Urban ecodynamics

Urban ecodynamics systems, energy, matter and landscape

Layout of presentation

Part 1: systems Part 2: system analysis and assessment Part 3: how to use information in design urban systems?

Systems Perspective‌

Systems

Definitions‌

System - a set of entities comprising a whole where each component interacts with or is related to at least one other component and they all serve a common objective.

An open system is a system which continuously interacts with its environment or surroundings. The flux can be information, energy, or material. A closed system exachenge energy, an isolated system not exchanges energy, neither matter, nor information with its environment.

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Systems Perspective‌

Systems

Definitions‌

Complex systems are open, produce emergent phenomena Relationships are non-linear and contain feedback loops The complex systems may have memory: history of a complex system it is important Complex systems may be nested Dynamic network of multiplicity interactions Systems with living and nonliving parts are called ecosystems (which is short for ecological systems). from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Systems Perspective‌

Systems

Definitions‌

Component - an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; a constituent element of a system Driver - a parameter that controls the behavior of a system.

Drivers can be either external or internal to a system.

Process - a naturally occurring or designed sequence of changes of properties or attributes of an object or system. from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Systems Approach‌

Systems

Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s concept of a system and its environment and Norbert Wiener feedback

System throughput

Environment 1968, General System theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, George Braziller, New York.

Part 1: Systems

Systems

Socio-ecological System"

Human and natural system are integrate in to socio-ecological systems

Part 1: Systems

Landscape: total human ecosystem"  Landscape as the total Human Ecosystem  Ecosystems are dynamic, also when in “equilibrium” they are far from the static one.

Systems

 Ecosystems are self-organizing autopoietic ones.  (Naveh, 2005)

 The open space system can give the observer a sense of the

more permanent system of which he and the city are only parts. ..... To a sense of the Web of life, …interdependent system of living things, …(Lynch 1972)

Part 1: Systems

A socio-ecological system is far from equilibrium Systems

 It is not at an energy equilibrium.  It dissipates energy.  There are energy flows through it.

Nothing happens without energy flows.

Energy and energy flows are fundamental. from: Abbott, 2011. Energy and complex systems

Part 1: Systems

A socio-ecological system is an ecosystem

Systems

Energy and matter are: Sunlight, wind, rain, nutrients, CO2, etc...

Part 1: Systems

Energy, cycles in an ecosystems  All ecosystems have a flux of energy and a few basic underlying cycles.

Systems

They are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems and to chemical reactions and and are the processes produce entropy.

 Cycle normally brings to mind physical, chemical, biological, etc.

processes that return a system to a previous state: the nitrogen cycle, the rotation/revolution of the earth, crop rotation, the circadian wake/ sleep cycle, the Krebs cycle, O2  CO2  O2, … from: Abbott, 2011. Energy and complex systems

Part 1: Systems

Morowitz theorems  A flow of energy through a steady state system that is able to store

Systems

energy will lead to at least one cycle. (Harold Morowitz 1st theorem )

 Per each Cycle of matter exists at list one flux of energy (Harold

Morowitz 2st theorem )

from: Abbott, 2011. Energy and complex systems

Part 1: Systems

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

Systems

Elsewhere: from an organic source

from: Abbott, 2011. Energy and complex systems

Part 1: Systems

Socio-ecological system

Systems

(USA 2050 estimate from 2005 by LLN)

from: Abbott, 2011. Energy and complex systems

Part 1: Systems

From fluxes to pattern and dynamics  Energy fluxes and matter cycling can be the engine Systems

of pattern and forms  Energy have different values  Energy fluxes maintain the systems far from

equilibrium and “build pattern”, forms and information

Flux of energy – pattern formation in Social amoeba: aggregate – fruiting body- sporulation The interesting social amoeba behaviour (see: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjRPla0BONA;

Systems

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zAGp_7Xhss;

General view at:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxIj11WaqyM)

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

17

Systems Analysis

System analysis and assessment  Analysis over space and time

 System approach

 Participation (citizen science)

 Multi-metric (different

 Indices and indicators

 Some examples:

Ecosystem services Ecosystem impacts Emergy and LDI

metrics read the reality over different points of view)

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Ecosystem Services = Factors of Production

Systems Analysis

The value of Ecosystem Services... what is required to make them

!

