CORREGIDOR THE SAGA OF
by James H. and William M. Belote Foreword by Robert Leckie
A FORTRESS
CJ40,54 r:J~
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I
Harper & Row, Publishers· New York, Evanston, and London JOSEPHINE COUNTY LIBRARY
GRANTS PASS. OREGON
-II f¥J1V
To all who served on the Rock in war and peace this book is dedicated.
CORREGIDOR: THE SAGA OF A FORTRESS. Copyright © 1967 by James H. Belote and William M. Belote. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address Harper & Row, Publishers, 1ncorporated, 49 East 33rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10016. FIRST EDITION LffiRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: M-Q
66-21723
* Foreword by Robert Leckie xi Preface 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Contents
vii
America's Rock of Gibraltar 1 "A Strategic Liability" 15 A Month of Disaster 30 Clearing for Action 41 The Big Raids 49 Retreat to Bataan 58 Dust, Heat and Hope 66 The First Bombardment 84 The Fall of Bataan 96 Corregidor at Bay 108 The Brutal Overture 125 The Final Bombardment 132 The Fight for the Beaches 145 The Battle of Water Tank Hill 158 The Long Wait 178 Back to Manila 192 Confronting the Rock 204 The Perilous Jump 214 228 "Let 'Em Come" Mop-Up 242 The Monument 252 Note on Sources 257 Index 263
A group of illustrations will be found following page 82
vi
MAPS Corregidor Island, December, 1941
Front and back endpapers
Bataan Campaign, 6 January-24 February, 1942
99
Japanese Capture of Corregidor, 5-6 May, 1942
163
Recapture of Corregidor, 16 February-2 March, 1945 Following page 214
*
Foreword
One of the outstanding lessons to be learned from World War II is that there is no such thing as an "impregnable" fortress. From the turning of the Maginot Line through the taking of Singapore from the rear to the leapfrogging of Japan's chain of island forts, the war repeatedly demonstrated that the side which relied on the defensive, especially the static defensive, was foredoomed to defeat. In Corregidor: The Saga of a Fortress, the brothers Belote have written a compelling statement of this thesis. This, of course, is not their chief purpose. Rather, they have sought to tell in human as well as military terms the story of what happened to the Americans and Filipinos who tried to hold Corregidor against the Japanese in those hopeless yet gallant days of 1942, and of the other Americans whom General MacArthur led back to "the Rock" 32 months later to reclaim the island fortress. In this, they have succeeded admirably. They have the rare gift of making military history exciting and interesting as well as meaningful and informative. Because the Belotes combine a grasp of top-level strategy with a compassionate concern for the front line, low-level foot slogger who carries the strategy out, they have made their book a moving, gripping adventure story as well as accurate and authentic history. And just because their book is so complete-a wealth of detail diligently amassed and expertly organized into a neatly-woven narrative-it bears testimony to the futility of the fortress in modern war. Indeed, to rely upon the strength of a fortress in any era generally has been a mistake. Military history suggests that the fort usually falls. vii
viii
FOREWORD
