South to Bataan, north to Mukden : the prison diary of Brigadier General W. E. Brougher

SOUTH TO BATAAN, NORTH TO MUKDEN The Prison Diary of Brigadier General W. E. Brougher D. Clayton James, Editor

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA PRESS

SOUTH TO BATAAN

NORTH TOMUKDEN The Prison Diary of Brigadier General W. E. Brougher D. Clayton James, Editor Foreword by General Harold K. Johnson

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA PRESS

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77-1115182 Standard Book Number: 8203-0240-6 The University of Georgia Press, Athens 110601 Copyright Š 1971 by the University of Georgia Press All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America by the TJM Corporation Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70821

To Mrs. W. E. Brougher who also suffered during the years 1941-1945

Acknowledgments The University of Georgia Press wishes to express a particular debt of gratitude to Major General H. J. D. de Fremery of The Hague, Holland. General de Fremery has generously permitted a selection of his World War II sketches to be reproduced here. Although the officials at the various Japanese prison camps did not allow diaries to be written, they did not interfere with prisoners who drew sketches. General de Fremery's fine drawings have been praised by Ib oth his fellow prisoners and his warders. It is especially appropriate that they appear in South to Bataan} North to Mukden.

The press is most grateful to Frederick R. Broome, director of the Cartographic Services Laboratory at the University of Georgia, for his expert production of the maps in this book.

Doubleday & Company, Inc., has kindly permitted the use of a diagram of the prisoner of war camp at Karenko, Formosa, which is the basis for the illustration which appears in an unnumbered signature following page 24. The original diagram is a part of General Wainwright's Story.(edited by Robert Considine), copyright 1945, 1946 by Jonathan M. Wainwright.

vi

CHRONOLOGY 1889 1906

Born in Jackson, Mississippi.

Graduated from Wren High School.

1910

Graduated from Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College (later Mississippi State University).

Commissioned 2nd It. of infantry in U.S. Anny and stationed first at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

1911 1912

Stationed at Madison Barracks, New York.

1914

Married Frances Kelly at Augusta, Georgia.

1915

Stationed at Camp Otis, Panama Canal Zone.

1916

Promoted to 1st It.; daughter Doris born at Camp Otis.

1917

Promoted to capt. and made battalion commander, loth Inf., Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind.

1918

Served in France with A. E.

1919

Graduated from A. E. F. Staff College, Langres, France; re-turned to u.s. as special demobilization commander, Camp Gordon, Georgia.

1920

Served as military science professor in Chattanooga high schools; promoted to permanent rank of major.

1921

Daughter Betty born.

1923

Graduated from Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

1924

Daughter Frances born.

1925

Began five-year tour as cadet commandant at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

1930

Stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri.

1933

Graduated from Army Industrial College, Washington, D.C.

1935

Promoted to It. col. while stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia.

1936

Served as instructor with National Guard in West Virginia.

F.

as major in 87th Div.

vu

Chronology

VUI

1938

Graduated from Army War College, Washington, D.C.

1939

Graduated from Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia; transferred to Manila as col. commanding 57th Inf. (Philippine Scouts).

1941

Commanded 11th Div. (PA) in battles against Japanese on Central Luzon Plain; promoted to brig. gen.

1942

Commanded 11 th Div. on Bataan until surrender in April; imprisoned at Camp O'Donnell and Tarlac, Luzon, until transferred to Karenko prison camp, Taiwan, in August.

1943

Transferred from Karenko to Tamazato prison camp, Taiwan, in April; moved to Shirakawa prison camp, Taiwan, in June.

Transferred from Shirakawa to Chengchiatun prison camp, Manchuria, in October, via Kyushu and Korea by ship and train.

1944

1945

Transferred from Chengchiatun to Hoten prison camp, Mukden, Manchuria, in May; liberated at Hoten and reunited with family in San Francisco in September; began two-year tour as commanding general of Fort McClellan, Alabama, in autumn.

1946

Published The Long Dark Road.

1947

Appointed commanding general of Camp Gordon, Georgia.

1949

Retired as brig. gen.; active for next sixteen years as professional speaker associated with agencies such as Alkahest Celebrity Bureau, Dixie Bureau, and Open Forum Speakers Bureau.

1956

Began two-year term as vice-president of Atlanta ("Crackers") Baseball Corporation; won Readers Digest award for story, "Baggy Pants."

1965

Published Baggy Pants and Other Stories; died in Atlanta, Georgia.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication / v Acknowledgments / vi Chronology / . vii List of Illustrations / xi Foreword / xii Preface / xvi List of Abbreviations / XXH

The Luzon Campaign 1941,1942 South to Bataan / 3 2 Work and Fight Was Their Motto / 3 The Long Dark Road Begins / 4 0 I

20

The Prison Diary 1943,1945 4 Karenko and Tamazato / 55 January-June 1943 5 Shirakawa, June-December 1943 / 77 6 Shirakawa, January-May 1944 / I04 7 Shirakawa, Hotei, Beppu / I23 June-October 1944 8 Chengchiatun, October 1944-May 1945 / I46 9 Mukden and Liberation / I68 May-September 1945 Bibliography / I93 Index / I99 lX

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Maps of Military Involvement and Imprisonment Eight unnumbered pages following p. 24.

Japanese Landings on Luzon, December 10-22,1941 The Withdrawal to Bataan, December 25,1941January 6,1942 Bataan, January S-AprilS, 1942 Battle of the Pockets, January 2S-February 17,1942 Brougher in Taiwan, August 1942-0ctober 1944 Brougher's Travels, October 1944-August 1945 POW Camp at Karenko, Formosa

The Sketches of Maj. Gen. H. J. D. de Fremery, Royal Netherlands Army Eight unnumbered pages following p.

120.

Karenko Barracks Tamazato Camp Shirakawa Camp, Yasume Park, Sunday Church Service Shirakawa Camp Viewed from Yasume Park Shirakawa POW Camp, Burial Ceremony Hoten Camp (Chengchiatun) in Manchuria American generals at Tarlac, August 1942 (photograph) Brig. Gen. W. E. Brougher (photograph)

xi

FOREWORD It is a rare privilege to be afforded an opportunity to contrib

ute a foreword to a book that contains in stark detail the as pirations, discouragements, hopes, disappointments, and underlying philosophy of a great leader and, more importantly, a compassionate human being.

In late July of 1941 General Douglas MacArthur was recalled to active service in the United States Army, and U.S. Army Forces Far East was established as a major command.

While additional American units were being rushed to the Philippine Islands in the following months the Philippine Army began a progressive mobilization and an intensified training program under General MacArthur's direction.

American officers and enlisted men and Filipino Scout enlisted men were assigned to Philippine Army units as a training cadre and as unit commanders in many cases.

W. E. Brougher was assigned to command the 11 th Division of the Philippine Army. He was one of approximately seventy officers from the 57th Infantry who was detached for such duty.

I remained behind with the Philippine Scout regiment-the 57th Infantry. I had joined the regiment in July 1940 when it was under Colonel Brougher's command, and I commanded a rifle company in it for a few months. Later I served as Colonel Brougher's operations and training officer.

After the war began I served through most of the four months of active combat as regimental operations officer, and I was commanding a battalion of the regiment when the forces on Bataan were surrendered by General King on April 9, 1942. I was taken into Japanese control on April 11 and I began the march out of Bataan to Camp O'Donnell on April 12.

I arrived in that ill-fated camp on April 22, as 1 recall.

I suggest that readers bear in mind that conditions in each prison camp differed in both minor and major degrees. More-

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over, conditions in each camp varied over a period of time. At Camp O'Donnell, which was the only prison camp that is common to both General Brougher's experience and my own, there was generally a substantial issue of rice; but initially there was nothing to accompany the rice, not even salt. I can recall the first meal at which salt was available for the rice. I can also recall the first meal when a tiny quantity of meat was available for gravy for the rice. My most vivid memory of Camp O'Donnell is the rate at which prisoners died from lack of medicines and from malnutrition.

