Kampung’s conflict towards urban development agencies

Kampung’s Conflict towards Urban Development Agencies: Study of Kebon Kacang from Government, Private-Use Developer, and Inhabitant Point of View FATTHAN MULIA SINERGY, MICHAEL MARRIOTT AND MONOJIT CHAKMA Master of Architecture, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia

ABSTRACT: This research is aimed to identify the effect of urban development in Indonesia to the slum dwelling located in Kebon Kacang, Jakarta due to conflicts that happened between government, slum dwellers, and private-use developers. Kampung Kebon Kacang already establish since 1930s up until now. The government had issued some policies to control the development of the city and the slum. The policies were made for the developers and slum dwellers. However, the developers was misused the government policies for their own good. They bought excessive land in the city without thinking their capability to build it. New problem has arise which is idleness of the land in Jakarta that attracts the migrants from outside Jakarta to the city to establish new slum dwelling. Slum dwelling was formed due to the incapability of buying land for housing in Jakarta, which near their workplace.

Slum dwellers mostly work as a low salaried labour, private drivers, scavengers and many more. They motivated to migrant to Jakarta as the opportunity of work that Jakarta provide. Another problems effecting by the misuse by the developers is force eviction from the developers and the slum dwellers that never finish for decades. Overall, these agencies (government, slum dwellers, and developers) have strong relationship between them and should not exploit each other to assists the proper development of the city.

Keywords: growth, illegal, housing, low-income housing, government policy, developers

INTRODUCTION The background of this research is due to the spread of slum dwelling in the heart of Jakarta. The city of Jakarta has developed rapidly from a scratch of ground into a metropolitan city filled with skyscrapers that shows Indonesia’s advanced economic growth. On the other hand, from the glamorous lifestyle shown by shopping centres and huge skyscrapers, there is another face of Jakarta that might be forgotten, which is the face that keep sustain the allure of face of the city, This other face of Jakarta are filled with people who lives in an area of which they called Kampung. People who live in the city’s slummed area mostly work as a supportive element in the office, shopping mall staff with very low salary, private drivers, scavengers, slum taverns, and many more (Jellinek, 1991).

The terms of slums are lack of basic services, inadequate building structure, overcrowding, unhealthy and hazardous building, insecure tenure and poverty (Tyrell, 2008). Moreover, Slum have special condition which are lack of land tenure, lack of space, durability water, sanity, and formal control over planning, design, and construction (Dovey and King, 2011) Slum settlement around the world have struggled through uncertainty under the formal laws used for town planning and slum clearance (Winayanti and Lang, 2002). It is unlikely to have cities that not have squatters. These disadvantages of slum area provoke government to demolish all slums in order to cleaning the image of the city, cleaning the land from dangerous goods, and clearing the sites for a new development of the cities (Dovey and King, 2011).

Developing countries experienced their industrializations in the mid 20th century, and unlike

the developed countries, they have not been able to complete their industrializations, and globalization era.

Thus, it is important to transform the cities to fit the contemporary world. (Alkiser, 2009) The Indonesian government has collaborated with World Bank since 1969 in increasing the quality of life of the slum dwellers and improving Indonesia’s housing system by implementing the restoration program. Nevertheless, this effort through this collaboration had stopped with unknown reasons (Werin, 1999). This cancelation has brought many chain reactions from many agencies to develop the land of Jakarta.

RESEARCH AIM AND RESEARCH QUESTION This research is aimed to identify the effect of urban development in Indonesia focusing on Slum dwelling located in Kebon Kacang, Jakarta. The Kampung in Kebon Kacang has been standing since 1930 up until now. Restoration of slum housing on this site has already occurred. However, the Indonesian government still has not give much attention on slum housing upgrade for this site which might lead to negative effects to the environment.

The research intends to inform the readers about the conditions in the slum areas in Kebon Kacang by showing how it was formed, developed, and survived.

Moreover, this research will allow the readers to understand the correlation between conditions of the slums and Jakarta’s growth. From those aims, a new series of questions emerge in relation to the main aim of this research which are: • What is the correlation between the conditions of the slums and the growth of Jakarta?

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• Who are the agencies that handle the slummed areas in regards to the growth of the city?

• Who are the agencies that handle the slummed areas?

• Why the Indonesian Government stops the funding the KIP? The study will contemplate theoretical contribution to the body of knowledge related to city planning and housing in Indonesia especially in Jakarta with a particular emphasis on slum upgrading to enhance quality of life in slum area and enhance the beauty of Jakarta as a Indonesia’s capital.

The significance of the study is that this research may provide the richness of case studies scenario to underpin the impact caused by growth of the Jakarta to the slum dwellers. Moreover, significant understanding about the slum housing values will be extracted from those who have lived in slum area. Interviews with slum dwellers, government agency that responsible with slum housing, Head of RT1 will provide profitable information. The interviews will be structured and intended to generate data, which will contribute to an understanding of social status, actions that already undertake by government, neighborhood, private use developers, and inhabitant in order to make the community survived.

JOURNAL ARTICLE Background All states in a half-century could not stop the growth of the slum in the cities (Dovey, 2010).

Developing countries experienced their industrialization in the mid 20th century, while the developed country already finished their industrialization era on early 20th century. The developing countries could not able to complete their industrialization and globalization of the current transformation. By virtue of this industrialization, developing countries keep transforming and create their city as contemporary cities (Alkiser, 2009) The urban transformation projects in the developing cities aim to increasing the quality of the community and the settlement. Nonetheless, the opposite unwanted outcome occur during the process of transformation, which are dilapidation of the houses and degeneration of the environment due to the non integrated approach by the government to transform the city (Alkiser, 2009). Urban transformation has three components that can be classified which are social, economical and physical component.

