MEDes Major | Project Documentary | Fee Schmidt-Soltau
Social Innovation Toolkit The activy toolkit and platform for community groups
Fee Schmidt-Soltau Major | Design Project Process Documentary Master of European Design Glasgow School of Art 2010
Fee Schmidt-Soltau Glasgow School of Art Master of European Design Year 5 Major Project 2009/2010
Supervisors Historical & Critical Studies: David Sweeney Design: Mil Stricevic
Foreword & Thanks This project, the final piece to a fantastic
Many thanks to Jack Simpson, the com-
five year course, has been a great and
munity worker who patently explained
enjoyable challenge. The deep theoreti-
me the present procedure and pointed
cal part of the thesis prior the project has
me in so many other directions to
let to a very different approach from any
research. Ted Scanlon, the PhD student,
project before. Hence it has been one of
community worker and educational-
the most rewarding and learn intensive.
ist who provided feedback and insight knowledge into current political and
The project would not have been the
community engagement procedures.
same without the support and the advice
Rhonda Bell & the Garthamlock Group
of fellow friends, students and of course
for enthusiastically taking part in my
the warm and enthusiastic people who
research. Lisa Bradley, a GU Master stu-
kindly took part in my research. Before
dent in social research for pointing me to
embarking on the journey of this project
sources for theoretical research.
I would like to thank all the people who have been part of this great adventure:
Lastly to Lukas Golyszny and Roberta Knox for bouncing presentation and ideas off.
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Contents activy
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8
Introduction
12
activy Toolkit
28
activy Platform
36
Background and Research
39
Political Relevance
42
VOiCE Conference
46
User Research
58
The Role of the Community Worker
62
Theoretical Research
64
UCD Research Tools
66
Autonomous Tool Criteria
50
Engagement Tools
74
Toolkit characteristics
76
Tool Development
78
Tests and 1st Iteration
82
2nd Iteration
84
Reflection
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Introduction
“
Communities need to be part of the solution not the problem. We need a participatory democracy.
”
Alex Niel MSP - Minister for Housing and Communities (VOiCE National Conference, Edinburgh 11.5.2010)
Under the new government elected in
The examination of current community
2010 in Britain, the Big Society Plan draws
engagement tools, numerous interviews
on greater community involvement, as-
and the attendance of a national confer-
pired to lead to increased responsibility.
ence highlighted the necessity for a true
Under the title of ‘responsibility revolu-
bottom-up approach.
tion’ new roles and responsibilities need to be realised by citizens.
This project’s outcome is a social innovation toolkit feeding into a platform to
For this new community ownership
cater for such change, whilst providing a
models and grassroot initiates need to be
profound support system, which allows
encouraged. The number of community
grassroot initiatives to gain momentum,
workers will decrease by half in Scotland
working around the current framework,
alone in the next financial year. This puts
to inspire community groups to take
pressure on engagement tools to support
ownership and initiative.
this responsibility transition. It requires a framework through which practices and
The project’s outcome, a theoretical
experience are shared amongst com-
responds, has been informed by research
munity groups to support each other
with a group based in Garthamlock,
becoming active.
Glasgow.
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Toolkit + Platform The main focus of this project is a social innovation toolkit for community groups. This toolkit contains a range of tools which support groups to organise themselves to establish local projects and activities. This toolkit is supported by an online platform, called activy. activy unites communities which follow the same vision and process. It focusses on small changes that have an impact, which communities can do themselves, are cheap to realise and encourage community mutuality.
The three intersecting circles of the activy logo represent the learning circle and the consideration of different viewpoints. It also expresses that, although the toolkit’s stages are numerically structured, the process of understanding is not a linear one, but involves iterations.
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The Toolkit
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Toolkit Criteria
External Motivation & Support
Encouragement
Confidence and inspiring, mobilising people to step up, become active
The requirements for the toolkit has been derived at through numerous intense in-
Sustainability & Realisation of Activities
terviews with community workers, social
Funding
research students and hands on primary
The process acts as a type of evidence and credibility to apply for funding, micro funds
research through a workshop with a user group from East Glasgow.
Expert Knowledge
Advice / Support
Group dynamics, how to play the system, strategies, best practices Communication & Ease
Easy Access
Internet access only in libraries, colleges or regeneration agencies Verbal Communication
Equal Say
Encouraging letting everyone come to word, take turns Teamwork
Natural Interactions
Individual & Group Tasks, making feel people at ease, natural behaviour The toolkit is contained in a messenger bag. This allows the toolkit to be mobile, to be brought along to meetings and be relatively easy to be posted or delivered to groups.
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Toolkit Contents
x 1 3G Netbook
This Toolkit is for aim definition, mapping
Furthermore the benefits of free internet
local resources and identifying opportu-
phone calls address the needs of lower
nities how to work towards the aim.
income communities.
UMTS Internet netbook
4 Meeting Tools
The netbook contained within the toolkit
Each tool is working towards a map,
is pre-set up, ready to go with tapping
a visual outcome, a template to work
the start button. This means that the
towards. Each meeting is designed so
UMTS internet connection would ensure
that it can be accomplished within 30
a constant internet connection whilst
minutes, including individual and group
the use of the computer is made easy,
tasks to ensure equal contribution and
on start up, directly being taken to the
discussion.
activy platform.
x 4 Session Sheets
The meetings and the materials are
x 4 Instruction Sheets
From the research, limited access to
designed for smaller groups, groups of
internet and a computer was highlighted.
six. This is based on the effectiveness of
However the reliance on computer and
group dynamics. Furthermore it allows
internet for communication with organi-
meetings at home or in the pub, an
sations make easy access and free use a
environment which feels natural, not
very important aspect for motivation.
necessarily like work. This is also reflected in the playful characteristics adopted by the toolkit.
x 600 Stickers 15
x 12 Marker Pens
x50 Voting Stickers 16
activy Toolkit A step by step process.
Game characteristics.
The toolkit is divided into four sessions.
The tasks borrow game analogies. The
Each session consists of a range of tasks
sessions are designed to be fun and en-
that build up on one another to slowly
courage humour whilst making construc-
develop a greater understanding of the
tive process and decisions. It involves the
context. The tasks range from individual
participants to engage in dialogue whilst
to small groups to large group discus-
providing achievable aims addressing
sions. Therefore it requires each indi-
complex issues.
vidual to externalise their own opinion before sharing it with others and deriving
Toolkit cost
at conclusions at the end of each session. Netbook
£ 75 / year
Continues reflection.