At Camp O'Donnell full colonels and general officers were separated from the rest of the prisoners and moved to another camp nearby. Therefore this group did not accompany the majority of American prisoners who were moved to Cabanatuan early in June 1942. Atrocious conditions persisted in all prison camps in the early days. The Japanese simply were not prepared to cope with the number of prisoners they found on their hands. Let me recall a question that was asked me a number of times by the Japanese, and that question was: "Why did you not commit suicide?" The Japanese samurai code required a defeated warrior to commit hari-kari. This practice, of course, was observed less and less as the war progressed and as Japanese defeats increased. At Cabanatuan adverse conditions continued through the summer. In the month of July alone, approximately 1,500 Americans were buried.

As conditions changed for the better or were worse, the outlook and the attitude of the great majority of prisoners altered; and there probably were substantial differences with many attitudes reflected by General Brougher. Nonetheless, the same selfish attitudes prevailed and concurrently there were periods of significant mutual help and assistance. Mass punishment was practiced as a general rule by the Japanese, although individual punishment was administered as well.

There were also periods of relative plenty, yet odd procedures were followed from time to time. For example, at Cabanatuan prisoners developed a garden in excess of 1,000 acres under Japanese direction and prodding. The products from the garden were issued on a rationed basis while like products rotted in the fields. We attributed this at the time to vindictiveness. I would suspect now that it was simply a policy matter that authorities were too lethargic to change-or that they

FOreW01"d

XlV

did not have the vision to see the inconsistencies between supply, demand, and issue policy. The diaries reflect one set of conditions, which I would have to rate as near the more favorable end of the total spectrum of conditions in Japanese prison camps.

Parts of the diary reflect an outlook common among all prisoners, that of concern for food, family, and God. Other parts of the diary reflect what I have long thought to be a majority outlook among the prisoners, including self-pity, sheer boredom, and fanciful and oft-misguided hope. One aspect surprised me somewhat. Although not limited to a single individual, I did not expect to see such a strong criticism of the circumstances that exposed an inadequate level of forces to defeat and surrender. Upon reflection I can recall that I shared that view for a period of time, but the more that I reflected the more persuaded I became that any individual serving his country in the military establishment automatically accepts a higher level of risk and a lesser assurance that his life will not be placed in jeopardy. In the years since my own prison camp experience, I have become even more convinced that a soldier must expect sacrifice when it is required on the actual field of battle or because the authorities responsible for the security of his own nation have been unable or unwilling to provide more assurance and less risk. A soldier who disagrees with this philosophy should seek another vocation.

General Brougher's diary is published at a time when the lessons of World War II are forgotten, the lessons of Korea are only dimly seen, the lessons of the p'ueblo are fresh in our minds, and most of the lessons of Vietnam are yet to be discerned. Americans are troubled about the Code of Conduct.

I can only hark back to the 9th of April in 1942 on Bataan.

Filipino Scout soldiers who had looked to Americans for years to provide guidance for them in virtually every facet of their lives asked the question when the surrender was announced, "Sir, what do we do now?" No instructions were extant. The great value of the Code of Conduct is that it is a hard, harsh instruction which the military man is capable of learning and which contains no ambiguities. From my discussions with some individuals on the commission that prepared the code, I know that some members felt that it would not be adhered to in many instances. I shared that view then and I share it

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now. Every man has a breaking point. The code does provide a yardstick against which individual conduct can be measured when necessity requires that such a measurement be taken.

Softening the code simply lessens the extent to which individuals will adhere to and uphold the code. In the final analysis softening the code would soften America, in my judgment. A number of disconnected observations in the diaries concerning the attitude and actions of some individuals tends to support the judgment I have expressed.

The Brougher diary will interest every American who wants to understand the emotions that govern men's attitudes and behavior under conditions of indescribable hardship. General Brougher has performed in a manner characteristic of him in keeping his diary and bringing it back from Mukden. That act was accomplished at no small risk to himself. This service will provide insight that can be gained only from a person who has lived through prison camp. We are all indebted to a great and patriotic American who lived a full life and who gave unstintingly of himself to the cause of freedom.

Harold K. Johnson General, U.S. Army (Retired)

PREFACE This is the story of a remarkable American Army officer of World War II, Brigadier General William Edward Brougher.

Part I, the first three chapters, is a narrative of his role in the campaign on Luzon in 1941-1942 and his first nine months in Nipponese prison camps. The 11 th Infantry Division (Philippine Army), which Brougher commanded, was the first of MacArthur's units to battle the invading Japanese in December 1941, and it was the last to surrender on Bataan in April 1942. It held the center position of the front line of Wainwright's North Luzon Force during the precarious defensive operations from Lingayen Gulf and the Agno River to Zaragoza and Calumpit on the Central Luzon Plain. In the fighting on Bataan the 11 th Division was a key unit in the American defenses. Brougher was in command at the Battle of the Pockets, one of the few American victories of the Philippine campaign. After the surrender Brougher was imprisoned briefly at Camp O'Donnell and Tarlac on Luzon, then was moved to Karenko, Taiwan. Part II, the next six chapters, is the edited diary of General Brougher, covering his life during the period January 1943-September 1945 when he was in Japanese prison camps at Karenko, Tamazato, and Shirakawa on Taiwan, and Chengchiatun and Mukden in Manchuria. The story ends with his liberation by the Soviet Army and his return to the United States shortly after the Japanese surrender. Seven of the eight manuscript volumes of his prison diary were preserved. Unfortunately the first volume, covering his captivity at O'Donnell, Tarlac, and the first three and a half months at Karenko, was lost during the war years.

Brougher's diary is not a great literary work by any standard, but it is an authentic and moving account of the privations of a prisoner of war. After the Second World War Brougher was eager to get his wartime poems and short stories into print, but

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he showed no interest in publishing his diary, which had not been written with the idea of future publication. Although he never explained why he kept the diary, one reason may have been to maintain therein certain records which were very important to him as a prisoner-purchases and deposits at the post exchange, copies of letters sent to his family and to camp authorities, war developments, names and facts about fellow prisoners, poems and stories composed by him and by others, crop and garden records, changes in his weight, meteorological data, Red Cross parcel distributions, menus, and sundry other items vital to survival and to the maintenance of hope. Some of his compositions he later transferred, usually in revised form, to his literary notebooks. Another probable reason for the diary was that it provided him an outlet for the feelings and thoughts wh~ch he could not express aloud to others in the compound or barracks where guards seemed omnipresent and where most prisoners were absorbed in their own private struggles for existence. Whatever the reasons, Brougher seemed to delight in the moments he spent each day with his diary. Indeed, this simple activity may well have been a significant factor in preserving his morale through more than three long, trying years when some prisoners' spirits broke.

His compulsion to write lengthy entries often seemed to precede and follow the numerous moves which he was compelled to make and which must have placed him under severe psychological stresses.

Through his diary Brougher reveals the anatomy of the mind of a good professional soldier. Straightforward and matter of fact, he accepted his enslavement with some grumbling and criticism, but, unlike the more high-strung and deeply introspective prisoners, he suffered no serious emotional effects. He was convinced that his superiors in Manila and Washington were guilty of poor planning and faulty leadership in the tragedy which befell the Philippines, yet his loyalty as an American Army officer remained firm. He intensely disliked the attitudes and policies of some Nipponese guards and camp officials, but he seems to have never considered seriously an act of violence against them or a plan of escape. He stoically found his happiness and peace in memories of loved ones, a small group of close friends in prison, and such humble activities of daily life as gardening and writing. He almost seemed, at times,

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to be independent of the depressing, sordid external world about him, as if he had overcome it by mastering himself, his passions and moods. A man of strong character and high morals, Brougher refrained from vulgarity and meanness with amazing restraint. His simple and conventional, yet sincere and meaningful, beliefs about his nation and his religion, as well as his deep devotion to his family and friends, provided him with a hope which seldom wavered even when prison life was at its worst. Although he was rarely conspicuous in any of his actions as a prisoner of war, he was widely respected and liked. In view of the large number of Allied luminaries on the camp roster, Brougher, in rank and intellectual ability, might have been expected to be of little influence. On the contrary, because of his sincerity, humaneness, and strength of character, he was one of those whom the prisoners of all nationalities preferred to lead worship services and holiday programs and to read his James Whitcomb Riley kind of poems to the sick and wounded. Imperturbable and courageous in combat and in prison, he was an inspiring figure to many of his colleagues.

