Traditional Malay House
in Malaysia
Terengganu Bujang Berserambi
A book of
Legacy EDITOR IN CHIEF/ SITI NURFARAHIM ASSOCIATE EDITOR / AISHATH MAANIAA MANAGING EDITOR / MUTINTA LWIINDI & HUSSEIN OMAR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT / OLA HAFIZ CREATIVE DIRECTOR / AYASHA SIDDIQUA DIGITAL ART DIRECTOR / GOH SHILEY & ONG KAHIJIE ART EDITOR / SHAIMA ABORAS CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHERS / SHAIMA, TINTA, HUSSEIN, OLA, SHILEY, KHAIJIE PUBLISHING DIRECTOR / AZEEM RAHMAN & NASHEED SOOBRATTY
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Declaration This is to declare that the work done in this project was according to the permission granted from Infrastructure University of Kuala Lumpur and Rumah Bujang Berserambi in Universiti Putra Malaysia. This report is submitted as requirement of the module ARCH2130 - Measured Drawing & Report
LOCATION Rumah Bujang Berserambi in Universiti Putra Malaysia
ADDRESS Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
SUPERVISED BY Siti Hajar Binti Mat Haril
This project - Measured Drawing & Report is a group effort by
Aishath Maaniaa Ayasha Siddiqua Oishi Shaima Aboras Hussein Omar Ong Khaijie Goh Shiley Azeem Rahman Ola Hafiz Bashier Mohamed Mutinta Lwiindi Siti Nurfarahim Nasheed Shoobrathy
EDITOR’S LETTER Legacy is a top global magazine. It is well known for the research on preserving and the architecture in asia. The purpose of creating this is to expose to the world about certain asian country culture, tiny place with amazing building. We try our best providing knowledge by learning about the places, history, culture and especially the building itself. Our mission and vision is to bring the world to the people, just by reading people can travel and experience the place. With Legacy we made it.
“It is not the honor that you take with, but the heritage that you left behind” - Branch Rickey
Acknowledgement On behalf of our group, we would like to extend the utmost gratitude for the following individuals assisted us to complete this project successfully. First of all we would like to thank infrastructure university for giving us such an opportunity to visit the site and Muzium Warisan,UPM for giving us the permission to measure photograph and study the building in detail. In addition we would like to appreciate our lecturers Madam Siti Hajar binti Mat Haril, Sir Ar. Rizal Hussain , Miss Anna Kamelia binti Kamarudin and sir Ahmad Muna’iem Mhmad Fauzi for organizing the site visit and special thanks to miss hajar for leading us through the project and sir Sharyzee for helping us contact the staff of the muzium. Furthermore, a special gratitude to the staff of the muzium for sparing us some time to give the informative interview. We really appreciate that. Last but not least, we would like to expand out gratitude to all the group members for working together as a group to make this project a success.
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Abstract The aim of this project is to look for the house condition currently, to study the architectural element and style while looking into the history of the house. Data and the information was collected and recorded by group of 11 students within two days on site. Collection of data involves visual document, interview measurements of the building as well as historical recording. Our given site was in University Putra Malaysia specifically Rumah Bujang Berserambi from Terengganu . By conducting this study we were able to investigate the architectural elements of the house with its historical background. It also helped us develop our capability in documenting information in an accurate way than before which later plays role in conserving the records taken for future reference. We visiting the site for two days and collected all the data accordingly which taken several weeks of researching. We tried our best to deliver the information as much as we could.
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10 15 20 24 28 34 44 46
Introduction Aims & objectives
Project approach Method of research
Issues Limitations
Traditional house Terengganu traditional house
Cultural Local beliefs
Terengganu bujang berserambi Wan Muda Wan Hassan house
Background History of the house
Architecture Style
50 52 61 68 72 74 76 87 90
Architectural Elements
Architectural Characteristic
Structural Building component
Motif of the pattern Floral motifs
Materials Part of the house
Construction process
Measured drawings Technical drawings of the house
Closure Summary
Legacy family structure Team members
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The aim of this project was to product a set of
But more specifically understanding and learning
measured drawings and report of the Rumah Bujang
Malay house structure, original purpose of the
Berserambi It was also our aim to learn how the
structure and the context of the era it was built.
building and components are preserved, recording of
These understanding, coupled with an in depth study
built structures and buildings. Also to develop the
of the architectural detail and technical expected to
understanding on the principles of heritage
aid in the preservation effort of heritage buildings in
preservation. Our main objective was to observe the
Malaysia. All the skill that being done and learn
building structures, and to produce architectural
during the process is expected to assist in developing
drawings and sketches. The main objectives of this
students skills in producing high quality mesearch
exercise is to develop an understanding and
drawing and research publication. These activities
appreciation of architectural characteristic and the
provide first hand experience for student in term of
element of Malay traditional house especially in
working in a large scale project which is useful in
terengganu.
professional practices in the future.
AIMS & OBJECTIVES
LOCATIONS
LOCATION MUSEUM MALAY HERITAGE (current) The Rumah Bujang Berserambi basically now situated in, Museum Warisan
malaysia-traveller
Melayu (Museum Heritage) is an interesting museum located on the campus of the University of Putra Malaysia (UPM) in Serdang, south of Kuala Lumpur.The museum, which opened in April 2012, showcases the unique culture of the Malaysian people and contains a collection of valuable artifacts, some of which I have never seen in other museums in Malaysia.