Mobile 3G flatrate
£ 180 / year
After each session the participants are
Working Materials
£ 40
asked to record their feelings and reflec-
tions of the individual sessions. This on
£ 295
the one hand supports the development of the tools, but is also an essential learn-
Due to the high political interest encour-
ing opportunity to avoid similar in the
aging community empowerment and
future whilst preventing possible group
reduction of community worker jobs, the
conflicts.
toolkits would initially be provided and paid for by governmental bodies.
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activy Process
Preparation
Individual Tasks
From understanding to action The four sessions provided with the activy TOOLKIT do not lead to an action-
1. Get Started Meeting
Introductory Session: Explaining activy and the tools. Highlighting their purpose and aim within the overall process.
2. Map your Community
3. Your Dreams
Map all key people and organisations, considering meeting facilities and people with expert knowledge.
Aids defining the groups aim or project objective through mapping concerns and dreams.
able outcome or a solution. However
4. Discover Solutions
it aims to develop an understanding, a critical standpoint rather than rushing
Systematically looks at the problems highlighting areas of where to find out more about it, making use of activy and the community map.
to solutions. It aims to focus the group on the real issue, which needs to be addressed to really make a change. Due to time constraints this next step to actionable solutions has not been ad-
Outcome
dressed, however it can be assumed that through the visualisation of the process funding could more easily be secured, supported by the activy network.
Reflection
PROJECTS
MEMBERS
HELP
SIGN-UP
username
login
password password recovery
Toolkit
Garthamlock Women’s Group Support us, we are organising a community game of catch the flag
Photos (20)
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Supporters
Saturday, 6th June Garthamlock Football Pitch
Meeting Outcomes & Reflection Past Projects (2)
Related Projects
Tables Cake for Fundraising Food Snacks Drinks
Kids Go in Easterhouse
Creative Us in West Kilbright
Green Living in Edinburgh
Green Garden in Bristol
Travel Shop in Gloucester
Local Made Comments
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in Weston
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Instruction Sheet Each meeting is enclosed in one folded
Each step is supported by a drawn icon.
map. All materials required for this meet-
This graphical language is adopted to
ing is inclosed, like stickers and pens.
let the tools appear more human and approachable, rather than being associ-
The four step instructions are inclosed on
ated with work and rigorous bureaucratic
a sheet 210 x 210 mm. This gives the tools
processes, like writing a constitution.
a game character, like a game manual.
Each session has a constructive outcome,
Each step is phrased in simple language,
but encourages a lighter atmosphere
highlighting its purpose and sub steps.
through teamwork.
Each session is structured the same way: Tips and references are made back to the
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1. Share Individual Task
activy website throughout. The physical
2. Discuss & Add
toolkit as a gateway to the online plat-
3. Map & Document
form is an essential feature and intensi-
4. Individual task for next time
fied stage by stage.
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Session Maps Each session contains a map. In their full dimension they are 480 x 480 mm, designed to fit onto a kitchen table and thus usable in a home setting.
Folded up the sessions are 420x420 mm.
Each map comes with stickers, which are used to permanently record and visualise the group’s discussion and outcome.
We want to...
Our Community
Our Concerns
What exactly is the problem we want to solve? What do we know about it? What are its causes? What do we have locally that could help? How do others solve it, elsewhere?
How can we find out more about it?
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Individual Booklet and Tasks Each group member receives a booklet,
than the large goals.
which contains general information about activy and individual tasks in
4. The Facts You Know
preparation in between meetings.
Based on the priorities, what do you know for definite about the issue which
1. Your Story
are important in your community.
Asks individuals to write down how and why they joined the group. What they
5. Recording Evidence
would like to see and what their motiva-
The forth meeting leads into activities to
tions are to be part of the group. This
accumulate knowledge involving meet-
helps later to distribute tasks.
ing people and organisations. Recording people’s stories so that they can be
2. The People You Know
shared with the group and the wider
This task asks people to think about the
network in order to decide what to do
skills and knowledge which their imme-
next.
diate network, friends and family, has, Folded up the sessions are 420x420 mm.
which they can be made use of easily in
6. Reflection
the future.
Reflection and individual perspectives are core to activy. The booklet includes
3. Your Concerns
tips on what to consider and note pages
Rather than overall concerns, this task
to record thoughts.
is about personal concerns and dreams, which would be easier to be addressed
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activy.org Philosophy PROJECTS
MEMBERS
HELP
SIGN-UP
username
login
password password recovery
Toolkit
Activy, get involved
means that the tools encourage to step
It is a platform for community groups
back and explore the wider context be-
to exchange and learn from each other.
fore making decisions on how to act.
These groups are linked through process tools that are applicable to a range of is-
These tools originate in the Design Think-
Activy is the easiest way to get engaged in your community. You will find here the collaboration
sues and group intentions. These activy
ing and user design research process.
partners and the tools you need to get started and manage your progress.
tools do not assist in solving a certain
This is a qualitative research based,
issue, but rather provide a guide on how
opportunity finding, solution process.
to conduct research to gain a greater
Therefore the tools encourage to identify
understanding of the situation before
opportunities which may be different
taking decisions on what to do to solve
than the spontaneous reaction to find a
their respective issue.
solution.
Most recent
Garthamlock, Glasgow welcome them
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activy links community initiatives.
Next Door
Renton, Scotland Community Wind farm
Support Us
Stirling, Scotland Shop with us
Success stories
Sidcot, Somerset Frame the people
Kids Go
Green Living
Community Cafe
Travel Shop
in Easterhouse
in Edinburgh
in Ceddar
in Gloucester
Especially in communities the solution is
activy focuses on visibility.
Creative Us
Green Garden
Mutual Care
Local Made
not easily apparent as it involves many
in West Kilbright
in Bristol
in Cheltenham
in Weston
activy as a project platform requires the
different stakeholders and their varying
groups to document their process and
view points and motivations. This as well
reflections online. This aids the sharing
as monetary, legislative and lifestyle bar-
and exchange of experiences, so that
riers are to be taken into account.
best practice is increasingly shared.
activy focuses on understanding.
This visibility also aids as proof and pro-
The tools developed within this project
vides evidence for outsiders to under-
encourage to ask the question 0. This
stand the issue at a personal level.
