a proposal for Shapuwei urban village Maib14 Design Studio Shenzen Urban villages Prof.Martine De Maeseneer with the collaboration of Chris Lai (DOFFICE) Eneida Berisha Eva Papaspyrou Jurij Strehar Alessandro Pellegrino
Studio Report 2019-20 Master of Architecture Faculty of Architecture KU Leuven Shenzhen Lab This report is based on the studio Shenzhen Urban Villages, conducted at KU LEUVEN First Year Master Studio 2019-2020, for Winter semester 2019.
Studio Instructor Martine De Maesneer Students Alessandro Pellegrino Eneida Berisha Eva Papaspyrou Jurij Strehar Review Critic and Collaborator Chris Lai, Doffice Architecture Studio, Shenzhen
4-19
Introduction
20-49
Analysis
50-117
Strategy
INTRODUCTION
5
Shenzhen Shenzhen is a major sub-provincial city located on the east bank of Pearl River estuary on the central coast of southern Guangdong province, People’s Republic of China. It forms part of the Pearl River Delta megalopolis, bordering Honk Kong across the Sham Chun River to the south, Huizhou to the northeast and Dongguan to the northwest and shares maritime boundaries with Guangzhou, Zhongshan and Zhuhai to the west and southwest across the estuary.
1-3 Right page: Location of Shenzhen Left Page: Skyline of Shenzhen from the Nanshan District Source: Wikipedia, Last accessed September 2019 6
Instant City Shenzhen - China’s southern gate - is the one city in the world that has grown with incomparable speed. The policy Reform and Opening in 1978 found Shenzhen as a village with a population of thirty thousand people [O’Donnell et al., 2017]. In 1979 it was declared as a Special Economic Zone (SEZ), becoming from then on, a model for all of China. By 2010, it became a city with more than ten million people. The reform led to unprecedented rural-to-urban migration [Li and Rose, 2017]. Around 277 million people, in 2015, had left rural areas to seek work and a better life with the intent to live in the growing cities of China. This drastic change that occurred in Shenzhen, upon which the People’s Republic of China invested in significantly in economic and human capital, was reflected on the demand for housing.
Source: Learning from Shenzhen, Mary O’Donnell, The University of Chicago Press, 2017 8
Timeline
4000BCE
first human settlement (YUE people)
331BCE
JIN DYNASTY (by the end: Barbarian invasion by the Roman empire made people fleed to Southern China)
678-907
created villages in Shenzhen
TANG DYNASTY migrants escaping war developed south parts Shenzhen became a Regional Center of Trade& Salt production
1573 1644-1911
MING DYNASTY named Xian QING DYNASTY coastal raids by MING royalists from Taiwan
1. provided economic take-off to HK (british colony) by providing labor 2. granted the creation of Shenzhen as a SEZ (to curb the human waves fleeing) 3. lowered agrarian production - hit peak at 1962 4. those who did not participate are the managers of today
1644-1647 all sea-gain activities banned and coastal cities moved 15km inland
1830 - 1842
OPIUM WARS
1860
HK colonized by UK
1836
Japan invaded China & occupied Shenzhen
1914
named Boan (REPUBLIC of CHINA)
1950
normal village life but proximity to HK made them Taogang
1960 - 1970
HK economic take-off increased number of people fleeing
1966 - 1978
CULTURAL REVOLUTION
1979
City of Shenzhen was founded in the Baoan County area with the approval of the Chinese State Council
1980
In August, it was officially declared the first Special Economic Zone of China.
1983 1987 1988
The Baoan United Investment Company issued the PRC’s first stock in 1983. In 1987, Shenzhen was also the first place in China to hold a land auction. Shenzhen opened China’s first stock exchange in 1988, two years ahead of Shanghai’s sister exchange. With the stock market, Shenzhen was the first place in China that individuals could invest freely their personal wealth. It was the first place to hire and fire based on individual performance rather than lifetime employment in the ‘iron rice bowl’ system of the rest of China.
1997
HAND OVER (UK handed over Hong Kong to China) One Country, 2 Policies and Hong Kong as SAR (Special Administration Region)
9
Urban development & effects The demand for housing was met with the rapid change of the urban fabric where land became immediately an asset. The farmers, who resided in Shenzhen at the time, and owned a significant amount of land, either started building or sold the land to developers. The high-density apartment buildings erected, going at maximum 8 stories high - a number chosen due to the building regulation deeming this building height as acceptable without built elevators being required - were dispersed all over the farmland. They were no farther than 1.5 to 2 meters apart, with a shortage of public facilities, and lack of public spaces, with hydraulics pipes highly visible on the outside of the buildings. The closeness to one another gave them the name “Handshake towers”. However, these farmlands contained on the same plot of land handshake towers, factories, market shops, as well as the villas where now live the rich landowners and former villagers. These sites were named “urban villages”. They continued to be stuck in time while the rest of Shenzhen continued to welcome fancy industries, companies and garnering international attention.