Troy was deceived and undone by the ruse of the wooden horse, Jericho was betrayed to Joshua by the harlot Rahab, Jerusalem crumbled under the catapults of Titus, Constantinople was stormed by Crusader and Saracen alike, Quebec was surprised by Wolfe and Vicksburg succumbed to siege guns and starvation. Century after century bears doleful testimony to the crossing of impassable waters, the scaling of inaccessible cliffs, the march through impenetrable swamps or the bursting by force of arms or the opening by guile or deception of ' unbreakable walls. Yet men continue to put their faith in forts, probably because of mankind's immemorial bad habit of mistaking the part for the whole. A fort is only part of the defensive. It is not meant to defeat the enemy but to delay or deter him. Of course, if a fort harbors the enemy's true objective, some person or some treasure, then to hold it successfully is to defeat the besieger. Commonly, however, the true objective is the opposing army, and a fort in the enemy's path is meant to bar his passage until reinforcements can arrive. "Hold the fort, I'm coming," Sherman signaled one of his commanders in Georgia, and when he did arrive the joint forces went over to the attack. Thus, the fort is the shield which parries the enemy's blow until the sword of the nation, her armed forces, is drawn from its sheath. Unfortunately, popular democracies have a bad habit of forgetting that the shield without the sword is only half an armament, and, at that, the lesser half. They tend to put all their faith in the shield while allowing the sword to rust. One reason for this is that fortresses already in being are much more inexpensive to maintain than sizeable military establishments supporting ample forces-in-readiness. They are not only cheaper, they are less obtrusive, way out there on the edge of nowhere. A third reason is what may be called the habit of fortress thinking, the classic example of which is the Maginot Line of France. In the twenties, that nation, bled white and weary of war, built a formidable line of fortifications which was to prevent the Germans from invading her soil again. It was not completed west to
ix
FOREWORD
the sea because it was not intended to be anything more than the shield which was to deflect the German armies in that direction, where the French sword, the reserve, was to cut them down. But so much was said about the strength of the Maginot Line that the French, and most of the rest of the world, came to think of it as invincible. Eager to believe, the French did believe, and as they put their trust in the Maginot Line they allowed their army to deteriorate. Thus, when the Germans penetrated the "impenetrable" Ardennes forest on the Maginot's 9pen left flank, the French were utterly demoralized. Their will to fight had been weakened, among other reasons, by a belief that they would not need to fight. A similar habit of thought was current in America before World War II. Pacifists and those who were disillusioned by World War 1the war fought to end all wars-got the naive notion that it takes two to make a war. If you tell a man you will not fight, not resort to violence, he will not hit you. Unhappily, as Hitler proved, it only takes one to make a war. The pacifists, however, did not understand that the only way to avoid a war is to accept an occupation. Nor did their isolationist allies realize that the age of American isolation was over. Ignoring the development of the airplane, they still