A Sudden rampage: the Japanese occupation of South East Asia

N icholas Tarling The Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia 1941-1945

ASUDDEN RAMPAGE

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767 .T36 2001b

NICHOLAS TARLING

A Sudden Rampage The Japanese Occupation of Sou~e~tAs~)

1941-1945

HURST & COMPANY, LONDON

First published in the United Kingdom by C. Hurst & Co. (publishers) Ltd., 38 King Street, London WC2E 8JZ Š Nicholas Tatling, 2001 All rights reserved.

Printed in Malaysia The right of Nicholas Tarling to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.

ISBNs 1-85065-436-0 casebound 1-85065-584-7 paperback

CONTENTS Priface Abbreviations Map

page

IX Xl

XlV-XV

Chapters 1. Equality and Opportunity Japan, Asia and the West The Meiji Restoration Industrialisation Colonial policy The Russo:fapanese War Versailles and Washington Colonial Southeast Asia

1

1 8 17 20 22 24 30

2. Diplomacy and Force Expansionism Konoe Fumimaro The European crisis The phoney war and the fall if France Thefirst move on Indo-China The Burma Road The Kobayashi mission The Tripartite Pact Mediation between French Indo-China and Thailand The Yoshizawa mission Southern Indo-China Negotiations with the United States

39 39

3. War and Peace Pearl Harbor The Thai alliance The Malayan campaign

80 80

42 45

48 51 54 56

57 61 66

68 72

83 85 v

Contents

VI

The attack on British Borneo The capture oj the Philippines The conquest of Netherlands India The invasion oj Burma Midway Thoughts ofpeace Fighting in the Pacific The coup in Indo-China Imphal Surrender MacArthur and the Philippines The peoples and the war The Indian National Army

4. Conquest and Liberation Racism and rhetoric The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere The guidelines The Ministry oj Greater East Asia Independence War and empire

5. Control and Mobilisation Politics and administration Burma The Philippines Netherlands India Borneo Malaya and Singapore Thailand Indo-China

6. Demand and Supply Disruption and inflation Earlier patterns Wartime patterns Netherlands India Malaya and Singapore Borneo The Philippines Burma

90 91 92 95 100 102 104 108 110 116 120 122 123 125 125 128 130 133 138 142 144 144 146 159 174 192 197 204 210 218 218 220 223 226 231 235 238 243

Contents Thailand Indo-China 7. Memory and Legacy Violence The end of imperialism Reparations Malaya, Singapore and Borneo Netherlands India The Philippines Burma Thailand Vietnam Bibliography Index

VII

246 249 252 252 256 258 259 263 264 266 266 266 269 279

PREFACE This book describes the origins, the methods and the results of Japan's occupation of Southeast Asia in the Second World War. Japanese publicists and policy-makers had recognised that the colonial regimes in that region would not last for ever. They had not envisaged a conquest, but the impact of the European war, and in particular the reaction to it of the United States, seemed to make that necessary. It was possible to prepare military operations that enjoyed brilliant success. It was not possible to prepare occupation policies that had a similar prospect. To a large extent, indeed, they were improvised, often turning to account models derived from the experience of Manchuria or of the homeland itself For some Japanese, indeed, the invasion was a work of 'liberation' , and those who tried to extricate Japan from the war as it became clear that it would be defeated emphasised that rationale., On balance, however, it must be concluded that the peoples of the region 'liberated' themselves, taking advantage of the interregnum. Any sense of obligation to the Japanese was reduced by the violence of their soldiery, which was not directed merely against the defeated Europeans, and the inadequacy of their administration, which was not explained simply by wartime conditions.

The occupation is best seen in the context ofJapan's relationship with the outside world over the longer term. Chapter 1 of the book mainly focuses on the period between the Meiji Restoration and the end of the First World War, and Chapter 2 on the interwar period and the outbreak of the Pacific war.

The third chapter offers a short narrative of the course of the conflict, drawing attention also to the attempts to make peace.

