out of fish and seafood In poorer countries, where parts of the population are threatened by lack of food, the range of fish on the market is much broader.

The small size of a fish, the bones it might contain, or possible problems with its preparation are not going to put anyone off buying it – particularly if the fish is cheap and affordable to the masses.

What is rejected in one corner of the world can well prove to be valued highly in another. This makes it difficult to formulate a generally accepted definition for the categories “low-value fish� and “trash fish�. According to the FAO neither of the terms is linked to fixed criteria. They are used rather loosely for fish species with

properties that are not particularly popular among consumers or for fishes that have no direct commercial value. Perhaps due to their small size or to noticeable quality defects, damage or severe contamination. Some of the fishes could probably be used for human consumption but this would require disproportionate processing effort. Low-value fishes are either thrown back into the sea immediately after the catch (discards) or landed and put to other uses. They are mostly used directly as cheap animal feed, processed to fish silage, or reduced to fishmeal and fish oil.

These fish species are also of considerable importance for use as baits in the longline fishery and in basket traps (e.g. for lobster and crab). They are occasionally even

Even well-known canned product producers such as ConnĂŠtable use Peruvian anchovies to make very tasty products along the lines of sardines in oil.

Capelin (Mallotus villosus), an important industrial fish from the North Atlantic, can also be used as food for human consumption.

used in agriculture as nitrogenand phosphorus-rich fertilizers.

A low economic value is an important criterion for classification as low-value or trash fish, but it would be wrong to deny these fish any economic value at all. The appraisal is rather an expression of a typically anthropocentric view of the world. It is much more difficult to make any distinction between “low-value� and “trash�.

Especially since even high-value fish species can suddenly be degraded to “low-value� species.

A notorious example of this is the so-called “high grading�, which is the discarding of what is in fact good fish, when larger and betterquality fishes of the same species that will sell for a higher price are hauled in later on. Other negative examples include roe fishing, which targets only the female sex organs, while the body of the fish often remains unused. (This practice can occasionally still be found in the Pacific herring and Alaska pollock fisheries). Or “finning�, i.e. removing the fins of shark, which are much sought-after and correspondingly expensive. The shark’s body, on the other hand, is often regarded as worthless and is therefore “disposed of� at sea.

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Low-value fish contains high proportion of juveniles In the meantime, however, there is growing opposition to these wasteful practices which are not compatible with fundamental ethical values or sustainable use of resources. The problem is to be seen against the background of poverty and hunger which have not yet been eradicated in some regions of the world where food security remains a challenge.

Many fishermen in the AsiaPacific region are to be counted among the poorest of the poor.

Their fishing vessel is often their only means of ensuring the livelihood of their families. In countries with open access to fishing this often sets off a downward spiral. If an ever-increasing number of people participate in fishing it leads to the overexploitation of the resource, both biologically and economically, which in turn leads to the even greater impoverishment of the fishing community. In their distress the fishermen use smaller meshed nets. But that means that they also catch young fish which are not suitable for human consumption but are more often used as cheap &VSPlTI .BHB[JOF

[ FISHERIES ]

In Asian countries small fishes are often used as food.

animal feed in aquaculture. Lowvalue and trash fish are the most commonly used feed in Asian fish farms. This feeding practice is quite common in other regions of the world, too, for example during the rearing of wild caught tuna which will not eat dry feed.

Using trash fish as feed is controversial not only in terms of the sustainability of aquaculture but also in terms of biosecuSJUZ 4UVEJFT JO ,PSFBO SPDLêTI farms (Sebastes schlegeli), where the fishes are fed to 90 with

low-value wild fish, mostly Pacific sandeels (Ammodytes personatus) or croakers (Collichthys niveatus), have shown that trash fish can be a source of infectious diseases.

The pathogen Vibrio harveyi was detected in the feed fish.

Due to the enormous significance of low-value and trash fish for global fisheries and aquaculture numerous projects have been carried out with the aim of creating more reasonable and profitable exploitation options for these resources. For example, the

“Sustainable use of resources means that even small species be put to good use. Here, scissors are used to prepare tiny shrimps ready for cooking.“

FAO Regional Technical Cooperation Project, TCP/RAS/3203 (D) for “Reducing the dependence on the utilization of trash fish/ low-value fish as feed for aquaculture of marine finfish in the Asian Region� was carried out in China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand in the period 2008-2011.

