BEYOND COURAGE Their irrepressible spirit and unshakable faith that their country would liberate them, enabled them to survive .... "The men joined the Army for adventure, fun and a few extra dollars. They found themselves facing a Japanese juggernaut with old weapons, too little food, and only their espirit de corps as a defense. BEYOND COURAGE is a wrenching look at the small band of New Mexico National Guardsmen of the 200th Coast Artillery Regiment, sent to the Philippines just before WWll and captured there at the fall of Bataan. Acknowledged in 1941 as the best antiaircraft regiment in the Army, the 200th (and the battle-born 515th) fought the Japanese until starvation forced the surrender of over 70,000 Americans and Filipinos. The New Mexicans were the last organized resistance on Bataan to face the Japanese. Little did the men know that the worst was yet to come. From the Bataan Death march to the staggering death rates at the O'Donnell prisoner of war camp, the story of the 200th is told in unstinting, horrifying, believable detail. Dorothy Cave's exhaustive original research gives the reader a personal, first-hand account as the 200th and 515th travel through the prisoner of war camps of the Japanese empire. The shocking brutality of the Japanese is exposed as a recurring, unrelieved, and barbaric way of life. That any of the New Mexicans survived at all is a testament to their toughness and comradery. The 200th "buried its own" as it left the Philippines on the hell ships, fighting to survive the death throes of Japan's war machine. At every opportunity, using every wile imaginable, the starved, diseased men sabotaged Japanese work projects and machinery. Throughout their imprisonment, they sustained their faith in their country and in their ultimate deliverance. American POWs from other units marveled at how "those damned New Mexicans" looked out for each other, shrugging off Japanese attempts to break unit cohesion." LTC John Whitman, author of Bataan: Our Last Ditch The 200th's story is one that shocks, yet inspires in its portrayal of the human spirit, that can, under such grueling, inhuman conditions somehow still survive.
.
I
ONE REGIMENT AGAINST JAPAN, 1941-1945
Revised Edition
by DOROTHY CAVE
I have seen men die, and, dying, say, 'Tell them how it was. '" - Corporal Jack H. Aldrich -
Yucca Tree Press
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l-'...
If
Copyright 1992, 1996 by Dorothy Cave Trimble Aldrich. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries or requests should be directed to Yucca Tree Press, 2130 Hixon Drive, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88005-3305 Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, May 1992 First Paperback Printing, August 1996 Second Paperback Printing, August 2001
Cave, Dorothy Beyond Courage: One Regiment Against Japan, 1941-1945 l. World War, 1939-1945 - Prisoners and prisons, Japanese. 2. World War, 1939-1945 - Personal narratives, American. 3. World War, 1939-1945 - Concentration Camps - Philippines. 4. Prisoners of war - United States Biography. 5. Prisoners of War - Philippines - Biography. I. Dorothy Cave. II. Title.
ISBN: 1-881325-14-8
Cover design - John Cole/Cole Graphics Maps - Ralph C. Izard
Permission to use the following material has been received for: Cover photograph - Nicholas Chintis Quotations from the following: Evans, William R., Koral (Atwood Publishing Co., Rogue River, OR, 1968). Gurule, Bill E, Fleeting Shadows and Faint Echoes of Las Huertas (Carlton Press, New York, 1987). Morton, Louis, The Fall of the Philippines (Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 1953). Peck, Harry M., Brig. Gen., NMNG 1908-1948. Entries in personal journal maintained as POW and reported in Albuquerque Journal 30 October 1945 through 8 June 1946. Permission granted by Lou D. Hoffman, grandson of Harry M. Peck. Wainwright, General Jonathan M., Robert Considine, ed., General Wainwright's Story (Doubleday & Co., NY, 1946). Wright, John M., Jr., Captured on Con-egidor: Diary of an American P.O. W in World War II (McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, NC 28640, 1988). The 200th and 515th Coast Artillery insignia use is granted by the Adjutant General, New Mexico National Guard.
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF MAPS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION FOREWORD TAPS FOR THE 200th: 9 April 1942 FIRST IN SPITE OF HELL BOOK I. Chapter 1: The Old Guard Chapter 2: The Changing of the Guard Chapter 3: "To the Oceans White with Foam" Chapter 4: Innocents Abroad
Vll
vii V111 IX
x 1 7 9 18 33 44
BOOK II. BAITLING BASTARDS Chapter 5: The Dawn Comes Up Like Thunder Chapter 6: First to Fire Chapter 7: South to Manila: The War-Born 515th Chapter 8: The Road to Bataan Chapter 9: "Very Soon Now, Joe" Chapter 10: "No Mama No Papa No Uncle Sam" Chapter 11: "Those Damned New Mexicans"
61 63 69 79 92 104 117 129
BOOK III. TAPS FOR 'OLD TWO HON'ERD' Chapter 12: "They Stood Alone" Chapter 13: White Flag Forward Chapter 14: "A Hell of a Helpless Feeling" Chapter 15: Death March Chapter 16: "All That is Humanly Possible"
141 143 154 164 174 190
BOOK IV. GUESTS OF THE EMPEROR Chapter 17: "We Are Enemies Forever" Chapter 18: Blood Brothers Chapter 19: The Boys in the Hills Chapter 20: "You Not Here To Lazy" Chapter 21: "Nor Iron Bars"
203 205 218 239 251 262
v
BOOK V. TO THE LAND OF THE RISING SUN Chapter 22: Northward Bound Chapter 23: "That None Should be Recovered" I. The Long Way Home: Two Strange Odysseys II. Holocaust at Palawan III. The Perilous Seas Chapter 24: Bloody But Unbowed Chapter 25: Nipping The Nips
285 287 301 301 307 309 318 334
BOOK VI. GOD BLESS AMERICA Chapter 26: Yanks and Tanks I. The Philippines II. Japan, Korea, and Manchuria Chapter 27: "Sensa Owari" Chapter 28: "0 Fair New Mexico"
345 347 347
EPILOGUE
403
INSIGNIA, LINEAGE and HONORS
419
ROSTER OF 200th and 515th COAST ARTILLERY PERSONNEL
422
PRIMARY SOURCES
441
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
444
INDEX
449
VI
357 367 389
LIST OF MAPS Japanese Invasion Routes Death March Route Main POW Camps on Luzon, P.1. Major POW Camps in Japan Routes of 'Hell Ships'
62 . 174 204 284
286
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Santana Romero in ceremonial robes Dow Bond at Mt. Samat Dick Malone on .SO-caliber gun Taos Indian dancers-at Ft. Bliss 200th tours New Mexico Nick Chintis kisses his bride Cabcaben Airfield, P.1. Topside Barracks, Corregidor Corregidor gun emplacements Bag of cement cross POW post cards BRO Secretary, Paul McCahon Dedication of Spirit of Bataan Red Cross boxe distribution Red Cross inspection POWs at Camp Fukuoka #3, Japan Proclamation Leaflets dropped by Allies Memorial Disk on Corregidor Hiroshima burning Japanese at Mukden Ernest Montoya with two young Chinese B-29s making food drops Major Rikitaki surrendering to Major Dorris Liberty Ship hits mine Extermination Order
VII
XlV
6 8
27 34
36 142 200
201 217 263 267 269
274 276 321 346 364
366 370 373 376 379 383 388 418
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION Any author is pleased when the continued demand for his work warrants a second edition. I am especially gratified that such is the case with Beyond Courage, for it is a testament to endurance, sacrifice, and loyalty that, so long unwritten, needed to be told. I am also grateful for the chance to correct a few errors and omissions that escaped editing or occurred in printing. More importantly, I have added, as an epilogue, new information and analysis regarding the atomic bomb. Three reasons warrant this addendum. First, the spate of recent controversy over the use of the bomb - controversy occasioned, or rationalized, by the fifty-year anniversary of Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and the end of history's greatest and most devastating war. Great events in history tend to evoke reactions and questions not evidenced at the time of their happening. Such is the case, some half-century later, regarding the inauguration of the nuclear age. The subject has loosed books and articles in floods, television coverage, museum presentations, and debates among governments. Such global discussion merits - indeed demands - to be addressed in any book such as this. Second, material not available in 1992, when the first edition of Beyond Courage went to press, was released in January 1993 when some fifteen thousand pages of wartime documents were declassified. These comprise the bulk of Japanese diplomatic communications of top-secret nature, sent in a code the enemy mistakenly believed unbroken, but daily intercepted and decrypted by American Intelligence through a machine fittingly dubbed 'Magic.' These messages, containing information vital to the prosecution of the war, streamed into Washington continually from September 1940 until November 1945. One of America's greatest weapons of war and her most closely guarded secret, the 'Magic' decrypts now provide insight heretofore impossible and demand inclusion in any serious analysis of the war years and the decisions made therein. Third, this addition to the story of 'Old Two Hon'erd' is included because the clouds that mushroomed over Hiroshima and Nagasaki are so deeply enmeshed in the fate of that band of stalwart Americans about whom this book was written and to whom it is dedicated.