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activy Individuals
Local activities Get inspired and see what is happening in your area by your community Order Toolkit Order toolkit or pitch for a project to receive a toolkit for free, provided by funding partners based on community voting system
Contribution Individuals can sign up to activy view active groups in their location. Contribute and support through own participation or financial support as well as pass suggestions.
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activy Groups
Knowledge & Advice Internet Research, Other Groups, Social Organisation Partners Funding & Resources Through local contribution and Social Organisation Partners Archive & Inspiration Other group’s processes and project would be documented
Documenting & Process As part of activy, groups are asked to document their process by taking photos of their meeting maps Reflection & Discussion This and documentation is aimed to engage groups in discussions about opportunities
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activy Group Platform PROJECTS
MEMBERS
HELP
SIGN-UP
username
login
password password recovery
Toolkit
Related Projects
2 members uploaded their stories
Kids Go in Easterhouse
Creative Us in West Kilbright
Green Living in Edinburgh
Meeting Outcomes & Reflection
in detail as the focus lay on the toolkit within the time frame of this project.
Garthamlock Women’s Group Currently looking for a project to organise kids activities.
Photos (20)
The platform has not been designed
Green Garden in Bristol
However, the groups website would be based on short messages, like facebook statuses or twitter, which do no require much time to be updated. This requires little time in comparison to a blog entry and is likely to encourage groups to update their status frequently.
Travel Shop in Gloucester
Local Made in Weston
As an extended feature, activy would extend as a measurable engagement status to facebook, acting as a marketing platform.
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activy Grassroot Initiatives As already mentioned, the activy process
Youth Activities Sustainable Living Community Run Social Enterprise
is a generic research, solution approach.
Urban, lower income communities, on
This enables the TOOLKIT to be used in
the other hand would be dealing with is-
a range of issues, ranging across social
sues such as community planning or dis-
classes.
satisfactory public services. They would predominantly be interested in gaining
Communities urban or rural would
a voice to repel against the present
have different issues they would like to
hegemony and oppression. The evidence
Garthamlock
address. For instance one community
which they would be collecting with the
Organises activities for children.
group may would like to address a more
activy TOOLKIT would aid them to identi-
sustainable way of living, sparked by
fy cheaper, easier to implement solutions
slow policy and legislation decisions.
not based on a spontaneous reaction. It
TRANSITION TOWNS addresses these
would also collect evidence which would
communities to tackle issues of peak oil
assist them in gaining necessary funds to
and climate change on a local level. The
act, implementing change.
activy TOOLKIT could assist the com-
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munity to highlight opportunities of
The needs and requirements of external
where to change their behaviour. The
support and dialogue are different for the
tools would assist them to approach the
target groups, however activy aims to
situation from a beginners’ mind helping
encourage a grassroot, side by side ap-
them to understand their own behaviour,
proach rather than a top-down, outsiders
individual and collective.
initiated collaboration.
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Background & Relevance
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Research Time line 20th April
Expert Interview
Jack Simpson
Community Engagement Team GERA, Easterhouse
22nd April
VOXUR: Engagement Tool Designer
Tommy Petillo
55 Degrees, Design Consultancy
20th April
User Interview
Rhonda Bell
Secretary Garthamlock Group
4th May
User Interviews
Garthamlock Group Regeneration Agency, Garthamlock
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Key Learnings Describes community worker’s role as background support person. It’s always the same active people attending events and meetings.
11th May
Key Learning Stand alone tool. Verbal responds and direct replay encourages use. Short, precise explanatory video. Expensive and reliant on organisation.
12th May
Key Learning Feel they do what the council should be doing. Are proud that they finally get listened to, standing up against all odds, fighting their rights.
11th May
Key Learning Receive encouragement and practical knowledge through community worker. Group is representative for entire community and its issues.
11th May
VOiCE National Conference
Jennifer Stubbs NHS Ambulant Services
Expert Interview
Ted Scanlon
Community Worker for Home Scotland and PhD Student GU
VOiCE National Conference
Alex Neil
Minister for Housing and Community
VOiCE National Conference
Dora Kollar
Social Research Student
Key Learning Loneliness and boredom are motivators. The more people participate in organisational planning, the more they lose community representation.
Key Learning Education for democracy is required. Not coherence but questioning present society and government intentions.
Key Learning Stresses the political necessity to encourage participation, especially in the <30 age group with less than 60% voting participation rate.
Key Learning Community trusts in communities allow new ownership models which would be required for a participatory democracy.
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Political Relevance The 21st Century shows a significant shift
service tries to serve. By involving the
towards participation and mutualism.
‘real experts’ public funds can be more ef-
tokenistic and top down. An outside organisation enters a community to involve
fectively used as this may lead to greater The Scottish Government presently
participation and less animosity.
encourages organisations to genuinely involve communities into decision mak-
However by the Scottish Government
ing to do with community planning
setting National Standards of community
and social services. Co-production (the
engagement which organsiations need
involvement of locals to run services by
to comply with and providing the neces-
shifting ownership and responsibilities) is
sary planning tools that easily provide
one aspired vision and partially imple-
evidence of such engagements, the true
mented in rare US and UK locations. 1
nature of the engagements can be quesstep in the right direction.
of all the present economic climate suggests its necessity. Alone in Scotland the
Communities need to be part of the solu-
number of community workers will be
tion not the problem. We need commu-
halved this coming fiscal year whilst cut-
nity engagement and empowerment. 2 Community engagement and empower-
to maintain current services, however on
ment were used interchangeably at the
the flip side it is also a positive movement
VOiCE conference. The approach and
as it acknowledges the individuals the
the way it is spoken about is still rather
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Currently the key to a more participatory
based on feedback rather than on direct
democracy is seen by providing capac-
involvement at first, Alex Niel referred
ity building. This means that individuals
to ‘We need to make a genuine effort to
and groups receive training to build skills,
consult communities, not just issue an
gain employability and greater confi-
consultation paper’. 3 Current consulta-
dence and thus are likely to take greater
tion methods do not reach a fast audi-
ownership over local issues.
internet access when conducted using
However critiques state that it requires
SurveyMonkey.com or when inviting
an educational shift. Presently people
people to so called consultation events.
become active when there is something
Considering this, it is not a surprise that
wrong. People come together out of a
many decisions are met with opposition
sense of urgency or opposition. Ted Scan-
by communities feeling not properly
lon, a PhD Social Research Student at the
consulted.
