politica deporte by felipe castillo

BOGOTÁ ACTIVA

Public Policy on Sport Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

SECRETARĺA DE CULTURA RECREACIÓN Y DEPORTE

Mayor of Bogotรก Gustavo Petro Urrego Department for Culture, Recreation and Sports (SCRD) Clarisa Ruiz Correal Culture, Recreation and Sports Sector Committee SCRD Recreational and Sports Culture Division

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA” Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogotá 2009-2019

Document approved by the Sector Committee on Culture, Recreation and Sport on October 29, 2009

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA” Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogotá 2009-2019

SECRETARĺA DE CULTURA RECREACIÓN Y DEPORTE SECRETARĺA DE CULTURA RECREACIÓN Y DEPORTE

© Office of the Mayor of Bogota © Department of Culture, Recreation and Sport Recreation and Sports Culture Division Marzo, 2012 Editorial Coordinator María Bárbara Gómez R. Electronic design and assembly Ángel David Reyes Durán

Translated by: Crear Traducciones ISBN: 978-958-8321-46-2 DO NOT COPY, QUOTE, OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION FROM THE CITY DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE, RECREATION AND SPORT

The purpose of “Bogotá más Activa”: Public Policy on Sport,Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogotá 2009-2019 is to identify, prioritize and forecast the major public policy challenges Bogota will be committed to managing over the next ten years, in collaboration with both public and private, city and district organizations. This policy is the result of a broad-based collaborative consensus-building effort performed between October and December of 2008, involving over 5,100 participants from the communities, social leaders and sector experts from the city’s twenty districts, and between January and August of 2009, with support from experts and professionals in various fields. For additional information on this process, please visit www.bogotamasactiva.gov.co.

Contents

INTRODUCTION

I. CONTEXT OF PUBLIC POLICY

A. Concept and Scope of Public Policy 1. Public policies 2. Methodology for the formulation of the public policy 3. Participation in the formulation of this public policy B. Conception and contributions of sport, recreation, physical activity and physical education 1. Sport and recreation as rights 2. Concepts of sport, recreation, physical activity and physical education 3. Benefits of sport, recreation, physical activity and physical education C. General characteristics of Bogota D.C. 1. Basic information on the city 2. Bogotá and the culture, recreation and sport sector 3. Active Bogota in numbers 4. Regulatory framework of the sector D. Preferences of the residents of Bogota regarding sport, recreation and physical activity 1. Biennial Survey of Cultures 2007 2. Mapping the specific needs of the districts in Bogota 3. Parks and sport, recreational and physical activity facilities 4. The environment in Bogota

13 13 16 19 22 23 28 31 35 35 40 44 47 48 48 50 53 60

II. PUBLIC POLICY ON SPORTS, RECREATION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR BOGOTA 2009-2019

A. Social vision of “Bogotá más Activa”

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

B. Principles C. Public policy decisions of “Bogotá más Activa” 1. First policy objective (OP1): Increase participation 1.1. Strengthen community participation 1.2. Increase practice of sports, recreation and physical activity 1.3. Broaden program and event offerings 1.4. Maintain and improve results 2. Second policy objective (OP2): Strengthen institutions 2.1. Management 2.2. Cooperation and alliances 2.3. Incentives and stimulies 2.4. Financing 3. Third policy objective (OP3): Increase training 3.1. Education for an active life 3.2. Comprehensive training 3.3. Lessons learned and good practices 4. Fourth policy objective (OP4): Optimize information and communication 4.1. Communication and disclosure 4.2. Information and evaluation 4.3. Research 5. Fifth policy objective (OP5): Improve parks, facilities and environments 5.1. City System of Parks, Facilities and Environments for Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity 5.2. Habitat culture 5.3. Environmental co-responsibility 5.4. Urban-rural-regional integration D. Roles and responsibilities

63 64 67 68 70 72 74 75 76 79 81 82 84 85 86 86 87 88 88 90 90 91 93 95 96 98

Content

Introduction

“Bogotá más Activa”: Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity 20092019. represents a new vision for the sector and expresses the need to identify and coordinate the various sports, recreation and fitness activities and the different parks and sports facilities in Bogota in the formulation of an inter-sector public policy, using a rights-based and inclusive approach. We boldly undertook the task of building the policy through a methodology that facilitated broad-based, open and pluralistic participation from the community grouped by districts, by creating an atmosphere of trust and transparency. Based on the principle of mutual respect, all contributions received equal treatment in terms of being heard by participants and being considered for prioritization by the facilitators. Each person’s turn for speaking and listening was respected thanks to an agreement made previously by all participants, in the framework of the “You are holding the ball” campaign, designed to educate participants in achieving active and respectful participation. In general, we conducted workshops and consensus-building meetings in each district. First, we conducted forty workshops (two per district) with over 5,000 participants, whose contributions were fully and transparently published in the website www.bogotamasactiva.gov.co. This helped us identify the key actors and leaders in the field, with whom we held ten consensus-building workshops with the purpose of identifying a unified vision. Thus, as government, we took on the task of articulating this policy and building the trust required to receive input from the key actors in order to develop a concerted policy, focused on common goals, that promotes the development of a more effective and inclusive sport, recreation and physical activity system. This policy is aimed at generating change in both public and private organizations in order to guarantee everyone’s right to sport, recreation and physical activity. This policy promotes a consensus-based agreement between the city government and public and private organizations with the aim of establishing the best guidelines and procedures to achieve goals focused on improving participation, excellence, capacity and interaction with other sectors, with a vision of building a culture of coexistence, through a “Bogotá más Activa”.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

The “Bogotá más Activa” policy uses a broad definition of sport understood as a right. The policy acknowledges that ‘sport for all’ and ‘high-performance sports’ are two aspects that complement each other, in that both aspects are essential and non-exclusive and that they both contribute to the policy’s success. Recreation is understood as an essential right for human and social development, and it is central to all communities and cultures worldwide. Physical activity is defined as a regular and systematic practice that provides benefits to people’s physical, emotional and mental conditions. This policy considers the need to articulate sport, recreation and physical activity with physical education, parks and sports facilities, and also with private and public sectors such as healthcare, education, environment, mobility, government, housing, planning and public finance, to ensure that the policies operate across the different sectors to the benefit of the city’s development. Likewise, “Bogotá más Activa” recognizes the key role of the various organizations involved in the sector (clubs, leagues, associations, compensation funds, non- government organizations (NGOs) and other stakeholders) and the voluntary and professional efforts of many individuals. It acknowledges the need to establish cooperation protocols in order to provide permanent and effective support so as to contribute to the development of this public policy. The city government introduces “Bogotá más Activa”: Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019 to the community. Its efforts are focused on improving environmental and institutional conditions to enable increased levels of sport, recreation and physical activity among the residents of Bogota in the coming ten years and, in turn, to contribute to the development of Bogota and to the improvement of the quality of life of its residents. The components of this public policy revolve around five major objectives: 3. 4. 5. 1. 2.

Increasing participation Strengthening institutions. Increasing training. Optimizing information and communication. Improving parks, facilities and environs.

Introduction

I. Context of public policy

BOGOTÁ ACTIVA

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

A. Concept

and Scope of Public Policy

1. Public policies

Defining and articulating all the different points of view about public policy is quite a challenge. However, in general terms, public policies are tools that are built in a participatory manner, of course mediated by the government, with the objective of identifying, describing, prioritizing and guiding management efforts in connection with various inter-related sectors, in order to accomplish the policy objectives and to produce change that is beneficial to all. Among the variety of conceptions of public policy, and noting that none is better than the other, one can say that: [...] in simple terms, the formulation of public policy may be understood as a linear process in which certain inputs (resources) are processed to produce certain outputs (results). This is consistent with the simplest conception of public policy, according to which it is designed to meet collective needs based on the availability of limited resources with the aim of generating results that meet those needs.1

For the effects of this document, the Department of Culture, Recreation and Sports (SCRD) has defined the concept of public policy as:

Oscar Pardo, Natalia Franco, Margarita Canal, Carolina Naranjo and Iván Darío Lobo, “Recomendaciones para la política 2009-2019. Formulación participativa de política pública en deporte, recreación, actividad física y escenarios para Bogotá”, Final report on the agreement signed by the Department of Culture, Recreation and Sport and the Andes University School of Management, March, 2009, p.10.

Contexto de la política pública

[…] a concerted and peaceful effort by a society to build, develop, implement and receive feedback on common goal-through various social organizations, with the objective of improving the quality of life and coexistence of that society.2

From this perspective, public policies are the best means for all stakeholders in Bogota (public and private actors and the community in general) to take on the shared responsibility of defining and managing the main policy lines and objectives, as well as deciding how to achieve them, based on the premise that this can only be achieved in collaboration with all those involved. In general, developing public policy is an acid test for any public administrator. Identifying, prioritizing, deciding and guiding the main policies of sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities that a city like Bogota, home to over seven million residents, requires, is a major theoretical and practical challenge for the public administration, in this case for the SCRD3 which was assigned the great responsibility of leading the sector to coordinate the public policy4 on culture, recreation and sport in Bogota. The public policy formulation process conceived by SCRD is summarized Figure 1, which shows the steps performed to this end. It started out by promo ting community participation and ended with the development of the plans to implement the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”, at the operational level, among other intermediate steps. The main contribution of SCRD in the concerted formulation of this public policy was to ensure that the community, leaders and experts had the opportunity to participate, which involved a considerable amount of coordination, summoning, mediation and facilitation, with the aim of identifying, prioriti

Ibíd.

Resolution 257 November 2006, issued by the Council of Bogota, “by means of which basic rules are issued regarding the structure, organization and operation of the agencies and entities of Bogota, Capital District, and other provisions are promulgated”, represented a major breakthrough for the development of Bogota, by reorganizing the structure of the Capital District and creating eleven departments, including the SCRD. 4

“Mission of the public management sector. The public management sector has the task of coordinating management of agencies and city entities, of promoting high-quality institutional development in the Capital and of strengthening citizen services and the role of the city’s administration.” Resolution 257 of 2006, Chapter 1, Article 46.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

zing, describing and making suitable decisions to achieve a more active city with more active people.

Figure 1

Inputs for the formulation of the Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

Visions and trends (domestic experts and global vision)

Issues, desires and opportunities (Bogota communities and districts)

Plans, research and regulations (Bogota, Colombia and the world)

Identification, comparison and prioritization (Policymakers)

“Bogotá más Activa” Public Policy on sport, recreation and physical activity for Bogota 2009-2019

• City government Plans (2) and local plans for sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments (20) • Coordination with other sector, district, city, national and international plans

In other words, once the objectives of this public policy are defined, citizens, leaders and organizations can hold the governments and other actors accountable for their results and decide how best to contribute to making this public policy a reality with substantial positive impact on Bogota. This means that this public policy is meant for all stake-holders (public, private, and the community of Bogota) to take on shared responsibility (co-responsibility) in prioritizing, managing, deploying, analyzing and modi fying the strategies defined in the policy. In this sense, this policy, conceived as a consensus around common objectives, is aimed at building a framework that structures institutional efforts and political and social conditions in order to address the problems and opportunities jointly with society, with the objective of improving the quality of life and coexistence of the residents of Bogota.

Context of policy public

The formulation, implementation and management of public policies should be approached based on the idea that social and institutional mobilization and social consensus-building is required in order to advance in the development of democratic public policy, combined with active and effective coordination of all participants in the sector. Nothing is more fruitless for the community and organizations than to wait passively to see what the district government does, or to simply complain and object.

2. Methodology for the formulation of the public policy

The construction process of this public policy was implemented in three stages:

Consensus-building meetings were held with the communities from the twenty districts of Bogota through two workshops per district. To this end, an agreement was signed with a university. A preliminary version of the public policy document was drafted and socialized, through publication in the website www.bogotamasactiva. gov.co. Feedback sessions were held to adjust and approve the public policy document.

The second and third stages received support and feedback from sector stakeholders (City Departments, experts, City Recreation and Sport Institute [IDRD] and the districts) and the analysis performed by the SCRD team, which was responsible of the process. The first stage was performed in the second half of 2008, and had three approaches: the first was to assign a great deal of importance to and enable interaction with different actors inside and outside the sector, both public and private; the second sought a more proposals-based and proactive participation of the community from the twenty districts, which complemented the technical and specialized studies, thanks to which it was possible to better identify the major public policy challenges Bogota will face over the next ten years, and the third was the objective selection of a university to ensure neutrality and transparency in order to build trust and encourage community participation.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

The expanded methodology and the results were published, and may be found on the website www.bogotamasactiva.gov.co. The model for the formulation of the Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019 that resulted from this first stage, which was performed by the Andes University, the entity selected to coordinate the first stage of the process, helped identify some key variables (inputs, goals, means and results), which constituted the fundamental basis for defining the policy. This model considers the citizen to be the central focus of public policy; therefore, the starting point is that the actors and resources are made available to serve this policy. Afterwards, four pillars or strategic objectives of the policy were identified (the visible guides and desirable horizons: education, institutions, local management and environmental sustainability), which are based on three strategic resources for implementation (citizen participation, alliances and financial sustainability). Lastly, it was decided that a desirable outcome would be to have differentiated, diversified and high quality offerings, at the service of active citizens, as illustrated in Figure 2.

Model for the formulation of “Bogotá más Activa”: Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogotá, 2009-2019

Actors

n tio

s nce lia Al

Citizen Par tic ip a

Figure 2

Education

Institutions

Active citizen

Local Management

Differentiated offerings

Environmental Sustainability

Fin ancia lity l sustainabi

Inputs

Strategic Pillars

Outputs

Source: “Recomendaciones para la política 2009-2019. Formulación participativa de política pública en deporte, recreación, actividad física, parques y escenarios para Bogotá”. Final Report of the agreement signed between the Department of Culture, Recreation and Sport and the Andes University, p. 10.

Context of policy public

The second stage in the construction of the public policy, performed in the first quarter of 2009, was the development and socialization of the first draft of the public policy on sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities for Bogota, 2009- 2019, published on the website www.bogotamasactiva.gov. co. This document took into account the results of the previous stage, and was supplemented with information from research findings on the sector, as well as suggestions made by national and international sector experts and by representatives of the district mayoralties, the IDRD, the family compensation funds, organized sports associations and several City Departments. The third phase was performed in six months (between April and October, 2009) and included two steps: the first was to hold further meetings with stakeholders in the sector and other sectors, in order to receive feedback on the preliminary version of public policy document issued in April, 2009, which had been prepared in the previous stage, in order to make adjustments and publish the document in www.bogotamasactiva.gov.co (June, 2009 version); and a second step, which included the preparation and approval of the third version of the document (final version), whose final title was defined as “Bogotá más Activa. Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019”. In general, as expressed in the report of the Andes University, […] the process of formulating public policies in a participatory, inclusive, democratic and transparent way has many variables that need to be considered and agreed on from the outset, although you must allow for a certain amount of flexibility, given that adjustments will be needed during the process in order to make it successful.

This process offered numerous advantages and lessons, including:

The acknowledgement that it is very valuable for the city to develop public policies with the active participation of the community, the experts and the various local, national and international institutions. The involvement of an external entity in the public policy formulation process generates transparency, neutrality and trust among participants, as was the case of the Andes University during the first stage. It is essential to recognize the contributions made by research, analysis and surveys that reflect the dynamics and impacts of the processes

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

in the sector, although there are few documents on this subject that provide sufficient information for decision-making purposes. It is important to attract people to the sector with a generous, integrating and strategic social vision of the city in order to facilitate the process of technical and political prioritization of the major challenges that Bogota must face in the next ten years. Although there are of course many valuable people n the sector, during the formulation of this public policy it became evident that this is a new area for many actors. The success of this public policy will necessarily depend on the commitment and implementation capacity of its operators.

3. Participation in the formulation of public policy

For the first stage of this process, in 2008 SCRD signed an agreement with the Andes University5 with the objective of identifying, with the participation of the community from the twenty districts of Bogota and various industry experts, the necessary inputs for the formulation of a public policy on sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities in Bogota for the next ten years. The conclusions of this process, presented in the final report of the University (published in www.bogotamasactiva.gov.co) display, among other things, the results of the 40 consensus-building roundtables held between October and December of 2008 in the various districts, and the 10 consensus-building roundtables conducted with sector experts. The entire process involved 5,161 participants, especially from districts such as Kennedy, Suba and Engativa, which contributed 25% of the total participants in these roundtables (1,283 participants), and the most active sector was that of clubs and associations, which accounted for 25% (1,268 participants), as shown in charts 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Association Agreement No 268 of 2008, signed by the SCRD Bogota and the Andes University.

Context of policy public

Figure 3

Number of participants by district Usaquén

241

Engativá

397

Suba

430

Barrios Unidos

348

Teusaquillo

118

Los Mártires

147

Antonio Nariño

191

Puente Aranda

276

La Candelaria

Rafael Uribe

162

Ciudad Bolívar

302

Chapinero

119

Sumapaz

162

Santa Fe

162

San Cristóbal

103

Usme

205

Tunjuelito

202

Bosa

319

Kennedy

456

Fontibon

296 0

100

200

300

400

500

Source: Final Report of the agreement between the SCRD and the Andes University, consensus-building roundtables for a public policy on sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and sites for Bogotá, 2009-2019.