In government point of view, they suggest that residents of informal settlement should rather be relocated to proper houses. Concerning that moving squatters into formal housing give advantage, which 1

RT is abbreviation of Rukun Tetangga. In English, it said neighbourhood association. Each RT consist of 10-20 houses.

If the RT reach combination of 5-10 RT, will formed a RW which stands for Rukun Warga or Community Association

will improve slum dwellers quality of life. (Abbott, 2002). As, In slum which not yet upgraded, it lack of basic services, unhealthy and hazardous condition.

Slums also have poor standard of shelter and lack of basic of services, which produce unsustainable environment (Abbott, 2002). These disadvantages of slum area provoke government to demolish all slums in order to cleaning the image of the city, cleaning the land from dangerous goods, and clearing the sites for a new development of the cities (Dovey and King, 2011).

On other hand, private use developer also interested to develop the land in Jakarta to generate money by planning to create skyscrapers, real estate complexes, and condominiums to transform Jakarta during development era (Harsong, 1992).

Case Study This case study made in order to give brief example of Kampung Improvement Program (KIP).

Contain of this case study are the starting point of KIP, what are the KIP aim, and problems that encounter.

There are no detail results as there are limitations to gain information to specific case study.

Slum dweller live in inappropriate way where there are no good sanitation, unclear tenure, and was stroked by diseases due to dirty environment around them. This dirty environment came from the slum dwellers that have low attention on controlling environment such as waste management.

This situation has occurred in Indonesia since 1969.

Regarding to this, Soeharto as Indonesian president in his regime propose to World Bank to joint venture with Indonesian government and Jakarta’s province government start to purpose a five year development plan that is well known as Repelita2. In 1969, The first Repelita started, funded by World Bank, Indonesian government and Jakarta’s province government focused on revitalization of kampung. The result of the first Repelita was unknown due to no records on 1969 activities.

The second Repelita was start in period of 1974 to 1988. Second Repelita was funded by collaboration of World Bank, Indonesian Government, and Sepuluh November Institute of Technology, in Surabaya (ITS).

This program started in Surabaya. Main focus on second Repelita was improving quality of life of shack town dwellers that is focused on physical improvement in public areas such as paved path, roads, paved drains, garbage bins and management, public water tap and public toilet of slum dwellers. All goals in second Repelita are successfully achieved due to supports from all local tiers in the city. The tiers are government agencies and volunteer people who lived there.

Third Repelita then began in early 1990 with a new aim, which is focused on health aspect emphasis on 2

Repelita is a abbreviation from Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun. In English known as Five Years Development Plan. This plan proclaimed by second president of Indonesia, Soeharto to develop Indonesia.

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children health. This program success is implemented with evidence; this program is successfully executed in eight hundred cities across Indonesia archipelago.

Cause of this success is the program applying for lowcost easy replication program, expeditious implementation, using simple technology, and giving positive affects poverty reduction.

From all those success achievement, this program is actually a failure project in government point of view Reasons of this failure are few cots mechanism, weak post completion maintenance, weak integration into overall infrastructure, inability to mitigate complex and conflicting claims to the lands right. This cause leads to no direct cost recoveries form beneficiaries, no revenue from the program, fiscal economic system that Indonesia implemented, International economic strategy only allow small control of tax revenue which made government of Indonesia could not afford to pay lend from World Bank. After this year, Indonesian government has suspended Repelita.

In 1998, Repelita started to be re-proposed by government of Jakarta. However, in mid 1998, the proposal stalled for the next two years due to Indonesian financial crisis. This financial crisis owed to the end of Soeharto regime and Indonesian government corruption has been discovered which results in national riot in Indonesia. Repelita has been restarted and started in Surabaya in 2001 with province’s initiatives. This action was locally funded from city’s annual budget and successfully covered seventy-one districts out of one hundred sixty-three districts in Surabaya.

The diagrammatic timeline of the KIP project could be referring to appendix 1.

Literature review The year when the first time in human history the majority of world population became urban was in 2007. It showed that over one million population living in slum (Das, 2008). This number will gradually increase until the year of 2020, which the prediction of human population reach 1.4 million people and it will continue to increase on 2030. In Indonesia, in 2010, total population reaches 205.1 million and will reach 273.1 million in 2025 (Statistik, 2010) In capital city, DKI Jakarta3 was recorded that total population in 2010 reach 9,607,787 (Statistik, 2010) In specific context of site, total consensus of population in the Kebon Kacang in 2010 reach 20.661 people (Statistik, 2010) Terms of slum need to be equalized in this paper.

Firstly, two terms of urbanization that are defined by United Nations are; developing countries that are urbanizing at a very past pace and many of the urban population continue to live an improvised life (Ahmad, 2009). Then, according to Oxford dictionary slum is a squalid and overcrowded urban street or district 3 DKI Jakarta is an acronym to Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, which in English Special Capital Region of Jakarta

inhabited by very poor people. Afterward, Slum is a neglected parts of cities where housing and living condition are appealingly poor (Tyrell, 2008). In addition, slum is urban assemblage that operates outside the formal control of the state and it is impossible to separate issues and slum housing and legal tenure (Dovey, 2010).

Cities come from developing informal process.