Glasgow University states that education is required to let people be more critical
ting public funds on a national basis. This shift could be seen as a cheap alternative
people. This engagement is likely to be
ence, whether this is based on limited
tioned. However it can be seen as a first This movement can be seen critical. First
engagement since the 1970s. 4
1 Boyle, Co-production Paper, Nesta 2 Alex Niel, Minister for Housing and community, VOiCE conference, 11th May 2010, Edinburgh 3 Ted Scanlon, 12th May 2010 Interview 4 Alen Barr, SCDC, VOiCE conference, 11th May 2010, Edinburgh
A participatory democracy, a concept
of what is happening around them. There
which Pericles already referred to as an
is generally a need for different models of
essential tool for modern growth, is not a
responsibility and community ownership.
new concept in Scottish policy. On paper
activy is based on a supporting network
it has been encouraging community
consisting of other communities .
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VOiCE Conference Although the conference was about
overall system, does not allow interaction
community engagement, there was
between organisation and the people
not a single representative of a com-
involved. It requires extra work processes
munity member. Just organisations and
to fill it out to fill out the software, as it
politicians who decide what community
does not substitute management soft-
engagement should be like.
ware. It provides one click reports of each of the sections, which give an overview
The entire event stressed the necessity
of the engagement. This however could
for community engagement - national
be seen as a sole communication tool
standards which need to be met and
between organisation and higher bodies.
tightened audit criteria with the wonderful name of BV2 ( Best Value Toolkit 2).
Limited access and use for community members. It states that there is the po-
The VOiCE tool, developed by SCDC
tential for community use, but the soft-
(Scottish Community Development
ware has obviously not been designed
Centre), is a planning and evaluation
for this purpose.
software, which is aimed to assist comPeople spoken to at Conference:
munity involvement. It aids the planning
Alex Neil MSP, Minister for Housing and
Jack Simpson Glasgow East Regeneration Agency
and evaluation process by asking ques-
Communities warned of the dangers of
tions following a common logic model
professional community workers and
of ANALYSE, PLAN, DO, REVIEW. One
politicians developing a cosy consen-
could say that it is solely tool for proofing
sus about how and when communities
engagement. It is not integrated into the
should be engaged with. Instead, he
Angus Hardie Local People Leading Dora Kollar University of Dundee Social Work & Research Jennifer Stubbs + James Stevenson Scottish Ambulance Service NHS
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Impressions and Quotes extolled the virtues of community control
“In the 21st century consultation is not
and ownership of assets, and cited the
enough, active participation is required.
work of community development trusts
We currently do not live up to commu-
in Blairgowrie and Neilston as the way to
nity engagement and empowerment! I
build a strong, grass root participatory
believe, we got a lot to learn. We have to
‘Democracy needs to move from repre-
‘Not everyone wants to be involved.
democracy. (Source: Local People Lead-
practice.”
sentative to participatory.’
Many people who take part in commu-
ing)
nity activities in fact feel lonely.’ At present communities only come to-
‘Our role changes from being responsive
‘We as politicians need to make sure
gether when there is opposition, a sense
to opportunistic. We need to be honest.
‘The more people get involved the more
consultation is not just issuing a consul-
of urgency. They become active and
We need to accept that we don’t have the
they get absorbed by the structure of the
tation paper, but it needs to be genuine!
engaged when something is wrong. Alex
solution. We need to redefine relation-
organisation, in consequence lose their
It needs to be honest and open. Self
Neil suggested that this mindset needs to
ships and learn to create together.’ (Alex
representation factor.’
interest needs to stand outside, this is
change - cooperation should be wel-
Neil, Minster for Housing & Communities)
about addressing the wider interest. We
come between users and organisations.
need to be bold enough to make the
Feedback systems need to be integrated,
‘There needs to be dialogue. We need to
mass. ‘ However unless they will realise
right decision.’
which encourage people to take more
challenge exciting communities. Com-
that they are dealing with individuals
ownership in regional decisions.
munities are part of the solution not the
here, there will be no talk on an equal
problem.’
level.
‘In this economic climate there needs
‘They talk about people as a generic
to be a genuine attempt to involve lo-
Focus on Youth & Local ‘The current
cal people.’ There needs to be a shift in
generation is disengaged in the decision
‘We need to adapt a corporate approach
There are different motivations to be
mindset, not to see them as a problem,
making process. This can be observed in
for meaningful engagement. This has not
involved: personal interests, urgency, op-
but as assets.
the falling numbers of vote participation.
been practice of the past, but needs to be
position, loneliness.
Currently only 65% of <30 are voting.’
in the future.’
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User Research
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Garthamlock Women’s Group The default answer of why they are meet-
central hub. However one may argue
ing is ‘there is nothing for the kids to do’.
that this is the direct solution and a
However the group has now taken on a
costly one. Presently they have a van with
representative character of the Gartham-
which they transport the kids to the next
lock community. At the beginning of May
community centre.
I attended their monthly meeting. The meetings objective was to decide on a
Diffused Focus
strategy and the communication they
Although the main objective is kids ac-
would adopt to oppose the current posi-
tivities, the group has become represen-
tioning plan of the MUGA (Playground).
tative for the whole community.
Discussion Facilitation
No Encouragement for Smaller Solutions
Ted Scanlon did not lead the discussion
Many kids activities do not require room
per se, but pulled it back to the core of
facilities and do not require a purpose
the discussion when it went off on a
build building. However this aspiration
tangent e.g. gossip or repetitive com-
can be seen as a statement against their
plains about how neglected they feel by
oppression. Receiving this building even-
the council, not taking their needs into
tually would symbolise success.
account. Unequal Discussion Contribution Garthamlock Group Contact Rhonda Bell 07939876525 garthamlockcg@googlemail.com
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Default Aspiration
Quiet members did not contribute. The
The group aspires for a ‘purpose build
discussion was dominated by loader
building’ i.e. community centre and
members who often led the discussion
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side track. A quick chat with Rhonda,
Lack of Funding
be applied to e.g. the BIG Lottery Fund.
