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ISSN 1868-5943 October 5 / 2010 C 44346
October 5 / 2010
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Eurofish Magazine
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In this issue
Moving cages offshore contributes to rapid growth in Turkish aquaculture production Turkey – The marine farming industry in Turkey is based primarily on seabass and seabream with limited volumes of other species. The sector has been accused of burdening the environment and has had regular conflicts with the tourist industry and environmental groups. After a dialogue between all the stakeholders in the marine environment the decision was taken to move fish farming cages offshore. This was expensive to accomplish and has increased running costs, but farming companies are generally satisfied with the measure, which has allowed a large increase in production without causing friction with other users. Turkey is today the second largest producer of seabass and seabream in Europe after Greece. Read more on page 18 Denmark – New ways of regulating aquaculture is something that the industry has sought for a long time. After much discussion a series of recommendations from the government’s committee on aquaculture is now awaiting a response from the Danish parliament. If the recommendations win approval, it will in all likelihood mean that the regulatory effort will not focus on feed quotas, but will switch to a tradeable quota on nitrogen emissions. This will encourage the development of solutions to reduce emissions and will enable the aquaculture industry to reach the goal of 115,000 tonnes of farmed fish by 2013. Read more on page 33 Processing – The leftover raw material from a fish processing operation, the guts, bones, heads, and skin are a source of valuable minerals and trace elements, enzymes, hormones, pigments and aromas as well as proteins and unsaturated fats. This material has traditionally been used as fertiliser in agriculture and more recently as fish meal for the production of animal, and poultry feeds. However, fish waste is now being used for the production of biodiesel and is increasingly sought after by the nutraceutical industry which extracts biologically active substances from the waste that may have medical and health benefits. Certain kinds of fish waste can also be used to bulk up fillets and in the surimi industry… the possibilities seem boundless. Read more on page 45 Additives in fish feed – Fish feeds have come a long way since the early years of fish farming when producers used to feed their stock chopped-up fish. Today feeds are a highly scientific, multi-million euro business. Because feeds have to meet so many different requirements every element of the feed is there for a purpose. Some of them counterbalance deficits of important substances or enhance nutritional value and performance. Others “complete” the feed, improving its digestibility and flavour, it ability to float or its stability in water. Vitamins, probiotics as well as medicines and vaccines are among the elements that can be added to feeds to nourish or cure the fish or prevent it from succumbing to a disease. Read Dr Manfred Klinkhardt’s article from page 57 Traceability – Traceability in the value-added chain is becoming increasingly important as consumers seek the reassurance that the sustainability, origin, or proper handling, of the fish they buy can be documented. Successfully implementing traceability solutions requires the benefits are identified and communicated to all the players in the chain to encourage the necessary commitment. The results from a Norwegian project show how the benefits of traceability are perceived differently through the supply chain. Read more on page 61
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Table of News
6 International News
Events
11 China Fisheries and Seafood Expo, 2-4 November 2010, Dalian Chinese imports of seafood increase rapidly with growing prosperity
12 Aquaculture at Eurotier 2010, 16-19 November 2010, Hannover Renewed growth in the aquaculture section
14 NACEE workshop in Tyumen, Russia Export driven aquaculture must also prioritise environmental and social criteria
Cover Story
15 Seko AS is a major player on the Polish market New factory goes on-stream in November 2010
Turkey
18 Offshore cages benefit all marine users Turkish aquaculture goes from strength to strength
21 The Turkish fisheries industry Catches decline for third consecutive year
23 Kilic Feed Plants Specially formulated feeds for seabass, seabream, and trout
26 Cobanlar Group Investing in certification systems to improve production
28 Marenostro Frozen ready meals based on seabass and seabream
30 Kilic Bafa Hatchery and Nursery Facility A high stakes operation
Denmark
33 The Danish aquaculture sector New regulations on emissions to pave the way for increased production
38 Kongeaaens Dambrug Successful switch to a Type 3 Model Farm
40 Herring in organic marinade More conspicuous packaging needed
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
The shift to Type 3 Model Farms as well as FREA systems will have several beneficial effects on Danish water courses including reduced emissions Read more from page 33
Contents
41 Fish twice a week Danish campaign boosts fish consumption
43 Naerfisk puts quality first Denmark seeks to emulate a Swedish scheme for quality fish
Processing
45 Fish waste is a profitable resource Need for better use of potential
Spain
Worldwide Fish News
48 Interview with the General Secretary of the Sea A more regional approach to fisheries management
52 Interview with the Director General for Fisheries Management CMO reform must balance EU producers’ needs with imports
Aquaculture ries
Belgium
page
7
NEW se 55 Guide to Recirculation Aquaculture An introduction to recirculation aquaculture
Benin
page
6
China
page
11
57 Additives in aquafeed Small additions with big results
Denmark
pages
8, 33
Germany
pages
10, 12
Latvia
page
Norway
pages
6, 61
Poland
pages
8, 15
Russia
page
Spain
pages
Sri Lanka
page
7
Sweden
page
62
Service
Turkey
page
18
63 Diary Dates
UK
page
8
64 Imprint, List of Advertisers
USA
pages
Traceability
7
14
61 Norwegian traceability project for fresh whitefish How to succeed when implementing traceability
Technology
62 Seac AB re-engineers filleting machines Filleting smaller fish - down to 100 fish/kilo
6, 48
7, 8
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
[ international news ] Benin: Strategic plan to improve export performance results in EU recognition of Competent Authority
Norway: Skretting closes feed plant Falling demand for salmon feed in Ireland has prompted Skretting to close its feed plant there with the loss of 22 jobs. The Irish salmon industry will now be supported by the company’s UK operations. Skretting is a leading international company in the production of
feeds for fish hatcheries to market sized fish with production units on five continents manufacturing altogether about 1.3m tonnes of feed for more than 50 different species in 2009. Seventy-five percent of the feed is for salmon and seawater trout.
Spain: Bilbao to host international congress on fish and seafood quality
The regional workshop for decision makers in Banjul, Gambia in August was one of a series of events organised within the framework of a regional STDF project to increase fish exports from the region.
Benin is one of a select group of five west African nations that has benefited from a project to improve their fish exports. The project was funded by the Sustainable Trade Development Facility and managed by the FAO. Infopeche (a sister organisation to Eurofish) was the collaborating agency.The project had several objectives: to improve knowledge about sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) issues within the industry and the competent authorities in the five countries through a series of regional workshops; to hold national training workshops on safe fish handling down to the beach level; and to build a technical and trade database on SPS and other trade issues to disseminate the findings from this project to other countries in the region. Developing countries play an outsize role in the global fishery industry accounting for three quarters of global production and for almost half of world exports. Most exports are to de
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
veloped countries where fishery production tends to be stagnant or falling even as fish consumption is growing. The EU is the world’s biggest importer of fish and seafood. Following the first regional workshop representatives from the five countries drafted National Action Plans to strengthen national food control systems by improving legislation through a better understanding of SPS requirements. By the end of the project fish inspectors of the Competent Authority and fish quality controllers had improved their ability to conduct inspection and certification, and had a better understanding of the HACCP concept, and SPS and traceability requirements. The Competent Authorities in two of the countries (Benin, Senegal) were recongnised by the EU, Mauritania will be visited again by the EU in November 2010, while Sierre Leone and the Gambia need to further upgrade their legislation and Competent Authorities before gaining approval.
The Spanish Ministry of the Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs (MARM), is organising the second edition of the International Congress on Quality of Fish and Seafood Products on 17 and 18 November 2010 in Bilbao. The event will focus on research, technological development and innovation in the fisheries and aquaculture sector, and will serve as a meeting point for national and international authorities who will discuss the latest developments and trends in quality assurance and food safety, traceability and marketing and sustainability. The aim is to disseminate the latest knowledge that can contribute to
an overall improvement of quality in the entire value-added chain, from production to processing and marketing, for seafood derived from wild catches as well as farmed fish. The sector will also benefit from information about better quality management and food safety. The Congress will last for a day and a half and the program is structured in four thematic blocks, three of them related to food safety, marketing and sustainability, and a fourth block termed a sectoral meeting. Simultaneous interpretation between Spanish and English will be available.
The Spanish Ministry of the Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs (MARM), is organising the second edition of the International Congress on Quality of Fish and Seafood Products on 17 and 18 November 2010 in Bilbao. www.eurofishmagazine.com
[ international news ] USA: New copper alloy provides healthier environment for fish farms
Brussels: Fisheries Commissioner seeks consultation on mackerel clash
A company specialising in metals and manufacturing has developed a new copper alloy that develops a protective oxide on the surface that is safe for the fish and is resistant to fouling. The new wire is envisaged for use in offshore fish farming cages resulting in improved predator restance, fewer escapes and better water flow through the cages. The new wire is resistant to organisms including barnacles, algae and other organ-
The European Commission has expressed its concern at the declaration by the Faroe Islands to unilaterally increase its 2010 quota of mackerel from the North East Atlantic fishery to 85,000 tonnes, a level three times its traditional quota entitlement under multilateral management arrangements between the EU, Norway and Faeroe Islands in force from 1999 to 2009. The announcement from the Faroe Islands follows Iceland which has unilaterally increased its quota to 112,000 tonnes. Commissioner Maria Damanaki stated that the escalating trend, whereby
isms that often disrupt the flow of water. With the new alloy the wire used in the cages can be made thinner and therefore ligher than traditional copper wire generating savings in raw materials and transportations costs. According to a press release, Luvata, the company behind the new alloy, has entered into discussions with aquaculture companies around the world and is seeing significant interest in the new product.
Sri Lanka: Yellow fin tuna and marlin producer passes traceability audit A Sri Lankan company, Rainbow Foods Pvt Ltd, that uses traditional fishing vessels to target yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and black marlin (Makaira indica) has passed a Friend of the Sea traceability audit showing that the fish can be traced from the vessel until it reaches the buyer. This guarantees retailers and consumers that Rainbow Food’s yellow fin and black marlin are not mixed with fish of other ori-
gin and that the fish derive from environmentally friendly fishing fleets. Friend of the Sea has established a local monitor based in Sri Lanka who regularly spot checks harbors, vessels, production lines and warehouses and also provides a local point of contact for the fishery. Rainbow Food’s fishing vessels are licensed to fish in FAO 51 fishing areas and the company is certified to BRC and EU standards.
unjustifiably high mackerel fishing quotas had been set firstly by Iceland and now by Faeroe Islands for 2010, was in clear contradiction with the avowed objective of sustainable fisheries. Such actions risked causing the collapse of the NE Atlantic mackerel stock, which would be to the detriment of all the fleets and industries concerned. However, according to fishnewseu.com surveys by the Icelandic Marine Research Institute suggest that vast numbers of mackerel are migrating to Icelandic waters and that the Icelandic quota is sustainable.
Latvia: Restocking programme releases fish in rivers Under the state fish restocking programme the fish breeding company Tome, has released 24,500 common whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) juveniles into the river Gauja. Each year the government offers grants for fish breeding. Tome breeds whitefish for a year, while other fish, for example,
sanders and lampreys are grown for longer periods before being released. This year sanders were released in Kisezers and Daugava, while three million lamprey juveniles were released into the Gauja. Common whitefish is a salmonoid fish and can be migratory or live permanently in lakes.
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
[ international news ] Morpol invests in Norwegian salmon farming unit in Scotland Morpol ASA has acquired 100% of Mainstream Scotland for an enterprise value of NOK 350 million, the company reported in a press relese. The combined Morpol – Mainstream Scotland companies will become a unique vertically integrated player in the salmon farming and processing sector. Mainstream Scotland is part of Mainstream Group, a wholly owned subsidiary of Cermaq ASA, the large Norwegian listed company which is active in both fish farming and fish feed. Mainstream Scotland is the main salmon producer in the Orkney Islands. In Shetland, Mainstream’s production represents some 10 percent of the total annual harvest volume of the island. Mainstream Scotland has fresh water production facilities on the Scottish mainland and primary processing plants in Orkney and Shetland. Mainstream Scotland expects to harvest 6,500 tonnes
of Atlantic Salmon in 2010. In 2009 Mainstream Scotland had a turnover of NOK 196.7million which is expected to increase to over NOK 230 million in 2010. The closing date for the transaction is expected to be 25 August 2010. “It is exciting for Morpol to make the first step into salmon farming, particularly entering first in Mainstream Scotland which we believe has a significant potential for growth over today’s production levels. We intend to use this acquisition as a platform for market penetration in the UK and French markets and will further invest in processing to align Morpol with our customers’ needs. We believe we can extract synergies in the value chain and enhance margins while at the same time increasing our presence in other markets such as the U.S. which prefers Scottish origin salmon. With this step, we secure about 10% of our raw material needs,” says Mr Jerzy Malek, CEO of Morpol.
WWF award goes to Danish marine researcher at Stockholm ceremony The Baltic Sea Festival is organised by the Swedish Radio Concert Hall to bring the Baltic countries closer to each other through musical, cultural and environmental cooperation. At the Festival this year the WWF Baltic Sea Leadership 2010 award was handed to Poul Degnbol, a scientifc advisor to ICES, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, for his active work for sustainable fisheries at the European Commission, where he was scientific advisor from 2006 to 2010. The WWF citation applauded Poul Degnbol’s efforts for a ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management within
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
the Common Fisheries Policy. Mr Degnbol advocates an open, transparent and constructive debate on European fisheries policy and sees science as a way of furthering this tranparency. With the full knowledge of the potential options and tradeoffs between economics and the environment, stakeholders can take informed decisions with science providing the evidence. But, he also asserts that it is very important that scientists and politicians do not mix roles. For him, politicians should remain responsible for making decisions on fisheries policy, based on the arguments provided by science
UK: ISFF calls for freeze on further days-at-sea reductions as fleet struggles for survival The Scottish Fishermen’s Federation is calling for a freeze on any further reductions in the number of days fishing vessels can put to sea and is warning that a significant proportion of the demersal fleet is facing financial collapse unless there is an easing of the current management restrictions. The Federation is urging the Scottish and UK Governments to urgently commission an independent socio-economic report to quantify the level of hardship being experienced by the fleet. Such a report could be used as vital evidence to persuade the
EC to rethink the restrictions currently operated under the longterm management plan for cod that includes automatic year-onyear reductions in the number of days that vessels can put to sea. Bertie Armstrong, SFF chief executive, said: “We are now seeing a recovery in the cod stock and it is essential that the long-term plan for cod is revised so as to ensure that fishing vessels don’t go to the wall.” The Federation will be placing its concerns before Scottish fisheries minister Richard Lochhead and the UK fisheries minister, Richard Benyon.
Denmark: Eel restocking activities attract funding from the EU The European eel is severely threatened. Biologists reckon that the number of young eels entering European rivers and fjords since 1970 has fallen by as much as 90%. Denmark has therefore passed an action plan for eels which seeks to restrict the fishery and restock Danish waters. Thanks to support from the European Union the Danish action plan for eels can receive
twice as much funding towards eel restocking activities in Danish waters in 2010 and 2011. The amount is over half a million euro (DKK4m) which is twice as much as in earlier years. The Danish action plan has been approved by the Commission last year and in 2010 1.5m eels were released into Danish rivers, lakes and along the coast.
USA: Oceana reseach expedition studying impact of spilt oil on Gulf The environmental NGO Oceana has launched a research expedition in the Gulf of Mexico to study the impact of the Gulf oil spill on marine life and senstitive habitats in the area. The expedition, which is being carried out from a 170 foot vessels adapted to serve as a research and diving platform, has a team of underwater photographers, videographers, and a remotely operated underwater vehi-
cle (ROV) to document the effects of the oil spill. Oceana researchers together with collaborators from research institutes and universities are also tagging several species of shark to assess their ability to avoid contaminated areas. According to the organisation new studies have shown that about 80% of the 200 million gallons of oil from the spill is still in the sea and that oil has been found on the ocean floor. www.eurofishmagazine.com
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[ international news ]
The world’s largest conservation organization WWF, Germany’s leading foodstuffs retailer EDEKA, and one of Germany’s largest Producer Organizations met with EU Fisheries Commissioner Maria Damanaki in Hamburg. During her first visit to Germany they encouraged the Commissioner to pursue an ambitious reform for Europe’s Common Fishery Policy (CFP). During the meeting Damanaki said: “I want to leave fish stocks five years from now in a better condition than I find them. I am committed to a CFP that puts science at the heart of the decision-making. I’m pleased to see joined forces at work in Germany in support of a reform that pro-
10 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Image: WWF
Germany: WWF, EDEKA push for bold reform of Common Fisheries Policy motes responsible management. We must turn the current trend of overfishing and waste around and aim for fisheries that are both sustainable and profitable.” Commissioner Damanaki faces the challenging task of accomplishing a reform for the CFP that is both bold and acceptable to EU member states by 2012. This is a once in a decade opportunity to set right what the CFP has failed to deliver to date, despite a previous reform in 2002. Seventytwo percent of EU fish stocks are overfished and the economic situation of the fishing sector is critical. WWF, EDEKA and Kutterfisch welcomed the Commis-
Jörg Petersen, CEO Kutterfisch-Zentrale GmbH; Maria Damanaki, EU Fisheries Commissioner; Michaela Fischer-Zernin, Head of EDEKA’s Corporate Communications and Public Affairs; Heike Vesper, Head of the Marine Programme for WWF Germany.
sioner’s plan to put an end to the short-sighted scramble for fish and requested that the CFP reform make long-term management plans mandatory for all EU fisheries by 2015. The transforma-
tion to a durable, sustainable and profitable fishing sector in Europe may not be easy, but is possible. The Alliance is also in favour of more decision-making power for the Regions.
www.eurofishmagazine.com
[ Events ] More and more Chinese processors are starting to develop domestic markets for value-added seafood products that used to be only for export.
consumers. They see imports as higher quality and safer, which is what they care about.”
Sustainability seminar to feature major buyers
China Fisheries and Seafood Expo, 2-4 November 2010, Dalian, China
Chinese imports of seafood increase rapidly with growing prosperity The China Fisheries and Seafood Expo, organised by Sea Fare Expositions, Inc in Seattle, Washington, and the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, has been sold out. Even with the addition of an extra hall at the modern Dalian World Expo Centre the event was sold out by the end of August.
T
his year’s show will feature more than 800 companies filling 16,000 square meters of exhibit space, an increase of almost 15 percent from last year’s show in Qingdao. We are very happy with the response the show has generated, says Peter Redmayne, president of Sea Fare Expositions, Inc. An estimated 15,000 visitors from more than 50 countries are expected to attend. In addition to Chinese exhibitors, the event features national stands from several countries including Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Iceland, India, Norway, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Vietnam.
Yang Hong, general manager for Beijing-based Sea Fare (China) Ltd., which handles sales to Chinese companies, suggests that the size of the Chinese seafood industry, and the growing demand for imported seafood have all contributed to the Expo’s sales
Imported seafood associated with quality, safety While China remains the world’s leading seafood exporter, more and more Chinese seafood companies see their best prospects for long-term growth closer to home, another reason the show is growing so quickly. China’s booming economy has lifted some 300 million people into the middle
class by most estimates. At the same time, the boom has added to a growing number of rich Chinese, which is rapidly transforming the country. More and more Chinese processors are starting to develop domestic markets for value-added seafood products that used to be only for export. At the same time, China’s swelling ranks of wealthy consumers are buying more and more imported foods, including seafood. In a growing number of new “five-star” supermarkets, almost half the products are imported. “What we’re seeing now is really just the tip of the iceberg in terms of China’s consumption of imported seafood,” says Redmayne. “Imported seafood is more expensive, but that matters less and less to Chinese
A one day seminar, the Second Sustainable Seafood Forum, organised by the Seafare Group, Inc. and the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and supported by the Seafood Choices Alliance, Sustainable Fisheries Partnership, and Den Norske Veritas will be held on 1 November, the day before the seafood show opens. China leads the world in aquatic products production and exports. If our seafood industry is to stay in this place, we have to learn more about how to produce seafood on a sustainable basis,” says Mr. Niu Dun, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Agriculture. The Forum will feature speakers from North America, Asia and the EU, including major buyers, producers, NGO’s, and Chinese government speakers. The importance of sustainability to consumers and buyers in the west make it imperative that Chinese suppliers respond to these concerns. “The Chinese industry is just beginning to understand of all the complex issues surrounding the sustainability of seafood,” says Dick Jones, Program Director for the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. Presentations at the Forum will also focus on labels, traceability and certification options for sustainable producers. For more information on the show visit: www.chinaseafoodexpo.com
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
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[ Events ] Eurotier 2010, 16-19 November 2010, Hannover, Germany
Renewed growth in the aquaculture section The leading international trade fair for animal husbandry, EuroTier 2010, will take place in Hannover for the ninth time from 16 to 19 November 2010. It is organised by the German Agricultural Society DLG and is considered to be Europe’s most comprehensive information platform for professional husbandry. The aquaculture section is gaining significance at the fair.