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Systems Analysis

Ecosystem Services – Values of services and Natural Prices The values we assign to ecosystem assets — goods and services like pollination or water filtration — are an important factor in how we treat ecosystems. Placing a value on an ecosystem's beauty or its cultural importance is far more difficult than valuing the direct goods provided by an ecosystem, like the value of fish as a food source.

Systems Analysis

Anthropic impacts: loose of functions as well ecosystem services

Estimates of how the different control variables for seven planetary boundaries have changed from 1950 to present.

The green shaded polygon represents the safe operating space.

(Image courtesy of Courtesy of Stockholm Resilience Centre)Š Copyright Arizona Board of Regents. https://asunews.asu.edu/files/images/spider%20image%20for%20web.jpg

Systems Analysis

Source: http://chisteweb.es/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Estamos-locos.jpg

Systems Analysis

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

 Expressed in energy of the same FORM … usually solar energy  Sometimes called Energy Memory = Emergy  Similar to Embodied Energy  Units = solar emergy Joules = seJ

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Energy Chain

Systems Analysis

The food chain can be thought of as an energy transformation chain. At each transformation step some energy is degraded and some is passed to the next step in the chain.

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Systems Analysis

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Input Emergy B

Input Emergy A

Input Emergy C

Output Emergy = A + B + C Transformation Process

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Units of EMERGY...

Solar emergy Joules… or Solar emjoules… or seJ

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Unit Emergy Values (UEVs)‌ The amount of emergy required to produce a given amount of mass or energy of a product

Input Emergy B

UEV = Output in Emergy Output (Joules or grams)

Input Emergy A

Input Emergy C

Output Emergy = A + B + C T r a n s f o r ma t i o n Process

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Output = Joules or grams

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Typical Solar Transformities

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Food web

Systems Analysis

…with each successive energy transformation, there is less energy, but of a higher quality

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Systems Analysis

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Typical Emergy Evaluation Table: Bioethanol

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

The 20th century energy food chain of techno-humans‌

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Emergy Evaluation Procedure…

Performance Indicators

Systems Analysis

Several ratios, or indices are are used to evaluate the global performance of a process as follows: The systems diagram shows:

 renewable inputs (R),  non-renewable inputs (N) as an emergy storage of materials,  inputs from the economy as purchased (F) goods and services.

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Performance Indicators

Systems Analysis

Emergy yield ratio. The ratio of the emergy yield from a process to the emergy costs. The ratio is a measure of how much a process will contribute to the economy.

Yield (Y) =R+N+F

EYR = Y/F from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Performance Indicators Environmental loading ratio. The ratio of nonrenewable and imported emergy use to renewable emergy use. It is and indicator of the pressure of a transformation process on the environment and can be considered a measure of ecosystem stress due to a production (transformation activity.

ELR = (F+N)/R from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Performance Indicators Emergy Sustainability Index. The ratio of the Emergy Yield Ratio to the Environmental Loading Ratio. It measures the contribution of a resource or process to the economy per unit of environmental loading.

ESI = EYR/ELR

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Performance Indicators Emergy Investment Ratio. The ratio of emergy fed back from outside a system to the indigenous emergy inputs (both renewable and non-renewable). It evaluates if a process is a good user of the emergy that is invested, in comparison with alternatives.

EIR = F/(N+R) from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Performance Indicators Empower intensity. The ratio of total emergy use in the economy of a region or nation to the total area of the region or nation.

Renewable and nonrenewable emergy density are also calculated separately by dividing the total renewable emergy by area and the total nonrenewable emergy by area, respectively.

Empower Intensity =Y/area

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Performance Indicators Percent renewable emergy (%Ren). The ratio of renewable emergy to total emergy use. In the long run, only processes with high %Ren are sustainable.

%Ren = R/Y from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Emergy Evaluation of a system

Systems Analysis

Global Emergy Indices

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Landscape"

Landscape unit, patch, spatial relationships Figure from: Ingegnoli, V., 2002 Landscape Ecology: A Widening Foundation. Springer-Verlag, 3-54042-743-0 Heidelberg, New York

39

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Emergy Evaluation of Environment‌

Systems Analysis

One kilometer square of earth s surface

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Landscape and Emergy: Emergy Signature

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Emergy Evaluation of Ecosystems‌

Systems Analysis

Cypress Ecosystem

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Cypress Ecosystem

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Emergy Evaluation of a Building

Systems Analysis

Emergy synthesis: diagram of concrete production. (units: sej 1012 )

from: Pulselli et al, 2008

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Emergy Evaluation of a Building