It should also be noted that a large proportion of participants had a high school education (34%) and that most participants expressed a strong interest in sport (the participants had the option of selecting other areas of interest).

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Figure 4

Number of participants by organization Cooperative

Productive sector

Family Welfare funds

Social clubs

Private companies

Leagues

Local town hall

National public entity

Independent sector

188

Foundation or nonprofit entity

351

Local community

357

Community action board

474

Educational institution

880 942

City public entity

1.268

Association club

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

Figure 5

Number of participants by educational level Postgraduate 379

Professional 1.523

Elementary 1.072

High School 1.779

Context of policy public

Figure 6

Number of participants by area of interest

Parks 1.394

Sport 2.963

Recreation 2.021 Physical activity 2.241 Source: Final Report of the agreement between the SCRD and the Andes University, consensus-building roundtables for a public policy on sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and sites for Bogota, 2009-2019.

Given the importance of the findings of the consensus-building roundtables, held between October and December 2008, which were the basis for the development of this document, a later section on “Preferences of the residents of Bogota regarding sport, recreation and physical activity” provides a summary of that report, which shows the mapping of most relevant specific needs of each of the twenty districts of Bogota, and the key elements related to parks and sports facilities, recreation and physical activity (Master Plan for Sports and Recreation Infrastructure for Bogota).6

Conception and contributions of sport, recreation, physical activity and physical education

As leader of the sector, the SCRD has established twelve areas7 that cover the functional areas of this policy on physical activity, sport and recreation. The conceptual framework of reference of this policy also includes physical education, which is considered to be part of the education sector because of its educational nature. It is considered a functional area of the document because of the important role it plays and its interaction with the three areas mentioned above.

Decree 308 of August 15, 2006.

Specific working areas of the SCRD: physical activity, drama, astronomy, audiovisual arts, dance, sport, literature, music, parks, heritage, plastic and visual arts and recreation.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

The intention of this document is not to limit individual actions in these four areas, but it does seek to identify common public policy objectives, in order to develop strategies that will enable us to develop relevant projects and programs, focused on having more active people in a more active, supportive and peaceful city. Often, the relationships and interactions between sport, recreation physical activity and physical education have thin borders, and there are substantial differences in terms of the self-development of each, but they are inter-related and they generate synergies that complement their processes, emphasizing that no one is more relevant than the other, but that they do overlap and interact with each other (see Figure 7).

Figure 7

Interrelationships of the areas of sports, recreation, physical activity and physical education

Green areas

Recreation

Sport

Bogotá más Activa

Physical activity

Physical education

d public-private en e an titi vat es Pri Facilities and implements

and commu nity works Net

rtments and l depa inst eve itu al-l r tio t n ns e Parks and facilities C

Public areas District mayors Source: Developed by the SCRD.

1. Sport and recreation as rights

Article 52 of the Constitution of Colombia recognizes “the right of all people to recreation, the practice of sport and the use of leisure time,” as does Article 4

Context of policy public

of Law 181/1995. The Constitution also stipulates that sport (in its recreational, competitive and indigenous manifestations) and recreation “are part of education and are public social expenditures.” The International Charter on Physical Education and Sport proclaimed in 1978 by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), states that “the practice of physical education and sport is a fundamental right for everybody.” According to this international charter, the right to develop physical, intellectual and moral skills through sports, recreation and physical activity —essential for the full development of personality— must be ensured, both within the educational system and in other aspects of social life. Special opportunities must be provided to young people, including children of preschool age, of-age persons and those with disabilities, in order to enable the comprehensive development of their personality, through programs of physical education, sport, recreation and physical activity tailored to their needs. Competitive sport, even when it has spectacular features, must always be in accordance with the olympic ideal to serve the purpose of educational sport, of which it represents the crowning epitome. It must in no way be influenced by profit-seeking commercial interests. The Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace created in 2003 by the United Nations (UN), argues that when sport is used as a tool for development and peace, sports programs should be implemented based on equi ty and therefore, under the principle of “sport for all”, ensuring that all groups have the opportunity to participate, especially those who benefit most, such as women, persons with disabilities and youths. The task force also mentioned that sports programs should be designed specifically to highlight the essential skills and values to be learned through sport. The social and cultural significance of sport, recreation and physical activity is undeniable. In this regard, the report of that UN task force says: Sport, from games and physical activity to competitive organized sports, has an important role in all societies. Sport is critical to child development. It teaches core values such as cooperation and respect; it improves health and reduces the risk of developing diseases; it is an important economic force that creates jobs and contributes to local development, and it creates bonds between individuals and communities, by overcoming cultural and ethnic barriers.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Fulfilling the mission of public administration in terms of ensuring the conditions for the effective, progressive and sustainable development of these rights, and the consistent application of the ideals of fairness, implies making the following commitments come true, as an essential component of the public policy on sport, recreation and physical activity: • • • • • • • • •

Sport, recreation and physical activity are essential and permanent factors of the global educational system. Sport, recreation and physical activity programs must meet individual and social needs. Sport, recreation and physical activity should be taught and managed by qualified personnel. Adequate facilities and equipment must be available for practicing sports, recreation and physical activity. Research and evaluation are essential elements for the development of sport, recreation and physical activity. Information and documentation help to promote sport, recreation and physical activity. The mass media should have a positive influence on sport, recreation and physical activity. Government institutions play a major role in sport, recreation and physical activity. International cooperation is one of the preconditions for the universal and balanced development of sport, recreation and physical activity.

In order to understand the rights issue, a historical perspective is essential, so it is useful to remember —for example— the ideal of ancient Athens, where physical exercise had the same importance as intellectual training. While in other Greek cities such as Sparta and in other European regions it was perceived more as a preparation for war, Athens sought to create an ideal of perfection and beauty, both physical and spiritual. However, women and slaves were excluded from the rights, as it was a democracy limited to free men. Similarly, it is relevant to mention that the English word sport is related to the old French word desport, which means pastime, “but not for all, but as prac-

Context of policy public

ticed by European nobility.”8 In Europe during the nineteenth century, the practice of physical exercise (and so-called sport) experienced a major transformation, and rules began to be established, the effects may be found in several aspects: For example, limits were placed on manifestations of physical violence (punches were subject to discipline, learning was regulated and fighting techniques were taught); exercise as a mechanism for dividing time (between work and leisure); a new emphasis on results, i.e., the effect exercise has on the external appearance of the body (exercise, combined with diet, as a shaper of form); an interest in measuring (it had to be possible to measure strength and evaluate the progress made), and in calculation, derived from the analysis of motion, speed and time. Although the discipline of gymnastics dominated the century because of its ability to discipline the body, and was in fact introduced as a subject at school, it did not involve competition or regulated confrontation. Sports in the 19th century prevailed in the end through amateurs, based on the saying “mens sana in corpore sano”. Sports acquired a new meaning, associated with moral, social and ideological objectives. The first sport associations and clubs were created in London, which was at the time the most populous city in the world. Sports were to combine honor and effort, and should promote the principle of competition by emphasizing the moral and social values of participation. The main sports practiced at the time were team sports (cricket, soccer and rugby were the most common). In sports, as in everything else, class differences were on display (it was a matter for the elites, as clearly demonstrated by the clothes that were worn), as well as gender differences: women were excluded, emphasizing the difference between the sexes given that strenuous physical activity was considered risky for females. However, some changes allowed the entry of women into the world of sports in the late nineteenth century. Sports not only embodied the renewal of body forms, but a broader renewal of culture, a more technical vision of space and a more calculated vision of time, a more democratic view (though progressive and slow) of exchanges and sociability.9

Gerardo Molina, El fin del deporte, Buenos Aires, Paidos, 2007.

Alain Corbin, Jean-Jacques Courtine and Georges Vigarello (dirs.), Historia del cuerpo (3 vol.), Madrid, Taurus, 2005.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Historically, recreation and sport have been linked to leisure time, and even though today it is recognized as a right for every human being, in the past it was almost an exclusive privilege for the idle social classes. On the issue of human rights in general, it has been argued that we must recognize that their meaning and development has been disputed in the context of conflictive social relations, and that […] the rise and glory of human rights is linked to revolutions, their principles and institutions were the creations of the French, English and American revolutions, as well as the black revolution in Haiti and revolutions that formed the republics of South America.10

This also indicates that it is essential to understand the context scope and outlook of rights in the social and political history of our country. In Colombia, the right of all to recreation has often been restricted, and still tends to be, to physical activity and sport in a more strict sense, both in public policies and programs as in the educational system, neglecting key aspects such as those related to games or intellectual recreation. This has led to what some people have called the “sportization” of recreation.11 This discussion is associated with the need to understand the nature of the rights, and to the need to create the conditions for the exercise of these rights. According to Law 181/1995, […] recreation is a process involving active and dynamic participation; it promotes an understanding of life as an experience of enjoyment, creation and freedom for the full development and realization of human potential and for self-fulfillment and improvement of the quality of individual and social life through the practice of physical or intellectual recreational activities.

Ricardo Sánchez, “La emancipación de los Derechos Humanos”, Bogota, National University of Colombia, School of Law, Political and Social Sciences, 2007. 11

Zandra Pedraza Gómez, “Culturas recreativas y deportivas: lineamientos conceptuales en perspectiva histórico-antropológica”, in Diagnósticos, Bogota, Department of Culture Recreation and Sport, Directorate of Recreational and Sports Culture, 2007.

Context of policy public

However, our cultural heritage still conceives recreation almost exclusively as physical and sports activities, or as a means for regulating or controlling free time by making “good use” of it. Today, it is essential that public policies adopt more comprehensive proposals on recreation, with a liberating nature, that include recreation and leisure as their foundation, in order to increase their field of action beyond physical activities. But we must also consider that recreation, while being an acknowledged right and necessity, is also a scarce good. Under extreme poverty or unemployment, recreation is less feasible, since [...] as currently conceived, it is the result of having reached a comfort level that might support the possibility of orienting interests towards something other than the most immediate and often boring, repetitive and arduous work tasks, in which the recreational spirit is usually quite absent.12

When designing policies, one must understand that recreation is a constitutive element of culture that, in addition to a set of leisure activities, incorporates emotional states related to creativity, skills and, in particular, a vocation for playfulness as a fundamental human condition. Unlike ancient Athens, or ancient times on other continents or in our own country, today we have adopted those ideals of physical training and on intellectual development, recreation and sport, as factors of integral human development, but, as all rights of the Universal Declaration of 1948, “without distinction of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other affiliation, national or social origin, economic status, birth or other status.”

2. Concepts of sport, recreation, physical activity and physical

education As indicated in the preceding section, sport is a right. As stated in Article 15 of Law 181/1995,

Ibíd.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

[...] sport in general is the specific human behavior characterized by a playful attitude and a competitive eagerness to measure or challenge, expressed through physical or mental exercise, within pre-established disciplines and rules aimed at creating moral, civil and social values.

Recreation is also a right, and can generally be described as a freely practiced or directed activity, the practice of which creates pleasure. It is a proper way to use free time and an essential component of the growth process of individuals. It is an essential part of the development of human potential for self-fulfillment and to improve the quality of individual and social life through the practice of physical or intellectual leisure activities. It is a social practice regarded as a fundamental right, which stimulates the development of identity and of the individual, cultural and social processes of people and communities, but not limited to activities that involve physical activity. Recreation has in sports, as practice or as a spectacle, one of its most valued manifestations, though it is not the only one. Recreation also takes shape in many forms of intellectual recreation, and in all that is known as leisure, entertainment or hobby. Physical activity is manifest intention of movement by human beings that involves the mind, body, emotions and needs for interaction with others or with the environ they inhabit. Regular and voluntary movements that are made in daily life at work, at school or at home, among others, are part of physical activity, but physical activity also takes place in recreation, games, exercise and sports. Research from the World Health Organization (WHO), and other related studies, understand physical activity as “any voluntary body movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires caloric expenditure above the basal level13 yand produces better health.” On the other hand, exercise is defined as “planned, structured and repetitive body movements that are performed with or without fitness purposes.” Physical education, in a strictly educational sense: [...] is a pedagogical discipline that is based on the intervention in body movements, first to structure and then develop, in a comprehensive and harmonious way, the physical, emotional and cognitive needs of the individual,

The term basal refers to the expenditure of energy (caloric) that a person requires in a relaxed state.

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in order to improve the quality of human participation in different aspects of life, such as family, society and production.14

This discipline has been considered a key factor in the integral and harmonious development of human beings and communities, given its high ability to contribute to the development of social and psychomotor habits in people from an early age, and because it enriches the achievement of goals in the other three areas (sports, recreation and physical activity). Also within the basic concepts of this policy, the definitions of parks, sports and recreational infrastructure and public space are important, given that they are key elements in the development of “Bogotá más Activa”. Parks, according to Land Use Plan (POT),15 re the green spaces for collective use that act as regulators of environmental balance. They represent the natural heritage elements, and ensure free space for recreation, contemplation and recreation for all city residents. They are organized hierarchically and as a network, in order to ensure their presence throughout the city, and involve the main elements of the ecological structure in a functional way, to improve environmental conditions throughout the city. For its part, the Master Plan for Sports Infrastructure and Recreation for Bogota (Decree 308 of 2006) states that parks are elements built in public spaces, which play a supportive role for sports, recreation and physical activity through their green spaces and facilities for collective use. Sport and recreational infrastructure, according to the POT, are [...] areas, buildings and facilities for the practice of physical exercise, high-performance sports, exhibition and sport competitions in amateur and professional media, as well as spectacles with a recreational purpose.16

For its part, the Master Plan of Recreational and Sports Facilities for Bogota indicates that sports facilities are the areas, buildings and facilities intended for physical exercise that support sport activities at the training, amateur, profes-

Wikipedia, “Educación física”. Consulted on June 3, 2009. Available at http://en.wikipedia. org/ wiki/Physical_education. 15

Decree 190 / 2004, Article 229.

Land Use Plan (POT) for Bogota, City Decree 190 / 2004, Article 233.

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sional, high-performance, exhibition and competitive levels. For this public policy, the term facilities include sports and recreational facilities, such as physical places for the practice of sport, recreation and physical activity. Public space is understood as all public buildings, and natural and architectural elements of private buildings, which are by nature, use or affectation aimed at satisfying urban collective needs, which therefore go beyond the individual interests of the residents. Thus, it consists of: [...] The areas required for movement of both pedestrians and cars [...] water sources, parks, squares, greenery areas and the like, [...] and the natural elements of the city environment, those required for the preservation and conservation of seashores and riverbeds, low tide areas, as well as all their associated vegetation, sand and corals, and in general, all existing or properly planned areas in which the collective interest is evident and convenient and which, therefore, represent areas for the collective use or enjoyment.17

Likewise, a distinction is made between constructed and natural public spaces.

3. Benefits of sport, recreation, physical activity and physical

education Sports, recreation, physical activity and physical education have been globally recognized as excellent alternatives to promote inclusion and equality and to improve the welfare, health, education and quality of life of the people because of their significant contributions, which are evident in the personal, social, economic, tourism, environmental and cultural development generated in people and societies. In a broad sense, sports include â&#x20AC;&#x153;all forms of physical activity that contribute to physical fitness, mental wellbeing and social interaction, such as games, recreation, organized or competitive sports and the native games of each countryâ&#x20AC;?.18

Law of Urban Reform, Law 9 / 1989, Article 5.

United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace, Deporte para el desarrollo y la paz: hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, Madrid, United Nations, 2003.

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This definition of sport is the one used by the Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace, comprised by over fifty countries, nine agencies, United Nations programs and funds, as well as intergovernmental institutions, civil organizations and sports federations, which decided to define sport in a broad sense, identifying its role in human development and peace.19 In the framework of international human rights, sports have very special attributes. They represent an important and often under-used source of possibilities to promote and accelerate efforts for development and peace throughout the world, especially those linked to the achievement of the Millennium Develop ment Goals. The goals related to the possible contributions of sport in these areas20 are set out in Table 1.

Table 1

Contribution of sport (in its broadest sense) in achieving the Millennium Development Goals

Millennium Development Objectives

Contribution of sport

• Participants, volunteers and instructors develop skills for everyday life that can be

transferred, to the workplace and that increase their employability. • Vulnerable people connect with services and community support systems, through

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

programs based on sports participation. • Sports programs and the production of sports equipment create jobs and allow the

development of skills. • Sports can help prevent diseases that keep people from working and generate

healthcare costs to the individual and the community. • Sports can help reduce stigmatization and increase self-esteem, self-confidence and

social skills, enhancing capacities for employment. • School sports programs encourage children to enroll and attend school, and can help

Achieve universal elementary education

them improve academic performance. • Community education programs based on sports provide alternative educational

opportunities for children who cannot attend school. • Sports can help reduce the stigma that prevents children with disabilities from attending

school.

In this case, human development is understood as the process through which people’s options and opportunities are increased for all members of society in a manner that promotes peace, to which end sports can be an ideal forum to resume dialogue and overcome social divisions by highlighting the similarities between people and breaking down prejudices. 20

Right to Play, Leveraging the Power of Sport for Development and Peace: Recommendations to Governments, Toronto, Right to Play, May 2008.