thought that our two oceans served as impassable moats; or else, this time ignoring America's dependence on world trade, they proposed that we arm only to defend our own shores. Between pacifism and isolationism tl].en, Americans before the war also thought that they would not need to fight. They not only hung up the sword, they forgot that they even had a buckler. Places such as the island of Corregidor in Manila Bay among the far-off Philippines received so little attention that, as this remarkably well-detailed book shows, a hospital there was not allowed to replace its antiquated coalfired heating plant with an efficient oil system because the oil would cost $185 more annually! Yet Corregidor had to be held. American plans called for it. Manila Bay must be held as a Philippines "keep" until the United States Navy fought its way across the Pacific. Few
x
FOREWORD
of the planners, of course, believed that this was possible. Most of them realized that the nation had not the military means to effect such a rescue in less than two years. Still, for political and psychological reasons, the plan was put into effect. And thus, after the lesson of the futility of the fort, we come to the second lesson learned from World War II: woe to the guardians of the outposts of democracy. Hold the fort, they are entreated, until we come. But no one comes, the fort falls and its gallant defenders pass into captivity. This is what happened at Corregidor, and the glory and the tragedy of it all is the theme of this splendid book. ROBERT LECKIE
Mountain Lakes, New Jersey September, 1966
*
Preface
The subject of Corregidor has fascinated the authors since the days of the siege of 1942. Then, as young R.O.T.C. students at the University of Washington, they studied avidly the meager information provided by the daily communiques, American and Japanese. The fall of the Rock on May 6 seemed to them a personal loss. Their own war experien~e afterward, however, took them to the opposite side of the earth, to North Africa and Italy, and their deep interest in Corregidor had to remain dormant. After the war and some years of graduate study, government service, and teaching, they decided to take up the study of the history of Corregidor again, determined to make their research about the fall in 1942 and the recapture in 1945 as complete as possible. This volume represents the fruition of approximately seven years of effort. The authors hope that the reader will find in the story of the Rock the same fascination that has so long held them. Although they bear full responsibility for the conclusions drawn in this volume, the debt of the authors to others has been considerable. At the World War II Records Division, National Archives, Mr. Wilbur Nigh and his staff have been most co-operative. At the Army Administration Center, St. Louis, the staff of Colonel M. J. Halper, U.S.A., has met every request. The authors are especially grateful to Messrs. Lester J. Spall, Robert E. Wyrsch, and Joseph A. Pentz. At the office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Army, Mr. Stetson Conn, Chief Historian, Mr. Israel Wice, and Miss Hannah Zeidlick have been especially helpful, as were Messrs. Michael O'Quinlivan xi
xii
PREFACE