The fourth chapter discusses the ideology of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, as it shaped and was shaped by the thoughts IX

x

Priface

and actions of politicians and administrators, diplomats and soldiers.

Chapter 5 outlines the political activities of the Japanese in occupied Southeast Asia. Dealing with them mainly country by country, it places them in the context of previous colonial experience, as well as in the context of the war itself. Chapter 6 focuses on the economic activities of the Japanese in wartime Southeast Asia in general and in each country. Again an attempt is made to relate what they did to prewar experiences as well as to wartime conditions. The final chapter assesses the contribution the occupation made to postwar Southeast Asia in the light of the suffering and destruction it brought.

The book draws on the work of many scholars writing in English or translated into English, to whom the author acknowledges his indebtedness with gratitude. Its title borrows a phrase Matsuoka Y osuke used at the 29th Liaison Conference on 11 June 1941.

New Zealand Asia Institute The University ofAuckland March 2001

NICHOLAS

T ARLING

INDEX abaca 236,239,250 Abe Noboyuki 48 Abikoesno Tjokrosoejoso 178, 183 Aceh 178 Aguinaldo, Emilio 165, 169 Aizawa Seishisai 59 Alcock,R.9 Alexander,rI. 97,99,100 American, Americans see United States AmoEiji39 Andman Islands 81,98 Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902, 1905) 22, 24,26,31,34 Annam 31, 211; see also French IndoChina, Vietnam Anti-Cornintern Pact (1936) 44-6, 62 Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) 157-9,246 Aoki Kazuo 207, Aquino, Benigno 163, 164, 167-9, 172 Arita rIachiro 56, 128 army 12-14, 41-3, 50, 58, 65, 81,102, 130,223,253,255 Arsene rIenry, Charles 52, 53 Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank 35,36,61,259 Askar Melayu Setia 202 AdanticCharter73, 137, 177 atom bomb 120 Aung San 148-50, 154-9 Aung Than (Set Kya) 154 Australia, Australians 58, 87, 88, 93, 94, 97,104,121,122,166,262 Ava Bridge 99 Ayudhya 1 Ba Lwin 156 BaMaw146, 147,148,154-7,256,266 Ba Sein 148,156,246

Bac Son213 Balikpapan 92,93, 122,237 Bandungl77 BaoDai214,215 Barisan Pelopor 189 Barisan Pemoeda 182 Bataan 92, 265 Batavia Oakarta) 56, 57,95 Batu Lintang 262 Baudouin, Paul 52-4 bauxite 232, 233 Bawdwin 244, 245 Beckett, W.E. 34 Belgium 26 Bennett, RG. 87 Bismarck Archipelago 81 Blackburn, A.S. 94 Blarney, T. 121 Blitar 189 Borneo 81, 90-2,121,17,192-6,221, 225,235-8,261; see also Brunei, North Borneo, Sarawak Bose, R.B . 123,201 Bose, S.C. 123,201 Britain, British 5-8, 14, 23-6, 29-33, 35, 37, 44, 46-9, 54-8, 60, 62, 646,68,70,71,73,74,76,77,81,85, 93, 95-8, 120, 121, 133, 139, 153, 155-9,175,192,193,198,210,243, 244,247,266 Brooke,J. 30,193 Brunei 30, 122, 192, 193 Bonnet, Georges 51 Buddhism 146, 213 Burma 31,32,62,81,85,95-100,105, 110-16,132,133,135,136,141,14659, 164, 174, 181, 187,202,204, 205,219,243-6,256,266,268