Most developing cities are economically unsustainable without slum dwellers (Dovey and King, 2011). This statement supported by Krausse (1975) that the slums contribute to capital formation, supply labor, and demand goods from urban center (Krausse, 1975). He adds also add that slums not as dead end of communities, but rather as integral part of urban center in the process of development (Krausse, 1975).

There are three types of growth of the slum that define by Martin and Mathena which are; unauthorized occupying unsettled land by group of people who may take role in overseeing future development as other could join them. Then, overnight land invasion where homeless people who stay overnight in some places.

Then, pirate housing which is developing unauthorized subdivision of plots or houses, then they sell and rent it for profit (Martin and Mathena, 2006). On the other hand, Krausse (1975) state the formation of slum based on solidarity of feelings and common origin. This created small enclaves of migrants with the same ethno-linguistic background with a common way of adaptation to Jakarta life. For example, Christian minority of Ambonese create a formation in Bidara Cina, Sundanese factory labor gather in Angke, and Buginese fishermen at Luar Batang and Kali Baru (Krausse, 1975) .

Mark Lindsay Tyrell (2008) categorizes slum in which; high-density slum housing, squalid central city tenements, and spontaneous squatter settlements without legal recognition (Tyrell, 2008). However, Rosenblunth classify slums area into three, which are peripheral, inner city and suburban semi-integrated slum (Rosenblunth, 1963). Slum settlements around the world have struggled through uncertainty under the formal laws used for town planning and slum clearance (Winayanti and Lang, 2002).

It is unlikely to have a city that not has squatters.

All states in a half-century could not stop the growth of the slum in the cities (Dovey, 2010). In government point of view, they suggest that residents of informal settlement should rather be relocated to proper houses.

Concerning that moving squatters into formal housing give advantage, which will improve slum dwellers quality of life. (Abbott, 2002). As, in slums, it lack of basic services, unhealthy and hazardous condition.

Slums also have poor standard of shelter and lack of basic of services, which produce unsustainable environment (Abbott, 2002). These disadvantages of slum area provoke government to demolish all slum in order to cleaning the image of the city, cleaning the land from dangerous goods, and clearing the sites for a new development of the cities (Dovey and King, 2011).

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Land Tenure is one of the most important issues for slum dwellers (Werlin, 1999). Land Tenure divided into two categories, which are people who lived in their owned land, and squatters who illegally occupy land without authorities. Squatter occupation may lead into violence between groups of squatters to control over the land and the rights to attain profit from the sale or rent of lodging (Werlin, 1999). In spite of that, Kim Dovey (2010) & (2011), Lana Winayanti (2002) disagrees with Herbert Werlin statement. Kim Dovey in (2010) stated that Informal settlement generally have high levels of social capital due in part of solidarity of poverty but also to the bond formed by collective opposition to the state and formal section (Dovey, 2010). Then, Kim Dovey and Ross King stated in 2011 that threaten condition in slum area could lead into new form of solidarity, which means the increasing of relationship value of human among side slum dwellers (Dovey and King, 2011). Ultimately, McAuslan (2000) add most developing countries also confront the problems of a lack efficiency, equity, accountability, and probity of the administrative system in land development. As well as reluctant to encourage of the urban poor (McAuslan, 2000) Non-Government Organization (NGO) is a term that used by the government to categorize organization that work that have an oppositional connotation to the government, which has therefore tried to limit the activities of NGOs (Winayanti and Lang, 2002). NGO worked to help the poor as Indonesian NGO has same focus in defending of human rights. Political atmosphere and regulation for NGO system of work came from traditional cultural terms, which are cooperative work, mutual self-cooperation and selfreliance (Winayanti and Lang, 2002). Ironically, among groups like NGOs, these connotations or urban transformation actually lead into urban reconstruction, privatization and control in globalized world (Alkiser, 2009) There are three components of Urban Transformation regarding upgrading slum settlements that need to consider stated by Alkiser (2009), which are social, economical, and physical components.

Social components include advance education level, improved quality of the existing social infrastructure, and social interaction. Economical components are increasing the quality of the existing economic activities, types of economic activities and dependence of economic activities. Physical components that need to improve in urban transformation are increasing cultural and natural areas, rehabilitating housing stocks, and generating green areas and life corridors (Alkiser, 2009) Those components of urban transformations are components that aimed by new governor of DKI Jakarta, Joko Widodo. One of his program during his governance, he will create super blocks near office area. The super block will consist of working space on the ground, health facilities on top the working space.

Followed by housing for rent and subsidies housing on the very top of superblocks. This superblocks will help

the low income people to live in better quality with no need to take long distance to get to work place to reduce tired, stress, and fatigue. If this program happens, it will solve three main problems that DKI Jakarta have in the future, which are traffic jam, reducing slum area and generating green area. Traffic jam will reduce because this superblock will reduce the mobility of the employee. Slum area will be relocated to this superblocks and adding green area for socializing that currently diminish in Jakarta (Baru, 2012) Moreover, the average expenditure in slum upgrades proven has lesser expenditure for the government. It cost for US$ 38 per household for slum upgrading against US$1000-2000 for a core housing unit service and more than US$10000 per low-cost public houses or apartments (Werlin, 1999). Assuming from this theory, with Jakarta’s government APBD4 that has been increased in 2012 could cover whole kampong improvement project in Jakarta. Single case study has been made to understand the development of slum upgrading in Indonesia, which have fluctuated process of implementation. This research will focus on the affect of KIP program managed by the government and understand the conflict of the slum in urban development agencies.