D.C. viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and most important, I wish to thank the survivors of Bataan and Corregidor who have helped me so enthusiastically with this book. They have given me interviews, diaries, testimonies, theses, correspondence, memoirs - and friendship. This is, in a very real sense, their book. I am also grateful to the many wives who have given me welcome and helped jog the memories of their husbands, and most especially to Jeanne Chintis and Tommie Harris for their friendship and understanding. Families and friends of men who served have generously furnished me material and given me permission to use it, especially Wilma Malovich, Lora Cummins, Jessie Barnett, Lois Ream, Lou Hoffman, Trudy Tafoya, Goldie Buckner, Betty Huxtable, Jane Baclawski, and Helen and Merrill Longwill. Thanks to Arthur Bressi, Andrew Miller, Betty Jarrell, Benson Guyton, and Colonel Gerald Schurtz for valuable material, and to Charles Kaelen for his memories of the Cabanatuan Players. Mary McMinn, widow of Major James McMinn, gave me his testimony before the War Crimes Tribunal in Tokyo. When Lindalie Lein Halama discovered the previously unsuspected testimony of her grandfather, Colonel Memory Cain, she generously shared it with me. For granting me access to files and records in the New Mexico National Guard headquarters in Santa Fe, I must thank Lieutenant Colonel Joseph L. Black, Programs Director in the Office of Military Affairs, and Brigadier General Edward D. Baca, then Adjutant General for New Mexico and presently Chief of the National Guard Bureau. Both Betty Sena at the State Library and Teresa McLean, Luna County Clerk, were generous in their efforts to help me locate material. And to my good friend Manuel Armijo, Past Commander of the New Mexico Bataan Veterans' Organization, my gratitude for the valuable records he procured for me, and for his haste in rushing them to me when time was precious. I am particularly indebted to John Cole and Ralph Izard for their patience and professionalism in preparing the cover art and maps for this volume. My thanks to Ken Cobean, who took old snapshots and spent hours making new negatives and working with them to produce professional pictures. To Roger B. Farquhar lowe a special thanks for sending me the portion of John Gamble's diary in his possession, and his story of how he found it at Cabanatuan Prison Camp two days after its liberation by the Sixth Army Rangers. Farquhar, commander of the medical IX
detachment to which the rescued men were brought, took three men back, at their request, to recover some diaries they had buried in a glass jar. "I picked up a large box full of personal papers of one kind or another in the camp while waiting ... , then we left in a hurry when we heard shots nearby. I knew that under army regulations I had to turn over all the diaries and papers to G-2, but before doing so I copied this much of Gamble's diary because his was so moving and so well written." Time prevented his copying the rest, and he has since been unable to locate the remainder in the National Archives, where it supposedly resides. Nor have I. A special thanks also to Cheryl Kindley, for weary hours transcribing tapes of interviews; and to my typist, Virginia Rood, who has deciphered my many illegibilities, cured my typos, endured my many changes, shaped the manuscript into readable form - and remained my friend. I should like especially to thank three men from the regiment for help "above and beyond the call," and for their faith and friendship. Neal Harrington, who, until his retirement, worked in the Pentagon, has ferreted military and archival material and saved me several trips to Washington. Jack Aldrich canvassed a large portion of New Mexico, unearthed papers and documents, transcribed many taped interviews, and performed other services too numerous to list. Nick Chin tis has never been too busy to fill me in on technical details and on life in the field and the prison camps. Finally, all three have read the manuscript, corrected my many mistakes, and offered valuable suggestions. Any remaining errors are strictly mine. Finally, I must thank my family for putting up with me these past six years, and most especially my mother, who drove with me many miles to gather material and conduct interviews, and has in many other ways made this book possible. In editing diaries, letters, reports, theses, testimonies, and interviews, I have, for brevity and clarity, deleted unnecessary verbiage. For ease in reading, I have, in most cases, eschewed the use of ellipses; but in no instance have I changed the context. My greatest regret is, for want of space, I have had to omit an enormous amount of fine material. No book, no lifetime, can possibly encompass the scope of any man or any regiment in the terrible four war years they endured. I hope I have captured some small trace of their spirit.
x
FOREWORD i.
This is the story of a regiment - a small, undermanned regiment, that, split into two smaller units, performed a job so large they became, toward the end, a brigade, and finally a legend. They were a mixed bag of National Guardsmen from New Mexico - cowboys, ranchers, football players (some still in high school who lied about their ages), miners, college kids, professional men. l Their commander was a journalist, their supply officer a postman, their chief medical officer an obstetrician. Outsiders called them Mexicans, Anglos, and Indians. They called themselves brothers and compadres, long before integration became a national byword. Boiling amicably together in their regimental melting pot, they were likely the most narrowly provincial and the most widely American unit in the United States Army. They were an independent, anti-military, go-to-hell outfit and so disciplined that officers from other branches requested them for details. They were the oldest continuous militia in the nation cavalry until Washington dragged them kicking and screaming from their horses. They then became the youngest antiaircraft artillery regiment, carried the old western cavalry tradition to training at Fort Bliss, Texas, and vowed they'd be 'First in spite of Hell.' When cited as the best antiaircraft unit, "regular or otherwise" in the armed forces, it was said the regulars growled, "If those bastards are so damned ~ood, let's send 'em to the Philippines where they can prove it.' They scorned the spit-and-polish boys, but they lived the "Duty, honor, country" motto as seriously as any West Point pro. They were the first unit in the Philippines to fire at the enemy. Then, too few in numbers and guns to guard Clark Field, they were ordered to split and guard Manila, too. On the 1 A number of Selective Service inductees from New Mexico and other states also joined the unit at Ft. Bliss to bring the 200th CA (AA) to regimental strength.
xi
retreat to Bataan, they protected the bridges and other key points as other units filed through. On the beleaguered peninsula, though officially antiaircraft, they fought in any capacity where they were needed. MacArthur called them his "New Mexico horse thieves," and wrote, "I knew them well and loved them." When the end came on Bataan, they were the only unit left intact. They fought then as infantry, and they held the last thin lines against the final, massive onslaught, and they stood alone. They were the last unit to surrender, and they did so protesting, and only when ordered by the high command. Through native toughness and regimental brotherhood, their death rate was lower than average for Japanese prison camps; but because they went in toto, New Mexico lost more men per capita in World War II than any other state. When cheered as heroes on their return from the long ordeal, they denied it; yet it is believed no fighting group in World War II won more unit citations than they. "The highest calls a man can have," Corporal Luther Ragsdale once said, "are to serve his God and to serve- his country." Their small regiment that became two served both, proudly. They were the 200th and 515th Coast Artilleries. This is their story. ii.
In June 1989, Santana Romero of Taos Pueblo became commander of the New Mexico Ex-POWs. Moved, the aging Indian warrior said he could best accept the honor in his own Tiwa tongue. A year later, when he turned the command over to his successor, he prayed, again in Tiwan. Few of his brothers understood the words, but all knew his meaning. Brotherhood needs not words. I have seen this bond of brotherhood again and again in the six years I have worked on this book. I have attended their conventions, their parties, and their services, and I have seen among these men, as they came together, the greetings, the
XlI
abrazos, the laughs, the tears. Max Villaloboz said it: "We stuck together then, we stick together now. We went through hell to get to heaven." These are the men of 'Old Two Hon'erd' today, and I can humbly call them friends who have let me tell their story, so long untold. The years have passed, the memories have softened, and, though they know others can never really understand, they want their story told. They have granted me interviews, and talked long and freely; and they have shared with me their crumbling diaries (kept secretly in prison camps, and at great peril), their letters and records and testimonies. They reopened old memories and relived old scenes. They shared their souls, and paid their last debts to brothers who did not return, to "tell it like it was." Individualists all, -they share some traits in common. They are a stubborn bunch - had they not been, they would not have returned. Their humor is round, robust, and sometimes raucous. Though few are without the scars from war, from the years of filth, starvation, and brutality in Japanese prison camps, they laugh off their infirmities. "I've got no problem," Russell Hutchison insists, "as long as my ass is still tied on!" They walk with pride - in self, in country, in the regiment. Jack Boyer remembered how officers from other units bragged on their men in Zentsuji prison camp. "But they always added that when they needed men for a job, they asked for ours, from the 200th and 515th. We didn't have to brag on our men. The other officers did it for us." Shortly before his death in March 1991, Cash Skarda said to me, "Old as I am, I'd go again if they needed me. And if I did, I'd want the men of the old 200th with me. Those guys know how to fight!"