Change of Mindset
their spoked person highlighted that she
Lower Class communities do not have
However these external agencies are not
The status quo of their discussion is more
saw the lack of contribution as a negative
the required funding which it takes to
sustainable, as they suggest a dependen-
like a social gathering. One person takes
aspect. However she did not throughout
buy stationary, bus tickets and so forth.
cy and do not offer continues support.
the lead, everyone shares what has been
the discussion encourage people to raise
Even to the bank where they have situ-
their voice and contribute their opinion
ated their group funding is only acces-
Benefits verses Action
about what should be done.
sible via a bus and they do not have cars
In lower class communities individuals
themselves.
need to be careful not to be too active to
No Financial Sustainability
still be eligible for benefits.
The group does not aim for financial
No Internet or Computer at Home
happening, whilst one person takes the minutes.
sustainability. They do not seem to be
However most conversation and interac-
Quantitative Mindset
tion is facilitated through email nowa-
Community representations by statistics
Not Everyone Wants to be Involved
thinking about the scenario once dona-
days. Jack Simpson said it was not an
is the language of organisational struc-
Few active individuals take on more and
tion periods have run out or once their
issue as internet can be used at centres
tures. The group conducted a survey of
more responsibility as the group diverges
funds have been depleted.
e.g. Gera or collages. Access may seem
180 households to console the location
to be representative for the community.
simple, but people need to go out of
and preferences of the community to do
their way and time to go to the facilities.
with the children playground.
Dependencies Long Processes
The group is happy in its dependence to
Applying for funding and dependency on
community worker and external agents providing funding and facilities.
Lack of Meeting Facilities
Numerous Support Opportunities
external agents draw out the process of
The group is presently using a computer
Regeneration Agencies offer capacity
action. Groups meet few times during the
suit of the Regeneration agency situated
and training opportunities. They also
month, therefore each meeting should
Degrees of Literacy
in Garthamlock. This room does not have
have advisors for social enterprises, how
be effective and to the point.
Members did not write very well. These
a central meeting table, nor does it have
to write a constitution or business plans.
considerations need to be taken into
a white board to record discussions onto.
There are numerous funds which can
account.
49
50
The Groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Journey To learn about the process they have gone through, the support they received, I let them plot out their journey. 1. Individual Profiles Their reasons and motivations they are part of the group 2. Milestones such as applied for constitution, received funding, first time kidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities 3. People they met and what they learnt The support and direct input they received to get them where they are today 4. Positive and negative emotions Hopes and things that did not work out as hoped 5. Future Plans
51
52
Journey Tools Reflection Each step was colour and shape coded
No Generative Talk
with a question on the card itself to
As a consequence of the facilities, it was
prompt participants for responds.
difficult to engage the group in constructive talk. Members filled out the cards
Visualising overall Goal and Purpose
individually unless they were confused
In preparation the journey was mocked
and thus copied their neighbours.
up, depicting possible answers Sole Facilitation Need for Precise Questions
It was challenging to facilitate the group
The open question words of ‘who’ ‘what’
alone. However considering it was a first
and ‘why’ intended to prompt to write
time event, I was perceived positively.
whom they met, what happened and
Considering at the beginning of the
what they wanted to get out of it. Howev-
meeting only two individuals agreed
er members were confused. The question
to stay behind to take part, the whole 8
should have been more precise.
members ended up participating too. It helped that Ted Scanlon, their commu-
Need for Facilities
nity worker was rather interested in the
The facilities the workshop was hosted
exercise himself.
in was not ideal. There was no wall space and the table space available did not allow people to gather around.
53
54
We will need a new solution soon to keep the youth activity running. The donation period of the current transport will soon be over.
We need....
Insights ‘I believe that change can only really hap-
Greatest hurdle is funding
pen with active community participation.’
At present most kids activities run on a
Ted, the community worker by Home
donation basis from organsiations. These
Scotland aids the discussion. He believes
are time limited agreements.
in supporting community groups so that new responsibilities and roles in society
Business plan / Constitution
can be achieved. He is an educationalist.
Ted referred to it as ‘playing the system’. Due to lacking infrastructure and money,
We need a strategy to convince city planning that the planned location for the playground will be a waste of money.
Reliance on community worker
he ensures that the women have a little
It is daunting to think how to go about
cash to treat themselves once in a while.
changing things when faced with large
He advises them on where and how to
bureaucratic organisations. The com-
apply.
munity worker, supports and advises the
I am glad Mum convinced me to take part in the group. I like to shape a better and safer environment for my kids.
groups action. Steps into discussions
Natural behaviour
when they trail off and suggests methods
Workshop tasks, such as known from
and actions that can be taken to gain a
co-creation workshops are not natural for
greater voice and action.
the group. Everyone worked on the tasks individually. There was no discussion
‘I want to help to create a clean safe com-
apart from then the task was not clear
munity.’ Children future and safety is the
enough, which led to people copying
main driving force behind the group.
from each other. This behaviour was observed by members who are there because they were asked by others.
55
56
The Role of the Community Worker The role of the Community Worker
Jack Simpson works for the Community
What are the greatest hindrances?
Community workers win the trust of a community. This can be a long process of several
Engagement Team at GERA for the past
‘I don’t like to call it hindrances, I call
months. The role of a community worker is background support. They advice commu-
three years and over 34 years in the vol-
them challenges and the greatest chal-
nity members and groups on support/grants they are eligible for or help to organise
untary sector. He loves his job.: ‘last week
lenge is apathy, bridging people’s lazi-
themselves, lead discussions and provide input of aspects which may have been over-
I worked 4/5 nights, this week was more
ness, getting them out on a rainy night
looked. Even though the community worker is accepted and trusted, they can never
like a 9-5 job. It is most important to be
to a meeting or an event. The first thing
become part of the community.
flexible.’
when we organise events is to check whether football is on. We also try to ar-
I am the person in the background: com-
range meetings at new locations, so that
munity workers can never be part of the
people come along out of curiosity. For
community: my job is to suggest things,
instance GERA has bought this mansion
make sure that people have considered
and renovated it, which is now frequently
everything and help them when they
used for meetings. The other week we
need support. For instance when they
held a community meeting in a second-
need to write a constitution, or when
ary school which just had the theater
they like to organise an event.
done up and people had read about it in the newspapers, so that came along out
They (community workers) enter com-
of curiosity.
munities by getting to know the active Jack Simpson Community Engagement Advisor GERA Glasgow East Regeneration Agency 69 Aberdalgie Road Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G34 9HJ 22nd April 10 am, Easterhouse jsimpson@gera.org.uk 0141 781 4194
57
members of a community. Through this,
Support of community members
word of mouth, and flyering they encour-
Jack is the administrator of the En-
age people to come along to community
gageme Website. The website was
consultation events.
explained to the community through a
58
role play by active community members,
Community worker for Home Scotland
thus a bank account and check books,
who step by step took people through
as part of its wider role engagement
the access to the bank is limited. They
the website using their language. Jack
program, supporting the Garthamlock
need to take a bus there and back.’ This is
wrote a suggestive script which then was
Group.
not financially economic. Therefore it can
altered by the community members he
be said that Home Scotland is presently
was working with.
Referred to as ‘Uncle Ted’ in Gartham-
provide the necessary funds from the left
lock. He assists and leads the discussions
over survey grant for the women to buy
It’s always the same individuals, who are
of the group. He provides the outsiders
biscuits for their meetings and a treat
attending the representation meetings
view and suggests strategies. It took
once in a while. ‘You need to play the
and who participate in the community
him six months to win the trust of the
system.’
meetings.
community. After the group meeting he collected a members child from the crush
Ted is also a PhD research student at the
with his car.
Glasgow University, researching educational democracy, autonomous and
He helped the women to receive a grant
self sustaining communities and new
of 5000 pounds to conduct a community
ownership models in which communities
survey to oppose the MUGA (playground)
generate their own electricity.
plans of the local housing building or-
Ted Scanlon
59
ganisation. Now this money is being used
He lived for many years in Brazil working
to finance the groups activities.
with communities there and experiencing social conflicts.
Home Scotland | www.homegroup.org.uk Community Regeneration Programme Officer & PhD Research Student
‘These women do not have much. Al-
ted.scanlon@homegroup.org.uk 07872 033 393
though the group has a constitution and
60
Theoretical Research
61
62
UCD Research Tools Desirability
Business
People
at io n fo rm In
y th pa
Em
Designers
Designerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Muse Research Model (F. Schmidt-Soltau 2010)
In User Centred Design Research Design-
This was mapped out to gain an overview
ers use participants as information and
of current practice whilst deciding on
inspiration source. Information is extract-
methods that would be adoptable for
ed through tools, interviews, observation.
autonomous collaborations. All methods
They aid to generate evidence as well
apart from self-documenting methods
as understanding and the revealing of
rely on the facilitation of the designer.
opportunities for design solutions. The
The tools do not work by themselves,
evidence aids as a communication tool
often need to be adjusted and fine tuned
for clients to understand the decisions
to its context. Often the tasks require
taken by the designer. Furthermore the
explanation and encouragement to
designer delivers empathy and under-
step outside the status Quo and adopt
standing of the user to the service or
drawing and other expressive methods.
product provider, so that they gain a
Visualisation has been identified as the
picture of whom they are serving.
greatest challenge, however it can be said that non-designers do not require as
The wall on the left maps out the current
a visual communication for interaction.
methods adopted in UCD. It ranges from no involvement to full participation. The next double spread shows a clear diagram of the different methods.
7 63
8 64
Dialogue - Informing the Designer
Autonomous Tools Tools, that bridge the process step of Synthesis. As they are generated, used as discussion platform,
Designer assists / facilitates Process & Idea Generation Flow Chart
Role Script
Opportunity / Insights
Poster
Storyboards
Tomorrowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Headlines
Communication
Question - Answer Inspiration Insight
Inspiration / Information
they also serve as communication / deliverable
Synthesis
piece, proof of situation and visualisation.
Issue Map /Cards Contextual Interviews
Persona Warm-Up
Persona
Experience Journals
Journey Mapping
Motivation Matrix
Scenario Brainstorm
Empathy Tools
Lab / Shadowing
Participant Journals
Collage Expression
Mind Maps
Mood boards + Comments
Trend Forecasting
Still Video - Time log
Cultural Probes
Card Sorting
Group Sketching
Market Research
Participant Observation
Surveys / Interviews
Walkthrough
Lego Proto run through
Relationship/ Stakeholder Mapping
Questionnaires
Thinking aloud
Design Games
Graphic Facilitation
Culture Hunt
Not at all 13 65
Passive
One way Communication
Engaged Participation
Co-design
Gather
Observation
Autonomous 14 66
Autonomous Tool Criteria Individual Stories Their dreams & aspirations feelings
Key Criteria
Direct Outcome Visualisation whilst generation / discussion
Social Fabric Fun factor and wider engagement
Rich Stories Photos Quotes Video A bit of you in it Personal Results Persona template Empty Maps Started Matrix to add to Pick and Mix Themes Blanks Feedback Humor / Mistakes donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t matter Quick Responses, we listen Prize Draw / Motivation Equal Say / Participation Rules & Rounds
The aim of the analysis was to derive at criteria of tools that do not rely on a facilitator to increase independence of external agents.
The criteria on the left correspond to aspects highlighted in the open book of Social Innovation. Mapping Needs Feedback System Integrated User-Derived Data Holistic View Point
High Affordance Knowing what to do from form, shape, layout etc
67
Easy & Quick Clear objective Example of outcome Cards to chose from Blanks to fill out Grids to fill in Step by step
Generative Paradigm (Benchmarking) Changing Roles / Enactment
68
db ack Fee
ion
tat en
An im
m ple
Planning for Real
VOiCE
Is a large event in which community
Is a planning tool. It uses the stages of
members plot out an alternative housing
Analyse, plan, do, evaluate to assist com-
structure and planning of their commu-
munity planning as well as provide one
nity. The mapping includes a large scale
click reports of the different stages. The
map with miniature house models which
tool has been developed by the SCDC
resemble some current houses to provide
(Scottish Community Development
and anchor point for the participants.
Centre) under the remit of the Scottish
nt
me
ge
Top-down
ga
En
Les s
Im
osi ty
Current Engagement Tools
Government. Although the tool is freely Voxur
downloadable it could be said to solely
Is a verbal feedback tool which lets
assist top down engagements.
people record responses to questions in-
Spreading Word Communication Current Community Engagement Model, Fee Schmidt-Soltau (2010) Even genuine community engagement is top down as long as it involves an outside organisation entering a community to engage them, the people, into feedback and discussion.