A few years earlier (1994-1997), the EU also committed itself strongly to the topic with the project “Improved utilization of low-value fish species�. The joint research activities between three partner institutions in Europe and six partners in Asia focused mainly on improving the use of low-value fish species for direct human consumption (DHC).

Anyone who takes a moment to look back into the past will find attractive ways of using low-value fish almost anywhere in the world, but with the growing prosperity in the Western world they have been modified to high-value variants or they have been forgotten and then “rediscovered�. A good example of this is the well-known fish soup bouillabaisse, which was originally a way of using small, less valuable fish species and fish remains but today still bears the same name although it

is prepared with high-quality fish.

Or the Hawaiian fish salad PokĂŠ which is currently conquering the kitchens in the Western world as a new food trend but was originally a means of using up hard-to-sell pieces of raw fish.

New ideas for product utilization needed From a nutritional point of view, so-called “low commercial value fish� (LCVF) can be just as valuable as species that are rated more highly. Their chemical composition is very similar and with regard to their protein content, amino acid composition or omega-3 fatty acids there are mostly only slight differences between the two species groups. The main disadvantage of low-value fish is their small size, which makes industrial processing difficult. Machine processing requires fish of uniform size to make the most of their advantages and achieve profitability. With regard to nutritional value, however, the small fishes are by no means inferior. If anything is to change in today’s preference for large species with generous fillets new processing technologies and

Low-value fish species are often used as bait in the longline fishery and in basket traps. The demand is enormous and can even lead to the overfishing of local small fish stocks.

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[ FISHERIES ] overboard. Ă–rn Erlendsson, the head of the company, thought that was a waste of valuable resources and began looking for suitable markets for the product, which attracted no interest in Europe. He found what he was looking for, and made a success of lumpfish export which was in the meantime “copiedâ€? by other companies.

In the case of small fish with a relatively soft fillet the meat is carefully scraped from the backbone for use in soups, for example.

This example once again confirms the variety of reasons that can lead to the rejection of a fish. Its appearance, which may be strange or repulsive to some people, deep-rooted traditions and even superstition, a suspected poor nutritional value, or unsatisfactory sensory properties. Even the name of a fish can affect its marketability. That is the reason why the name oilfish (Ruvettus pretiosus) was changed to “butterfisch� in Germany.

The greatest possible processing depth and a maximum number of processing options are the key to tapping low-value fish species

for human consumption. More and more fish species, even those with dark meat and relatively high fat content, are today processed to surimi. Alaska pollock, formerly the only fish species that was used for surimi production, now accounts for only half of the raw material. It has been replaced by other, often small fish species with a lot of bones, for which there is otherwise hardly any demand.

Fishmeal and fish oil are reasonable forms of utilization Reduction to fishmeal and fish oil is practically always an option.

Currently, three groups of fish are mainly used as raw material for fishmeal: r 'JTI TQFDJFT UIBU BSF TQVSOFE because they are too small, have a lot of bones, are heavily infested with parasites (e.g. blue whiting), taste unpleasant, or are not considered food fish (e.g. sand eel).

attractive products based on lowvalue fish will have to be developed. Above all, consumers need to be better informed so that they can play their part in the process.

Any cook with average talent can make something worth eating from zander or cod fillets. True mastery is only revealed in the ability to prepare equally delicious food from the low-value fishes that have so far been underestimated as resources.

The Icelandic company Triton already proved years ago that this is possible and can even turn into a successful international business when it began exporting lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to China. At that time, only the roe was removed from the female fishes after the catch and their bodies then thrown

At the beach in the bay of Mui Ne (Vietnam) the local population searches in the sand to collect the lowvalue fish which fishermen have sorted out from the catch.

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[ TRADE AND MARKETS ] r 'JTI TQFDJFT XIJDI BSF FEJble but difficult to market because they occur seasonally in extremely large quantities, because the required transport and storage logistics for the huge catches are lacking, because their processing is technically and economically difficult, or because they do not get the necessary market prices (e.g. Peruvian anchovy). r 'JTI TQFDJFT PG XIJDI although they are appreciated as a fish, the landed volume is sometimes more than the markets can absorb or that are of low quality during particular seasons. That is why an average of 10 of herring, 15 of sardinella, 20 of scad, 25 of pilchards (sardine), 30 of the catches of blue whiting, 40 of sprats and about 50

of Arctic capelin are processed to fishmeal.