Xlll
INDEX Abra Province, PI 249 Abucay Line 105, 108, Adobe Walls, battle of 14 Adkins Jessie 48 Agno 89,96 Agoloma Point, PI 110 Aguilar, Manuel A. 224fn Aguinaldo, Emilio 15 Agustin, Manuel 102, 252 Aihara, LCpl Kazutane 309 Air Corps, as infantry 137; to Australia 89 'Air Raid' 223, 309, 336 Air Warning 80 aircraft, dummy 93 Akiyama, LCoI Monjiro 104fn Alamo Scouts 349 Albuquerque, NM 14,21,35,402-3 Aldrich, Jack 43,47-48,66,70,76, 119,122-3,151,155,159,166, 177,182,186-7,226-27,230, 237,250,253,259,261,264, 294,296-8,319,323-5,341, 360-1,368,372,386,396,399, 401-3; photo 200 Aldrich, Robert 254, 265, 405 Aldricn, Ross 265 Alex, Steve 10, 73, 110, 138, 158-9, 162,169,176,184,203,214, 278,288-9320,375 Allen, Joe 144 Allied advance in Pacific 26Off, 291,297,300-1,303,307,309, 347ff; air attacks on Luzon 261; Japan invasion casualty estimates 405 Almeraz, Fred 22,126,145,160, 192,195,198,325 ammunition, condition 75 amoebic dysentery 169 Amos, Charles 'Amy' 294 Anami, General 414 Angel Island, CA, fight 38 Angeles, PI 50, 94 antiaircraft artillery in the Phil. 53; destroyed 146 Anti-Comintern Pact 16 Anyasan 112fn
449
Aomori 360 Aparri 84 Argeanas, Jim 221,294,298,319 Ansan Maru 300, 303ff Armijo, Manuel 14,26,46,55,57, 68,97,135,145-6,181,210, 221,226,228,396,404 Armijo, Col Manuel 14 Armijo, Matias 224 Army-Navy Club 50 Arnold, MGen 'Hap' 53 Artesia, NM 35, 265 Asano Shipyards 341 Ashby, Jack 305fn Ashio Camp 324, 378 Asiatic Fleet, US 30; Hq to Borneo 89 Atlantic Charter 31,413 Atomic bomb 358fn, 361, 365, 368, 380; Japanese reaction 369; Japanese refuse to surrender 414; Japanese warned to evacuate 365; justification 403ff; successful 411ff B-17s 59,64,66-7, 85fn, 88, 93, B-24s 307 B-29s 306,357,360,362,369,380, 414; photo 379 Baclawski, Arthur 69,100, 186, 232,295,325,363 Bagac, PI 105,109-10,169-170, 176 'Baggy Pants' 206 Baguio, PI 50, 55 Balanga, PI 98,172,179,181 Balangkare, PI 349 Baldonado, Juan 23,44,59, 162, 179, 181, 234, Baldonado, Pepe 23, 30, 33, 44, 70, 162,181,227,234,296,299, 324 Baldwin, Mr/Mrs 82 Balugas 241 'bamboo telegraph' 250,348 Banegas, Lorenzo 46,70,137,161, 173,187,210,222-6,237,287, 295, 336, 340, 398, 400; corrido 226 Bank of International Settlements 410
Bantus 249 Barela (see Varela) Bart, Jack 241 Barta, Fern Joseph 308 barter system 230ff Base Hospital 1 109, 149,216; bombed 138 Base Hospital 2 109, 136, 138, 144, 151,168,172, Bataan Air Field 103,108,113, 118,121,148,151,167; Japanese arrive 150 Bataan Air Force 86ff, 108, 118, Bataan, Battle of 103ff, 108ff, 152, 198 'Bataan Day' 406 Bataan Peninsula 52ff, 251, 256, 265; defense 92ff, 105ff; final defense 137ff; food shortages l06ff; retreat into 2ff,89ff, 98ff; surrender 148ff Bataan Relief Org. (BRO) 266ff, 372; Bulletin 266; impact 273; membership 266; supplies to pows 270 battle fatigue 120 Battle of the Pockets 113; casualties 113 Battle of the Points 110; casualties 112fn 'Battling Bastards of Bataan' 3, 130 Bayne, Alvin 305 Beall, John 317
Beau Geste 10 Becker, Darvin 317 Becket, Lt 279 Begay, Keats 188fn, 275 Begaye, John 185 Belen, NM 35 Bell, Don 49, 64-5 Bell's "News of the Day" 48 beriberi 119,225,227,246,248, 255,327,329,381,398; dry 225; wet 225 Bernia, Arthuro 241-3 Bernia, Vincent 241-3 Bilibid Prison 198,215,230,238, 255,281,309,313,315; liberated 352ff; life at 256ff; MacArthur visits 355
450
Birch, Capt John M. 377 Birchall, Maj L. J. 329 Bishop of Manila 208, 224 Bivins, Miss 404 Bluebird (Indian on Corregidor) 191, 196 Bleuher, William 226 'blood brother' groups 218 Boellner, Col Arden 256,279-80, 317 Bogue, Douglas W. 308 Bond, Dow 21, 38, 88, 97, 119, 121, 131,133,177,213,227,232-4, 326, 338, 371,381, 398-9, 402;
photo 6 Boyer, Jack xv, 21-2, 37, 75, 98, 117,120,122,147,149,160, 177-8,188-9,207,210,231, 278,323,360-1,365,381-2, 397; burns flag 147 Bradley, Mrs. 265 Bradley, Jack 41,45,402 Braun, Father Albert 44, 135, 224, 233,257,282 Brazil Maru 313ff, 318, 331; casualties 316 breakbone fever 109 Brereton, Air Com. Lewis 63, 65 Brewer, Fred 77, 165, 185, Brown, Charles 279,281,311-2, 316,332 Browning Automatic Rifles (BARs) 2-3, 72, 112 Bruns Gen Hosp 402-6 Bryant, O. C. 305 Buckman, NM 12 Buckner, Calvin 388fn, 396 Buddenbroch, Father 221-23 Burchfield, Waldon 'Jack' 215, burial details 227; not allowed to keep records 228 Burns, Jonathan 66, 70, 77, 226, 317 Burrola, Willie 24, 65, 72, 151, 159,228,254,338,362,374-5, 398,403 Bushido Code 112 Byrne, Archbishop 407 Byrne, Lawrence 'Buddy' 28
CCCcamps 10 Cabanatuan, Camp 1 216, 218ff, 251,253,256,260-1,275,281, 348; deaths 223ff; description 219; first Hell Ships to leave 288; hospital 224; lack of medical treatment 224; largest pow camp in Pacific 219; last detail leaves 309; liberated 350ff; O'Donnell pows reunited with Corregidor 218; radio 282 Cabanatuan, Camp 2, Japanese camp 219 Cabanatuan, Camp 3, short-term for Corregidor pows 219 'Cabanatuan Cats' 235 'Cabanatuan Hit Parade' 235 Cabcaben Airfield, PI I, 97, 103, 108,121-22, 136, 1~8, 146, 151-53,157,165,170,172,175; photo 142; retreat to 147ff Cain, Memory 28,132,166-7,171, 174,181,186-9,207-8,212, 219-20, 224, 224fn,287 Calumpit Bridge 4,94-5,97, 10002, 152; blown 101 Camp Maximiliano Luna 11, 15-6, - 19 Campbell, Bob 243-46; ambushed 245 Canadian Inventor, longest voyage 291ff Cantor, Eddie 356 Capas, PI 187; detrained at 178; railroad 216; road 206 Carlsbad, NM 11, 21, 35, 185, 270, 398 Carpenter, Dick 72 Carson, Col Christopher 'Kit' 14 casualties 85 Catlett, Dick 159 cavalry, last review 18, 57 Cavite Naval Base, PI 84-5,192, Cebu,PI 281,288 cement cross, O'Donnell photo 217 cerebral malaria (see also malaria) 211,213,241,255,298 Chaney, James 71,93,130-31,172, 234,312
451
chaplains (see also Braun, Howden) 228,231,233,257,294-6,316, 331 'Charlie Chaplin' 222 Charlton, Col R. C. 20, 270 Chateau-Thierry 15 Chavez, Senator Dennis 157, 27lfn,272 Chavez, Greg 351 Chavez, Juan Manuel 'Bob' 65, 73, Chen Chia Tung Camp 288, 322, 363 China Air Force 30 Chintis, Nicholas 'Nick' 10-1,46, 69,71,82,87,90,95,100,1301,138,159,173,189,205,208, 213,215,224,275,277,288-9, 322,325,327,329,334-5,343, 357,359,363,369,381,385, 400; photos 36,274,276 Christmas,1941 89-90,92,94-6, 98,102 Christmas, 1942 234, 236 Christmas 1944 313 Churchill, Sir Winston 31,95, 406fn,412 CiChy, Pvt Anton 305-6 Cimerone, Lorenzo 126,147 Cisneros, Tom:1s 185, 368 Clark, Ralph 311 Clark Field, PI xiii, 45, 53, 56, 58, 63ff, 69, 76, 78, 80, 82, 88, 92, 97-8,106,137,230,244-5,254, 260-1,313,347,349,362 "Climb Mount Niitaka" 58 Clovis, NM 11, 21 Coast Artillery Command 80 Coast Artillery School, Ft. Monroe, VA 19 Cochiti Pueblo 65 Coffey, Kenneth 138 Coffindaffer, Rexell B. 214 Cold War begins 408 Coleman, William 73 Columbus, NM, Villa raid 15 Colvard, Mrs. Fleda 157 Colvard, George 20, 187,208,212, 301ff; death 302 Conner, Lieutenant 244-45 USS Coolidge 41,45-6,49,234 Cordova, Adonaiz 224fn
Corregidor 2-3, 43, 52-3, 65, 78, 83,89,109,115,119-122, 147-50,157,170,184; after surrender 161; final days 190ff; final assault 172; gun emplacements photo 201; holds out 156; Japanese assault on 176; Japanese land 195; leaving Bataan for 136; massive artillery barrage 193; move to 160; Topside barracks photo 200 Corregidor, Battle of 198ff counterfeit money 230 Craft, Dean 312 Craig, George 331 Craig, Howard 317 Craigie, Sir Robert 46 Cross of Cement 217 Culo River, PI 94, lOl-2 Cummins, Father 316 Cummins, Ferron 182 Cushing, Major 249 'Cyclops' 223
dengue fever 109, 119, 2lO, Denit, BGen Guy 406 Depression 3 diaries 208ff, 222, 234, 309fn, 349 diarrhea 181, 326 Dinalupihan, PI 351 . diptheria epidemic 224, 329; Mon refuses to supply antitoxin 224 disease (see also various diseases) 119ff, 168, 2lO, Distinguished Unit Citations 4 Don Esteban 126 'Donald Duck' 223 Donaldson, James Walter 51,98, 125,160,167,229,257-8,309, 315,318,389 Doolis, Demetri 72,110-1,119, 178-80,210,213,216,220,233, 319,331,378,380,3% Doolittle raid 191 Dorris, Winnifred 293; Rikitaki surrenders 382; photo 383 Drake, Aaron 'Gonzo' 30, 33, 70, 162, 186, 234-5, 330, 332 Duckworth, Col James 216, 219fn, 229,348 Duffy, Father 331 Dulles, Allen 4lO Dyess, Capt Ed 271fn Dyess, William 130 dysentery (see also amoebic dysentery) 119,168,178,183,186, 209-12;224, 224fn, 246, 248, 312,317; on ships 289 'Dysentery Quartet' 235
Dahl, Naval WO 328 Darling, Gerald 312 Davao, PI 88 Davao Penal Colony work detail 249, 256, 278, 291fn, 301fn; sailed from 281 Davis, Dwayne 305 Day, Jack 279-81 DC-3 397 de Bremmond, Capt Charles 15 Death March 174ff, 246, 256, 271; casualties 176fn; train ride 187; map 174 Decker, Doyle 162,239,243-6, 347; ambushed 245 Deemer, Carl 2% Del Frate, Armando 133 Del Monte Air Field, Mindanao, bombed 88 Deming, NM lO, 15,28,35,37,55, 96,116,157,404; Golden Eagle Drug Store 37; Headlight 20, 22, 116, 268, 271; High School 17,252; Luna Grocery 127; Wildcats 10
earthquake 150-151 "East Winds Rain" 58 Easter, 1942 137 Easter, 1944, 'Bataan Day' 266 Eddy County News 270 Eichelberger, Gen Robert L. 351 804th Tank Dest. Batt. 21,271 Eighth Army 351, 353 11 th Airborne 353 Ellis, Jack 144,317 Ely, Col Clyde 19,279,281,314, 317,331 Embudo, Battle of 14
452
England, Jack 93 Enola Gay 368,414 Enoura Maru 313ff entertainment in camps 235ff equipment, condition 24, 53, 65, 75, 81; & papers destroyed 146-7, 149,151,158; obsolete 75, 83, 192; simulated 24ff escape to mountains 161, escapees, punishment 220 'Europe First' 115 Evans, Bill 182, 211, 296-7 executions of pows 220 exposure deaths 316-7 Fajardo, Jos~ 224fn Farley, John 212, Farmer, Glen 59, 82, 115, 173, 322, 341,398-9 'Farmer Jones detail' 232 Fassoth, Catalina 243, 246 Fassoth, Martin 243 Fassoth, Vernon 243 Fassoth, William 243 Fellows, Major 328, 372, 377 Field, Albert 158, 164, 169, 176, 305 Filipino soldiers 107-8; did not surrender 107 Finley, Gertrude 67 Finley, Jack 56,63-4,71-2,135, 148,162,184,189,237-8,2423,256,299,327-8,330,334-5; escape from March 239ff; on trial 255 Finley, Jesse 28,64,77,94-5,189, 238,241, fire bombings 358-9, 369 .sO-caliber machine guns 22, 24, 53,72,111,144; ammo 24; photo 8 First Cavalry 353-4 First New Mexico Cavalry 14 First US Vol. Cav., 2nd Sq. 14 Fisher, Capt James 351 515th CAC(AA) ambulance 87 Battery B 89,110-12,120; equipment to Corregidor 147
Battery C 89, 102 Battery D 86 Battery F 89,136 Battery G 89, 102, 137, 169; first to fire in 515th 83 becomes infantry 146; Cabcaben, moves to 146; confirmed hits 101, 152; created 78; first war-born reg. in WW II 78; guards Calumpit Bridges 89, 94; hardest hit by malaria 120; insignia, lineage 419ff Fleming, Jack 58,190,265,275, 362,372,4402 Fleming, Janie 58,67,265,273, 362, 372, 402-5 Fletcher, Penix 210,362,374-5, 388fn, 396, 404 Flying Fortress 270 food Shortages 111,124,119,124 Formosa 56,63-5, 209, 292, 297 Fort Bliss, TX xiii, 4, 12-3, 18, 21, 28, 35, 45, 48, 53, 135, 355; life at 24ff Fort Drum, PI 196 Fort MacArthur, CA 19 Fort McKinley, PI 48,57, 74, 85-6, 91 Fort Santiago dungeon, PI 256 Fort Stanton, NM, German pow camp 265 Fort Stotsenberg, PI 45, 54, 65-66, 80, 86, 98, 103, Fourth Marines 55, 194, Four~eenth Army 105,114, Fourteenth Bomb Sq 302 Foy, Tom 21,24,41,55,67,69, 71, 76,90,127,167,209,216,229, 233,290,326,368,386 Franchini, Frank 128, Friedman, William F. 403 Fukui Camp 381 Fukuoka Camp 309,317,340,365, 367 #2 318 #3 325, 382, photo 321 17 323, 327-8, 331 23 337,382
453
Griffin, Marcus 270 Gripsholm 228, 271, 273, 275 Groupment "A" 139; formed 132 Groves, MGen Leslie 407fn Grummans 360 Guagua 246 guerrillas 161-62,187,217, 241ff, 303, 349; activity increases 250; communicate with pows 249; information to MacArthur 242; join liberators 353; radio 242; reward for 241 guerrillas, Chinese 306 guerrillas, Philippine (SpanishAmerican War) 15 Guest, Patrick 93fn Guimba, PI 349 Gulbas, Irving 26,42,55,57,68, 161,190,192,195,336,341, 378,380 guns (see also types of), defective 65; simulated 4, 24ff Gunter, James 65, 101, 216, 232, 328,371,405 Gurule, Bill 70,93,96,100,11112, Guyton, Capt Benson 191, 291, 291fn
Gale, Arvil 71,75,82,131,158, 215, Gallup, NM 188, 402 Gamble, John 2, 5, 26, 68, 73, 76, 97,121,144,146,157,178, 182,189,208-15,220,229, 233-4,236,309,315; diary 309fn; death 317; 'Dysentery Quartet' 235 Garcia, Mrs. Arturo 269-70 Garcia, Evans 228,229,231,261, 352-6, 384, 405 Garcia, Ram6n 5, 90 Garcia, Salvador 'Baja' 175, 183, Gard, Dwight E. 309 Garrett, 'Ike' 5,33, 100, 107, 119, 131,231,320,325,339 Gause, Capt Damon A. 242 Geneva Convention of 1929/ Accords 156, 165-66, 212, Gentry, Walter 10, 205, 288, 342 George, Anthony 26,146, Geronimo, final defeat 14 Gerow, BGen Leonard T. 56 'Get Hitler First' 29,84,87,107, 266 Gilcrease, Arthur 177,221,254, 299,326,335,368 Glorieta Pass, Battle 14 glowworms 96 "God Bless America" 78, 185,221, 257,291,296,300,352,372, 405,407 Gold Star Mother 269-70 Gonzales, Albert 99, 292, 324, 326, 328,330 Gonzales, Reynaldo 136,138,140, 188 Gonzales, Rubel 134, Good Friday 1942, barrage 136 Graef, Calvin 24-5,41,55,90, 106, 112,125,249,257,301,303 Grafton, Clifford 93fn Grand Island, PI 108 Graves, W. W. 'Pappy' 72, Greeman, Gerald 23, 90, 122, 125, 130,224,257-8,260,311,316, 398-9,404 Grew, Ambassador Joseph C. 39, 41,46,48,54,323
Haggedorn, William 'Wild Bill' 26 Hague Conference - 1907, Second 165 Hakusan Maru 270 half-tracks 79-80,89,96,102,122, 145,151, Hall, 'Wad' 138, 167,229,232, Halpern, Samuel 405 Halsey, Adm William F. 306 Hamblin, Orland 146-7,155,287, 338,365 Hamilton, James 28, 223, 275 Hanawa Camp 319; copper mines 323 Harbor Defenses 191 Haro Maru 261, 294ff, 305fn Harriman, Averell 407fn Harrington, Neal 10, 40, 45, 49-50, 53,70,92,94,99,113,115, 133,136-7,154,181,212,236, 256,291-2,386,398
454
Harris, Don 12, 18, 74, 99, 123, 132,159,170,183,214,223, 227,229,293,322,325-7,331, 336,359,369,371,398-9,402, 404-5 Harris, Earl 55, 66, 70, 73, 75, 92, 98,106,125,127,134,137, 171,183-4,205,211,226,2589,325,327-8 Hart, Adm Thomas C. 57,63,83-5; blocks plan to run blockade 106; orders command out of Phil. 87 Hartford, Oliver 28 Haruna 85 Hawkeye (on Correg.) 1% Hazelwood, Howard 13,80, 97, 188; death 189 Hell Ships 285ft; route map 286; casualties 289,300; conditions 287, 298; unmarked 290, 294, 300; worse than March 300 Hellcats 3% Henfling, Geroge 82, 110, Hennessy, Maj James 374, 377 Hermosa, PI %, 102, 252; Death March 182; 200th leaves 102 Heniandez, Adolfo 71, 74, 95, 107, 124,134-5,145,206,330-1, 336,360 Hewett, Frank 130,331 Hewlett, Dr. Thomas H. 292 'High Pockets' 231 Hiranuma, Baron Kiichiro 371 Hirohata Camp 359, 368 Hirohito, Emperor 58,413; speaks to people 375, 377 Hiroshima 358fn, 368, 374, 414; photo 370 Hirota, Koko 409 Hiss, Alger 407fn Hitachi-Motoyama 323,369 Hollingsworth, Wellington 71 Holy Ghost College, PI 85, 89 Homma, LGen Masaharu 52, 88-9, 97, 105, 108, 114, 118, 133-37, 156,176,181,191,197,199; desperate to end Phil. campaign 109ft; enters Manila
455
101; massive artillery bombardment on Bataan 134; ready to invade Corregidor 193 Hong Kong 2%-7 Honshu 405-6 Hoover, Pres Herbert 405 Hopkins, Harry 58, 407 USS Hornet, attacks Oryoku 310 hospital ship 387,3% hospitals 85, 114, 120,255; Cabanatuan 224; O'Donnell 211-12 Hot Springs, NM 35 'Hound' 254 Howden, Frederick 31,50,56,77, 94,109,135,235,257 Hubbet, Harold 93 Hukbalahaps 'Huk', guerrilla allies 241 Hull, Sec. of State Cordell 19, 39, 47, 54, 57, 406fn 'Humanity Calls' 265 Hunt, Tom 221 Hunter, James 'Red' 73,317 Hurt, Maj Marshall H. 155 HutChison, Barbara 332, 372 Hutchison, Homer, Caban. radio 282 Hutchison, Russell xv, 10, 12-13, 45, 49-50, 58-9, 64, 71, 75, 79, 82-4, 90, 134, 249-50, 279-281, 287,311,317,332,372,380, 382; radio 278ft, 314 Hutchison, Woodrow 'Woody' 5, 45,155,170,177,294,335, 377,405 Huxtable, James 11, 28, 45, 70, 123, 156fn,165, 172,232,299, 323-4,368,378,380,400 Iba, PI 68 Ifugaos 249 Igorots 47, 94, 113, 249 Imai, Col Takeo 108 Indians 180, 191; adept at spotting planes 53, 126; danced 26, 128,photo 27; death rate 397; as code 127; top-notch shots 126
infantry, makeshift on Bataan 110 influenza 329 Ingram, _ _ 255 insanity, lack of oxygen 289, 296, 298,310 insurance, G.I. 96 Interceptor Command 67 International Red Cross inspections 275 Intramuros, Manila 51,80,86,90 Irish, Clayton 50, 305 Jackson, Dr. Calvin 281 James, Charlie 29, 37, 45, 125, 136, 151,158,167,172,180-2,185, 208,299,322,368,371,382, 386,398 Japan, asks terms 369; begins attack 70ff; main push begins 86ff; strategy 38ff; struggle within 38ff; surrenders 367ff Japan Times and Advertiser 176 Japanese Army, attempts coup on palace 369,414; Fourteenth 88, 199; Fourth Division 199; Seventh Tank Reg. 192 Japanese, atrocities, first news of 271; buildup 53ff; casualties 105fn; code decrypted 403; defense of mainland 303ff; emperor speaks 369ff,414; humane ones 178, 198, 233, 320, 327, 332; informers 327; medical personnel 316,32930; military fanaticism 404ff; on insanity 254; land on Corregidor 195; prepare for invasion 361ff; prepare for surrender 415; resistance to Allies 348ff; sea power destroyed 307; suicide boats 322,341,361,401; superstitious about religion 179, 234, Japanese invasion route map 62 Japanese pow camps 319ff; liberation 357; Japan camps map 284; Phil. camps 204 Japanese propaganda (see also propaganda) 357; radio 115, 119,265
456
Jaramillo, Terencio 93fn Jeffus, Hobart 305 Johns, David 104, 216, 254, 258, 296,323,326,371,380 Johnson, Floyd 72 Johnson, John 47, 63, 66, 111, 120, 166,212,336 Johnson, Walter 59 Jones, MGen Albert M. 94, 97, 113,148, Jopling, Daniel 29,48,57, 74, 109, 149,160,195,277,310-4,317, 372, 406; married 406; proposes 136 Jordan, Fred 317 Joson, Capt Eduardo 349 Juarez, Mexico 26,29 Kaelin, Charles 235 Kamaichi Camp 363 kamikaze planes 307,347,357, 363,397,404 Kase, 409,413 Kaufmann, Dr. Nelson 329-30 Kawane, MGen Yoshikata 176 Kearney, Gen Stephen Watts- 14 Kedzie, Donald 87,99,107,221, 299,323,369,386,397,401 Keeler, John 188 Keelung 292 Kelly, Colin 85 Kemp, Edward 85, 188; death 189 Kempeitai 255,384 'Kentucky windage' 75 Kettle Hill, battle 15 KGEI, San Francisco 119 Kindel, Merle 66, 118, 175, 236, 323,361,368 King, Admiral 407fn King, Gen Edward P. 4,49, 106, 117,143,146,148,154,156-57, 159,167, King, George 'Tony' 234, 265, 299, 339, 342, 363, 365; buries saxophone 147; photo 276 'KingTut 47 Kirtland Field, NM 35,270 Kitamuro, Kojira 410 KMZH, Manila 48,65 Knighton, Harold 207,226,257, 347,355-6
Knox, Sec of the Navy Frank 46 Kobe Camp 336,339,341,358-9 Kojima, Captain 307 Kokura 368-9 Konoye, Prince Fumimaro 39, 467,57,409 Korea, liberation 357 Kosaka Camp 360,363,319,323, 372 Kowloon docks 297 Krueger, Gen Walter 347,353 Kurusu, Saburo 54 Kyushu 360, 368, 405-6
Long, Julian 120,212-13,224,224, 282,305,371 Long, Tommy 221 Longaskawan, PI 112fn Los Alamos, NM 12 Lovato, Amador 82,254-5,319, 323 Lovato, Hank 30,168,177,181, 210,224,319,337,339,361, 399,401 Lubao, PI 184-85 Lucas, Marvin 2, 10, 40, 44-5, 50, 55,70,72,77-8,81,83,102, 111,130-1,144,171,188,211, 215-7,219,223-7,331,337, 382,384 Lucero, Nano 162, Lucero, Robert 'Bob' 230, 243 Luikhart, John 43,86,89, 146, 314-5 Lujan, 'Big Jim', photo 27 Lujan, Henry,photo 27 Lujan, Jimmie-K 397; photo 27 Luna, Maximiliano 15 Luna Camp (see Camp Luna) Lutich, Louis 101, 192, 195 Luzon 58,67,84,243,249,254, 277,397; camps 256; map 204
Lagangilang 249 Las Cruces, NM 404 Las Pifias, PI 250,261 Las Vegas, NM 11 Lasang detail 301 Latham, Capt Robert 349 Layac J unction!Bridge 4, 94, 96-7, 99,101-02,105,152; bridge blown 102 League of Nations 16 Leahy, Admiral 405,407fn Lee, Bruce 403 Legaspi 86 Lend-Lease 20,48,353 Letterman Gen Hosp 356, 400 Lewin, Ted 231 Lewis, Jack 167, Leyte 243,277,347,352,356-7; Battle 307 Liberty Ships 387,399; hits mine 389; photo 388 The Light That Failed 12 Lightfoot, J. O. 99,126,183,187, 232,299,359 Limay 89,102,109,113-14, Limpert, Daniel 91, Lingayen detail 306; Gulf 65, 85, 88,313,347,352,356; Valley 241 Lingo, Edward 49, 53, 82-4, 110, 120,131,148,160,182,188-9, 290,323,325 'Listening Post 200' 265, 372 Little, Lt E. N. 328 Little Baguio, PI 109 Lockard, Ted 43,
M-1 gun 110 Mabatang, PI 105 MacArthur, Gen Douglas xiv, 3, 30,41,46,52-3, 57-8, 61ff, 84-5,87,90,94,101,105,108, 115, 123, 130-3, 143, 152, 156, 194,203,271,278,301,301, 353,356,374,386,406; fears mass retaliations 348; guerrilla & submarine network 243; "I shall return" 132,251,256,307,347; information from guerrillas 242; knowledge of Bataan 105; "No army... 157; ordered to Australia 130; plan to run blockage 106; plea for reinforcements 114; strategy 88ff; troop strength 106; visits Bilibid 355
457
machine guns, air cooled 88, 110, 145,147, Mack, LCoI Edward 231 USS Mactan 91 Maeda, Maj Kazuo 250, 256, 278 'Magic' 403-5,410 Maibara, PI 365 Malacafiang Palace, Manila 82 malaria (see also cerebral malaria) 119,145,168,183,193,211, 220, 222, 224fn, 225-6, 238, 240,246,248,255,259,387; Tayabas Provo deaths 255 Malinta Tunnel 190ff malnutrition 225, 248 Malone, Dick photo 8 Manchuria liberation 357,362 Manchurian Tool Company 320 Manhattan project (A-bomb) 407 Manila 130ff; declared open city 90; 515th defense of xiii, 79ff; Marsman Building 85; Masonic Lodge 231; Polo Club 58, 82; postwar 398; protection 78 Manila Bay 3, 43, 52, 83-4, 89, 102, 130,191,199,260-1 Mariveles, PI 102, 109, 121, 136, 144-50, 179fn; after surrender 160; Bridge 161; Mountain 161-62 Marquat, Col William F. 80, 86 Marshall, Chief of Staff George C. 20,47,51,53-7,84,87,106, 108,115,130,156,273,403, 407fn,411-2 Martin, Frank 208 Masonic Lodge, Manila 231
McCahon, James 4,22,35,37,50, 54,57,70,76-7,94,96,102, 109,115,121,123,135,161, 215,235,256,288,314,318, 339, 381, 387; 'Taps' for Roosevelt 357 McCahon,Paul 266,270; death
372; photo 267 McCollum, Virgil 80, 160, McCollum, W. B. 270 McCormick, James 121, 171, 182, 215,230,264,294 McCoy, Com Melvin H. 27lfn McDole, Glenn W. 308 McGee, William 'Bill' 403 McGee, LCoI John 287 McGee, Tommy 101, 403 McKay Radio Station 90 McKenzie, James 93fn McKenzie, William 310-1 McMinn, James 229,310-3 medical care 109, 114, 120, 138, 226,316,319 Medina, Eutino C. 224fn
Melbourne Maru 297 Melendez, AM. 132fn, 317 Mellnick, Maj Stevan 271fn Mendoza, Louis 65,96, 102, 150, 179, 185, 187, 222, 252, 277fn, 292,327,331,404 meningitis at Ft. Bliss 26 Merrill, LCoI Gyles 244 Mescalero Apache Res., NM 233 Meuli, Maynard 56, 190, 198, 322, 325,341,361,378,389,402 Meuli, Janie (see also Fleming, Janie) 262 Mexican War 14 Meyer, Don 305 Micheli, Arthur 93fn Michelson, PFC 291 'Mighty Art Players' 235 Miles, Gov. John E. 19, 35, 268 Millard, Melvin 166, 305 Miller, Colonel 371 Miller, Charleston 188 Mindanao 197,249,256; counterattack from 156 Mindoro 43
'Mati-Mati Maru' 292 Matsuda, Colonel 374 Matsuoka, Foreign Minister Yosuki 39 Mauban 105, 108 Mauser factory 375
Mayan 89 McBride, Myrrl 23,99,126,147, 165,181-2,218,249,251,256, 300, 314fn, 339, 341,336,358, 366-7
458
mines 336,323, 330-1, 340, 369, 371 mines, magnetic 361 'Miss U' 231 Mitchell, Bob 26,46,125,322,341, 399 Mitsubishi bombers 65,67-8 Moji 289-90,292,297,299,316, 318,330,385; #4 328 monkeys 118ff Montoya, Andres 21 Montoya, Edras 71,99, 145, 180, 182, 246ff, 261 Montoya, Ernest 351; photo 376 Montoya, Tony 209, 308 Morgan, Jacob 228 Mori, LCol Shigeji 220, 224-25, 231; farm project 228 Mori, LGen Takeshi 371 Moron 105, 108 Moseley, John 134, 278 Mount Arayat 68, 85fn, 241 Mount Banaba 244 Mount Natib 105, 108, 243 Mount Pinatubo 47,245 Mount Samat 2, 136-7; photo 6 Mucci, LCol Henry 349 Mukden Camp 289,298,337,363, 365,372,374,376,389; conditions 320; deaths 320; food drops photo 379; machine tool factory 342; newspaper 278; surrender photo 373 Munsey, Cone 24, 71, 164, 174, 183,185-6,206,265,275,288, 326,329,337,358,363,369, 401,404 Murphy Field 254 Nagano, MGen Kameichiro 155 Natato Maru 290ff; attacked 290; casualties 290 Nagasaki 358,367-8, Nagle, Chaplain 316 Nagoya Camp 357,359,322,378 Nakar, Col Guillermo 242 Nakayama, Col Motoo 156-7 Nance, Hugh 93fn
Nara, LGen Akira 113 USS Narwhal 303 National Service Life Insurance (GI) 122 Navajo Code Talkers 127 Navajos 185, 188, 228, 244-5, 402 Navy bombards Japan 363, 369 Negritos 47,348 New Mexico National Guard, called in crises 13; Civil War 14; esprit de corps 14; history xiiiff,14; Indian Wars 14; pay 10; polo team 12; World War I 15 NM School of Mines 19 Nez, Sam 185-86 Nichols Field 82, 84, 88fn, 90, 109, 125, 261; worst detail 252 Nielson Field 67, 109; interceptor command 64 Niemon, Wayne 45, 74, 84, 98, 168,225,232,264,294,322, 360, 399-400 Nieto, Frank 93fn night blindness 210 Niigata Camp 360,363,319,325, 328,368-9,371 Nimitz, Adm Chester 353 92nd Garage area 197 Ninth Infantry 108 Nishihara, Captain 409-10,413 Nissyo Maru 293ff; attacked 293 USS Noble 398 Nomura, Ambassador Kichisaburo 39,47,54,57-8 Nor Iron Bars 278 North Luzon Force 52 Noto Maru 294 Nunn, Dick 275,328 Nunn, Mack 28,328 nurses 85, 124, 150, 194,386; evacuated 89; evacuated on Spearfish 195; evacuated to Corregidor 149, 160; Guadalcanal 277; postwar 396,401,405 pows 197 observation balloon, Jap. 112, 192
459
O'Donnell, Camp 175, 177ff, 186-7, 205ff, 218, 271; burial details 214; deaths 213,217; evacuating for Cabanatuan 216; hospital 211-12; living conditions 207; medical treatment 212 Oeyama 327-8,368 Ojinaga, Vicente 5,67, 129, 139, 159,213,258,294,326,340, 387 Okamoto, Minister 415 Okinawa 384, 396 Okochi, VAdm Denshichi 353 Oles, Charles W. 224fn Oliver, Chaplain Alfred 212 Olongapo 108, 244-5; captured by US 351; Oryoku 311; tennis court 312 Olson, Col John E. 176 Olson, LCoI Kenneth S. 278-81 105-mm. artillery 170-71, 155th Guerrilla Squadron 244ff 11 lth Cavalry 3, 12ff, 152; becomes 207th CAC 19; last parade 18; E Troop 15; F Troop 11, 15; G Troop 15; I troop 15 141st Infantry 108 120th Eng. Combat Batt. 21, 271 192nd and 194th Tank Batt 53 Orani Field 97,102,181, Orion 102,105,176; -Bagac Line 114 Oryoku Maru, first trip 298, 300 Oryoku Maru 317ft,347; attacked by Hornet 310; bombed 311; casualties 310ft, 315, 317; conditions 310; last Hell Ship 309ff; to Lingayen 313 Osaka 289,358 Osborne, Capt William L. 242 Overbeck, Robert 305
Pacheco, Alberto 307ft Pacific War Memorial, Corr. photo 366 Packard Motor Co., Manila 82 Padilla, Leo 405 Padilla, Orville 55, 375, 377 USS Paddle 302 Pajota, Capt Juan 349 Palawan massacre 348ft Pampanga River, PI 89, 101, 349 USSPanay 16
Parker, Jr., MGen George M. 105, 108,113,375 Parker, Edward 'Ted' 282,312 Pasig River, PI 82,88, Payne, Grayford 254 Pearl Harbor attack 48, 59, 63-4, 67 Peck, Harry 19,31,35,37,53,58, 78,79-80,83,86-7,89,102, 109-10,120-1,124,132, 139-40, 146, 148, 155, 157-8, 166,298,322,363,374,400 'Peeping Tom' 192 Pelayo, Lee 72, 131, 159, 188, 231, 252,378 pellagra 225,257 Pena, Primitivo 74, USS Pensacola 82-4 Perez, Pete 21 Pershing's Punitive Expedition 15 Petry, PFC Edwin 308 Philippine Air Corps 89, 118 Philippirie Army 30 Philippine Corps, I 105, 103, 158, Philippine Corps, II 105,113, 136-40, Philippine 1st Constabulary 1, 110. 152 Philippine Military Aca. cadets 86 Philippine Presidential Citation 4 Philippine Provo Coast Artillery Brig. (AA), born 139, 152 Philippine Red Cross 208,212 Philippine Scouts (see also 26 Cav) 80, 89, 112; highly regarded
P-35s 86 P-40s 68,73,77,86,103,108,111, 117-18,120,130-33; dogfight 118; last one 131; revetments 171 PBYs 194
106 Philippine searchlight unit 132 Philippine Islands, liberation 347ft; plan of defense 52
460
Phillips, Claire 'High Pockets' 231 Phillips, Wallace 'Dub' 72-3 80 89,96,102,122,145,160, , 190-1,193,196-8,227,288-9 320,337-8,342,362,375, , 388fn, 389, 396, 401, 403 'Photo Joe' 93, 118, 122 USS Pierce 40-1, 44, 45-6 P!lar 97, 102, 105, 125, Pllar-Bagac line 97,108· road 243 ' Pitlak, 375 Plaridel, PI 97 pneumonia 320, 323, 329 Poe, Alfred 49, 186, Poe, Maj William A 21 polo field 77; match 58 71· team 12 ' , Port Area 80, 89-90, 258, 255 Portz, Com W. P. 309 'The Postman Calls' 265fn Potsdam Declaration 363 368 409-12 " prisoners of war 205ff; act in propaganda film 170; adjustments at home 401· diet 208, 229, 325ff; exec~ted for Japanese money/souvenirs 161, 183, 188; execution order 280,361,404, copy 418; fattened prior to return to US 356fn, 386, 397; first letters 262; flags 382; food, supply drops 378ff; humor 331ff; Japanese delay release of names 165; laborers 288ff 322; liberation 347ff 386· ' medical care 329; ne~s 264· nicknamed guards 223; non~ ~e re~overed 307; paid in lDvaSlOn money 230; postcards 262, 264, sample 263; post-war hospital stays 402; punishments 221-22, 326; return to US 387ff; sabotage efforts 253ff· shipped to Japan 261ff, 288ff· 'stabilize' Japanese 335; , treated as war criminals 165· treatment of 165ff; welcom~ home 389ff, 398ff, 403
prisoner of war camp mans 204 283
r'
propaganda, Allied 363,369,414; sample 364 propaganda, Japanese, film 170· guerrillas 242; leaflets 188 247-8; radio 115, 119·, ' rewards offered 244-5 Prosser, Barney 188 Provo Artil. Reg. AA, USAFFE 78 Puli~, .Mike 73-4,137,168,256-7; lDJured on Shinyo 301ff Puerto Princesa airfield Palawan 307 ' 'Purple' code 403 pursuit planes 64 Pusan Camp 289, 320 Pyetski, Merril 'Pete' 253, 259
quan 208, 229; chickens 229, 253 Quezon, Pres. Manuel 89; charges US with abandonment 114· threatens to surrender 115' Quezon City, PI 90 Quinauan Point, PI 111 112fn 'Quinine Special' 120 ' Radar 25,45,53,64 Radio Tokyo 265 radios 264, 278, 317 Radosevich, Joseph 317 Ragsdale, Luther xiv, 25-6, 99, 126, 131,133,154,183,220,222-3, 318,331,357,368 'Rainbow 5, 52 Ramos, Lalo 74 Randolph, William 315 Rankin, Jeanette 81fn Rayburn, Speaker Sam 31 Ream, Glen 253, 326, 334, Reardon, Helen 400 Rearden, Jean 265 Reardon, William 102 132fn 265 400 ", Red Cross (see also Inter., Phil., Swiss R.c.) 396,398; boxes & supplies 273,276-7,281, 317,326-7,331,337; first ~oxes 228; photo 274; lDspections 275, photo 276
461
Reese, Clay 122 Reid, Melvin 99 religion 109, 135, 139, 215, 228, 233,248,331; Japanese superstitious 179, 234; services finally allowed 233 Reyna, Tony 397 Rhee, Heinz 221, 230, 235, 260, 275, 294fn, 297, 336-7, 358, 365,384,396-7 Richardson, Adm James O. 48 Rikitaki, Maj Yaichi surrenders 382; photo 383 Riley, Richard 21,120,211-13, 226, 'Riverside' 327 Rizal Monument, Manila 80, 90 Roach, Lee 68,77, 121,237,253, 326 Robin Moor 29 Rodriguez, Ralph 145,179,213, 224,349-50 Roessler, Norbert 161,192 Roessler, Paul 25,211,359,400-1, 404 Rokuroshi Camp 360, 365, 368, 372,381-2 Romero, Jose 'Mike' photo 27 Romero, Santana xiv, 28, 65, 69, 76, 397; photo xvi, 27 Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin D. 31, 47,55-6,58,95,114-15,129, 143, 191,407; compares Bataan to Alamo 131; death 357; orders MacArthur to Australia 130; orders news of atrocities withheld 271; quarantine speech 16 Roosevelt-Churchill accord 84 Ross, Charley 24, 29, 49, 73, 82, 84,96,99,107,113,124,146, 160,165,180-1,185,221,225, 251,338,360,385,398,403 Route5 348 Routes 3 & 7 100 Roswell, NM 15, 35 Rough Riders 14-5 Russia, declares war on Japan 374, 414; invades Korea Russians at Mukden 375ff
Russo-Japanese neutrality pact 29-30,408 Rutherford, Col D. J. 219 Sadler, James 12, 162,315 Sage, Charles Gurdon 18-20,22, 35,38,50,58,76,94,96-7,102, 109-10,115-6,123, 132-9,146,148,152,166, 171-2,188,207,298,305fn, 322 'Saint Peter's Ward' (see also Zero Ward) 211 Sakelares, Angelo 5, 3, 10, 16, 28, 66,70,96,127,147,171,188, 209,214,227,252,288,320, 375,388fn, 389,396-7, 405 San Fernando 89,94-5,100-01, 188,179,184-86,188,255; cavalry corral 178 San Fernando, Pampanga massacre 313 San Fernando, La Union 313 San Juan Hill, battle 15 San Miguel Brewery 82 San Vicente River 137 Sanchez, Antonio 246-47 Sanchez, Eugenia 246-48 Sanders, Douglas 71 Santa Cruz barrio 240 Santa Cruz, battle 14 Santa Fe, NM 11, 14,30 Santa Rita, PI 241 Santa Teresa barrio 240-41 Santiago Prison 231 Santisteven, Tommy 21 Santo Tomcis civilians liberated 354 Santu 107 Sapung Bato, PI 50 Sarracino, Frank 188 Sartin, Marlin 166,367 Sato, 404,408-0,412-14 Saysain Ridge 110 Scally, Henry F. 308 schistosomiasis 257fn Schmid, Roy 71 Schmitz, Eugene 42,47,51,225, 264,289,320,363,402 Schroeder, Karl 235,317
462
Schubert, Charles A 308 Schuetz, William 67,97,178,188 Schurtz,Paul 5,20,37,79,90,95, 154, 185,311; death 312; 'sing alongs' 235; stops tank 155 Schwartz, Jack 138 Schwartz, LCoI Jack W. 312 scurvy 119,225,257,289 searchlights & batteries (see also Sperry) 22, 25, 35, 45, 53, 55, 111, 150; manned by Phil. cadets 86; parts found 83; relied on Indians' hearing 126 Second Hague Conf., 1907 165 Sendai Camp 385-6 Senter,AJbert 4,10,22,65,83,88, 90,150,191,193,218,236-7, 326,330,336,340,360,377-8 75-mm. self-propelled guns 79, 110,151,170,170 . Shamblin,Otho 50,212,317 Shanghai 55 Sharp, AJvin 121 Sharp, BGen William F. 197 Shendo Steel Works 358 Sherman, Fred 40,53, 145,311, 317 Sherwood, Virgil 179,229, Shigemitsu, Foreign Minister 415 Shillito, Winston 11, 13, 41, 56, 66, 74,88,95,106,138,153,154, 167,189,213,218,227,288-9, 322,325,328-9,335-6,341, 357,359-63,378,381; photos 274,276 Shimp, Neil 305 Shinagawa Hospital 330 Shinyo Maru 302ft; casualties 303 SHO-1 303,307 SHO-GO 303 Shohi, 'facilitator' photo 376 Short, LGen Walter C. 57 Silaiim Point, PI 111-2 Silver City, NM 21, 185, 404 Sindafigan Point, PI 302 Sixth Army 347-9,351,353; Ranger Battalion 349-51 60th CAC 53, 148, 29lfn; Battery B 160, 192; Battery D 191;
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Battery E 192-3; Geary 192; Way 193,196 66th Field Artillery Brig. 15 Skarda, Cash xv, 77, 82, 84, 90, 97, 101,106,124,133,142,149, 223,375 Skiles, Leonard 86, 91, 125, Slaughter, Lonnie 122 'Sloppy Bottom' 50 Smith, Arthur 68,171,325,339 Smith, J. M. 'Jake' 308 Smith, Joe S. 224fn Socorro, NM 19, 35 Soriano, Troadia 240-41 South Luzon forces 94,97, USS Spearfish 195,277 Spensely, Homer 144,146,270 Spensely, Dr. V. H. 203, 266, 269-70, 272-3 Sperry searChlights, 6O-inch 22 Spiller, Gen Oliver 35 Spirit of Bataan 270; photo 269 Springfield rifles (1903) 1,3,25, 70, 147, 154, Sprunk, Jack D. 308 'stabilizing the Japs' 223 Stalin, Joseph 374,406ff Stark, Chief of Naval Op. Harold R. 47,54-7,87 starvation 224fn, 292, 316 Stassen, Com Harold 377 State Teachers ColI., Silver City 10 Steen, Harry 23,40-1,46,53,56, 64, 72-3, 93, 98, 104-5, 121, 150,328,360-1,369-70,380-1, 386,397 Sterns, Bill 125 Stevens, Orlando 87, Stiles, LeMoyne 155,180,221-22, 229,232,236,252,261-2,264, 266, 273; diary 222ft Stimson, Sec of War Henry L. 56, 403, 405; opposed grade promotions 272 Stroope, Winfred 183, 255, 368 Subic Bay 50-1,108,111,130,295 suicide boats 322,341,361,404 'sun treatment' 221 surrender 154ft Suttman, AJ 41,88,398
Suzuki, Prime Minister Kantaro 371,413 Sweezy, Cpl Roy 35lfn Swiss Red Cross visits 323 Swope, Fred 227,317
Tokyo Rose 46, 134, Tokyo War Crimes Commis. 310 Tolbert, _ _ 337,340 Tonelli, Mario 220 Torres, Benson 133 Toshino, Lt Junsaburo 309,311, 313 Tottori Maru 320, 322, 357 Tow, Norvel 185, 384, 397 Tow, Rhea 67, 75, 138, 185, 330, 367 Toyama Camp 365 Trail20 146 Trask, Richard 56 Trejo, Felipe 75 Trinity Site, NM 411 Tripartite Pact 54 tropical ulcers (see also ulcers) 119,242 Truman, Harry Pres 357, 368, 405ff Tsuji, Col Masanobu, orders execution of pows 176 Tsuneyoshi, Capt Yoshio 206,212 Tsuruga, Japan 360, 368, 378 Tularosa, NM 1 tunnel vision 210 Turner, Frank 2, 145,293,312,382 12-inch guns 191, 193 20th Infantry 113 29th Replacement Depot 397 26th Cavalry 50, 57, SO, 106, 152 twin-fifties 88,93 2-6-8 radar 25,45,53,58, 147, 149-50,191 200th CAC (AA), assigned to Ft. Stotsenberg 45; becomes infantry 146; 'best anti-aircraft reg.' 37; born 19; Cabcaben, moves to 146; cares for own 174ff, 185,213, 226, 298, 381; confirmed hits 101, 152; defends Culo River 94; desertion in ranks 135, 243; entertainment 28, 47, 127; esprit de corps/spirit 23, 131, 160; ethnic diversity 25; few medals 133; final days 143ff; first casualties 71; first hit 71; 'First in spite of hell'
Taggert, Thomas 123, 132fn, 293, 382 Takao 314 Takeshi, Col Susumu 108 Talisey River 181 Tanagawa Camp 326 tanks 96 Taos, NM 11,28, 127, Taos Indians 76; dancers 26; photo 27 Taos Pueblo xiv, 28, 397 Taos Rebellion, 1847 14 Tarlac Camp 207,215-16, Task Force 5 83 Tayabas Prov., PI 254 Taylor, Chaplain Robert P. 231 Teheran Conference 406fn lO-inch guns 191 Terada, Gen Seichi 307 Territorial Militia 14 .30-caliber machine guns 3 31st Infantry 2,98,292 37-mm. guns 3-4,22,24,53, 71, 73, 75, SO, 87,110-11, 37th Infantry Divisions 353-4 Thomas, Frank C. 315,317 Thorpe, Col Claude 244 Thorpe, Joseph 317 3-inch guns 2,4, 19,22,24,41,45, 53, 75, 99, 144-5; ammunition 133, 171; limited range 71 ammunition 133, 171 Thwaits, Pryor 10 Thwaits, Raymond 140,143,188, Tillman, Willie 101, 121, 193, 196, 198,368 Tixier, Foch 351 Tixier, Wendelin 'Toots' 230 Tojo, Hideki 46-8,57,114,208, 409,412 Tokuda, Doctor 330 Tokyo 357,359, 369ff, 409, 412; fire bombing 319,358; casualties compared to A-bomb 358
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4, 18, 134; first to fire 61, 78; hedge-hopping with 31st Inf. 98; insignia, lineage 419ft; last organized unit on Bataan to surrender 139; life in Phil. 49ft; lives oft land in Bataan 125; medical staft 74; memorial, Mt. Samat photo 6; monument, Ft. Bliss 31, 268; nickname 4; official citation 7; on Corregidor 190ff; only intact organzation left 164; prejudice from 'regulars' 23, 46, 50; Pres. Dist. Unit Cit. 103; recognition by NM Adj Gen 346; regimental pride 31; relieves 515th at Calumpit 97; split 78; split by work details 251; sworn in 21; tours NM 33, photo ' 34; transfers from 80; trip to Philippines 33, 40ft; under attack 69ft; wounded evacuated 91 Battery A 22, 25, 30, 33, 91, 93fn, Battery B 22,82,97, 101, - 137-8,148,162,288 Battery C 22,26,29,82,122, 140, 144, 146, 148, Battery D 22,85,97, 101, 147, 152,155, Battery E 22,71 Battery F 22,29,59,73-4,82, 125,138,140,146,167, 185, Battery G 22,24,37,64,82, 95,110, 137-38,158,159fn, 177, Battery H 21-2,26,64,67, 76, 82,90,125,228 200th band 12,22,41,57, 76; assigned new duties 94 240-mm. guns 192 typhoon 46, 292, 299, 304, 309, 353,389,397 ulcers (see also tropical ulcers) 248
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'Ultra,' German communica. 403 underground 231 USAFFE 30, 89 USFIP hq., Corregidor 191 Univ. of NM 10 Upchurch, Walter 138, Utinsky, Margaret 'Miss U' 231 Valverde, battle 14 Varela, Pat 145,179, venereal disease 231 Vigan 84 Villa, Francisco 'Pancho' 15, 28 Villaloboz, Marcario 'Max' xv, 216,229,232,235,350-1,356 Villamore, Jesus, dogfight 118 Villasenor, Gregorio 10, 54, 70, 100, 185,207, 'vitamin stick' 232 Voice of Freedom 104, 115, 119, 134, WAACs 396 Wada, Shunusuke 309,312-3,316 Wainwright, Lt Gen Jonathan 52, 58,61,78,89,94,96,101-2, 105,109-13, 124, 133-37, 141, 143,148-49,156, 169fn, 170, 191, 194; final speech 197; surrenders Corregidor 196 Waldrop, Melvin 72, Walker, Allen 315 War Crimes Tribunal 168,417 War Veterans' Infor. Bur. 266 Watanabe, Col Yunosuke 108; chickens 253 'water cure' 222 Weaver, Lonnie 156, Wedemeyer, Gen A C. 374 Weeks, Corporal 292 West, John 73, 101, 125, 135, 160, 180,185,216,226,229,350, 356,402 Western NM Univ. 10 Wheeler, AI 10, 288 'White Angel' 252 White Sands Missile Range 13 Whittaker, Carl, Jr. 33 Whittaker, Carl F., Sr. 266 Wilber, Sgt Avery E. 305-6
Wilkerson, Buster 42, 112 Williams, Col E. C. 155 Williams, Robert 23 Willoughby, MGen Charles 46 Wills, Lt Donald 287 Wilson, Lucy 29,48,57, 74, 85, 89, 109, 114, 124, 136, 138, 149, 160,194,317,372,406; evacuated on Spearfish 194-5, 277; first nurses on Guadalcanal 277; flight nursing school 277; married 406 Wilson, Col 0.0. 'Zero' 235 Witt, Bob 119 Witten, Oliver 188,315 Wolfe, Clinton 162,243 Womack, Paul 73 work details 208,214,229,230,
Zablan Field 89 Zambales Mountains & Coast 241, 245,351 Zamboanga 281, 302 Zentsuji Camp xv,278; 'model' camp 323 Zero Ward 224,227,233, Zeros 10,71-3,76,118,136,261; taunts troops at surrender 157 Zero Hour 58 Zia Pueblo 253
232,249,251f~256,278,301ff,
322, 336ff; factory 338; mines 337; shipyard 340-346; steel mills 338; uniforms 339 World War II, Europe begins 15ff Worthen, Elmer 'Fat Boy' 28, 72, 159,189, WPO-3 52 Wright, Durwood 212 Wright, Maj John 315 Wysong, Jeff 98 Yahnozha, Homer 158 Yalta Conference 374,407-8 Yamashita, Gen Tomoyuki 348, 353 Yashu Marn 281,287, 29lfn, 301 Yates, Otis 237 Yawata Steel Works 322,341,357, 369 yellow fever 215 yellow jaundice 210, 240, 292 Yodogawa Steel Mill 341,322,324 Yokohama, Japan 294,322, 359-60, 384-5, 396; Stadium Camp 329 Yokohama Specie Bank 410 Youngblood, Akin 138,159 Yucatan 14
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About the author...
Reared on tales of New Mexico's heroes of Bataan and Corregidor, she was determined to accomplish what others considered an impossible task. She spend six years proving them wrong~ Her BA, MA in history are from Agnes Scott College and Universities of Colorado and Wyoming. Cave has received two Southwestern Writers' Awards and the Manuscripts International Literary Award. Beyond Courage was the recipient of the 1994 Zia Award from the New Mexico Presswomen for the outstanding book written by a New Mexico woman. Cave is also author of the recently released novel, Go Find the Mountain and the forthcoming history, Four Trails to Valor.
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TAG tIER .........
;.:~:::'::: I Roderick IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~ 1111111111111 Hall ColI. J 138l1li 0717.4 .C38 19116 II [ II 1 T "G E Beyond I. I K II A II Y
ISBN 1-881325-14-8
I I II
9781881 325147
51895
courage : one regiment against Japan. 1941-1945!
by Dorothy Cave