69
dependently. Voxur is enclosed in a kind
Photovoice
of box, which is placed by organisations
Is a photo novella technique which pro-
in locations so that participants can freely
vides cameras to community members
give feedback so that their views can be
to take their own stories and impressions
taken into account.
of their surrounding. It is seen to give
This tool however does not allow genera-
deprived communities a voice. These
tive talk. It highly depends on the set up
photos are often published as part of an
of the external organisation to set the
exhibition. Associated with foreign, de-
questions, and place it in the required lo-
prived cultures, but also used in a project
cation. Although the tool is merely more
in Govan, Glasgow, to do with asylum
than a software in a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ready mealâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; package.
seekers.
70
VOiCE
Planning for Real
Photovoice
Only feedback, no generative
Computer and internet dependent
Mapping as a communication platform
Tools into the hands of participants
Participants are invited to give verbal
VOiCE is freely available online. There
The map is large. It provides anchor
Cameras are given into the hands of
feedback to questions.
will be an online version shortly, but is a
points of already existing houses and
community, so that they can depict their
software with different text boxes that
localities. It invites people to be engaged
environment from their own perspec-
aid the process.
into dialogue whilst they are mapping
tive. It is a novel event met with enthusi-
and expressing their thoughts.
asm. However the generated content is
Instant review Participants see themselves whilst they
primarily aimed at the view of outsiders
record their answers, before going to the
Not integrated into process
next they can review their responds and
It is seen as extra work pre and post of
Planning and facilitator required
as part of an exhibition, which challenges
decide whether they are happy with it.
engagement. It does not support simul-
It is a large event that requires a lot of
preconceived images and associations.
taneous working or direct involvement
planning, advertising and preparation.
whilst engaging with communities.
The result cannot be extracted easily.
Visualisation and expression
Most insights will originate in peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
it is an externalisation if issues and vi-
Difficult evaluation Although the software allows the responds to be sorted automatically into
Evidence priority
talk. It is highly facilitator and expert de-
sualises people lives whom one may not
sub groups, the evaluation or the cre-
It aids and records the process. It pro-
pendent, who write the report capturing
be aware of: however these project may
ation of an engaging outcome depends
vides quick summaries of the process.
peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s responses.
often fall under the heading of art and
on experts and requires time.
71
community art:
72
Event / Engagement
Planning +
+
Autonomy
Autonomy
Voice
Toolkit Characteristics
Photo Voice
Voxur Photo Voice
Provision and Access
Affordance and Use
Community members and groups can
Tools and task language need to be in the
access the tools themselves. They are
language of the participants.
not dependent on external agencies to provide them the tools. Planning for Real
Planning for Real
Voxur
Time Management
Time Management
+
The outcome and the objective of all
+
+
+
Voice
73
Voice +
Depending on the demographic of the
execution. Why are we doing this now?
community, internet and computer ac-
Where will it lead us and where are we
cess is limited. However the communica-
presently in the overall goal?
organisations. Meeting minutes are type
Time and Manageable
written and distributed.
Community members have a busy life
Impact
Autonomous Working
Sessions need to be broken into manage-
The tools enable the group to steer their
able chunks with clear outcomes at every
process out with external facilitation.
end.
There may be the need of a moderator
Planning for Real
Planning for Real Time Management
Photo Voice
Autonomy
Autonomy
Photo Voice
tools need to be made clear before
between family commitments and work. Voxur
Voxur
Internet Access
tion channel is predominantly email with
Visibility
Synthesis
Process and outcome
+
from amongst the group to manage
Purposeful Dialogue
transitions of tasks and time. Community
Tools are a communication platform.
workers may be present at the meeting,
They aid the sharing of information and
but act as participant rather than leader
discussion.
or advisor.
74
Tool Development
75
76
Toolkit Tests As I was looking to design a system allow-
new context and need. It was important
ing for new community ownership mod-
to remove the tools linguistically from its
els to flourish, the needs and the design
original design context, by the adapta-
specifications could not stem from the
tion of the language.
research alone. A new set of tools were to be developed, which allows groups to
Easy language was the greatest chal-
independently organise themselves and
lenge. The tool manual needed to be
establish projects. Therefore co-creation
constructed and written in a way that
at this stage of the project did not seem
would be engaging whilst being clear
an option. I decided to base my design
and straight foreward first time reading.
process on feedback through which I would come closer to tools usable and
Already when setting off I realised that
useful for non designer. This required
this was an ambiguous aim I had, but
quick decision making and prototyping.
I were not looking to design a finished and done product in the given time. Its
Developing the first tools took more
a first iteration. Alternatively I could have
time than anticipated. The core of the
focused on one tool, however this would
tools are either based on team manage-
have lacked the holistic purpose and
ment methods and design tools which I
context and thus questioned the value
personally used in my design degree in
of feedback. It was important to design a
international and multidisciplinary team-
toolkit that carries the impression of be-
work. The design task would be the ad-
ing complete and working as an entity.
equate abstraction of such tools for this
77
8 78
AIM
Time:
1-1.5 Hours
Cards: 4 Colours Exercise Type:
Time: 10 Minutes Exercise Type:
Individual
Pens Small Group
Individual
Large Group
OUTCOME
DEFINITION
1
Aligning Expectations
Materials:
Difficulty:
QUESTIONS:
This task visualises and aligns
1st Iteration of Tool
Why are you here today?
intentions, goals and expecta-
What are you hoping to learn?
tions. The outcome of this task
What would make your day today?
will be a mission statement. This
Which difficulties do you feel you/ the group will face?
will help the group to communi-
Activy Toolkit : Group Dynamics
cate their intentions to outsiders
The first Steps are taken. You came together as a group and each of
4
whilst focusing teamwork and
you has his or her reasons to be here. Now itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time to get your inten-
discussions throughout the pro-
tions on paper. This will help you plan your further actions as well as
cess and further exercises.
share individual motivations and expectations. This will help you dis-
I think...
Questions
tribute tasks more efficiently and make sure no one is doing tasks they
Write
Share your Thoughts
Collect Answers
do not see as being valuable.
2
Setting the Goal... What for? Time: 15 Minutes Exercise Type:
Individual
Large Group
Who is involved? Time: 10 Minutes Exercise Type:
Individual
Who is involved / affected by the situation. Who would need to support? Who can contribute knowledge? Who needs to be on the ball?
I think...
Read out Answers
Share your Thoughts
Write new Answers
Collect Answers
Write
3
Exercise Type:
Share your Thoughts
Questions
reasons.