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Millennium Development Objectives

Contribution of sport

• Sport helps improve the physical and mental health of women, and offers opportunities

for social interaction and building of friendships. • Participation in sports improves self-esteem, self-confidence and sense of control over

one’s body.

Promote gender equality and empwerment for women

• Girls and women have access to leadership opportunities, and can gain experience in

this area. • Sports can positively change the rules governing the rights of each gender, to give girls

and women more security and control over their lives. Sports can positively change the rules governing the rights of each gender, to give girls and women more security and control over their lives. • Women and girls with disabilities are empowered, due to the opportunities that sports offer to obtain information on health, skills, social networking and gaining experience in leadership situations. • Sports can be used to educate and transmit health information to young mothers,

helping their children grow healthier. • Better physical conditions improve the child’s resistance to some diseases.

Reduce child mortality

• Sports can reduce the rate of pregnancies among high-risk teenage mothers. • Vaccination and prevention campaigns in sport can help reduce the rate of infant

mortality and disability caused by measles, malaria and polio. • Inclusive sports programs help reduce the possibility of cases of infanticide, to promote

greater acceptance of children with disabilities.

Improving maternal health

• Sports programs for health provide girls and women greater access to information and

services related to reproductive health. • A better physical condition helps speed up the postnatal recovery process. • Sports programs can be used to reduce stigma and increase social and economic

integration for people with HIV and AIDS. • Sports programs help reduce risky behaviors that contribute to HIV infection.

Combat HIV / AIDS, malaria and other diseases

• Programs that provide HIV prevention education can reduce further infection rates for

this disease. • Sports can be used to increase the vaccination rates against mumps, polio and other

diseases. • The participation of famous athletes and broadcasting of sporting events to mass

audiences can increase the reach and impact of educational campaigns to prevent malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases.

Ensure environmental sustainability Promote a global development alliance

• Educational campaigns focusing on sports can increase the level of awareness of the

importance of protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. • The social mobilization efforts based on sports can improve participation in community

actions to improve the local environment. • Efforts of Sport for Development and Peace act as a catalyst for global partnerships, and

to increase interaction between governments, donors, NGO’s and sports organizations worldwide.

Source: Right to play, Leveraging the Power of Sport for Development and Peace: Recommendations to Governments, Toronto, Right to Play, May 2008.

Context of policy public

In general, sports, recreation, physical activity and physical education are associated with cultural, personal and social factors that contribute significantly to the following areas: In the personal area, because of its great capacity to convene and influence the general population, especially children and young people, in that it strengthens self-knowledge, self-esteem and self-confidence, persistence and adaptability, creativity and leadership, and team and group work, setting and exceeding goals, prevention and recovery from some diseases; it encourages avoidance of alcohol, tobacco and drugs, promotes the development of health (preventive and curative), education and creation of healthy habits. All of these behaviors and skills can be transferred to other aspects of human life. In terms of social development, as an element of cohesion and unity of the community and organizations around purposes, actions and common joys, overcoming differences of race, age, gender, religious beliefs, economic status, political party, ideological beliefs, personal interests, place of origin and language, physical, mental, ethnic or cultural barriers. Sports, recreation, physical activity and physical education strengthen integration, inclusion, equality, solidarity, rehabilitation, healing, healthy competition, friendship, volunteer and association skills, as well as assimilation of victory and defeat by participants. In terms of the economy, sports, recreation and physical activity stimulate investment, employment, business relationships, the creation of new businesses, public-private synergies, and sponsorship of facilities, programs, events or communities by national and foreign private companies. In terms of the environment, it is said that adequate and frequent practice of sports, recreation and physical activity has a close relationship with the environment. Without an adequate environmental and sustainable development, it is not possible to ensure substantial development of sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, public space and environments, and vice versa.

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In terms of tourism, the organization of major sport, recreation and physical activity events promotes urban and rural areas as an attractive destination for many visitors from within the country and from abroad. In terms of politics, the State benefits from the effective and timely performance of major works and sports, recreation and physical activity events, given that they are in themselves capable of involving millions of people, easily convening the media, becoming a major mechanism to promote respect for rules, democracy and institutions, and generating identity, unity and pride in city and country. This is why events such as the Olympic Games, Central American and Caribbean, Bolivarian, Pan-American games, the National Games, the world championships in different sports, the ‘Ciclovia’ (bicycle routes) or the ‘Challenge Day’, the Summer Festival, the Bogota Half Marathon, the construction of major parks and facilities, among others, in addition to generating substantial personal, social, economic and sector benefits, create important positioning for decision makers in different governments.

C. General

characteristics of Bogota D.C.

1. Basic information on the city

Bogota, the Capital District of the Republic of Colombia, located in the center of the country, 2,600 meters above sea level, with an average temperature of 14 °C, has over seven million residents and covers an area of 177,568 hectares (129,815 in rural areas, 30,736 in urban areas, and 17,045 in suburban areas). The city consists of twenty administrative units, called districts, and has more than a thousand neighborhoods with an asymmetric urban morphology (see Figure 8).

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Figure 8

Administrative division of Bogota Bogotá D.C. Capital district

10 9 7

South América

12 2 13 16 14 17 3 15 6 18 4 19

Colombia

1: Usaquén 2: Chapinero 3: Santa Fe 4: San Cristóbal 5: Usme 6: Tunjuelito 7: Bosa 8: Kennedy 9: Fontibón 10: Engativá 11: Suba 12: Barrios Unidos 13: Teusaquillo 14: Los Mártires 15: Antonio Nariño 16: Puente Aranda 17: La Candelaria 18: Rafael Uribe 19: Ciudad Bolívar 20: Sumapaz

Source: Created by the SCRD, based on information from the website www.bogota.gov.co.

Bogota is the seat of national government, including the offices of the President of the Republic, as well as the City Mayor and the City Council, elected by popular vote and in charge of city government. The Mayor is responsible for managing the city, and the Council is responsible for lawmaking and oversight. The 2008 Human Development Report on Bogota, prepared by the United Nations Program for Development (UNPD),21 stresses that, compared with the rest of the country, Bogota offers better living conditions and has achieved significant urban developments, which make it “a model to be replicated.” In this respect, it indicates that the human development index (HDI)22 and the living conditions index (ICV)23 of Bogota are above the national average, though access to public services presents glaring inequalities or inequities.

UNDP, Informe de Desarrollo Humano 2008 para Bogotá. “Bogotá, una apuesta por Colombia” Bogota, UNDP, July 2008. 22

This index includes several components: life expectancy, education (adult literacy rate, combined schooling, educational attainment), and income (in terms of gross domestic product (GDP). The HDI provides an overview of what is happening in the city, but does not offer sufficient information on the local districts. 23

This index looks at household conditions from a broader perspective than income alone: It incorporates the quality and access to public services, education from the perspective of human capital, household size and composition, and quality of housing.

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The population of Bogota has grown at a quick pace in the last two decades. The city has become increasingly urban (as opposed to rural) and concentrated. One of its main features is its heterogeneity and cultural diversity. Bogota has become a mainly urban city, which concentrates 16% of the country’s population (on August 11, 2009, Colombia had 45,044,300 residents).24 Bogota accounts for 22% of national GDP. According the National Bureau of Statistics (DANE),25 The population of Bogota will increase by 14% in the next ten years (2009 to 2019), from 7,259,597 residents (3,496,153 men and 3,763,444 women) in 2009, to 8,281,030 people (4,014,441 men and 4,266,589 women) in 2019. According to the City Planning Department of Bogota,26 of the twenty districts in the city, Usme, Bosa and Ciudad Bolívar have the biggest youth population, as opposed to Teusaquillo, Chapinero and Barrios Unidos, whose residents are older than the city average. According to Table 2, the Suba district accounts for 14.0% (1,018,617 residents) of the total population of Bogota, followed by Kennedy 13.7% (997,693 residents) and Engativá with 11.4% (828,096 residents). These three districts account for 39.2% of the total population of Bogota, followed by Ciudad Bolívar, Bosa, Usaquén, San Cristobal, Rafael Uribe, Usme and Fontibon, which account for 42.7%. These ten districts account for 81.9% of the total population, whereas the other ten districts account for 18.01% of the total population, evidencing an unequal distribution of population among the districts.

DANE, “Reloj de población”. available http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php.Retrieved on 11 August 2009, at 12:15 pm. 25

DANE, “Series de población 1985-2020. Colombia. Estimaciones 1985-2005 y proyecciones 2006-2020 anualizadas por sexo y edad”. Available in http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php?option=com_ content & task = category & sectionid = 16 & id = 496 & Itemid = 996. Retrieved in August 2009. 26

Boletín informativo de población de Bogotá y sus localidades, Bogota, Statistical Information Bogota, City Planning Department, February-May 2009. .

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Table 2

Bogota population by socioeconomic level, by city district (2009)

District Zone

Strata No level

Low-low

low

Middle-low

Middle

Middle-high

high

Total

Usaquén

6.994

21.402

52.467

139.938

113.169

57.699

72.987

464.656

Chapinero

1.434

7.387

20.276

7.552

38.686

10.648

45.045

131.028

Santa Fe

6.037

8.193

70.449

19.264

4.088

833

1.018

109.882

San Cristóbal

4.575

26.248

322.489

56.900

410.260

Usme

5.306

156.961

187.044

349.346

Tunjuelito

1.569

133.629

66.883

202.119

Bosa

2.952

57.836

480.907

12.694

554.389

Kennedy

19.250

17.416

555.342

398.978

6.707

997.693

Fontibón

5.282

65.892

168.508

90.483

330.165

Engativá

8.827

7.469

211.778

580.292

19.730

828.096

Suba

9.846

3437

460.935

342.467

101.293

91.159

9.480

1.018.617

Barrios Unidos

4.258

150.091

69.411

7.675

231.435

Teusaquillo

949

20.367

116.657

5.918

143.891

Los Mártires

444

9.006

84.163

3.670

97.283

Antonio Nariño

3.007

7.750

97.178

107.935

Puente Aranda

12.675

245.602

258.368

La Candelaria

2.629

143

13.226

8.097

24.095

Rafael Uribe

6.927

38.841

182.072

149.864

377.704

Ciudad Bolívar

7.753

360.084

232.319

16.293

616.456

3.285

1.765

628

229

119

153

6.179

110.714

708.740

3.007.437

2.565.779

564.132

174.065

128.730

7.259.597

Sumapaz Total

- No movement. Source: National Bureau of Statistics (DANE), City Planning Department (SDP) and Directorate of Information, Mapping and Statistics (DICE), “Proyecciones de población de Bogotá por localidades 2005-2015”. Decree 176/2007 (urban areas) and 304 (rural areas). Note: Differences in aggregation within Table 3 are due to the adoption of the criteria used by “Estimated population forecasts by DANE”, in which certain blocks that belong to a UPZ of one zone, are located geographically in another. The districts affected by this situation are Usaquén, Chapinero, Santa Fe, San Cristobal Usme, Tunjuelito, Bosa, Kennedy, Engativá, Suba, Antonio Nariño, Puente Aranda, La Candelaria, Rafael Uribe and Ciudad Bolivar. In Table 2 the geographic aggregation was made taking into account Decree 176 of May 3 2007, “by means of which the fourth update of urban stratification of Bogota DC, for the buildings residential city is adopted.”

As shown in Table 2, 76.8% of the population belongs to two socioeconomic levels: 3,007,437 residents (41.4%) belong to the lower level, and

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

2,565,779 residents (35.8%) to the middle-low level. The areas with greatest diversity in terms of socioeconomic levels are Usaquén, Chapinero, Santa Fe, Suba and Sumapaz, and the least diverse are Antonio Nariño and Puente Aranda. Figure 9 shows that the structure of the population in Bogota by age and sex in 2009 is mainly concentrated in 5 to 29 year-olds for men and in 15 to 34 year-olds for women. The children and youth populations are both highly significant.

Figure 9

Population structure of Bogota (2009) Men

Women

80 and more 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 7%

Source: DANE, SDP and DICE, “Proyecciones de población de Bogotá por localidades 2005-2015”.

About 74% of the total land area of Bogota is consists of rural areas, with a population of 15,369 residents, whereas the urban area accounts for 26% of the territory and holds the greatest concentration of population, according to the 2005 Census. The rural areas, because of their physical and cultural nature, are

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in fact quite heterogeneous and are primarily classified in four areas: 1) Sumapaz, predominantly rural, 2) Tunjuelo River Basin, consisting of the rural areas of the Ciudad Bolivar and Usme districts, 3) the eastern hills, comprised of rural areas in the districts of San Cristobal, Santa Fe and Chapinero and 4) the northern zone, consisting of the rural areas of Suba and Usaquén. Lastly, it is important to note that the POT for Bogota, envisaged as an important tool for urban planning, establishes the basis for city policies on land use in the next ten years regarding the green areas, facilities, acquisition of land for development of facilities, and environmental improvement of the territory. Likewise, the territorial model established by the POT defines in Article 62 the general systems to be taken into account for the urban structure, indicating that there is an important opportunity to increase alternatives to stimulate sport, recreation and physical activity. These systems are the infrastructure system, the public space system, the road system and the transportation system, among others. The components of the latter include the development of alternative transport modes such as cycling, which are to be developed by the Capital District.

2. Bogota and the culture, recreation and sport sector

Bogota offers a wide variety of alternatives to practice of sports, recreation and physical activity through city and district programs offered in various areas, the city parks network (the largest in the country, with over 5,100 parks), and an extensive network of bicycle routes with over 300 kilometers that run along 60 main and secondary roads, which have been adapted exclusively for the transit of bicycles, making it the largest network in Latin America. Regarding the programs offered by the city, the “Ciclovía” (bicycle path), in particular, is a program in which 121 km of main city streets are temporarily made available exclusively to pedestrians and bicycles (avoiding vehicle traffic) on Sundays and holidays from seven in the morning to two in the afternoon for citizens to perform physical activity, recreation and sport, encouraging cycling, walking, jogging, and skating. This activity is supported by a network of “Recreovías” (recreational paths) and physical exercise activities for the general public, such as aerobics classes, among others. The Capital District also promotes the practice of physical activity through the celebration of the world day of physical activity “Challenge Day”, and the day

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of the bicycle, as well as numerous recreational activities for the elderly, people with disabilities, youth and school-age children and the community at large. The city has created the conditions required to host large Metropolitan events such as the cheerleader festival, the metropolitan “lunadas” (music under the moonlight), programs for school holidays, ecological walks, support for sports training and high-performance sport aimed at improving participation in and organization of city, national and international sport events, as well as maintenance and construction of parks and recreational, sport and physical activity facilities, as part of the city’s cultural and social endowment. In this regard, it is important to highlight that Bogota has hosted countless national and international sport, recreation and physical activity events, having been the headquarters or sub-site of major events such as Central American, South American and Bolivarian Games, National Championships, as well as World Championships and series of the Professional Tennis Association (PTA). The city offers national and international programs that enjoy national and international recognition, such as the Summer Festival, which is the most important celebration of multicultural expression, coexistence and free time held in Bogota and Colombia (it started in 1997; in 2005 it was relocated to several parks in the different districts of the city, and in 2009 the eighth edition was held). In this event, held each year throughout the month of August, culture, sport, recreation and physical activity are the stars. To complement the above, a study on physical places and their associations with physical activity and quality of life for the adult residents27 concluded that recreational physical activity is associated with a perception of improved security and a high proportion of parks near people’s residences. The density of the road network, and good connectivity between streets and access to TransMilenio bus stations, were positively associated to the activity of walking and cycling as a means of transportation. In contrast, road safety was negatively associated to the use of bicycles as a means for transportation. Regarding athletic performance, Bogota has major programs aimed at social development, medicine and science applied to sport,

27 “Ambientes físicos construidos y sus asociaciones con la actividad física y calidad de vida en adultos bogotanos”, Bogota, Foundation for Education and Social Development (Social FES), the Andes University, Atlanta Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, International Union for Health Promotion and Education, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Corporation of Universities from the City Center and City Land Cadastre Office (Catastro), 2005.

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as well as support from a methodological technical team, with the objective of improving the development of athletes from Bogota clubs, in order to maintain national leadership in sports and to consolidate the city as a center of reference for training at high altitudes at the world level. Some of the most noteworthy sport programs include the sport enhancement schools, various local and national sports events, Para-Olympic sporting events, sport training schools and assistance for sport organizations among others. The city’s institutions28 and the culture, recreation and sport sectors, (see Figure 10), are under the leadership of the Mayor and the SCRD, respectively. The latter is comprised of four related bodies, one which is the IDRD, 29 which promotes recreation, sport, physical activity, good use of the parks and use of leisure time, with the aim of educating better citizens, teaching the values of healthy competition and improving the quality of life in harmony with ecosystems and the environment. This independent agency is an integral part of the National Sport System (SND).30 Moreover, it is important to note that the institutional sector is complemented by local organizations.