S
eventeen hundred exhibitors from a total of 46 countries had already registered for EuroTier 2010 at the beginning of August. All the leading producers and suppliers from the meat sector will be there and the same applies to the aquaculture section in Hall 26. The EuroTier marketplace for aquaculture will for the fifth time bring together producers, suppliers and institutions, offering a platform for the presentation of top international technology and innovations from the areas fish production, environmental technology, and water management. Bookings for “Bioenergy Decentral” are particularly high. This special event which is to be held parallel to EuroTier focuses on trends and technologies for renewable energy sources, a topic that is of particular significance for aquaculture due to the usage of heat from biogas plants on fish farms, and this renders it a connecting element in the agrarian sector.
to gain unbiased advice at the Aquaculture Advice Centre has proved a success. This combination offering international contacts from all agrarian sectors led to a high number of visitors at the last events. In the visitor survey carried out for the event in 2008, 6,000 guests named aquaculture as their field of interest. While organizing this year’s show it became apparent from an early point in time that the response of exhibitors from the aquaculture sector was going to be good, and now there are already hardly any more free spaces left in the marketplace area for aquaculture.
The focus of the marketplace is a special challenge to the organisers, given the fact that they want to offer some very different target groups information, innovations and techniques for their sectors. Fish farmers and pond managers get the chance to meet their suppliers to gain information on new construction, conversion and modernisation; they can take a close look at innovations in the production, farming and feeding technology sectors, and can discuss new resources with their feed companies. A section which should not be underestimated is the group of agricultural farmers,
Exhibition, forum, consultation The exhibition concept based on the marketplace with exhibitors, information at the Aquaculture Forum and the opportunity 12 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
The exhibition concept based on the marketplace with exhibitors, information at the Aquaculture Forum, and the chance for unbiased advice from the Aquaculture Advice Centre has proved its value.
newcomers and investors who want to get the feel of this niche of the agrarian economy. They will meet technologists and contacts for technology and activities concerned with aquaculture, and can plan investments and new projects, make calculations, discuss heat usage concepts and compare them with facts and figures from industry.
Aquaculture Advice Centre At the Aquaculture Advice Centre both new and established institutes will answer questions about everything from small companies to enclosed fish farms. The Association of German Inland Fisheries (Verband der Deutschen Binnenfischerei), the Trout Marketing Network (Marketing Verbund Forelle) and the Fishery Department of the Lower Saxony Ministry of Agriculture will all be present. This year not only Bavaria will be supporting the Advice Centre but also – and twofold – Brandenburg. The Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture in Starnberg is sending representatives to the Advice Centre, as is the Institute of Inland Fisheries, Jägerhof, Potsdam-Sacrow. And the Institute for Grain Processing from Potsdam-Nuthetal, which is considered the world leader in matters concerning phototrophic aquaculture, i.e. aquaculture for plants, will also be there. The international partner of the advice centre is IMARES, Wageningen University & Research Center from Holland. Special consultations on the topic “Fish from the Farm?” will be offered, as will advice for companies that want to convert to eco-aquaculture. Training and further training offers in the aquaculture field will be the object of other special sessions. www.eurofishmagazine.com
[ Events ] Information exchange and discussion at the Aquaculture Forum In 2010 the Aquaculture Forum will again serve as an opportunity for information exchange and discussion on topics that are decisive for business success. The 2010 forum will focus strongly on practical fishery issues but also present data from early experiences with enclosed fish farms. Altogether, 40 experts will present for discussion their experiences and results from all areas of aquaculture on four days of the fair. New this year is a general introductory block on the basic principles of fish production in recirculation systems. This introductory block will convey basic knowledge to industry newcomers. The lectures are divided into several blocks and will always begin with a general lecture. The following topic blocks are planned: - Aquaculture & Technology - Aquaculture & Candidates - Aquaculture & Farming - Aquaculture & Feed
In 2010 the Aquaculture Forum will again serve as an opportunity for information exchange and discussion on topics that are decisive for business success.
- Aquaculture & Recirc - Aquaculture & Material Cycles & Algae - Aquaculture & Market To bring together and discuss with people who have different opinions, but mutual goals, was always a good recipe for expert presentation. So this year there will again be various panel discussions, including “Aquaculture and Investment” in which banks, technologists, fish farmers, authorities and trade will be asked when investment is
profitable and how operators can improve their own ranking. Other discussions include “Top Companies in the Market” and “Recirculation Technology” – Here various different fish farm concepts from different plant suppliers will be compared and discussed.
Fish production in enclosed cycles EuroTier has earned itself a good name in the presentation of recirculation technology (RECIRC) and
is seen as the international platform for fish production in nonlocation-dependent systems. The possibility to speak to exhibiting technologists, benefit from unbiased advice, and hear lectures on the topic of RECIRC is what makes the marketplace for aquaculture at EuroTier so exceptional. Fish farms with their own integrated water treatment facilities – so-called recirculation plants – are a visitor magnet at EuroTier. Not only are fish farmers and agriculturalists looking for information on this farming technology. Participants from related sectors, be they experts from bio energy technology, engineering, or advice and administration offices also want to know more about this intensive farming technique. The RECIRC farmers will meet for the III International RECIRC Meeting on Thursday 18 November directly at the Aquaculture marketplace. More information at: www.euroTier.de/aquakultur E-mail: B.Schmidt-Puckhaber@dlg.org Tel.: +49 (0)69-24788 254
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
13
Image: Anca Sfetcovici, Eurofish
Participants at the NACEE meeting visiting the facilities at the Gosrybcenter Fisheries Research Centre in Tyumen, Russia. The Centre farms trout, whitefish and sterlet.
NACEE Workshop, 26-27 August 2010, Tyumen, Russia
Export-driven aquaculture must also consider social and environmental criteria The FAO Sub-regional Office for Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, in cooperation with HAKI, the Hungarian Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation, jointly organized a workshop on marketing aquaculture products. The workshop took place in connection with the 7th meeting of the directors of the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Central and Eastern Europe (NACEE). Gosrybcenter Fisheries Research Centre, the local organiser for both events, was an excellent host.
T
he keynote presentations were on the trends and prospects of the supply of fisheries and aquaculture products to the EU market (Audun Lem, FAO); and on regulations for export of seafood from third countries into the EU (Anca Sfetcovici, Eurofish). Mr Lem said in his presentation that the total world fish production is growing, but only thanks to aquaculture. Catches have stagnated over the years, although there are yearly fluctuations. Aquaculture however has grown tremendously over the last two-three decades and even if recently the growth has slowed down, aquaculture remains the main driver behind the increased fisheries production. Currently 53 million tonnes per 14 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
year worth US$ 98 billion (2008) or almost 50% of the fish for food comes from aquaculture. Asia is by far the dominant producer, led by China, but other developing countries like Vietnam and India are catching up. Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector in the world. Considering the projected population growth, an additional 40 million tonnes of aquatic food is needed by 2030 to maintain the current levels of consumption. Aquaculture will determine overall the future supply and many countries prioritise an export driven aquaculture development. However, a long term sustainable aquaculture growth must build not only on economics, but also on social and environmental criteria.
Locally grown African catfish penetrates market in Hungary The presentation on African catfish farmed in Hungary by Laszlo Varadi from HAKI is an example of innovative use of available resources combined with intelligent marketing and perseverance. Geothermal water offers excellent conditions for intensive aquaculture. Years of trials and constant collaboration between farms and research institutions showed how a tropical fish can be produced in a temperate climate if appropriate conditions are available. Almost 2,000 tonnes were produced in 2008 for the local market. Communication with consumers and retailers
overcame the reluctance of buyers concerning the appearance and origin of fish and competition with imports. African catfish is marketed in Hungary as “fresh fish from your neighborhood”.
Pangasius encourages Poles to eat more fish … initially Andzhei Lirsky, Ryshard Kolman, and Boguslav Zdanovski, from the Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Olshtyn, Poland presented an interesting case on pangasius and fish consumption in Poland. The growth in fish consumption from 11.5 kg/capita in 2005 to 13.5 kg/capita in 2008 was attributed exclusively to pangasius, the second most consumed fish after hake. Through a mix of aggressive promotion and attractive price, pangasius changed the pattern of local fish consumption in a short period of time. Consumers wished to try something new, with good taste, lack of ‘fishy smell’ and at a cheap price. However, after four years of constant grow, the sales started to drop, due to the decrease in quality of the fish supplied, but also to a negative publicity in the media regarding the low nutritional value of the fish and inappropriate methods of production. Consumers are very sensitive about the negative information on the fish they buy, and promotion of new species based exclusively on low price strategy is often risky. All the presentations are available at: http://www.agrowebcee. net/nacee/ www.eurofishmagazine.com
cover story
Seko AS is a major player on the Polish market
Seko has invested in a new production facility increasing the processing area to 16,000 sq. m. The new unit will start operating in November.
New factory goes onstream in November 2010 Seko is among the three largest fish processors in Poland manufacturing a huge variety of marinated, and salted products as well as salads, and fish in sauces. Herring, mackerel, and cod are the main raw materials. Later this year a brand new factory for the production of breaded and frozen fish will start operating.
W
ith the opening of the new processing factory Seko faces a new challenge. We would like to double our sales in the course of the next couple of years or so, says Joanna Szymczak, Vice President on the company board and also the Export Director. The new factory has doubled the area under production from 8,400 square m to 16,000 square m and has almost doubled the number of production lines. Both the plants meet international requirements and are certified to the BRC and IFS standards. This huge increase in capacity will add a whole new series of items to the already impressive range that is produced. The new factory is where we propose to start the manufacture of breaded frozen products using
Alaska pollock and saithe, says Ms Szymczak. The new factory is also equipped with some energy-saving features that allow heat from the production process to be recycled. This energy will be deployed to warm water as well as for heating.
Sales to double in two years She is cautiously optimistic about reaching her target of doubling sales. Production has been steadily increasing not only in our factories but also in our competitors’ suggesting that there is a demand and that the demand is growing. The Polish economy is doing well and increasing prosperity is also contributing to greater fish consumption. Our
products are all ready to eat and the new ones will be ready to cook and demand for this kind of convenient, easy-to-prepare, snack or meal is rising particularly rapidly. Polish consumers are also increasingly aware of the health benefits of fish irrespective of whether it is fresh, marinated or frozen. They know that particularly fatty fish like herring and mackerel both taste good and are healthy. The new factory will also introduce a high degree of automation which should make it easier to plan more effectively. Poland has also been spared the worst impacts of the recession. Kazimierz Plocke, Secretary of State, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development says
that while fisheries imports decreased in 2009 – primarily from Asia, production and exports actually increased with higher catches from the Baltic fleet and the distant water fleet. Seko was fortunate. In 2007 just before the onset of the crisis the company was listed on the Warsaw stock exchange and the sale of shares generated the money that allowed them to build the new processing factory and thereby strengthen the company.
Raw material includes frozen, marinated, and fresh herring Seko was founded in 1992 in Gdynia where it was located in the harbour. From the outset production has focused on the manufacture of traditional Polish and German products based on herring, mackerel and cod. These include marinades, salted products, rollmops, salads, as well as fish in sauces and gelatine. We work with three kinds of herring
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
15
cover story
raw material, explains Ms Szymczak, frozen fillets and flaps which we import from Norway and Iceland, marinated skinless fillets and flaps which come mainly from Denmark, though some are imported from Germany, and finally fresh flaps which are the smaller Baltic herring which we obtain from processors in Poland. The fresh raw material amounts to about 1,500 tonnes and forms the smallest part of the raw material which altogether totals 10,000 tonnes. The other fish used in the production is mackerel (about 800 tonnes) and cod (about 500 tonnes). The products are either fried and put
in vinegar or sauces, or they are steamed and put in gelatine together with vegetables. These typically Polish products are packaged in plastic or glass which vary in weight from 80 g retail jars and plastic containers to 2.5 kilo buckets for fishmongers.
Production under own brand as well as private label
Products are packaged in both glass and plastic containers with weights ranging from 80 g to 2.5 kg plastic buckets for fishmongers.
Independent fishmongers are a threatened species in Poland where the retail chains are expanding relentlessly as the smaller shops cannot compete. There are still some independent retailers and
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16 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
(Phone: +34 986 469303) (Phone: +34 986 469301)
www.eurofishmagazine.com
cover story
Seko’s production is distributed across Poland, which is the company’s largest market absorbing about 90% of the production. Customers are the retail chains, independent retailers and fishmongers. fishmongers in Poland and we supply them as well as the retailers, says Ms Szymczak, but the gradual disappearance of traditional retail channels is a general problem for producers as it leaves only a single format, the large international retail chain, for us to supply. This has however not hindered the company from selling all over the country from north to south. Selling to the international chains also has the advantage that their products are then sometimes also sold in neighbouring countries, like Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Most of the production is sold under the Seko brand, but we do also produce for private label, says Ms Szymczak. About four years ago the company moved from Gdynia at the northern tip of Poland to Chojnice, a town about 120 km south west of Gdansk and more centrally located in Poland. The new site was owned by the company unlike the old site which
was rented and the central location meant that distribution was easier. The new location also has good connections to Swinoujscie and Szczecin, two towns that are close to the German border.
Germany, together with France and the Czech Republic form the company’s export markets absorbing some 10% of the production. The remainder is sold domestically.
Seko S.A. Company Fact File Seko S.A. Zakladowa 3 PL 89-620 Chojnice Poland Tel.: +48 58 691 76 64 Fax: +48 58 62 76 965 jszymczak@sekosa.pl www.sekosa.pl Vice President and Export Director: Ms Joanna Szymczak Processing area: 16,000 sq. m (new 7,600 sq. m factory to go on-stream in November 2010) Products: 250 products including marinated or salted herring products, fried fish in marinade
or vegetable sauces, herring salads, fish in gelatine, paste, and other; mackerel and cod either fried and put in vinegar or sauces, or steamed and placed in gelatine together with vegetables New products (from November 2010): Breaded and frozen fish Packaging: Plastic and glass containers, 80 g to 2.5 kg Markets: Poland (90%), Germany, France, Czech Republic Customers: Retail chains, fishmongers, independent retailers Employees: 600 Turnover 2009: EUR30m
The Polish processing industry has been consolidating over the last years. There are currently some 200 companies in the sector of which perhaps 10 are big, but the number of companies is declining.
Plans to grow organically for the immediate future While there have been some mergers and acquisitions in the processing sector Seko is currently not planning to expand using this route. We have our own strategy and our own plans and our growth at least for the moment will be organic, says Joanna Szymczak, but in the future she does not rule out that Seko will follow a more aggressive strategy. Doubling sales every couple of years may get more difficult as the company expands, and if this is the target then at some point an acquisition or two may be the only way to achieve it. Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
17
TURKEY
Turkey Offshore cages benefit all marine users
Turkish aquaculture goes from strength to strength With a 8,333 km coastline, many rivers, lakes, dam lakes, ponds, and reservoirs Turkey has great potential for aquaculture. There are 26 million ha of water sources suitable for aquaculture. In addition, Turkey has the second longest coastline in the Mediterranean after Spain.
T
otal fisheries production in 2008 was 646,000 mt of which 152,000 mt comes from aquaculture. Aquaculture’s contribution to fisheries was 24% in volume and 44% in value terms of the total fisheries production. While total fishery production has remained stable over the past decade, aquaculture production has increased by 147.5% in the past 7 years. Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in Turkey having grown in volume by over 20% for the past 10 years. It started with 18 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
started with carp and rainbow trout farming in the 1970s and developed with sea bream and sea bass farming in the Aegean Sea in the mid 1980s, followed by cage culture of trout in the Black Sea during the 1990s and more recently tuna rearing in the Aegean and the Mediterranean Sea in the early 2000s. In 2009 there were 1,885 fish farms in Turkey including 1,499 inland fish farms and 356 marine fish farms producing 238,756 mt per year. Marine aquaculture started with sea bream and sea bass in closed
and sheltered bays using traditional, small wooden cages in 1985. As the industry developed so did the conflicts with other sectors such as tourism, environmental protection, and maritime recreation on the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts where most sea bass and sea bream farms were established. To reduce the conflicts between the aquaculture industry and other industries that also used the sea the first marine aquaculture zones were identified in 1988 and the sea farms were moved in to these zones. However, the allo-
Moving the fish farming cages offshore has benefited the inshore environment and removed a source of conflicts between the different industries that use the coast.
cated zones could not keep up with the rapid developments in culture techniques; cage-design, and fish feed technology and soon reached the limits of their capacity. Several studies on the determination of aquaculture zones were made and reviewed several times because of the rapid development in the sector.
Integrated coastal management reduces conflicts Eventually, all the parties realized that sector by sector planning would not deliver sustainable management and they decided to make integrated coastal plans involving all stakeholders. The Turkish Government developed a National Marine Aquaculture Development Plan (NMADP) www.eurofishmagazine.com
TURKEY to minimize conflicts and provide stable ground for the future growth of the aquaculture sector. After the new Environmental Law was passed, new aquaculture zones were determined once again, this time with the consensus of all the stakeholders, according to the current regulatory provisions and inshore marine farms were moved to newly allocated offshore aquaculture zones. The new offshore marine aquaculture zones were identified by MARA, MEF and the other stakeholders. New regulations have been introduced and the existing ones have been amended to meet the requirements and that are coherent with EU regulations. The Aquaculture Legislation was amended and aligned with EU regulations including fish welfare in 2009. In addition, rules related to site selection and monitoring for fish farms were put into effect in 2007 and 2009 respectively. In addition to regulation and planning, national and international projects have been carried out to increase the sustainability of the aquaculture sector. These include the FAO Project on Developing a Roadmap for Turkish Marine Aquaculture Site Selection and Zoning Using an Ecosystem Approach to Management; and National Project on Determination of Environmental Impacts of Fish Farm to the Marine Ecosystem.
Several advantages to moving offshore The consultations with the other stakeholders has reduced the incidence of conflicts and shifting the cages offshore, although it has been an expensive exercise for the industry, has also brought several benefits. Mustafa Gumusel, of Gumusdoga Aqvaculture, a major producer of seabass and seabream, says that his company spent a lot of money in the begin
Hakan Adamcil, the Fish Farms Director in the Kilic Group sees the move to offshore cages as overwhelmingly positive for the industry.
ning but the move has had clear advantages. Producing high volumes of fish inshore has an impact on the water quality which
Seabass and seabream are also grown in inland brackish water ponds. The growth is slower but the fish are reputed to be tastier and tend to be sold to the food service trade.
can change its colour making it unfit for the tourism industry. Hayri Deniz the Director of the Marine Aquaculture Section in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs says the important
thing to realise is that an industry does not operate in a vacuum isolated from the rest of the economy. It is not possible to have a successful industry if it creates so many conflicts with other us-
Commercially important farmed species production in tonnes Trout
Carp
Sea bass
Sea bream
Mussels
Others
Total
2004
48082
683
20435
26297
1513
-
94010
2005
49282
571
27634
37290
1500
2000
118277
2006
57659
668
28463
38408
1545
2200
128943
2007
61173
600
33500
41900
1100
1600
139873
2008
68649
629
31670
49270
196
1772
152186 Source: MARA 2009
Fishery and aquaculture production in Turkey in tonnes Inland aquaculture
Marine aquaculture
Total aquaculture
Total production (farmed+wild)
Aquaculture percentage
1998
33290
23410
56700
543900
10.42
1999
37770
25230
63000
636824
9.89
2000
43385
35646
79031
582376
13.57
2001
37514
29730
67244
594977
11.3
2002
34297
26868
61165
627847
9.74
2003
40217
39726
79943
587715
13.6
2004
44115
49895
94010
644492
14.59
2005
48604
69673
118277
544773
21.71
2006
56694
72249
128943
661991
19.47
2007
59033
80840
139873
772323
18.11
2008
66557
85629
152186
646310
24.00 Source: MARA 2009
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
19
TURKEY
For Hakan Adamcil, the Fish Farms Director in the Kilic Group moving offshore has also meant investing in stronger cages that can better withstand higher seas and rougher weather. Everything has to be upgraded he says, the boats need more powerful engines, ropes have to be stronger, we need more experienced staff. The environmental conditions
20 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Trend in Turkish aquaculture production 152186
150000
139873 128643 118277
Tonnes
ers of the sea, he emphasises. It is very important to get all the stakeholders together and take decisions based on consensus. Mr Gumusel adds that with the move offshore the industry which was producing 30,000 tonnes six to seven years ago is now producing 70,000 tonnes, which would not have been possible without moving the farms. There have also been other advantages continues Mustafa Gumusel. The Food Conversion Ratio has gone down a little, and the quality and colour of the fish has improved. Costs have also gone up. For example, before we moved offshore we used 10 tonnes of diesel, now we use 30 tonnes he says, but on balance we are better off.