Research Gap From discussion of literature review, there are some gaps in this research. The first gap is unavailability of data to become a case study on the site. Most of case study founded currently outside Jakarta. There are only one case study in Jakarta, which is a journal, written by Lana Winayanti and Herbert C. Lang in 2002. The site is worth to be researched as the site location. The slum squatter location is in the heart of Jakarta Central Business District where most Indonesian economical and political activity happened. The site is located in a very strategic location, near major road of Jalan Jendral Sudirman (Sudirman Street) where in 1995 the site recorded is a part of the largest mega projects in South East Asia and it is planned to occupy 44 hectare with an estimated total of investment of US$3.2 billion to be developed from 1995 – 2007 (Olds, 1996) The second gap is come from Michael Leaf (1993), which is stated that 60% of lands for housing in Jakarta consist of unregistered land. Added by Florian Steinberg (2007), it is a fact that approximately 60% of Jakarta’s urban population is residing in Kampung with a density rate reaching 600 people per hectare (Steinberg, 2007). It is still become a great mystery the owner of the land in Jakarta. This mystery of land tenure and no clear definition of the owner of the land 4

APBD is abbreviation of Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah or Region’s Budget Revenue and Expenditure. In 2011 total APBD Jakarta Rp36,02 trillion and the government propose to increase in 2012 for 14.80% into 41,35 trillion ( US$431 million) in a year cycle (AZIZA, K. S. 2012. DKI Usus Kenaikan APBD 2012 Hingga Rp 41.35 Trilliun. Kompas..)

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may provoke the slum dwellers to move and develop the unused land. However, slum dwellers need to be aware that they might be the next victims of eviction of land clearing program that started by government in order to clearing the image of the city and developing the land.

Land developing not only undertake by government, but also by private-use developers. Private –Use developers start to exploit land to build hotels, luxury high-rise condominiums, and shopping malls (Harsong, 1992) These developments start in 1980s1990 where 600 new buildings valued over US$5 million (Dorleans, 1994). This era was called an economic boom in Indonesia. During this era, there are many transfer land titling from the owners to the developers (Harsong, 1992). As in 1993, the Indonesian Government Issue deregulation measure of land, which include the liberalization of land ownership. Moreover, National land Agency issued 250.000 appropriations permits to developers (Harsong, 1992). Appropriation permits is a permit that allowing the developers to approach locals to sell their land (Harsong, 1992) However, this permit have been misused by the developers to evict the owners without any negotiation (Harsong, 1992) As a result, Relocation of kampungs from riverbanks, and strategic land in Jakarta to make room for real estate development has been an issue of never ending conflict for decades (Steinberg, 2007) Exploitation of land in Jakarta during development boom is inevitable. Additional policy by Indonesian government and national land agency regarding appropriation permit make the development misused it (Firman, 2002). The misused is not only applied to the owners of the land, which get small compensation and nonnegotiable price from the developers (Harsong, 1992) but also to the government itself (Firman, 2002).

The developers use the permits to justify the provision of large areas of land but the developers have little capacity to develop the acquired land and have no intention to develop the entire area (Firman, 2002).

These statements that needed to response to understand the context of the site, to define the owner of the land for housing in order to reduce the possibilities of violence due to land ownership. As, stated as Herbert Werlin. The next aim is to identify main points of correlation between slum dwellers in Kebon Kacang with the Jakarta development. Then, from this point, it is possible to understand the agencies that have relation with slum dwelling with the growth of the city.

METHODOLOGY Data Collections Data collection will comprise documents of land owning certificate, development map of Jakarta, government laws and government rules regarding land tenure regulations. Moreover, undertaking interviews will be prioritized to gather accurate result. Document analysis is something that will happen concurrently

with interviews, as they will provide the basis for refining interview questions and possibly varying the questions across generations. Other methods of data collection are to gather many case studies in order to compare each slum dwelling conditions. From this, researcher could understand the difference in each community in terms of land ownership Interviews Interview will have two possibilities, which are direct interview and indirect interview. The researcher in the site will conduct direct Interview. Indirect interview will be conducted by relatives of the researcher due to unfortunate circumstances that did not allowing the researcher to go to Indonesia. All the interviews will be conducted several months period during university break.

The researcher will conduct the interviews directly in the site for the slum dwellers, and try to make appointment to the government regarding interview before the researcher go to Indonesia. Indirect interview with the government will conduct through telephone line and asking relatives to conduct interviews with slum dwellers. Relatives will have briefing with researcher in order to unifying ideas about the topic that researcher looking for. So, there will be no misunderstanding of information between researcher and relatives. Any recording devices as a documentation for the researcher will be used to ease researcher to process and investigate problem and solution from the interviews. Groups that will be interviewee candidates are slum dwellers or slum leaders, and Government agencies. Interview question has been made and please refer to appendix 2 Drawings Drawings will be made to show the correlation of each house in the community, how it organize, and to show the ownership of the house or land. All drawings about the site will draw with using AutoCAD software for student. 3D visualization will be provided if necessary using SketchUp software. Drawing from AutoCAD software will be colored to provide presentation quality using Adobe Photoshop software.

All diagrams to show data visualization will be made using Adobe Illustrator.