and John H. Marley at the Historical Section, U.S. Marine Corps Headquarters. At the U.S. Navy's Division of Naval History, Rear Admiral E. M. Eller and his Executive Officer, Captain F. Kent Loomis, are to be thanked, and especially Mr. Dean Allard. For their complete photographic collection on Corregidor, the authors are indebted to Mrs. Norma Sherris at the Office of the Chief of Military History, to Mrs. Donna Traxler at the Still Pictures Branch, Signal Corps, Pentagon, U.S. Army, and to Colonel Riley E. McGarraugh, U.S.A. (Ret.) , of Lewes, Delaware. Messrs. Norbert Slepyan and Marion S. Wyeth, Jr., of Harper & Row, have been most understanding and patient editors. The authors have had sage counsel from Dr. E. Ray Lewis of Oregon State University and Mr. Robert L. Underbrink of MacMurry College. Finally, the authors owe much to their respective wives, Edith W. Belote and Marilyn P. Belote, and to their mother, Mrs. Adelaide Belote, of Bellevue, Washington, for constant encouragement and for performing many tasks connected with preparing the manuscript. September, 1966 JAMES H. BELOTE Elsah, Illinois WILLIAM M. BELOTE Annapolis, Maryland
INDEX Abanes, M/Sgt. Juan V., 86- Anlofl', Maj. G. L., Jr., 196 87 Antiaircraft Defense ComAbston, Capt. (later Lt. Col.) mand, 2,74 Aaron, 44, 101, 129, units of, 44 171 See also Chase Abucay-Mauban line, 60-61 Antiaircraft guns of the Adversario, Sgt. Domingo, 50 Fortified Islands, 23 Affirm, Tunnel, 71 described, 46-48, 54-56 Air raids on Corregidor See also Boston; Cebu; Japanese (1941-42), 49Chicago; Denver; 57,96-101,109,125Ermita; Flint; Globe; 26,139-40,143,158Hartford; Idaho 59 Arisan Maru, 195 compared to artillery Armies, see Japanese Army; fire, 110 Philippine Army; American (1944-45), 207United States Army 8,212 Armor, see Tanks Aircraft, see Japanese airArmstrong (Marine), 181 craft; United States Arrigo, T /5 Frank, 220 aircraft Artillery, see American field Albany, Battery, 47, 98 gunS; Antiaircraft Allen, Carl, 125 guns; Guns of the Amaty, Andrew J., 258 Fortified Islands; American field artillery Japanese artillery; on Corregidor specific batteries described, 14 Atkins, Capt (later Col.) in beach defense, 77, 94, Robert M., 227, 237 95, 135-36, 147, 156, Australia 159 MacArthur ordered to, 89roviog batteries, 117-18, 90 119, 130, 131, 143, blockade running from, 158, 159 79-80 in Manila fightiog (1945), Australia, H.M.A.S., 199 202-3 in recapture of Corregidor pack howitzers, 221Backus (civilian), 85, 88 22, 231, 232, 238, Bagac-Orion line, 61-65 242, 243 Baker, Tunnel, 71 self-propelled howitzers Ballow, Pvt. John, 51 232-$4 Banzai charges, 187-88, 235Ames, Capt. Godfrey R. 38,240,243-44,249 (Roly), 42, 44, 53, Barr, Lt. Col. Elvin L., 44, 54, 59, 98, 127, 140, 46 258 Barry, Col. Edwin F., III Japanese landings and, Bartz, Cpl. Richard W., 96 139, 172 Bataan peninsula, 5, 10 death of, 196 prewar plan of withdrawal Ammunition, types available to, 24, 28, 36 for big guns, 21 MacArthur orders withSee also Fuzes drawal to, 37-40, 43, Amoroso, Lt. Col. (later 101 Col.) Arnold D., 44 food shortage on, 39-40, Amphibious landiogs 101-4 Japanese, at Corregidor, see mutual support of CorLandiogs on Corregiregidor and, 59-60 dar defense of, 60-65 American, 186-87, 198fall of, 104-7 99, 201 shunned in Yamashita's at Corregidor (1945), strategy, 200 205, 215, 222--25, American recapture of, 230,233 204-5 "Amtraes," 187 Bates, Pfc. Clyde I., 220