279

280

Index

Buana Defence Army (BDA) 153, 158, 174 Bunna Independence Army (BIA) 150, 151, 157 Bunna railway 111, 235, 246, 248, 260 Bunna Road 47, 54, 55, 59, 62, 74, 95,98,113,147,148 Cadogan, Alexander 55 Cambodia 31, 66, 71, 84,189,211,216, 217 Cao Dai 212, 213 Casablanca 104, 117 Catroux, Georges 51-3 Chamberlain, N. 55 Chamkat Phalangkun 208 Chamlong Srimuang 326 Changgi 260, 261 Changkufeng 46 Chiang Kai-shek 25, 39, 43-5, 53, 59, 73,74,99,109,195,200,208 China,Chinese 1-8,22,24-31,37,39, 43, 46-8, 50-2, 54, 55, 58, 60, 73, 74, 76, 97, 98, 106, 108, 115, 131, 139,152,157,180,185,194-7,2002,213,214,220,225,231,247,254, 258,260 Churchill, W.S. 55, 73, 89, 104, 112, 114,115,147,158 Clarke, Ashley 48, 55 coal 235, 238, 249, 250 co-prosperity and co-existence 25, 39, 126, 220; see also Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Cochinchina 31, 211, 212, 249 Cooper, A. Duff89 Corpus, Rafael 170 Corregidor 92, 165, 168 Cortes, Doroteo 4 cotton 218, 228, 241,244,250 Craigie, R. 55, 56, 68,149 Crisis Import Ordinance 36, 227 Crosby,). 61 CuongDe 212,213 Curtin,]. 97 Dai Ajia Kyokai (Great Asia Society) 126, 129

Dai Viet 212,213 DANAS 174 Davao 240 Decoux,]ean 53,54,64,109,213-15 Depression 36,146,159,162,218,219 Dening, Ester 48 Digby, K.H. 263 Direck Chayanam 63, 65, 206 Djajadiningrat, H. 183 Djawa Hokokai 185, 187 Dominion status 147, 159 Doonnan, Karel 93, 94 Donnan-Smith, R. 153, 158, 159 Ducoroy, Maurice 213 Dutch 3, 6, 8, 30, 32-6,44, 56, 60, 68, 74,79,91,92,174-6,179,192,198, 222, 230, 263-4; see also Netherlands India, VOC Dutch East Indies see Netherlands India Elizalde,]oaquin M. 171 Federated Malay States (FMS) 30, 197, 198; see also Malaya Fernandez, Ramon 170 First World War 24,25,226,247 Fitzmaurice, Henry 36 Force 136, 158,202,208 forced labour 199, 234-5, 243, 246, 2489; see also romusha Fonnosa 3, 4, 7, 20, 22, 23, 29, 107, 108, 112, 130, 149, 150, 220, 236, 255 France, French 4, 13, 16, 24, 31, 33, 35,46,49,53, 56, 64, 66, 71, 109, 110,184,210-17,256,257,267 French Indo-China 31, 47, 51, 52, 54, 59,62-7,69,70,73,74,81,89,10810, 118, 129, 130, 135, 136, 141, 166,178,205,209-17,224,225,24951 Free Siamese Movement 208 Freedom Bloc 147, 148 Fujiwara Iwaichi 123, 178,255 Fukai Eigo 134 Fukien 7, 25 fukoku 11, 20

Index Fukuda Takeo 25 8 Fukui Yoshisuke 153 Fukuzawa Yukichi 7, 9 Futami Yasusato 65

genro 25 Gennany, Gennans 4, 13, 16, 25, 33, 34,44-7,50,55-8,60,68-70,75-7, 80-81,90, 102, 110, 117-19, 138, 139,156,226,248,252; see also Hitler Goho, S.C. 201 Graeff, A.C.D. de 176 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 61,64,68,70,127-30,132,133,1357,142,143,155,156,167-9,175, 181,186,200,205-7,210,214,216, 224, 226, 240, 241, 245, 247, 248, 250,251,254,256,259 Greater East Asia conference (1943) 136, 137, 184,207,213 Greater East Asia conference (1945) 142, 209 Green Revolution 259 Grew, Joseph c. 48 Grey, E. 33 Guadalcanal 104 Hainan 47,51,149,150 Haiphong 53, 54 hakko ichiu 127 Hanoi 53, 110 Hara Yoshimichi 76, 78 Harada Kumakiti 183-6,189 Harrison, A.M.L. 86 Harvey, O. 80 Hatakeda Masatomi 181 Hatta Mohammed 37, 176, 180, 184, 187,189,191,203,264 Hayashi Kyujiro 187 Heath, L. 85-7 Heibikyoku 153,157 Hideyoshi Toyotomi 1, 2, 5,7,24, 101 Hirohito 28, 45, 106 HirotaKoki 118, 119 Hitler45,46,59,252 HlaMyaing 149, 150 Ho Chi Minh 79,215 HoaHao 213