Brougher's steadfast loyalty to his nation and his military honor offer a study in contrasts to the cases of unfaithful conduct which have arisen since then-in the Korean War, the conflict in Vietnam, and the Pueblo incident. Undoubtedly the prison camps in which he and his high-ranking fellow prisoners were held had better conditions than those of other camps in Asia in World War II and of camps in North Korea and North Vietnam in more recent times. Moreover, he and his colleagues were veteran career men in whom the principles of duty, honor, and country had become deeply instilled over decades of service. But, as the diary starkly reveals, the treatment which Brougher's group received was generally harsh and trying, and it lasted well over three years. Perhaps a reason why a formal military code of conduct for prisoners was not necessary for these men was that there was no question in their minds of the rightness of the cause for which their nations were fighting. And, despite the best efforts of the Japanese to censor news, Brougher and his fellow prisoners sensed by late autumn of 1943, at least, that Allied victory was sure and that their rescue was reasonably certain.

The band of high-ranking American, British, Australian, and Dutch military and civilian personnel who largely stayed

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together from Karenko in 1943 to Mukden in 1945 represented one of the most unique groups of Allied leaders to be associated together during the war. Relations between Allied diplomats and warriors were trying enough in far-off places like North Africa and Teheran, but the interallied relations were tested most severely and interestingly in the Japanese prison compounds, though the issues may have been less important.

Through the prism of Brougher's diary the intriguing ways in which men of different nationalities and creeds lived together amid distressing circumstances and worked out their differences and misunderstandings, or tried to do so, would seem to offer some hope for international cooperation on a larger scale.

Although Brougher was forced to hide the volumes of his diary inside hollowed bamboo sticks buried beneath his barracks, the pages are in good physical condition. Surprisingly, in view of the harsh conditions under which he wrote, Brougher's penmanship is quite legible, and his spelling, grammar, and punctuation show few errors. The editor has relied on the original diary, which is in the possession of General Brougher's widow, though photocopies and typescripts of the original are now available at Mississippi State University'S Mitchell Memorial Library.

Editorial changes have been kept to a minimum-namely the spelling of some proper names. In cases of persons' names the spelling has been made consistent with those listed on prison camp rosters where positive identification is possible; they have also been checked against the spelling in the Official Army Register, 1941-1945. In cases of uncertainty Brougher's spelling was retained. Spelling of geographical terms was made consistent with standard English usage. In his footnotes the editor has alerted the reader about doubtful cases. With these exceptions Brougher's diary is reproduced precisely as he wrote it: therefore the reader will occasionally encounter misspelled words (Jane Austin for Jane Austen) and other lapses.

Since General Brougher's diary obviously was not written for others to read, it includes some material which is of no particular interest to readers today who want to know what life was like for prisoners of the Japanese in the Second World War. The ellipsis points used herein indicate omission of material of eight types: (1) comments on minor personal and family matters; (2) transcriptions of letters to his family; (3)

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repetitious remarks about regular occurrences of daily life, e.g., benjo duty and PX issues; (4) long quotations of general war news from Japanese newspapers; (5) detailed, but historically unimportant, expositions on topics such as mining operations in the Philippines and Soviet strategy in the Ukraine; (6) lengthy lists of colleagues of the Philippine campaign; (7) several dozen poems which he wrote and repeatedly revised during his months behind barbed wire; and (8) a number of sketches in the page margins depicting unusual celestial phenomena, room arrangements in barracks, and an assortment of other subjects largely of interest only at the time they were drawn. Some material of each of the above deleted types is included, however, in order to exemplify that which is omitted.

The chapter titles and divisions in Part II have been supplied by the editor. The existing seven volumes of Brougher's handwritten diary consist of continuous daily entries, with very few days being unrecorded. Brougher's division between volumes was dictated simply by the necessity to begin another notebook when the last page of the current one was filled. The Japanese permitted the prisoners to obtain writing materials at the post exchanges of the prison camps, but strangely forbade the inmates' keeping of diaries.

The editor owes his deepest debt of gratitude to Mrs. W. E. Brougher, who not only donated most of her husband's papers to Mississippi State University and opened the rest for research, but also assisted with much information about General Brougher otherwise unobtainable. General Harold K. Johnson gave generously of his time during his busy days as chief of staff to talk to the editor about Brougher and later graciously consented to write the foreword. Colonel Joseph L. Chabot, Colonel A. D. Amoroso, Mr. R. Beverly Irwin, and other friends of Ed Brougher contributed insights into his past and personality. Valuable assistance was rendered by Director George R. Lewis and Miss Willie D. Halsell of Mitchell Memorial Library, Mississippi State University. Important also was the aid provided by the staffs of the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army; and the Modern Military Records Division, National Archives. Generous assistance was given by several of my departmental colleagues, particularly Professors Harold S. Snellgrove, Glover Moore, and Roy V. Scott. I am also deeply appreciative of the guidance given by

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the excellent editorial staff of the University of Georgia Press.

The final, but not least, acknowledgments of thanks go to my wife, Erlene; my personal secretaries and advisers, Sherrie, Ned, Judy, and Allie James; and my student assistants, Misses Sheryl Ann Flynt and Nancy Lee Young and Mrs. James Duke.

D. Clayton James Mississippi State University

INDEX Abucay, P.I., 18,20, 20n-21n Agno River, P.I., xvi, 9, 11, 13, 14 Aguilar, P.I., 11 Air raids: drill, 62; raids, 72, 105, 105n, 154, 154ll, 157, 157n ; alarms, 73, 82, 93, 98, 105, 106,109, Ill, 114, 123, 129, 138, 153, 181; shelters, 158-159, 159n Air Transport Command, 190 Aldridge, Edwin E., 58n, 91 Alkahest Celebrity Bureau, viii American Expeditionary Forces, vii Aparri, P.I., 9, 170n Army and Navy Register, 4n Army Industrial College, vii, 4 Army War College, viii, 4, 32 Atrocities: Bataan, 26--27; Palawan, 166. See also Death March Australia, 31-32, 36, 37 Australian Army: in Singapore campaign and prison camps, xviii-xix, 48, 59, 94, 94n, 96n, 118, 133, 139n, 145n, 154n, 163, 175n Backhouse, Edward H. W., 89, 89n, 142 Badgett, John L., 97, 97n, 115 Bagac, P.I., 21, 23, 27,31,35 "Baggy Pants": Wakasugi's nickname, 63, 63n, 71, 81, 82, 87 Baggy Pants and Other Stories, viii, 4n, 158n Baguio, P.I., 7, 9, 9n, 11, 14, 15 Bakkers, Rudolph, 72, 72n Balanga, P.I., 17, 18, 38-39 Ballentine, George C., 127, 127n, 142 Balsam, Alfred S., 72, 72n, 135 Barry, Edwin F ., 44, 59, 59n Bataan, viii, xvi, 12, 13, 57n, 72, 109, 109n, 188; Death March, xii, 40-41; surrender, xiv, xvi, 36--39, 40, 65n, 79n; USAFFE enters, 16--19; combat operations, 20-39 Batavia, Java, 48 Bautista, Amado N., 14, 15, 17,21,30,31,3334 Beckwith Smith, M. B., 49, 59, 59n Beebe, Lewis: at Tamazato, 68, 69, 70; at USFIP Hq., 68n; at Shirakawa, 77, 78, 83, 91, 92,99, 102, 125-126; at Chengchiatun, 146,