LOCATION TANJUNG VILLAGE TERENGGANU (current) Before being transferred to the Museum Warisan Melayu (Museum Heritage) The house is originated in a village known as Kampung Tanjung. Most Malay house here in Terengganu are are build with the same design house Rumah Bujang Serambi.
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During the site visit in University Putra
production of the short documentary.
Malaysia, the group was divided into
Two main subgroups spend two days on
three main subgroups, the measuring
site focused on their specific task and
teams, research teams, and photography
regroup in the evening to compile and
team. The measuring teams in charge or
compare notes to ensure the
interior and exterior measurements.
completeness of data. While the other
The research team is incharge for
group spend their time finding and
researching the historical and
searching information from various
architectural information from various
sources such as, books website and
sources and doing the report. Last, the
journal. Any insufficiencies are
photography team on the other hand
determined during the site visit, the
was tasked to photographing the
team itemise the require measurements,
structural details and process
photo or video footage to be obtained
measurement, as well as shooting the
the next day.
video preparation for the
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SITE VISIT
In the picture show the sub team member that incharge on photography and measurement
All the picture on the right side of page is the picture of the subgroup team member during the site visit
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In the picture show the sub team member that incharge on photography and measurement
“It's the beauty within us that makes it possible for us to recognize the beauty around us. The question is not what you look at but what you see." -Henry David Thoreau
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Several methods were used to measure and document the building such as on-site strategy, measuring, photography, sketching and interviews with the staffs of the school Through the data researching process, team legacy try to make sure that our team could have access to any beneficial piece of information. Thus, our team start doing online research before going to the trip so as to
Method of Research
collect much information. These were the different means of researching that we had used;
INTERVIEW This played a big role in understanding the historical background of the Terengganu Bujang Berserambi House, because the interviewee work there for years. ONLINE FINDINGS Online findings is the primary source of information pertaining to the house history and architectural details. Though it was very limited, this research process also includes obtaining information about the site via videos and pictures online also site visit.
PRINT & PUBLICATION There is few books and research from other university regarding malays house that being used by the team as a references to compare the findings and also as guidance on creating this report.
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Interview with a staff at malay heritage museum
Ola Hafiz: thank you so much for agreeing to do the interview with us, could you please introduce yourself? Nur Laila: my name is nur Laila and I’m a staff at malay heritage museum. Ola Hafiz: can you please talk in general about this house? Nur Laila: in malay we call this house as rumah bujang salasah and the owner of this house is fisherman. This house has been there for more than 100 years. Ola Hafiz: when was the house built? And who built it? Nur Laila: this house was actually built in 1860s, by the owner with his neighbours. Ola Hafiz: how was the process of transferring the house from the original location to the museum? Nur Laila: the techniques used in building the house made it easier to move. house can be easily taken down and assembled as they didn’t use any screws for building just jointing methods were used.
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Ola Hafiz: how many people were living in this house at that time? Nur Laila: Nearly 6 people, mother, father and their 4 children. Ola Hafiz: what makes this house to stay in good condition until now? Nur Laila: as you can see the house is painted in black, its actually ship oil. Ola Hafiz: so the same oil they use to oil the ships and boats, they used to paint the house and that’s the reason for the beautiful black colour? Nur Laila: yes Ola Hafiz: did the previous owners of this house used the house only for sleeping? Where do they perform other activities like cooking or using the bathroom. Nur Laila: in malay culture, they used to cook outside the house so they used the house only for sleeping and daily activities Ola Hafiz: what is the house used for currently? Nur Laila: this house is currently used for visitors to learn malay culture and for students to do research and site visits. Ola Hafiz: thankyou so much for sparing some time from your busy schedule and giving us this information.
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The biggest challenge in this project is the accuracy of the measurement that being recorded. In a group of people a general understanding is needed on standard method of recording the readings so that discrepancies in measurement can be avoided when drafting in CAD later. The accuracy of reading also rely on the instrument used with the precision of the equipment allow a very small margin of error to get the best measurement is shortest period of time.
There are various techniques of measurement were employed. Like for example by putting a scale next to the object and took the picture so that the measurement can be recalibrated later in AutoCAD. This method is very useful in measuring portion that are not easily accessible with equipment that are commonly due to the lack of space. After getting all the measurement needed. The values were then recorded on to a butter paper with a rough sketch of the building measured. Each part takes up its own page as it contains detailed information of specific part, this is to avoid the information getting mix with different part of the building
Method of measurement
PHOTOGRAPHY The members of the group in the Photography Team captured the details of the building and the process of the measurement task. These photos were later used in this report and as further reference to drawings.
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Measurement process
KETCHES AND RECORDING MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES We measured the building structure and details by using equipment such as measuring tape, level staff and laser measure.
The group was further divided into three separate groups to measure different parts of the buildings in different sections and details. Sketches were first drawn by a member of the group and the measurements were later added on the sketches.