development of sectors at different speeds
influx of workers
built-up village land
Shenzhen SEZ
target: profit low regulation/highrise buildings
villagers becoming landlords/sellers
new typology: handshake buildings
fragmentation of site
factories
12
need for housing
handshake buildings
villas
new highrise buildings
=“Urban Village”
demolished areas
historical buildings
1980
1984
urban villages network 1992
Source: Learning from Shenzhen, Mary O’Donnell, The University of Chicago Press, 2017
2000
1988
2006
13
Infrastructure
2002
Hong Kong reinforces quota of 2000 mainlanders per day
2003
Establishment of IVS (Individual visit scheme for all cities in Guangdong (Shenzhen, Beijing & Shanghai)
2007
First “co-located” immigration and customs control point (whose purpose was to expedite movement across the border by improving on the basic design of the twin cities’ boundary control facilities) movement increased by 20-30%)
2008
HK issues 1 year multiple entry visa to Shenzhen for hukou holders (Urban residents = which caused deeper social divide) terminal Fuksas inaugurated - (accommodate the needs of so-called intermodal air passengers—people transiting by bus, ferry, or minivan to and from Mainland China) SHENZHEN’s contact to the world channeled through HKIA
Source: Learning from Shenzhen, Mary O’Donnell, The University of Chicago Press, 2017 14
2010
HK allowed immigration authority (IVS) to employees of state-owned enterprises in Shenzhen)
2012
HK granted IVS to anyone legally a Shenzhen resident for at least 1 year (increased the quota to half a million per day)
2014
nearly 100,000 people passed through the “co-located” facility every day
Climate Shenzhen falls into the humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa). The weather is characterized by mild, moderately dry winters and hot, humid summers. Surrounded by many islands, Shenzhen is located within the Pearl River Delta, and its climate is majorly influenced by the monsoons. Shenzhen experiences moderate sunshine throughout the year, and the sea temperature remains moderately warm throughout the year, even during winter.
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The elements of Vernacular Sihejuan housing is a square housing compound with rooms enclosing a central courtyard. This courtyard often contains a pomegranate or other type of tree, as well as potted flowers or a fish tank. They form alleys, which link together the interior of a city. The central courtyard is usually big enough to allow ample solar access, and provides wind protection during the winter. Efficient insulation has also been used for houses as there are commonly 370 mm thick brick walls and single glazing with sealed window frames made of rice pape openings on the walls allow airflow to cross, whilst the verandas, overhanging roofs and trees create sufficient shading and semi-open space for afternoon tea and evening gathering. Toulou housing prioritises natural ventilation and shading, and, thus, is often characterized by big overhanging roofs that are usually made from plants. It is several stories high, they are built along an inward-looking, round or square floor plan and housing up to 800 people each. Usually they were built for defensive purposes around a central open courtyard with only one entrance and the windows are located only above the first floor.Housing a whole clan, tolou functioned as village units and were known as “a little kingdom for the family” or “bustling small city. The buildings were divided vertically between families with each possessing two or three rooms on each floor. Kitchen and dining room were generally placed on the first floor; the storage rooms were on the second floor; while the bedrooms were placed on the third or higher floors.
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Grid
Garden
Porch
Courtyard
Shophouse/Tong-Lau/Qilou
Farmhouse
Siheyuan
Bar House
Round Tulou
Square Tulou
Deviant-shape Tulou
Heng Tang House
Pillow House
Lung Wai House
Hakka Walled village
Wok Yi Uk-Ear House
Boat-house
Fishermen house
Diaojiaolou
Kaiping Dialou 19
Site_figure ground
ANALYSIS
21
Site
Shapuwei Village
22
2008
2011
2013
2018
23
People
Children
Native settlers
Permanent workers
Temporary workers
24
25
Buildings
26
27
28
29
Building footprint
30
Accessibility_metro and roads Bitou 碧头
线
号 6六 Line ) 0 (202 5m
in.