"Battle of the Points," 64 Bauman, Chaplain Herman C., 114 Bayoneta, Solomon, 50 Beach Defense Command, 2, 74-75, 77 Beaches on Corregidor, .ee Landiogs on Corregidor Beebe, Brig. Gen. Lewis C., 169-70 Beecher, Lt. Col. (later Brig. Gen.) Curtis T., 131, 136-37, 162, 167, 170,257 Beeman, F /Sgt. William E., 45 Berkey, Rear Adm. R. S., 208-12 Bewley, Virginia, 72 Bigelow, Water Tender 2nd Cl. Elmer C., 210 Biggs, Lt. Col. Lloyd W., 153-54 Black Beach, 222-25, 227, 233 Blake, Lt. Bill, 232-33 Blockade running, 79-81, 103, 110 by submarine, 47, 77, 7980, 103 Boise, U.S.S., 208 Bossert, Capt. William, 24243, 245-46, 248, 257 Boston, Battery, 41, 44, 54, 97, 113, 159 new fuze at, 47 Bottomside, 56, 140, 174, 205, 222, 225-226, 231,253 described, 7-8 See also Maliota Tunnel Boundreau, Col. Napoleon, 2, 83, 84, 88,91, 94, 95,257 Bourque, Pvt. Rivers P., 22829 Bovee, Capt. Frank W., 113 Bowler, Col. Louis J., 42, 72, 74,82,142 Boyd, Sgt., 88 Bradford, Maj. Bill, 123-24 Brady, F /Sgt. (later Lt.) Dewey G., 41-42, 120 Braly, Col. William C., 93, 117, 141, 259 Breitung, Lt. Col. Howard E., 44 Brereton, Maj. Gen. (later Lt. Gen.) Lewis H., 34-35
263
264 Bressi, Arthur A., 258 British navy (Royal Navy), Repulse and Prince of Wales sunk, 32-33 Bromeyer, Capt. James R., 168 Brook, Lt. (lat.". Rear Adm.) Charles B., 165 Brown, Maj. Paul, 131 Bruns, Capt. (later Lt. Col.) Stockton, 57, 150 Bulkeley, Lt. John D., 62, 90 Bunker, Col. Paul D., 141, 258 described, 67-69 in Corregidor defense, 58, 63,66,74-75,143 guns in Cavite hills, 83, 85,86,93 guns on Bataan, 108, 111, 116-19 boats in North Channel, 115-16 Japanese landings, 160 and surrender, 171, 172, 183 death of, 183 Bunker, Maj. Gen. William B., 258 Burke, Capt. (later Lt. Col.) Donald D., 217 Burma, Japanese conquest of, 33-34,57 Burns, M/ Sgt. Dennis, 19091 C-l Station, 66, 75, 77, 118 Caballo Island, 5, 6 See also Fort Hughes Cabanatuan Camp No.3, 183, 189 Cabcaben, 50, 173-74 air mission from, 86-87 California, U.S.S., 3, 193 Callahan, Lt. Edward J., 246 Calumpit dam, 88-89 Calumpit River bridge, 39 Canopus, U.S.S., 138 Carabao Island, 5, 6 See also Fort Frank Casey, Brig. Gen. (later Maj. Gen.) Hugh J., 56 Casiana (yacht), 102 Caskey, Maj. Lawson B., 220, 232 Cassie, Pvt., 228 Castle, Capt. Noel E., 137, 153 Catlow, Sgt. Lloyd A., 173 Cavite Navy Yard, 18,48 Japanese raid on, 35, 41
INDEX Cavite .hore, Japanese artillery on, 82-89, 91-95 Cebu, Battery, 44, 105, 159 Ceby city, 80, 110 Centenni, Capt. Frank, 225, 228,229 Chamberlain (Marine), 181 Chambers, Capt. Robert, Jr., 154-56 Chase, Col. Theodore M., 44, 74, 97, 128 Cheek, Lt. Cmdr. M. C., 72 Cheney, Battery, 113-14, 143, 154, 221 described, 10-11 Cheney ravine, 7, 98, 136, 215,235,239 Chicago, Battery, 42, 44, 45, 54,78,96-101,109, 127-28, 139, 140, 172 proSciency of, 56 Morrison Hill Gazette, 59,67 new fuze at, 47, 80, 128 in ground defense, 139 "Chicago organ;' see Pompom gun Chronister, Lt. Mason F., 168 Chunn, Capt. Calvin E., 165 Chynoweth, Brig. Gen. Bradford G., 175 Cigarette ration, 103 Cisneros, Pfc. Luz, 152, 157 Civilians on Corregidor, 75 See also Women Clark, Capt. Golland L., Jr., 153, 154, 172-73 Clark Field Japanese attack on, 34-35 as main Japanese air base, 97, 110 Japanese defense of, 200, 201 Claxton, U.S.S., 233 Cleveland, U.S.S., 208-9 Cobb, Pfc. Charles A., 95 Codes Japanese, 27 American, 180 Coghlan, Pvt. William, 171 Collier, Col. James V., 60 Communications on Corregidor, 74-75, 140, 156, 190 Cooper, Col. Wibb E., 105, 142 Coral Sea, Battle of the, 27, 81, 176, 184 Com, Albert L., 92 Cornwall, Capt. (later Col.) Paul R., 45, 139, 257