The fourth important group of raw materials for fishmeal is slaughterhouse waste and trimmings, which currently account for almost 40 of the raw material. This share is expected to rise even further in the coming years.

Low-value fish can sometimes replace other species A good example of the increased use of a resource that was previously scarcely used for direct human consumption is the Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens) which is increasingly replacing the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) on the European market. The Peruvian anchovy which can measure up to 20 cm is the world’s most widely used

species for the production of fishmeal. The catch record so far dates back to 1971 when more than 13 million tonnes were caught and landed in the South East Pacific. There are several reasons for the growth in population of this fish: r 1FSVWJBO BODIPWJFT GFFE PO B low trophic level (phytoplankton). r ǔFZ BSF WFSZ GFSUJMF BOE DBO quickly compensate for catchrelated losses. r ǔ FZ HSPX WFSZ RVJDLMZ BOE become sexually mature already at the end of the first year of life at a length of 10 or 11 cm. r ǔFZ SFQSPEVDF QSBDUJDBMMZ year-round without a pronounced spawning season.

Like its European sister species, the Peruvian anchovy is

very tasty and therefore very suitable for human consumption. The quantities landed in the two annual fishing seasons were for a long time considered far too large to produce highquality food. Due to the high fat content, the fish spoil very quickly after catching, and special fishing and transport methods are needed to meet the high demands that exist in the food sector. Moreover, the fishes are relatively small, which limits the processing possibilities. At the present time most of the catch is processed in the canning industry and the resulting products are long-lasting and so do not present any problems during transport. About three quarters of Peruvian anchovies, which are part of the DHC programme for direct human consumption, land in the can. mk

EuroďŹ sh study on ďŹ sh consumption in Croatia

Most Croatians consume fish, but are sceptical about labels A project to study ďŹ sh and seafood consumption habits in Croatia as requested by the Croatian Directorate of Fisheries concluded with the publication of a report that was presented by Toni Bartulin, a EuroďŹ sh project manager, at CroďŹ sh, the 11th International Fishing Fair in Porecˇ, Croatia in October this year.

M

ore than four fifths (87) of the Croatian population consume fish and fishery products, according to an extensive report titled “Fish consumption in Croatia in 2017â€? researched, written, and translated into Croatian by Eurofish International Organisation. The report also shows that fish and seafood consumption is widespread though

somewhat lower in continental parts of the country than along the coast.

Survey results in data on several related fields The main purpose of the research project was to estimate annual consumption of fish and fish products in Croatia, as well as to build a knowledge base

about the sociodemographic characteristics of consumers; habits and preferences regarding consumption and purchase of fish and fishery products; reasons behind (non) consumption of seafood; potential motivators for greater consumption of fisheries; and attitudes towards different types of fish, and declarations on fishery products packaging.

The analysis was based on a survey of 1,001 adults in 6 regions: Slavonia, Central Croatia, Northern Croatia, Zagreb, Istria with Primorje and hinterland, and Dalmatia. The number of respondents per region was proportional to the number of inhabitants in each region.

The main findings of the report were that consumption is

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[ TRADE AND MARKETS ] particularly high in Istria and Primorje (97), while it tends to be somewhat lower in continental regions of northern (78) and central (82) Croatia. A small proportion of consumers do not eat fish and seafood mainly because it does not appeal to them or because they are not used to it.

Common to all regions was finding that seafood is considered tasty and healthful.

Marked regional preferences

In Adriatic regions, fish is more commonly purchased at fish markets.

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When purchasing, a clear majority prefers Croatian fish. Regional preferences are more common in Adriatic regions. The preference for Croatian fish is primarily associated with good quality and taste. When purchasing fish and other seafood, Croatian consumers mostly consider price and quality.

Wild fish more popular than farmed

Fresh products are most popular especially in Adriatic regions, whereas about two thirds of Croatians also consume frozen, and more than half consume canned fishery products. Frozen seafood is more frequently consumed in Northern Croatia and Zagreb. Fish is preferred to other seafood products across different regions. The most frequently consumed fishes are hake, sardine and carp, but consumption varies from region to region. In Slavonia and Central Croatia carp is the most popular, while in Northern Croatia and Zagreb it is hake, and in Dalmatia and Istria sardines. Croatians who prefer other seafood to fish mostly eat squid and octopus.