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Lack of literature
Distance was a major issue for our team,
Even the building is a Malay heritage . there is
because during project is ongoing Malaysia was
very little quality literature for us to research
on restriction movement order due to Covid19.
upon. Most of the information compiled were
Some of the student couldn't join the site visit
either via word of mouth, or through old photos
because of that only few have the experience on
and comparison between other traditional
seeing the actual building. We also have the issue
houses. There were a staff from the museum
of getting the permission to enter the house on
that helping us with the interview and we
time. Need to extend a day. After getting the
thankful of that. However the reading material
permission then only we were allowed to enter
with regards to the house is still lacking
the site to take the measurement and so on Roof access
Shortage of time
During the measurement process, we had
Although the site visiting was for three days, we
trouble of getting the accurate measurement of
had a day and half of taking measurements for
the roof as we were not allowed to climb to the
the house but due to the Covid19 issue it's hard
top of the roof,
for us to take a lot amount of time to actually cater all the information needed.
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Limitations
Distance
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Detailed measurement and documentation
Bujang Berserambi House Even though, the
of the structure were taken within the
study about the historical backgrounds and
geographic and historic context of
architectural aspects generalize the whole
Terengganu, to ensure that the information
house, Our main focus is getting the
collected are substantiated by solid
measurement of the house and produce a
understanding of its physical and historical
drawing of the house including the details.
background. The house was originally
The house has been one of the Malay heritage
situated in Terengganu at Tanjung village.
house along the side of other building as
When it was move and preservation effort
well. Due to the importance of the role it still
began, prior to having the the house it in
served as one of the role model or for those
original state the artifact is place in the
who seek knowledge regarding the Malay
Malay Heritage museum. The house now
architecture especially architect and also
become a place of knowledge and example
student. Extreme care had to be taken during
for the visitor and also students. Due to the
the study and measurement process as to not
important role, extreme care had to be
detriment the physical aspects of the
taken to preserve it in its original state.
structure
scopes
This study actually focus merely on the
“Lighting is the lifeblood of a design” -Gregory Kay
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TERENGGANU Tradisional Houses The Tropical Climate The tropics are described by sunny, humid conditions and are located between 230 and -239 degrees latitude along the equator. The average annual temperature reaches a mean of 30°C during the day and 24°C at night. Humidity levels range from 60% to 100%, and a tropical climate is accompanied by high levels of rainfall, with annual mean rainfall above 1000mm during rainy seasons. Strong humidity, temperatures, and solar radiation are the major stresses of this climate. Since humidity decreases evaporative cooling because the air is still moist,
Terrapuri heritage village
ventilating a room removes the saturated air raising the rate of evaporation and convection, which dissipates heat from the body, building structure, and clothing. Solar shading is another effective way to stay calm. Tropical Vernacular Architecture Characteristics Untrained vernacular architects have an admirable skill for matching structures to their surroundings. Various ventilation mechanisms for cooling and eliminating solar gains were introduced into building designs as a result of their thorough understanding of the environment and ability to change their buildings.
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A High Ceiling By minimizing friction, an elongated floor plan and minimal internal partitions provided a simple passage for cross ventilation. Originally meant to avoid floods, this type of homes are also seen in West Indian and Pacific homes. Not only did this serve to trap higher-velocity waves, but it also cooled and drew air up through the floorboards by shading the ground.
Shape and Form By minimizing friction, an elongated floor plan and minimal internal partition provided a simple passage for cross ventilation, which was replicated underneath the house by putting it Langkawi beach house
on stilts. Even though this is a Malaysian home, it can also be used in West Indian and Pacific
Solar Gains
homes, and was originally built to avoid floods.
Wide roof overhang in Malay homes reduces
Not only did this serve to capture
heat loss. It required windows to stay open on
higher-velocity winds by shielding the ground,
rainy days so that sunlight could still Enter
but it also cooled and drew air up through the
the house.
floorboards.
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SURROUNDING Architectural Elements
Terrapuri heritage village
Orientation The houses face Mecca for religious purposes. Lighting The house is underlighted in order to keep the inside cooler since the climate tends to be the warmer side. Artificial lightning, due to rapid technological advancements, could be able to reverse this property. Ventilation The roof openings provide extra ventilation for cooling. Materials Lightweight construction materials are used such as timber and bamboo as they can retain a small amount of heat to stay cool at night. Stairs As the houses are elevated there are stairs that go up to the entrance points and separate the commercial spaces. The houses have direct dependence on nature for its resources and they embody a deep knowledge of ecological balances as well. Vegetation Coconut trees are easy to maintain and provide shade since they are native to the region. Also, they block the wind because of their length. Roof The roof is angled to allow water to slide through during heavy rain.
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REGIONAL Variations
In the East Coast in Kelantan and Terengganu, Traditional Malay houses are visually distinct from their West Coast counter - parts. Tiles are commonly used for the roof. The roofs' gable ends are markedly different and unique, indicating a resemblance to traditional Thai, Laotian, and Cambodian roofs.The columns used here are usually wider, and the headroom in the Rumah Ibu is greater than on the West Coast. The houses here are known for their use of braces at the bottom of columns.
Terrapuri heritage village
The wall paneling here is similar to that seen in typical Thai homes. There are less windows, and the wall panels are mostly well carved and framed with heavy wooden members that are often carved. The traditional Malay house heat is controlled by large roof eaves and other sun shading equipment. The use of construction materials with high thermal ability, such as wood and atop, also aids in the cooling of the home.