28 Resolution 257 of November 2006, issued by the Council of Bogota, “whereby basic rules regarding the structure, organization and operation of agencies and entities of Bogota, Capital District, are created, and other provisions are promulgated”, reorganized the structure and created the SCRD (along with eleven other departments), and delegated on it the huge responsibility of leading the sector. In Article 23 it was assigned the “[...] primary objective of formulating and adopting policies, general plans, city programs and projects of the Administrative and Coordination Sector to which they belong, as well as the coordination and supervision of their implementation”. Accordingly, in the next month the Mayor of Bogota, by means of Decree 558 of 2006, “whereby the purpose, organizational structure and functions of the City Department of Culture, Recreation and Sport are defined and other provisions are determined”, entrusted the SCRD the mission of guiding and leading the concerted formulation sector policies, as follows: “Article 1. Objective. The objective of the City’s Department of Culture, Recreation and Sport is to guide and lead the formulation of policies, plans and programs in the fields of culture, heritage, leisure and sports of the Capital District in coordination with the City Planning Department and with the participation of entities linked to it and of civil society.” 29

Established by means of Resolution 4 of 1978.

Established by means of the Law of Sports, Law 181/1995.

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Figure 10

Structure of the Culture, Recreation and Sport Sector in Bogota (public sector) City Department of Culture, Recreation and Sport (SCRD)

City Recreation and Sport Institute (IDRD)

Gilberto Alzate Avendano Foundation (FGAA)

City Cultural Heritage Institute (IDPC)

Affiliated bodies

Philharmonic Orchestra of Bogota (OFB)

Canal Capital

Involved organizations

Source: Created by the SCRD.

As for associative sports, in Bogota there are numerous leagues and sports clubs that have promoted the development of sports in the city. In general, Bogota has a city entity (the IDRD) with an excellent track record in managing major sport, recreation and physical activity events, and experience garnered over thirty years of successful performance. At the city level, in 2009, IDRD provided residents a substantial number of offerings: 47 recreational programs, 4 large sports programs (sport training schools, sport competitions, high performance sports, Para-Olympic sport, (support for sport organizations, among others), and physical activity programs Muévete Bogotá (Move Bogota), Muévete Escolar (Move - Schools), physical activity mega-events, workplace physical activity, among others), from which a significant number of events and activities are derived. However, although there are many positive aspects worth highlighting, some issues in the sector attract attention and need to be addressed:

The lack of continuity and readiness in hiring human talent from the sector (sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities technicians, professionals and specialists), which significantly affects the timely provision of service, especially at the beginning of each year, which leads to the loss of talent and of individual and group experience acquired over time. Some successful programs, identified as good practice, have not enjoyed sufficient permanence or recognition, because of changes in emphasis in different administrations or lack of a clear long-term vi-

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sion of the sector. Planning is weak over the medium and long term because it only focuses on the short term. Although substantial progress has been made in the development of the master plan for parks and sports facilities in the city, it has been primarily focused on the major facilities (metropolitan and district parks and facilities), which generates large territorial imbalances. As a result, smaller parks and facilities, which are over 4.200 in number, have not displayed the same dynamism and development. In general, the community says that these parks and facilities are concentrated only in some parts of the city, generating inequality and lack of facilities in some areas. In some cases, these smaller facilities do not receive public utility services, which restrict access to them, among other weaknesses, such as the lack of adequate access for people with disabilities, children’s facilities (children’s areas with different characteristics), public restrooms, adequate signage and appropriate hygiene conditions. The latter occurs mainly due to the lack of culture, education, and the fact that users do not have a sense of ownership in using these spaces. Some sector organizations (leagues, clubs, associations, foundations, corporations, businesses and institutions) have inequalities, weaknesses and informalities that affect the sustainable development of sport, recreation and physical activity in Bogota. Private companies and international organizations have limited involvement in the sector, worsened by the fact that community processes are weak and discontinuous and there is little sense of ownership of programs and public spaces by the community.

3. Active Bogota in numbers

A recent study by the Foundation FES Social estimated that 20.1% of deaths in Bogota are caused by diseases that can be attributed to physical inactivity. Even though the health benefits of physical activity are acknowledged, most adults in Bogota are inactive (55.3%), and only 8.6% take part regularly in physical activities during their leisure time.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Similarly, the healthcare sector of Bogota31 performed a study aimed at guiding interventions in order to prevent chronic diseases. A total of 1,465 young adults between the ages of 18 and 29 from two urban areas were surveyed on four behavioral risk factors: a) use of alcohol b) low consumption of fruits and vegetables; c) physical inactivity during leisure time, and d) tobacco use. The conclusions indicated that 13.9% of young adults had no risk factors; 35.5% had one, 32.9% had two and 17.7% had three or four risk factors. The most frequent risk factor among men was high consumption of alcohol, and among women it was physical inactivity during leisure time. The two factors that occur most often in combination were physical inactivity and high consumption alcohol, with 9.6% of the total, the most frequent combination of three to four factors was the simultaneous presence of physical inactivity, high consumption of alcohol (last month) and current use of cigarettes (6.9%). This research finding may explain the high death rates of non-communicable chronic diseases (ECNT) reported for these populations. According to the above study, “intervention programs for young adults have a high priority, since the transition to adulthood in diverse populations is marked by the deterioration of certain healthy behaviors, which can remain for the rest of adult life”. It also states that [...] it has been clearly established that physical inactivity is significantly more prevalent in women, which has been associated with the responsibilities culturally assigned to them regarding caring for children and other family members, which deprives them from having enough time for themselves. Similarly, there are many studies and surveys that show higher alcohol consumption in men.

Therefore, it is concluded that “it is necessary to develop interventions that take into account the particularities of gender, allowing integration of some common factors.”

Luis Fernando Gómez Gutiérrez, Diego Iván Lucumí Cuesta, Sandra Lorena Vargas and Gladys Giron García Espinosa, “Conglomeración de factores de riesgo de comportamiento asociados a enfermedades crónicas en adultos jóvenes de dos localidades de Bogotá, Colombia: importancia de las diferencias de género” in Revista Española de Salud Pública, Vol 78, No. 4, 2004.

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Several scientific reports indicate that physical inactivity and being overweight are among the main risk factors associated with the most common noncommunicable diseases in our time.32 Likewise, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) stated that based on the results of the regional consultation on diet, physical activity and health, low and middle income social groups from developing countries are increasingly the ones with highest levels of physical inactivity and obesity, which are factors that cause death and disability in the Americas.33 It is also known that in Colombia about 64,000 people die every year due to cardiovascular problems generated by sedentary lifestyles (a lifestyle of little or no physical activity). Sedentary lifestyle or physical inactivity is a public health problem that has multiple causes: it is a cultural, educational and public health issue that needs to be fought by means of articulated and permanent inter-sector programs, which require the convergence and coordination of multiple sectors, as well as the allocation of resources to help ensure the availability of conditions and facilities to practice sport, carry out physical activities and enjoy recreation, combined with comprehensive maintenance of the city park system. Consequently, as expressed repeatedly by experts, a sedentary lifestyle is the most important public health issue worldwide, and currently physical activity is one of the most attractive, low cost and high impact health strategies available for the general population. Lastly, it is known that many older people in Bogota are interested in physical exercise in order to have a healthy lifestyle to enable them to adapt easily and positively to biological, psychological and social changes that come with aging; they also were important participants in the identification needs, dreams and priorities of the districts and the city during the consensus-building roundtables on this public policy, held in the second half of 2008.

Network of healthy Municipalities and Communities, Ministry of Health (Peru), PAHO and WHO, “Políticas municipales para la promoción de la actividad física [...]”, in Cuadernos de Promoción de la Salud, No. 14, 2005. 33

Michael Pratt, Henry Jacoby and Andrea Neiman, Los retos de la promoción de la actividad física en las Américas. Working document. PAHO, 2003.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

4. Regulatory framework of the sector

The basic referents of the regulatory framework related to this public policy are contained in the Political Constitution of Colombia, the national laws that regulate it, International Human Rights Law,34 resolutions issued by the Council of Bogota, the decrees of the Mayor of the Capital District, particularly all regulations related to recreation, physical activity, sport and recreational facilities, sports and physical activity. The most important international referents include legislation that recognizes sport and recreation as a right, including the Universal Declaration Human Rights (Articles 1 and 24), adopted and proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948; the Declaration of the Rights of the Child (adopted by the UN in 1959); the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Article 7), adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1966; and the International Charter of Physical Education and Sport, proclaimed by the General Conference of the Organization of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1978. In our country, legislation on the subject of this policy includes the Political Constitution of Colombia of 1991 (Articles 13, 52, 44, 64, 95), which identifies sport and recreation as a right for all and as part of public social expenditures; Law 181/1995, which establishes statutes for the promotion of sports, recreation, use of leisure time and physical education, and creates the National Sports System, to which the city system belongs. City-level regulations include Resolution 107/2003 issued by the Council of Bogota, “whereby the City Sports System is established”, which defines that this system “will organize sport in the following areas:” 1) sport for all, 2) sport in schools, and 3) high-achievement or high performance sports (Article 4); Resolution 257/2006 of the Council of Bogota, which contains the City Administrative Reform and which establishes the structure, organization and overall operation of the administration of Bogota and creates, among others, the SCRD as leading sector; City Decree 558/2006, which describes the functions of the City Department of Culture Recreation and Sport and defines its

Human Rights International Law forms part of international law (treaties, international conventions and protocols), from which obligations of States arise.

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structure, and highlights its role of providing guidance and leadership in the concerted formulation of policies, plans and programs in the fields of culture, heritage, recreation and sports in the Capital District, in coordination with the City Planning Department, and with the participation of related bodies, including IDRD, and the related channel, Canal Capital; Decree 308 of 2006 which adopted the Master Plan of Sports Facilities and Recreation for Bogota; Decree 190/2004, by which the provisions contained in the city decrees 619 of 2000 and 469 of 2003 are compiled, which comprise the POT of Bogota; Decree 327 of 2007, which adopts the Rural Public Policy of the Capital District with the objective of ensuring sustainable human development in rural communities and the protection of environmental assets, through proper coordination between citizens, civil society and entities of the Capital District; Resolution 308/2008 of the Council of Bogota, which adopts the Development Plan “Positive Bogota: For Better Living, 2008-2012”. It is worth emphasizing that there has been a steady proliferation of rules, which generates a significant list of rules in Bogota that need to be considered, reviewed and adjusted (or created if none are available) to new realities and administrative changes of the Capital District as well as the needs of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”, as is the case of Law 181/1995 at the national level, and several city resolutions and decrees.

D. Preferences

of the residents of Bogota regarding sport, recreation and physical activity 1. 2007 Biennial Survey of Cultures

In 2007, the SCRD led the Biennial Survey of Cultures 2007 (EBC),35 based on a sample of 6,041 people from different socio-economic levels and districts in Bogota, who were asked 87 questions, of which 10 (11%) are related to sport, recreation and physical activity.

The Biennial Survey of Culture was taken in the years 2003, 2005 and 2007. This latest version (third) was implemented under the name of “Survey of Cultures”.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Some of the most important findings of the EBC, were, in particular: •

•

As people’s age increases, sport and physical activity decreases. This does not necessarily mean that “with age the willingness to practice sport decreases”; it can also be the result of a lack of healthy habits that were not acquired during childhood or early adulthood. Regarding basic sports facilities, most respondents (71%) answered that they use the parks “to practice sport”. Next in the ranking are the sport facilities at schools, universities, clubs and companies. Private gyms are privileged facilities for people with higher educational levels, especially college and post-graduate education. There is an inverse relationship between the “practice of sports, recreation and physical activity” and the availability of free time. It is probably related to economic status: a higher socio-economic level is associated with greater availability of time. For teens (13 to 17 year-olds), the “places where sport is practiced are parks and public facilities” (71%). This is somewhat puzzling, given that one would assume that this age group would mainly practice sports at school. The population that requires a greater sense of ownership of the areas designed for recreation, which would help in some degree to prevent the onset of chronic and cardiovascular diseases that, according to several studies, are affecting the new epidemiological profile of the residents of Bogota. Several studies confirm the central role of physical activity, both in preventing and managing the various components of the so-called metabolic syndrome.36 In Colombia, non communicable chronic diseases (NCD) are the main cause of mortality in people over 45 years old with a disease burden of 20.5 lost healthy years per 1,000 people.37 In the specific case of Bogota, in 1999 these events accounted for 35.7% of

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of risk factors, all of them associated with a main cause, visceral adiposity, which carries a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2). 37

Jesus Rodriguez and Henry Gallardo, La carga de la enfermedad en Colombia 1985-1995, Bogota, Ministry of Health, 1998.

Context of policy public

the causes of death.38 Coronary, cerebral-vascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were the most prevalent.39 The EBC concludes that “it does not seem bold to assert that as long as public and private schools do not solve the problem of sport facilities, it will not be possible to dramatically increase the number of youths —who will later become young adults— practicing sports. Arguably, only the elite private schools have adequate sports facilities and physical education professionals for students’ orientation and motor development at all educational levels.

2. Mapping the specific needs of the districts in Bogota

During the process of community participation in the formulation of a concerted public policy on sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities for Bogota 2009-2019, it was found that there are certain similarities between the twenty districts of Bogota, but that there are also obvious differences. These similarities and differences made it possible to prioritize public policy alternatives that address the development needs in each district.40 In connection with sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities, the main similarities between the districts found during the consensus-building meetings on public policy in the sector held at twenty districts, include: The districts have a high level of socio-cultural diversity and geographic heterogeneity. •

There are not sufficient facilities, some of them are unsafe, and others lack maintenance, and many are concentrated in the central areas of the districts. In areas away from the center of the districts there are icfewer facilities available, which reduces opportunities for everyone to access to them.

Ibíd.

Gladys Espinosa, “Mortalidad y morbilidad por enfermedades cardiocerebrovasculares y diabetes en Santa Fe de Bogotá”, in Boletín Epidemiológico Distrital, 1998. 40

“Insumos para la implementación de la política”, in Recomendaciones para la política 2009-2019. Formulación participativa de política pública en deporte, recreación, actividad física y escenarios para Bogotá, op. cit.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

• •

•

The continuity of programs is low; the supply of services is concentrated in some areas and no extended hours (at night) are offered. The community, private companies, other public entities and NGOs display a willingness to cooperate and contribute to the development and sustainability of sports, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments in the various districts and at the city level. The need was frequently expressed to encourage the use, care and maintenance of the eastern hills of Bogota (lungs of the City) as well as areas close to rivers, wetlands and paths, as suitable and sustainable spaces for sport, recreation and physical activity, in close harmony with the conservation of the environment, cultural identity and ecotourism in the city.

On the other hand, the main differences among the city districts related to sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities, expressed in the consensus-building meetings on public policy held in each of the twenty districts are:

•

There are areas with large floating populations that do not live there, but that demand (during certain periods of time) resources from the district. The presence of companies and industries is very strong in some districts. This can be viewed in two ways: a greater amount of companies would allow greater opportunities to establish agreements supporting the sector, but on the other hand high industrial presence can generate higher risk of pollution, which affects the conservation the environment. In some districts there is a high level of pollution, such as in Puente Aranda, Fontibón and Kennedy. In other districts there is a greater presence of university campuses and other educational institutions, creating opportunities for partnership processes related to the sector. Some districts call for the development of programs with particular features for rural areas. Sumapaz, in particular, is characterized by its strong agricultural vocation, and though it represents the largest geographic area in Bogota, it has the lowest number of residents. Some districts insist on the need to reduce geographic and economic barriers to access sport, recreation and physical activity services and

Context of policy public

facilities. Geographical barriers are due to the concentration of facilities and parks in some central areas of each district, and economic barriers consist in the access charges, which prevent the community from accessing them. Accordingly, Figure 11 presents a summary of the specific needs in each district found during the consensus-building meetings for the development of sector’s public policy in Bogota. This summary significantly supports the definition of policies, as well as the development of plans for each of the districts of Bogota, and the Capital District in general.

Figure 11 District-specific needs

Suba. Decentralized management programs and facilities. Promoting conservation and recreational use of wetlands. Engativá. Support existing institutions (UPZ). Harnessing strong community involvement. Fontibón. Participative coordination with institutions (district mayoralty). Conservation of parks affected by deforestation. Kennedy. . Enhancing opportunities for participation, with emphasis on young people. Bosa. Incentives for private companies and NGO’s to support sport, recreation and physical activity. Adequacy of sites.

Usaquén. Decentralization and respect for diversity. Conservation of parks. Barrios Unidos. Participation in formal institutions. Compliance and continuity. Chapinero. Bringing zone mayoralty and the private sector together. Harnessing ecological routes (hills). Teusaquillo. Partnerships with educational institutions. Promotion of sport, recreation and physical activity as social development axes. Puente Aranda. Participation of private companies in environmental conservation. Santa Fe. Cooperation with universities (floating population). Los Mártires. Security at the sites (parks).

Tunjuelito. Strengthening citizen oversight. Sites for reducing pollution with an environmental potent al (along the river) . Ciudad Bolívar. Lowering economic barriers to access. Reduce geographical access barriers. Rafael Uribe. Partnership with hospitals and health institutions for the promotion of sport, recreation, physical activity and comprehensive health. Sumapaz. Inclusion relevant to rural areas. Promotion of indigenous sports. Continuity in supply and participation.