The report provides insights into consumer attitudes, showing that marine and wild fish are preferred to freshwater and farmed, but this preference is less marked in the continental regions of Slavonia, Central, and Northern Croatia. Croatians are aware of the benefits of eating fish, which they usually find out from their own experience and from TV. Many Croatians, about half of those asked, are willing to try new fish and seafood products.

More frequent fish and seafood consumption in general would be fostered by lower prices and greater availability of different products.

The report shows that the majority of Croatians eat fish at home, most typically once a week, and more frequently in Adriatic regions. Outside the home, fishery products are on average eaten several times a year. The average household consumes one to two kilos of fish per meal with each member consuming approximately 0.4 kg. A majority of households with children consumes fish and/or other fishery products. Two thirds of Croatians buy fish at fish markets and more than half in shopping centers.

A majority of Croatians consider farmed fish fattier and of lower quality than wild. The study shows that consumers think it expensive, with a look and UBTUF UIBU JT OPU OBUVSBM ,OPXM edge about aquaculture is not particularly high â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a quarter of those surveyed were not aware of farmed fish. Most Croatians think that lower price, greater visibility of origin, better quality, and improved supply and quantity of information would encourage them to purchase farmed fish more often.

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A recent survey of fish consumption patterns in Croatia revealed useful information for policy planners and others, who would like to see Croatians to eat more fish.

Information on packaging labels lacks credibility The report shows that less than a third of Croatians consider declarations made on packaging clear and understandable, comprehensive, and credible. They are seen as only moderately clear, complete, and trustworthy. Croatians consider the expiry date, followed by origin, as the most important information on fishery product labels.

The survey represents one of the most comprehensive studies conducted about fish and seafood consumption in Croatia. Past

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studies did not cover regions, but the country as a whole, which resulted in data that were not applicable at the regional level.

The results from each region could now be used as a starting point for the development of targeted measures by policy makers and the seafood industry to increase fish consumption in Croatia that is still lagging the EU average.

Toni Bartulin toni.bartulin@eurofish.dk The report (in Croatian) can be freely downloaded from: www.eurofish.dk/member-countries/croatia &VSPl TI .BHB[JOF

[ TECHNOLOGY ] GS-Schleiftechnik has 21 years of experience in knife sharpening

Grinding systems for numerous application areas The German company, GS-Schleiftechnik, offers a range of accident-proof grinding machines for the ďŹ shing industry as well as the Horeca sector.

W

ith slowly running grinding wheels and a pre-set knife angle, GSSchleiftechnik grinding machines allow simple and safe handling by the user. With these machines anyone can grind a knife harmless and quickly â&#x20AC;&#x201C; no matter what size or shape.

Hygienic knife grinding The companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wet grinding systems fulfil the highest hygiene requirements because the dust from the grinding is bound with water. Furthermore, a longlasting knife edge and the lowest wear of steel is guaranteed, because the annealing (softening) of the knife edge is prevented. The machines are compact, so they can be positioned close to the knife operator and are permanently ready for use.

In addition, the materials used in the machine are environmentally-friendly and 95ď&#x2122;&#x201A; recyclable.

Model N14 is the companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s smallest wet grinding machine with one grinding wheel and one honing wheel in water. Easy to handle and highly efficient, its 230V AC motor can be plugged in to any standard mains socket, making it easy to deploy anywhere in a factory. This machine is perfect

The N14 is the smallest device in the range of wet grinding machinery. It is ideal for the hotel, restaurant, retail, and catering sector as well as the fish industry.

for the hotel, restaurant, retail, and catering sector as well as for the fish industry. The N18 is a bigger machine. In contrast to the N14, which has 140 mm wheels, the grinding wheel and the honing wheel in the N18 are 175 mm giving a quicker work process.

The N18 is also used in the hotel, restaurant, retail, and catering sector as well as in the fish industry.

Equipment for the food industry The companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s product range includes several different machines for the food industry. All the serially-produced equipment can be delivered quickly and with favourable conditions. In addition, GS-Schleiftechnik can rapidly customise machinery to the customerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s specifications and to their full satisfaction.

