RSC Haarlem 2019 - Resolution Booklet by EYP The Netherlands

Table of Contents General Assembly Explained

Placards Explained

ENVI

Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety 6

AFCO I

Committee on Constitutional Affairs I

DROI

Committee on Human Rights

AFCO II

Committee on Constitutional Affairs II

LIBE

Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs

EMPL

Committee on Employment and Social Affairs

CLIM

Committee on Climate Change

TRAN

Committee on Transport and Tourism

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT, PUBLIC HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY (ENVI) Beyond Recycling: Following the ban on single-use plastics in the EU by 2021, some argue that more measures are needed to combat environmental degradation. What steps should be taken to promote alternative waste management methods, especially for municipal waste?

Submitted by: Roel Boon, Angela Dekker, RaphaĂŤl Gross Chartouni, Tom den Hollander, Jade Looze, Gabriele Rimkute (IE), Yuna Sie, Juna Tebbe, Sophie Schubert (Chairperson, DE) The European Youth Parliament, A. Supporting the definition of Municipal Waste of the European Commission,1 B. Deeply concerned by the environmental degradation caused by inefficient waste management, C. Realising that Member States have various approaches to waste management differing in: i) effectiveness of waste management, ii) ability to improve waste management, iii) concern for waste and waste management, D. Noting the lack of knowledge2 amongst citizens in regards to waste and waste management, E. Regretting the lack of environmentally friendly waste management technologies,3 F. Alarmed by sparse monitoring of waste disposal technologies currently in place,4 G. Appreciating the success of initiatives such as The Ocean Clean Up which develops ocean cleaning systems;

Municipal waste covers household waste and waste similar in nature and composition to household waste.

Attitudes of Europeans towards Waste Management and Resource Efficiency: Only 43% of EU citizens believe their household generates too much waste. 3 What is Waste Disposal Conserve Energy Future, Date of Publication unknown. 4

Waste Management in Europe: Main Problems Identified in the EU Petitions and Best Practices (Updated Version) European Parliament, 2018.

1. Suggests Member States to implement: a) “the Pfand System”,5 following the examples of countries such as Denmark and Sweden, b) the Green Dot System,6 c) waste disposal systems7 similar to Germany’s; 2. Calls upon the Member States to incentivise private business in the use of eco-friendly waste management methods through funds obtained from the LIFE programme;8 3. Urges Member States to incorporate the topic of waste and waste management in their educational system, either in the geography curricula or as an extracurricular course; 4. Requests the European Commission to fund research into eco-friendly waste management technologies, noting the example of the Research Institute for Water and Waste Management;9 5. Invites the Association for Cities and Regions for sustainable Resource management10 to publish annual reports of available waste management technologies, detailing their efficiency, costs and sustainability.

The Pfand System is a recycling system for bottles of various materials, which compensates customers who return them. 6 The Green Dot System is a globally protected trademark requiring the producer to pay fees for packaging. 7

Germany’s system of waste disposal, which uses extensive separation of different categories of waste for increased efficiency. 8 The LIFE Programme was established by the 2014-2020 Regulation supporting sustainable development and dealing with environmental challenges within the EU, among other things, through provision of funding to sustainability focused projects.

https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/flash/fl_388_en.pdf

The Research Institute for Water and Waste Management is an independent, non profit research institution focusing on water and waste management. 10 The Association for Cities and Regions for sustainable Resource management is an international network which promotes sustainability within resource and waste management.

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY COMMITTEE ON CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS I (AFCO I) Lack of Initiative: No European Citizens Initiative has resulted in a legislative proposal from the Commission since its inception in 2012. With that in mind, what further measures should be taken to increase direct democracy and citizen participation in decision making within the EU? Submitted by: Yosuf Anwary, Mohamed El Khatouti, Isabelle Heijdra, Simone van den Heuvel, Mischa Netscher Janou Ridder, Stijn Robben, Isolde Torres, Laura Teixeira Pijpers, Sophie Schut (Chairperson, NL) The European Youth Parliament, A. Observing that the European Commission will not consider a proposal submitted under the European Citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Initiative (ECI) unless it has at least 1 million signatures from 7 Member States, B. Expressing its regret on the lack of sufficient follow-ups of successful ECI, C. Noting with deep regret the European citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lack of information about the possibilities to engage in European direct democracy, D. Taking into account the absence of e-democracy11 in policy making at European level, E. Alarmed by the difficulties of the implementation of e-democracy, F. Bearing in mind the discussions around the extent of citizens involvement in policy making;

E-democracy: the use of information and communication technologies to enhance and in some accounts replace representative democracy. Examples of this are eVoting, eReferendum, eConsultations, ePetitions.