Research Timetable University Break: • Finding Ticket to go back to Indonesia • Finding Contact person for government for possible interviews • Contacting relatives for indirect interviews • Briefing relatives regarding interviews • Finding books for supporting theories Start of Semester 2: • Collecting all data from relatives • Starting on data analysis

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• Starting to provide data visualization and drawing regarding about the site • Finding book for supporting theories Mid Semester 2: • All drawings and data should have finish and analyzed • Submitting all data analysis and drawings • Starting to write for final submission • Finding book for supporting theories Final Semester 2: • Finishing all Report of DAN220 Architectural Design and Research Ethical Considerations All social research involves consent, access and associated ethical issues, since it is based on data from people about people (Punch, 2000). The proposed study will ensure that informed consent is obtained from participants. They may need full information about the research including the reasons they have been chosen to participate.

Participants’ privacy, confidentiality and anonymity will be guaranteed.

Consent forms and a covering letter will be provided.

Ethics approval has been given for the activities of students within RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The Site The site is located in Kebon Kacang. Slums in this area already exist since 1930s. There will be classified in five eras about the development of this area. The classifications are Normal Time (1930s – 1942), War Time (1942-1949), Independence (1939-1965), The Age of Development (1965-1981), and The Age without Moral Code (1981-present)(Jellinek, 1991). In normal time, most of the area was cultivating lands(Jellinek, 1991). People who lived there live in earthen floor, woven bamboo walls and a coconut palm roof. Not only for plant cultivation, the area also used for animal cultivation. These are most people occupation during normal era.

During wartime, all tranquillity and stability in normal time was vanished. Many people who already settled during normal time constraint to leave Kebon Kacang due to security issue in Kebon Kacang(Jellinek, 1991). Many people loss their job and change to lower income job such as becak drivers and pedlars selling empty bottles (Jellinek, 1991).

Then, in Independence time, kampongs dwellers took advantage of the economic chaos and administrative incompetence. This situation accelerates the number of migrants to come to the Jakarta for work opportunities (Jellinek, 1991). Dramatic rise of population was the cause of the cultivated land progressively whittled away. The area become slum with flimsy houses built of all shapes and sizes and assorted scavenged materials (reference (Jellinek, 1991). Most kampong dwellers in Kebon kacang had

their land or house transactions recorded in adhoc documents which cause they have no legal status (Jellinek, 1991).

During the age of development, Kampung dwellers started to renovate their houses and Kebon kacang had changed beyond recognition (Jellinek, 1991). Half of the housing was have second storey and their thatched roof ware replaced by tiles. With the increasing population in this era, there were great competitions for salaried work for the few available positions (Jellinek, 1991). As a result, many families lost their jobs, and homes During Age without Moral code, kampung dwellers become frustration caused by their inability to satisfy increasing inequality, general lack of concern for fellow man and increasing inequality.

The site was chosen because it is located in the heart of Jakarta where most of economics, business, and government activities in Jakarta happened refer to appendix 3. The site is highly valuable to the government, developers, and the inhabitants of Kebon Kacang. The site located in the CBD and recorded among the largest mega projects in South East Asia and its planned to occupy forty-four hectare with an estimated total investments of US$ 3.2 billion during 1995-2007(Olds, 1996). It’s also crossed by the one of the busiest road in Jakarta indicating that the site is highly accessible from anywhere However, kampong site could be accessed with small transportation facilities that available around the site. Types of transportation that available in the site are Bajaj5, Becak, Motorcycle, small car and privateowned bus. It is not possible to find any source regarding typology of houses. Kim Dovey (2010) stated that is not possible to find any accurate data about informal settlement as this may not provided by the head of informal community to protect their invisibility in current settlement (Dovey, 2010).

The site had received Kampung Improvement Program in 1977-1978 (Jellinek, 1991). Most kampong dwellers were unaware of the program paved roads and drainage system. However it is technically difficult and very expensive to lay of pipes for water and sewerage due to the growing density of kampong housing (Jellinek, 1991). The government demolish part of kampong dwellers houses to make new paths and drainage without paying compensation. These actions by government cause the community become hostile to the KIP workers during the process of construction (Jellinek, 1991). Moreover, this paved road program was built one metre above the existing walkway, which 5

The Bajaj is a public transportation vehicle that you will

find mostly in Jakarta. It is a motorcycle covered with a carriage to fit in around 3 people including the driver. The wheels are so tiny you'll think they came from a toy. The roof is covered with vinyl. Both sides of the passenger area are also covered with vinyl to prevent the passengers from getting wet when it rains.

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made it difficult for kampong dwellers to get in and out their house (Jellinek, 1991).

Photos from Site is available on the appendix 4 Government Assessment of the Site There are guidelines from Indonesian General Development policy about slum classification. It could be categorised as six categories, which are noneconomy vitality, economy vitality, land ownership status, state of infrastructure, city’s government commitment, and priority management (Umum). From those criteria, slum in Kebon Kacang could be assess refer to appendix 5 for grouping typology of the slum.

Calculation of this categorisation has been made from the interview and site visit. Moreover, this guide is designed to generate the locations slum areas that have a relationship with the city and the metropolitan functions of the relevant region as reinforcement to the city.

In Non-Economy Vitality, it contains of 3 assessments, which are spatial compatibility, physical building conditions, condition of population. For spatial compatibility, the government put mark 30 out of 50. If the data was related with history, this site has already finish its KIP in 1970s, and this KIP might increase their value. Otherwise the spatial compatibility value could be worse. The KIP may also affect whole aspects of the building conditions on the site in the assessment sheet. However, the assessment on population condition of the site might be increasing due to the KIP program. As, the slum area has been upgraded; it may attract another migrant to come to the site.

In economy vitality aspect, the Kebon Kacang area got a very good mark. Two out of three aspects, which are strategic location and surrounding function, got a perfect score from the government. It means the government value the site very highly since its located in the CBD. For the distance to the workplace, it only got 30 points out of 50. The government value this categories slightly difference maybe because the variations of the workplace that the slum dwellers have.