281

hodosho 202, 203 Hoi-an (Faifo) 1 Homma Masaharu 163 Hong Kong 6, 81,132,161,193 Hoover, H. 29 Hornbeck, S. 80 Hukbalahap 173 Hull, Cordell 46, 56,68,73,75 Hutton, T.J. 97 Iban 194,195 Ibrahim Yaacob 202, 203 Ide Iwata 225 Iida Shojiro 82,96-9,151-3 Imamura Hitoshi 178,214 Imperial Rule Assistance Association 58, 146, 185 imperialism 20,21,126 Imphal99, 110, 111, 113, 114,201 Inada 184 India, Indians 15, 31, 58, 96, 99-101, 110,146,198,201,218,220,244 Indian army 86,88,91,99, 113, 115 Indian National Army (INA) 123, 124, 201 Indo-Chinese Communist Party (ICP) 212-14 industrialisation 17, 18,20,221,224, 225,227 inflation 219, 220, 248 Inoue Kaoru 16 Inukai Ki 28, 40 iron 232,233,244 Ishak Hajii Muhammad 202 Ishihara Hiroichiro 222, 232 Ishii Akiho 151, 154 Islam 175, 182, 185, 186, 190,200 Ismay, H. 80 Isomura Takesuke 155 Itagaki Taisuke 15, 16 Itagaki Y oichi 202, 203 Italy 45, 46, 55, 58, 60, 77, 82, 108, 112; see also Mussolini Ito Hirobumi 16, 24 Iwabashi 108 Iwakura Hideo 68,69,84 Jakarta see Batavia

282

Index

JavaJavanese 9, 30, 93-5,135,139,175, 177-9,181,182,184,187,220,221, 228-30, 238, 264; see also Netherlands India jikeidan 194, 200, 238 Jitra 85,86 Jones Act 159, 160 Jonge, B.C. de 176 jute 250, 251 Kachin 147,157 Kalibapi 146, 167, 169 Kalimantan see Borneo kamikaze 107 Karen 147,155,158 Karimun226 Kase Shun'ichi 137 Katay Don Sasorith 216 Kato Takaaki 25, 27 Katsura Taro 13 Kellogg Pact (1928) 29 kempeitai 14,194,256,260-2,266,267 Kerr, George 139 Kekatuan Rakya Istimewa or Kesatuan Rakyat Indonesia Semenanjung (KRIS) 203 Kesatuan Melayy Muda (KMM) 198, 202,203 Khuang Aphaiwong 209, 210 Kido Koin 58, 90,104,117,138 Kido Takayoshi 11 KiharaJitaro 168,240 Kimura Atsushi 240 King, Ernest J. 107 Kiyosawa Kiyoshi 137 Ko Saung 149, 150 Kobayashi Ichiro 57,66, 129 Kodaw Hmaing 148 kokosaku kaisha 22, 227 Koiso Kuniaki 57,106,107,141, 181, 188,190,203 Kokubu Shozo 148 Kondo Nobutake 94 Koninklijkc:: Nederlandsche Indische Leger (KNIL) 177 Konoe Fumimaro 43-5, 50, 52, 57-9, 68,69,73-5,103,104,119,126,127, 129,141, 146