94010
100000
79943
79031 63000
67244
61465
50000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 offshore are better for the fish, but the working conditions are more exacting.
The Turkish model could benefit other European countries World total fisheries production in 2009 was 140,392,858 tonnes of which 35.7% came from aquaculture, which has been the fastest growing food production sector in the world in the past decade. With its inland and marine resources Turkey has vast potential to further develop its aquaculture industry. In 2008 total fisheries production in Turkey was 646,310 mt of which aquaculture
amounted to 24%, and to 43.7% in terms of value. The sector in Turkey is characterised by rapid growth which has seen production increase by 237% over the last decade. Turkey now has a 25 % share of the European sea bream and sea bass market and is the 3rd fastest growing country in the world in aquaculture. It is also the biggest European producer of trout, the world’s second largest producer of seabass and seabream and employs approximately 25.000 people in the sector. The sector has learned the value of collaboration with other users of the coast when formulating development plans and by shifting marine cages off-
Source: MARA, 2009
shore has benefited the environment, promoted the rapid growth of the industry, developed expertise in the field of offshore fish farming, and removed a source of conflicts between different users of the coast. The offshore fish farming sector in Turkey could serve as a model for other countries in Europe that have marine aquaculture industries. Erkan GOZGOZOGLU Head of Aquaculture Department erkan.gozgozoglu@tarim.gov.tr DG of Agricultural Production and Development Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
www.eurofishmagazine.com
Fish consumption in Turkey amounts to about 8 kg per capita with higher consumption in in the coastal areas than the interior of the country.
The Turkish fisheries industry
Catches decline for third consecutive year Fisheries activities in Turkey are regulated by the Fishery Law No. 1380 of 1971 as well as several related regulations and communiquĂŠs. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is responsible for the implemention of the Fishery Law. This responsibility is fulfilled by provincial/district directorates.
S
ince 2006 fishery port offices have begun to be constructed at landing points in order to fulfil the duties related to fisheries effectively and to register the catch activities. The fishery port offices employ technical staff and the offices are equipped with internet, basic control equipments and a small laboratory. Offices have been established at 36 landing points and their numbers are increased inclusive of a plan.
Black Sea catches dominate capture production Turkey is bounded by three seas and the entire coastline spans more than 8000 kilometers in length: the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean to the south, the Aegean to the west and also the Sea of Marmara as an inland sea. Going from north to south it is seen that the salinity, temperature and species number increase while population size decreases. The production share of marine
catch is about 70% although the proportion has decreased a little as aquaculture production has increased for the last 20 years. Inland catches amount to about 6%. Capture fisheries production differs according to the seas. The Black Sea is the most important catch region in Turkey with more than 70% of the total capture production. The most important species is anchovy amounting to 60% of the production. The other important species are the
pelagic species sprat, sardine, horse mackerel, and bonito and the demersals whiting, red mullet, and hake. In addition striped venus clams and sea snails are also caught.
Turkish foreign trade in fisheries Export
Import
Amount (tonnes)
Value (EUR)
Amount (Tonnes)
Value (EUR)
2004
32,804
197,374,667
57,694
59,004,129
2005
37,655
211,835,717
47,676
70,437,282
2006
41,973
256,616,962
53,563
91,903,624
2007
47,214
271,858,909
58,022
96,354,110
2008
54,526
385,280,086
63,222
117,625,057
Source: MARA 2009
Fish and seafood production in tonnes Inland 1970
Marine
Aquaculture
Total
Amount
%
Amount
%
Amount
%
Amount
13249
7
16608
93
-
0
179329
1980
3322
8
397321
92
-
0
430541
1990
37315
10
342017
89
5782
1
385114
2000
42824
7
460521
79
79031
14
582376
2005
46115
8
380381
70
118277
22
544773
2006
44082
7
488966
74
128943
19
661991
2007
43321
6
589 129
76
139873
18
772323
2008
41011
6
453113
70
152186
24
64631
2009
39187
6
425275
68
158729
26
623191 Source: MARA 2009
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
21
TURKEY Small vessels constitute 85% of the fleet Under the Fishery Law fishermen and their vessels may only operate with a license which is issued by the provincial directorates of the Ministry. Licences have not been issued for marine vessels since 2002 in order to reduce the catch stress on stocks and to maintain sustainable fisheries. However, there are still 17,739 licensed marine vessels and 3,149 licensed inland vessels. The majority (85%) of the fleet consists of vessels smaller than 10 m. The fishing gears used in catching are longlines, set longlines, shrimp trawlers, mid-water trawler, trawler and purse seines. Catch permissions for trawlers and purse seines are needed for vessels longer than 12 m. Fleet records are kept on an internetbased vessel registry system for the whole country.
fishing vessels, fishermen, logbooks, sale declarations, transport declarations, quota implementations and controls. The information gained from the system is useful in the decision-making process and evaluations related to the sector. Bluefin tuna fishing and transport vessels are monitored by the satellite-based vessel monitoring system. Since 1 January 2010 it is obligatory to have an Automatic Identification System in vessels larger than 15 m, and soon also in vessels larger than 12 m. Turkey is member of international organizations like FAO, GFCM, ICCAT, OECD, EUROFISH, and CITES. Turkey attends the meetings and participates in the activities carried out by these organisations regularly. In addition, the Fisheries Department is also working on harmonising its policies with the Common Fisheries Policy.
Processing ındustry follows EU standards A Fishery Products Quality Control System was implemented in 1998. The system is updated regularly with national and international amendments. A major development in the fishery products processing sector was the harmonization to EU market standards. In Turkey, there are 96 fishery, 9 live bivalve mollucs, 15 processed frog and land snail, and 11 live frog and land snail establishments harmonized with EU standards. In addition, there are 31 companies which export to third countries and 62 which supply products to the domestic market. Turkey’s fishery products export has reached a value of EUR390 million. The products produced by the sector are fresh, chilled, frozen, canned (tuna fish, bivalve mollucs, crayfish), fillet( fresh chilled or frozen), marinated and brine fishery
products and live bivalve mollucs, processed frozen striped venus, processed frozen sea snail. Fishery products sector attends international fairs like Future Fish Eurasia in order to develop new products and market opportunities and to get information about processing methods and quality standards. There are 2,954 retail fishery products markets and 12 wholesale markets in Turkey. The physical, technical, hygiene and sanitary conditions of the markets are regularly upgraded.
Consumption needs to increase The consumption of fishery products in Turkey is about 8 kg per person with higher consumption in the coastal region than the interior. Fish is mainly consumed fresh and consumer interest in processed fishery products is low.
There are 297 fisheries shelters that service the fishing vessels in Turkey. About half of these shelters are in the Black Sea. Fishery cooperatives are given priority to rent the fisheries shelters which are run mostly by fisheries cooperatives, as well as by municipalities and private enterprises.
Broad consultation when formulating rules Communiqués are prepared by the Fishery Consultation Council consisting of public institutions, scientific institutions and fishery organizations. The communiqués regulate fishing seasons, catch size, features of fishing gears, fishing areas, prohibitions, limitations and responsibilities. The Fisheries Information System (FIS) was introduced in 2008 to monitor and record fishery products from catch to market. The system records information about 22 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Licences have not been issued for marine vessels since 2002, but there are still 17,739 licensed marine vessels in the fleet. www.eurofishmagazine.com
TURKEY The plant has two extruding machines from Sprout Matador each with a capacity of 8 tonnes an hour.
80,000 tonne capacity from two extruders
with an extruding capacity of 8 tonnes an hour. With this capacity I can theoretically produce 80,000 tonnes per year, says Tolga Sepetoglu, the Feed Plants Manager. However seabass and seabream feeding patterns are determined by the season, in summer because of the higher water temperatures the fish feed three to four times more than they do in winter. This year the plant will produce 55,000 tonnes of feed which is close to the maximum. I could push the system to produce 60,000 or even 65,000 tonnes, says Mr Sepetoglu, so that I would produce a stock in winter for use in the summer months, but then I would need a huge space to store the feed. Besides feed has a certain shelf life which should ot be exceeded.
The Kilic feed plant in Milas in the Mugla district produces all the feed necessary for the company’s considerable needs. Kilic Seafood, the farming company within the group, has a capacity of 25,000 tonnes of seabass and sebream a year. The heart of the feed plant is two Sprout Matador extruding machines, one installed in 2004 and the other in 2007, each
The bulk of the production is for the company’s stocks of seabass and seabream with about 10% going for trout feed and some very small amounts for turbot and sturgeon, for which the company is carrying out some trials. The feeds range in size from 300 microns to 14 mm, the biggest currently being produced, which is used for the turbot. The Milas facility is cur-
Kilic Feed Plants
Specially formulated feeds for bass, bream, and trout The Kilic Group is a vertically integrated stable of companies within the Turkish aquaculture sector. The group includes hatcheries, cage farms, feed plants, processing facilities, as well as logistics and distribution for the marine species seabass and seabream. The group also produces smaller volumes of other marine species and has recently also moved into the production of trout.
F
eed is a significant cost in a farming operation based on carnivorous fish. To adequately replace the diet fish eat in the wild the feed for farmed fish is based on fish meal and fish oil. To this is added a range of minerals, vitamins and other elements so that all the ingredients from the natural diet are replaced. This mixture then has to be produced in a form that the fish will accept, that can be easily dispensed, and that can be transported and stored without problems.The number of requirements that modern fish feed needs to fulfill means that its manufacture is a complex process
involving sophisticated machinery where different parameters can be minutely adjusted.
Tolga Sepetoglu, the Feed Plants Manager in the Kilic Group.
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
23
rently the only one. An application is pending to put up another feed plant in Adana in the south of Turkey. But the construction of the new plant depended on the fate of an application to establish some more net cages in the sea off Mersin, slightly to the east of Adana. Expanding at the existing sites in the Bay of Mandalya is not possible as the area is full. Mersin is a good choice says Mr Sepetoglu because the water is warmer, the sea is open, the other conditions are good, and logistically it is convenient. However the bureaucratic formalities have not yet been completed and so the Adana feed project has also been put on hold, although the land for the factory, a 33,000 square m plot has already been acquired. If the Mersin application goes through and the company grows as planned then it will invest the EUR10m that are necessary to put up the feed plant in Adana.
Production for the market falls over four years Production at the Milas plant is not exclusively for the company’s own use. The amount we use for own fish tends to vary, says Mr Sepetoglu, depending on the market climate. Three years ago there was a crisis in the industry caused by over production, which led to a
fall in prices. Then last year there was a financial crisis. In 2007 the 30% of the production was sold to the market. In 2008 this fell to 10%, in 2009 to 5% and this year it will not be more than 2% and only to certain buyers. Our buyers today are those who offer no risk, they pay cash, says Mr Sepetoglu. As the entire production is sold the company does not have to do any marketing or raise brand awareness. Our buyers know us and our brand and know that they get an excellent product based on a high level of research and development. The factory research laboratory is equipped with sophisticated machines that can analyse a sample in minutes displaying the content of protein, ash, starch, fats, salt, or toxins. These tools help the company constantly adjust the feed formulation and the feeding regime depending on the price signals on the market for ingredients. We use different formulations and different feeding regimes in summer and winter to reflect the different feeding habits of the fish, says Mr Sepetoglu, but we also keep a very close eye on the prices of our ingredients. If the prices go up on some component then we adjust the recipe as the price at which we sell the fish does not change. There is a complete disconnect between the price of the fish on the market, which has been falling steadily, and the price
Kilic Feed Plants Company Fact File Kilic Feed Plants Kemikler Koyu 48200 Milas, Mugla Turkey Tel.: +90 252 5454040 Fax: +90 252 5454068 tolgasepetoglu@kilicsea.com.tr www. kilicsea.com.tr Feed Plants Manager: Mr Tolga Sepetoglu
24 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Production: 50,000 tonnes fish feed per annum Species: Mainly seabass, seabream; also trout, some feed for sturgeon turbot Equipment: Two Sprout Matador extrusion lines, each 8 tonnes per hour capacity Employees: 50
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TURKEY of fish meal and fish oil which have been increasing.
the currents are stronger. Extruded feeds are more homogenous than pelleted feeds and can also contain more fat. It is possible to vary the density so that they will float or sink at different rates and can thus better be adapted to the feeding habits of the different species.
Profitability depends on reduction in FCR The answer is to use more plant protein in feeds as they are cheaper and easily available. Soya meal and wheat gluten are two kinds of protein that are often used as they have high digestibility. Over the last 10 years, says Mr Sepetoglu, the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR, the amount of feed given to produce a 1 kg increase in fish weight) ) has fallen from 3-3.5 to 1.5-2. Over the same period the amount of fish meal in the feed has dropped 30-40%. There are a number of factors that contribute to this development: there have been improvements in farm management techniques, and in the feed. Cages
Special software enables the operator to make adjustments to any of the parameters to produce a uniquely customised feed.
used to be located close to the shore, oxygen levels were lower, cages were smaller, stocking densities higher, operators did not know how to feed, when to feed,
how much to give etc, and they were polluting the area. Now there are big automated feeding barge systems, the cages are bigger and further away from the coast and
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For fish farmers reducing the FCR may be the only way to stay in business. Falling fish prices mean the only way to make money is by reducing total costs which is related to the FCR. Even a 5% change in the FCR from 2 to 1.9 makes a EUR5m difference to us, says Mr Sepetoglu. Although much progress has been made there is a strong incentive to reduce the FCR even further and Mr Sepetoglu expects the FCR for seabass and seabream to fall to 1 over the next 5-10 years.
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Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
25
The Cobanlar trout farm in Mugla uses a flow through system of raceways. A water treatment facility is being built to clean the water before it flows back in to the river.
such as the Kilic Group and Gumusdoga, that have made their names in the marine fish farming industry, are also entering the business.
Cobanlar Group
Investing in certification systems to improve production The Mugla Trout Farmers Union was established in Fethiye village in Mugla and today has thirty members. Although it was only established in 2007 it was one of the first trout farmers unions to be formed. Today there are about 14 trout farmers unions scattered all over the country all of which in turn are members of a central union.
T
he unions play a role in providing information to their member about rules and regulations as well as work to increase quality, reduce environmental impact, improve product marketing and give advice on the identification and treatment of diseases among other issues. The government in the form of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) supports the unions by insisting that farmers become members of a union if they wish to retain the production subsidy given by MARA. This is a powerful argument for a farmer to join a union as the production subsidy amounts to about EUR0.33 per kilo of trout produced. Union rules dictate 26 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
that a minimum of 16 farms have to get together to form a union; if a village does not have the requisite number of farms the farmers must join neighbouring unions.
Trout farming expanding in Turkey The Mugla region in the south west is a major centre for the production of trout in Turkey with about 90 farms and a total production of about 10,000 tonnes of trout out of a national production of about 70,000 tonnes. In general about half the production is exported, primarily to markets in Europe, though in Mugla exports amount to about 60% of the total production. Trout farming
is expanding rapidly in Turkey thanks to an abundant supply of freshwater and relative ease of production. While the sector is still dominated by smaller family-owned farms, big companies
Ismail Coban owns the Cobanlar Group together with his family. The Group produces 8,500 tonnes of rainbow trout in two locations.
The most common production system is concrete raceways, but trout is also grown in earthen ponds and in cages in reservoirs of dams. The main species is rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) while some sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta) is grown in the Black Sea. One of the major producers in Mugla is the company Cobanlar with about 2,500 tonnes per year. Established in 1995 the company is run by Ismail Coban and his brothers who have expanded production in Kayseri in the middle of Turkey about 800 km from Mugla. In Kayseri the family has nine more trout farming sites with a capacity of 8,000 tonnes and an actual production of 6,000 tonnes. At the Mugla site the company maintains its own stock of about 300 brood fish which supply the eggs for the production. Trout grows fast in the Mediterranean climate and the warmer water taking only 4-6 months to reach a market size of 300 to 350 g. In the Black Sea the colder water means that growth is slower, though some claim the fish is tastier. In Mugla farmers have two and sometimes three production cycles in the course of a year. Usually for the first cycle they use the eggs from their own broodstock production while for the next two the eyed eggs are imported from the United States or other countries. While 300-350 g is typical market sized fish at Cobanlar the fish is www.eurofishmagazine.com
TURKEY also grown to 900-1,000 g to meet the demand of certain customers on the local market.
Smoked trout fillets for the German market Thirty percent of the production at Mugla is sold to the German market through a German importer. The German company has a processing facility in Kayseri and the raw material is processed into fillets which are then smoked and vacuum-packaged. Cobanlar’s entire Kayseri production of 6,000 t is sold to the German importer, who either process it on site or transport it to Poland where the company has another processing plant. International prices are currently around EUR4 per kilo for the whole fresh product and about EUR7 for the smoked fillet as more than 50% of the fish is lost during the filleting. On the domestic market the fish is EUR2 ex farm for whole fresh fish which is the preferred form; there is no market for smoked product. Fish consumption in Turkey is increasing as the
Cobanlar Group Company Fact File Cobanlar Group Oludeniz Caddesi 333. Sokak No.: 33 48300 Fethuye, Mugla Turkey Tel.: +90 252 6465138 Fax: +90 252 6468101 mersu@mersuurunleri.com www.cobanlargrup.com
growing production of farmed fish both freshwater and marine makes it more widely available and at reasonable prices. There is also a greater awareness of the health benefits that derive from eating fish. As a result consumption per capita has increased to about 9 kg per year, but is still a long way from the EU average of 22 kg (2005). Hayri Deniz, Director of the Marine Aquaculture Section in MARA says that if Turks could be pursuaded to eat another couple of kilos of fish in the year, there would be no need to export. Trout is also produced in small quantities by minor farms in little villages and is thus also
Each tray in the trout farm hatchery holds 40,000 eggs. Eyed eggs are ready to hatch in 8-10 days.
Owner: Mr Ismail Coban Activity: Trout farming in Mugla, Kayseri Products: Fresh whole trout 300-350 g and 900-1,000 g; smoked trout fillets Markets: Turkey, Germany Employees: 200
a means of promoting rural development. Cobanlar’s domestic market is primarily the cities of Istanbul and Ankara. In Istanbul, Ismail Coban, Director of Cobanlar, says his company supplies 70% of the trout available for sale on the Istanbul fish market. Unlike the product that is exported this is sold under the company’s own brand. The fish is harvested packed on ice in styrofoam boxes and is sent to the destination by truck. The journey from Mugla to Istanbul takes 12 hours and on the way the truck will also supply the towns and cities it passes. Similarly when travelling to Ankara which is 8 hours from Mugla the
distribution will cover the shops in the main cities en route.
ISO-certification process has begun Cobanlar is currently investing in quality management and fish farm management systems which will readily enable complete traceability of the fish from the broodstock to the final product. Once this is achieved the company will go on to get BRC and IFS certifications. It is also investing in a water treatment facility to clean the water after it has been used on the farm thereby reducing the environmental impact when it is released back into the river. The new systems will also introduce biosecurity measures to protect the stock from disease. The fish are vaccinated and disease has so far not been a problem for the many trout farms in the region but some experts feel that sooner or later there will be an outbreak. For Cobanlar the new measures will hopefully provide a firewall if that time comes.
The fish are graded as they grow and placed in different tanks. When the fish are harvested they are then all more or less the same size.
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
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TURKEY
Maresnostro
Frozen ready meals based on seabass and seabream Turkey is the world’s second largest producer of seabass and seabream with a total production of 67,000 tonnes in 2008. However, until recently much of this fish has been sold as whole fresh fish, both on the domestic as well as the international market. While the domestic market still has a preference for whole fish some companies are starting to explore the potential of markets in Europe for value-added seabass and seabream products in the form of fillets, skewers, and even ready meals.
E
stablished in 2005 Marenostro farms 2,000 tonnes of seabass and seabream, which are its core products, as well as small quantities of trout. However, the volumes of farmed fish produced are dwarfed by the quantities the company processes. At the processing facility the company has an annual capacity 30,000 tonnes of fillets and 20,000 tonnes of whole round fish. This capacity is met by contracting other farmers to supply their fish. We have a system of auditing the farms and then we select them based on the audit to supply us, says Aytanga Yesilova, the sales and market28 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
ing manager. The agreement encompasses an elaborate system of monitoring the supplier to
ensure the fish meet the processor’s requirements and to control when the fish are ready to harvest.
Marenostro closely monitors the fish production on the farms to ensure a uniformly high quality product.
Fillets are packaged in boxes of 250 to 300 g in 1.5 kilo bulk cases or in accordance with the customer’s requirements.
The fish are processed within hours of being harvested giving a very fresh final product.
Marenostro also provides the farmer with the feed. The agreements that the company enters into with the farmers ensure that the fish are of uniform quality irrespective of whether they come from Marenostro’s own farms or from a contracted farm.