In land ownership and government commitment criteria, the government have not yet published the data. It is possibly that the government still to find and gather all resources to identify the land ownership of the site. Once the land ownership criteria are finish, the government could assess their purpose on the site.

In infrastructure criteria, the government value the site not having good infrastructure. The roads only have 50-70% in good conditions. The government value the drainage site 30 out of 50 as the site might have flood potential during rainy season in Jakarta.

The site has average value in government point of view on priority handling criteria. The highest value of this criterion is the distances to city centre which only 30 minutes from the site. Also to the capital city of Jakarta, the site only needs less then 30 minutes to city capital.

The formula to calculate the assessment of Kebon Kacang is:

Where the result will be categorised as: Bad category: 250 - 200 Medium category: 199-149 Good category: 148 - 100 This Community could not be classified in which category belongs to. It is because there are some incomplete data that unable to retrieve and unpublished document by the government during field trip.

Government Interview Questions Answer Interview with government could not be done.

Arranging appointment with government of BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional) in English, Planning and Development National Agency of Indonesia has been done following the research timetable before going back to Indonesia.

Appointment has been made with Head of Planning and Development National Agency in Jakarta. The first appointment has been cancelled due to weekly meeting of the board staff. The second appointment was postponed due to public holiday in Indonesia regarding Iedul Fitri. Iedul Fitri is a Moslem new year after full month of fasting in Ramadhan. In this tradition, most people in Jakarta go to their home of origin or away from town to visit relatives. After Iedul Fitri, appointment could not been made as the Head of Planning and Development Agency was unable to reach through office phone and email. Another effort has been made by contacting her secretary to make an appointment with her but no reply has been made from the office. It was a misfortune that there are no data could not be generating from government interview point of view. As, this data could become valuable assets of research in to comparing people point of view about growth of illegal housing in Jakarta.

The aim of the interview with the government is to understand the land ownership in Jakarta. Since the interview did not happened, literature review about land tenure in Jakarta has been placed. In Jakarta, There is unclear land policy, which could result in the abuse of the legal system for the purpose of legal speculation (Firman, 2002). In 1981 was the first eviction happened in Kebon Kacang by the government (Jellinek, 1991). Due to the economic boom in Indonesia at that time, the Jakarta city planners feel offended by the slum dwellers (Jellinek, 1991). As there is contrast view of modern high-rise city and the low, irregular, tightly packed makeshift houses. Jakarta planners decision to evict Kebon Kacang is not only for beatify the city, but also they have vision to re-house the slum dwellers to fully serviced flats at the city centre near their places of work.

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Slum Dwellers Interview Question Slum dweller that able to be interviewed was female with age around early forty to early fifty. The interview held in front of street vendor. The interview held there because she usually spend their afternoon time in that street vendor together with her neighbourhood. The interview proceeds around 3.00 PM and finish approximately 3.45. She did not allow the writer to visit her house. So the writer takes random picture of surrounding of the community, which shows the condition of the community. The result of the interview could be referring to appendix 2.

From the interview, the interviewee did not have any ideas about the owner of the land of her house.

However, she claims the land belong to her family from long time ago. Moreover, she did not have any legal documents that strengthen her position in front of the government rules. She seems unprepared about everything that will happen to her and her family if anything dissatisfactory happened to her and her family.

Her house got clean water, which she did not know where it is come from. She stated that the clean water come from collaborative work of the locals. Clean water in this area is unknown as there is no collective water feature in the site. Water is one of the most important things in slum areas. As, many papers that been reviewed really concern about water. The data shows by Krauss (1966) that great majority of kampong dwellers (48%) get supplied water from street vendor; self constructed well (28%) and piped water or hand pumps (24%). Moreover, she did not know how the husband gets the electricity to their house.

In the future, she seems not worry about eviction that might be executed by the government. As, she stated that she and her community will try their best to stop the government to take over their land with demonstration in the site.

She also claims that she never get aid from any people in Jakarta to renovate their housing. There are no developers, and government were trying to help them to refurbish her house. There are only the community that helped each other to renovate their home.

DISCUSSION Goals of Agencies During the development era in Indonesia, the agencies of development (government, private use developers, and slum dwellers) have their own personal aims in Jakarta. Slum dwellers have interest to get better job in the city compared to their place of origin (Jellinek, 1991). They are interested to work in the city as the city provides huge opportunities for the migrant to work during normal and independence time (Jellinek, 1991).

On the other hand, government who would like to develop the land wants the clear the area from the slums. By issuing many land legalizations clearance

and appropriations permits for the developer. The Indonesian government might feel offended with the slum dwellers spread on the CBD where economical and political matter runs in Jakarta which might reduce the interest of foreign investors to invest in Jakarta.

Besides, developers in Jakarta would maximize the opportunity provided by the government to generate money and develop Jakarta ferociously. Around 350 developers in Indonesia got appropriation permits from the government to develop more than 850.000 hectares of land in Development era, which this number is enough to supply all land necessary for housing In Jakarta and its surrounding area up to year 2018 (Firman, 2002).

Needs and Relationships of Agencies Every agency stated above sure have certain bounds with their personal goals, which provide triangle form of needs. The bound can be found between slum dwellers and government, slum dwellers and private use developers, and government with private use developers.