15 2, 153, 154; at Mukden, 184; in China, 186; book by, 188, 188n Bell, Gilmer M., 91, 9In Beppu, Japan, 142-144, 142n Big Pocket, Battle of the, 23-27 Bilibid Prison, Manila, 41 , 43, 71, 170n Binalonan, P.I., 11 Bindeman, Thomas W., 96, 96n, 99, 122, 179 Bluemel, Clifford: as prisoner, 77, 82, 96, Ill, 146, 186; commands div., 77n Boatner, Haydon L., 186--187, 187n Boeing B-29 ("Superfortress"), 154n, 157n, 190, 190n Bonnett, Donald V. N., 10,63, 63n Bougainville, Solomons, 98, 98n, 105, 105n Bowler, Louis J., 63, 63n, 72 Braly, William C.: leads music, 51,101, 118, 131, 153, 154, 175; conducts funeral , 63; heads prison squad, 140 Brezina, Frank, 122, 139 Brink, Francis, 187, 187n, 188 British Army: prisoners characterized, xviiixix, 85; individual prisoners, 47-49, 57, 57n , 58, 58n, 59, 65, 65 n , 68, 73. nn, 89, 89n, 94, 94n, 97, 97n , 101, 10 Ill, 113, 113n , 126, 126n, 127, 127n, 154, 154n, 155, 155n; prisoners' moves, 58, 65 , 76, 76n, 86, 88, 145n; prisoners beaten, 50, 6on, 139; prisoners publish Raggle Taggle, 134n; in European offensive, 159n; prisoners at Hongkong, 188. See also Australian Army; Indian Army Bronze Star, 26 Brougher, Frances Kelly (Mrs. W. E.), 44, 61, 62, go, 96,99-100, I I I , 113n, ,69; marries, vii; has husband's diary and clothes, xix, 81n; leaves Manila, 3, 119; corresponds with husband, 92, 112 , 113-114, 117, 122, 128, 134, 138, 149; reunited with husband, 187, 187n, 191, 192n; writes Mrs. MacArthur, 189 Brougher, William E.: chronology, vii-viii; traits, xii-xv, xvii-xviii , 4; in Luzon operations, xvi, 7-9, 12-39 passim; writings, xvi- xviii, 4, 1n, 44-45, 49, 5 1, 62, 62n, 66,

I99

Index 74.80--81.107-108. 109. 111-112. 113. 117.

120. 12on. 152-153, 153n, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 16m, 170, 171, 183; prewar life.

3-5,7.83, 87n. 94,120, 120n, 149n; religious beliefs and activities, 4, 66n. 78, 91. 109n, 122,131,160,161,174; decorations, 26. 26n; at O'Donnell, 41-43, 71; at TarJac. 42-45; at Karenko, 46-51, 55-65, 76; changes in weight, 50, 63, 64, 68, 80, 83, 88. 109. 11 2.

116. 122. 127. 133, 137, 147-148, 157, 160, 163,174,179; illnesses, 58, 60, 61, 68, 70, 7 1, 83, 88-89, 90, 91, 97, 113, 114, 115, 119, 128, 129, 147, 148 , 149, 154- 155, 159, 17 1 , 177; books read, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 75, 87,93,95,101, 105, 109,110,116,117,121, 128, 131, 134, 135, 156-157, 158, 162, 16 3, 172-173,178-179,180,181; family ties, 62, 66, 66n, 83, 90, 92, 95,99-100, 112, 112n, 117, 119, 122, 132, 134, 138, 165-166; at Tamazato, 65-76; on Japanese doctrine on surrender, 69, 125, 175, 178,179-180; postwar career, 70n, 95n; at Shirakawa, 77-141; on national traits of prisoners, 84-85; criticizes U.S. strategy in Pacific, 95, 97-98, 98n, 119-120, 19o; on prison labor policies, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132-133,162; at Beppu, 142144; in Korea, 144-145, 145n; at Chengchiatun, 146-167; on postwar world, 162, 163; at Hoten No. 1 (Mukden), 168186; on Japan's collapse, 176-177; liberated at Mukden, 183-186; at Sian, 186-187; at Chungking, 187-188; at Peiyishi, 188; at Manila (1945), 188-190; at Guam, 190; at Kwajalein, 19o--191; at Johnston Island, 191; in Hawaii, 191-192; reunion in San Francisco, 192, 192n Brown, Ernest, 169, 170, 171, 176, 186 Brown, G. E., 59, 59n, 66, 70, 76 Bunker, Paul D., 61, 6111, 62, 63 Burma, 98, 99n, 169, 188 Cabanatuan, P.I., xiii, 14, 4 1, 43, 96n, 139n, 17 0n , 175 n Cabcaben, P.I., 35 Cagayan Valley, P.I., 9, 10, 16 Cairns, Bogardus S., 3n, 112n, 187, 188, 189, 190 Cairns, Doris Brougher (Mrs. B. S.), vii, 3n, 64n, 86-87, 87n, 112, 112n, 181 Cairns, Doug, 118, 118n Cairns, Patty, 118, 118n Callahan, James W., 101, lOin Calumpit, P.I., xvi, 12, 13, 15-16 Campbell, Betty Brougher (Mrs. W. M.), vii, 3,44,64, 64n , 82, 100, lOon, 112, 132, 134n, 138, 169 Campbell, William M., loon, 134, 134n, 187, 189, 190

200

Camp Gordon, Georgia, vii, viii, 95n Camp Holmes, P.I., 7, 8, 9 Camp John Hay, 8, 9, 96 Camp O'Donnell, P.I., viii, xii-xiii, xvi, 41-43,71,96,96n Camp Otis, Panama, vii, 87n Camp Perry, Ohio, 149, 149n Capas, P.I., 41 Cape Gloucester, New Britain, 96n Capinpin, Mateo, 12, 93, 93n Carmen, P.I., 13, 15 Casualties: in prison camps, xiii, 41-42, 122, 157, 157n, 159, 159n, 170; in Luzon campaign, 14, 24,25,169-170; on Death March, 41; on ships, 46, 100, lOon, 169, 169n; among Red Cross workers, 124n Cavalry: 26th Regiment, 9, II, 12, 72n, 74; Cavalry School, 74. See also Weaver Censorship: See Newspapers; Nippon Times; War news Central Luzon Plain, P.I., viii, xvi, 10, 12-16 Passim, 41, 79n Chabot, Joseph L., 4, 169 Chanoyu,75 Chastaine, Ben H., 129, 129n, 136 Chengchiatun, Manchuria: Brougher at, viii, xvi, 116-167 China, 69, 72n, 110, 163, 180, 188; loth Air Force in, 105n, 154n; Brougher in, 186-188 Christenberry, Charles, Jr., 165-166 Christenberry, Frances ("Dolly") Brougher (Mrs. Charles), vii, 3, 64, 64n, 100, 112, 116, 132,138,160,164,165-166,169,187 Chungking, China, 185, 187-188 Chynoweth, Bradford G., 58, 58n, 70, 71,77, 79 Clark Field, P.I., 9,17,97,100 Code of Conduct, xiv, xv, xviii Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, vii, 120, 120n Concep~ion, P.I., 13- 14,16 Congressional Medal of Honor, 20, 20n-2tn, 26, 187n Consolidated B-24 ("Liberator"), 185 Cordero, Virgilio N., 119, 119n Corkill, William E., 87, 87n, 99, 110,117 Cornell, Theodore M., 103, 103n, 127 Corregidor, P.I., 29, 30, 36n, 37, 49, 6tn, 74, 188; surrender of, 43, 74-75, 74n Cotabato-Davao Sector, P.I., 58n Cotar River, P.I., 22 Cox, Pierre A., 48, 72, 72n Crawford, Kenneth B_ S., 89, 89n, 90, 126, 142 Culo River, P.I., 17 Curtis, Arthur D., 94, 94n, 127 Dagupan, P.I., 8 Damortis, P.I., 10,

11

Index

20I

Daugherty, Louis R., 150, 150n, 152 Davao, P.l., 18, 58n Davis, Robert G., 83, 83n Day, Morris E., 96, 169, 174 Death March, 40-,P, 68n Derham. Alfred P .• 65. 65n Diet: at O·Donnell. xiii, 43; on Bataan, 18, 27-28,36; on Death March, 40-41; at Tarlac, 43, 45; at various Philippine prison camps, 43; at Karenko, 4g-64 passim; 80, 174; in transit to prison camps, 65, 135, 142, 144-145, 168; at Tamazato, 65-76 passim; at Shirakawa, 77-90 passim, 95-103 passim, 109-121 passim, 126-131 passim, 135-139 passim; at Nazi prison camps, 12 tn, 165n; U.S. and various Axis army rations compared, 139n; at Chengchiatun, 147, 148, 150, 153, 154, 161, 165, 166; at Mukden, 171, 172, 174, 179, 180n, 184, 185; at Manila (1945), 190 Diseases, 42, 50, 63. 120, 169n; on Bataan, 27, 28-29; streptoccus infection, 44, 59, 59n ; beriberi, 61, 62, 90; arthritis, 71; shingles, 71; malaria, 71, 78.135,147; dysentery, 71; tuberculosis, 88, ll3, 183; dengue. 89; diarrhea, 91, ll9, 142, 143, 170. 17 1; cholera. 92; rheumatism. 113. ll4; influenza (grippe).