Meeting the demand for more value-added products The move into value-added products happened in stages. In the beginning we were selling whole round seabass and seabream into Europe just like all the other producers, says Ms Yesilova, then we started the filleting operation. The fish would be harvested and filleted within hours giving a fillet that was made from the freshest possible fish. Working with this product showed the company that there was demand for greater value addition as there were no such products on the market that used seabass and seabream. The company decided to invest in freezing equipment for the prowww.eurofishmagazine.com
TURKEY duction of frozen fillets and as a result today it has almost stopped dealing with whole round fish. The fillets are available in a variety of forms including with skin, without scales, skinless, boneless, V-cut, and belly off. The fillets are also rolled and pierced with a skewer. The product pallet also includes butterfly and reverse butterfly cuts as well as fish mince formed into burgers and fish cakes. The products are Modified Atmosphere Packaged for longer shelf life and greater convenience when packing and handling. Marenostro has also developed a gourmet line of frozen products which combine fish with vegetables, herbs, spices, and sauces. These are aimed at consumers who want a tasty, nutritious meal in the space of a few minutes. The trays can be placed in the microwave or the oven and served directly. The recipes for these ready meals are developed by the company in collaboration with chefs from other European countries, who come and stay for a short period of time working on these recipes. The results are then shown to the clients who may have suggestions on ingredients to add or remove. These products are not part of the regular production, but are made on demand. This is because tastes change periodically, ingredients
Marenostro Company Fact File Marenostro Gulluck Karayolu 2. km 48670 Milas Turkey Tel.: +90 252 5222407 Fax: +90 252 5223164 info@marenostro.net www.marenostro.net Sales and Marketing Manager: Ms Aytanga Yesilova Annual processing capacity: 30,000 tonnes fillets, 20,000 tonnes whole round fish
go in and out of style, and the recipes must follow these trends, says Ms Yesilova. In addition the recipes vary with the time of the year. Over the Christmas season the company would offer one kind of product which would not be sold at other times of the year. Recipes vary by country too, a product that is good for England may not sell on the German market. Ready meals, greater convenience, taste, health, nutrition are all characteristics of the products that Marenostro wants to develop for its clients. We could see at retailers that while they stocked all kinds of frozen fish, salmon, tilapia, pangasius, cod, trout, haddock, herring, there was no seabass or seabream, says Ms Yesilova, and we saw this as an opportunity. We also see opportunities with ready meals and I think
Products: Seabass and seabream fillets, skewers, mince, frozen ready meals Certification: IFS, BRC, regular audits by major supermarket chains Product forms: Fresh, frozen Packaging: Modified Atmosphere Markets: Spain, Italy, France, Denmark, Holland, Germany, UK Employees: 400 Turnover: EUR15m
the market is going to develop further in this direction, she adds.
Processing plant certified to international standards The products are sold to supermarkets under the Marenostro brand, but the company also produces for the food service sector as well as under private label. Bulk cases containing 300 g packs are standard, but the company also does polybags. Our strongest point is that we are a rapidly moving complany. We recognised an opportunity in the market and acted accordingly, says Ms Yesilova, we are today one of the few companies manufacturing value-added products using seabass and seabream. The company is also justifiably proud of
the quality of the raw material and the finished product which use freshly harvested fish that is frozen within hours of leaving the water. The processing plant is certified to the BRC and IFS standards and is regularly audited by its customers including Carrefour, Tesco, Mercadonna and Metro. It is equipped with advanced processing machinery such as portion controllers that produce very similar sized fillets into the packaging. This is an advantage in the food service industry where uniform-sized portions are desirable. But the filleting work is still done manually as yields are better than when done by a machine. We will automate some parts of the processing operation explains Aytanga Yesilova, for example a grading machine which will fill up bags to a certain predetermined weight. And already the scaling and some of the gutting is done by machine. Later this year a new product is being developed by the company for Iglo which is to be launched on the Turkish market and will also be sent to the UK. Depending on the reception the prodcut receives the company will develop more products for the same line. We also want to expand our markets to the USA and Canada as well as Russia as we currently export mainly to European countries.
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
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TURKEY
There are 200 adaptation tanks at the hatchery with a total volume of 11,000 cubic m.
Kilic Bafa Hatchery and Nursery Facility
A high stakes operation The Bafa Hatchery and Nursery Facility is the biggest of the Kilic Group’s three hatcheries with a capacity of 90 million seabass and seabream larvae. The other two hatcheries, the Oren Hatchery and the Guvercinlik Research and Development Centre, have a capacity of 46 million and 20 million larvae respectively. In addition a fourth hatchery is being built with a capacity of 40 m which will give the Group a total capacity of almost 200 million larvae. This amounts to 50%-60% of the total seabass and seabream larvae production in Turkey.
T
his massive production of larvae is part of the Group’s strategy to vertically integrate itself in the fish farming business and to insulate itself from possible accidents as well as to be able to expand production when necessary. The companies in the group cover all the different links in the production and valueaddition chain. The hatcheries are a vital link as they secure the first step in the production of seabass and seabream. Production at the hatcheries is more than the Group can currently use for its own purposes and the balance (about 40%) is sold on the domestic market or exported. 30 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Constant high water temperature
The Kilic Bafa Hatchery and Nursery Facility produces 90 m seabass and seabream per year.
The Bafa facility was built in 1997 and is 20 km from the sea. It has an area of approximately 100,000 sq. m. In 2002 the Kilic Group took over the facility from its previous owners. The first two years the hatchery only had adaptation units, but in 2004 larvae production started. To run the facility water is pumped from the ground at a rate of 1,000 l per second, however despite the distance from the sea, the water is saline with a salt content of 3637 ppt. The water temperature is a uniform 26 degrees centigrade www.eurofishmagazine.com
TURKEY Regular grading ensures a uniform final product
all the year around. There are channels from the sea which lead here and the water is essentially sea water explains Cengiz Onder, the director of the hatchery, however the water is devoid of oxygen and therefore has to be oygenated before it can be used. As oxygen is critical for the survival of the larvae the hatchery has two suppliers, one Turkish and one international, to ensure that oxygen is always available. Production starts with the eggs which are brought from the other hatcheries. At 26 degrees the water is too warm to keep the broodstock here, says Hakan Kucuksari, the production manager at the hatchery. Initially we tried cooling the water but that proved to be uneconomical. Instead the brood stock are maintained at the other hatcheries and when they spawn the eggs are brought to the Bafa site, where there is one seabass and three seabream larval units. Although bass and bream are often grown together when they are in the sea in the larval stages they have different requirement and are kept separate. The eggs
Fingerlings being examined for deformities. The progress of the deformed fish is monitored and if there is no improvement they are removed from the tanks and made into fish meal.
take three days to hatch. Seabass larvae are kept in a recirculation system as they need cooler water and since cooling water is expensive the water is recirculated, while the bream larvae are kept in a flow-through system. The seabass larvae unit comprises 10 rooms each equipped with 4 tanks each of 4 cubic m capacity. Each room has its own recirculating system with pumps, mechanical, biological, ultraviolet, and
zeolite filters, and production amounts to 1m larvae per room every 45 days. Each of the three seabream larvae units holds 30 tanks. The rooms are rotated so that one has fish at the beginning of production, the second may have big fish waiting to go to the nursery while the third is being cleaned. Having this kind of capacity is a big advantage against bacterial problems, Mr Kucuksari points out.
The larvae typically start on a diet of rotifer four days after hatching in the case of seabream and after 7-8 days for seabass. The seabass are also sometimes started directly on artemia, while the seabream have a rotifer diet for 23-24 days before switching to artemia. For both species weaning starts at 20-21 days when they are introduced to dry feed, and stops at 45-50 days when the artemia is completely phased out of the diet. The fish are then moved to the nursery, where there are 5 units each with a capacity of 500 cubic m. The nursery units can be used flexibly for either seabass or seabream or other speacies such as meagre. The fish are graded at 100-150 mg and moved to the adaptation site where they are kept in adaptation cages for a period that depends on the weight of the fish required – if it is 2 g fish the period is 40 days, while 5 g fish are achieved in 70 days. In the adaptation unit the fish are graded regularly, to reduce the risk of cannibalism and to ensure a more uniform final product.
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION MELBOURNE CONVENTION EXHIBITION CENTRE AUSTRALIA 6-10 NOVEMBER 2010
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Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010 3
Kilic Bafa Hatchery and Nursery Facility Company Fact File Orhan Kilic Cad., Dalyan Mevkii Akyenikoy Didim/Aydin Turkey Tel: +90 256 5575063 Fax: +90 256 5575065 hakankucuksari@kilicsea.com.tr www.kilicsea.com.tr
Once the fish have reached the desired weight they are transported in special tanks by truck to the sea where they are carried in well boats to the cages for the final growout. Some companies have the adaptation cages in the sea which can be used for 1 g fingerlings, but while having adaptation cages in the sea allows for more flexibility when the fish are very small putting them out at sea results in slower growth and sometimes higher mortalities. There are advantages to carrying out the adaptation stage on land says Mr Kucuksari, at the Bafa site the water is warmer and the fish do not stop feeding and growing, while in the sea the fish will not grow in the winter. In addition it is easier to vaccinate the fish on land rather than at sea. The whole vaccination process is easier to control and mortalities are fewer. But there are not enough land-based adaptation facilities in Turkey, says Hayri Deniz, director of the Marine Aquaculture Section in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Not all companies have the capacity for adaptation cages in the sea, in which case the adaptation stage is in land-based tanks. Some clients who are buying fingerlings from the Bafa Hatchery ask for them to be grown to 20 g so that they can go directly into the large offshore cages to be grown to market size. 32 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Facility Director: Mr Cengiz Onder Production Manager: Hakan Kucuksari Production: 90m seabass and seabream larvae per year
Detailed planning vital for smooth operation The hatchery cycle starts in September when the eggs come in and continues to June or July the following year. Thereafter the whole installation is cleaned, disinfected and dried so that production can start again in September. The production cycle is planned in minute detail because the consequences of not planning can be extremely serious as the volumes involved are so large. The stakes are very high here, says Mr Kucuksari, for seabream I have three larval units each producing nearly 10 m fish, in three months I produce 30 million fish. Every step has to be planned day by day in our season of 250 days, and we are constantly checking to see that the plan is being followed. Keeping track of all the larvae is a data system which closely follows the larvae from the eggs to the final product that is sold in the market. In addition a dedicated laboratory takes samples at regular intervals to check all health parameters at each stage of the production. If there is a problem it is vital that we catch it in time or the damage can be immense, says Mr Kucuksari. The production facilities have been awarded ISO certification for quality assurance. www.eurofishmagazine.com
Kongeaaens Dambrug has converted from a conventional flow through farm to a Type 3 Model Farm with no regrets at all.
environmental legislation, restrictions on the use of water, and the provisions of the EU’s Water Framework Directive, farmers were facing a highly restrictive regime in which to produce their fish. In discussions with the authorities, technicians, and NGO’s, the idea of the model fish farm arose around the year 2000. The idea behind these farms was to increase the recirculation of water and the retention of nutrients and to meet certain criteria as laid out in Table 1.
Denmark The Danish aquaculture sector
New regulation on emissions to pave the way for increased production Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has been farmed in Denmark for more than 100 years and even today dominates the production of farmed fish that now also includes eel, and mussels. Of the total farmed seafood production of 42,415 tonnes in 2008 rainbow trout farmed on land and in the sea comprised 89%, eel and mussels were each 4% and other species made up the remainder.
F
arming of rainbow trout has traditionally been in flow through systems whereby water taken from a stream is pulled by gravity through a system of ponds and then is channelled into a sedimentation basin to remove particulate matter before finally returning to the stream. In 2008 there were 208 farms using these flow through systems. Up until the 80’s little was done in the way of waste water treatment by the farms. This changed later that decade as concern about the
impact of trout farms on the environment increased and new environmental legislation was passed. The new rules made it mandatory for farmers to construct a sedimentation basin to remove particulate organic matter and nutrients from the water before it was released back into the stream. In addition farmers were given a feed quota, the feed had to meet certain requirements, and the inlet and outlet water had to be regularly monitored for nutrient discharge.
Increasingly strict legislation to protect the environment The environmental legislation was followed by further legislation that restricted the amount of water that could be drawn from the water course to 50%, that is, at least half the water in the water course had to flow past the farm. Thus, farmers had to reduce their dependence on the water if they wanted to continue production. With the feed quotas,
Today rainbow trout is farmed in three different types of systems, the most prevalent is still the traditional flow through systems which account for 54% of the production. In addition there are two types of model farms termed Model Farm Type 1 and Type 3 (a Type 2 was developed, but never implemented). The Type 1 system takes less water from the stream than the traditional flow through system as the water is recirculated. In addition, the water is cleaned before it is released back into the stream. The Type 3 systems use ground water and there is a higher degree of recirculation than in the Type 1 system. The water passes through a series of filters both mechanical and biological before being returned to the stream. In some cases the water is fed into ponds where plants take up any remaining nutrients before it is channelled into the stream. Farms using the Type 1 and Type 3 systems tend to be smaller than the traditional flow through farms and the fish is typically grown in shallow concretelined basins with concrete channels to carry water to and from the basins. In 2008 there were 208 of the traditional recirculation farms, 16 of the Type 1 and 11 of the Type 3.
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010 33
J.P. Klausen & Co. A/S Email: mail@jpkďŹ sk.dk
Eel, a high value niche species Sea trout is farmed in cages in the sea and is an economically very important activity with total gross earnings second only to those from the traditionally produced rainbow trout. In 2008 there were 20 marine farms. Eel is produced in fully recirculated systems called FREA (Fully REcirculated Aquaculture) which use ground water and have virtually no emissions as the water is almost completely recycled. Eel production has been falling over the last three years from 1,926 tonnes in 2006 to 1,606 tonnes in 2008. Mussel farming is a relatively recent activity in Denmark and the volumes produced, though growing, are still small. Data from the aquaculture industry analysed by the Institute for Food and Resource Economics show that profitability in the Danish aquaculture sector should be above 7% if it is to attract the investment necessary for the sector to grow. In 2008 the profitability of the sector was 6% which represents a 16% fall in profitability since 2006 when it was 22%. The fall can be attributed to the increasing costs of feed, falling prices for fish, as well as the financial crisis of 2008.
Danish production stagnates as global output increases Globally the picture looks different. Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector in the world. While capture fishery production has been more or less stagnant since the mid 80’s production from aquaculture has increased to 52 million tonnes in 2006 from less than one million tonnes in the early 50’s. In 1990 farmed fish amounted to 13% of the global production of fish, while in 2008 it was nearly 50%. On average farmed fish production 34 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
has grown at a rate of 16% per year from 1990 to 2007. This growth has not been uniform with most of it concentrated in the Caribbean and Latin America, followed by Asia, and Africa. In North America, the EU and Denmark growth over the same period was 5%, 4% and 0% respectively. Aquaculture production has grown for freshwater production as practiced in large parts of Asia where carps, tilapia, shrimp and pangasius are the most important fish. Marine farmed production has also increased. The main species are the salmonids salmon and sea trout which are produced primarily in Norway and Chile.
Phone: +45 6222 2843 Fax: +45 6222 8632
www.jpkla usen.com Your one stop supplier for: All kinds of hoki products • Green Shell Mussels • NZ MonkďŹ sh ďŹ llets • NZ Dory ďŹ llets • Patagonian ToothďŹ sh • Once frozen Alaskan Pollock and once frozen PaciďŹ c Cod. Please also do not hesitate to ask for specialties like: NZ Ling ďŹ llets • Blue Mackerel • Savorin • Silver and Blue Warehous • Brotola • Alfonsino • Arrow Squid • Southern Blue Whiting • NZ Eels
The growth in the aquaculture sector is expected to continue for a number of reasons. Production from capture fisheries has been stagnant for years and is not expected to grow as most stocks are either fully or almost fully exploited. Awareness is growing of the health benefits of eating fish, global population is increasing and as prosperity increases Klausen 06-07.indd so will fish consumption.
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25.01.2010 11:51:03 Uhr
Much thought goes into how aquaculture should develop In the EU there is a plan for the sustainable development of aquaculture that was released in 2002 with the objective to get the sector to grow at the rate of 4% a year and to increase employment to 8,00010,000 people. The plan was revised in 2009 to develop a more competitive industry by placing greater emphasis on research and development and a more holistic approach to regulation. In addition the EU has provided funding first from the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance FIFG (2000-2006) and later the European Fisheries Fund (2007-2013) which could be used for the development of the industry. In Denmark various committees since 1994 have identified aquacul-
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ture as a potential growth area that could sustainably produce fish for the processing industry, and provide consumers with a healthy and nourishing source of protein. The Danish government’s action plan for fisheries and aquaculture introduced in 2007 seeks to increase production in ponds to 60,000 tonnes and in the sea to 40,000 tonnes, with a further 15,000 tonnes from other systems, by 2013. In 2009 a plan “Green Growth” (Groen Vaekst) from the Organisation of Danish Aquaculture suggested the way the industry should develop including a “contract with society” that removes the link between production and pollution by 2027.
Evaluating barriers to growth Despite these efforts the much sought-after growth in the sector has failed to materialise. The Danish Institute for Food and Resource Economics in its publication Economic Situation of the Danish Fishery 2010 has analysed the factors that could have contributed to the lack of the growth in the Danish aquaculture sector for the last 20 years and have suggested ways of getting around these barriers. Among the factors considered, some, such as the location of farming sites, the natural geography of the country, and the high wage cost do not in fact constitute barriers to growth. Careful planning should ensure that multiple users of freshwater bodies and coastal areas can coexist, which should allow an expansion in the number of marine and freshwater farms. There is no dearth of suitable places with an adequate water supply to site a freshwater farm or inshore areas with strong currents that could support a marine farm. In the freshwater farm sector farmers are expected to switch over to model farms which require much less space than conventional flow through systems making it easier
to find sites. Although wages are high in Denmark Danish workers are extremely productive. In 2008 730 people were employed in the sector producing over 45,000 tonnes. It is however important that workers continue to increase their productivity if Danish aquaculture production is to stay competitive in the future.
Production of high value species can reduce the impact of feed prices
The mechanical filters with a micro sieve remove the fine particles from the water thus reducing the load on the biological filters.
Characteristics of the three types of Model Farm (for various reasons only Models 1 and 3 were actually built). Type of farm
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Soil or concrete
Soil or concrete
Concrete
Water recirculation (minimum %) 1)
70
85
95
Water use (maximum l/s)
125
60
15
Fish density (maximum kg/m3)
50
50
50
Water residence time in production unit (minimum hours)
8.9
12.3
18.5
Maximum daily feeding (kg)
800
800
800
Sludge collection in basins
Yes
Yes
Yes
Decentralized sedimentation (e.g., sludge cones)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Devices for removal of particulate matter
Yes
Yes
Yes
Biofilter
No
Yes
Yes
Plant lagoons (1440 m2) 2)
Yes
No
Yes
Pond material
Source: Alfred Jokumsen and Lars M Svendsen (2010): Farming of Freshwater Rainbow Trout in Denmark 1) (Internal recirculation flow/(Internal recirculation flow + Water intake)) * 100 2) Minimum residence time of 9 hours in plant lagoons and a maximum hydraulic load of 1 l per 48 m2
plant lagoon; average depth 0.7–0.9 m.
The fish eggs or the fish larvae that are used to start a cycle of production as well as the feed are a fish farmer’s highest costs. Investing in research to select fish that are resistant to disease, show high growth rates and are robust, is vital for the success of the sector. This is only possible with species that are raised through the full cycle; for others, such as eel, where production is dependent on catches of glass eels from the wild, fluctuations in the catch and the price constitute a barrier to growth. Research into feed that can deliver continuously lower conversion rates, better uptake and digestibility and less pollution is also necessary if the sector is to develop in the future. Fish meal and fish oil, the most important components of fish feed are a potential barrier to the global aquaculture industry as they depend on catches of small pelagic fish which can fluctuate violently. Since Denmark is producing mainly high value trout and eel farmers will be in a better position to pay higher prices for fish feed than producers of low value species. In addition, the fish meal and fish oil components of feed are increasingly being substituted with plant proteins and fats. Producers of species that thrive on this diet have an advantage over those who cannot substitute traditional feed with alternatives containing plant matter, when fish meal and oil prices rise.
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010 35
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Advanced technology and better farm management also contribute to more effective production and to a reduction in the environmental impact of the sector. These are important parameters for the future growth of the aquaculture industry. In addition bigger systems tend to be more productive than smaller ones. Cage farming for example, when it started in the 80’s used 5 m diameter cages, while today they have expanded to 50 m in diameter to gain economies of scale. Limiting the size of the cages could be a barrier to growth for Danish aquaculture.