4
Intentions of this tool was to unfold step
munity groups would provide a good
by step. It catered for a larger group
first feedback for the aim definition tool
and thus folded out to a map with full
before approaching the womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s group:
dimensions of 900 x900 mm. This was too
Ted Scanlon, 12th May Glasgow University Student Cafe
Unclear Purpose
limitations of facilities. Integrating the
The tools are deliberately using an open
instructions with the working map did
process based on logic and lateral think-
not work effectively.
ing. However the overall aim and intenCollect Answers
Write
Discuss
Collect Answers
CONSIDER BEHAVIOUR OTHER PARTIES What will other people feel and do when
Start zooming out exploring the widTip
clusters, group and personal
Small Group
His insights by working with various com-
...kniht I
ZOOM OUT
Divide the Answers into two
Individual
How and on what will you measure the success of the final outcome?
4
I think...
PERSONAL & GROUP REASONS Tip
Large Group
Folding Map
large and did not take into consideration
We would be successful when... Time: 15 Minutes
I met Ted for a more detailed interview.
Tip
er context of the problem.
tion was not clear at that point of time.
Language
This let the next iteration to be a more
Although already taken great care of, the
coherent toolset which feed into each
language was still rather design-led with
other.
certain phrases being unclear e.g. define
goal has ben achieved? How will you sus-
Why do you think the situation is the
tain change? How will you ensure and in-
way it is? Consider the view point of
spire others?
the other parties involved.
5
The Solution could look like...
A One Sentence Objective
Time: 20 Minutes
Time: 15 Minutes
Exercise Type:
Individual
Small Group
Think about solutions you have seen somewhere else which address a similar issue. Maybe you have got ideas already of how it could be solved alternatively.
Exercise Type:
Large Group
6
Document the Outcome Time: 10 Minutes Exercise Type:
Small Group
7
...kniht I
Discuss
Write
Write
Collect Answers
SIMPLE & MANAGABLE I think...
Write
79
Read out answers
Share your Thoughts
GROUP PICTURE
Phrase the intent in simple and broad Tip
terms. Not too constrained, but mana-
Document Outcome
A picture of the Group provides a face Tip
to outsiders who are interested in the
gable.
progress of the group.
ACTIONABLE
WRITE IT SIMPLE
Phrase it actionable and like a ques-
Summarise the results of the session
tion e.g. How can we incourage peo-
in short, simple phrases. Remember
ple to buy fruit and vedge locally?
you can always change details later.
Collect Answers
Upload
Document
your aim in simple and broad terms. Wider context and understanding As an educationalist, Ted agreed with the
The challenge would be to make the lan-
understanding of a wider context. In his
guage simple, but at the same time not
opinion such tools should be prompting
make it too reduced and thus patronising
critical questions that lead to opposition
or too logical.
and thus change within communities. As he said: change can only be achieved through community participation.
80
2nd Iteration of Tools Due to the tight time schedule and other unforeseen reasons the group in Garthamlock was not able to meet once more to give feedback on the tools. Alternatively feedback was sought by people met in the Savoy shopping centre and the local community centre. ‘ We do get what these tools are trying to do and it seems like a good idea. The design (visual appearance) is lovely.’ 1 ‘These tools seem to be for people who are not experienced. Some of these things (how to collect and record evidence) would have been touched upon in school.’ 1 ‘It makes sense. It is important to look for alternatives, so people can do stuff. The 1 Top, left: Sue and Ikk from Birmingham Tourists, visiting the GSA
booklet is neat.’ 3
2 Top, right: Martha at the Garnethill Community Centre 3 Bottom: Claire from Glasgow
‘I don’t know. I do not know anything about the internet.’ 2
81
82
Reflection
83
84
My Reflection This project has been challenging, al-
tion of this social innovation toolkit. It
group, but due to unforeseen circumstanc-
each other. The toolkit tries to substitute
though highly fascinating and beneficial
is based on user centred research data,
es and the time frame, this meeting did
the community worker, although he holds
for my personal development. The tight
but to be profound and tested, the tools
not formalise. This may have been because
a crucial purpose and function within the
time frame and the unusual project struc-
would need to be iteratively developed
of the approach I took, therefore not deliv-
group dynamics. He is the expert provid-
ture of a thesis prior to the design project
with a range of groups requiring a much
ering sufficient benefit for collaboration.
ing support. It seems contradictory for
has resulted in a rather theoretical kick-
longer and larger design team to cater for
Alternatively, to my knowledge, the same
the British government to cut community
start. The initial approach had been to alter
the work load. I have highlighted a project
group had been approached by many
workers by half whilst pushing for commu-
design thinking and research tools, so that
with great current relevance, however the
Glaswegian based organisations interested
nity empowerment. This also leads to the
they can be used by non designers. The
testing has already highlighted, that more
to boost community engagement politi-
question whether the state is just passing
increased interest in mutuality and owner-
tools covering the holistic process would
cally, therefore the group may have simply
off their responsibility and where this is
ship whilst business is increasingly interest-
be needed to cater for different focuses
been too busy to reply.
leading to? How will communities respond
ed in the design process demonstrates the
and skill sets.
necessity for such new tools. The intense
by allowing groups to take ownership over The research and the reflection of the
local assets? Is it really a being â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;allowedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or
interviews with community engagement
The further development of the toolkit
Getgo Minor Master project has highlight-
is deliberately a sense of urgency created
workers and the user research has altered
would require an intensive co-creation
ed the strong intentions of external agents
which leads to its necessity and therefore
the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focus, which was required
approach, working with a group as they
approaching community groups - gov-
action rather than driven by own motiva-
to remove the design from its theoretical
establish themselves and become active.
ernment, organisations, educationalists,
tion to be more involved?!
approach. The current political intensions,
The group in Garthamlock was from the
designers. A big question I tried to answer
make it a highly relevant project - develop-
start seen as research and inspiration, as
for myself within this project is whether
This project has brought up a lot of ques-
ing tools and a holistic support system that
the group was already well on their way,
autonomy exists, whether it should and
tions, which let me question the intentions
stems solely from user research and data.
with many community issues on their
if so, what would need to be the char-
of hierarchies and whether I, as a designer,
shoulders.
acteristics for it to exist. Independence
want to be actively shaping these inten-
I had hoped to gain feedback of the same
contradicts with mutuality and helping
tions to be realised.
The outcome of the project is a first itera-
85
86
Fee Schmidt-Soltau Major | Design Project Process Documentary Master of European Design Glasgow School of Art 2010