Korea, Koneans 2-4, 7, 15,20-2,24, 26,29,43,130,141,166,171,220, 226,244,251,254-6,264 Kubara Funosuke 236 kumiai 225, 235 Kuomintang (KMT) 39, 43, 45, 47, 2, 55, 196, 212 see also Chiang Kai-shek, China Kurusu Saburo 75 Kwantung army 28,43,69 Kwok, Albert (Guo Hengnan) 196 kyohei 11, 20 Kyowakai (Concordia) 146, 185 Labuan 30, 193 Lai Teck202 Langley, W .L. 35 Langson 53, 54, 110,213 Laos 31, 64,66,211,216,217 Laurel, Salvador 136, 163, 164, 167, 169-72,242,243 League of Nations 26, 30 Le Gendre, Charles 3 Lee Kuan Yew 257 LetYa154 Leyte 107, 109 LimburgStirum,J.P. Count van 176 Long N awang 261 Luzon 92,107, 121, 172 Lytton 30 Mabini, A. 161 MacArthur,D.91,92, 105-7, 120, 1605,171-3 Madjlisul Islarnil A'laa Indonesia (MIA!) 180, 182 Maeda Masami 163, 164 Maeda Tadashi 191 Maeda T oshinari 193 Makino Shinken 26 Makapili 171 Malaya 62, 81, 84, 89, 95, 107, 116, 121, 123, 132, 146, 177, 197-205, 207,219-21,231-5 Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) 202 Malik 118,119 Maluku 177

Index Manaki Y oshinobu 194 Manchuria, Manchukuo 3, 4, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 35-7, 43-6, 61, 74, 79, 117, 119, 125, 126, 130, 135, 146,156,166,171,206,244,254 Manila 1, 4, 91, 92, 108, 162-4, 1679,171,172,238-40,243,265 Marcos, F. 268 Masjumi 185, 186 Matador 85 Matsumaya Suzeko 98 Matsumaya Shunichi 109 Matsuoka Yosuke 35, 52, 59,60, 637,69,70,129,149,205,250 Mawchi 244, 265 Meigo 109 Meiji Restoration 3,5,6,8-10,12, 17, 40,120,199,221 Melaka (Malacca) 30, 197 Menon, K.P.K. 201 Meyer Ranneft,J.W. 37 Midway 101-4, 110 Minami-Kikan 149-52; see also Suzuki Keiji Mingaladon 153 Miri 193, 237 Mitsubishi 44, 222, 225, 227,228,233, 236,238,247 Mtsui44,222,225,227,228,238,247 Mohan Singh 123 Molotov 118, 119 Mongolia 28 Mook, H.J. van 67 Mountbatten 112, 114-16, 158,210 Muhammad Yusuf268 Muhammadiyah 180,183-5 Mukai 67 Mussolini 112; see also Italy Mutaguchi Renya 98,110, 113, 114 Mutsu Munemitsu 7 Mya 154, 155 Nagano Osamu 76-8, 102 Nagumo Chuichi 82, 83, 94,100,101, 103, 106 Nahdlatul Ulama 183, 185 Nakamura Aketo 207, 209 Nanking 44

283

Nanking, treaty of, (1842) 6 Nanning 52 nanshin-ron 36 Nanyo Kohatsu KK 222, 227 Nanyo Kyokai 222, 227 Nasu Yoshio 151 National Mobilisation Bill 44 National Rice and Corn Administration (NARIC) 241, 242 navy, naval policy 14, 20, 43, 46, 49, 50,76,82,102,132,223,253 Ne Win (Shu Maung)151, 156,268 Netherlands India 34, 35, 43, 48, 50, 56,57,59,66,71,79,81,92-5,112, 129,130,140,144,146,174-92,204, 221,226-31 neutrality pact Gapan-Russia) (1941) 69,117 New Guinea 101, 104, 105, 121, 189, 190 Nguyen An Ninh 212 Nimitz, ChesterW. 101, 105-7 Nishihara Issaku 71 Nishiura Susumu 184 Nissa Shokai 235, 238 Nissan 236, 238 Nomura Kichisaburo 68, 70, 73, 75 Nomonhan 4, 42, 48 non-aggression pacts (Nazi-Soviet) 46,62; (Thailand-Britain, France) 62, 63 Norman, E.H. 10 North Borneo 30, 91, 122, 193, 196, 236, 238isee also Borneo Nu 148, 155, 156 Ohashi Chuichi 55 OiKentaro 4 oil 33, 43, 49, 50, 67, 68, 76, 77, 81, 9~ 97-~ 115, 121, 175, 19~ 193, 221,235-7,245,246,259 Okada Kosaburo 148 Okazaki Seizaburo 180, 183 Okinawa 3, 116 Okubo Toshimichi 15 Okuma Shigenoby 5,11,17,25,33 Onozubu Kiheiji 79 Open Door 24,26,27,29