Slum Dwellers and Government Slum dwellers have certain connection with the government and vice versa. The slum dwellers need the government to formalize their land after the government improves their community. If the slum dwellers pay tax to the government, they have rights to ask to the government to have better services of infrastructure in their community. Moreover, the slum dwellers need the government to legalize the slum dwellers migration by providing Jakarta ID card to the slum dwellers.

On the other hand, Government needs the slum dwellers to maximize the small commodity products as the slum dwellers daily activity provides. In addition, Jakarta Government needs them to work for the government as a cheap labor utilizing the slum dwellers intentions to migrate to Jakarta for works.

Government and Developers The relationship between the government and developers might be very advantageous between two sides due to the same goals, which is developing Jakarta. The developers need the government for formalized land tenure by National Land Agency. They also need the government to issue their appropriation permits and land purchase permits so they could start build their development of the land.

The need of government to the developers is they might need help to the developers to develop the land in Jakarta. Also, The relationship between government and the developers will have indirect implications to the slum dwellers. As, government needs them to attract investors to open business in Indonesia, especially Jakarta. This action is not only to generate money for developers and government, but also to

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provide new job vacancies by the investors to the slum dwellers.

Slum Dwellers and Developers This relationship might be unbalance. As the developers need the slum dwellers to become their cheap labor in the process of the land development projects. Moreover, they need the slum dwellers as their informant about any land that might be lease by the owner. Based on the issue of appropriation permits by the government, the developers may negotiate the lease land to the owner. This procedure will increase the land development projects for the developers. On the other hand, slum dwellers need the developers to provide more projects so that it will open new employment for them Limitations Limitation of this research is providing enough data from the government due to complicated bureaucracy in Indonesia. Internal links or contact person might need in order to have interviews with government agencies. Research limitations may also come from interviews. Interviewees may decline for having interviews regarding community information privacy.

As, if the paper is published, it may harm the community if the community illegally occupies the land. Providing map of Jakarta development could also become limitation of the research. This limitation may also come from disarranged files that the government has in their archive so it might make the author hard to obtain desirable data.

CONCLUSIONS This ultimate aimed of this research is to identify the effect of urban development in Indonesia to the Slum dwelling located in Kebon Kacang, Jakarta. Slum spreading is inevitable by any developing countries.

There are three agencies that support the development of a country, which are government, developers, and dwellers. These agencies could not be separated as they have certain relationships that support each other performance. It is true that the slum provide negative impacts to the city, environment and image of the city.

However, they provide labour to the government and developers. Moreover, slum dwellers also support the government by providing small commodity product that will embrace city economy aspects.

On the other hand, there are positive relationships between the government and the developers. They share similar goals, which are developing the city.

Thus, the government help the developers by providing appropriation permits, and land purchase permits to develop the land. However, developers should not exploit this advantage by buying massive amount of land that causing eviction to the slum dwellers. They should measure they capability to build the land in order to avoid idle land due to developer incapability to develop the land. This idle land that not yet develop by

the developers or government could be re-use by the eviction victims, which will cost more money to the government and the developer to re-evict them.

Future research are needed to complete the research are adding the growth process of the slum and the city, government assessment data regarding the grade of Kebon Kacang slum dwelling. Moreover, having interview with government and developers agency to add valuable data in different point of view.

Overall, the connection between government, slum dwellers, and developers regarding the development of the city is very strong. They should work together in order to have steady and proper development of the city.

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APPENDIX 1 Diagrammatic Timeline of KIP Project

Figure 1. Diagrammatic Timeline of KIP Project Source : Author illustrations

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APPENDIX 2 Interview question Interview Question for Government 1. Is there any standard of decent housing in Indonesia?

2. Are there any legal documents stating to support land tenure?

3. Is there any fund allocation for housing subsidies?

4. How much do you expect every individual to spend his or her money for housing?

5. Do you have any plan to revoke the illegal housing in Jakarta?

Prompt: If yes: Where do you want to move the slum dwellers?

Will they get any payment regarding to slum clearance?

How much they will get for one family?

To what intent you want to revoke their house?

6. Do you have any plan to formalized illegal housing community?

Prompt: If yes: Are there any requirements to make formalized community?

7. Have you got any collaboration with NGO to help the growth of illegal housing?

8. Is there any annual project and funding of KIP program that for the slum dwellers?

Prompt: If no: Are there any possibilities to make KIP program happened? (continue to no.9) If yes: What aspect those KIP projects aim annually?

9. Is there any plan to reactivate KIP program?

Prompt: If Yes: How will you generate money for KIP program?

If no: Why you do not have any plans to reactivate the program?

Slum dwellers interviews result 1. In your opinion, what is the definition of decent housing?

It’s a place where I can stay, covered by weather, gather with family, kids and where I can sleep 2. When you first rent or bought this land, did you do it legally or informally?

I do not know. As far as I know, this land belongs to my family long time ago.

Prompts: If legal: Do you have any documents to strengthen your position?

I do not know any document about this land If Illegal: Do you have any idea of consequences of not having legal documents?

I do not have any idea about what government will do to me. I will protect this my land as this land is belongs to my family 3. How much is the money you spend for this house (rent or bought) I do not spend any money to buy this house.

However, my husband use recycled material to fix the house (ex: leak damaged wall) 4. What is the reason for you to buy this house in this land with this kind of housing condition?

My husband built it from scratch together with people who lived in his community. All people helped together when building our house 5. Are you comfortable with where you live now?

Yes, I am very comfortable. As long as me and my family have place to gather and shelter Prompt: What are the difficulties that you have today?

We do not have any difficulties in this area 6. Are you happy with current infrastructure that you have in your current environment?

