Facultad de ciencias sociales. Escuela de idiomas. SUBJECT:
Pragmatic Grammar
TEACHER:
Licda. Delmy Amaya
TOPIC:
English Magazine
CLASSROOM:
GG 10
SECTION:
01
STUDENT: Rossana Cristina Cruz Lara ID NUMBER: 31-1574-2015 Number of the attendance list:
San Salvador, December 7th, 2017
Introduction
Table Content
1. PARTS OF SPEECH In the English language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have distinctive meanings. Based on their use and functions, words are categorized into several types or parts of speech. This article will offer definitions and examples for the 8 major parts of speech in English grammar: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition, and interjection.
Noun
Conjuction
Preposition
Adverb
PARTS OF SPEECH
Interjection
Verb
Pronoun
Adjective
The parts of speech explain how a word is used in a sentence. NOUN - (Naming word) A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea. Examples of nouns: Daniel, London, table, dog, teacher, pen, city, happiness, hope Example sentences: Steve lives in Sydney. TYPES OF NOUN PRONOUN - (Replaces a Noun) A pronoun is used in place of a noun or noun phrase to avoid repetition. Examples of pronouns: I, you, we, they, he, she, it, me, us, them, him, her, this, those
Example sentences: Mary is tired. She wants to sleep. I want her to dance with me.
ADJECTIVE - (Describing word) An adjective describes, modifies or gives more information about a noun or pronoun. Examples: big, happy, green, young, fun, crazy, three
Example sentences: The little girl had a pink hat. VERB - (Action Word) A verb shows an action or state of being. A verb shows what someone or something is doing. Examples: go, speak, run, eat, play, live, walk, have, like, are, is
Example sentences: I like Woodward English. I study their charts and play their games.
ADVERB - (Describes a verb) An adverb describes/modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It tells how, where, when, how often or to what extent. Many adverbs end in -LY Examples: slowly, quietly, very, always, never, too, well, tomorrow, here
Example sentences: I am usually busy. Yesterday, I ate my lunch quickly.
PREPOSITION - (Shows relationship) A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. They can indicate time, place, or relationship. Examples: at, on, in, from, with, near, between, about, under
Example sentences: I left my keys on the table for you. CONJUNCTION - (Joining word) A conjunction joins two words, ideas, phrases or clauses together in a sentence and shows how they are connected. Examples: and, or, but, because, so, yet, unless, since, if. Example sentences: I was hot and exhausted but I still finished the marathon. INTERJECTION - (Expressive word) An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong feeling or emotion. It is a short exclamation. Examples: Ouch! Wow! Great! Help! Oh! Hey! Hi! Example sentences: Wow! I passed my English test. Great! – Ouch! That hurt. 2. SENTENCE STRUCTURE Definitions and Examples of Basic Sentence Elements Independent clause: An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. It contains a subject and a verb and is a complete idea. o I like spaghetti. o He reads many books. Dependent clause: A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be attached to an independent clause to become complete. This is also known as a subordinate clause. o Although I like spaghetti,… o Because he reads many books,… Subject: A person, animal, place, thing, or concept that does an action. Determine the subject in a sentence by asking the question “Who or what?” o I like spaghetti. o He reads many books.
Verb: Expresses what the person, animal, place, thing, or concept does. Determine the verb in a sentence by asking the question “What was the action or what happened?” o I like spaghetti. o He reads many books. o The movie is good. (The be verb is also sometimes referred to as a copula or a linking verb. It links the subject, in this case the movie, to the complement or the predicate of the sentence, in this case, good.) Object: A person, animal, place, thing, or concept that receives the action. Determine the object in a sentence by asking the question “The subject did what?” or “To whom?/For whom?” o I like spaghetti. o He reads many books. Prepositional Phrase: A phrase that begins with a preposition (i.e., in, at for, behind, until, after, of, during) and modifies a word in the sentence. A prepositional phrase answers one of many questions. Here are a few examples: “Where? When? In what way?” o I like spaghetti for dinner. o He reads many books in the library. English Sentence Structure The following statements are true about sentences in English: A new sentence begins with a capital letter. o He obtained his degree. A sentence ends with punctuation (a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point). o He obtained his degree. A sentence contains a subject that is only given once. o Smith he obtained his degree. A sentence contains a verb or a verb phrase. o He obtained his degree. A sentence follows Subject + Verb + Object word order. o He (subject) obtained (verb) his degree (object). A sentence must have a complete idea that stands alone. This is also called an independent clause. o He obtained his degree. Simple Sentences A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it may also have an object and modifiers. However, it contains only one independent clause. Here are a few examples:
She read. She completed her literature review.
He organized his sources by theme. They studied APA rules for many hours.
Compound Sentences A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. These two independent clauses can be combined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon. Here are a few examples:
She completed her literature review, and she created her reference list. He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference list. They studied APA rules for many hours, but they realized there was still much to learn.
Complex Sentences A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses can refer to the subject (who, which) the sequence/time (since, while), or the causal elements (because, if) of the independent clause. If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, note the comma after this clause. If, on the other hand, the sentence begins with an independent clause, there is not a comma separating the two clauses. Here are a few examples: Although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work on her methods section. o Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause. Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers to follow. o Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause. They studied APA rules for many hours as they were so interesting. o Note that there is no comma in this sentence because it begins with an independent clause.