284

Index

Orita Ichiji 236 Oshima Hiroshi 69 Osias, Camilo 160, 164, 168 Osmena, S. 163, 170-3 Ota Kyosaburo 240 Ottama 146 OzawaJisaburo 93, 100, 106 Pabst,).C. 56, 57 pan-Asianism 7,24,25,62, 126, 127, 162 pantja sila 189 Paredes, Q. 163, 164, 168 Parindra 176, 179, 181 Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia (pSIn 183 Pembela Tanah Air (peta) 184, 185, 189 Penang30,86, 178, 197 Percival, Arthur 87,88 Perry, Matthew 6 Pershing,John 160 Phahon, Phya 61 Phan Boi Chau 24,33,212 Phan Chu Trinh 24, 212 Phan Ke Toai 214 Phetsarath 216 Philippines 1, 4, 5, 31, 32, 37, 50, 726,81-91,106-8,114,121,132,133, 135,141,146,159-76,181,187,204, 205,221,238-43,256,268 Phillips, T. 89 Pibun Songkram 62-5, 84, 85, 206-9, 249 Po, Sac C. 155 popular rights 16, 17, 32 Port Arthur 255 Portugal, Portuguese 3, 26, 93 Potsdam 119-21 Pound, D. 89 Pramoedhya 9, 23 Pratt,). 29 Pridi Phanomyong 61, 206-10 Prince ofWal~ 85, 89 prisoners-of-war 253, 260, 263, 265, 267 Pu Yi28 Pulford, C.W.H. 89 Putera (pusat Tenaga Rakyat) 146, 181, 182, 185, 187, 188

Quadrant 112, 113 Quezon, Manuel L. 32,160-7,170-2, 174,176,240 racial equality 26, 137 Radjiman 191 Raghavan, N. 201 Ramos,B. 162, 164, 171, 173 Ramos,Jose A. 4 Rangoon 96-8,110,111,115,116,148, 149, 151, 158 Recto, Claro M. 164, 168, 265 Repulse 85,89 Ricarte, Artemio 161, 162, 164, 169, 171 rice 221, 228, 234, 237, 241-5, 250, 251 Rice and Com Administration (RICOA) 242 Tomusha 230, 238; see also forced labour Roosevelt, F.D. 49, 54, 60, 69,72, 104, 112,120,161,165,166,171,208 Roxas, M. 169-71,242 rubber 68, 197,221,227,231-4,236, 237,248,250,251 Russia 4,5, 15,22-4,29,33,39,42-6, 50,58,59,68-70,74-6,90,102,106, 108,109,112,117-19,125,139,141, 144,161,176 Russo-Japanese war (1904-5) 23,144, 161, 176 Saberkas 202 Saigo Takanori 15 Saionji Kinmochi 28, 40, 41, 44, 48 Saipan 106, 208 Saito Makoto 21, 28 Sakamoto Shiro 4 Sakdal162,171 sakoku 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 Sandakan (Elopura) 193, 262 Sarawak30,90,91121, 192, 193, 195, 262; see also Borneo Sasakawa Ryoichi 103 Sato Nobuhiro 7 Saw 147 Sawada Renzo 157 Seria 193, 237 Shan 155, 157, 207, 244