La Candelaria. Eastern hills as conservation sites. Integration of sport, recreation and physical activity culture. Antonio Nariño. Adoption of parks by private companies. Promotion of local leaders. locales. San Cristóbal. Coordination between education and sport, recreation and physical activity. Reduced geographic access barriers. Usme. Use of space and rural areas. Decrease in economic access barriers. Sports, recreation and physical activity as a means of social development (decrease in number of gangs).

Source: “Mesas de concertación de la política pública en deporte, recreación, actividad física, parques y escenarios para Bogotá 2009-2019 “, in Final Report of the agreement between the SCRD and the Andes University.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

3. Parks and sport, recreation and physical activity facilities

Although Bogota has experienced significant development, it is worth noting that our city, like other cities in Latin America, has certain urban environs that generate a negative effect on the levels of physical activity and the quality of life of older people living in Bogota. This is because, as pointed out in a study aimed at exploring the links between urban attributes and physical activity and the quality of life of older adults living in Bogota,41 the city [...] is growing at an overwhelming pace and with little urban planning, generating aggressive environs for pedestrians, characterized by limited availability of parks, invasion of public spaces, poor maintenance and design of sidewalks, traffic congestion and road insecurity, to mention only some aspects.

The main findings of this research were the following: •

•

People living in residential areas with more park areas and a variety of types of land uses were more likely to be physically active. By contrast, hilly areas and extra crosswalks had a negative relationship. Older people who walked from 30 to 150 minutes a week, or who perceived better road safety conditions, had a higher life quality score. Similarly, the presence of the “Ciclovías” program was positively associated. In an opposite sense, people who perceived a higher level of noise in their neighborhoods had lower quality of life scores.

According to the authors, this study highlights the need to conduct further research in order to understand the links between urban environments and health in the context of Latin American cities. The results suggest the need to take policy action to enable older people to live in favorable urban environs that facilitate body movement and improve their level of independence and self esteem.

41 Social FES Foundation, Corporation of Universities of the Downtown Area, Colombian Institute for the Development of Science and Technology (COLCIENCIAS), Disease Control and Prevention Centers of Atlanta, Washington University in St. Louis and Los Andes University, “La importancia de los ambientes urbanos en patrones de actividad física y calidad de vida en adultos mayores en la ciudad de Bogotá”, Bogota, 2009.

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On the other hand, the 2008 Human Development Report of Bogota (IDHU), prepared by UNDP recognizes the importance of the supply of parks, green areas and facilities (which includes sports, etc.) for the human development of the residents of Bogota, but there is a poor spatial distribution of these urban facilities in the city. The IDHU kept the main spirit of the Human Development Index (HDI) but was more specific and included, among other variables, the spatial dimension, which has a close relationship with the spaces required to practice of sport, recreation and physical activity.42 On the other hand, the report of the concerted formulation of the public policy for the sector, conducted between October and December 2008 and developed by the Andes University, said the Sports Facilities and Recreatio Master Plan for Bogota (Decree 308 of 2006)43 is an excellent “road map” for the creation of parks and recreational, sport and physical activity in Bogota, but that, while it demonstrates significant progress, as has been stated by the community, there is still a deficient supply that does not adequately satisfy the needs of a multiethnic and multicultural city with over seven million habitants. One of the major priorities of this plan is the need to articulate inter-institutional efforts (city, district, neighborhood), with the community and private sector to support the consistent, effective and timely development of this plan; likewise —as stated by the report of the recommendation process for the concerted formulation of the public policy developed by the Andes University— it is necessary “to overcome some structural fractures among decision-makers”. In general, the Master Plan on Recreational Sports Facilities for Bogota highlights two fundamental types of action: the former are the actions required to form the backbone of sport and recreational facilities; and the latter are those required to form local networks by Zonal Planning Units (UPZ).44

The variables evaluated in IDHU for Bogota are: a) the net revenues of subsidies and taxes; b) the spatial dimension that combines the commuting time (to work or school) and the density of parks and green areas, c) infant mortality, and d) educational coverage. 43

The Master Plan, under Article 45 of Decree City 190, 2004 (Bogota’s POT), “Constitutes a fundamental planning tool as part of the city-region management strategy; it enables the definition of the needs of urbanized land in accordance with forecasts of population growth and location of economic activity, to schedule sector investment projects within a short, medium and long term horizon.” 44

The UPZ are urban areas (territorial units or sectors) smaller districts, and larger than the neighborhood used to plan, manage and administer the zonal level in Bogota.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Table 3 lists the type of action required (both locally and by UPZ), which, according to the blueprint drafted for that purpose, requires Bogota to consolidate its core network of parks and sports and recreation facilities. These actions have been determined in the first instance, by the limitations of the budgets allocated for its effective development.

Table 3

Type of actions of the Master Plan of Recreational and Sports Facilities in Bogota

Actions

Districts

UPZ

Type 1

Interventions where the land of existing zonal parks and those in the process of being built is sufficient to support the sports program of the main network.

Install sporting facilities in parks that only have passive recreation facilities. Under the Plan, “this action applies to UPZs that have more than 30% of the total area in neighborhood and small parks for active recreation, provided that they have no deficit in relation to the optimal standard determined by the core network of the Sporting Facilities System “(p. 7).

Type 2

Interventions where there is insufficient land, and where neighborhood parks with more than one hectare need to be complemented.

Interventions aimed at building sporting facilities.

Type 3

Interventions in districts with insufficient land and where the per capita supply of square meters of neighborhood and small parks is below the established minimum standard (per capita).

Interventions aimed at turning sporting facilities into recreational facilities, or from one discipline into another.

Figures 12 and 13 show maps45 that illustrate the types of activity needed to develop the core network46 for sporting and physical activity in each city district, according to the actions by zone and by UPZ. With respect to local development, it appears that more than half of the districts of Bogota have deficiencies of parks and recreational sporting and physical activity facilities, and only

“Recomendaciones para la política 2009-2019. Formulación participativa de política pública en deporte, recreación, actividad física, parques y escenarios para Bogotá”, op. cit. 46 The Master Plan for Sport and Recreational Facilities for Bogota foresee three types of networks: basic (neighborhood level), the main (zonal) and special (urban and metropolitan level).

Context of policy public

five districts have sufficient physically healthy space47 available for building them.

Figure 12 Type of action required in each location to form the primary network of sporting

facilities in the scope of districts

Usaquén

Chapinero

Santa Fe

San Cristóbal

Usme

6: Tunjuelito 7: Bosa

8: Kennedy

9: Fontibón 10: Engativá 11: Suba 12:

16 14

13: Teusaquillo Los Mártires

15:

Antonio Nariño

16:

Puente Aranda

17:

La Candelaria

18:

Rafael Uribe

19:

Ciudad Bolívar

20: Sumapaz

Barrios Unidos

14:

6 18 19

3 17

Action Type 1 Action Type 2 Action Type 3

Source: “Consensus-building meetings on public policy in sports, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities for Bogota 2009-2019 “, in Final Report of the agreement between the SCRD and Los Andes University.

Among the results of the consensus-building meetings on the sector’s public policy carried out with twenty districts, it was identified that the community has a strong interest in parks with sport options, but also with the possibility of carrying out a passive or contemplative recreation, according to the interests and abilities of the residents of each district or UPZ. The report of this consultation process, presented by Los Andes University, points out in some of its asides:

Article 79 of the Political Constitution of Colombia states that everyone has a right to enjoy a healthy environment.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

â&#x20AC;˘

It can be seen that in over 50% of city districts interventions are necessary in order to close the large gaps in the supply of sporting facilities. Only in five districts is the physical space sufficient to support the sporting requirements of the core network program. This appears to be consistent with the widespread view among the residents of various districts regarding the insufficiency of facilities. The fact that the majority of required actions consist in refitting parks for passive recreation is in line with the opinions expressed by participants in various workshops, who say many of the districts do not have sufficient supply of recreational spaces suitable for people who want to carry out passive recreation, especially the elderly and disabled. In one session in one of the districts, a large group of very young representatives of people with cognitive disabilities stated that for them it was very important that the parks not only have facilities for specific sports, but for passive recreation and contemplation of nature. In the interest of achieving the goals of inclusion, which is established as one of the guiding principles of the policy, ensuring that the facilities balance the needs of practitioners of active and passive recreation is a highly desirable course of action.

The IDRD, on its part, aware of the great impact of the development of parks and facilities throughout the city, has stated that the built public space system has the general objective of ensuring a balance between population densities, urban activities, and environmental conditions and habitability in the city. The City Parks and Sporting Facilities System is structured as a means, the most important from the public sphere, and the specific scenario for deployment in the territory of the public policy for sport, recreation and physical activity in Bogota.

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Figure 13 Most important types of action required to form the local network of parks in the

field by UPZ

Usaquén

Chapinero

Santa Fe

San Cristóbal

Usme

6: Tunjuelito

7: Bosa

8: Kennedy

9: Fontibón 10: Engativá 11: Suba 12:

8 7

16 14

13: Teusaquillo Los Mártires

15:

Antonio Nariño

16:

Puente Aranda

17:

La Candelaria

18:

Rafael Uribe

19:

Ciudad Bolívar

20: Sumapaz

Barrios Unidos

14:

6 18 19

3 17

Action Type 1 Action Type 2 Action Type 3

On the other hand, it indicates that the city parks system has a number of problems associated with their coverage and quality. In terms of coverage, large areas of the city have been identified as having a critical shortage of park area per capita, a situation aggravated by the scarcity of land and lack of funding resources for building new parks. Out of 122 UPZ regulated in the city in 2008, 48 show deficits in neighborhood and small park areas per capita (local network of parks),48 which implies that 292 hectares of additional land for building parks is required. Out of those 48 UPZ, 17 are considered as top priorities for intervention,49 because of their large deficit and because they are residential

The measurement of the deficit in neighborhood and small parks was based on the standard of 0.4 m2/ inhabitant. The measurement methodology was designed in the process of formulating the Master Plan of Sporting and Recreational Facilities, Bogota, 2005-2019 (Decree 308 of 2006). 49

The UPZ defined as priorities are: El Rincón, 20 de Julio, Marco Fidel Suárez, Diana Turbay, Gran Yomasa, Comuneros, Tunjuelito, San Francisco, Lucero, Ismael Perdomo, Corabastos, Gran Britalia, Patio Bonito, Bosa Occidental, Bosa Central San Isidro, Patios and Las Cruces.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

areas with incomplete urbanization of informal origins, with possibilities of being developed through comprehensive improvement programs. In terms of the public policy on sports, recreation and physical activity, it is important to identify actions aimed at reducing spatial and supply imbalances in the territory, in order to equitably address the needs of residents. In terms of the quality of the parks and sporting facilities system, problems have been identified as reflected in low levels of satisfaction among users on specific aspects such as:50 perception that the parks are widely used for sporting activities to the detriment of recreation; dissatisfaction with the facilities offered in the parks and the specific facilities for children; clear interest in the diversification of the supply of sports and recreation by means other than conventional facilities;51 children, women, people with disabilities and the elderly are perceived as disadvantaged population groups; concentration of supply of sporting facilities that do not meet the requirements for amateur, training, professional competitive and spectacle levels; spatial concentration of qualified sporting facilities in the central city area. Accordingly, and based on the above references, this policy intends to assess and periodically adjust the Master Plan for Sporting and Recreational Facilities of the city, to adapt it to the dynamics of the city, and to overcome the precarious conditions and inadequate coverage, quality, construction and operation of the parks system and facilities (sporting, recreational and physical activity facilities) in Bogota. This will allow, mainly to: â&#x20AC;˘

â&#x20AC;˘

Provide an excellent network of parks, as well as sufficient, adequate and dynamic sporting, recreational and physical activity facilities, near the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residences, according to the characteristics of the districts and the UPZ. Provide, in different parts of the city, spaces that provide alternatives for non-motorized mobility (pedestrian trails and bicycle routes).

The approaches are the result of the analysis of a user satisfaction survey of Capital District parks, conducted in 2005, in the context of formulating the Master Plan of Sporting and Recreational Facilities, Bogota, 2005-2019. 51

The diagnoses made by the IDRD show a concentration of recreational and sporting offerings in sports like basketball and micro-soccer.

Context of policy public

•

Provide public spaces and a diverse and constant supply of city and district sports, recreation and physical activity programs to enable increased practice of these activities by the residents of Bogota.

4. The environment in Bogota

Making Bogota a sustainable city at the environmental level is a challenge that involves several factors, both in urban and rural areas, and that requires conscious and articulated work with different public and private actors that perform activities in the Bogota region (urban, rural and regional), which can create deterioration or preservation factors of the city’s environmental endowment. Having a healthy environment, given its strong relationship with air quality, natural environments and ecosystems, is crucial to increase the levels of sport, recreation and physical activity for people in Bogota. Regarding environmental matters in the urban area of Bogota, there is great concern about air quality for breathing, high noise levels, impairment or limited progress in the ecological recovery of some environments where the practice of sports, recreation and physical activity is performed, as well as the need to develop strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change, which includes planting of trees along the trails, roads, corridors, facilities, parks and environs, among other procedures to stimulate cleaner production in the city, and promoting behaviors that are in harmony with the sustainable development of the environment for human beings. In rural areas, the main sporting and recreational habits and preferences of the population of Sumapaz are concentrated in two groups: sports and traditional games. In sports, habits and preferences highlight soccer, basketball, five-player soccer, athletics, cycling, mountain biking and volleyball among the younger population, and in the adult population, soccer and five-player soccer. As for traditional games, more associated and identified with recreation than with sport, adults and the elderly practice especially pool and tejo (a type of shuffleboard), and enjoy cockfights. All these preferences do not register significant differences by gender. Other activities include hiking and attending scheduled events, especially soccer and intercollegiate championships. With respect to the population of the northern rural areas, the eastern hills and the Tunjuelo River, the main activities include hiking or walking, and to a lesser extent practicing certain sports, and lastly attending planned activities (soccer and tejo tourna-

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

ments); practice of sports is less common in the area of the Tunjuelo River than in the first two. In general terms, it can be said that for the rural population of the City, the notion of recreation is closely linked to sports and cultural expressions, and in both cases they are only occasionally practiced. As to expectations, the population highlights the need to build and improve spaces for performance of recreational activities and sports, but also to build facilities for activities that are not practiced because no facilities are available. However, most of their expectations focus on the development of programmed activities, in the creation of sports training schools, and in providing facilities and implements for recreation and sports. They also express the need for the central government administration to promote the practice of sports and recreational activities associated with the natural environment (hiking, biking, climbing, sport fishing), not only for these rural districts, but for Bogota and the whole region, which should be used to consolidate relationships to promote urban, rural and regional integration, among other reasons.

Context of policy public

II. Public policy on sports, recreation and physical activity for Bogota 2009-2019

BOGOTÁ ACTIVA

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Social vision of “Bogotá más Activa”

By the year 2019, Bogota will be a more active city thanks to the development of a culture on sport, recreation and physical activity, based on the priorities of different population groups and territories in the city, which will improve the life quality of city residents.

Principles The guiding principles of this public policy are:

Inclusion. It is understood as the need for the decision making processes and involvement in the sport, recreation, physical activity, public spaces, parks and facilities programs of the City to be open to everyone without discrimination in a democratic and participatory manner. Appropriation. It is understood as the need for the community to have control and effective decision-making power through democratic participation in sector institutions on policies, plans, programs and physical spaces for sports, recreation, physical activity, public space, parks and facilities. This element also helps to build awareness on the community’s responsibility in the management and use of spaces. Interaction. It is understood as the need for the institutions responsible the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies, plans and programs on sports, recreation, physical activity, public spaces, environs, parks and facilities at local, city and national levels, to make inter-institutional channels more fluid, harmonic and constructive.1

Inter-institutional cooperation requires establishing relationships with territorial ordering, mobility,

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

Transparency. It is understood as the need to make visible to the community the manner in which the decisions are made and to openly report on the use and destination of the multiple resources available. Universality. It is understood as effectively and permanently guaranteeing the exercise of the rights and duties of the residents of Bogota. Co-responsibility. It is understood as the need for the people and institutions of the city to share the responsibility of making good use of the sports, recreational and physical activity programs, as well as to protect and preserve the public spaces, parks, facilities and environments, both urban and rural, conventional and alternative, where games, exercise and voluntary physical movement is promoted, to the benefit of a better quality of individual and collective life. Environmental sustainability. It is a prerequisite for achieving an interaction that makes good use of and promotes the conservation of the natural conditions of the city and the attributes the habitat should have. Social responsibility. It is understood as the need for private, public and public-private organizations to undertake social actions to benefit the population and the city, in the area of sports, recreation, physical activity, public spaces, parks and facilities in urban and rural areas of the city.

Public policy decisions of “Bogotá más Activa”

“Bogotá más Activa”: Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019, is the result of a broad participatory process in which the relevant, sustainable and feasible alternatives were prioritized, analyzed and selected to meet the needs and expectations of the community, leaders and institutions of Bogota. Its objective is to chart a course for the implementation of inter-sector and inter-institutional plans, programs and projects over the next decade in the Capital District.

public space, cultural and recreational facilities policies, as well as with the population policies of sectors such as education, healthcare and social protection, to ensure consistency with the promotion of games, physical education, sports and environs and facilities, as required by each district in Bogota.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Accordingly, over the next ten years, Bogota will manage this public policy through five policy objectives (Figure 14), which will ensure that more people are increasingly more active in an increasingly stimulating and safe urban and rural environment. The figure below indicates the major public policy challenges that need to be adapted, articulated and managed, not only by the sports, recreation, physical activity and physical education sector, but also by other sectors and disciplines, according to the contexts of the city and the particularities of the Capital District in general (urban, rural and regional) and by each district.