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Journey terengganu blogspot
LOCAL BELIEFS 28
Archnet
Over the decades, during the earlier times, the
which was compulsory to be obeyed including the
Malay community has numerous religious beliefs
selection of a site. Serious attention and care poured
which were implemented throughout their
into searching the probable site. Bearings and
lifestyle. Additionally, religious superstitions are also applied in Terengganu fine arts and crafts
positioning of the house is one factor which is imperative to pay attention to in order to avoid provocation of any nearby spirits. Occupants are
which includes the architecture as well. Among
allowed to select the site of their choice, however they
most of the traditional houses, the majority of them
are limited to all the cultural beliefs above and requires
involves series of cultural beliefs and prohibition
religious experts to examine whether or not the site is compatible.
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Cite ceremonial
01 02 03 04
Ceremonial offerings and tools which will be used by the shaman such as : food offerings, rotan, bucket of water, and incenses shall be prepared, and a compatible date and time will be selected.
Shamans will lay out the offerings and incense in order to pay homage to the land and nearby spirits in order to request for permission on erecting a building on the land.
After the prayer from the shaman, a timber branch shall be planted on the land as a symbol that the land is free from the evil spirits and has acquired permission and as a final countermeasure on whether or not the site is suitable
The following day, head of the house and shaman shall return to the site to check on the branch and bucket of water. It is a good indication if the branch and water remains the same or increase in quantity and size, on the other hand, if the branch and water reduce in quantity and size, then the site is not a suitable site as it is believed that this symbolizes rejection from the nearby spirits.
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Before any building components were erected on the site, a traditional ritual is to be conducted which is led by the religious expert and followed by the rightful owner or occupant. Additionally, this ceremony acts as bridge between the two nature upon requesting permission for construction and will be the final stage to indicate on whether or not a specific site is compatible.
Each color plays a different meaning:-
A specific time are selected before erecting a primary column as it is believed to be a factor which determines fortune towards the occupants. The ceremony is known as ‘rejang’. It follows the
Symbolizes purity and innocence
Islamic calendar. Afterwards, there is a ceremony prior to building the column whereby a container which consists of iron, spices, coconut water, and vinegar (called by the locals as : minyak canuar kampung) which are believed to be able to evict
Symbolizes vigor and passion
bad spirits were buried underneath the column. As the columns were erected, 3 layers of colored cloth (black,
Symbolizes protection towards unwanted events
red, and white respectively) were placed on top of the primary column. The house and as a symbol of respect.
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Wan Muda Wan Hassan
Terengganu Bujang Berserambi
The intention of this project is studying about old
to many different aspects such as cultural,
piece of heritage Rumah Bujang Berserambi that
historical, geographical and so on. Such kind of
had more than 100 years age create a sense of
study introduce us to several methods of
appreciation towards the culture and
documenting historical structures to preserve an
architectural style of the building. Besides that
accurate record of historical properties that can
this project help us to improve and develop the
be used in research and other preservation
understanding about the architectural styles in
activities.
relation
Subject of the study
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Selection of the building Rumah Bujang Berserambi Terengganu was selected for its
enthusiast all around the world, while situating in the
being well known of the of the malays traditional house forum
museum Warisan it became one of the traditional malay
terengganu and become one of the Malaysian heritage.
house sample that can be used by the UPM student. The
Currently located in museum Warisan Melayu in Universiti
house now is being kept by the museum, the house is 100%
Putra Malaysia. . Being built more than 100 years ago and
kept in its original state. Until now the building still standing
being kept for decades serving and becoming a hot spot for
strong and serving the grand looks of malay traditional
architecture
houses.
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This picture showing the view from the inside of the house during the daylight, due the bright daylight we could actually see the aesthetic of the window and the wall panel.
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SITE BACKGROUND Of The Bujang Berserambi house The Rumah Bujang Berserambi Terengganu house originated from Kampung Tanjung in Kuala
1998
1990
Terengganu.
As the river and the sea is nearby, the
Due to the plantation and the fishing
major economy surrounding here is
activity the economy grew
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2020
2011
Plantation and fishing
More roads are constructed
The surrounding has become a
to transport the good easily and
bit developed along with the in-
more convenient.
crease in population and new roads.
Kampung Tanjung
Terengganu's history goes back to as far as the 1st century and has long been an important area of Malay settlement. And there Kampung Tanjung is a village in Federal Territory of Labuan, Malaysia.
Now the Rumah Bujang Beserambi, Terengganu was handed over to UPM in March 2014 as part of the muzeum collection of malay houses which was in
NOW
Kampung Tanjung before.
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NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT Of The Bujang Berserambi house (original site)
Tanjung village is a village for a fisherman and farmer, so most of the building there is a residential. Centuries ago most of the house are a malay traditional houses. But due to the economy growth and technology development the village grew bigger and other village starts to appear and population increase. Around the village are mostly other residential area (village)
Kampung Tanjung
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Picture above shows the latest residential area in the tanjung village, which fill with modern contemporary houses
Picture above shows surrounding of the tanjung village which surrounded by other villages
The picture on the left side basically showing the new constructed musollah near Tanjung village
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NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT Of The Bujang Berserambi house (current site)
The current site of the house is actually at Malay Heritage museum in University Putra Malaysia or known as UPM. That area is actually close to the main city in Selangor. Main city means there's going to be a lot of people or visitor that might pass by the museum, for the house being located there in UPM is a strategic location. Being in the UPM are itself one of the best benefit because student from each part of Malaysia local and international visiting the museum each time.