Compound-Complex Sentence Sentence types can also be combined. A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
She completed her literature review, but she still needs to work on her methods section even though she finished her methods course last semester. Although he organized his sources by theme, he decided to arrange them chronologically, and he carefully followed the MEAL plan for organization. With pizza and soda at hand, they studied APA rules for many hours, and they decided that writing in APA made sense because it was clear, concise, and objective. Using some complex-compound sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety. Pay close attention to comma usage in complex-compound sentences so that the reader is easily able to follow the intended meaning. Purpose sentence (EXTRA) Summary chart
Type of sentence
Independent Clause
Dependent clause
Simple
1
0
Compound
1 or more
0
Complex
1
1 or more
Compound complex
2
1 or more
3. TYPES OF CLAUSES Types of Clauses are broadly categorized into two major types:
Independent Clause an Independent clause is capable of making or can make a sentence by itself, as it comprises of subject and verb and conveys a complete thought. Independent clause is an essential component in every sentence. In addition, the absence of the same makes a group of words a mere fragment, which is a major error in writing. Consider the example given below: Tom works This is an Independent clause as it contains a subject (Tom) and a verb (works) and communicates a complete thought. As per English grammar rules, there should be at least one independent clause in a sentence. This indicates that there can be more than one independent clause in a sentence. He is poor This is an independent clause. Now consider another independent clause: He is unemployed. Now, these two independent clauses can be part of a sentence: He is poor because he is unemployed. Here, the two independent clauses are joined by the conjunction "because" Dependent Clause Noun Clauses A noun clause performs the same functions of a noun. It can be the subject of a verb, object of a verb, subject complement, object of a preposition, adjective complement: Examples of Noun Clauses What Billy did shocked his friends. (As subject of a verb) Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim. (As object of a verb) Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.(As subject complement) Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.(As object of preposition) Everybody is sad that Billy drowned. (As adjective complement) Adverb Clauses An adverb clause serves the same function as that of an adverb. It explains about or modifies the main verb of the sentence giving inputs on when, where, why, under what conditions. Different types of adverb clauses are given below:
Adverb Clauses Of Time It gives information on the time of action. Usually, the subordinating conjunctions like when, as soon as, while, before, until, after, since, till, as long as, indicates it etc. Do not get off the train until it stops. I will go abroad after I finish my studies. I always switch the lights off before I step out of the room. Adverb Clauses of Place It gives information on the place of action. Usually, it is indicated by the subordinating conjunctions like where, wherever etc. Put the keys where you can find them easily. This is the house where my family lives. Adverb Clauses of Purpose It gives information about the purpose of action. It is usually indicated by subordinating conjunctions like that, lest, so that, in order that etc. We eat so that we may live. He ran fast lest he should miss the train. Adverb Clauses of Cause or Reason It talks about the reason for the action and is usually introduced by subordinating conjunctions like as, since, because, that etc. I like John because he is sincere. As he was not feeling well, he left early. I am sorry that I missed the concert. Adjective Clauses Adjective pronoun usually contains subject, verb and a relative pronoun. It modifies a noun and can be used to combine two sentences to form one sentence. Adjective clauses usually begin with relative pronouns like who, which, that or whom or relative adverbs like when or where.
The student who answered the question was John. Miss Wong, whom you met at our house, is going to marry Mr. Chan. I remember the day when we visited Pari 4. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE Active voice
In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb. These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action. Passive voice One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb or passive. Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed When to use the Passive Voice 1. It is used when the person/thing performing the action is unimportant or unknown. e.g. Our car was stolen last night. 2. It is used when it is obvious who/what is performing the action. e.g. Cameron was sacked last week. 3. It is used to describe factual information, especially when describing a process. e.g. The lasagna is baked in an oven for 35 minutes at 250 degrees Celsius. 4. It is used in news reports and to give instructions. e.g. Five people were arrested at a nightclub last night. While it is possible to use this structure in a large variety of tenses in English, it is rare to use the passive in Future Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous or Future Perfect Continuous tenses.
Summary chart Below are examples of the passive in a range of verb tenses in the summary chart about it.
To Be
Past Participle
Tense
The butter
is
kept here.
Present Simple
The window
was
broken.
Past Simple
The work
will be
done soon.
Future Simple
The bridge
is being
repaired.
Present Continuous
The cheese
was being
eaten by mice.
Past Continuous
Our work
has been
finished.
Present Perfect
The car
hadn't been
used much.
Past Perfect
The house
will have been
built by then.
Future Perfect
The shelf
can't be
reached.
Modal Verb - Can
The task
must be
done now.
Modal Verb - Must
The lesson
may be
finished.
Modal Verb - May
The car
ought to be
repaired.
Modal Verb
CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY http://partofspeech.org http://www.grammar.cl/Notes/Passive_Voice.htm http://esl.fis.edu/learners/advice/syntax.htm http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/sentencestructure https://www.espressoenglish.net/english-sentence-structure-4-types-of-english-sentences/ https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive