Urban ecodynamics systems, energy, matter and landscape
Layout of presentation
Part 1: systems Part 2: system analysis and assessment Part 3: how to use information in design urban systems?
Systems Perspective‌
Systems
Definitions‌
System - a set of entities comprising a whole where each component interacts with or is related to at least one other component and they all serve a common objective. An open system is a system which continuously interacts with its environment or surroundings. The flux can be information, energy, or material. A closed system exachenge energy, an isolated system not exchanges energy, neither matter, nor information with its environment.
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Systems Perspective‌
Systems
Definitions‌
Complex systems are open, produce emergent phenomena Relationships are non-linear and contain feedback loops The complex systems may have memory: history of a complex system it is important Complex systems may be nested Dynamic network of multiplicity interactions Systems with living and nonliving parts are called ecosystems (which is short for ecological systems). from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Systems Perspective‌
Systems
Definitions‌
Component - an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; a constituent element of a system Driver - a parameter that controls the behavior of a system. Drivers can be either external or internal to a system. Process - a naturally occurring or designed sequence of changes of properties or attributes of an object or system. from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Systems Approach‌
Systems
Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s concept of a system and its environment and Norbert Wiener feedback
System throughput
Environment 1968, General System theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, George Braziller, New York.
Part 1: Systems
Systems
Socio-ecological System"
Human and natural system are integrate in to socio-ecological systems
Part 1: Systems
Landscape: total human ecosystem" Landscape as the total Human Ecosystem Ecosystems are dynamic, also when in “equilibrium” they are far from the static one. Systems
Ecosystems are self-organizing autopoietic ones. (Naveh, 2005)
The open space system can give the observer a sense of the
more permanent system of which he and the city are only parts. ..... To a sense of the Web of life, …interdependent system of living things, …(Lynch 1972)
Part 1: Systems
A socio-ecological system is far from equilibrium Systems
It is not at an energy equilibrium. It dissipates energy. There are energy flows through it.
Nothing happens without energy flows. Energy and energy flows are fundamental. from: Abbott, 2011. Energy and complex systems
Part 1: Systems
A socio-ecological system is an ecosystem
Systems
Energy and matter are: Sunlight, wind, rain, nutrients, CO2, etc...
Part 1: Systems
Energy, cycles in an ecosystems All ecosystems have a flux of energy and a few basic underlying cycles.
Systems
They are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems and to chemical reactions and and are the processes produce entropy.
Cycle normally brings to mind physical, chemical, biological, etc.
processes that return a system to a previous state: the nitrogen cycle, the rotation/revolution of the earth, crop rotation, the circadian wake/ sleep cycle, the Krebs cycle, O2 CO2 O2, … from: Abbott, 2011. Energy and complex systems
Part 1: Systems
Morowitz theorems A flow of energy through a steady state system that is able to store
Systems
energy will lead to at least one cycle. (Harold Morowitz 1st theorem )
Per each Cycle of matter exists at list one flux of energy (Harold
Morowitz 2st theorem )
from: Abbott, 2011. Energy and complex systems
Part 1: Systems
Autotrophs and heterotrophs
Systems
Elsewhere: from an organic source
from: Abbott, 2011. Energy and complex systems
Part 1: Systems
Socio-ecological system
Systems
(USA 2050 estimate from 2005 by LLN)
from: Abbott, 2011. Energy and complex systems
Part 1: Systems
From fluxes to pattern and dynamics Energy fluxes and matter cycling can be the engine Systems
of pattern and forms Energy have different values Energy fluxes maintain the systems far from
equilibrium and “build pattern”, forms and information
Flux of energy – pattern formation in Social amoeba: aggregate – fruiting body- sporulation The interesting social amoeba behaviour (see: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjRPla0BONA;
Systems
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zAGp_7Xhss;
General view at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxIj11WaqyM)
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
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Systems Analysis
System analysis and assessment Analysis over space and time
System approach
Participation (citizen science)
Multi-metric (different
Indices and indicators
Some examples:
Ecosystem services Ecosystem impacts Emergy and LDI
metrics read the reality over different points of view)
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Ecosystem Services = Factors of Production
Systems Analysis
The value of Ecosystem Services... what is required to make them
!
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Systems Analysis
Ecosystem Services – Values of services and Natural Prices The values we assign to ecosystem assets — goods and services like pollination or water filtration — are an important factor in how we treat ecosystems. Placing a value on an ecosystem's beauty or its cultural importance is far more difficult than valuing the direct goods provided by an ecosystem, like the value of fish as a food source.
Systems Analysis
Anthropic impacts: loose of functions as well ecosystem services
Estimates of how the different control variables for seven planetary boundaries have changed from 1950 to present. The green shaded polygon represents the safe operating space. (Image courtesy of Courtesy of Stockholm Resilience Centre)Š Copyright Arizona Board of Regents. https://asunews.asu.edu/files/images/spider%20image%20for%20web.jpg
Systems Analysis
Source: http://chisteweb.es/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Estamos-locos.jpg
Systems Analysis
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Expressed in energy of the same FORM … usually solar energy Sometimes called Energy Memory = Emergy Similar to Embodied Energy Units = solar emergy Joules = seJ
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Energy Chain
Systems Analysis
The food chain can be thought of as an energy transformation chain. At each transformation step some energy is degraded and some is passed to the next step in the chain.
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Systems Analysis
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Input Emergy B
Input Emergy A
Input Emergy C
Output Emergy = A + B + C Transformation Process
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Units of EMERGY... Solar emergy Joules… or Solar emjoules… or seJ
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Unit Emergy Values (UEVs)‌ The amount of emergy required to produce a given amount of mass or energy of a product
Input Emergy B
UEV = Output in Emergy Output (Joules or grams)
Input Emergy A
Input Emergy C
Output Emergy = A + B + C T r a n s f o r ma t i o n Process
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Output = Joules or grams
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Typical Solar Transformities
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Food web
Systems Analysis
…with each successive energy transformation, there is less energy, but of a higher quality
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Systems Analysis
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Typical Emergy Evaluation Table: Bioethanol
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
The 20th century energy food chain of techno-humans‌
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Emergy Evaluation Procedure…
Performance Indicators
Systems Analysis
Several ratios, or indices are are used to evaluate the global performance of a process as follows: The systems diagram shows:
renewable inputs (R), non-renewable inputs (N) as an emergy storage of materials, inputs from the economy as purchased (F) goods and services.
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Performance Indicators
Systems Analysis
Emergy yield ratio. The ratio of the emergy yield from a process to the emergy costs. The ratio is a measure of how much a process will contribute to the economy.
Yield (Y) =R+N+F
EYR = Y/F from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Performance Indicators Environmental loading ratio. The ratio of nonrenewable and imported emergy use to renewable emergy use. It is and indicator of the pressure of a transformation process on the environment and can be considered a measure of ecosystem stress due to a production (transformation activity.
ELR = (F+N)/R from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Performance Indicators Emergy Sustainability Index. The ratio of the Emergy Yield Ratio to the Environmental Loading Ratio. It measures the contribution of a resource or process to the economy per unit of environmental loading.
ESI = EYR/ELR
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Performance Indicators Emergy Investment Ratio. The ratio of emergy fed back from outside a system to the indigenous emergy inputs (both renewable and non-renewable). It evaluates if a process is a good user of the emergy that is invested, in comparison with alternatives.
EIR = F/(N+R) from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Performance Indicators Empower intensity. The ratio of total emergy use in the economy of a region or nation to the total area of the region or nation. Renewable and nonrenewable emergy density are also calculated separately by dividing the total renewable emergy by area and the total nonrenewable emergy by area, respectively.
Empower Intensity =Y/area
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Performance Indicators Percent renewable emergy (%Ren). The ratio of renewable emergy to total emergy use. In the long run, only processes with high %Ren are sustainable.