115. 119. 127. 148; foot infection. 176 Distinguished Service Cross. 26. 187 Distinguished Service Medal. 26.151 Dooley. Thomas R .• 83. 83n, 186 Douglas C-54E ("Skymaster"). 188. 188n Drake. Charles C .• 70. 7on. 77, 83, 102, 114, 142.146.147. 158. 184 Drew. Jack W .• 70. 70n Duisterhof. Helmert J .• 16.63. 63n Duke. Cecil L. B .• 60. 60n. 69. 73 Dumas. Albert H .• 58. 58n Dunbar. Paul L.: poetry by. 173 Dutch Army: prisoners characterized. xviiixix. 85; individual prisoners. 47-49. 59n, 72. 72n. 86. 86n. 92. 99. 99n. I l l , 125, 125n, 140. 140n. 154. 154n. 158, 158n; prisoners' moves. 58,65. 76,76n Egan. Thomas F .• 126. 126n Eisenhower, Dwight D .• 5. 36n, 133n Elzinga. Lucas F .• 125. 125n. 126 Engineers: in Philippine Army divisions. 6; 11th Engineer Battalion, 11, 14-15. 17,24, 31.33-34 Europe: progress of war in, 67. 73. 75,91,99, 144, 153n. 19tn Evans. Ira K .• 187. 187n, 188 Evans. Leonard N .• 71. 7 tn • 79 Eveleigh, George C., 73. 73n, 127 Fengtai. China, 169n Field artillery, USAFFE-USFIP,

6-7,

16, 23-24,

25, 27, 33-34, 35-37, 60n, 102n, 151; 11th Regiment. 16. 23-24. 102n. 151; 24th Regiment. 23-24; 1 Corps. 23-24 Fleischer. John A.• 154, 154n Fort Benjamin Harrison. Indiana. vii Fort Benning. Georgia, vii. viii, 4,12 Fort Knox. Kentucky. 3n Fort Leavenworth. Kansas. vii, 120, 120n Fort McClellan. Alabama. viii. 95n Fort McKinley. P.l., 3. 4. 5. 7, 71, 142. 16g170. 169n-17on. 174. 189 Fort Mills. P.l., 75. See also Corregidor Fort Riley. Kansas. 74 Fort Shafter. Hawaii, 191 Fortier. Malcolm V .• 95. 95n France. 128. 162, 163. 191; Brougher in, vii. 4 Fraser, H. Lovatt. 139. 139n "Freedom for the Philippines" (radio program),30 Fremery. Henrie J. D. de. 92. 92n. 111 Funk. Arnold J .• 7 1, 77. 102, 116n. 146. 152.

158; in Luzon campaign. 7tn; prison squad chief. 78, 115, 125.126.133 Fusan (Pusan). Korea. 144-145. 148 Geneva Prisoner of War Convention (1929), 50. 79 n • 126n. 139n Giblin. R. G. L.. 58. 58n. 60. 94. 159 Gilbert Islands. 98. 98n-99n Gillespie. James 0 .• 159. 159n Glattly. Harold W., 57. 57n, 65 Gobi Desert. 149 Grand, Nat, 14-15 Grant. 94. 119 Gripsholm. 112. 128 Grosenson. George F. V .• 86, 86n Gross. Mervin E .• 187. 187n Guagua. P.I .• 16. 17.33.109. 109n Guam. 18. 60n. 62. 190 Guerillas: in Philippines, 14. 34. 37-38, 79.

79 n • 17on Gumain River. P.l., 17 Hadley, Alvin C., 170, 170n Harbin. Manchuria. 168n Hawaii: Japanese attack against. 95, 99; Brougher in. 191-192 Hawaiian Department. U.S. Army. 191 Heath. Lewis M., 57-58. 57n, 59, 61. 76n, 143, 143 n Heito. Taiwan. 14tn "Hell ships." 169. 169n Hermosa. P.l.. 17. 18 Hicker. Eugene 5 .• 181-182, 18tn Hickham Field. Hawaii. 191 Hillsman. Roger B., 86. 86n Hirseh. George W ., 158. 158n Hodges. Courtney H., 188. 191. 19tn Hoffman, Robert J., 57. 57n, 101, 163n

Index Homma, Masaharu, 10-11, 17,20-21,27, 34 Hongkong, 18, 123n, 188; British prisoners from, 48, 49, 59, 65, 66, 68, 86n, 97, 97 n , 113,154n Honshu, J apan, 144, 189 Hospitals: on Bataan, 27, 28, 29; in prison camps, 42, 44, 62, 65, 71, 86, 88, 99, 106, 139, 150, 152, 159, 180-181, 18m. See also Medical conditions and services Hotei, Taiwan, 141-142, 141n Hoten Camp No. I, Mukden, viii, 145n, 147, 147n, 157, 165, 168-186 Houston, 100, lOon Howard, Samuel L., 152, 152n Hsinking, Manchuria, 185 Hudson, Horace A., 113, 113n Hughes, James C., 102, 102n, 111, 113, 151 Hundley, Henry W., 95, 95n Hunt, Cecil, 60, 60n Hurley, Patrick J., 187, 187n Iba Field. P.I., 8, 9, 97 Igorots,7-8,16,24-25 Ilgen, Gustav A., 158, 158n Imamura, Capt., 47, 51, 60n Imperial General Headquarters, Tokyo, 27 Indian Army, 48, 57n, 70, 7on, 88n, 158n; III Corps, 57n Infantry units, USAFFE-USFIP Corps I: 21-39 passim, 70n II: 20,21,34-35, 57n, 77n Divisions 1st: 22,23 2d Constabulary: 21,23,24 11 th: viii, xii, xvi, 6-7, 10-39 passim, 62, 62n, 93n, 109n, I11n, 151, 170 21st; 9, 12-16 passim, 28, 35, 36, 93n 3 1st : 77 n 4 1st : 34-35,36 , 93 n , 95 n 5 1st: 24 7lst: 9, lin, 121n 91St: 9, 12-16 passim, 58n Philippine: 6, 68n Regiments I I th: 7-9, 10, 13, 14-15, 16, 22, 23, 24-25, 26, 28, 111 n, 170n 12th: 8-9, 10, II , 14, 15, 17, 24, 79n, 170n 13th: 8-g, 10, II, 13, 14, 15, 79n 45th: 22n, 23 , 24, 26, 169-170, 171 53 d : 24 57th: Brougher Commands, viii, 3, 7, 189; officers, xii, 5, 20, 20n-2In, 71n, 83n, 169-170, 171, 188; in Luzon camp aign, 6, 20, 22, 22n 71st: 10, II, lin, 14 92d: 23,24

202

Internment camps, 9n, II, 157n Irwin, John W., 63, 63n Italian Army: ration, 139n Ito, Col., 45, 47 Ives, Albert R., 60, 60n Jackson, Mississippi, vii, 3 Jacoby, Anna Lee (Mrs. Melville), 188, 188n Japan, 38, 88, 94, 100, 128, 181n; strategy, 5, 6; prisoners in, 45, 95, 145n, 169, 169n, 175n; policies on prisoners, 79n, 126n, 179n; and Red Cross, 123, 123n-124n, 164; changes in premiers, u8n, 162n; Brougher in, 142-144; collapse and surrender, 17(}177, 183 Japanese Air Forces, 78, 87, 106, 142, 143n, 176; in Luzon operations, 9, 17, 18,21,29, 34,35-3 6, 97-g8 ,98n Japanese Army: Luzon operations of Fourteenth Army, 9-41 passim; training exercises near prison camps, 60, 73, 79, 80, 8788, 115; ration, 174; decline of, 176; at Mukden, 181n, 185 Japanese Ministry of War Information Bu¡ reau on Prisoners of War, 75, 78, 79n, 115 Japanese Navy, 138n, 176 Java, lOon, 145n; Dutch prisoners from , 72n, 86n, 99n, Ill, 125n, 140n, 154n, 158n Jinsen, Korea, 157n, 169n Johnson, Aaron J., 159, 159n Johnson, Harold K., xii, xiii-xv passim, 4-5, 16 9 Johnston Island: Brougher at, 190, 191 Jones, Albert M.: commands South Luzon Force, 12; in Bataan operations, 21 , 22-24, 35-39, 7on, 15 1, 187; in prison camps, 77, 78,111,142,146,186 Kagi, Taiwan, 141 _ K'ai-shek, Chiang, 183n, 187 Karenko, Taiwan, viii, xvi, xix, fig, 71, 87, 99, 147, 150, 165, 174; Brougher at, 46-51, 55-65,7 6 Kavanaugh, James B ., 59, 59n Keijo, Korea, 157n, 169n Keilung, Taiwan, 150 Keith Simmons, Frank, 101, lOin, 141,142 Keltner, Edward H., 181, 181n Kent Hughes, Wilfred S., 14In, 154, 154n Key, Berthold W., 88, 88n, 101, 141 KGEI radio station, San Francisco, 30, 31 King, Edward P., JT.: on Bataan, xii, 35-39 passim; in prison camps, 49, 65, 65n, 76, 76n, 148, 151, 15In, 152, 152n; liberated, 143, 143 n , 19 1- 192 King, Mrs. Edward P., Jr., 113n Kobe, Japan, 92 Koiso, Kuniaki, 128n, 162n