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Picture on the left side is the view of Cyberjaya from the aerial view
Cyberjayacity
Propsocial
Picture on the top is the view of Bukit Jalil from the aerial view
News strait times
Picture on the left site is showing Subang Jaya city from the aerial view
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HISTORY Of The Bujang Berserambi house
Historical Background The Rumah Bujang Beserambi Terengganu house originated from Kampung Tanjung in Kuala Terengganu. The house was built by its owner, Wan Muda Wan Hassan, a boatman, with the aid of the villagers about 150 years ago. There is only a Selasar (veranda) and the main house room. It was occupied by Jerantut's District Headman and is the only house with a stateroom. The structure was raised to avoid threats by wild animals and to protect from sea splashes. It was constructed entirely of wood, with senggora tiles for roofing and linking doors (penyambung) that acted as an opening for potential house extensions. This structure was sturdy enough to survive the severe flooding that hit Pahang in 1926, 1971, and 2014.
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Wan Ahmad Hassan Wan Abdullah, 57, the house current owner and the late Wan Muda's grandson, handed it over to UPM.
Old Malay house tradisional Terengganu, a selection of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) to be transferred to the university's Malay Heritage Museum in Serdang, Selangor. It is one of four types of traditional Malay houses famous in the country, among which are rumah bujang berpeleh, rumah te'le dan rumah limas potong Belanda.
Five experts from Indonesia were also joined by UPM Architecture Department Senior Lecturer Dr Mohamad Fakri Zaky Ja'afar. After the replacement, it is anticipated that 10 to 15% of the house's foundation, such as the columns, base, and roof, will need to be removed, so the project to reinstall the house can be done within three months.
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Of The Bujang Berserambi house
The Terengganu timber houses are considered vernacular architecture which exhibits distinct regional characteristics. Gokhan (2002) defines vernacular architecture as the form of architecture built for the common people and it is an embodiment of common characters, materials, and
Convex wall panels are one of the most noticeable features of Rumah
aesthetic value of a particular region. The timber
Bujang Serambi where carvings in the forms of perforated
houses as dwelling architecture which are situated
ventilation panels are normally found here and usually on the upper
on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia exhibit
part of the wall. They are made of thick wooden frames in a vertical
distinct regional characteristics with their own
layout.
identifying building features including carved ornaments.his architecture represents the simple vernacular forms in the use of local materials. The timber is classified as naturally durable and is normally very resistant to
termite attack
and fungal infestation. Texture is fine and even, with shallowly to deeply interlocked grain.
ARCHITECTURAL S T Y L E Most of the old traditional houses are made of chengal (Balanocarpus heimii). Cengal is a heavy hardwood species used for the structure of Malay houses and their carvings. According to Raja Bahrin (1998) the task of constructing the timber houses was a difficult and long process. This is because most of the construction process including the search for the hardwood timber was dependably carried out manually.
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Traditional Malay wooden buildings in Terengganu are typically ornamented with ornate carved components. Various carved components with special features are created in accordance with their location and layout in both the interior and external settings of the dwellings. Woodcarving is a fundamental architectural feature that connects the home shapes and their many structural components.
Malay homes showcase traditional craftsmen and builders' skills and beauty. Majority of the home's decorations were done by Malay craftsmen who also built the building. The vernacular shapes of the wooden houses were created to satisfy the individual demands of the users in accordance with their lifestyles, which were influenced by area cultures and values.
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“Old houses are full with memories and that's why they resist to collapse” -Mehmet Murat İldan 49
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS Of The Bujang Berserambi house
According to Abidin (1981), a physical element is the smallest whole component that recognised as the integral part of the house. The elements are divided into six systems as shown below: FRAME Made up with a plinth, a column, a beam, and a roof. FLOOR The elevated floor (including the stair riser), floor-sink, and toilet floor are all included. WALL Made with wall panels, Gable boards, shutters, and grilles.
VERTICAL CIRCULATION Steps, ladders, and boxes are utilized as items to step from one level to the next. FURNITURE Mats, beds, stove, and ambien, a wooden platform commonly seen in kitchens. UTENSILS The set includes earthenware jars, a grinding stone, and a pounding stone. Six (6) components of a malay home are listed. The frame, floor, walls, and vertical circulation systems are the four physical elements that form up the basic home. The remaining two, furniture and utensils, are kept in the basic house. The four systems are in charge of the furniture and utensil items. The two other systems are built or brought into the home once all four pieces have been assembled.
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ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTIC Form & function
The physical form of the Rumah Bujang Serambi house can be explained by either vertical or horizontal. The house's vertical design is separated into three fragments: a pillar, a body, and a roof. Pillar fragments extending from the pillar's base to the floor. The pillars of the house are placed on stone plinths. Wooden beams and joists are important structural elements found at pillar remains. The flooring are set on short beams and joists. A stair is also included in the pillars fragment. The space between the roof and the pillars forms the body fragment. Fragments are the spaces and features in the body that accommodate a variety of functions. The body fragment is walled to protect it from exposure to various
Rumah Bujang Berserambi in Terengganu Form Sequence
factors. The wall has doors and windows. The house has a gable roof. The loft is a hidden space underneath the gable
Roof Fragment Consist area of Loteng (Loft)
Body Fragment Consist area of Serambi (veranda), Passageway, Rumah Ibu (Main House), Dapur (Kitchen), Serambi (veranda)
Pillar Fragment Consist of pillars mounted on stone plinth
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Building Fragments
roof.