Figure 14 Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

Improve parks, facilities and environments

Public Policy “Bogotá más Activa”

Optimize information and communication

Strengthen institutions

y Objectives Polic

Increase participation

Increase training

Fuente: Source: Created by SCRD.

The public policy “Bogotá más Activa” focuses on ensuring the conditions for the effective and progressive fulfillment of the right to practice sports, recreation and physical activity for the people of Bogota, through the implementation of policy objectives (OP), strategic means (ME) and strategies (E).The five policy objectives (OP) of “Bogotá más Activa” are: INCREASE PARTICIPATION (OP1) Objective: To increase accessibility to sport, recreation and physical activity by Bogota residents and promote conditions for the effective and progressive fulfillment of their rights.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

STRENGTHEN INSTITUTIONS (OP2) Objective: To qualify sector organizations so as to ensure achievement of the objectives of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”. 3. INCREASE TRAINING (OP3) Objective: To enhance the management skills of individuals, communities and institutions so as to maximize the benefits of sport, recreation and physical activity in their communities. 4. OPTIMIZE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION (OP4) Objective: To improve the information and communication systems and processes of the sector to encourage decision-making and to promote the benefits, programs and results of sport, recreation and physical activity among Bogota residents. 5. IMPROVE PARKS, FACILITIES AND ENVIRONMENTS (OP5) Objective: To increase the number and the physical and environmental quality of parks, facilities and environments so as to encourage their proper use and the development of sports, recreation and physical activity programs. 2.

In response to these challenges, below we present the structure of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”, through which each of the policy objectives is developed and the mechanisms required for their effective implementation are presented. This structure consists of three parts:

Policy objectives, understood as the major cornerstones that support the policy “Bogotá más Activa” and chart the way for its execution. Strategic Means, which provide support for the implementation of the policy objectives or programs associated with these objectives. Strategies, which develop the strategic means and facilitate the conditions for achieving them.

The structure of this policy indicates the components that integrate ordirect its implementation (see Figure 15).

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Figure 15 Structure of “Bogotá más Activa”: Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical

Activity for Bogota 2009-2019 Policy objective

1. Increase participation

2. Strengthen institutions “Bogotá más Activa” Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

3. Increase training

4. Optimize information and communication 5. Improve parks, facilities and environments

Strategic means 1. Strengthen community participation. 2. Increase the practice of sport, recreation and physical activity. 3. Broaden program and event offerings. 4. Maintain and improve results.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Management. Cooperation and alliances. Incentives and stimuli. Financing.

1. Education for an active life. 2. Comprehensive training. 3. Lessons learned and good practices.

1. Communication and disclosure. 2. Information and evaluation. 3. Research.

1. City System of Parks, Facilities and Environments. 2. Habitat culture. 3. Environmental co-responsibility. 4. Urban-rural-regional integration.

Source: Created by SCRD.

In general, this public policy seeks to improve behavioral, environmental, institutional and information conditions to enable increased practice of sport, recreation and physical activity for the residents of Bogota over the next ten years and to contribute to the development of the city and the improvement of the quality of life for everyone in Bogota. The following section provides the contents of each of these five policy objectives (OP): 1. First policy objective (OP1): Increase participation

This first policy objective (OP1) seeks to increase accessibility of the residents of Bogota to sports, recreation and physical activity and to ensure conditions for the effective and progressive fulfillment of their rights.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

In this regard, increased participation includes strengthening community participation, in order to identify the problems, plan the solutions and make joint decisions on the implementation of plans and programs for the common good, and to create the necessary, sufficient, adequate and quality mechanisms with territorial, population and gender equality to optimize conditions at the city and district level to enable the qualification, improvement and maintenance of sport, recreational and physical activity habits over all life stages for the residents of Bogota, taking into account the specific socio-cultural and socioeconomic particularities and population densities of the districts. Therefore, as shown in Figure 16, for the development of this first objective, four strategic means have been identified with their respective implementation strategies: strengthen community participation, increase the practice of sport, recreation and physical activity, increase program and event offerings, and maintain and improve results.

Figure 16

Policy Objective 1: Increase participation

Policy objective

1. Increase participation

Strategic means

Strategies

1. Strengthen community participation.

2. Increase practice of sport, recreation and physical activity.

3. Broaden program and event offerings.

4. Maintain and improve results.

Source: Created by SCRD.

The following are the details of these strategic means:

1.1.

Strengthen community participation

The orientation and decision-making in the formulation, implementation, evaluation and social control of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”, as well as plans (city and district), programs and projects that emerge from it, require the

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

active, leading and assertive participation of the beneficiary community. Therefore, this strategic means will help increase the participation and representativeness of the community, in its role as a political actor, using different mechanisms for participation and dialogue to strengthen identification, prioritization and proposition of more and better alternatives for local and community development, with support from the central city level. To achieve more and better results it is necessary to have more active, diligent and competitive organizations. The sector has the opportunity to empower local and sector participants to make decisions that promote sport, recreation and physical activity and the proper use and care of parks, facilities and environments. This process involves building trust within and without the zone, in order to delegate part of the responsibilities for the public policy objectives to local levels, according to their implementation, management and efficiency capabilities in the development of policies, plans, programs and projects for the sector, based on the particularities and potentialities of each district. In this sense, the following strategies have been prioritized: Creation of the City Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity System and consolidation of the City Park, Sporting and Recreational Facilities System of Bogota, conceived as sets of articulated bodies (public and private) and social participants. This entails SCRD involvement in these two systems, as the body that will provide leadership and that shall be responsible for issuing guidance on this public policy, by means of documents named â&#x20AC;&#x153;Policy Statementsâ&#x20AC;?. 1.1.2. Apply the community participation model of participatory public maÂ nagement, to promote participation in the orientation of programs and projects for sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and sports, recreation and physical activity facilities. Achieving this requires, among other things: 1.1.1.

The establishment and socialization of mechanisms for local and city participation in order for citizens to participate in planning, designing, implementing, adjusting and verifying this policy, the plans (City and districts) and sports, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities programs of the city. b. Increase levels of participation and commitment of city and district institutions, as well as of the organized community, in designing, a.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

orienting, executing and supervising sport, recreation and physical activity programs, and of the projects to build, upgrade and adapt parks and facilities in each district. Encourage community participation in social control (citizen oversight) of local and city management through the citizen oversight committees, making public the progress of the various “Bogotá más Activa” local, district and public policy plans. 1.1.4. Strengthen community participation in existing spaces for local political deliberation, which implies, among other actions: 1.1.3.

Strengthen the scope of the Local Sport Councils to include recreation and physical activity in addition to sport. b. Promote the inclusion of sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments priorities in local agendas. a.

1.2.

Increase practice of sports, recreation and physical activity

For the public policy “Bogotá más Activa” it is vitally important that more people practice (be active) or have the opportunity to experience sport, recreation or physical activity in an adequate, frequent and safe manner. In this sense, the following strategies have been prioritized: 1.2.1.

Strengthen local management of sport, recreation and physical activity. This implies the following actions, among others: Strengthen management, planning and offerings of sport, recreation and physical activity services, parks and facilities in the local mayoralty. b. Increase the use of local (and city) parks and sport, recreation and physical activity facilities mainly in small parks and facilities, which number about 4,200. c. Promote the implementation of local programs or events, and consolidate successful programs, with support from local bodies and community organizations. a.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Promote the creation and development of organizations such as sports training schools, recreational associations or physical activity clubs to promote sport, recreation and physical activity in the districts, with emphasis on getting vulnerable populations involved. 1.2.3. Strengthen, in the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s educational system, habits and awareness of the benefits that sport, recreation and physical activity practicing brings to the lives of all students enrolled in schools. This requires the following actions, among others: 1.2.2.

From the earliest school levels, students should benefit from physical education programs provided by qualified professionals. b. Expand and strengthen extracurricular school sport training programs, sport schools, and recreational and physical activity practices. c. Incorporate within the development of the educational infrastructure (mega-schools), high quality and adequate spaces to encourage sport, recreation and physical activity for students and their families. d. Create programs for sport, recreation and physical activity with extension or access to the community that lives near educational facilities, to turn the school into an important point of reference for integral local development, and establishing educational areas open to the community in each zone. e. Include in school curricular programs (Institutional Education Projects (PEI)) the promotion of physical activity, sport and recreation as essential activities to improve studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cognitive and physical skills. f. Encourage and make greater recognition to institutions distinguished in the city and national intercollegiate games. g. Promote sport, recreation and physical activity practice in the universities of Bogota, in order to make use of the last chance the educational system provides to strengthen healthy habits related to sport, recreation and physical activity in this specific population group, so that once these professionals are employed they will become promoters and decision-makers who will strengthen these practices in the workplace. a.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

1.3.

Broaden program and event offerings

In order to increase the practice of sport, recreation and physical activity of the population in Bogota it is also necessary to strengthen the conditions to be able to offer a robust and timely supply of programs and events in the city and the districts, at different times of the year. These should have at least the following three attributes: differentiated, diversified and high quality. Differen tiated according to the needs and interests of different population groups and the characteristics of each district; diversified in terms of the extent of their services portfolio and, of the highest quality. In this sense, in the following strategies have been prioritized: 1.3.1.

Increase and consolidate high-impact programs that are viable, sustainable and that encourage the frequent practice of sport, recreation and physical activity in community, school, work, family and personal fields. This implies the following actions, among others: Ensure the continuity, sustainability and quality of programs and projects which demonstrate more favorable outcomes for the community at the district and city, such as the ‘Ciclovía’, the ‘Ciclorutas’ and ecological hiking (Resolution 310, 2008). b. Increase the use of existing community public spaces (parks, facilities, footpaths, ecological trials, educational and health institutions, among others) by locals, to optimize the alternatives of the community to practice sport, recreation and physical activity. c. Support strengthening of the civic culture program of Bogota, to include sport, recreation and physical activity as part of the mechanisms to consolidate the culture of coexistence and peace, mitigate or eliminate violence or coexistence issues that revolve around the sport (especially soccer), stimulate social integration and respect and concern for the pedestrian, the skater and the cyclist, among others. a.

1.3.2.

Establish a local basic care program for sport, recreation and physical activity that promotes the effective exercise of rights for vulnerable populations. This program should include, among other actions:

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Establish the scale of services to be provided by the Capital District (central) and local levels (districts), so that it is possible to identify the basic scheme of services provided by the city and each of the districts. b. Prioritize the supply of local programs and their related investments using management and resource allocation criteria such as the total number of residents per zone, the highest concentration of people by socioeconomic level and housing area in each district, with an emphasis on low and medium socioeconomic levels, among others. a.

1.3.3.

Positioning and maintaining Bogota as a destination city for organizing national and international events that benefit the development of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”. To achieve this, the following actions are required, among others: Identify events, meetings and national and international sport, recreation and physical activity competitions that report significant benefits to the city. b. Promote events, meetings and national sport, recreation and physical activity competitions in the districts. c. Promote the establishment of a body to consider, suggest, promote, guide and coordinate the study and the viability of hosting major national and international sport, recreational and physical activity events in Bogota, identified as key for development and sustainability in social, economic and environmental terms in Bogota. a.

Design and propose the implementation of high social impact city projects through sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environs, jointly with the departments of the Capital District (and related and associated bodies), higher education institutions and public and private organizations (national or international), among others. 1.3.5. Increase sport, recreation and physical activity programs for people with disabilities. This requires the following actions, among others: 1.3.4.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

Reduce mobility barriers for people with disabilities so they may access the parks and sport, recreational and physical activity facilities. b. Create technical and professional management support, as well as sporting elements for people with disabilities, to facilitate adequate, regular and safe practice of sport, recreation and physical activity. c. Create strong ties with the Colombian Para-Olympic System. a.

1.4.

Maintain and improve results

It is imperative to take advantage of the significant achievements made in sport, recreation, and physical activity and the physical conditions of parks, facilities and environments of Bogota, to motivate community participation, based on the results and recognitions that have been obtained. In this sense, the following strategies were prioritized: 1.4.1.

Improve the competitive level of athletes in each zone at different ages. To achieve this, the following actions are required, among others: Increase the number of qualified and full time coaches (men and women) to perform the high-performance sporting tasks. b. Increase accessibility of high performance athletes to essential services such as facilities for training, sport medicine, financial support and sponsorship to participate in national and international competitions so that, after their special dedication to sport training, their national and international success is ensured. c. Identify and recruit talented athletes with the potential to obtain good national and international sport results. d. Develop a system for monitoring and controlling the high performance program, to establish requirements to democratize incomes and expenses, based on the accomplishment of goals. a.

1.4.2.

Strengthen guidance and achieving results of associative sport organizations of Bogota (leagues and sport clubs). The following actions are required to achieve this, among others:

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Support sport organizations in Bogota to expand their scope of action to the districts, to design, finance and implement training plans and programs, specialization and competition programs in the districts. b. Improve technical, management, forecasting and implementation (use, maintenance and renewal) of associative sports in Bogota (leagues and sports clubs, athletes, coaches and heads), including sport for disabled people, which will require substantial support from the Capital District and private enterprises. c. Establish which sports have the greatest potential for achieving sport results for Bogota, based on studies and analysis of development and achievements that the city requires strategically to achieve supremacy in national or international competitions. a.

1.4.3.

Improve the participation, satisfaction and impact of the recreation and physical activity programs that are conducted annually in the city. This implies, among other actions: a.

Increase successful recreation and physical activity programs by making alliances with the private sector and other sectors of the city. Create sport, recreation and physical activity programs to benefit the vulnerable population of the city.

2. Second Policy Objective (op2): Strengthen institutions

This second policy objective (PO2) seeks to qualify sector organizations to ensure the achievement of the objectives of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”. This implies strengthening the bodies, structures and organizations as well as developing their capabilities for dialogue and interaction. Figure 17 shows that four strategic means have been identified for the development of this second objective, with their respective strategies to facilitate implementation: management; cooperation and alliances; incentives and encouragement; and financing.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

Figure 17

Policy Objective 2: strengthen institutions

Policy objective

2. Strengthen institutions

strategic means

strategies

1. Management

2. Cooperation and alliances

3. Incentives and stimuli

4. Financing

Fuente: Elaboración de la SCRD.

The following are the details of these strategic means:

2.1.

Management

The sustainability and effectiveness of “Bogotá más Activa” requires the consolidation of the institutional dynamics of the city, including, among others, strengthening structures and organization levels in the sector; focusing the actions of the different sectors and disciplines; and creating or adjusting regulatory mechanisms and strategic planning to create operating plans that are adaptable to the contents of this public policy. In this area, the following strategies were prioritized: 2.1.1.

Promote the process of decentralization and de-concentration of the sector, to strengthen local-level management. The following actions are required to achieve this, among others: Encourage the development of a model of planning, guidance, administration, management and implementation of sector goals and actions in the districts for the development of sport, recreation and physical activity.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Summon the local government, the community and its leaders to develop a local plan on sport, recreation and physical activity through consensus-building meetings. c. Advise the local government, according to the rules and authority levels, on the establishment of local administrative structures for the development of public policy objectives. b.

2.1.2.

Develop a city plan for sport, recreation and physical activity, and adjust the Sporting and Recreational Facilities Master Plan for Bogota, and support the development of twenty long-term local plans (nine to ten years) to implement this public policy “ Bogotá más Activa”. This implies, among other actions: Develop, coordinate and manage in and inter-sector and interdisciplinary way, a city plan for sport, recreation and physical activity for 2010-2019. b. Evaluate the progress made, adjust and promote the Bogota parks, sporting and recreational facilities master plan. c. Support development of twenty local plans (one action plan per district) on sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and sporting recreational and physical activity facilities, for 2010-2019. a.

2.1.3.

Create mechanisms aimed at obtaining greater commitment from sector organizations to participate as main actors in the socialization, implementation and evaluation of this public policy and its derived plans (two city plans and twenty local plans) to promote the development of “Bogotá más Activa”. This implies, among other actions: Subscribe a management agreement with the twenty district mayoralties of Bogota to strengthen their commitment and involvement in the implementation and evaluation of this public policy. b. Formalize an inter-institutional agreement in which the different government entities2 establish effective support for diverse, coma.

Different district departments and institutions as well as local mayoralties, among others.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

prehensive and integrated practice of sport, recreation and physical activity as a means to achieve the city’s cultural, social and development goals, in order to make the most of the gained knowledge, resources and decision making to benefit of the community, as opposed to the implementation of policies, plans, programs, pro jects and activities in isolation, which increases the costs, duplicates efforts and weakens government action. c. Work on building a consensus so that future city government programs will consider and include in their policy agenda –Reflected in City Development Plans, the plans of each district and the plans of other sectors– substantial goals and projects regarding sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities, with a city-wide focus to enable the continuity of the public policy “Bogotá más activa” over the next ten years. 2.1.4.