Index Kokura, Japan, 144 Konoye, Prince, 128, 177, 177n Korea: Brougher in, viii, 144-145, 145n; U.S. prisoners and internees in, 157n, 169n Korean War: U.S. prisoners in, xvi, xviii Kuroki, Lt., 99, 102 Kwajalein: Brougher at, 190-191 Kyushu, Japan: Brougher on, viii, 142-144 Lage, W. H., 14n, 15 Langres, France: Brougher at, vii Lathrop, Leslie T., 135, 135n Laughinghouse, Newman R., 156, 156n La Union Province, P.I., 9 Leeman, Herbert F., 95, 95n Legaspi, P .1., 10 Legion of Merit, 26 Levitt, Herbert A., 100, won, 123 Leyte Gulf, Battle for, 136n Liayuanchow, Manchuria: See Chengchiatun Light, Newton H., 92, 92n, 95 Lilly, Edmund J.: on Bataan, 7m, 83n; in prison camps, 83, 99, 110, 111, 117, 153, 154, 155, 156, 181 Lim, Vincente, 34, 93, 93n Lingayen Gulf, P.I., xvi, 8, 9, 10-11, 12, 19 Little Pocket, Battle of the, 22-24 London, 36n,59,7on,76 The Long Dark Road, viii, 4n, 158n Longshaw, Thomas H., 155, 155n Lough, Maxon S., 68, 68n, 71-12, 77, 87, 106, 146,186 Louisiana State University: Brougher at, vii, 4, 149, 149n , 19 1 Lowman, N. C., 159, 159n Lubao, P.I., 17 Lucas, Hubert F., 60, 60n, 65, 73,131 Luxemburg: fighting in, 153n, 159 Luzon, P.I.: combat operations on, viii, xvi, xvii, 9-41 passim; on eve of war, 3, 5-9; guerillas on, 37-38, 17on; prison camps on, 4 1-46 , 139n , 145 n Lynch, Thomas A., 161, 16m MacArthur, Douglas: in first Philippine campaign, xii, 5, 9, 11-12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 30, 31-32,36, 187n; Brougher criticizes, 32, 83; in Pacific war after 1942, 38, 96n, 159n, 166,188; and Wainwright, 186n, 187n MacArthur, Jean (Mrs. Douglas), 189 McBride, Allan C., 57, 57n , 77, 94, 113, 120, 121,122, 140; Brougher's poem about, 120n McCain, John S., 191, 19m McDonnell, John]., 96, 96n MacLeod, Torquil, 97, 97n, 99, 1l0, 117 McMillin, George J., 60, 60n, 62 McRae, Ian M., 65, 65n Maber, William F., 113, 113n

20)

Magalang, P.I., 16 Malaya: Japanese invade, 18; British prisoners from, 48, 49, 57n, 59, 65n, 68 Malay Barrier, 18 Malay States, 65, 65n Mallonee, Richard C., 134 Maltby, C. M., 86, 86n Maltby, Paul C., 86, 86n, 92, 134n, 149, 158 Mamala River, P.I., 35 Manchuria (Manchukuo): Brougher in, viii, xvi, 14m, 145-186; prison camps in, 145n, 169n Manila, P.I.: prewar situation, viii, 3, 4, 12, 157; during first Philippine campaign, xvii, 9, 11, 13, 18, 27, 30, 31, 135, 187; prisoners at, 41, 45-46; recaptured (1945), 159, 159u ; Brougher at (1945),188-190 Manila Army and Navy Club, 3, 157 Manila Bay, 12,20,46 Manila Bulletin, 5 Manila Court of First Instance, 40 Manila Tribune, 40 Manila University Club, 43 Manship, Charles, 191, 19m Marianas Islands, 154n Mariveles, P.I., 38, 40, 41 Marshall, Floyd, 150, 150n, 183 Marshall, George C., 36, 36n, 107, 187 Marshall Islands, 98, 98n-99n; Brougher in, 190- 19 1 Matsuda, Col., 168-169, 168n Maxwell, D. S., 73, 73n, 94,133 Medical conditions and services: shortages on Bataan and at O'Donnell, xiii, 18, 28-29, 40, 42; prison dental work, 56, 78, 90, 97, 115; innoculations of prisoners, 67, 68, 71, 124, 159; quarantine of prisoners, 87; examinations of prisoners, 88, 106, 118; periodic weighings in prison, 122n; gargling in formation, 127; appendectomy in prison, 159, 159n Mindanao, P.I., 60 Mindanao Force, 86n, 103n, 129n, 136n Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, vii, 3,12,71 Missouri, 186n Mitchell 'Memorial Library, Mississippi State University, xix MKK Factory, Mukden, 18m Mobilization: of Philippine Army, 6-9 Modin, Charles O. F., 58, 58n, 156 Moir, Robert G., 172, 172n Moji, Japan, 169n; Brougher at, 144 Moncoda, P.I., 13 Moore, George F., 51, 62, 62n, 68, 76, 76n, 143, 143n , 187, 19 1 Moran, Juan S., 14, 17,33,93, 93n, 189 Moses, Martin, 8, 10, 37-38, 79, 79n, 170 Moulmein, Burma, 98

Index Moutain Province. P.I.. 7 Mount Arayat. P.I.. 15 Mukden (Hoten NO.1). Manchuria. 144. 145.

151; Brougher at. viii. xv. xvi. xix. 166.

168-186; before arrival of Brougher. 145n.

157. 157n. 167n. 17 0n Muksaq. Taiwan. 76n. 143n Musical activities of prisoners: on religious and patriotic days. 51. 55. 101-102. 122.

153. 154- 155. 158. 175. 183; in worship services. 66. 80. 83. 91. 101. 106. 118. 131.

153; phonograph and orchestra concerts.

69. 80. 83. 89. 95. 113. 156. 160. 171; instruments purchased. 104. llO; concerts banned. 126. 128. 133 Nakashima. Lt .• 47, 60. 60n Nakhon Pathom. Thailand. 169n National Guard: Brougher attached to, vii Nelson. Frank. 158. 158n Netherlands East Indies. 5, 162; Dutch prisoners from. 59n. 65. 75 New Georgia. Solomons. 98 New Orleans. Louisiana. 58 Newspapers. Japanese: propaganda and news in. xx. 58. 73. 82. 8m. 93. 98. 105. 106; withheld from prisoners. 67. 85. 86. 88. 89.

96. 128. 133. 135. 137. 165n; out of date when received. 80n. 116; risks in obtaining. 163n. See also Nippon Times; War news New York City. 58.115 Nichols. Betty. 112 Nichols. Howard. 112 Nichols Field. P.I.. 9. 97.188 NiPPon Times. 91, 98.105.135.164. 165n Noble. Arthur K .• 8. 10. 37-38,79. 79n. 170 Noble. Cecil H .. 100, lOon North American P-51 ("Mustang"), 190 North Borneo. 48 North Korea: prison camps in. xviii North Luzon Force. xvi. 9. 12-19 passim.