Index Shantung 25, 26 Shibata Yaichiro 189 Shidehara Kijuro 27,29,40 Shigemitsu Mamoru 109, 117, 118, 134-6,138,141,156,258 Shimizu Hitoshi 179 Shimonoseki, treaty of(1895) 4 Showa Kenkyukai (Showa Study Association) 126 Siam see Thailand Siberia 22 Sihanouk 216 Singodimedjo, Kasman 184 Sino-Japanese war (1984-5) 3, 4, 8, 23; 'undeclared' war (1937-45) 44, 45, 58,59 Singapore, Syonan 30, 32, 37, 51, 624, 70, 81, 87-90, 92, 97, 115, 121, 132,133,189-91,197,198,200,204, 231,257,260,262 sisal 228 Sittang96 Sjahrir 176, 179 Sjarifuddin, Amir 179, 180 Slim, W. 99,100,113-15 Slim river 86 Smyth,).G.96 Snouck Hurgronje, C. 176, 177 Soetardjo 176, 180 Son Ngoc Thanh 216 Songhkla 83,84 sook ching 200,201, 260, 261 Soviet union see Russia Spain 1, 4, 25, 31, 32, 238, 239 Special Operations Executive (SOE) see Force 136 Sprady Islands 47, 51 Stalin 112, 118 starvation 229, 231, 251 Stilwell, Joseph 114 Stimson, Henry L. 29, 46, 171 Sugano Kengo 223 Sugiyama Gen 68, 69 sugar 221, 228, 239-41 Suharto 268 Sukamo 37,176,179-81, 184, 189-92, 203,230,268 Sumatra 81, 92-4, 111, 112, 115, 175,

285

188-90,221,264 Sumita Raishiro 71 Suzuki Keiji (Minami Masayu) 148-51, 153,255 Suzuki Kentaro 118, 120 Taft, William H. 32 Takagi Sokichi 117 Taiwan see Formosa Taiwan, Bank of247 Takahashi Tho 92 Takakoshi Yosaburo 34 Tanaka Giichi 27 Tanaka Kakuei 258 Tarakan 92, 121 Taranto 82 Taruc, Luis 173 Tasikmalaya 186 Tawau236 Teheran 137 TenkaiJuro 144 Terauchi Hisaichi 84, 107, 108, 115, 190,191 Terauchi Masatake 24 Thailand 31, 61-7, 74, 81, 83-5, 135, 149,150,156,197,204-10,216,224, 246-9 Thakins 148, 205 Thamrin, M.H. 176 Than Tun 154, 157 Thein Maung 148,154-6 Thivy,). 201 Tientsin 48, 54 Tiga-A movement 179, 182 timber227,236, 239,247 Timor 93,94, 105, 190 tin 68, 221, 231-3, 248 Tjarda van Starkenborgk-Stachouwer, A.W.L. 176, 177 Tjipto Mangoenkoesomo 179 Togo Shigenori 90,117-19,134,138, 142 Tojo Hideki 59, 64, 69, 75, 76, 84, 106,116,118,132,134-6,141,153, 154,164,166,168-70,174,183,184, 188,194,200,206-8,254 Tokugawa 2,5,6,8, 10,221 Tokugawa, Marquis 199