1. Acknowledges the clear and well-defined structure of the procedure of ECI initiation; 2. Calls upon the European Commission to also accept ECI proposals submitted by at least 0.1% of the population from each of the four European regions as defined by the United Nations geoscheme for Europe;12 3. Requests the European Commission to invite an expert proposed by the ECI initiators to participate in the Commission examination of the initiative; 4. Invites the European Commission to adopt social media campaigns and encourage public discussion on how the ECI operates, including the necessary requirements for a successful initiative;13 5. Urges the European Commission to follow Estoniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s example on e-democracy and implement similar tools in the EU policy-making process; 6. Recognises that the implementation of advisory Referendums14 across the EU has the potential of increased citizen participation and improving decision making efficiency; 7. Calls upon the European Commission to create a digital platform which: a) provides citizens with objective information on political parties and their agendas prior to elections or referendums, b) recommends citizens who to vote for based on their political views expressed on the platform; 8. Suggests Member States to promote European direct democracy tools by displaying ads when citizens access the internet in public spaces; 9. Encourages Member States to incorporate in their national curriculum information on existing European direct democracy tools; 10. Requests the European Personnel Selection Office15 to employ personnel to keep the ECI initiators updated on the stages of their proposal,and inform the ECI signatories of the proposalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outcome.

United Nations geoscheme: a system which divides the countries of the world into regional and subregional groups. The European Union already has a video explaining the ECI which would be shown at talk shows https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZW1MLajwUE 14 Advisory Referendums the government does not have to act upon the outcome of the referendum. 15 European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO) organises 'open competitions' to select personnel for permanent and non permanent positions. The EPSO is the first port of call for anyone wanting to work for the EU. 12 13

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RIGHTS (DROI) Birth Rights: Current disparities between Member State’s legislations regarding surrogacy pose a risk to surrogate mothers and children’s rights. How should the EU protect these groups from legal loopholes and exploitation? Submitted by: Letty Kim, Shadi Nikshomar, Esmée O’Connor (IE), Pien Pelt, Paula Rem, Meike Schutte, Jasmijn Terpstra, Florence van der Wal, Stella Naudts (Chairperson, NL). The European Youth Parliament, A. Aware of the rise of popularity of surrogacy, B. Noting with regret the lack of regulation regarding the surrogacy industry in the EU resulting in high risk of exploitation, commodification, sale of children and human trafficking, C. Deeply concerned by the risk of exploitation of surrogate mothers, and commodification of the surrogate mother and child, D. Keeping in mind the discrepancies between Member States’ legislation concerning: i) the legal status of surrogate children, surrogate mothers and intended parents, ii) the legality of and legal support for surrogate mothers, E. Concerned by difficulties regarding the nationality of the surrogate child, F. Keeping in mind the emerging of new surrogacy markets due to the outlawing of other surrogacy markets, G. Noting with regret the lack of support for new intended parents and surrogate mothers after birth by governments,

1. Encourages Member States to legalise altruistic surrogacy16, without excluding the possibility of the surrogate mother to be reimbursed for her financial and medical expenses concerning the pregnancy; 2. Urges Member States to inform potential intended parents17 of alternatives to surrogacy, through doctors or surrogacy experts’ consultation; 3. Suggests Member States to develop a unified legal framework regarding surrogacy and to requiring the surrogate child to be granted the nationality of its intended parents; 4. Calls upon Member States to implement mandatory contract rules for agreements between intended parents and the surrogate mother that must be signed before insemination and clarify: i) the surrogate child’s custody, ii) the degree of intended parents’ involvement during the pregnancy, iii) the surrogate mother’s rights after birth; 5. Strongly recommends Member States to regulate the intended parents’ access to surrogacy through non-commercial and government-regulated mandatory application procedure.