159 n North Vietnam: prison camps in. xviii Nugent Daniel H .• 73, 73n, 79. 81, 87. 94, 137,17 1 O·Connor. Edwin. 83. 83n, 156 O·Day. Ray. 154. 154n Odessa. Russia: fighting near. 119n Official Army Register. xix Okinawa. Ryukyus, 162. 162n Oliver. Alfred C .• 96. 96n Olongapo, P.I.. 36. 169. 169n Omine.Japan.175n .

Open Forum Speakers Bureau, viii Orani. P.I .• 18.39.41 Oryoku Maru. 169. 169n

Osaka. Japan, 58 Overakker, Roelof T .• 86, 86n Pacific operations: news of. 67. 82n, 91. 96n.

164. See also War news Palawan, P.I., 166n Palawi. P.I .• 41 Pampanga River. P.I.. 12.40 Panama Canal Zone: Brougher in. vii, 4. 87n Pantingan River, P.I.. 21. 34 Parker. George H.: on Bataan. 20. 21. 34-35.

77n; in prison camps. 77. 142, 146, 158.

173; liberated. 184.185. 186n "Pasadena Charlie": See Kuroki Pearl Harbor. 18. 100 Peffers. Andrew. 154. 154n Peiyishi Air Base. China. 188 PeleJiu. Pelews. 119n Pelew (Palau) Islands. 119. 119n Penrose. Arthur W .• 113. 113n Percival. Arthur E.: in Malayan campaign.

57. 57n • 68n; in prison camps. 57-58. 59.

68. 73. 75,7 6n • 115. 143. 143 n Philippine Army: in Luzon campaign. viii. xii. xvii. 25-26. 27-28. 31; prewar. 5--9. 43; discrimination against. 32-33; on Death March. 40-41. See also Infantry units Philippine Department. U.S. Army. 6. 32 Philippine Distinguished Service Star. 26 Philippine Executive Commission, 40 Philippine Islands: Brougher in. viii. 3-116 passim. 188-190; in U.S. strategic planning.

5-6• 3 1• 32. 69, 97-g8. 98n. 119-120; gold mining in. 74. 74n. 161; Republic of. 93.

93n; liberated. 112n. 119. 119 n • 153n. 155.

See also Bataan; Corregidor; Manila; Luzon Philippine Scouts. U.S. Army. viii. xii. xiv.

3.6.8.26.32-33: See also Infantry units Philippine Sea, Battle of the, 136, 136n. 138.

13 8n Pierce. Clinton A.: in Luzon campaign. 12.

7m; in prison camps, 72, 77,106,152,158 Pigdon. Douglas C .• 175. 175n Pilar, P.I.. 21. 23. 27. 31, 35 Pilet. N. C .• 101. lOin Pockets. Battle of the. xvi. 22-27, 30• 34 Points. Battle of the. 22. 22n, 83n Poor ten, Hein ter, 58. 59n, 72, 76n, ll5. 143.

143 n Posthumas. Rinke. 140, 140n Presidential Unit Citation. 25 Propaganda, Japanese. 98. 114. 138. See also Newspapers; Nippon Times Provoo. John D .• 81, 8In, 95 Pueblo. xiv. xviii Pugh. John R., 186. 186n. 187 Punishment of prisoners: at Cabanatuan.

Index xiii; on Death March. ~8-39. 40-41. 68n; at O'Donnell. 42; at Tarlac. 43-44; at Karenko. 47.49.50.58. 59n. 60-61. 80-81; at Tamazato. 67. 7 1• 72. 73. 75; at Shirakawa. 78-79. 79n. 86. 88. 89. 91. 102. 110.

114. 120. 124-140 passim; at Chengchiatun. 150. lSI. 158. 162-166 passim; at Mukden. 173. 179. See also Diet; Work Quartermasters. 29. 7on. 122. 122n Quarters: at Tarlac. 43; at Karenko. 46-47.

49. 58. 64. 64n ; at Tamazato. 65. 76; at Shirakawa. 77. 81. 91.101-103 passim. 106; at Hotei. 141; at Beppu. 142. 143; at Fusan.

144; at Chengchiatun. 146. 147. 149. 155156.160; at Mukden. 168n. 169; at Chungking. 187; at Fort Shafter. 191 Quesenberry. Marshall H .• 78. 78n Quezon City. P.I.. 189 Rabaul. New Britain. 96. 96n. 105n. 119 Raggle Taggle. 134. 134n Rangoon. Burma. 169n Red Cross. 106, 107. 180-181. 188; packages issued to prisoners. xvii. 63. 64. 67-68. 69.

70.74.76.78.79.81. 121. 12m. 150. 152.

153. 157. 159. 165. 173; packages withheld

by Japanese. 66-67. 72. 73. 119. 120. 150.

15 8 • 164. 165. 166. 174. 177-178; representatives visit prison camps. 75. 123; International Committee. 79n. 123. 123n-124n Religious services. prison: Brougher leads. 4.

78.9 1• 13 1• 153. 100-161; at Karenko. 49; at Tamazato. 65. 66. 67. 68-69. 71• 73. 76; at Shirakawa. 79. 80. 83. 86. 89. 90• 94. 96.

99. 101. 102. 104. 106. 107. 109. III. 114.

117.118.120.122.136. 138. 139; obstructed

by Japanese. 84. 148. 150. 179. 180; led by chaplains at O'Donnell. 96. 96n; at Chengchiatun. 153. 154. 156. 157. 159. 160. 164165; at Mukden. 171. 173. 174. 179. 181 Republic. 119 Rescript Day. 176. 176n. 181. 18m Reserve Officers Training Corps: Brougher serves with. vii. 149n Retallick. H. J .• 154. 154n Rice. E. B .• 90, 9On. 139 Richards. Harrison H. C .• 78. 78n. 129. 170 Ridgway. Matthew B.. 191. 19m Roberts. Lyle J .• 159. 159n Rogers. Richard C .• 61. 6m Romulo. Carlos P .• 30 Roosevelt. Franklin D .• 31. 36. 37. 38• 74-75.

148 Rosa. Manuel de lao 9n. 189 Roxas y Acufia. Manuel. 18g-l9O. 189n Royal Air Force: prisoners from Singapore and Hongkong. 48. 58n. 86n. 9On. 100.

205

loon. 122. 122n. 139. 156. 156n Royal Navy. 48 Royal Netherlands Navy. 48 Rushing. N. L.. 92. 92n Rutherford. Dorsey J .• 102. 102n Sage. Charles G .• 83. 83n Saigon. Indo-China. 169n Saipan. Marianas. 128n San Fernando. La Union. P.I.. 9. 10 San Fernando. Pampanga, P.I.. 40-41 San Francisco. California. 30, 46. 65. 144; Broughers reunited at. viii. 187n. 192n "San Francisco Bob": See Yamanaka Santa Cruz. P.I .• 16-17 Saysain River. P.I.. 38 Schilling. Wybrandus, 72. 72n Seals. Carl H .• 58. 58n. 65. 70. 77. 96. 106.

111.152• 181 Searles. Albert C .• 58. 5Rn Seidel. Francis X .• 88, 88n. I 18 Selleck, Clyde A .• I Ill. 121. lun. 153 Seoul (Keijo), Korea. 145 Shanghai, China, 123n. 152n. 169n Sharp. William F .• 58. 58n. 70. 72. 77. 129.

136.146.152.191 Sheppard. E. G .• 122. 122n Shirakawa. Taiwan. viii. 143. 143n. ISO. 172.

179; Brougher at. xvi. 56n , 77-141 Sian, China: Brougher at, 186-187 Sian. Manchuria, 151n, 185n. 186n Silly. Benjamin J .• 122. 122n Silver Star. 26 Simpson. Ivan, 70, 7on, 72, 73, 94.182 Singapore. 18; British and Australian prisoners from, 58n. 59. 60n. 65n. 7on. 73n, 86n, 88n, 89n, 90n, 94n. lOon. 10 Ill. 126n.

127n, 139n , 145 n , 154n. 155n, 156n. 158n.

175n; Americans imprisoned at. 169n Skerry, Harry A.• 119. 119n Slaves of the Samurai. 154n Sledge. Theodore J .• 99. III South China Sea. 21. 46 South Luzon Force. 12. 13. 16, 21. 70n Spitz, Adrian I.. 59, 59n. 65 , 76n. 143. 143n Stanley Prison. Hongkong. 188 Starkenborgh Stachouwer. Tjarda van. 59.