Yes, we got everything covered. Water and electricity Prompt: Did you have clean water from your pump?

I do not know, the community worked together to find clean water. And my husband had managed to get electricity, which I do not know where he got it from.

If no: Where do you get your clean water?

7. Have you got any caution from the government regarding eviction this land?

No, I do not know anything about eviction

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Prompt: If yes: What did you do when you got the caution?

I will do my best to protect my home as this is my family’s land. Might be we gather as a community then we will do demonstration to the government to protect our land 8. Do you know anything about formalized community?

I do not know. As long as I can live here with my family I do not care anything about it Prompt: If yes: Do you have any concern to make your community formalized by the government?

I do not care anything about formalized community

What efforts that you and your community to make this happened?

Is there any help from other people regarding to make formalized community success?

Nothing, we lived together with other people in this kampung and we helped each other 9. Have you got any subsidies, or help from government to revitalize your community?

We did not get any. We protect ourselves and we managed to live her ourselves Prompt: If yes: What help that they gave to your community?

If no: Have you tried to ask for help to them?

I do not think it that way, because we do not know who will help us. However, I think that is a good idea I will propose the idea to my husband let him find some help for us.

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APPENDIX 3 Location of the Site

Figure 2. Location Of The Site Source: Google Earth and Edited by The Author

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APPENDIX 4 Photos from the site

Figure 3. Kampung Kebon Kacang Condition Source: Author Photographs

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Figure 4. Housing Condition in Kampung Kebon Kacang Source: Author Photographs

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APPENDIX 5 Government Assessment of the Site

Non Economy Vitality Criteria <25% Compatibility Spatial 25%-50% Compatibility Compatibility >50% Compatibility Very High Increasing illegal High building Low >100 unit/acre Building 80-100 unit/acre Density <80 unit/acre >50% Physical Temporary Building 25-50% Building Conditions <25% >70% Building 50-70% Coverage <50% <1.5 meter Building 1.5-3.0 meter Distance >3.0 meter >500 people/acre Population 400-500 people density /acre Condition of <400 people/acre Populations >2.1% Population Growth 1.7%-2.1% Rate <1.7% Maximum Value Minimum Value Table 1. Non Economy Vitality Criteria

Value

Max

Min

Value Assessment

50

20

30

50

20

N/A

50

20

30

50

20

30

50

20

30

50

20

50

50

20

30

50

20

30

50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20

400 160

230

Source : Panduan Identifikasi Kawasan Permukiman Kumuh, Pembangunan Umum

Economy Vitality Criteria Very Strategic Less Strategic Not Strategic >10 Km Distance to the job 1 Km - 10 Km place <1 Km Office and Business Center Surrounding Government Center Function Housing Maximum Value Minimum Value Table 2. Economy Vitality Criteria Strategic Location

Value 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20

Max

Min

Value Assessment

50

20

50

50

20

30

50

20

50

150 60

Source : Panduan Identifikasi Kawasan Permukiman Kumuh, Pembangunan Umum

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130

Land Status Criteria No Certification Building Use Rights Certificate Ownership Certificate State Land Land Ownership Indigenous Land Certificate Dispute Land Maximum Value Minimum Value Table 3 Land Status Criteria Land Certificate Domination

Value 50 30 20 50 30 20

Max

Min

Value Assessment

50

20

N/A

50

20

N/A

100 40

N/A

Source : Panduan Identifikasi Kawasan Permukiman Kumuh, Pembangunan Umum

Infrastructure Criteria Very Bad >70% Bad 50% - 70% Good < 70% Pool >50% Drainage Pool 25%-75% Condition Pool <25% <30% Service Clean Water 30%-60% Service Condition >60% Service <30% Service Waste Water 30%-60% Service Condition >60% Service <30% Service Waste 30%-60% Service Condition >60% Service Maximum Value Minimum Value Table 4 Infrastructure Criteria Road Condition

Value 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20

Max

Min

Value Assessment

50

20

30

50

20

30

50

20

N/A

50

20

50

50

20

50

250 100

Source : Panduan Identifikasi Kawasan Permukiman Kumuh, Pembangunan Umum

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160

Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Commitment Criteria Yes In Progress No Desire Indication Yes Institutional In Progress No Yes Master Plan In Progress Forms No Yes Control Physical In Progress Attempting Fixing No Yes Area In Progress Handling No Maximum Value Minimum Value Table 5 Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Commitment Criteria Financing

Value 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20 50 30 20

Max

Min

Value Assessment

50

20

N/A

50

20

N/A

50

20

N/A

50

20

N/A

50

20

N/A

250 100

N/A

Source : Panduan Identifikasi Kawasan Permukiman Kumuh, Pembangunan Umum

Priority Handling Criteria < 30 Min 30 Min - 60 Min > 60 Min < 30 Min Distance to Satellite 30 Min - 60 Min City > 60 Min < 30 Min Distance to City 30 Min - 60 Min Borderline > 60 Min < 30 Min Distance to 30 Min - 60 Min Capital > 60 Min Maximum Value Minimum Value Table 6 Priority Handling Criteria Distance to City Center

Value 50 x 3 30 x 3 20 x 3 50 x 3 30 x 3 20 x 3 50 x 2 30 x 2 20 x 2 50 x 2 30 x 2 20 x 2

Max

Min

Value Assessment

150

60

150

150

60

60

100

40

40

100

40

100

500 200

Source : Panduan Identifikasi Kawasan Permukiman Kumuh, Pembangunan Umum

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350