For more information please contact: Michael GeiselsĂśder, Director GS Schleiftechnik & Waagen GmbH Am Kiebitzengraben 4 D-91315 HĂśchstadt Germany Tel.: +49 9193 501 8696 Fax: +49 9193 501 8698 info@gs-de.eu www.gs-de.eu

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[ TECHNOLOGY ] Kohlhoff Hygienetechnik shifts location

New site will allow company to grow in comfort National and international food hygiene regulations require companies producing, processing or preparing food or putting it into circulation to identify, sustainably monitor, document and implement adequate safety measures for work stages which are critical to food safety across the entire process ďŹ&#x201A;ow.

W

ith Kohlhoff Hygienetechnik, fish-processing companies have a partner at hand offering qualified consulting and planning services and a comprehensive programme with well-proven, reliable and economic solutions. This Germany-based company has been developing, producing and selling food hygiene devices and machines for the implementation of personnel and industrial hygiene measures for almost 30 years.

Demands on hygiene become ever more stringent The consistent implementation of existing hygiene guidelines in

almost all sectors of food production has led to sustained demand for the companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hygienic solutions for a number of years. To continue and further develop the business to its full potential with market-oriented and innovative products, a capacity expansion was required. The company acquired a suitable area with a surface of approx. 13,000Â m2. There, a new building with a total usable area of 5,000Â m2 was erected, consisting of a two-aisle production hall as well as a two-storied office building, to which the company moved in November 2017.

With the redesign and optimisation of process flows, organisation and logistics, as well as investments in

production in its new company building, Kohlhoff now has the ideal conditions to continue its successful development.

Cleaning and disinfecting solutions for any requirement The companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focus is on products for cleaning, disinfecting and drying hands and boots or shoe soles.

These functions may be combined with each other and integrated into tamper-proof hygiene stations.

They effectively protect hygienesensitive business areas from possible contaminations introduced by employees entering and leaving the area. The individually configurable check-in stations, for example,

unite several hygienic components into one unit: hand washbasins with non-contact water outlet and tamper-proof two-hand soap dispensers, high-speed hand-dryers as well as entry control devices with tamper-proof two-hand soap dispenser and pass-through sole cleaners, which, if necessary, can be equipped with either 700Â mm, 1,100Â mm or 1,600Â mm long brushes. Additional components, such as hairnet and coat dispensers or paper towel dispensers with waste paper basket instead of the hand dryer are also possible.

For working equipment such as knives and knife baskets, puncture resistant protective gloves and aprons as well as boxes and lift trucks etc., Kohlhoff offers cleaning, drying and disinfection facilities in different configurations and sizes in a portfolio which currently comprises more than 100 stainless steel products.

For more information contact: Volkhard Schafflick, General Manager Kohlhoff Hygienetechnik GmbH & Co. KG Isaac-Newton-StraĂ&#x;e 2 59423 Unna Germany

Tamper-proof hygiene stations in stainless steel enable hands, shoes and their soles to be disinfected and dried.

A wide range of equipment is manufactured for the cleaning, disinfecting and drying of hands and shoes.

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Tel.: +49 2303 981 8320 Fax: +49 2303 981 8333 v.schafflick@kohlhoff-hygiene.de www.kohlhoff-hygiene.de &VSPlTI .BHB[JOF

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FISH INFONETWORK NEWS

]

Project

Certifying the pangasius and tilapia production chain in Bangladesh to enable exports As a part of a Danida (Danish development cooperation agency) project Eurofish visited fish meal plants, feed factories, fish farmers, a fish market, processors and authority organisations in the Mymensingh area of Bangladesh.

The purpose was to evaluate the sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potential to be certified, which could facilitate exports of pangasius and tilapia in the future. The domestic market today is saturated with pangasius and companies are looking for other options. However, the status of many farms is unclear as they are not officially registered â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a basic prerequisite for certification. Two of the processors visited were of international standard and had a record of exporting fish worldwide. They could make the necessary changes to achieve ASC (Aquaculture Stewardship Council) chain of custody certification within a short time if needed.

The key challenge is the fish farms. Bangladesh has a wellestablished warm water shrimp sector in the south of Bangladesh that is certified to export organic

Pangasius and tilapia farms in Bangladesh will use a demonstration project to understand and implement the requirements needed to be certified. This in turn will help them export their production.

products today. A transfer of knowledge between the two sectors is feasible and may enable the farms in Mymensingh to be ready in a few years from now.