%Ren = R/Y from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Emergy Evaluation of a system
Systems Analysis
Global Emergy Indices
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Landscape"
Landscape unit, patch, spatial relationships Figure from: Ingegnoli, V., 2002 Landscape Ecology: A Widening Foundation. Springer-Verlag, 3-54042-743-0 Heidelberg, New York
39
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Emergy Evaluation of Environment‌
Systems Analysis
One kilometer square of earth s surface
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Landscape and Emergy: Emergy Signature
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Emergy Evaluation of Ecosystems‌
Systems Analysis
Cypress Ecosystem
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Cypress Ecosystem
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Emergy Evaluation of a Building
Systems Analysis
Emergy synthesis: diagram of concrete production. (units: sej 1012 )
from: Pulselli et al, 2008
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Emergy Evaluation of a Building
Systems Analysis
Emergy synthesis of a Building, Manifacturing, mantianance, use (units: sej 1014 )
from: Pulselli et al, 2007
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
McHarg model"
Suitability and capability: more indices are needed for Multicriteria Analysis
46
Part 2: Systems Analysis and Assessment
Systems Analysis
Partecipate: Integration: eye on earth"
Eye On Earth — Citizen observatory on air and bathing water quality, http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/explore-interactive-maps/eye-on-earth
Socioecological System,
Space, Time, System, Health, resilience methods
Plan
Analysis and assement
Do
Act
Ceck
Application in urban and landscape planning
Part 3: Application
how to use information in design urban systems? Emergy Landscape Development Intensity (LDI) Index
Application in urban and landscape planning Part 3: Application
Emergy and exergy
Application in urban and landscape planning
Part 3: Application
System Diagram of Landscape Development Impacts
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Application in urban and landscape planning
Landscape Development Intensity…
Based on intensity of human use
Intensity measured by nonrenewable energy flow.
Energy expressed in the same quality.
Energy flow characteristics determined per hectare of various land use types.
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Land Use, Non-Renewable Empower Density, and Resulting LDI Coefficients
Application in urban and landscape planning
Land Use
Non-Renewable
LDI
Empower Density
Coefficients
(E14 sej/ha/yr) Natural EcoSystem
0.00
1.00
Natural Open water
0.00
1.00
Pine Plantation
5.10
1.58
Recreational / Open Space (Low-intensity)
6.55
1.83
Woodland Pasture (with livestock)
8.00
2.02
Pasture (without livestock)
17.20
2.77
Low Intensity Pasture (with livestock)
33.31
3.41
Citrus
44.00
3.68
High Intensity Pasture (with livestock)
46.74
3.74
Row crops
107.13
4.54
Single Family Residential (Low-density)
1,077.00
6.79
Recreational / Open Space (High-intensity)
1,230.00
6.92
High Intensity Agriculture (Dairy farm)
1,349.20
7.00
Single Family Residential (Med-density)
2,175.00
7.47
Single Family Residential (High-density)
2,371.80
7.55
Mobile Home (Medium density)
2,748.00
7.70
Highway (2 lane)
3,080.00
7.81
Low Intensity Commercial
3,758.00
8.00
Institutional
4,042.20
8.07
Highway (4 lane)
5,020.00
8.28
Mobile Home (High density)
5,087.00
8.29
Industrial
5,210.60
8.32
Multi-family Residential (Low rise)
7,391.50
8.66
High Intensity Commercial
12,661.00
9.18
Multi-family Residential (High rise)
12,825.00
9.19
Central Business District (Average 2 stories)
16,150.30
9.42
Central Business District (Average 4 stories)
29,401.30
10.00
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Land Use Development Intensity Coefficients...
Distribution (LDI)
Application in urban and landscape planning
Part 3: Application
From: Brown and Vivas, 2005
Application in urban and landscape planning
Part 3: Application
from: Brown, M., 2013. Emergy Course
Application in urban and landscape planning
LDI: waterfront of Rimini project
Application in urban and landscape planning
Part 3: Application
Actual state of LDI
Actual state
Application in urban and landscape planning Part 3: Application
Scenario State
Scenario
Application in urban and landscape planning
Part 3: Application
Assessment
Average Standard deviation Actual Scenario Delta
Application in urban and landscape planning
Part 3: Application
Integration of carbon footprint, ecosystems values and LDI
Application in urban and landscape planning
Part 3: Application
Use more than one point of view (metric) Ecological footprint Emergy, exergy and entropy fluxes, Mass Balance Pollution production Ecc.
Part 3: Application
Application in urban and landscape planning
Metropolitan Area: metabolism
Ecological footprint: a more general index Impronta ecologica dell'abitazione (ha eq per abitante/anno) 1,4 1,4
1,2
1,2 0,9
1 0,8 ha/ abitante*anno 0,6
0,6 0,4
0,4
Household /house ecological footprint
CASA Clima Oro
Casa Clima A
Casa Clima B
0
Casa Moderna
0,2
Casa Tradizionale
Application in urban and landscape planning
Part 3: Application
Application in urban and landscape planning
Scenari di compensazione vengono considerate abitazioni con 3 abitanti ogni 100 m2
Ecological footprint and greenhouse gas compensations
?