Critical mass is… critical A sector needs to achieve a certain critical mass if it is to grow and develop strongly. Size is necessary both to be able to lobby effectively but also to be able to invest in the research that secures the long term future of the industry. Subsidies are a way of helping a fledgling industry to develop the technologies that make it more productive and more environmentally sustainable. In the long run however, if the industry fails to achieve this critical mass it would constitute a barrier to its ability to gain political influence and to contribute to the research and development that would secure its future. Danish fish is sold on markets where the price is determined internationally. If the international price is lower than the price at which the fish can be profitably produced this could be a barrier to growth if producers cannot reduce their costs.
Aquaculture system distributed by type and production in 2008 Type of system
Number of systems
Production in tonnes
Production per system in tonnes
Traditional flow through
208
24,407
117
Model Farm Type 1
16
2,916
182
Model Farm Type 3
11
5,282
480
Marine cages
20
8,911
446
Eel
8
1,606
201
Mussels
10
1,481
148
Other
7
721
103
36 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Several advantages to the new regulation
Source: Economic Situation of the Danish Fishery 2010 / Statistics Denmark
protect the environment. Well-designed regulations should also offer companies an incentive to change their production strategies and reduce their impact on the environment. Currently pond aquaculture and marine aquaculture are subject to feed quotas as a way of restricting emissions. This has been one of the biggest problems faced by the sector as it has shackled the industry without benefiting the environment, says Karl Iver Dahl-Madsen, President of the Organisation of Danish Aquaculture. The regulations should have governed the output, the emissions, rather than the feed. By regulating the feed you restrict production which effectively pushes the problem away without solving it. For fish is then imported from places that have less environmentally efficient ways of producing it.
Tradeable nitrogen emission quotas The Danish Institute for Food and Resource Economics is also of the opinion that the feed quotas have not worked as they should. By regulating feed the focus has shifted away from the real problem of emissions (although the feed quotas have also kept emissions under control) and do not encourage the farmer to reduce emissions by investing in equipment or changing his operating practices, and therefore does not encourage the development of effective technological solutions that could benefit the environment. The solution proposed by the Institute is one that is based on incentives that will align the interests of the farmer with those of society and takes the form of individually transferable quotas on nitrogen emissions. For
Regulate outputs rather than inputs The impact of aquaculture on the environment calls for its regulation by the state. Regulations need to take into account all the negative impacts of a sector in order to
the individual farmer these nitrogen quotas will be allocated in relation to the feed quotas that he had under the old regulatory system. In the first phase of the new regime fish farmers will only be able to trade quotas with other fish farmers but in the second phase they will be able to trade with nitrogen emitters in other sectors such as agriculture as well.
The old ponds are made into plant lagoons which serve an important function. Water from the production is released into the lagoon and the plants take up the dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus.
The Danish government’s aquaculture committee of 2009 in its report entitled Recommendations for the Sustainable Development of Danish Aquaculture (Anbefalinger til en baeredygtig udvikling af dansk akvakultur) has also counselled this approach. Regulating the industry this way will allow it to expand, yet this expansion will not be at the cost of the environment. In addition the regulation will give the farmers an incentive to develop the technology that will enable the highest yields with the lowest environmental impact. The Committee also concluded that the new regulation will lead to a gradual shift from conventional flow through aquaculture systems to the more frugal Type 3 Model Farm and FREA systems. It also declared that the new regulatory mechanism should be supported by research and innovation that would steadily reduce the impact of fish farming on the environment. Aquaculture should use the Best Available Technology and Best Aquaculture Practice and should develop the necessary labels and certificates that could aid the marketing of the products as environmentally sustainable. The technology to monitor the emissions should be further refined to make it more accurate and able to give real-time reports. Significantly, www.eurofishmagazine.com
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the new quotas will not change the requirement for farmers to stay within the emission limits set for other substances such as phosphorus, organic matter, medicines, and adjuvants. For the marine aquaculture industry the Committee recommends a maximum nitrogen emissions quota and that from 2012 the industry will be required to grow mussels and seaweed which will absorb the emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus.
References:
Production distributed by aquaculture system 2006
2007
2008
Traditional flow through
Type of system
25,036
26,153
24,407
Model Farm Type 1
1,834
2,022
2,916
Model Farm Type 3
4,016
4,357
5,282
Marine cages
8,364
8,094
8,911
Eel
1,926
1,874
1,606
Mussels
650
1,066
1,481
Other
150
338
721
Total
41,976
43,905
45,324
Source: Economic Situation of the Danish Fishery 2010 / Statistics Denmark
The new aquaculture regulations should enable the increased production of fish with a reduced impact on the environment. Encouraging the shift to Type 3 Model Farms as well as FREA systems will have several beneficial effects on Danish water courses as dams and weirs are
removed, and losses of nutrients and organic matter to rivers and streams are reduced. Production should therefore increase to 115,000 tonnes in 2013 as foreseen by the government in its action plan for fisheries and aquaculture from 2007.
The Committee’s recommendations will now be discussed in Parliament and if endorsed by the politicians the Danish aquaculture industry stands to become a notable player in the field of recirculation aquaculture over the next few years.
Danish Institute for Food and Resource Economics (2010): Economic Situation of the Danish Fishery 2010 Organisation of Danish Aquaculture (2009): Plan for Green Growth (Plan for Groen Vaekst) The Government’s Aquaculture Committee of 2009 (2010): Recommendations for the Sustainable Development of Danish Aquaculture (Regeringens akvakulturudvalg af 2009 (2010): Anbefalinger til en bæredygtig udvikling af dansk akvakultur) Alfred Jokumsen and Lars M Svendsen (2010): Farming of Freshwater Rainbow Trout in Denmark SustainAqua (2009): A handbook for Sustainable Aquaculture FAO. © 2008-2010. Fisheries Topics: Research. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA).
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010 37
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Kongeaaens Dambrug
Successful switch to a Type 3 Model Farm The Danish aquaculture industry is going through an exciting period. The sector has long been governed by regulations that have tightly controlled the amount of feed a farmer may use in order to limit emissions from the farm. But this may be changing to a policy where emissions are regulated instead.
T
he Danish aquaculture industry is going through an exciting period. The sector has long been governed by regulations that have tightly controlled the amount of feed a farmer may use in order to limit emissions from the farm. But this may be changing to a policy where emissions are regulated instead. Regulating the aquaculture industry by limiting the feed a farmer could use has had the unfortunate consequence of slowing expansion and innovation in the sector and at the same time not solved the problem of environmental pollution, but merely pushed it elsewhere. In the words of Karl Iver Dahl-Madsen, Chairman of the Organisation of Danish Aquaculture (ODA), “in the environmental regulation of farmed fish production the Danish bureaucracy has been strong – and wrong!”
Series of reports point to benefits of emissions rather than feed control More recently however, things seem to be taking a turn for the better. A report by the ODA termed Green Growth has outlined how the aquaculture industry can develop for the benefit of the farmers, society, and the environment. A study by an 38 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Each group of two raceways has a biofilter comprising eleven chambers with plastic elements and a bio block on which the bacteria grow. Every day two of the chambers are blocked off and cleaned.
independent body, the Danish Institute for Food and Resource Economics (DIFRE), has shown that there are indeed better ways of regulating the industry and has suggested how this might be done. Finally, the government’s aquaculture committee has made a series of recommendations that are in line with the DIFRE study and the ODA report and if these are endorsed by parliament, then, says Mr Dahl-Madsen, “we will be in a completely different situation – not a perfect one, but still a much better one than we have now.” The aquaculture industry in Denmark is based primarily on the culture of portion- sized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
in fresh water, and large trout in marine cages, together with smaller volumes of eel and mussels. Rainbow trout is grown traditionally in flow through ponds or raceways where water is taken from a stream diverted to the farm and then flows out again. In order to do this the stream is often fully or partially blocked which reduces the flow of water and also prevents the natural passage of fauna along the stream. The water that flowed back into the stream was not treated until the 80’s, when it became obligatory for farms to maintain settling ponds to remove the particulate organic matter and nutrients from the water before it flowed back into the stream. Further legislation restricted the quantity of water that
could be taken from the stream in the first place and then the EU’s water framework directive added requirements on the quality of the water to leave the farm.
Model Trout Farms offer solution to restrictions on water use The ever-tightening legislation made it clear to farmers and others that if the rainbow trout farming industry were to thrive it would have to cut its dependence on water from streams and go in for intensive water treatment systems. The solution lay in what are known as the model trout farms where water is cleaned and then recycled to different degrees depending on the model. At Kongeaaen Dambrug the traditional flow through system using water from the stream Kongeaaen has been replaced with a type 3 model farm. The type 3 model farm has the highest degree of recirculation with the corresponding lowest degree of fresh water consumed. According to Alfred Jokumsen and Lars M Svendsen this amounts to 0.15 l water/sec/ton feed/year or 3,600 l per kg produced fish. Fresh water consumption is thus 15-25
Christina Kongsted, the accountant of the company, looks forward to the new regulations coming in to force.
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The drum filters have a 70 micron mesh to remove the fine particles from the water.
times less than in a conventional flow through system. Kongeaaen Dambrug has three sites producing a total of 3,000 tonnes of fish. The sites converted to the model trout farm production in 2004 at a cost EUR6.7m (DKK50m), part of which was covered by a subsidy from the state. Christina Kongsted, the daughter of the owner Knud Kongsted, is generally happy with the switch to the model farm. Water use has shrunk from 2000 l/sec to 100 l/sec, and the new farm filters and cleans the water much more, and we have been able to double our production, she says
from the water in each section of the raceways into sludge cones where it is collected and sent in underground channels to the sedimentation tank. Mechanical drum filters with a mesh size of about 70 microns are placed at the end of each group of two raceways to remove the finer particles. They are placed just before the biofilter which removes the dissolved particles. At Kongeaaens Dambrug the biofilter is placed immediately after the drum filter and consists of 11 tanks which have a number of small plastic elements and a bio block at the
water is constantly aerated. From the biofilter the water goes into the plant lagoon while the sludge is led into the sedimentation tank. The quality both of the input and the output water is measured by an independent consultant to ensure that it conforms to the requirements.
Three year wait for approval At Kongeaaens Dambrug the main product is 300-400 g fish 85% of which is sold to two Danish processors who smoke it for
(9-10 degrees) and the risk of diseases is much reduced. The use of ground water also makes the farm completely independent of the stream. As a result the water in the stream flows freely and the passage of fish and other fauna is not impeded. However, the ground water has to be oxygenated which is done several times along the length of the raceways with the help of pumps. Oxygen is crucial to the wellbeing of the fish and the three employees at the site between them monitor the situation 24 hours a day. They are equipped with mobile phones that will alert them immediately to any problems.
The feeding bins are equipped with a lever that the fish can push to release the feed.
is possible only due to the use of sophisticated filtration equipment. The first level of filtration removes the floating particulate matter, faeces, uneaten feed etc.,
stratum for a layer of bacteria that remove the dissolved organic matter and the ammonia with the help of oxygen. As oxygen is essential for these processes the
From earth ponds to concrete raceways The high degree of recirculation bottom. These pieces form a sub- export to the German market. The first site to be converted has three sections each comprised of two concrete raceways. The total area is three times smaller than the old farm where the fish was farmed in earthen ponds. Despite the bigger size the model farms are easier to look after, feels Ms Kongsted, the water quality is better, there are no bacteria, nor is it necessary to remove leaves in certain seasons as it was when the water came from the stream. Now the farm pumps ground water which is of much more uniform quality and temperature
Kongeaaens Dambrug Company Fact File Kongeaaens Dambrug Kongeaavej 85-87 6650 Broerup Denmark
Accountant: Christina Kongsted Product: Rainbow trout 300-400 g Volumes: 3,000 tonnes per year Market: Germany Employees: 10
Tel.: +45 75382997 kongeaaen@mail.tele.dk
The remaining 15% of the production is sold directly to Germany as live fish. The company would like to be able to increase production, but then would have to increase the feed quota. We have an application pending with the local authorities, but it has taken three years to wind its way through the bureaucracy. Now we think we will finally get the approval but it has been a long wait, says Christina Kongsted. We hope it will be possible to switch to the new system of regulation which will no longer rely on feed quotas but on regulating emissions.
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010 39
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Herring in organic marinade
More conspicuous packaging needed The Danish herring industry is under pressure on the domestic and international market for marinated herring products. One way to improve the sector’s competitive position is to look for higher value consumer segments on the market for special herring products.
O
ver the last year EUROFISH has been part of a project that included the Danish Technological Institute, Pelagic Skagen A/S, Kattegat Seafood A/S and Foodtag Traceability System to develop and test methods to increase the value of herring products.
40 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
In the future work must be done on the product presentation (packaging/labels) and marketing as well. New marketing methods are needed to attract existing customers, but also to make pickled herring attractive for new and younger consumer segments.
Free software for pelagic vessels developed too
Market surveys in Germany, Russia, and Ukraine A test production was made of herring in an organic marinade, where the full product story was developed for all the ingredients. A test sale was also recently carried out in Metro Denmark including customer surveys. EUROFISH also conducted market surveys in Germany, Russia and Ukraine to test the market for this product. All the ingredients in the product were of organic origin. The first filleting and marinating process was carried out in Skagen and the final product, marinated fillets in a jar, was made at a factory in Hirtshals. A product story for the customers was created on the jar by adding a picture of the fishing vessel, a map with the catch position and a description of the whole production process. Customers could access a website with a number and get the full story about all the ingredients, the fishing vessel and the processers.
well. Most customers see this open access to data as improved trustworthiness of the product and so “nice to have.” However, only a few expressed an interest in actually accessing the data.
Customer surveys conducted in connection with trial sales of this herring in an organic marinade revealed that the availability of information about the product on a website increased its trustworthiness.
Product story on Internet increases product credibility The test sale was actually low but there are several promising results to mention. Customers were very interested in the product story and
the organic ingredients as soon as it was pointed out to them. But it was difficult for them to become aware of the product in a store with more than 120 varieties of marinated herring. They appreciated knowing that information about the product was available on the Internet as
A free software program for fishing vessels was also developed as a part of the project. Called “Pelagic Information Programme” (PIP) it will make it possible for all fishing vessels to record the information about the catch on a standard PC onboard and transfer the information to the industry on shore. The program is only for pelagic fishing vessels (herring, mackerel, sprats, anchovy, sardines, etc.). PIP is currently being tested on a vessel and is expected to be released to the public in late 2010. Other language versions of the programme are under development. Please visit the EUROFISH website (www.eurofish. dk) for news about the software. EUROFISH are interested in participating in similar development projects in other countries if they can be funded. For more information about the project please contact Marco Frederiksen, Senior Project Manager, at projects@eurofish.dk The other project participants were: Alex Veje Rasmussen, Danish Technological Institute, Mogens Andersen, Pelagic Skagen Jens Bachmann, Kattegat Seafood Hardy Jensen, Foodtag www.eurofishmagazine.com
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jectives: to familiarise consumers with the dietary advice from the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration; to show consumers that fish was tasty and easy to prepare; to encourage retail chains to increase the range of fish the sold; motivate consumers to change their consumption habits; educate consumers about the different species; and increase consumption.
Fish twice a week
Danish campaign boosts fish consumption A combination of retro television advertisements, a cunning logo, advertisements, posters, special offers in supermarkets, a newsletter, and events, all supported by several organisations in the Danish fishery sector as well as the Danish government and the EU has had a marked impact on fish consumption at least for the duration of the campaign. The organisers want to try and repeat the success again next year.
Several media used in campaign
tion which carries out market research for retail chains and designs promotion material for the fishmongers and independent retailers.
Lone Marie Eriksen from Fiskebranchen coordinated the campaign Twice a Week that has increased the consumption of fish in Denmark.
D
anes do not eat enough fish. The Danish authorities state that Danes need to eat 200-300 g of fish per week and to get them to do this a campaign has been launched. Called twice a week (2 gange om ugen), which is an easy message to convey and remember, the campaign urges consumes to eat fish as a main dish twice a week. This was calculated as being enough to cover the official recommendation of 200-300 g a week.
Health benefits of fish Fish is good for the health. There is an ever-increasing body of literature which substantiates this. Omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been known for many years to be essential for normal growth and health. More recently they have also been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, which is one of the major causes of premature death in most parts of the western world. Fish, particularly fatty fish, is an important source of omega-3 fatty acids as well as other minerals and trace elements and governments in several European countries are trying to increase the general health levels in the population by getting consumers to eat more fish. In the UK, for instance, Seafish, a cross-industry seafood organisation, has an ongoing seafood promo-
The Danish campaign was coordinated by Lone Marie Eriksen from Fiskebranchen, an umbrella organisation that brings together a number of players in the fisheries and aquaculture sector. The campaign started in 2005 and continued over the next five years. We knew we have had to have the support not only of everyone in the industry but also of others such as Denmark’s Technical University (DTU), the Heart Foundation, and most importantly the retail segment, as it is at the retailers that most people do their shopping, says Ms Eriksen. The researchers from DTU and the Danish Heart Foundation provided expert advice on the content of the message. Surveys conducted before the campaign showed that there were several specific reasons for consumers not eating enough fish. These included the perception that fish was difficult to prepare, not readily available, and a lack of clarity about the amounts to eat and the benefits. The campaign sought to achieve specific ob
The dietary advice from the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration specifically mentions the importance of eating fish – several times a week. In the campaign this message was simplified to eat fish two times a week as it would be easier to remember. The line two times a week was repeated across the logo which was an image of two fish linked together to form a heart. During the campaign the logo with the slogan was used in all the media used to promote the campaign and was also stuck on to retail packs of fish by the manufacturers. The
The logo was widely used by producers, retailers, fishmongers and in all the promotion material. After running the campaign for two years the logo was recognised by 76% of the population.
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campaign started with a series of advertisements in newspapers, behind buses and at bus stops. Parallel to this a website was developed that provided a lot of information about fish and included two new recipes each week. A link on the website allowed a user to sign up to a weekly newsletter that would include the two recipes. Today there are 52,000 subscribers to the newsletter. The surveys revealed that consumers did not know how to prepare fish. To address this the campaign brought out two cookbooks with simple recipes that were distributed through retailers and fishmongers. One focused on daily cooking and the other on cooking for the weekend. They proved to be extremely popular and altogether 1.7 million copies were printed and distributed. Increasing awareness about the availability of fish and getting the retailers to reduce their prices on fish was a more difficult task. We had to get special offers on fish in to the weekly discount catalogues because that is where many Danes would see them, says Ms Eriksen. These catalogues are planned months in advance of the actual publication date and it is not easy to get into them. But since the retailers and the producers were also behind the campaign it was possible to persuade them to discount the fish and publish the discounts in the catalogues.
Clear and positive impact on consumption The impact of the campaign has been measured and Lone Marie Eriksen can see that fish consumption has in fact increased. In March 2010 an analysis by a 42 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
third party of the impact of the campaign compared the market in 2006-2009 with the market in 2005 and concluded that it had been a success. In 2009 sales of fish increased by 1,400 tonnes and EUR21.5m compared with 2005. Some of the increase in value can be attributed to price increases for fish which went up by 23.7% in 2009 compared to 2005. The analysis also looked at whether the campaign had achieved its other objectives and concluded that the campaign with its repeated message had succeeded in anchoring fish in the public consciousness and inspired people to consume fish. It had also increased visibility of fish at retailers, discount catalogues, on
The Twice a Week campaign resulted in greater awareness about the varieties of fish and how to prepare them
the net and in public spaces, consumers have more experience selecting and cooking fish and are aware of the variety of fish specie. There has been a change in consumer behav-
iour in that eating fish has become more of a habit and less of an exception. However fish is still regarded as expensive which is a barrier to increasing consumption.
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Naerfisk puts quality first
Denmark seeks to emulate a Swedish scheme for quality fish Fishing vessels interested in the Naerfisk initiative may have to invest in equipment or crew and must be prepared to face a third party audit once or twice a year.
F
ishmongers who subscribe to Naerfisk will source fish from vessels that have caught the fish not more than a day’s sailing from the landing port. The vessels will be part of the scheme and are required to handle the fish very carefully from the time it is landed on board, gutting it quickly and storing it on ice to preserve the quality. The integrity of the chain also has to be preserved at the auction and at the stockist who buys the fish for final sale to the fishmonger. If all the criteria are fulfilled at each point of the chain the fish will be allowed to carry the designation Naerfisk, which will function both as a label of quality and of environmental friendliness.