Rumah Ibu Zone Consist area of 1.
Serambi (veranda)
2.
Passageway
3.
Rumah Ibu (main house)
Rumah Dapur Zone Dapur (Kitchen)
5.
Serambi (veranda)
2 3 1
Consist area of 4.
5
4
Serambi (veranda)
Rumah Ibu (main house)
Rumah Bujang Berserambi in Terengganu
Zoning and Spaces
Rumah Bujang Berserambi in UPM
Horizontally, spatial components depended on the size Rumah Bujang Berserambi house. The spaces are Serambi (veranda), Passageway, Rumah Ibu (Main House), Dapur (Kitchen), Serambi (veranda).
Each space of the building is multi-purpose and not confined to one specific usage. There is a relationship between spatial and human activity. Some of the building function as the following: entry/circulation, cleaning, cooking, eating/entertainment, sleeping, storage, and work.
PRAIVATE
Spatial
PUBLIC
SEMI PRIVATE
Human Activity
Serambi (Veranda)
Circulation Eating/Entertaining
Sleep
Storage
Work and cooking
Rumah Ibu (Main house)
Circulation
Cleaning
Eating/Entertaining
Sleep
Storage
Work
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Building spatial organization
Se
ra
m
bi
(ve r
da )
single unifying element about which other objects can be added depending on their function, size and requirements. They are liner as they are arranged along an axis
m
Se
ra
Ru
organization which can be defined for a
ah
Rumah Bujang Berserambi has a Liner
ho Ibu us (m e) a in
Pa s
sa
Spatial Organization Type
ge w ay
D ap ur
(K
itc
he
n)
an
m
bi
(ve r
an
da )
rather than a random arrangement, without any element of visual hierarchy or special articulation as a result of which there linear volume is dominant. .
Spatial Relationship Rumah Bujang Berserambi Spaces linked by a common space “passageway”, which is that two separate spaces “ kitchen & bedroom” are joining by a third intermediate space “passageway” and the attributes of the two spaces are defined by their relationship with the third space.
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Rumah Ibu (main house)
Serambi (veranda)
Rumah Bujang Berserambi Spaces Of The House
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Building rotation In the east side of Rumah Bujang Berserambi the roof structure provides great shelter away from intense sunlight. Whilst in the north and south sides of the building there are small openings in the walls allows the wind to get in the building and makes it cool. Therefore the building rotation plays an important role for making the building responds well to the humid weather in Malaysia.
Wide overhang for shading against direct sunlight from the east
In addition, the Malays of Terengganu have adopted the Islamic principles of the orientation of their houses, particularly the prayer space had to be designed and faced towards Mecca, so it eases for them to know the qibla for practicing prayings.
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Rumah Bujang Berserambi house is usually dimly lit. This creates a psychological impact of coolness. The underlighting, however, can be remedied by artificial lighting.
Lighting
West
Ventilation
East
Lighting and ventilation 57
Vegetation Open Space around the House Every traditional Malay house should have an open space around it. Space is an area that is free of grass and constantly swept and kept clean. This area in front of the house is important and should be wider than the others. The space on the sides of the house is narrower, and that behind the house is much smaller and given less attention.
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Garden or farm area Further away from these open spaces (Halaman) may be fruit and vegetable gardens. The open space has to be clean, spotless, and free of foliage and litter. This gives rise to erosion due to heavy rains (the Malays seem not to be concerned with erosion, and would simply put up wood cuttings or rocks to prevent it).
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BUILDING ANATOMY Of The Terengganu Bujang Berserambi
head
body
leg
Rumah ibu
Serambi
A Traditional Malay House is similar to the human anatomy. The followings are the analogy: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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Caput (Head) : Roof Column (Neck) : Beams or Columns Thorax (Chest) : Walls Abdomen (Stomach) : Binder Pelvis : Floor Membrum superius (Arms) : Roof of the lobby Membrum inferius (Legs) : Foundation of beams/comuns
STRUCTURAL COMPONENT Of The Terengganu Bujang Berserambi
The most basic type of Rumah Bujang is the Rumah Bujang Selasar which has a Ruang Ibu and Verandah. This house is so specific that only 6 pillars are needed and some of these houses do not have verandah.
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The Pillars and Footing The base of the pillars of the early Malay house were buried in the ground. However, after the early period, instead the pillars were given a foundation called Lapik Tiang (base of the post) or Alarm Tiang. This foundation was usually made of wood or concrete. A hole is bored into the Lapik TIang, after which the projection on the pillar is placed into the hole.
Connection between Footing and column The joinery system between the column and the base is using Tanggam putting and Tebuk system. Putting is a tip of a bottom part of column which will insert in the hole at the base provided to avoid the column from shifting away from the base.
The connection between column and base is then improved to avoid rainwater which cause timber column to rotten collected in the hole of the base.
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The crossbeam was one of the elements of, the
The rows of wood that were called Gelegar
Malay house that served to secure the
(joists). They functioned as the floor supports.
structural framework of the house. Crossbeams
The bendul or wooden beam was the frame at
(Rasuk Parjang) are laid along the width. The
the outer end of the floor. It was made to
crossbeams of houses in Kelantan and
encircle the house, and served to separate the
Terengganu were fitted approximately 60 cm
different portions of the house such as the
above the foot of the pillars. They were called
verandah, the main house, the passageway and
belirra.
the kitchen.