Export prices for pangasius and tilapia are under pressure from Vietnam and more profitability is needed to be able to compete

on the international market. Upgrading existing earth ponds to ensure better water quality and improved oxygen in the water can make the feed conversion factor much better and reduce the production costs significantly. The authoritiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; capacity to train farmers and manage the

sector also needs to be strengthened.

Eurofish plans to run a demonstration project in the near future for everyone to evaluate and learn from as a way to convince the farmers to make the necessary changes to prepare them for certification.

News

Quality assurance and sanitary safety are critical to export success To improve market access for seafood and aquaculture products from ATLAFCO (Ministerial Conference on fisheries cooperation among African States bordering the Atlantic Ocean) member countries, a seminar on quality assurance and sanitary security of fishery products was held 6-7 December 2017 in Casablanca,

Morocco. The seminar discussed sanitary and phytosanitary measures to be applied by countries in line with World Trade Organisation requirements. Ultimately the seminar was intended to improve international market access opportunity for fishery and aquaculture products from ATLAFCOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s member countries.

Participants at a seminar in Casablanca on quality assurance and sanitary safety of fish products. The event was to build capacity in the area and enable companies to approach export markets.

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DIARY DATES 23-24 February 2018 6th Aquaculture Producer Workshop Antalya, Turkey Tel.: +90 541 859 52 29 gulser.ďŹ danci@tarim.gov.tr

25-27 February 2018 ďŹ sh international Bremen, Germany Tel.: +49 421 3505 264 wedell@messe-bremen.de www.ďŹ shinternational.com

24-26 April 2018 Seafood Expo Global / Seafood Processing Global Brussels, Belgium Tel.: +1 207 842 55 04 customerservice@divcom.com www.seafoodexpo.com

4-6 September 2018 Seafood Expo Asia Wanchai, Hong Kong Tel.: +1 207 842 55 04 customerservice@divcom.com www.seafoodexpo.com

24-26 May 2018 AgroBalt 2018 Vilnius, Lithuania Tel.: +370 52 454500 info@litexpo.lt www.litexpo.lt 13-15 September 2018 Global Fisheries Forum & Seafood Expo St. Petersburg, Russia Tel.: +7 906 731 92 79 reklama@rusďŹ shexpo.com www.rusďŹ shexpo.ru

6-8 March 2018 North Atlantic Seafood Forum Bergen, Norway Tel.: + 47 22 87 87 00 jjl@nor-seafood.no www.nor-seafood.com

28-30 May 2018 Tuna 2018 Bangkok Bangkok, Thailand Tel: +603-8066 8112 info@infoďŹ sh.org tuna2018.infoďŹ sh.org

9-13 July 2018 FAO COFI 2018 Rome, Italy FAO-COFI@fao.org www.fao.org

2-4 October 2018 Conxemar Vigo, Spain Tel.: +34 986 433 351 Fax: +34 986 221 174 conxemar@conxemar.com www.conxemar.com

21-24 August 2018 Nor-Fishing Trondheim, Norway Tel.:+47 73 56 86 40 mailbox@nor-ďŹ shing.no www.nor-ďŹ shing.no 11-13 March 2018 Seafood Expo North America Boston, USA Tel.: +1 207 842 55 04 customerservice@divcom.com www.seafoodexpo.com

25-29 August 2018 AQUA 2018 Montpellier, France mario@marevent.com www.marevent.com

18-20 October 2018 Future Fish Eurasia Izmir, Turkey Tel.: +90 212 347 10 54 info@eurasiafairs.com www.eurasiafairs.com

A d d y o u r e v e n t t o w w w. E u r o f i s h M a g a z i n e . c o m

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LIST OF ADVERTISERS Imprint Publisher

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Steen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Italy The Coast Guard ensures the legitimacy of seafood

Tuna 2018, Bangkok. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back cover

Madrid seafood conference debates innovative value addition Draft strategy promises boost to Mediterranean aquaculture Danish project on by-product valorisation suggests ways forward is a member of the FISH INFO network

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ISSN 1868-5943

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February 1 / 2018 Eurofish Magazine

Italy The Coast Guard ensures the legitimacy of seafood EUROFISH International Organisation

Madrid seafood conference debates innovative value addition Draft strategy promises boost to Mediterranean aquaculture Danish project on by-product valorisation suggests ways forward is a member of the FISH INFO network

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