w alking
Line 11 机 场线
10 m in. walking
34
Songgang 松岗
Accessibility_factories and productive settlements
35
Surroundings_green spaces and urban villages
36
Surroundings_water and urban villages
37
Surroundings_connection with urban villages, physical boundaries of the site
38
Village development
40
Temple/Clan Shrine near a body of water
Growth of the settlement
Extension of land plots on the rear of the waterfront
Creation of a grid
Demolitions
Houses (first and second generation) Site of demolitons
41
Use of the ground
Informal parking Informal crops Public garden
43
New Grid
47
New axis
48
Infill
Water reserve (for agricolture) Crops
49
STRATEGY
51
Shenzhen grew in different phases and at different scales This development caused inconsistencies in the urban fabric. Nevertheless, the land use in the village remained highly homogenous, with residential use being the highest percentage. In order to combat this homogeneity which is later on used as an argument to demolish the urban villages - we propose the alternative of adding diversity. Thus, we decided to develop interwoven inhabitable structures starting from the vernacular architecture. Aim: 1. Making the urban fabric inhabitable 2. Optimization of space 3. Connecting the surrounding urban villages
52
Methodology: 1.Reconstructing urban grid, as a relevant element for the site as well as the history 2. Creating clusters of future economic development: a. Commercial Cluster b. Creative Cluster c. Residential Cluster which are intersecting and interconnected spatially 3. Introducing small conversions of the existing building structure to fit new activities: a. Covered shopping street b. Restoring and reusing historic buildings as assets for the site c. Creation of a network of suspended bridges which make the urban village,in its entirety, accessible
53
Surface for different programs
new commercial hotel
creative spaces
public
affordable housing
highrise
villas residence
students-young
residential
54
Clustering
Creative workshop+residence (second generation houses)
Temporary artist residence Workshops +workshop (first generation houses) (second generation houses)
Affordable housing
Hotel
Creative Housing Commercial
Commercial+residential upper floors Full commercial
Not involved (high rise)
Creative Garden
55
Homogeneity
Mostly Residence 56
Diversity
Public access
Commercial
Creative
Hotel
Affordable housing
Residence
Not Involved 57
Library of Design Elements Commercial & Residential
Bike Parking
Amusement Park
Parking
Playground
Cafes
Outdoor bar area
Seating area
Crops for cultivation
Pavilion Garden
Shops
Food Stalls
Water fixtures
58
Library of Design Elements Creative
Bamboo Garden
Outdoor galleries
Pergola
Waterfront
Catwalk Garden
Hanging garden
Stage garden
Light Garden
Forum
Zen garden
Wooden Pathways
Shading area 59
63
STRATEGY: Commercial Cluster
65
Commercial Buildings with residential floor
Second generation houses Concrete 34 buildings Mostly 2 floors+rooftops
66
Commercial Buildings with residential floor_plans 1:200
Ground Floor
Second generation houses Concrete 34 buildings Mostly 2 floors+rooftops
First Floor
Roof Floor 67
Commercial Buildings with residential floor_Context
68
Commercial Buildings with residential floor_Section
Private rooftop
Private floor
Shop+storage
Arcades, commercial sidewalk
69
STRATEGY: Creative Cluster
75
Historical Building
First generation houses Bricks + tile roof 9 buildings in the creative cluster (+8 more in creative garden) Maximum 2 floors
76
Historical Building_plans 1:200
First generation houses Bricks + tile roof 9 buildings in the creative cluster (+8 more in creative garden) Maximum 2 floors
Ground Floor
First floor
Storage room
Bedroom
Double height space for workshop 28 sqm
Mezzanine Living
Double access
27 sqm
77
Historical Building_Context
78
Historical Building_Section
Living space
Workshop
Inside view from common walkway Double height
Common walkway (+3 m)
79
84
85
STRATEGY:
Crops & Handshake Towers
87
Affordable housing
Handshake typology Concrete 12 buildings Up to 8 floors
88
Affordable housing_plans 1:200
Sample 1
Two apartments Handshake typology Concrete 12 buildings Up to 8 floors
One bedroom 57 sqm
Sample 2
One apartments Two bedroom 115 sqm 89
Affordable housing_Context
90
Affordable housing_Section
Bedroom
Living space
Common stairs
Balcony/veranda
91
Market street
92
Boutique_hotel_spaces
public - groundfloor commercial
semi public - empty floors
semi public - connection elevators + outside corridors
semi private - rooftops
semi private - connection stairs
93
95
96
STRATEGY:
Network of Common Spaces & Bridges
97
Common Rooftop/raised public space_plan 1:200
Connection of floors and rooftops at level +6m and +3m Access from ground with 7 staircases
Common rooftop (+6m) Empty floor with common staircase Bridge Private Staircase
98
Common Rooftop raised public space_Context
100
Common Rooftop raised public space_Section
101
Common Rooftop
102
Common Rooftop_access. staircases
103
Common Rooftop_structure+elements
Stand-alone staircases
Elements 104
Bridges/trusses
Common staircases
105
Site Map of the Second Floor Connection of Bridges
Site Map, Ground Floor
Sections elevations_scale 1:500
Sections elevations_scale 1:500
Next Step Second Phase
-Tackling the existing Market hall, connecting it with the Market street -Creation of empty floors and common spaces in handshake towers
114
in the following years
-Extension of the connection with other urban villages
-Reconversion of factories
Market street_Market hall Market street & Market Hall
Access
Distribution
Interaction
Paths
Connections
115
Empty floors_privacy Floors Privacy
Residential floors
High Rise (handshake) Privacy/intimacy
Siheyuan Privacy/intimacy
Privacy/intimacy
116
Empty floors_connections Floors Connections
Target Floors
Bridges/horizontal connection
Stairs/vertical connection
117
Team (left to right):
Alessandro Pellegrino, Eva Papaspyrou, Jurij Strehar, Eneida Berisha
125
Faculty of Architecture KU Leuven