Connection between bendul and other part of it.
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The roof
1
1.
Ridge Board (Tulang Perabung)
2.
Secondary Roof Beam
3.
Principle Rafter (Kasau Jantan)
4.
Long-tie Beam
5.
Kayu Tumpa Kasau
6.
Fascia Board
7.
Column
8.
Alang Muda
9.
Short-tie Beam
10.
King Post
The roof is composed of a wooden frame, from long cross bars (starting from the main column) to the top wooden ridge.
On the roof there are main rafters, small rafters, rafters between the small rafters and the main rafters, tunjuk tangit, curved joints, slides and roof ridges. The upper part of the roof is a roof covering, which can be made from a variety of materials. In the past, the leaves of baeckia frutescens (atap cucuh, jungle palm), sago palm (atap rumbia) and nipahpalm were used. Today Malay houses use wooden shingles as roofs, fan shaped atap sirip or belian atap roof
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The walls Terengganu house walls are constructed of wood material and bamboo mulch in the form of certain modules making the house walls look compartmented and interspersed with wall petals and ventilation compartments arranged harmoniously to make the building look rhythmic and uniform. The decoration on the house is the specialty and uniqueness of the traditional house of Terengganu. details are given on the wall panels and not on the rafters like the north house and the kelantan house.three types of details used, namely direct perforation, embossed and 'martial' engraving.Direct perforated carvings located on the wall panels are used to allow air to circulate. Embossed carvings on openwork, railings and door and window panels. Martial carvings are mostly located on ventilation panels above window and door sills.Plant motifs, geometry and calligraphy are widely used.
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The Floor The floors were made of wood from the Ficus plant species, or from strips from the trunk of the palm Cyrtostachya Lakka (Pinang), or hollow bamboo about 5-6cm wide. These strips were arranged on top of the joists and subsequently tied using rattan or creepers. The manner in which they were tied was similar to the weaving used on bamboo fish traps. There were also floors made of fine strips of bamboo. The floors of Malay house are made of wooden planks that have split using a saw. Many are made with well-fitted planks purchased from sawmills.
The Stairs
The staircase including the steps was made of wooden poles. Each step was secured with rattan or creeper. Dovetailed planning was done at the joints between the rungs and the banisters to prevent each step from slipping from its position. Stairs such as there are still found in huts located in isolated villages. However, most Malays today prefer to use better quality stairs, made from planks and concrete bricks. The average Malay house has no less than three sets of stairs. One at the front of the house, one at the passage between the main house.
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Different types of carved components that adorned the timber house of Terengganu display specific carving features which are distinctively different character. Carvings were only evident on certain components of the house with significant uses either for interior or exterior settings. The most prevalent were perforated ventilation panels fitted on walls of rumah ibu which is the core area of the house. Visual composition, beauty and function of the carved components were fused to the architectural elements and in consonance with the house form. It suggests that carvings for house components were not objects crafted in a simple way but inextricably bound up with designated function, artistic qualities and skillfulness possessed by the traditional craftsmen.
MOTIF OF THE PATTERN 68
Functionality is one of the basic principles of Malay aesthetic which emphasises the practical function of an artifact. The analysis reveals that traditional Malay houses was designed and built with the conscious considerations on the proper layout of the carved components. Its visual forms was
Floral Motif
crafted and subscribed by the woodcarvers to be seen or used primarily in domestic setting thus creating pleasant ambiance. Primarily made of wood, the architecture often showcased the wealth of the owners. The more affluent the owner, the more he’d invest in the aesthetic aspects of the house, including wood carvings on doors and gables, and beautiful wooden balustrades to decorate windows, staircases and verandahs
Floral motifs derived from Hindu-Buddhism and transmitted through a process of modification by Malay craftsmen and became the most dominant motifs depicted after pre-Islam. The use of a certain type of flower functions as an indicator of the changes in the floral motifs. Most of the animistic motifs were transformed into flora and vegetation motifs after the arrival of Islam. Floral motifs were almost always applied by the craftsmen as the principle motif as they were inspired and fascinated by the beautiful elements of flowers and leaves. The preference of plant motif was mainly influenced by Islamic religious teaching.
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MATERIALS INTERWOVEN BAMBOO
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TEAK
CONCRETE FO
They are used for the interior partition
Teak is used pelantar of the lobby
The base of the timbe
Placed at warm temperate climates
area. It is of a yellowish white colour
concrete to prevent da
Is eco friendly as bamboo is used.
which turn to golden brown or dark
from the ground into
Has poor spinnability and is costly
brown when exposed.
It has a smooth contai
The right time to harvest during or after
The grain straight, wavy or slightly
the rainy season Culms should be cut
interlocked. It is coarsed and
such that leaves are not removed
uneven Teak is very solid as it is one
Leaves allowed for the natural
of the hardest woods but is it very
evaporation of free capillary water
susceptible to powder post beetles.
decorative pattern.
It is very strong and d in appearance.
OOTING
SINGORRA CLAY TILES
CHENGAL WOOD
r column is made with
Its appearance looks similar to fish scales.