Corregidor (Fort Mills) Filipino myth of, 4-5 described, 5-10 dominated by mainland heights, 10 in Spanish-American war, 4 fortiflcations of, 10-12, 13-14; see also Cheney; Crockett; Geary; Grubbs; Hearn; James; Monja; Morrison; Smith; Way; Wheeler improvement of fortiflcations of, 19-23, 27, 29 antiaircraft batteries OD, 44, 47-48 ; see also Boston; Chicago; Denver; flint; Glo~; Hartford Japanese prewar interest in, 15-18 prewar plans of withdrawal to, 18, 23-26, 28-29 number of troops on, 29, 75-76, 154 news of Pearl Harbor at, 1-2, 15 clears for action, 41-48 food supplies on, 39-40, 42-43, 61-62, 76, 101-4, 141 Japanese air raids on (1941-42), 49-57, 96-101, 109, 125-26, 139-40, 143, 15859 mutual support of Bataan and,59-60 possibility of relief of, 76, 78-79,81-82 evacua tiOD of personnel from, 80, 141-42 artillery Sre from Cavite against, 82-85, 89, 93 fall of Bataan and, 104-7 artillery fire from Bataan against, 108-21, 12531, 143 number of guns, 110-11 American roving bat-
teries and, 117-18, 119, 130, 131, 143 damage to Japanese guns, 121 bombardment of beaches, 130-31, 137, 144-46 illoess among Japanese personnel, 132
265
INDEX
Corregidor (Fort Mills) (cant.) Crofton, Battery, 94, 143, Japanese landings on, see Landings on Corregidor on surrender of, 169-75, 178 reason for Wainwright's decision, 169-70 flag lowered, 172 destruction of materiel, 170-72, 189-90 casualties on, 143, 175, 178-80 Japanese film on fall of, 166 Japant'"~p. (\ccupation of, 188-91 number of troops, 188, 198, 201 rearmament, 189-90, 197-98,209 low American estimate, 205-6 American air raids on, 207-8, 212 American recapture of, 204-48 planning, 204-7 naval bombardment and mine sweeping, 20811,223 paratroop jump, 213-22 amphibious landings, 215, 222-25, 230, 233 Japanese night attacks, 228-29, 230, 235-38 Japanese suicide blasts, 239-40,242,245-46 casualties, 241, 244, 247-48 MacArthur's return to, 248 last Japanese surrender (1946), 252-53 transferred to Philippine Republic, 253-54 described today, 254-56 Corregidor (steamer), 43-44 Corregidor-Bataan Memorial Commission, 254 Craighill, Battery, 93, 96, 106, 112, 118, 119, 125, 127, 130, 143, 150, 249 described, 12, 21 Crenshaw, Pvt. Ray, 229 Crockett, Battery, 69, 11820, 125, 129, 154, 190, 221, 235-36, 255 described, 10-11
190 described, 12 Dalagot River bridge, 38 Dalness, Capt. Harold E., 138, 166 Daly, Charley, 68 D' Arezzo, Capt. (later Col.) Alfred J., 69-70 DaYao,110 Davis, Pvt. Arthur, 161 Davis, Maj. (later Col.) John N., 244, 245, 258 Davis, Mrs. June, 258 Davis, Capt. (later Col.) Thomas W., III, 111, 128, 129, 258 De Carre, Col. Octave, 69, 85 Del Monte airfield, 90, 103, 109-10 Denver, Battery, 2, 41, 44, 45, 78, 109, 120, 128 in ground defense, 139, 151-53 See al&o Water Tank Hill Denver, U.S.S. 208 Dewey, Commodore (later Adm. of the Navy) George, 2, 4 Donovan, Capt. Francis X., 238 Dooley, Maj. (later Col.) Thomas, 173 Drachenberg, Lt. (later Capt.) Dayton L., 130-S1, 168 Drum, see Fort Drum Dudley, Gunnery Sgt., 148 Duvall, Maj. Gen. William P.,16-17 Dyer, Lt. Col. Fred C., 249 Earthquake, 107 Edgar, Pvt. James J., 237 Edison, Lt. Col. Dwigbt, 172 Ebrenhold, Pvt. Emil, 230 Eisenhower, Maj. (later Gen. of the Army) Dwight D., 26 El Fraile (island), 5, 6 See al&o Fort Drum Elcano (steamer), 80 Elkins, Pvt. James D., 89 Elmes, Col. Chester H., 42 Embick, Brig. Gen. (later Lt. Gen.) Stanley D., 23,26 Endo, Lt., 198, 209-11, 235