Systems Analysis

Emergy synthesis of a Building, Manifacturing, mantianance, use (units: sej 1014 )

from: Pulselli et al, 2007

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

McHarg model"

Suitability and capability: more indices are needed for Multicriteria Analysis

46

Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment

Systems Analysis

Partecipate: Integration: eye on earth"

Eye On Earth — Citizen observatory on air and bathing water quality, http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/explore-interactive-maps/eye-on-earth

Socioecological System,

Space, Time, System, Health, resilience methods

Plan

Analysis and assement

Do

Act

Ceck

Application in urban and landscape planning

Part 3: Application

how to use information in design urban systems?

Emergy Landscape Development Intensity (LDI) Index

Application in urban and landscape planning Part 3: Application

Emergy and exergy

Application in urban and landscape planning

Part 3: Application

System Diagram of Landscape Development Impacts

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Application in urban and landscape planning

Landscape Development Intensity…

Based on intensity of human use



Intensity measured by nonrenewable energy flow.



Energy expressed in the same quality.



Energy flow characteristics determined per hectare of various land use types.

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Land Use, Non-Renewable Empower Density, and Resulting LDI Coefficients

Application in urban and landscape planning

Land Use

Non-Renewable

LDI

Empower Density

Coefficients

(E14 sej/ha/yr) Natural EcoSystem

0.00

1.00

Natural Open water

0.00

1.00

Pine Plantation

5.10

1.58

Recreational / Open Space (Low-intensity)

6.55

1.83

Woodland Pasture (with livestock)

8.00

2.02

Pasture (without livestock)

17.20

2.77

Low Intensity Pasture (with livestock)

33.31

3.41

Citrus

44.00

3.68

High Intensity Pasture (with livestock)

46.74

3.74

Row crops

107.13

4.54

Single Family Residential (Low-density)

1,077.00

6.79

Recreational / Open Space (High-intensity)

1,230.00

6.92

High Intensity Agriculture (Dairy farm)

1,349.20

7.00

Single Family Residential (Med-density)

2,175.00

7.47

Single Family Residential (High-density)

2,371.80

7.55

Mobile Home (Medium density)

2,748.00

7.70

Highway (2 lane)

3,080.00

7.81

Low Intensity Commercial

3,758.00

8.00

Institutional

4,042.20

8.07

Highway (4 lane)

5,020.00

8.28

Mobile Home (High density)

5,087.00

8.29

Industrial

5,210.60

8.32

Multi-family Residential (Low rise)

7,391.50

8.66

High Intensity Commercial

12,661.00

9.18

Multi-family Residential (High rise)

12,825.00

9.19

Central Business District (Average 2 stories)

16,150.30

9.42

Central Business District (Average 4 stories)

29,401.30

10.00

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Land Use Development Intensity Coefficients...

Distribution (LDI)

Application in urban and landscape planning

Part 3: Application

From: Brown and Vivas, 2005

Application in urban and landscape planning

Part 3: Application

from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course

Application in urban and landscape planning

LDI: waterfront of Rimini project

Application in urban and landscape planning

Part 3: Application

Actual state of LDI

Actual state

Application in urban and landscape planning Part 3: Application

Scenario State

Scenario

Application in urban and landscape planning

Part 3: Application

Assessment

Average Standard deviation Actual Scenario Delta

Application in urban and landscape planning

Part 3: Application

Integration of carbon footprint, ecosystems values and LDI

Application in urban and landscape planning

Part 3: Application

Use more than one point of view (metric) Ecological footprint Emergy, exergy and entropy fluxes, Mass Balance Pollution production Ecc.

Part 3: Application

Application in urban and landscape planning

Metropolitan Area: metabolism

Ecological footprint: a more general index Impronta ecologica dell'abitazione (ha eq per abitante/anno) 1,4 1,4

1,2

1,2 0,9

1 0,8 ha/ abitante*anno 0,6

0,6 0,4

0,4

Household /house ecological footprint

CASA Clima Oro

Casa Clima A

Casa Clima B

0

Casa Moderna

0,2

Casa Tradizionale

Application in urban and landscape planning

Part 3: Application

Application in urban and landscape planning

Scenari di compensazione vengono considerate abitazioni con 3 abitanti ogni 100 m2

Ecological footprint and greenhouse gas compensations

?