Review, update and draft the legislation required to make this public policy viable and sustainable. This will entail, among other actions: Adapting legislation to new realities and transformations of the institutions of Bogota, particularly following the City Administrative Reform (Resolution 257, 2006), which requires submitting initiatives to the Council of Bogota. b. Adjust the regulations that create the City System of Sport and the City Parks, Sporting and Recreational Facilities System in Bogota. c. Regulate the general laws governing sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities in Bogota. d. Encourage and actively participate in the reforms of national Sport regulations, Law 181 of 1995 and its regulatory decrees. a.

2.1.5.

Promote the establishment of an inter-sector commission on the public policy on sport, recreation and physical activity to ensure fulfillment of the commitments that enable the implementation of this public policy.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

2.2.

Cooperation and alliances

Cooperation is an expedite mechanism for strengthening and building bridges between institutions, disciplines and sectors responsible for policies, plans and programs on sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments in Bogota. In this sense, the following strategies were prioritized: 2.2.1.

Manage the articulation and promotion of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa” with city policies on other sectors. This will entail, among other actions: Identifying the aspects of public policy that are most related to other public policies adopted in Bogota. b. Manage with those responsible for the city’s territorial ordering the implementation or adjustment of the master plans, so as to increase opportunities for the residents of Bogota to practice sport, recreation and physical activity. a.

2.2.2.

Strengthen alliances with different entities in the city that by their own means help enhance the implementation of government initiatives in the community. The following actions, among others, are required to strengthen the synergy: With the health sector, promote the development of community and workplace physical activity. b. With the environmental sector, include programs on proper use, sustainability, maintenance and development of the environment, in alliance with parks and sport, recreation and physical activity facilities and environments. c. With the mobility sector, include opportunities to make sport, recreation and physical activity an inherent part of commuting, transportation, and road safety and infrastructure programs in Bogota. a.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

With the government sector, strengthen the local structure of sport, recreation and physical activity. e. With the planning sector, include within city development plans significant and visionary opportunities related to public spaces, to enable greater practice of sport, recreation and physical activity among the residents of Bogota. f. With the education sector, expand the supply of sport, recreation and physical activity in institutional education plans (PEI). g. With family compensation funds, NGOs, foundations, associations, among others, further develop activities derived from this public policy and local plans on sport, recreation and physical activity. h. Promote the establishment of mechanisms for inter-sector cooperation aimed at obtaining support and financial, technical, and training synergies, as well as sharing of successful experiences at local, national and international levels that are identified as key or crucial for the development of sport, recreation and physical activity in Bogota. d.

The SCRD shall take on the leadership, in coordination with relevant city authorities, for the establishment of durable and proactive national and international cooperation ties, particularly to enable cooperation assistance and engagement in alliances for the implementation and sustainability of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa” at the local, district, national and international levels. 2.2.4. Encourage the development of urban-rural-regional cooperative mechanisms between districts, the city and municipalities in the Savannah of Bogotá, to enable a convergence of major objectives and to increase alternatives for physical mobility, exercise, physical activity, recreation and sport for its residents. This includes, among other actions, implementation of intertional exchange and cooperation programs (twin city agreements) to help improve the districts’ technical, guidance, opertional and facilities conditions, and increase the practice of sport, recreation and physical activity among residents. 2.2.3.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

2.3.

Incentives and stimuli

This strategic means involves designing and developing mechanisms to facilitate the creation of opportunities for the successful implementation of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”. In this sense, the following strategies were prioritized: Establish a financing mechanism through public bids for the successful implementation of programs related to sport clubs and recreational and physical activity associations in Bogota. 2.3.2. Encourage the creation of an assistance system to manage technical, administrative, economic or environmental resources at the national and international level, in order to promote and maintain city, district and regional programs and projects in sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environs derived from this public policy. This requires, among other actions, the creation of a database of local sport, recreation and social physical activity initiatives eligible to be selected and sponsored, in line with the significance of the value they provide to the district and the city. 2.3.3. Encourage the creation of a fund for the incentive system to articulate the resources involving city, district, national and international participation, to enable the maintenance and implementation of plans, programs and projects for sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments that are in high demand and generate enthusiasm and a positive social impact in every district, in response to this public policy. 2.3.4. Promote the establishment of an annual program of incentives for city or district programs and projects that have successfully implemented the guidelines established in the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”. It should establish and socialize the selection and qualification criteria of these awards to outstanding companies or organizations at the city of district level for their support in promoting this public policy. 2.3.5. The public sector must establish alliances with the private sector (city, national and international) to ensure the viability and sustainability of the incentives, rewards or support for the best practice(s), initiative(s) or success stories of physical activity, sport, recreation, parks, facili2.3.1.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

ties and environments, and that are worthy examples of adaptation, progress or positive change in the quality of life of citizens and the community. This entails, among other actions: Promote the establishment of an annual “Bogotá más Activa” award at the city and district levels, to select best practices with at least the following selection criteria: quality, coverage, sustainability, impact, inclusion, inter-agency, and achievement of multiple objectives. b. Create a special fund for financial incentives to “award” those districts with higher levels of investment and implementation of sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments programs and projects. The award should consider selection criteria such as the concentration of residents per area and socio-economic levels, among other technical criteria that may be established. c. Encourage the creation of new mechanisms to strengthen incentive programs for athletes, as well as extend coverage of this program to the areas of recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities, with special emphasis on coverage of special and vulnerable population groups. a.

2.4.

Financing

The financing, co-financing, the respective management of plans, programs, projects, new parks and facilities, and in-kind donations of implements, are part of the cooperation network options that can be implemented through instruments such as management contracts, agreements, roundtables, coalitions or alliances. This strategic means seeks to secure existing resources, manage them appropriately and create new sustainable financing schemes, to strengthen the practice of sport, recreation and physical activity in the city. In this sense, the following strategies were prioritized: 2.4.1.

Undertake efforts to increase the economic resources, both public and private, allocated to strengthening sport, recreation and physical activity practice with territorial (local) emphasis, especially for areas of greatest

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

population concentration and greatest coverage of vulnerable populations. 2.4.2. Adjust or create the financial mechanisms and processes for the sector to enable the viability and sustainability of construction, adaptation and maintenance of parks, facilities and environments for sports, recreation and physical activity. This includes the following actions, among others: Establish the required technical criteria for defining city and district services that will require payment, those that will require differentiated rates and those that will be offered free of charge. b. Coordinate with the different sectors the visibility of financial resources allocated to make the district plans viable and sustainable (the Sport and Recreational Facilities Master Plan of Bogota [Decree 308 of 2006], and the District Plan of Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity), as well as for local sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments plans. a.

2.4.3.

Promote the development of new financial schemes in the sector. This requires the following actions, among others: Develop mixed financial and marketing schemes to manage sponsorships, grants and co-financing for sensitive programs or projects in each district (attention to vulnerable population). b. Encourage the development of support and incentives for entrepreneurship in the sector, and the promotion of initiatives involving the creation of enterprises related with sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and sport, recreational and physical activity facilities. c. Create mechanisms for involving the private sector in sponsorship or “branding” of successful and commercially attractive programs that enhance brand positioning, in order to free resources to leverage programs that do not receive sponsorship. d. Articulate and allocate national resources according to the objectives established in the city’s public policy “Bogotá más Activa”, so as to reinforce the sustainability of the strategies expressed in this public policy. a.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

2.4.4.

Design and implement a participatory budget system (Article 43 of Resolution 257, 2006), in which the organized community involved in the City System for Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity and the City Parks, Facilities and Environments System, take part in identifying, targeting and evaluating public investment at local and city levels within the framework of this public policy.

3. Third policy objective (OP 3): Increase training

This third policy objective (OP3) seeks to enhance the competencies of individuals, communities and institutions in their efforts aimed at maximizing the benefits of sport, recreation and physical activity in their communities. For the development of this third objective, as shown in Figure 18, three strategic means have been identified with their respective strategies for implementation: education for an active life; comprehensive training; and lessons learned and best practices

Figure 18 Policy Objective 3: increase training Policy objective

Strategic means

3. Increase Training

Strategies

1. Education for an active life.

2. Comprehensive training.

3. Lessons learned and good practices.

Source: created by SCRD

The following are the details of these strategic means:

3.1. Education

for an Active Life

In this area, the following strategies were prioritized:

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

3.1.1.

Ensure the incorporation of physical education, sport, recreation and physical activity in educational institution programs (PEI) at all levels, so everyone can benefit and exercise their rights to these benefits. This involves the following actions, among others: Seek to ensure that physical education, sport, recreation and physical activity programs are directed by qualified professionals. b. Promote the implementation of extracurricular sports, recreation and physical activity programs, to increase participation and enhance benefits, especially in public education facilities. a.

3.1.2.

Seek to ensure that educational facilities in Bogota have optimal spaces, plans and programs for the proper practice of sport, recreation and physical activity. To this end, the following actions are required, among others: Socialize and publicize the designs, plans and projects to build and upgrade infrastructure and adequate multipurpose spaces. b. Advise on the implementation of sport, recreation and physical activity plans, programs and projects in educational institutions. c. Establish alliances between educational institutions and the community for the use of sport, recreation and physical activity facilities. a.

3.2.

Comprehensive training

In this area, the following strategies were prioritized: 3.2.1.

Improve education, training and upgrading of the competencies and skills of directors, leaders, trainers, coaches, technicians, facilitators and other agents involved in the implementation and launch of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”. This requires the following actions, among others: Encourage the development of formal and non-formal programs to strengthen the planning, implementation, evaluation and sus-

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

tainability processes of the policies, plans and projects on sport, recreation and physical activity in Bogota. b. Establish financing agreements with formal and non-formal educational institutions to provide free grants for programs for lowincome communities. c. Promote the creation of technical degree programs for training of low-income young men and women, through distance learning methods. Promote the development of alliances with professional and technical educational institutions for the creation of formal and non-formal programs to strengthen technical or professional training of human talent involved in (or suitable for) sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities. 3.2.3. Encourage the development of an educational fund (through the Colombian Credit and Technical Studies Abroad Institute [ICETEX]), to finance the studies of the best high school graduates from public schools interested in studying sport, recreation, education and physical activity formal programs. 3.2.2.

3.3.

Lessons learned and good practices

Identify and replicate best practices and lessons that visibly make the difference in the districts and in the city, enabling constant progress and feedback between the outcomes and the plan. This strategic means is aimed at garnering and identifying the lessons learned in the sector, and acknowledging the good initiatives and success stories in improving the position, image and management ability of Bogota in sport, recreation and physical activity practices, as well as the appropriate use of the parks, facilities and environs of the city. In this area, the following strategies were prioritized: 3.3.1.

Identify, quantify, qualify and socialize good practices and positive results achieved by programs implementing the public policy “Bo-

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

gotĂĄ mĂĄs Activaâ&#x20AC;?. This includes, among other activities, support in technical or budgetary fields the good practices and success stories in sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environs where districts are involved, making them models or exemplary programs/ projects in the sector. 3.3.2. Promote the creation of mechanisms that encourage creative, innovative and attractive designs related to the type, quality and quantity of parks and recreational, sports and physical activity facilities according to the particularities and priorities of each district within the framework of this public policy, and in accordance with Decree 308, 2006. 3.3.3. Encourage the creation of the district award for good practices in sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments, to encourage the continuity and replication of these practices and, at the same time, make visible the mechanisms that make these practices recognized. This includes, among other actions, recognizing the best practices or programs with the best results in the last thirty years in Bogota (1979-2009).

4. Fourth policy objective (OP 4): Optimize information

and communication This fourth policy objective (PO4) seeks to improve information and communications systems and processes that favor decision-making and promote the benefits of programs and results of sport, recreation and physical activity among the residents of Bogota. For the development of this fourth objective, as shown in Figure 19, three strategic means have been identified with their respective strategies to facilitate implementation: communication and disclosure, evaluation, and research.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

Figure 19

Policy Objective 4: improve information and communication

Policy objective

4. Optimize information and communication

Strategic means

Strategies

1. Communication and disclosure.

2. Information and evaluation.

3. Research.

Source: Created by the SCRD.

The following is a description of these strategic means:

4.1.

Communication and disclosure

This strategic means is intended to strengthen the communication and disclosure channels of this public policy and the plans, programs and projects that are derived from it. In this area, the following strategies were prioritized: Strengthen the website of “Bogotá más Activa” (www.bogotamasactiva. gov.co) as a means to establish a relationship with the community, in terms of social networking. 4.1.2. Encourage the development of booklets and training tools that encourage and guide the practice of sport, recreation and physical activity as well as acquiring adequate nutritional habits and self-care. 4.1.3. Encourage the development of the “Bogotá más Activa” campaign as a strategy for publicizing this policy. 4.1.1.

4.2.

Information and evaluation

This strategic means seeks to strengthen the information and evaluation processes of the sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities that Bogota currently has or should have. It is well known that every public policy is

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

dynamic, and needs to be monitored, analyzed and adjusted over time, based on information resulting from timely and objective evaluation and monitoring. It is also well known that the success of any public policy depends on the level and quality of its implementation, and these can only be known by performing appropriate monitoring and evaluation. In other words, “you can only manage what you can measure.”3 In this area, the following strategies were prioritized: 4.2.1.

A monitoring and evaluation model is required to determine the progress made by the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”.To this end, the following activities are required, among others: Design a model to monitor and evaluate the impact of this public policy in city and district plans, and the participation and management of the system’s participants. b. Publish the results of the monitoring and evaluation process of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”, to ensure that any required adjustments are made in a transparent manner, to make it viable and sustainable over time. a.

4.2.2.

Strengthen the Sector Information System to enable the development of timely, rigorous, clear and virtual access to general and specific information on the sector at the local, district, national and international levels. To this end, the following actions are required, among others: The creation and articulation of the different information systems in the sector. b. The consolidation of periodic reports, research studies, diagnoses, evaluations, results, trends, among other data related to sports, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments in Bogota. a.

David Norton and Robert Kaplan, Cuadro de mando integral (The strategy-focused organization), Barcelona, Gestión, 2000.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

4.3. Research

This strategic means seeks to strengthen the research processes for the analysis and understanding of the impact of the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”. To this end, the following strategies have been prioritized: 4.3.1.

Promote research through agreements or partnerships with public and private universities and research institutes. To this end, the following actions are required, among others: Ensure availability of financial resources to leverage the agreements or alliances, and the execution of relevant research on the impact of this public policy. b. Establish lines of research to monitor the progress and impact of this public policy. c. Encourage the development of the research network on city sports, recreation and physical activity. a.

4.3.2.

Promote the establishment of a research area on sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments, in the Culture Observatory of the SCRD.

5. Fifth policy goal (OP 5): Improve parks, facilities

and environments This fifth policy objective (OP5) seeks to increase the number and the physical and environmental qualities of parks, facilities and environments to promote the appropriate use and development of sports programs, recreational and physical activity. The public policy “Bogotá más Activa” will have as one of its main scenarios the most important ecological structures of the city [called this way by the Land Management Plan (POT)], which is undergoing a review process, particularly as related to mass usage of the large city parks, in which the emphasis shall be on the development of local facilities in areas with highly concentrated populations, with the aim of achieving excellent community participation and social appropriation of the territory.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

The development of this goal requires, among other things, working jointly with industry, the community and public entities, in order to develop cleaner production processes, proper management of waste, and recovery and preservation of the environment. It is not enough to promote sport, recreation and physical activity if adequate, healthy and safe attitudes towards the environment and environs are not developed and appropriated. Therefore, as shown in Figure 20, for the development of this fifth objective four strategic means have been identified with their respective strategies to facilitate implementation: the city system of parks, facilities and environments for sports, recreation and physical activity; a culture of habitat; environmental co-responsibility, and urban-rural-regional integration.

Figure 20

Policy Objective 5: Improve parks, sports, recreation and physical activity facilities and environments

Policy objective

5. Improve parks, facilities and environments

Strategic means

Strategies

1. City System of Parks, Facilities and environs for sports, recreation and Physical Activity.

2. Habitat culture.

3. Environmental co-responsibility.

4. Urban-rural-regional integration.

Source: Created by the SCRD.

The following are the details of these strategic means:

City System of Parks, Facilities and Environments for Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity

5.1.

This strategic means seeks to strengthen and consolidate the City System of Parks and Recreation and Sports Facilities, as well as their surrounding ecosystems.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

In this sense, the following strategies were prioritized: 5.1.1.

Promote the study and creation of financial leverage models so as to substantially fulfill the goals of the Sports Facilities and Recreation Master Plan for Bogota (Decree 308 2006). To this end, the following actions are proposed, among others: Assess the feasibility of public-private partnerships that would enable obtaining financing for the development of this master plan. b. Obtain funding from international agencies for the design and construction of parks, facilities and environments for deprived areas of the city. c. Design technical procedures and systematize investment information on the city, districts and region in parks and sport, recreational and physical activity facilities. a.