Altruistic surrogacy is a form of surrogacy where the surrogate mother is paid nothing for her services. Intended parents are people seeking surrogacy because they are not able to have children themselves, also called commissioning parents.

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY COMMITTEE ON CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS II (AFCO II) Behind closed doors: With only 12,000 out of the estimated 30,000 lobbying organisations operating in Brussels being registered in the EU voluntary Transparency Register, what measures must be taken to ensure that the activities of these groups are transparent at all steps of the policy cycle? Submitted by: Floris Brussaard, Anne Harbers, Laura van Helmond, Joshua Kamer, Daksh Khanna, Carmen van Ravels, Nina Tsoustanis, Xander van Zwieten, Maciek FurmaĹ&#x201E;czyk (Chairperson, PL). The European Youth Parliament, A.

Recalling Article 11 of the Treaty on European Union which emphasises the importance of participatory democracy,

Bearing in mind the detrimental effects of lack of transparency, including but not limited to corruption and lack of accountability,

Recognising the importance of ensuring a degree of participative democracy in contemporary national and international politics,

Noting with deep regret that European institutions such as the Council of the European Union have done little progress towards greater transparency,

Emphasising objections of lobbying organisations to being catalogued in the Transparency Register,

Taking into account that the Transparency Register is a voluntary initiative in which lobbying organisations can introduce inaccurate data;

Welcomes the European Parliamentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s initiative adopted in January 2019 to publish information about its meetings of its members with lobbyists;

Calls upon the European Commission to officially propose the creation of a mandatory Transparency Register, which would contain information on the allocation and source of funds used by both lobbyists and the EU officials;

Invites the European Commission to create an independent body which: a) oversees compliance with the mandatory Register and its operation across the EU, b) monitors the interactions between lobbyists and the EU officials, c) sets and maintains standards for information to be provided by lobbying entities to the mandatory Register, d) verifies the accuracy of the data entered in the mandatory Register;

Advises the Member States to implement laws that require government officials to publish information about their lobbying activities in order to also improve transparency within the Council of the EU;

Invites the European institutions and lobbying organisations to verify any lobbying background of potential employees in order to avoid bias;

Encourages large lobbying organisations to cooperate with small lobbying organisations in the process of pursuing sectoral lobbying18.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sectoral lobbyingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; entails organisations lobbying for certain sector, e.g. fossil fuels, being able to participate in discussions on equal terms with enterprises with higher capital and degree of influence.

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY COMMITTEE ON CIVIL LIBERTIES, JUSTICE, AND HOME AFFAIRS (LIBE) States of Addiction: While drugs remain a complex social and health problem all over the EU, the Member States have tackled the issue with a wide variety of approaches. What stance should the EU take on the discrepancy of drug policies between Member States, in order to reduce drug addiction and trafficking? Submitted by: Sarah Challoner (IE), Caroline Gefferie, Milou de Jong, Junain Kremers, Kiki Van den Oosterkamp, Puck Pappot, Nina Rovers, Louis Scholman, Max Valkenbrucht, Claudia Quinn (Chairperson, UK). The European Youth Parliament, A. Noting the prevalence of drug use in the European Union, with nearly 20% of 15-24 year olds having used Cannabis in the previous year,19 B. Aware of disparities in Member States’ harm reduction20 policies, with Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Greece, and Hungary experiencing a ‘funding crisis’,21 C. Bearing in mind the successes of harm reduction policies such as substitution therapy and drug consumption rooms,22 D. Considering the disparities between the legal status of drugs in Member States, E. Taking note of the various causes for drug addiction, including but not limited to, trauma, social exclusion, psychological problems, and poverty,23 F. Acknowledging the increasing drug seizure rates; with almost twice the amount of cocaine seized in 2017 as in 2016,24

European Drug Report 2019: trends and developments

Harm reduction is a strand of drug policy encompassing interventions, programmes, and policies that seek to reduce the health, social, and economic harms of drug use to individuals. It has been associated with the treatment of drug addicts as patients that need help rather than criminals that need punishment. Policies include, but are not limited to, the provision of drug consumption rooms (facilities where illicit drugs can be used under the supervision of trained staff and connect high-risk drug users with addiction treatment and other health and social services), substitution therapy (providing illicit drug users prescription replacement drugs, administered in supervised clinical setting), and encouraging users to seek treatment instead of issuing criminal charges.