286

Index

Tokutomi Soho 20 Tominaga Kyogi 53, 54 Tomioka Sadatoshi 78 tonarigumi 146,174,194,200 Tonkin 31,52,54,58,211,215,249 Tonkin, Gulfof51 Torigoe Shinichi 63, 66 Total WarInstitute 127,132,199 Toyo Takushoku KK 222,227 Tran Trong Kim 214 Tripartite Pact (1940) 51, 54, 55-60, 68 Triple Intervention (1895) 4,22,23, 120 Tsubokami Teiji 84, 206 Tsuchihashi Yuki 215 Tsuji Masanobu 84 Tsurumi Yusuke 21 Tun Oke 153, 154, 156 Turner, Richmond K. 70 Twenty-one Demands (1915) 25 Tydings, MillardE. 159, 171 Uchida Yasuya 28 Ungku Aziz 268 United States 5, 6, 22, 24-6, 29, 31, 32,35,37,46-9,54,55,58-61,6870,72,74-8,81,90-2,94,101,104, 105, 112, 115, 116, 139, 155, 156, 165,171,172,198,215,218,239, 240,257,265 United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) 161, 172-4,205 Usui Shigeki 58 Utsunomiya Naonori 169 Vanich Pananond 63 Vargas, Jorge 163, 164, 167-9, 174,268 Vereentigde Oost-Indische Compagine (VOC) 1,2,3,220 Vichit Vadjakarm 62,206,207 Viet Minh 214-16 Vietnam 1, 24, 33, 71, 129, 189,210-

17,257,267 Viet Nam Phuc Quoc Dong Minh Hoi (Vietnamese Restoration League) 212 Volksraad 176 Wachi Takaji 240 Wan Waityakorn 63, 66, 207 Wang Ching-wei 135 Washington treaties (1922) 26, 28, 29, 45,82 Watanabe kaoru 239 Watanabe Wataru 199 Wataniah 202 Wavell, A. 878-9, 93, 97, 115 Wedderburn, A. 9 Wilson, Woodrow 25,142 Wingate, 0.110,112,114 Yalta 118,119 Yamada Setsuo 194 Yamagata Aritomo 12,29,39,40 Yamashita Tomoyuki 82, 87, 88, 107, 108,121,199,260,265 Yamamoto Isoroku 82,101,103,105 Yamamoto Kuma'ichi 209, 210 Yamamoto Moichiro 181, 190 Yamin, Mohammed 190, 192 Yano Tsuneo 195 Yatabe Yasukichi 61 Yen Bay 212 Yenangyaung 97,99,244,245 Yokohama Specie Bank 247 Yokosuka 14 Yokoyama Masayuki 214 Yonai Mitsumasa 48,57,106,117,141 Yoshida Shigeru 258 Yoshizawa Kenkichi 67,68 Yulo,Jose 163, 164, 168 De Zeven Provincien 35 Zipper 116

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HER I TAG E A Sudden rampage: the Japanese occupation

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A Sudden Rampage I. I KRARY Asia I Nicholas Tailing results of imperial J . . -. _ Second World War: The Japanese policy-makers had recognised that the region's European colonial regimes would not last for ever, but they had not envisaged a military conquest, although the impact of the European war, and in particular the American reaction to it, encouraged them to think along those lines. While Japan launched stunningly successful military operations, such as the attacks on Pearl Harbor and Singapore, it found devising occupation policies that were suitable to the diverse regions under its sway after 1941 much harder. To a large extent Japan's policies were improvised, often being based on models derived from its experiences in Manchuria or in the homeland itself.

For some Japanese the invasion was a work of 'liberation', and those who tried to extricate Japan from the war as it faced defeat emphasised this rationale. Eventually, however, the peoples of the region 'liberated' themselves, taking advantage of the interregnum between the Japanese military defeat and the imposition of alternative Allied administrations. Any sense of obligation to the Japanese was reduced by the violence of their soldiery and the inadequacy of their administration.

Nicholas Tarling was formerly Professor of History at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Among his books are Britain, Southeast Asia and the Onset of the Pacific War (1996), and Britain, Southeast Asia and the Onset of the Cold War (1998). He edited the Cambridge History of Southeast Asia.

HURST & COMPANY, LONDON

Cover Cartoon entitled 'People of the Southern Region', published in Puck (Osaka), December 1942. The purifying sun (labelled 'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere'), beams on an Indonesian driving off the benighted Dutch. The Japanese hand, appearing as that of God, has a cuff; the native whose hand it clasps is half-naked and by implication half-civilised and subordinate.

ISBN 1·85065·584·7

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