All kinds of vessels can supply to Naerfisk The man behind Naerfisk is David Koch Mouritzen, the leader of the Danish Fishmongers’ Association secretariat. Naerfisk has been working in Sweden for the last two and a half years and Mr Mouritzen has been in discussions with his sister organisations
there and in Norway because Swedish and Norwegian boats may land at Danish ports and so could also be part of the Danish initiative. In fact Naerfisk could become a Scandinavian concept, says Mr Mouritzen. This would increase the number of vessels that subscribe to the idea and give our members a bigger pool to choose from. More vessels in the pool also increases the likelihood that at least some will go fishing in case illness or bad weather prevents others from leaving port. Naerfisk, as Mr Mouritzen is at pains to point out, does not restrict itself to obtaining fish from small inshore vessels. We have no problem with big trawlers subscribing to the concept, as long as they meet the criterion; the fish must be less than a day old and must be handled as prescribed by the programme. Naerfisk is not a romantic notion about individual fishermen out in their tiny vessels catching fish a couple of kilometers from the coast. That way we would never have enough fish to support Naerfisk, he explains. We have to be pragmatic and develop a workable
Naerfisk is an initiative from the Danish Fishmongers’ Association that seeks primarily to increase the quality of the fish sold by its members. The term Naerfisk is borrowed from a Swedish scheme and means literally “near fish.” The programme is aimed at all the links in the value chain including fishing vessels, auctions, stockists, and fishmongers, so that the quality can be documented for the final consumer. concept that will benefit both our members and the consumer. That said, the fishing community on Thorup Strand on the north west coast of Jutland for example, is an obvious choice of fisher to join Naerfisk. They make short daily trips, which if combined with proper handling of the fish, would be ideal for Naerfisk.
Fishmongers establish their own procuring and processing company The Association consists of some 115 members out of about 280 fishmongers in Denmark. Of course I would like to have all the Danish fishmongers in the Association, says Mr Mouritzen, but that is neither feasible nor, in some senses, desirable. Some fishmongers are actually departments in supermarkets which rules them out, while others are not cut out to be members, so in reality I would say there are per
haps 200 real potential members of which we have over half in the Association. Naerfisk is only one of the projects the secretariat is working on at the moment. The secretariat has to stay abreast of parliamentary legislation that is being proposed and that has been passed in order to inform its members of the consequences and to lobby against suggestions that do not favour fishmongers. In addition to its lobbying activities, its information dissemination work, and its efforts to solicit new members, the secretariat has recently established a small procurement and processing company. The company is owned by the members and will procure fish from the fish auctions in Denmark, clean it and distribute it to the members. We wanted to cut out the middle men – a move that did not make the Association popular – and see if we could not get higher quality and cheaper fish ourselves. Traditionally fish-
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mongers do not buy from the auctions directly unless they operate in an area close to one of the seven or eight auctions in Denmark. It is stockists who buy the fish from the auction and then sell it on either directly to the fishmonger or to another intermediary. There are sometimes two middlemen between the auction and the fishmonger, says David Mouritzen. The advantages of procuring directly from the auctions are therefore obvious, however there are also some downsides. Many of the members are small mom-and-pop shops trading in limited volumes who cannot buy the large quantities necessary to participate. The variety of products available is also limited, which makes it less attractive for some.
David Koch Mouritzen, who heads the Fishmongers’ Association’s secretariat, is the driving force behind Naerfisk.
have also agreed to buy from the common procurement company. Fishermen who are interested in Naerfisk might also have to make some investments if they cannot yet store ice, for example, or if they need more crew to process the fish on board. They must also be willing to accept a third party audit once or twice a year as the whole value chain will have to be documented for Naerfisk to be credible with the consumer.
Perhaps the biggest disadvantage is that the new company may split the Association into two kinds of members. Those that are committed to the Association, interested in high quality fish, want to participate actively in campaigns etc. and those that are only interested in the lobbying function of the secretariat. David Koch Mouritzen is in no doubt that he would rather work for the former. He points out however that a common platform for procurement is not a new idea, the meat industry has had one for years and so has the farming community.
Naerfisk will be independently audited Mr Mouritzen has an application for funds pending with Danish Food Industry Agency to kickstart Naerfisk and carry out the initial surveys. The project will need at least 10 fishmongers to join to make it feasible and Mr Mouritzen is hoping that the first to join will be the ones who 44 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
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Fish waste is a profitable resource
Slaughter waste and trimmings account for about 25% of the raw material volume that is processed annually to fishmeal and fish oil.
Need for better use of potential More than 90 million tonnes of fish and seafood are available every year from the fisheries sector, plus a further 50 million tonnes from aquaculture. Only about half of these huge quantities is used directly for human consumption, however. The other half – waste from gutting, trimmings and spoiled fish – finishes up in fishmeal or is disposed of otherwise. But this is misuse because even what is considered to be “waste” has a high potential.
O
n the way from the whole fish to the skinned fillet nearly two thirds of a cod’s original weight is lost. In the case of a herring weighing 200 g hardly more than 100 grams are used to produce matje herring or rollmops, and the yield from redfish is only half of this. For a very large number of fish species the edible share that is ultimately served on the plate as a fillet hardly adds up to more than half of the fish’s original weight. The head alone accounts for a good 20% of a fish’s biomass, and then there are the guts, the fins, the skin and the bones. Nearly all of what finishes up as waste contains a lot of proteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids, besides minerals and trace elements, enzymes, hormones, pigments and aromas. And many of these substances are urgently needed in industry. What in the past was only seen as waste is really a valuable raw material from which substances that are wanted for food production and agriculture, aquaculture, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products can be extracted. Biotechnologists all over the world are thus looking
for suitable methods to extract these individual ingredients from “waste”.
of demersal fishes when they are gutted at sea by “disposing” of them overboard. It is estimated that up to 11% of the biomass of
Separators release any remaining fish which is still stuck to the backbone after filleting. There are numerous uses for this “fish puree”, too. At the moment there is no lack of the basic raw material because during the course of fishing, aquaculture and processing techniques enough “fish waste” is produced… One only has to think of the by-catches of fishing vessels that are thrown back into the sea – unused – as discards, or of the unfortunate habit of disposing of the guts and often even the heads
all demersal fish catches is never actually landed as a result of “primary processing at sea”. Aquaculture, too, is a constant source of fish waste since on fish farms fishes are lost nearly every day, be it through technical faults, inappropriate handling, or inadequate farming conditions. Even losses that are caused by disease
would be utilisable, as long as the disease was not ISA, VHS, IHN or similar dangerous epidemics that appear in Lists I and II of the EU guideline 91/67. At present, dead fishes are disposed of in an appropriate way, mostly by burning or as silage. Under regular conditions the mortality in most aquaculture facilities is fairly low, however, so that it would be an expensive logistical challenge to collect these raw material quantities and concentrate them somewhere from where they could later on be taken for effective utilisation. In comparison, the waste volumes that occur at fish processing facilities on land would seem far more profitable. Because fish processing lines are mostly only suitable for one particular fish species the waste that they leaves behind is of very consistent quality: it comes from only one species and can thus be divided up, in the case of cod, for example, into liver, roe, heads, skin, guts and backbone. This makes further processing considerably easier because the separate raw materials are available in larger quantities.
Fertilizers, animal feed and fishmeal Even today, fish waste is mainly used in a very simple way. For example, it has for centuries been
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common practice in some regions of the world for unused fishes and fish waste to be used as fertilizer in agriculture. This technique is currently undergoing a revival in the western world in the form of “fish emulsions” and “hydrolysed fish”. Both products are rich in organic nitrogen and phosphor and also contain a variety of other substances that are indispensable for healthy plant growth. Under the influence of the organic and ecological movement some hobby gardeners object to the use of mineral fertilisers in their gardens and prefer to rely on these two products of fish origin. Fish emulsions are produced from gutted fishes that are heat-dried (to kill microorganisms) and ground. The nutrient-rich powder (N : P : K = 5 : 2 : 2) is later soaked in water and poured onto the roots of the plants. Fish hydrolysate consists of ungutted whole fish that are minced and treated with enzymes. To prevent excessive decomposition the resulting fish pulp is also acidified with phosphoric acid. This protects the proteins, vitamins and micronutrients (N : P : K = 4 : 2 : 2) It was not until the end of the 19th century that the value of fish waste was recognized as a raw material for animal feeds and since then it has also been used in pig and poultry farming, either as so called fish silage or in the form of fishmeal. Fish silage is produced using a relatively simple cold technique which is very similar to the production process used for fish hydrolysate. During silage, too, the proteins are decomposed to a large extent and the fish waste is liquidized. The resulting pulp is stabilised using acids and preservatives to give it a longer shelf-life. In this form it can then be added to animal feed as a source of protein. Fishmeal has gained much more significance, however, as an 46 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
At the processing plant of Aker Seafoods in Stamsund the wastes are plate frozen for various uses later on. all-round product. It serves as a protein-rich component in feeds for aquaculture and agriculture, but can also be used as a fertilizer (N : P : K = 10-12 : 6 : 2). For the production of a stable dry fishmeal the fish raw material is first heated and then the fish oil and water it contains is separated using pressure. This leads to the loss of about 70% of the raw material in the form of water and 10% in the form of oil (the oil is subsequently cleaned of suspended matter using centrifugation). What remains is then cooled and ground to fishmeal before being filled into sacks or left loose as bulk ware. In recent years fishmeal has lost its status as an inexpensive source of protein and is in the meantime traded on the world market for extremely high prices. Processing fish wastes to fishmeal is thus by no means any longer a stopgap but a genuine alternative that often leads to higher profits than merely selling the raw material. This is a good moment at which to clear up the rumour that in aquaculture fishes are fed on fishmeal that is produced from the remains of farmed fishes of the same species. The fear that salmon, for example, might be fed on the remains of the previous salmon generation is completely unfounded.
On the one hand the feed industry has voluntarily committed itself to refraining from this kind of feed recycling, and on the other hand the EU directives (EC) No. 811/2003 and (EC) No. 1774/2002 prohibit such practices. Fishmeal that is used as feed in aquaculture comes without exception from wild fishes.
Biodiesel from fish waste What other options are there for using “fish waste“? One possibility which exists mainly for highvalue fish species is the injection of fish “leftovers” into the fillet. During filleting little bits of fish are often left on the backbone. This, too, is high-quality meat, but it is difficult to use because of its small size. However, the little bits can be minced to a mash and then injected into the compact fillets or loins through a hollow needle. This makes it possible to make more complete use of the fish and increase the yield. A lot of consumers will probably, however, still object to the technique because they will see in it a form of deceit. Another possible use for fish waste is processing it to diesel fuel. This is actually an almost obvious idea
since, prior to the rise of petroleum, blubber from marine mammals was used for lighting and heating purposes. In practice, the production of biodiesel from fish is no longer a mere idea for it is already used commercially in numerous regions of the world, for example in Canada, Alaska and Hawaii, Vietnam and Honduras. In Alaska alone, over 80,000 t of fish biodiesel are produced per year. A large part of this is used by the fish industry itself, mainly for drying fishmeal. But cars run on it, too, when it is mixed into regular diesel. The energy content of fish biodiesel is about 6% lower than that of mineral fuel. Modern engines that are geared to thrift, seeking to get the very most out of every drop of fuel, thus sometimes have problems with the weaker eco alternative. Older engines, on the other hand, can mostly be run even on pure fish biodiesel. The electricity generators and vehicles in Denali National Park in Alaska, for example, all run on environmentally friendly fish diesel. The Honduran company Aquafinca Saint Peter Fish on Lake Yojoa operates its vehicle fleet solely with fish biodiesel, and even produces the fuel itself. Daily production of the fuel, which is about one US dollar per gallon cheaper than petrodiesel, is about 3 tonnes.
Numerous ingredients still not known But fish waste can be used to make more things than just fertilizers, animal feed and biofuel. Scientists are on the lookout for “biologically active” substances in the heads, livers, eyes, bones, skins and other organs of fish because they have health-giving and other positive qualities… antioxidants, for example, which reduce the visible signs of aging, or natural UV protectors that penetrate the www.eurofishmagazine.com
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skin cells and thus protect them not only on the surface but also within from damage, or vasodilators which expand blood vessels and stimulate blood circulation within the skin. Bioactive substances which stimulate cell division or support the formation of collagen, the most important protein in the skin, are often the focus of research work. One important application for such substances is cosmetic skin care products to which the product developers want to add special (sales-generating) properties. The chances of coming up with something good during screenings or assays are quite high, as tests carried out by the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) show. Researchers found substances with “bioactive effects” of very different kinds in 146 of 2,700 samples that came from 130 fish species. Before these can be used, however, they have to undergo further tests successfully. Another promising possibility for using fish wastes is in so-called nutraceuticals. This word is a combination of “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical”. Nutraceuticals are biologically active and physiologically effective substances which are said to have medical and health values, for example for regulating cholesterol and blood sugar level or reducing the risk of cancer. Nutraceuticals can be used both preventively and therapeutically, and they are sometimes even mixed specifically into foods to produce functional food. So far, nutraceuticals have almost solely been taken from land-living organisms, particularly from plants (as in the case of dietary fibres, secondary plant substances, antioxidants, for example). However, there is no plausible reason to assume that they could not also be found in aquatic or-
The pre-sorting of wastes simplifies further processing of these raw materials later on, e.g. production of fish gelatine from the skin.. ganisms. Measured by the variety of species that are to be found in the world’s oceans the potential for new discoveries beneath the water surface is even likely to be quite large.
Waste utilisation is a criterion for sustainability Surimi is another excellent option for making good use of low-quality fish species, by-catches and processing waste. The FAO estimates that two to three million tonnes of raw fish are used worldwide for producing surimi. In the past, Alaska pollack was about the only fish species that could be used for surimi production. Surimi is a very good way of making good use of fish because whereas fillet yield is only about 28%, when processing the fish to surimi up to 82% of the fish can be used. Today, Alaska pollack only accounts for about half of the raw materials for it has been replaced by other fish species, mostly small, bony species, for which there is otherwise not much demand. In the meantime, the progress made in surimi production even allows fish species with dark-coloured flesh and a
relatively high fat content, indeed even freshwater fishes like white or freshwater bream to be used. Not only fishes, but also crustaceans offer profitable usage potential because the shells of crustaceans can be used for extracting chitin and chitosan. This can be particularly worthwhile if shrimps, spiny lobsters and other crustaceans are available in large quantities and are peeled centrally prior to sale. After cellulose, which is the basic component of wood, chitosan is the most frequent renewable natural raw material. The whitish powder, a long-chain sugar compound is produced by deacetylation of the chitin found in the shells of crustaceans. It is used in medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as well as in agriculture and metallurgy. It is said to strengthen the immune system, regulate cholesterol level and accelerate cell renewal. It is also alleged to have antibacterial effects. Chitosan production is a relatively complicated process in which numerous companies throughout the world have meanwhile specialised. First, the crustacean shells have to
be cleaned and dried. After they have been ground and the larger pieces sieved out, the calcium carbonate is dissolved away and the remaining proteins removed. The resulting powder is sieved again, dried and thoroughly cleaned. The result is almost pure chitosan which can be broken down further by enzymes (lysozyme, chitosanase) into water-solvent components which can be absorbed better by the body. Nearly 100 kg chitosan can be produced from 4,500 kg shrimp shells. Fish is a valuable resource and we can really no longer afford to waste even the tiniest bit of it. This awareness is making it necessary to rethink a lot of the processes used in numerous areas of the fish industry. By-catches have to be reduced further, for example, and discards have to be prohibited. But even that’s not enough: Some things are going to have to change in fish processing, too. Assessment of sustainability can in future no longer be measured only on achieving an optimum fillet yield but will also have to take into account to what extent and how well the resulting fish wastes are used. mk
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Juan Carlos Martín Fragueiro, Spanish General Secretary of the Sea, Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs. An integrated maritime policy should balance the rights and the responsibilities for all the sectors involved.
Spain Spain: Interview with the General Secretary of the Sea
A more regional approach to fisheries management Spain held the Presidency of the European Union from January to June this year. In a wide-ranging interview with Eurofish Magazine Juan Carlos Martín Fragueiro, Spanish General Secretary of the Sea, Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs, spoke about the Spanish Presidency and its impact on fisheries and aquaculture in the EU. EUROFISH: On 1 January, Spain assumed the Presidency of the EU. During the last six months organizing and managing the work within the EU fisheries sector has been a hectic process. How would you describe the developments during the Spanish Presidency in terms of fisheries issues? JCMF: Spain assumed the Presidency of the EU during the first semester of 2010, an undoubtedly complex period due to the restraints resulting from implementing the new institutional scheme dictated by the Lis48 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
bon Treaty and from applying the new rules and procedures demanded by this reality. On the other hand, our available span of time to work was very limited due to the delay in the appointment of the new Commissioners Association. However, thanks to the good work of the Commission and the appropriate rescheduling of our work it was possible to recover some time, which prevented the postponement of urgent decisions to the next presidency. Furthermore, I would like to remark that our semester in the presidency
took place within a very complex context due to the uncertainties derived from the worsening of the economic and financial crisis both at a European and international level. Regarding the topics more specifically connected with the General Fisheries Secretariat, I would like to mention the improvements related to the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy that were achieved during the Spanish Presidency. I would like to emphasize the importance Spain gives to this preliminary work. We are sure that the new Common Fisheries Policy will have to face new duties derived from its stronger compromise with the environment, taking into account at the same time the socioeconomic reality of the fisheries sector and the regions dependent on fishing. Among the activities that took place during the Spanish Presidency, I would like to highlight the conference for the reform, which took place in A Coruña on 2 and 3 May, with the participation of the Fisheries Administration of the Member States, scientists, fisheries sector, European Commission, and NGOs. It gathered more than 200 people in different work groups. After the Conference there was an Informal Meeting of the Fisheries Secretaries, which took place in Vigo on May 4 and 5. Both events were an opportunity to go www.eurofishmagazine.com
Spain into three important aspects related to the reform of the CFP and linked with the differentiation of the fishing and artisanal fleet, the management of the fisheries resources, and governance. Furthermore, during the Informal Meeting for the Fisheries Ministries, the Spanish Presidency addressed the external aspect of the common Fisheries Policy since it is of much importance for our interests and there is a need for it to continue in the future. Finally, the Fisheries Ministry Council, which took place last June in Luxembourg, examined some future guidelines proposed by the Commission regarding some elements that are due to be part of the reform of the CFP. EUROFISH: Spain assumed the Presidency at a key moment for the Union, given that we are in the process of recovering from the worst economic crisis in decades. How has this international economic crisis affected the fisheries sector?
JCMF: As was mentioned in the previous point, Spain took on the EU Presidency at a difficult moment both for the EU and for the international environment. Logically, this had a clear impact on all economic sectors including fisheries. However, taking into account that a big number of the existing problems in the fisheries sector are due to EU fisheries products competing with imports from third countries, I am glad to announce that the beginning of the Spanish EU Presidency coincided with the enacting of the EU regulation regarding the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. As you know, Spain is one of the Member States most clearly interested in the EU implementing measures to control the import of fish into the EU, being a key measure to fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing so that both imported and EU fish will be available on the market on the same terms.
EU fishermen agree that imported fish does significant damage to their economic interests since it does not have to comply with such strict regulations as those regarding EU fish. Therefore, the enacting of the regulation stating that all fish imported into the EU must have a catch document issued by the fishing authorities of the flag State to credit the legality of the fish it refers to, guarantees that imported fish will comply with measures for the sustainability of fishery resources, as dictated by regional fisheries organizations, or by international or national regulations, in order to guarantee the sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources. This will increase confidence that the fisheries resources of third countries are not at risk and that the imported fish does not represent unfair competition for the fish obtained by EU vessels. On the other hand, in the last three months the Spanish Presidency promoted the agreement that has now been reached among the EU, Comoros, Seychelles and Sao Tomé y Principe in order to establish three new Fish-
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Spain ing Protocols. This will allow the EU fleet to continue fishing in these countries waters for the next three years. Renewing the Protocols is especially important for the freezer tuna fleet, both for the Indian Ocean and for the Atlantic given the geographical situation of the three countries. I would also like to mention the new trilateral dialogue: Parliament, Commission, Council. It is a key element for decision-making. It was new and has been strengthened during the Presidency. Finally, among other elements, I would not like to forget the consolidation of the opening of anchovy fisheries or the difficult definition of a common position for the protection of whale fisheries as well as that of red tuna. EUROFISH: The CFP is one of the oldest EU policies, the current policy is the result of the 2002 reform. In 2008, the Commission began a review of the CFP and in April 2009, it began a public consultation on the future of the CFP, with a Green Paper. During these last six months, which have been the priorities for the Spanish presidency in order to articulate Common Fisheries Policy options for the future? When will the new Common Fisheries Policy be ready? JCMF: I would like to answer to your last question first. The objective is to have the regulation for the new CFP ready by 2013. Reaching this objective will depend on the extent to which we will be able to develop our consensus, ambition and work. As I have previously mentioned, the Spanish Presidency made some progress towards the reform of the CFP during the first semester of this year. In order to do so, we thought of specific acts as detailed in question one and also developed different actions regarding this matter. In this direction, I would like to emphasize first of all the meetings with the Spanish Autonomous Communities, which took place over last year and the first months of 2010. The aim was to examine the situation of the different fisheries spheres and to establish a position based on as much consensus as possible and which defines the key elements for the future reform. The result of this work is the answer to the Green Book presented to the Commission by the General Secretariat 50 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
of the Sea within the period of public consultation to which the document was subject. Moreover, I would like to highlight the creation of work groups within the Fishing Consulting Committee of the General Secretariat of the Sea. The aim is to examine the most relevant aspects for the different Spanish fishing groups relative to the reform.
well as the need to maintain it in the future due to the importance of the EU fleet in third countries and in international waters and to the fact that the EU is the world’s biggest importer. We believe that the same principles applied in the EU should fully apply both to the Agreements with third countries as within the ORPs frame.
Within the priorities that Spain identified for this reform, there is the need to have a differentiated fisheries management framework for the coastal and artisanal fleet given its wider social component and its closer dependence on the coastal regions. This differentiated framework has to be flexible enough to include different fleets within wide criteria in order to take into account the singularity and specificity of certain regions so as not to impose the same criterion onto all the fishing regions of the EU. Spain also defended a management of the fisheries resources that is more in tune with the sustainability of the marine ecosystem and which avoids bycatch, all of which undoubtedly requires some changes in the current managing model of the fisheries, at least the one relative to multispecific fisheries.
EUROFISH: Maritime economic activities are important for Europe, notably for its coastal regions, which are home to about 40% of the EU population. From a fisheries perspective is it possible to achieve a sustainable level of use integrating the maritime, environmental and fisheries policies?
In what refers to obtaining a more regional approach to management, we believe it is true that the different geographical areas of the EU exploit different fisheries, needing specific measures for each case. We also want to point out that there is already an appreciation of the singularity of the different regions, and that it should be maintained in the future. On the other hand, the co-decision procedure is resulting in a slow filing process. Faster procedures concerning the most technical measures should be put into practice, carried out by the Commission. However, the group vision given by the Common Fisheries Policy must not be lost nor must it hand over competences for this reason. Therefore, regional structures must continue working as they have done until now (ADRs, as assessment authorities, can still guarantee this role) but they must permit institutions, each of them within their area, to keep adopting basic or development rules as needed. Finally, I would like to remark how important the external aspect of the CFP is for Spain as
JCMF: One of the objectives that were examined in the CFP Green Book elaborated by the Commission and to which the Spanish delegation was favourably inclined is the integration of the CFP within a maritime policy that includes all the economic agents with a direct or indirect participation in the sea. However, such integration must require a joint participation both for rights and for responsibilities. It does not seem fair for the fisheries sector to have to assume all the responsibilities derived from this integration since it is clearly not the only economic sector affecting, through its activity, the marine ecosystem. EUROFISH: The European Union is by far the world’s biggest importer of fish, seafood and aquaculture products accounting for more than 60% of its fish consumption. With consumers in mind: which proposals are expected to be approved in order to favour a more just distribution of food price benefits? In 2008 the global import of fisheries products reached a value of 108.000 million dollars. This means an 83% increase since 2000. Spain, after Japan and the United States is in the third place for the import of fisheries products, reaching a value of 5.200 million dollars (4.900 million Euros). This means that the performance of the international market has a big impact on the national market and therefore on the price. The Spanish Administration is carrying out a thorough revision of the current commercialization system to try to identify the elements that can give more www.eurofishmagazine.com
Spain participation to the capture fisheries sector in price fixing. These are, among others: quality differentiation, labelling and traceability, shortening the value chain, etc. Furthermore, a follow-up of prices is being done. The Price Observatory of the Ministry for the Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs is a methodological instrument and a place for analysis that sheds light on the process of price fixing in the food and agriculture chain. It has the purpose of contributing to transparency in the markets. The prices of the main products that influence the market, from production to first sale to consumer, are given on a weekly basis. This procedure allows following prices systematically, promoting a transparent and efficient commercialization process and therefore showing any unbalances in the products valuation inside the commercialization chain. This allows taking the required measures for a
fair distribution in price fixing, protecting the consumers’ interests. EUROFISH: What measures has the Spanish Administration adopted to promote the development of aquaculture and the consumption of its by-products? JCMF: Research is encouraged through the implementation of the National Plans for Marine Farming promoted by MARM with the help of Advisory Board for Marine Farming (JACUMAR). It promotes any act of research, development or innovation regarded as important for the harmonious development of the aquaculture activity. Within the field of innovation, the creation of the Spanish Aquaculture Observatory Foundation has to be mentioned, which has undoubtedly become a reference for research, development and innovation in aquaculture matters, acting as a meeting point for the private industry and science. Also the
Strategic Plan for Technological Innovation for the fisheries and aquaculture sectors. Thanks to it, it was possible to design the basic lines for the technological innovation of the sector for the coming years, bringing into existence different tools. Another recently created tool is the Spanish Technological Platform for Fishing and Aquaculture, lead by different associations within the sector. It will define and design the future strategy of the sector through a mechanism of wide agreement among all the involved agents. Moreover, there is a growing internationalization of our markets in the last years. In this direction, the SGM is offering the sector the International Aquaculture Action Plans, which aim at reinforcing the markets through the development of a specific plan to promote sustainable marine aquaculture, to strengthen development aid, and to promote the development of the sector through business cooperation.
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Spain
Spain: Interview with the Director General for Fisheries Management
CMO reform must balance EU producers’ needs with imports The economic crisis has had an impact on the implementation of the Operational Programme for fisheries explains Mr Ignacio Gandarias Serrano, Director General for Fisheries Management, General Secretariat of the Sea, Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs, in a recent interview with Eurofish Magazine. Mr Serrano also spoke about the importance of innovation in support of the fisheries and aquaculture sector and the need to strictly prevent IUU fish from entering the EU. EUROFISH: The common fisheries policy (CFP) has been based on the Common Market Organisation (CMO) since October 1970. This CMO aims to find the right balance between supply and demand in the interests of European fishers and consumers. How would you describe the developments during the Spanish presidency in terms of the CMO reforms?
so the trade and market policy must be changed to take into account both resource sustainability and the reality of the market. The CMO reform must favour the horizontal implementation of marketing standards in all EU markets, the promotion of the role of Producer Organisations (POs) as fundamental agents of the CMO, and the maintenance of some intervention mecha-
IGS: The development of the CMO reform during the Spanish presidency could be summed up by Commissioner Damanaki’s statement made at the Council of 29th June 2009. Here she indicated that the future basic regulation on the reform of the CFP will include a new chapter on markets which will cover the following: • to ensure a more efficient organisation of the sector by promoting the role of Producer Organizations (POs) and of inter-professional organisations in resource management and marketing; • to consolidate marketing standards and to enhance consumer information by, among other measures, providing minimal labelling criteria; • to suspend aid for fish withdrawal and to introduce temporary aid for storage, in order to support the transition towards a more market-orientated situation. • to favour loyal competition between EU producers and imports, through a solid framework covering all EU policies and, in particular, its trade policy (CMO negotiations). • to attempt to pay special attention to aquaculture in the future CFP, which shall include – if the support of the EP and the Council is forthcoming – specific financial funds.
What the Commissioner stated is in line with the Spanish position. The EU is one of the most important markets worldwide for fish products, 52 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
both for the producers as well as for European consumers. EUROFISH: The Common Market Organisation (CMO) in Fishery and Aquaculture Products, as an integral part of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), deals with the trade policy. How would you describe the Spanish position on the EU/International trade agreements and the EU tariff regimes in terms of fisheries and aquaculture products? IGS: The international trade of fish and aquaculture products is regulated by the current CMO through the establishment of regulatory measures on marketing exchanges with third countries. As Commissioner Damanaki indicated, the CMO reform shall, under the framework of the EU trade policy, favour loyal competition between EU producers and those from third countries.
Mr Ignacio Gandarias Serrano, Director General for Fisheries Management, General Secretariat of the Sea, Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs.
nisms that concentrate supply and help producers access the market. The new CMO must find a balance between the defence of EU production and its market access, and the free competition of imports. Likewise, it must provide EU producers with the necessary tools for the sustainable and durable exploitation of available resources, by regulating supply and demand, guaranteeing a fair price,
Within the framework of the World Trade Organisation, the negotiations towards tariff liberalisation will make safeguarding the competitiveness of the EU market difficult. A strict control of imports through compliance with the regulation on illegal fishing (IUU) is necessary. The Spanish position is one of excluding sensitive products from the tariff reductions proposed in the negotiations of WTO standards as their liberalisation would mean the disappearance of numerous jobs associated with the manufacturing and processing industry of fish and aquaculture products. Regarding Trade Agreements, our position is one of striking a balance in market access, the differentiation of sensitive products and the www.eurofishmagazine.com
Spain maintenance of preferential rules of origin. EUROFISH: The European Fisheries Fund (EFF) is a key tool for delivering Common Fisheries Policy objectives. How has it performed during this first half of the EFF period? IGS: In 2010, the first half of the EFF implementation period has been completed. This year work was initiated on an interim evaluation to determine the efficiency of the implementation of the Operational Programme. This evaluation will check the level of compliance with the objectives as set out in the Programme, and adapt the Programme to the new current situation faced by the sector. The implementation of the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) really began in 2009 through the Operational Programme co-financed by the EFF; however, the crisis affecting the whole economic production system, including the fisheries sector, is making the implementation of the Programme difficult.
the methods for the development of countries. This co-responsibility guarantees the durability of cooperation actions. The co-responsibility of developing countries involves a change of attitude by all, by changing the donor/recipient concept to one of partner countries. Under this model, both partners should be equally inter-
ested in achieving a common objective. Current circumstances require the strengthening of coordination between all agents involved in the cooperation, at both national and EU levels, and through a multilateral order. To ease the lack of economic resources for cooperation, it will be necessary to find synergies between projects
EUROFISH: The Spanish fishing and aquaculture industry became more internationalized through the implementation of new forms of relations with extra community countries. How would you describe the international cooperation of the Spanish sector with third countries? IGS: Within the framework of international cooperation, the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs (MARM) has been developing an active policy on sea fishing and aquaculture with the aim to establish relations with countries seeking to develop their economic sectors. To do so, an outline is necessary to guarantee the sustainability of living marine resources, the conservation of the marine ecosystem and of marine biodiversity, and the sustainability of responsible economic development. A key element for the success of cooperation actions is that partner countries together outline
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Spain to achieve greater efficiency. In the Spanish experience cooperation, training and technology transfer are among the ways that offer more advantages at all levels: employment, social stability, economic development. This approach which Spain has been implementing offers a new approach based on: - co-responsibility with partner countries, - training of trainers and technology transfer, - sustainability of fishing resources, and - identification and protection of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. This approach is the main reason why the MARM has made a large investment in the construction of three vessels for marine environment research, and for its commitment to the vessel “Intermares for the training of trainers and of high-level technicians”, which is exclusively dedicated to international cooperation with partner countries. EUROFISH: Spanish authorities have always
54 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
used innovation as a pillar to support the fisheries and aquaculture sector. What are the main priority areas for the development of the sector?
be concentrated in the capture and aquaculture sector, or in the processing and marketing sector.
IGS: In 2005 the Ministry of the Environment, and Rural and Marine Affairs elaborated a strategic plan for the technological innovation of the Spanish fisheries sector. A result of this Plan was the creation and promotion of the Spanish Technological Platform for Fisheries and Aquaculture. This Platform, created according to the EU criteria for Technological Platforms, is comprised of all sector agents, companies, research centres, governments, etc., involved in the development of technological innovation. In early 2010, the work of this Platform enabled the elaboration of a 2020 Vision Document covering scientific and technological trends and priorities. During the first months of 2011, the ‘Strategic Agenda for Innovation’, a document currently being developed by the Platform, will be published. More than fifty priority lines of interest have been identified, and it is recommended that, in each of those, R+D+I efforts
The key point guaranteeing an adequate level of innovation in our companies will be the improvement of technology transfer. To that end, we should reinforce the collaboration between companies, between companies and the scientific sector, the coordination with government, the training and professionalisation of the sector within this field, and the flow of information to and from the sector. I think that working in close contact with the sector and scientific bodies, and with governments interested in the field, we will be able, in a few years, to achieve the qualitative leap in technological innovation, which has already begun to occur with the implementation of the strategic plan and the creation of the Pesc@plus office network for information and guidance for the sector on this matter.
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AQUACULTURE
s e i r e S New
Guide to Recirculation Aquaculture
Guide to Recirculation Aquaculture
An introduction to recirculation aquaculture Recirculation aquaculture is essentially a technology for farming fish or other aquatic organisms by re-using the water in the production. The technology is based on the use of mechanical and biological filters, and the method can in principle be used for any species grown in aquaculture such as fish, shrimps, clams etc. Recirculation technology is however primarily used in fish farming, and this guide is aimed at people working in this field of aquaculture.
R
ecirculation is growing rapidly in many areas of the fish farming sector, and systems are deployed in production units that vary from huge plants generating many tonnes of fish per year for consumption to small sophisticated systems used for re-stocking or to save endangered species.
Degree of recirculation can vary
super intensive farming systems installed inside a closed insulated building using as little as 200 litres of new water per kilo of fish produced, whereas other systems are traditional outdoor farms that have been re-built into recirculated systems using around 3 cubic m of new water per kilo of fish produced. A traditional flowthrough system for trout will typically use around 30 cubic m per kilo of fish produced.
has become a limited resource in many regions. Also, the limited use of water makes it much easier and cheaper to remove the nutrients excreted from the fish as the volume of discharged water is much lower than that discharged from a traditional fish farm. Recirculation aquaculture can therefore be considered the most environmentally friendly way of producing fish at a commercially viable level.
Recirculation can be carried out at different intensities depending on how much water is recirculated or re-used. Some farms are
Seen from an environmental point of view, the limited amount of water used in recirculation is of course beneficial as water
Most interesting though, is the fact that the limited use of water gives a huge benefit to the production inside the fish farm. Tra-
Some farms are super intensive farming systems installed inside a closed insulated building using as little as 200 litres of new water per kilo of fish produced.
ditional fish farming is totally depending on external conditions such as the water temperature of the river, cleanliness of the water, oxygen levels, or weed and leaves drifting downstream and blocking the inlet screens etc. In a recirculated system these external factors are eliminated either completely or partly depending on the degree of recirculation and the construction of the plant. Recirculation enables the fish farmer to completely control all the parameters in the production, and the skilfulness of the farmer to operate the recirculation system itself becomes just as important as his ability to take care of the fish. Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
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Fish grow better when conditions are stable Controlling parameters such as water temperature, oxygen levels, or daylight for that matter, gives stable and optimal conditions for the fish, which again gives less stress and better growth. These stable conditions result in a steady and foreseeable growth pattern that enables the farmer to precisely predict when the fish will have reached a certain stage or size. The major advantage of this feature is that a precise production plan can be drawn up and
the outside environment are minimised by the limited use of water. Normally water from fish farming is taken from a river, a lake or the sea, which naturally increases the risk of dragging in diseases. Due to the limited use of water in recirculation the water is mainly taken from a borehole, drainage system or spring where the risk of diseases is minimal. In fact, many recirculation systems do not have any problems with diseases whatsoever, and the use of medicine is therefore reduced significantly for the benefit of the production and the surrounding environment.
The Guide to Recirculation Aquaculture is the result of a collaboration between EUROFISH, Thomas Moth-Poulsen, FAO Fisheries Officer for Central and Eastern Europe, and Jacob Bregnballe, Akva Group, who authored the book. The stringent environmental restrictions to minimize pollution from hatcheries and aquaculture plants in northern European countries have sparked the rapid technological development of recirculation systems. However, recirculation also secures a higher and more stable aquaculture production with less diseases and better ways to control the parameters that influence growth. State-of-the-art of the recirculation methods use far less water than conventional flowthrough farms and sophisticated filtering technologies are used to treat the the water. Recirculation systems thereby offer two immediate advantages: cost effectiveness and reduced environmental impact. However, running these systems calls for additional skills and training and the hope is that the Guide to Recirculation Aquaculture will provide readers with some useful insights into the workings of recirculation systems. The Guide will be serialised over the next issues of the Eurofish Magazine. It is also available as a hard copy from the shop on the EUROFISH webite, www.eurofish.dk for EUR35.
Traditional outdoor farms that have been re-built into recirculated systems use around 3 cubic m of new water per kilo of fish produced.
that the exact time the fish will be ready for sale can be predicted. This favours the overall management of the farm and strengthens the ability to market the fish in a competitive way. There are many more advantages of using recirculation technology in fish farming, and this guide will deal with these aspects in the following chapters. However, one major aspect to be mentioned right away is that of diseases. The impact of pathogens is lowered considerably in a recirculation system as invasive diseases from 56 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Recirculation systems call for new skills Aquaculture is not for everyone; it requires knowledge, good husbandry, persistence and sometimes nerves of steel. Shifting from traditional fish farming into recirculation does make many things easier, however at the same time it requires new and greater skills. To be successful in this quite advanced type of aquaculture calls for training and education for which purpose this guide has been written.
Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to recirculation aquaculture Chapter 2: The recirculation system step by step - Components in a recirculation system Chapter 3: Fish species in recirculation Chapter 4: Project planning and implementation Chapter 5: Running a recirculation system. Chapter 6: Waste water treatment Chapter 7: Disease Chapter 8: Case story examples - Salmon smolt production in Chile - Turbot farming in China. - Model trout farms in Denmark - Recirculation and re-stocking - Mega farms References & Appendix
AQUACULTURE
Additives in aquafeed
Small additions with big results Modern feeds are high-tech products. They offer fishes and crustaceans in aquaculture everything they need for their existence and ensure that the organisms grow fast, remain healthy and develop normally. But who knows exactly what such feeds contain? There is probably no area of aquaculture where so many rumours are rampant, or where so much is assumed, speculated and alleged as in the feed sector.
W
ild cod don’t have to worry about the composition of their prey. With every herring, capelin or smaller fish that they swallow they are taking in a good share of protein packed full with vitamins and minerals, plus a quantum of fat containing polyunsaturated fatty acids , some of them of the Omega 3 type. And as if that weren’t enough, the organisms they feed on also contain carbohydrates, enzymes, hormones and other substances because every living organism is a veritable cocktail of various chemical substances. So as long as a cod manages to get hold of a fish regularly enough it will be getting a well-balanced diet and lack nothing. The situation for fishes that live in aquaculture facilities is completely different. However much trouble farmers go to to offer their fishes acceptable “real-life” farm conditions this is not possible where feed is concerned. The ponds, net cages, raceways and tanks in which the fishes are kept are made of plastic or concrete and as such are artificial habitats that offer much too little natural feed – in fact, usually none at all. This means that feed has to be introduced into the system from the outside… and there has to be enough of it, too, because the intention is not only that the fish will survive but that they will grow quickly and in the desired quality. So they have to get everything they need to stay healthy. During the early years of aquaculture farmers often fed their fishes on cheap slaughter
To compensate for changes within ingredients during the manufacture and storage of feed, substances were added to adapt it as closely as possible to the fishes’ needs
waste or chopped up feed fishes. But this wet feed did not prove very useful because it was difficult to store and dose and also polluted the water in no small measure. During the search for alternatives the idea arose that it might make sense to dry the feed fish, grind them and form the resulting meal into small dry pellets in the shape of pills. This could then be fed to the fishes. And that was the birth of the efficient feeds that were to give a decisive boost to the development of modern aquaculture. But there was still a long way to go to reach this point. Dry feed, too, proved to have some serious drawbacks at first. It had to be heated in order to dry it and during this heating process, for example, some key ingredients were destroyed so that the fishmeal did not have the same biological value as that of the live fish. Some of the
substances that fishmeal contains are not suited to storage and evaporate or decompose over the course of time. Others alter during the mixing and extruding process. Yet another problem at that time was caused by the relatively hard consistencies and the different flavour of the new feed which of course had a different feel in the fishes’ mouths and also tasted different from their usual soft feed.
Additives should complement, correct and improve In order to put an end to these and other inadequacies more and more substances were added to the feed to adapt it as closely as possible to the fishes’ needs. In countless experiments scientists searched for suitable substances that would solve a particular problem of the
feed, and numerous new formulae were tested and optimised. This was no easy task because the feed had to contain all the nutrients and other components in the exact quantities that the fish needed for healthy development and growth. Added to this is the fact that different fish species make different demands on their feed and that juveniles have to be fed different feed from adult fishes. Since the share of fishmeal and fish oil in feed has been constantly reduced through substitution by vegetable alternatives from agriculture, the feed formulae have become much more complicated and demanding with regard to nutritional and physiological aspects. Fishmeal contains high-quality fish protein in a highly digestible form which suits the needs of fishes in aquaculture perfectly. Vegetable proteins, on the other hand, often lack certain amino acids, which then have to be added to the feed later on. Some plants can even slow down digestive and metabolic processes (anti-nutritional factors) or they can also be toxic. Every additive that is mixed into the feed – however tiny the quantity – thus has a specific function. Some of them counterbalance deficits of important substances or enhance nutritional value and performance Others “complete” the feed, improving its digestibility and flavour, it ability to float or its stability in water. Additives mainly serve the following purposes: • Improvement of performance by increasing feed efficiency (optimiEurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
57
AQUACULTURE
are gained from natural raw materials such as bacteria, yeasts or plants, others through purely chemical processes, i.e. they are produced synthetically. The latter group also includes “nature identical” additives that are produced in test tubes but whose molecular structure is absolutely identical to that of their natural models. A well-known example of a nature identical additive is astaxanthin, a pigment that is nearly always produced synthetically for aquacultural purposes and which (together with other carotenoids) gives salmon flesh its red colouring. Astaxanthin is, however, not only a “colorant” as
the “copy” is to the natural substance can be seen in the fact that it fulfils all the biological functions within the organism exactly as the natural pigment does.
Vitamins are among the most important feed additives A reason for using additives can also be found in production technology. In the past, steam was used during the feed production process. The resulting pellets were compact and once in the water they sank quickly. With the modern extrusion techniques which are today state-ofthe-art, however, the feed expands Image: Olivier Decamp
sation of the FCR, better digestibility and promotion of growth, reduction of feed costs, reduction or environmental pollution) • Health and wellbeing of the fish: support and improvement of fish health (vitamins, immunostimulants, means of protection against parasites, probiotics) • Preservation and stabilisation: these additives are intended to prevent spoilage of sensitive or instable ingredients in the feed • Food safety of the fish produced in aquaculture: these additives prevent microorganisms or toxins getting into the fish via the feed that could constitute a risk to the consumers who eat them • Support of aquaculture production: improvement of the physical and chemical properties of feed, such as its durability in the water, its ability to float, its smell, colouring or flavour (feed attractants should, for example, encourage the fish to feed)
A lot of additives are based on their natural models It’s not easy to find one’s way through the large number of additives. The choice ranges from simple minerals which are added to the feed as micronutrients, through vitamins, enzymes and pH-reducing acidifiers, to pigments and complex premixes in which several additives are mixed together in specific combinations so that they complement and intensify their effects. Some additives are already added to the feeds during their production by the manufacturer, others are mixed by the fish farmer himself directly prior to feeding. Additives produce effects in relatively small quantities and so their share in the feed usually constitutes only fractions of a per cent or is even measured in thousandths. Additives can be inorganic by nature (e.g. minerals) or they can be of organic origin. Some 58 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
Probiotics that are mainly based on lactic acid bacteria have recently become increasingly popular in aquaculture. They are said to have a biological balancing and correcting effect.
some people still think but has other important biological functions beyond that. For example, it has an anti-oxidative effect, it encourages the function and health of the nervous system, and it improves growth and fertility in salmon. Wild salmon living in their natural environment absorb carotenoids when they eat shrimps. Because this is hardly possible in aquaculture, however, an alternative had to be found – and was found in the synthetic, but nature identical, astaxanthin. How close
as soon as it leaves the extruder so that the specific weight of the pellets decreases and they thus sink more slowly or are even suspended in the water. This gives the fishes more time to pick up the feed particles. Two further advantages of extrusion are the higher digestibility of the feed produced in this way and a longer durability span of the pellets in the water. Both these benefits are the result of thermal treatment of the feed raw material because through heating the nutrients are better sol-
ubilised and as from a temperature of about 70°C the contained starch agglutinates the pellets, which also has a stabilising effect. However, heating also contributes towards the destruction of vitamins. Because some vitamins also react sensitively to light and oxygen and thus cannot be stored for long the feed producers had to come up with an idea to get around this problem, too, because a feed that lacks vitamins or certain vitamins would not be of any use to aquaculture. Rainbow trout, for example, needs at least a dozen different vitamins to grow normally and remain healthy. Today, ready-made “premixes”, which contain all the necessary vitamins in a well-balanced mixture are usually added to the feed in the correct dosage. They are also of course available separately in case only one particular vitamin is lacking in a feed. In both cases additives have the advantage that before mixing in the vitamins they can be made less sensitive to light, oxygen, moisture and other external influences by special pre-treatment (mostly coating). Without this, the vitamins in the additives would decompose if the pellets were not fed to the fishes immediately after their production.
Environmental impacts can change additives All feeds lose quality over the course of time. Their quality is at its best directly after their production because, from then on, creeping changes occur that gradually become more and more noticeable. Firstly it is only digestibility and nutritional value that change but after a time the feed can become completely unusable. How long that takes depends on the storage conditions. In the tropics, where it is always hot with high humidity and intensive sunlight, feed will often spoil within two to three weeks. The protein-rich pellets are also a welcome substrate for all kinds of www.eurofishmagazine.com
germs, particularly for fungi. The fat in the pellets oxidises and makes the feed rancid. The small pellet sizes are particularly susceptible to rancidity because their surface is relatively large compared to their volume and this furthers oxidation. Feed producers try to prevent these processes by adding stabilising additives but ultimately decomposition processes cannot be halted but only delayed. In the meantime a whole industry has developed that is specialised in feed additives and is constantly searching for new, rewarding additives. In complicated experiments attempts are undertaken to find out which substances are particularly effective and what benefits they offer. Dimethylthetin (DMT), for example, which belongs to the additive group of feed attractants, is said to offer a whole bunch of positive effects. This white powder is mainly intended to encourage the fishes to eat and to ensure that they eat more often and thus absorb more nutrients. At the same time, however, it increases their desire to swim and has a stress-reducing effect. DMT stimulates the release of the hormone ecdyson in crustaceans. This hormone is largely responsible for controlling moulting. The crystalline substance TMAO (trimethylamine-N-oxide dihydrate), another feed attractant is, beyond this, also said to directly stimulate growth. It accelerates the cell division rate in the muscle tissue and thus contributes towards faster growth of the fillet. Apart from that, TMAO also reduces fat deposits in the cells, stabilises protein structures and has a positive influence on the organism’s osmotic stability.
Feed additives can improve a fish’s health status An application area of additives that is of economic significance to aquaculture is the improvement
of certain of the fishes’ performance parameters, particularly their growth and survival rate. In the past, antibiotics often used to be added to feed in aquaculture, too, because they have these very effects, i.e. they accelerate growth and encourage good health. Due to growing concerns among the public this routine use of antibiotics in fish feed is illegal almost throughout the world. At the same rate as antibiotics disappeared from feed scientists began looking for alternative substances that would have similar effects but would pose less of a risk. The substances they came up with included derivatives of organic acids such as potassium diformate, a crystalline salt of formic acid. If added to the feed in low dosage potassium diformate improves, for example, feed utilisation in salmon and encourages growth in tilapia. A fast growing group are “medical” additives that are used to prevent diseases or are used as disease therapy. Here, too, the range extends from relatively simple substances with broad-spectrum effects which are mostly organically based and thus have a high natural availability to complicated and very complex mixtures that have very specific effects. Examples of simple additives with broad-spectrum effects are L- and DL-selenomethionine. The whitish powder is said to “optimise” the fishes’ immune systems, improve the body tissue’s anti-oxidative power and prevent neoplasm and cancer. The selenium additive apparently also improves the mobility of the sperm cells in spawners. In contrast, a premix of ciprofloxacine and berberine which is used specifically to fight bacterial infections in eel has a highly specific effect. Additives can also include certain vaccines if they are administered orally with the feed. Vaccines – which are mostly either part of a pathogen or a weakened pathogen – stimulate
the protective system of the body to build up an immune defence so that it creates antibodies. The immune system “stores” this reaction and can call it up quickly if this type of germ threatens the organism in reality. Vaccine additives are not to be found in every pellet, however, because they are only mixed into the fish feed for the short duration of immunisation. To prevent the vaccines from being washed out of the feed or modified and being made inactive by digestive enzymes in the intestine they are protected using a special technique (e.g. bioencapsulation, coating). Oral vaccination is easy and causes little stress but it cannot be used against all diseases. Apart from that it mostly only enables immunity over a limited period of time. There also exist special additives for fighting external parasites like salmon lice which can be mixed into the feed. Giving it with the feed is much less harmful to the environment than the immersion therapies which are also used but does not work so quickly and entails a certain toxic risk for the fishes. Among the particularly effective and therefore frequently used substances in feed for delousing fishes are emamectin benzoate and some avermectines.
Trend towards natural substances As is the case in a lot of areas of life there has been an unmistakable trend for some years now in the direction of using natural substances in the feed additive segment, too. Scientists are trying to replace synthetically produced additives with substances that are isolated from yeast cells, for example, or taken from certain plants. Natural additives often have similar if not identical effects to those of purely chemical products which makes careful testing essential prior to usage. Experiments to compare natural and synthetic antioxidants that were carried out by Fiskeriforskning 60 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
in Norway showed, however, that natural additives are almost as effective as chemical products and might possibly be able to replace controversial synthetic additives such as ethoxyquine (EMQ). “Probiotic” effects that are mainly based on lactic acid bacteria have recently become increasingly popular in aquaculture. They are said to have a biological balancing and correcting effect. At the moment probiotic bacteria are mainly only used in aquaculture for improving water quality (they are said to “balance” the bacteria population in the water and suppress the development of pathogen species) but they are also already available as additives that are mixed into the feed to strengthen the fishes’ immune systems, and to improve feed utilisation and growth. The use of probiotics in aquaculture is a relatively new and controversial concept. Alleged benefits for human, farm animal and fish nutrition are often still faced by a lack of any scientific proof of these kinds of positive effects to date. Irrespective of such disputes a lot of research teams are working all over the world on selecting even more effective probiotic bacteria strains for aquaculture. The growing number of possible additives in fish feed makes it increasingly difficult even for experts to keep pace with developments and maintain an overview to enable appropriate evaluation of the risks connected to them. Institutes like the Danish DHI Centre for Environment and Toxicology have specialised (among other work areas) in evaluating scientific publications and carrying out their own eco-toxicological studies to enable realistic evaluation of the benefits and risks of additives. Upon the basis of their findings, it is then possible to make expert assessments, for example, or prepare applications for the mk approval of new additives.
TRACEABILITY Image: Kine Mari Karlsen, Nofima
Norwegian traceability project for fresh whitefish
How to succeed when implementing traceability Figure: Oddvar Dahl, Nofima
If you want to implement traceability from fish to dish, the benefits of doing the extra work must be clear to all the actors in the chain. The most tangible benefit for the fish industry is better control of internal processes which will often result in reduced storage, faster throughput and more optimal production. Nofima has carried out an R&D project where the focus has been on implementing traceability in a supply chain for fresh, captured whitefish. The experience from this project shows that such an implementation is complex, and success depends on overcoming many obstacles.
Advantages must be clear to all parties An important finding in the project is that it is crucial to identify and communicate the benefits of a chain traceability solution to all involved parties. Diligent recording and sending of data will often require some sort of process re-engineering, and the companies involved will not be motivated unless they clearly see the benefits. Also, the willingness to invest in new technology that will improve or speed up data recording will be low unless the resulting advantages are clearly identified. Benefits must be shown to outweigh costs before the companies are willing to carry out the re-engineering and the necessary investments. An important R&D challenge is to identify and quantify the potential benefits, and to present them to the industry. In the project it was clear that motivation varied significantly between the different links of the
An important finding in the project is that it is crucial to identify and communicate the benefits of a chain traceability solution to all involved parties.
chain. The supermarket wanted to get access to more information about the fresh fish they were selling. The wholesaler wanted to keep his customer (the supermarket) happy. The production plant did not really see any benefits of the work proposed, at least not for them, but joined the project any-
way since their customers asked them. The wholesaler and the supermarket saw traceability as a tool for improved documentation of the cooling chain. With better and more frequent recordings, especially of temperature, it would be simpler to identify the cause of low quality, and then responsibility could be assigned. In addition, the actors wanted to use the traceability system to get better control of the material flow, and in particular to shorten lead and storage time so that the consumer product would be fresher and of better quality.
Focus on documenting benefits
The R&D project shows that there is a need to focus on investigating and documenting benefits of improved chain traceability for all actors in the chain. All possible benefits must be enumerated, the relevant or possible benefits for an actor in question must be
Fresh fish is sold either unpackaged over a counter in the supermarket or in pre-sealed consumer packages.
highlighted, and preferably an experience database should be established, where the economic value of some benefits are documented. Already anecdotal evidence is available which suggests that return on investment for new traceability systems is 6 to 18 months, and that the biggest savings are related to faster throughput and reduced storage, but the researchers cannot really claim to have documented this in general.
Project involved nine partners The project was carried out on behalf of The Norwegian Seafood Association (NSL), and it was financed by Innovation Norway and The Fishery and Aquaculture Industry Research Fund (FHF). The project involved nine partners in the supply chain for fresh whitefish captured and sold in Norway. More information about the project, the results and the recommendations can be found in the Nofima Market report 2/2010, available at www.nofima.no. Kine Mari Karlsen and Petter Olsen, Nofima Marked
Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010 61
TECHNOLOGY
Seac AB re-engineers filleting machines
Filleting smaller fish down to 100 fish/kilo It took the company Seac AB of Sweden about three years to redevelop the former Arenco SFD-300 to fillet smaller fish from 25 to 50 fish/kilo and the result – the Arenco SFD-300 XS has since been installed in Sweden, Finland, Latvia, and Croatia where it is working on Baltic herring, sardine, anchovy, vendance, red mullet, and horse mackerel.
T
he capacity of the 300 XS at up to 250 fish per minute with four operators should be compared with about 20 fish per minute when hand filleting. The company has also developed a “belly cleaning device” or “Kronsardine device” or “Delhi herring device” for the XS machine giving the customer the possibility to produce both fillets and headed and gutted fish with belly opened on the same machine.
head is cut off. The infeed table then forwards the fish to the infeed chute of the filleting part of the machine. Here the fish is first gripped by two rubber belts forwarding the fish through the entire machine. The first station is the belly cutting station where two horizontal knives cut the belly off. Then the fish is forward to the belly cleaning device where a cleaning wheel takes the guts out. Finally the fish arrives at the filleting station where two finger packages, one on each side of the angled filleting knives, cut the belly and back bone away giving a nice butterfly fillet as end product.
One of the most versatile machines on the market
Now – after about six months of development – the company is introducing the SFD-300 XXS machine. This machine can fillet fish as small as 10 grams (about 10 cm long) with both good yield and high capacity (up to 250 fish/ min). The machine can even fillet fish that have been in a marinade for up to two years.
The Arenco SFD-300 (sold new as the Seac FPM 300) is a robust piece of equipment and probably also the smallest filleting machine on the market which means it can be placed almost anywhere. But it also has one more very important advantage: to change the production from one size of fish to another takes only about five minutes. Just replace the infeed table with another and make a minor adjustment to the filleting machine and the customers is ready to produce smaller or bigger fish sizes.
While a number of changes had to be made to the original SFD300 when creating the XS machine, developing the XXS from the XS machine called for only about ten changes, which was not so difficult, according to Ulf Groenqvist, the president of Seac AB. The XXS is also available as a brand new machine designated the Seac FPM 300 XXS, which works like the Arenco SFD-300, a machine that that has been on the market for over 50 years.
The machine can work with a range of species including, anchovy, anchoveta, sprats, Baltic herring, smelt, sardines, vendance, red mullet, horse mackerel, as well as Sillago bassensis (a white fish from Australia), and certain types of marinated fish as well. It is available brand new under the name Seac FPM 300 or completely renovated as the Arenco SFD300 giving the investor a choice. The guarantee is the same, but there is a big differences in price.
Further refinements
62 Eurofish Magazine 5 / 2010
The SFD-300 XXS machine from Seac AB can fillet fish as small as 10 grams (about 10 cm long) with both good yield and high capacity (up to 250 fish/min).
in the chambers with the belly in
How the machine works the direction of motion. The Arenco SFD-300 XXS has a round plastic infeed table with 70 chambers. The fish is placed on the infeed table where up to four operators place the fish tail first
The fish is then moved, by a brush, to the tail cutting unit where the tail is cut off, and another brush forwards the fish to the head cutting unit where the
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Diary Dates
October 4-7 October, 2010 Annual Meeting of WEFTA Izmir, Turkey Tel.: +90 232 3434000 (Ext:5229) ufuk.celik@ege.edu.tr www.wefta2010.org
5-7 October 2010 Conxemar Vigo, Spain Tel.:+ 34 986 433 351 Fax:+ 34 986 221 174 conxemar@conxemar.com www.conxemar.com
5-8 October, 2010 Aquaculture Europe Porto, Portugal Tel.: +32 9 2334912 Fax: +32 9 2334912 mario.stael@scarlet.be www.easonline.org
7-9 October, 2010 Polar Fish 2010 Sisimiut, Greenland Tel.: +45 99 35 55 55 Fax: +45 99 35 55 33 ehe@akkc.dk www.polar-fish.net
24-29 October, 2010 Mauritius Seafood Conference Port Louis, Mauritius Tel. : +230 208 52 16 Fax : +230 212 18 53 info@mexa.mu
24 November, 2010 4th International Sturgeon Conference Warsaw, Poland Tel.: +48 59 82 12 313 Fax: +48 59 82 12 423 ad@aller-aqua.pl www.aller-aqua.com
November
17-18 November 2010 II International Congress “Quality of Fish and Seafood Products” Bilbao, Spain Tel. : +34 986 469 303 srellan@anfaco.es www.plancalidadproductospesqueros.es
2-4 November, 2010 China Fisheries & Seafood Expo 2010 Dalian, China Tel.: +86 10 58672620 Fax: +86 10 58672600 info@seafarechina.com www.chinaseafoodexpo.com
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION MELBOURNE CONVENTION EXHIBITION CENTRE
6-10 November 2010 International Seafood & Health Conference and “The Wonders and Opportunities of the Ocean” Exhibition Melbourne, Australia Tel. : +61 3 9330 2813 john.richards@conferenceplus.com.au www.seafoodhealthconference.com AUSTRALIA 6-10 NOVEMBER 2010
17-21 October, 2010 SIAL France 2010 Paris, France Tel.: +33 1 76 77 13 33 Fax: +33 1 53 30 95 15 exhibit@sial.fr www.sial.fr
11-13 November, 2010 Busan International Seafood and Fisheries Expo 2010 Busan, South Korea Tel. : +82 51 740 7518 Fax : +82 51 740 7360 bisfe@bexco.co.kr www.bisfe.com
26-29 October, 2010 Interfish 2010 Moscow, Russia Tel.: +7 495 228 70 74 Fax: +7 495 228 70 72 interfish-expo@yandex.ru www.interfish-expo.ru
16-19 November 2010 EuroTier Hanover, Germany Tel.: +49 69 24 788-0 Fax: +49 69 24 788-113 b.schmidt-puckhaber@dlg.org www.eurotier.de
December 10-13 December, 2010 Shanghai International Fishery and Seafood Exhibition 2010 Shanghai, China Tel: +86 21 34140187 Fax: +86 21 37821152 sifse@sifse.com www.sifse.com
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Emperor Aquatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Eurotier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
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Maass Salmon Slicer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Salas Zivis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Salmco Slicers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Sapore/Rimini Fiera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Seac AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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Biro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Boulogne sur Mer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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Sealane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
October 5 / 2010
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Szegedfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 W. van der Zwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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SALMON SLICER... worldwide R. MAASS + PARTNER GMBH Röntgenstrasse 12 D-21493 Schwarzenbek Tel.: +49 41 51 / 866 955 Fax: +49 41 51 / 867 188 www.maass-slicers.de
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Ristic AG Am Espen 15, D-90559 Oberferrieden Tel.: 0 91 83 / 40 90, Fax: 0 91 83 / 4 09 49 Web: www.ristic.com, E-Mail: info@ristic.com
Insulated Containers
tasty-Smoke GmbH Hövelsstr. 27 48488 Emsbüren Tel.: +49 (0) 591 610 4451 Fax: +49 (0) 591 610 4507 www.liquid-smoke.com
Liquid smoke BBQ-Oil Hickory-Smoke Smoke Powder Liquid-Smokers
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FRANKFURT / MAIN-AIRPORT Gebäude 456 A, Raum Nr. 3435 Telefon 0 69 / 69 76 76-30 Telefax 0 69 / 69 76 76-50
Wire ropes Feinfischräucherei Noll GmbH D-46514 Schermbeck Tel.: 0 28 53/20 57, Fax: 14 65 Web: www.fisch-noll.de E-Mail: info@fisch-noll.de
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ISSN 1868-5943 October 5 / 2010 C 44346
October 5 / 2010
EUROFISH
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Eurofish Magazine
Seko S.A. Eurofish International Organisation
New factory to double capacity Turkey: Value-added seabass and seabream products Denmark: Emissions-based regulation for fish farming industry Processing: Adding value to fish waste FISH INFO network