‘Harm reduction investment in the European Union: Current spending, challenges, and successes,’ Harm Reduction International, 2017

‘EU response to drugs-Strategy and Action Plan,’ European Commission

‘European Drug Report: Trends and developments,’ EMCDDA, 2019

‘Cocaine trafficking reaching record highs, says EU drug agency,’ EURACTIV, 2019

G. Observing the ability of those involved in the criminal drug market to abuse technology including, but not limited to, cryptocurrencies, to operate with greater ease, anonymity, and to enable bigger markets;25 1. Invites Member States to decriminalise26 the usage of all drugs, following the example of Portugal; 2. Endorses Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and local Member State governments to apply Harm Reduction strategies in drug policy, especially in the aforementioned countries experiencing a ‘funding crisis’ in this policy area; 3. Calls upon the European Commission to further fund NGOs providing rehabilitation programmes27 for drug users; 4. Supports Civil Society Organisations such as the Regenboog Group28 in their efforts to negate the above root causes of drug use; 5. Suggests Member States incorporate the dangers of drug usage into school curriculums; 6. Urges Frontex29 to intensify its efforts in the policing of drug trafficking at external European Union borders; 7. Encourages the European Commission to continue cooperating with non-member countries to combat drug trafficking.

‘EU response to drugs- Strategy and action plan,’ European Commission

Decriminalisation means the eradication of all criminal penalties imposed for drug use; citizens may still be fined or face other penalties for drug possession, but cannot be arrested or given a criminal record.

Rehabilitation programmes aim to help restore drug users to optimal health, functioning, and well-being using various means such as medication, psychological assistance, and empowerment strategies.

The Regenboog Group is an Amsterdam-based NGO that, in the context of drug addiction, attempts to alleviate some of the contributing factors towards drug addiction, such as homelessness.

Frontex is the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, which supports Member States in the management of the European Union’s external borders and fighting cross-border crime.

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY COMMITTEE ON COMMITTEE EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS (EMPL) Future of work: The rise of automation brings with itself the threat of rising unemployment. How can the EU Member States adapt their educational system to overcome the potential hazards to traditional professions brought on by new technology? Submitted by: Tjorn Brederoo, Romesa Chaudhry, Nagham El-Desowky, Adhemar Emmink, Joshua Gort, Jonathan Kuipers, Esmee Podt, Jaafar Rassi, Casper Smeets, Christian Dimitrov (Chairperson, CH). The European Youth Parliament, A. Acknowledging the development areas set out by the action plan on digital education from the Horizon 2020 programme30, B. Deeply alarmed by the widening digital skill gap31 in the European Union, C. Alarmed by estimates suggesting 54% of the current workforce will need significant reskilling by 2022, D. Deeply conscious of the gradual increase of unemployment in the EU caused by automation, E. Noting with regret that only the educational systems in 15 Member States include coding in their school curricula, F. Bearing in mind the lack of technology used in primary and secondary education, G. Emphasizing on the importance of digitally skilful teachers, H. Regretting that lack of private use of online learning platforms due to their costs by EU citizens;

The Commission has adopted a Digital Education Action Plan which includes 11 actions to support technology use and the development of digital competences in education. 31 The lack of digital skills amongst existing workforces. 30

1. Reminds Member States to fully implement the action plan set out by the Horizon 2020 program on digital education; 2. Encourages Member States to incorporate the use of digital learning tools in their respective educational systems; 3. Suggests Member States to further incentivise (e.g. through offering subsidies) the reskilling of employees by their employers; 4. Requests European Commission raise awareness amongst EU citizens on the effects of automation on employment and society through funding media campaigns and interactive seminars; 5. Asks ministries of education of Member States to including coding in their school curricula; 6. Urges the European Commission to initiate a Europe-wide program that would supply educational institutions with technical infrastructure at a competitive price; 7. Recommends educational institutions of Member States to adopt the Digital Competence Framework for Educators (DigCompEdu)32; 8. Encourages employers to provide online learning tools for their employees as part of their development strategies.