59 n • 62. 65. 75, 76n • 143. 143 n Statins-Muller. G. J. F., 99, 99n Staton. William E .• 156, 156n Stevens. Luther: commands div .• 12. 58n; in prison camps, 58. 71• 77, 106, 152 Strategic planning: of U.S .• xiv-xv. 5-6. 32.

32n , 69. 95. 119- 120• 190; of Japan. 5.

17 6- 177 Stratemeyer. George E .• 187. 187n Subic Bay. P.I., 189, 190 Sumatra: Dutch prisoners from, 59n. 65. 86; Americans imprisoned on. 145n

Index Sundra Strait, Battle of, lOon Surrender: Japanese beliefs about, xiii, 75 Taihoku, Taiwan, 76n, 150 Taiwan, 10, 152, 163; Brougher on, viii, xvi, 45-142, 162 Takao, Taiwan, 46, 76, 760, go Tamazato, Taiwan, 76, 143, 151; Brougher at, viii, xvi, 65-'76, 99, 106, 182 Tanks: USAFFE Provisional Tank Group, lin, 12, 14-15, 23, 24-25, 26, 36--37; 192d Tank Battalion, 23 Tarlac, P.I.: prison camp at, viii, xvi, 42-45, 59,135; in Luzon campaign, 13, 14 Taylor, Harold B., 94, 94n, 133 Taylor, Robert P., 171, 1710, 174 Tayug, P.I., 11 Thailaod (Siam), 169n Thayer, James H., 59, 59n Thomas, Shenton, 57-58, 570, 59, 760, 143, 143 n Thompson, John W., 136, 1360 Tiangwan, China, 169n Tientsin, China, 169n Tiffany,John,96,96n TKK Factory, Mukden, 1810 Tojo, Hideki, 128n, 177n Tokyo, Japan, 5, 27, 60, 76, 102; Prisoner of War Information Bureau, 75, 78, 115; Red Cross, 123, 123n Tokyo Bay, Japan, 185-186, 186n Tokyo University, 106 Torrance, Kenneth S., 73, 73n, 154 Townsend, Glen R.: in Luzon campaign, 7-8, 10, 16, 18, 22-28 passim, 34, I l l , 111n; in prison camp, I I I Transportation: in Luzon campaign, 6, 9, 13, 16--17, 33-34, 41; of prisoners to various camps, 45-46, 65, 76-'77, 87, 141, 142, 143n, 146--147, 150, 168, 186, 186n; of Brougher to U.S. (1945), 187-192 passim Trott, William A., 158, 158n Truk, Carolines, 98, 98n-99n Truman, Harry S., 187n Tuol River, P.I., 22-23, 26, 31 Uhl, P. D., 189 U.S. Army: Brougher in 87th Div., vii; Brougher in 10th Inf., vii, 87n; Brougher as typical good officer of, xvii-xviii; dis¡ criminates against Scouts, 32-33; prisoners characterized, 84; ration, 139n; Third Army in Europe, 159n; First Army in Europe and Pacific, 188, 1910. See also Cavalry; Engineers; Field Artillery; Infantry; Quartermasters; U.S. Army Air Forces; U.S. Army Forces in the Philippines; U.S. Forces in the Philippines

206

U.S. Army Air Forces: in first Philippine campaign, 9, 17, 18, 28, 97-g8, 98n; bombing of prison camps and ships, 46, 150, 154n, 157, 157n, 169, 169n; loth Air Force in China, 72n, 105n; parachute drop at Mukden, 183; officers at Sian and Chungking, 186, 187n; Guam bases and aircraft, 190,lgon U.S. Army Forces in the Far East, xii, 6--31 passim. See also MacArthur and unit commanders listed separatel y U.S. Forces in the Philippines, 6n, 31-41 passim. See also Wainwright and unit commanders listed separatel y U.S. Marine Corps: officers in prison camps, 48, 152, 152n; 4th Marine Rgt. on Luzon, 152n U.S. Navy: in defense of Philippines, 17-18, 32; sinks prison ships, 46, 169, 169n; officers in prison camps, 48, 6on, 123, 159, 159n, 160, 175; in Pacific war (1942-1945), 72n, lOon, 105, 105n, 106, 133, 133n, 136n, 138n, 189, 191, 1910 Upper Salient (Pocket), Battle of the, 24-25 Urdenata, P.I., 13 Vachon, Joseph P., 58, 58n, 65, 77,102 Vietnam War: prisoners of, xiv, xviii Vigan, P.I., 9 V-J Day, 182n Visayan Force, 58n Visayan-Mindanao Force, 58n "The Voice of Freedom" (radio program), 30 Volckmann, Russell W., 10, lon, 25, 28, 3738,170, 170n Wainwright, Jonathan M.: as USAFFE commander, xvi, 6, 9, 12-19 passim, 21, 22n, 25, 26, 29-31 passim; commands USFIP operations, 31-32, 33, 35-37 passim; at Tarlac, 43-46 passim; memoirs of, 43n; at Karenko, 46--47, 49-5 1 Passim, 56n, 57-58, 59, 59 n-6on, 61, 62; at Tamazato, 65, 7476 passim; at Muksaq, 76n, 143n; at Beppu, 143, 143n; at Chengchiatun, 148, 163n; at Sian, 151, 1510, 152, 185n; at Mukden, 184, 185, 185n, 186, 186n; at Tokyo Bay surrender ceremony, 185-186, 186n; in China, 186, 187; decorated, 187, 187n Wakasugi, Jiro, 63, 63n, 71, 81,82,87 Wake Island, 18 Walton, Leo A., 188, 188n War Crimes Office, War Department, 42 War Department, 6, 9, 11-12, 32, 42, 93. See also Strategic planning Wardle, Valentine H., 60, 60n War news: withheld by Japanese, 57, 86; learned from new prisoners, 58, 88, 100;

Index Brougher on probable end of war, 79, 137, 153n, 176-177; on European and African operations, 80n, 82, 87n, 91, 93, 119n, 128, 128n, 133n, 144, 153n, 159n, 161, 162n; japanese officers' speeches on, 88, 94, 119; on Pacific developments, 91, 96n, 98n-99n, 105n, 128n, 138n, 154n, 159n, 162n, 182n; learned from Chinese workers, 175n. See also Newspapers; Nippon Times; Rumors War Plan Orange'3, 11-12 War Plans Division, War Department, 32 Warsaw, Poland: Soviets capture, 128, 128n Washington, D.C., vii, viii, 38, 75, 187, 187n Weaver, james R. N.: commands tank group, 12, 15, 55n; at Karenko, 55; at Tamazato, 73; at Shirakawa, 77, 79-82 passim, 87, 89, 92, 94, 101, 102, 103, 106, lll, 115, 120, 121; at Beppu, 142-143, 144; at Cheng. chiatun, 146, 150, 152, 159; liberated, 186, 189 Wedemeyer, Albert C., 183, 183n, 185, 187 West Point, 159 Wetherby, Loven A., 156, 156n Wildey, Alec W. G., 73, 73n Wilson, "Zero," 169, 170 Wilterdinck, William H., 83, 83n, 160, 175

20

7

Winkworth, Harry, 155, 155n Wood, Stuart, 91, 163n Woosung, China, 16gn Work, prison: at Tarlac, 44; at Karenko, 47, 56, 61; prisoners' refusal to work, 50, 60, 81n, 84, 124, 125, 129-130, 133, 158-159, 162, 164, 165; at Shirakawa, 78, 88, 90-123 passim, 133-137 passim; Hague and Geneva conventions on, 126n; at Hotei, 144; at Chengchiatun, 148; in Mukden factories, 175, 175n; at Cabanatuan and camps in japan,175n World War II: Red Cross in japanese areas in, 123, 123n-124n Wren, Mississippi, vii Yalta, Crimea: Allied conference at, 48 Yasume Day, 175, 178, 181 Yasume Park, Shirakawa, 94, 94n, 101, lOin, 114, 116, 117; off limits to prisoners, 127, 128,133 Yokohama, japan: Gripsholm at, 112, 128 Young, Mark, 59, 59n, 62, 65, 66, 68-69, 76n, 143,143n Zaragoza, P.I., xvi, 14-15, 14n