Review and adjust the scope of the City System of Parks and Sports and Recreation Facilities in terms of deadlines and targets for its reali zation. 5.1.3. Improve inter-institutional coordination to ensure the consistency of interventions in parks, facilities and environments for the practice of sport, recreation and physical activity. 5.1.4. Articulate the Capital District with the department of Cundinamarca, the national government and international organizations to improve and expand the range of parks and sports, recreation and physical activity facilities at the city, district and regional levels to ensure an improvement in the quality of life of the people and a visionary development of the city. This includes, among other actions: 5.1.2.

Promote the creation of joint city projects (with the nation, the city, the districts, zones, communities, businesses and universities), including mega-projects or significant areas of high quality and social transformation. b. Prioritize the construction, improvement and enhancement of important multipurpose sport, recreation and physical activity facilities, especially in the most densely populated districts; and a.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

promote the localization of the development of sport, recreation and physical activity in Bogota, overcoming shortages and distribution issues of these spaces, as well as the average number of parks and facilities of the districts. c. Ensure that all works involving facilities for sport, recreation and physical activity that are begun in Bogota are completed with high quality standards, according to the initial project specifications. 5.1.5.

Periodically evaluate and adjust the Master Plan of Sports and Recreation Infrastructures for Bogota (Decree 308/2006), to adapt to the dynamics of the city regarding coverage, quality, construction and operation of the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parks and facilities (sporting, recreational and physical activity facilities). This will enable, among other actions: Establish a standardized tool containing technical criteria for the valuation, prioritization and localization of projects involving parks, facilities and environments for sport, recreation and physical activity. b. Implement mechanisms and instruments for land management, as defined by Law 388/1997 and the POT for Bogota, for the acquisition of land for parks and facilities for sports, recreation and physical activity as an alternative to direct purchases, through the establishment of procedures and rules in the framework of the formulation and adoption of city planning instruments. a.

5.2.

Habitat Culture

Strengthen the culture on the proper use and care of the physical, environmental and service conditions of parks, facilities and environments suitable for sport, recreation and physical activity as part of an urban culture, which will help strengthen the positive image and love for Bogota, healthy living, environmental sustainability of public space, and the increase in the use of parks, facilities and environments for sport, recreation and physical activity in Bogota. Therefore, this strategic means seeks to improve the conditions of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural and environmental endowment, so that the ecological, public,

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

educational, cultural, community and mobility spaces are suitable for increasing the practice of sport, recreation and physical activity practice among city residents, to promote tourism, coexistence and social inclusion as part of the city’s endowment. To achieve these purposes the following strategies were prioritized: Strengthen, with support from the central level, decentralized institutions and private enterprise, processes to raise awareness, encourage and involve the community in appropriating and making good use and maintenance of parks, facilities and environs, as well as the formulation of public, private and community strategies to improve safety in these spaces. This includes, among others activities, encouraging the creation of social compensation mechanisms to the community (or communities) that create, implement and maintain programs or events encouraging the proper use and care of parks, facilities and environments for sport, recreation and physical activity for the residents of each district that live near them. 5.2.2. Ensure that public policies in other sectors of Bogota include activities to promote physical conditions, areas, environments and facilities for sport, recreation and physical activity. 5.2.3. The City Planning Department, with support from the SCRD and the City Recreation and Sport Institute (IDRD) should promote and ensure that urban design (urban planning, growth and renewal) in the city includes public spaces, environs, environments, parks, roads and suitable conditions to encourage sport, recreation and physical activity among the residents of Bogota. 5.2.4. Promote awareness of environmental care, the construction of citizenship (civic culture) and the benefits of sport, recreation and physical activity in healthy, clean and well maintained public spaces (parks, facilities, environments and green areas), and to further strengthen the program “Love for Bogota”. This requires, among other things, creating programs that demonstrate the culture of caring for public spaces in each of the districts. 5.2.5. Strengthen the development and management of neighborhood parks (today there are about 4,200 small parks). This includes, among other actions: 5.2.1.

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

Create mechanisms to improve the conditions and the visibility of these parks. b. Strengthen the program “Adopt a park” by the community and the districts, in association with the central level and private organizations that would assist in the social, economic and environmental sustainability of the City Park System. a.

5.3. Environmental

Co-responsibility

Sharing the responsibility for the decisions, management and results of sport, recreation, physical activity, parks and facilities in close articulation with the preservation, care and improvement of the natural environment in each district of the Capital District is a commitment that everyone needs to make (public-private co-responsibility). This strategic means is aimed at achieving a greener city and ensuring that urban and rural programs that emerge from the public policy “Bogotá más Activa” consider the appropriate, sustainable and harmonious appropriation of environmental spaces for sport, recreation and physical activity and for the construction, use and maintenance of environments devoted to increase these practices in the population of Bogota. In order to achieve this laudable goal the following strategies were prioritized: 5.3.1.

Increase alliances and long-term agreements with different organizations (Botanical Garden, district mayoralties, private companies, the community and city environment, health, education, habitat, mobility and planning departments, among other environmental organizations) primarily in order to: Significantly strengthen the construction, recovery and maintenance of environs, paths, parks and facilities with a strong environmental component in urban areas (tree planting, gardens and green areas), prioritizing, as the first requirement for the deve lopment of this component, leadership and ownership from the community.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

In the areas of territorial expansion of Bogota, prioritize the creation of parks and sports, recreational and physical activity facilities, with particular characteristics in order to fulfill community priorities.

Create the necessary mechanisms to preserve the environment aimed at green management, improvement of air quality and mitigation of greenhouse gas pollution, noise and waste that, together with the lack of lighting, constitute a barrier that prevents people from practicing sport, recreation and physical activity in Bogota. This requires, among other actions, emphasizing the environmental sustainability of urban areas to enable their recovery and appropriation and planting of trees, shrubs and plants in several districts, with the commitment and ownership of the community. 5.3.3. Include in the development of city transportation plans an interconnected non-motor-vehicle road network that encourages the daily practice of sport, recreation and physical activity, while increasing equal access for people in Bogota to the large gym that the city offers through its network of bicycle paths and trails. 5.3.4. Encourage the development of environmental certification and accreditation process of parks and sport, recreation and physical activity facilities, so as to enable qualification of the construction, upgrade or adaptation of these public spaces. 5.3.2.

5.4. Urban-rural-regional

integration

In Bogota and the Savannah of Bogota it is a great challenge to define institutional, inter-sector and community mechanisms that enable it to promote the execution of integrated and qualified sport, recreation and physical activity programs in urban, rural and regional areas, as well as develop parks and facilities in urban and rural settings that encourage the practice and enjoyment of sport, recreation and physical activity of high quality and appropriate according to the characteristics and expectations of the population of Bogota and its neighboring municipalities. In this area, the following strategies have been prioritized:

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

5.4.1.

Define, lead and actively socialize inter-institutional and inter-sector actions to support, articulate and incorporate rural and regional areas suitable for parks, ecological paths, bicycle paths, sidewalks and spaces that provide a greater number of alternatives to encourage practicing sport, recreation and physical activity associated with the natural environment, as well as the urban-rural-regional integration of Bogota. The alternatives to be considered for providing support, among other major projects that may be proposed in the city, are: Support the creation of an ecological and recreational mega-park in the eastern hills of Bogota, in order to make it an ecological destination for tourism, sport, recreation and physical activity in the city. b. Increase the number of options available for practicing safe and responsible sport, recreation and physical activity associated with the environment, allowing the integration of urban, rural and regional areas [regional parks, hiking (Resolution 310 of 2008)],4 biking, climbing, fly fishing, orientation, among others] in order to take advantage of the geographic conditions and facilities available in the Savannah of Bogota. c. Promote bicycle mobility as an alternative means of transport for the city and region. a.

5.4.2.

Create a program to encourage the use, care and maintenance of areas near rivers, wetlands and paths, as suitable and sustainable spaces for sport, recreation and physical activities, in close harmony with environmental conservation, cultural identity and ecotourism in the Capital District region.

In summary, in the above 64 strategies identified in the public policy “Bogotá más Activa”, as shown in Figure 21, the greatest emphasis is on strengthening institutions (28%), followed by improving the parks, facilities and environments (25%), and there is less emphasis on increased training (11%). The average of

Council of Bogota, Resolution 310/2008, “which promotes ecological hiking in the City”.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

the strategies is around 20%, and the one that comes the closest to the average is increasing participation (23%).

Figure 21 Relative weight (%) of distribution by policy objective OP 5: Improve parks, facilities and environments 25%

OP 1: Increase participation 23%

OP 4: Optimize information and communications 11%

OP 3: Increase training 13%

OP 2: Strengthen institutions 28%

Source: Created by the SCRD.

Lastly, it is important to note that the success of this vision for 2019 is the result of a joint effort between the public (at the city and district level), the private sector (organized sports, associations, companies, educational, health, environmental, safety, service, planning, transport and mobility institutions, among others), the third sector (family welfare funds, foundations, NGOs and social organizations), and the community, all coordinated by the city and district administrations. It is also necessary to stress that this policy identification and prioritization process (policy objectives, strategic means and strategies) is dynamic and interdependent, and that it needs to be managed, evaluated and adjusted over time based on its results.

D. Roles

and responsibilities

The practice of sport, recreation and physical activity are fundamental cornerstones for development of individuals and societies. These practices are a source of commitment, joy, inspiration and hope; they are an effective tool to mobilize society and make the people living in Bogota, as well as the network of public, private and mixed institutions, take on active and positive responsi-

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

bilities for initiatives that seek a healthier and safer lifestyle, in order to make it possible to have more active people in a more active city. Each of the actors from the different sectors have specific roles and responsibilities in terms of leading, facilitating, managing and evaluating the effective development of strategies of the public policy, as specified in Table 4.

Table 4

Roles and responsibilities of the sector Actors

Responsibilities

Public Sector

Include in the public agenda sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, facilities and environments for the practice of these activities. Provide funding and resources. Design and implement mechanisms (decrees, resolutions, regulations, prioritization of policies, plans, programs and projects), the institutional structure, infrastructure and evaluation, among others.

Private Sector

Create and support programs. Provide leadership to organized sports (leagues and clubs). Encourage institutional structure. Develop and maintain infrastructure. Provide resources. Participate in the marketing of the sector. Provide technical, budget or political support, among others.

Community

Submit needs, expectations and initiatives. Develop activities. Exercise social control. Participate in volunteer work and in management and evaluation of activities. Strengthen co-responsibility. Exercise ownership and empowerment over most meaningful activities and programs. Develop social networking for the sector.

Academic Institutions

Lead educational and human talent training in the sector. Provide academic support and research on the sector.

The Media

Communicate, publicize and promote the policies, plans, programs, projects, events and activities of the sector.

Source: Created by the SCRD.

These actors are responsible for leading and directing the promotion of sport, recreation, physical activity, and the use of parks and facilities developed for the community in the city in joint coordination with related institutions in these areas at the local, district, national and international levels, creating more options to enhance the peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s use and enjoyment of the different forms of sport, recreation, physical activity, and the appropriate use of parks and sporting facilities in the capital city.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

It should be stressed that the development of these responsibilities should include ethical behavior according to citizen codes of conduct, reflecting good example and the positive outcome of their practice to society, which makes it possible to promote respect, honesty, cooperation and regulatory compliance, seeking a better civic culture and improved living standards in Bogota. The development of sport, recreation and physical activity programs, with community participation, involving games and human movement, is an interdisciplinary, interagency, inter-sector and citizen responsibility, as these activities are an excellent means for improving the quality of life and promoting coexistence and peace in Bogota. Consequently, the support and active and effective cooperation from the twelve Administrative Coordination Sectors of the Capital District Administration (twelve district departments and their respective related bodies)5 as well as from the twenty district mayoralties, the community and political leaders and private organizations, is critical in order to manage the strategies that facilitate the implementation of this public policy. In this sense, the challenge is for the different public and private institutions to take on co-responsibility, in order to: 1.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Create more options for all to practice sport, recreation and physical activity in healthy and good quality environments. Provide physical education programs delivered by professionals in all educational establishments and at all levels. Facilitate access to and use of public and private facilities. Perform institutional integration and strengthening activities. Adapt and build healthy and stimulating urban environments. Provide the possibility of enjoying and preserving rural environments. Obtain funding to promote and carry out city, district, national and international events, based on public or private initiatives. Increasingly qualify promoters, leaders, professionals and managers in the sector. Find ways to articulate this policy with policies from other sectors.

Resolution 257 of 2006, “Structure, organization and overall operation of the District Administration”, Chapter 6, Article 45.

100

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019

10.

Ensure timely and effective inter-institute, interdisciplinary actions and citizen proposals so that by 2019 we will have more active people in a more active Bogota.

Ensuring fulfillment of the rights and responsibilities of all to practice and appropriate sport, recreation and physical activity is a fundamental duty of these institutions, according to global trends and the precepts of organizations such as the UN and its Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), which confirm sport as a powerful tool to promote and respect human rights. Table 5 records the distribution of responsibilities in different bodies, enabling the viability and sustainability of this public policy, “Bogotá más Activa” over the next ten years.

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

101

2.Strengthen institutions

1.Increase Participation

Public Politics Objectives

Lessons learned and 3 good practices

2 Comprehensive training

Maintain and improve 4 results

3 Incentives and stimuli

o o

Education for an active life

2 Cooperation and alliances

Maintain and improve results

1 Management

Broaden program and event offerings

Strengthen community o participation

Increase practice of 2 sport, recreation and physical activity

1 Strategic means Department of Health

Department of Habitat

Department of Treasury

Department of Mobility

o o

Bodies responsible for managing public policy “Bogotá más Activa”

District Mayoralties

Universities

Local assemblies

Council of Bogota

Roles and responsibilities of public policy “Bogotá más Activa”

District Department of Culture Recreation and Sport (SCRD) Department of Government

Department of Education

Department of Planning

Department of Social Integration

Department of Environment Department of Economic Development Mayoralty of Bogota City Recreation and Sport Institute (IDRD) Canal Capital and mass media Botanical Garden

Local sport councils

Leagues and clubs Coc. Opc. Federations District Policy Committee Pro-events committee DRAF

Council and local planning

Table 5

3.Increase training

“BOGOTÁ más ACTIVA”. Política Pública de Deporte, Recreación y Actividad Física para Bogotá 2009-2019 Ministry of Social Protection

102

Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Education

Coldeportes

Governorship of Cundinamarca

Family Welfare Funds

Superintendent of family subsidies

Networks and partnerships

Organized community

Sector organizations

Others

SCRD

IDRD

Department of Education

Department of Treasure

SCRD

IDRD

SCRD

Lead

Public Policy on Sports, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogota 2009-2019

103

5. Improve parks, facilities and environs

4.Optimize information and communications

Public Politics Objectives

Source: Created by the SCRD.

o o

Ministry of Environment

Coldeportes

Family Welfare Funds

Organized community

Others

Planning Secretary

Secretary of Environment

SCRD

Canal Capital

Lead

Note 2: A space in the square “other” is left so that, in the process of developing district and local plans, the other actors responsible for the design, implementation, evaluation and management sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, venues and environs can be defined.

Urban-rural-regional integration

Department of Health

Department of Habitat

Department of Treasury

Department of Mobility

District Mayoralties

Universities

Local assemblies

Council of Bogota

Bodies responsible for managing public policy “Bogotá más Activa”

Note 1: The acronym DRAFP abbreviates the words sport, recreation, physical activity, parks, venues and environs.

Environmental coresponsibility

City system of parks and sports, recreation and physical activity facilities

2 Habitat culture

3 Research

Information and evaluo ation

2 o

Communications and outreach

1 Strategic means District Department of Culture Recreation and Sport (SCRD) Department of Government

Department of Education

Department of Planning

Department of Social Integration

Department of Environment Department of Economic Development Mayoralty of Bogota City Recreation and Sport Institute (IDRD) Canal Capital and mass media Botanical Garden

Local sport councils

Leagues and clubs Coc. Opc. Federations District Policy Committee Pro-events committee DRAF

Council and local planning Ministry of Social Protection

Ministry of Education

Governorship of Cundinamarca

Superintendent of family subsidies Networks and partnerships

Sector organizations

Participants in the formulation of the public policy on sport, recreation and physical activity for Bogota 2009-2019 City Recreation and Sport Institute (IDRD) City Health Department City Education Department City Environmental Department District Mayoralties Planning Office District Community Action Boards Colombian Association of Physical Education Teachers Family Welfare Funds Associated Organizations (Sports Leagues, Federations and OCC) The community in general (5,151 participants) Andes University, Business Management School (Association Agreement No. 268/2008 entered into with the Department for Culture Recreation and Sports to provide policy recommendations for the program â&#x20AC;&#x153;The ball is in your handsâ&#x20AC;?).

BOGOTÁ ACTIVA

The purpose of “Bogotá más Activa”: Public Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity for Bogotá 2009-2019 is to identify, prioritize and forecast the major public policy challenges Bogotá will be committed to managing over the next ten years, in collaboration with both public and private city and district organizations. This policy is the result of a broad-based collaborative consensus-building effort performed between October and December of 2008, involving over 5,100 participants from the communities, social leaders and sector experts from the city’s twenty districts, and between January and August of 2009, with support from experts and professionals in various fields. For additional information on this process, please visit www.bogotamasactiva.gov.co.