The European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators (DigCompEdu) is a scientifically sound framework describing what it means for educators to be digitally competent.

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE (CLIM) Softly drowning: By the end of this century, the sea-level is expected to rise 65 centimetres due to global warming, posing as a threat to coastal populations. What measures should be taken to minimise the social, economic and environmental impact of rising sea-levels? Submitted by: Ana Bădără, Rania Bamhaoudi, Thomas Celie, Julius Hehakaya, Yasmin Kaldenbach, Frédérique Lalieu, Daniel O’Brien (IE), Annika Poutsma, Margarida Freitas (Chairperson, PT). The European Youth Parliament, A. Profoundly concerned that failure to meet the Paris Agreement’s targets33 will result in many coastal areas facing a threat from rising sea levels, B. Deeply concerned that some coastal communities are not able to finance the increasing costs connected to climate change, C. Further noting with deep concern that the countries which are suffering the most from climate change effects are poor or developing countries, D. Observing that some European coastal cities’ infrastructures are unable to suitably cope with the sea-level rise and extreme weather conditions, E. Deeply alarmed that natural disasters cause major difficulties for the people living in the affected areas through reduction of access to health services, clean water, sanitation and transport, F. Bearing in mind that living in coastal areas is considered attractive despite the great risk of exposure to the negative effects of climate change, G. Recognising that rising sea-levels are negatively impacting various businesses that are connected to the coast, such as those working with tourism, fisheries and fossil fuels, H. Fully alarmed that rising sea-levels and extreme weather are increasing the probability for saltwater intrusion into still water reserves and plantation soils;

The Paris Agreement is an international agreement that sets out a global action plan to put the world on track to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

1. Invites Member States to consider applying measures that are proving to be successful in at-risk-areas such as the Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy;34 2. Encourages Member States to further support the efforts of the World Health Organisation35 and Humanitarian Aid Organisations36 to improve the outreach of their disaster relief plans’;37 3. Calls upon the European Commission to encourage local governments to use coastal defence infrastructures such as dams and sea walls; 4. Further invites Member States to develop or upgrade existing drainage and pumping systems through making use of flood warning services and mapping constructions in flood-prone areas; 5. Recommends local governments in at-risk-areas to ensure that they have water desalination technologies in case of groundwater contamination; 6. Urges Member States to provide accessibility to alternative public transportation in cases of environmental emergencies such as flooding; 7. Encourages Member States to implement legislation requiring property owners to conduct environmental risk assessments;38 8. Recommends the European Commission to create a programme which educates farmers on how to cope with the negative impacts of rising sea-levels; 9. Requests the European Commission to start a movement for planting mangroves in atrisk-areas by following the example of Mangroves for the Future39 movement in Indonesia.

Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is based on the flood and sea-level rise defence system adopted in the Netherlands, which aims to adapt the urban space to combine its three functions: “sponge”, protection and damage control, C40 Good Practice Guides: Rotterdam - Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, C40 Cities, 2016.

The World Health Organisation directs the international health within the United Nations’ system and also leads partners in global health responses, About WHO World Health Organisation, 2019.

Humanitarian Aid Organisations are non-governmental organisations such as Red Cross that respond to the immediate effects of an emergency by focusing on disaster relief.

Disaster relief plans refer to the process of managing a catastrophic situation, providing humanitarian aid to people and communities who have suffered from some form of disaster. 38 Environmental risk assessments predict and describe potential hazards and consequent impacts to human health or the environment. Mangroves for the Future movement aims to plant and manage mangroves along the idonesian coastal areas to protect the coastal line from floods and tsunamis.

MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION BY COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT AND TOURISM (TRAN) Out of control: Mass tourism in European cities is contributing to the rise of illegal behaviour, driving natives into relocation and putting historically valuable monuments at risk of damage. How can the EU best support such cities and encourage sustainable and respectful use of the right to travel freely? Submitted by: HaĂŻthem Akile, Charley Davids, Minke van der Heide, Hannah Naudts, Ytse Roorda, Steven Voerknecht, Chengji Zhao, Andy Morris (UK, Chairperson). The European Youth Parliament, A. Recognising the potential dangers to World Heritage Sites and other important historical monuments as a result of continual overcrowding in these areas, B. Conscious of the concerns of local citizens about the decline in the authenticity and culture of their cities as a result of mass tourism, C. Noting with deep concern the existence of conflict between the benefits of mass tourism for the economy of a nation as a whole, and the damaging economic effects of overtourism40 for the local residents of these tourist areas, D. Aware of the environmental dangers of overtourism, E. Affirming the importance of developing a reliable and convenient means of identifying which cities/towns are suffering from overtourism, F. Acknowledging that nations have an inherent desire to increase the number of tourists visiting their country, G. Observing the potential of social-media-based solutions to prevent overcrowding in specifically busy tourist areas of cities/towns, H. Alarmed by the current lack of any ongoing investigation into solutions that have already been proposed and implemented by Member States;

Overtourism describes the situation in which the impact of tourism, at certain times and in certain locations, exceeds physical, ecological, social, economic, psychological, and/or political capacity thresholds.

1. Proposes the creation of a European Task-Force on Overtourism, consisting of stakeholders from the tourism and transport sectors as well as representatives from citizen interest groups, which would be responsible for monitoring the state of overtourism in European cities and keeping track of all solutions implemented by member states; 2. Directs the above mentioned European Task-Force on Overtourism to identify cases of overtourism in European cities utilising a standardised checklist (Annex 1); 3. Advises Member States to more strongly publicize penalties for damaging and littering World Heritage Sites41 to both tourists and residents of European cities; 4. Commends the progress made by the European Commission in promoting lesser visited cities through initiatives such as “European Capital of Culture”;42 5. Suggests that the abovementioned initiative is expanded through cooperation with NGOs such as the European Cultural Fund43; 6. Calls upon the European Commission to utilise a portion of the €1.85 billion currently allocated to Creative Europe44, to build community spaces and host cultural events in cities affected by overtourism, in order to ensure that native residents do not feel their culture is being washed away by increasing tourism; 7. Urges member states to research and implement a notification-based app similar to the “Discover the City” app employed in Amsterdam;45 8. Recommends that Member States introduce a limit on the number of privately-owned tourist accommodation buildings per sq. km., set via cooperation between the affected city and the European Task-Force on Overtourism; 9. Strongly advises that regional Destination Marketing Organisations46 follow the example set by Barcelona in forcing Airbnb and other sharing-economy accommodation companies to remove all listings that did not have city-approved licenses.

A natural or man-made site, area, or structure recognized as being of outstanding international importance and therefore as deserving special protection. 42 The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union (EU) for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong pan-European dimension. 43 An NGO committed to the promotion of European Culture. They promote European cultural initiatives via grants, exchanges, online platforms and incubator programmes 44 Creative Europe is the European Commission's framework programme for support to the culture and audiovisual sectors. 45 This app aims to disperse large crowds around certain popular sights by alerting tourists and residents that certain areas are overcrowded and directing them to other, less busy, attractions 46 A collective term for localised ‘tourism boards’ (governmental organisations responsible for monitoring every aspect of tourism in their town/city/country). 41

Annex 1 - A list of criteria used to establish whether or not a city is suffering from overtourism 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Is your destination less than 30 km from an airport? Is your destination less than 15 km from a cruise port? Is your destination less than 20 km from a World Heritage Site? Do you use a primarily volume growth-oriented (e.g. tourist arrival numbers, bed-nights) set of indicators to evaluate the success of your destination, excluding opportunities for optimisation (e.g. spending per day, liveability for residents)? Is your marketing strategy focused on medium and long-haul, rather than closer markets? Are resident sentiments ignored in destination development? Do you ignore social media (for both residents and visitors) discussing overcrowding, negatively discussing tourists and other indicators for overtourism? Are Airbnb and similar sharing-economy accommodation having an impact on the housing market, whilst not being regulated or monitored? Has the resident’s reaction to the supposed “overcrowding” been noticeably negative?

(Sourced and modified from “Research for TRAN Committee - Overtourism: impact and possible policy responses, European Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, October 2018”)