Chengal is used to make the building
ampness from seeping
It is very light and porous, Thus it is able to
structure and the roof.
the wood.
absorb rain. Hence the house house is cooled
It has a light yellow-brown with a distinct
ning a reproced
naturally. It is capable of flowing air that
green tinge colour.
circulates through the cracks and roof.
itIt darkens to dark purple-brown/red if
One of the drawbacks is it is thin and
exposed to sunlight. It has a fine fine and
lightweight which it to break easily.
even spread texture. The grains are
Moisture, rain heat and fungus have great
interlocked with shallowly to deeply.
effects on the tiles which can be preserved by
It is the strongest and most durable wood
used leg to knead and wedge on bundle of
in Malaysia and is naturally durable and
clay to make sure the air were not trapped
very resistant to termites attack and
inside the clay which can make easier clay to
fungal infestation.
urable but a dullness
crack and break
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Construction process
Traditionally, slabs of hardwood such
Following a ceremony in which small
A temporary floor is
as cengal or large stones were used for
pieces of black, red and white cloth are
cross-beams to facilit
the bases of posts. In more recent
place in layers on top of the tiang seri
times, reinforced concrete bases are
and the gold or silver coin placed under
cast at the positions of each post.
it, to guard against evil spirits, the tiang
Footings, which may vary in design,
seri is erected with the help of the family
height and material are placed at the
and friends and braced with wooden
supports the roof ridg
centre of each base and the post laid in
supports. The remaining eight posts are
Bumbung), are then e
their respective positions on the
erected similarly. At floor level,
the alang panjang of t
ground, with the main column, tiang
crossbeams (Rasuk Panjang and Rasuk
seri often erected at the centre
Pendek) are pushed through slots in the
coordinate of the house.
posts and secured with wooden wedges.
01 72
02
the roof. The structur
placing girts (Alang P
beams (Alang Pendek
posts. These also form
roof.The king post (Tu
03
made in the
The principle rafters (Kasau Jantan), which
Thick chengal timber wall panels, doors and
tate the erection of
support the purlins (Kasau Lintan), which
windows are made inside the half-completed
in turn support the common rafters (Kasau
house and fitted into the structure. Shutters, doors
Atap), are next erected. The singgora tiles
and internal partitions are then fixed in place. The
are then shingled in overlapping layers onto
erection of steps and railings signals the
unjuk Langit), which
the kasau atap, creating a scale-like texture.
completion of the house. The distinctive features of
ge (Tulang
The floorboards and the gable screens
the Terengganu house comprise gable ends (Peles)
erected, followed by
(Tebar Layar) are also laid. The tebal layar is
which are said to resemble the hull of a local
the serambi.
partially tied and extends from the
fishing boat (Perahu) decorated in the shape of an
undan-undan (Gable Ledge).
egret (Bangau). It is commonly believed that the
re is strengthened by
Panjang) and the
k) at the top of the
m the base of the
3
spirit of the bangau protects fishermen at sea and it is thus introduced into the house as a guardian.
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Measured drawing
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3D FRAMEWORK OF THE TERENGGANU BUJANG BERSERAMBI HOUSE
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“Good Architecture lets nature In” -Mario Pei
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Summary Over time, architecture has always been one of the most important reflections of culture. We see that each building reflects the history of the era and how cultural iterations project itself into the future. Architecture also runs through our infrastructure, from bridges to public spaces, and even the design of our cities. In this sense, architects can be regarded as the arbiter of our future history.
Rumah bujang has survived more than 100 years which was first used as a house for a fisherman and his family, and now it is used as a heritage that has been conserved and visited by a lot of tourists as well as students. The wooden building took us back to the 1860s which made us appreciate the lifestyle of the people at that time as well as their architecture. In general, the protection of our heritage is vital to the identification, recording, analysis and protection of our heritage and cultural resources. It plays an important role in defining milestones within the heritage area, and in generating economic returns and supporting tourism. Therefore, one of the main goals of the project is to teach us how to preserve our artwork for future generations. 100
Conclusion The drawing class we surveyed has been a great help in improving our skills, and has improved our experience as a student of architecture. Field visits further deepened our understanding of existing building surveying fields, capturing the appearance of buildings in sketches, and converting them into architectural drawings, and then generating high-level models. In addition to the physical objects we have done, this project also allows us to appreciate the structure of the building based on different factors In general, Malay traditional houses are reflected in the way of life from the Malay community. The distinctive characteristics of the house of terengganu are that individuality is in a legal form. It is about aspects of scale and percentage, craftsmanship, technology and its unique value. In summary,Terengganu House is a product of assimilation,adaptation, influence and evolution. In addition to this, the house of Terengganu represents the earliest sample of the traditional architecture of Malay. A single unit of the first prototype known as Rumah Bujang was developed in this last style to adapt to social origins.
Ola Measured drawing team Lead by Hussein along with the family leader Maaniaa, this team working on the measured drawing of the Terengganu Rumah Bujang.
Mutinta
Hussein
Maaniaa
Khai jie
Shiley
Videography team This two beautiful people helping the group regarding pictures and taking important video as recording of every process and also content for filmmaking
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Shaima
Nasheed
‘Aisha
Azeem
Editing team (magazine report) Editor in chief Farahim, incharge of the layout and point arrangement, helping by four amazing
Farahim
people to create a complete Legacy magazine.
Family Structure
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“Archit should of its and p but yea timeles
-Frank
tecture d speak times place, arn for ssness”
k Gehry
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Terengganu Bujang Serambi A book of
Traditional Malay House
in Malaysia