En¢neers, 75, 77-78 Erickson, Lt. Col. (later Col.) J" hn L., 214, 242, 246 Erie, Battery, 47, 98. 105, 116, 127, 159 Ermita, Battery, 44. 92 Ersness, Calmer, 124 Exeter, Battery, 44 Fabian, Lt. Rudolf J., 1 Far East Air Force, crippled at Clark Field, 35 Farmer, Pfc. James H., Jr., 161 Fenno, Cmdr. Frank W., 80 Ferguson, Quartermaster Clerk (later Lt. Col.) Frank W., 52, 155-57 Ferguson, Lt. G . T., 170-71 Ferguson, Mrs. Rita, 258 Ferrell, Gunner H. M., 15253 Field guns, see American field artillery; Japanese artillery Fire control directors, antiaircraft, 46-47, 53 Flag at Cnrregidor. 113, 172, 220, 248, 254 Flash, Lt. (later Lt. Col.) Edward T., 216 Fletcher, U.S.S., 209-10 Flint, Battery, 44, 54, 139, 172 Food,42-43, 61-62, 76 shortage of, 39-40, 101-4, 141 blockade running for, 7981, 103, 110 prisoners', 196-97 Fooshee, F / Sgt. Bezalle 0., 45 Fort Drum (EI Fraile), 5, 6, 9-10,22 fortifications of, 13, 21, 58-59; see also Hoyle; Marshall; Roberts; Wilson antiaircraft guns at, 44, 159; see also Exeter number of troops on, 75 artillery fire against, 84, 89,92-95,125-26 in defense against guns on Bataan, 118, 119, 127, 130, 158 Japanese land on, 174 Japanese garrison on, 198 American recapture of, 249-51
266 Fort Frank (Carabao), 5, 6, 83, 205 described, 10 fortifications of, 12; 8ef!l 0180 Crofton; Greer; Koehler antiaircraft guns at, ,ee Ennita number of troops on, 75 artillery fire against, 84, 85,86,88,89,91-94 Japanese land on, 174 Japanese garrison on, 198 recaptured by Americans, 251 Fort Hughes (Caballo), 2, 6, 106 described, 9, 10 fortifications of, 12; see also Craighill; Gillespie; Woodrulf antiaircraft guns on, lee Idaho number of troops on, 75 artillery fire against, 89, 93, 126 air raid on, 143 no guns destroyed at, 190 Japanese land on, 174 Japanese garrison on, 198 American bombing of, 207 Japanese batteries on, 209 American recapture of, 248-49 Fort Mills, .ee Corregidor Fort Wint, 2, 101 aintiaircraft guns at, 44 Fortified Islands, 10 See also Corregidor; Fort Drum; Fort Frank; Fort Hughes Foster, Cmdr. J. L., 210 Foster, Col. Valentine P., 96, 112, 190, 258 Fox, Capt. Lester I., 119-20 Frank, see Fort Frank Fraser, Jimmy, 217 Friedline, Lt. Stanley 0., 48, 126 Fullmer, Lt. Dick, 63 Fuzes antiaircraft-shell, 47, 54, 80, 123, 128 delay-fuzes modified, 9192 Galbraith, Col. Nicoll F., 178 Ganfield (civilian), 85, 88 Gas warfare, 22, 25, 29 Gause, Capt. Damon J ., 181, 182
INDEX Geary, Battery, 56, 63, 96, Ill, 112, 114, 118, 119, 125, 127-30, 154 described, 11, 19, 20 Gehrkens. Mrs. Katherine, 258 Germany, Japanese victory dependent on, 31 Gibson, Capt. (late, Col.) Henry W., 216-17, 221 Gillespie, Battery, described, 12 Globe, Battery, 44, 102-3, 105,129, 159, 171 Gold rese<ves, 80 Gomez, Frank, 138 Gordon, Pvt. Herbert R., 152 Graham, Cpl. Clarence M., 102 Graham, Cp!. William A., 160 Greenwalt, Lt. Peggy, 10~ Greer, Sgt. (late, W .O.) Odas A., 149 Greer, Battery, described, 12 Griffin, Co!. Frank, 44 Gripsholm (liner), 182 Grochala, Pfc. Stanley J., 214 Grubbs, Battery, Ill, 190 described, 10-11, 13-14 Guadalcanal, 176, 185 Guam, 3, 22, 31 Guerrillas, 195, 205 proposed and rejected, 8283 Wainwright's surrender and, 175 Gulick, Capt. (later Lt. Col.) John McM., 44, 69, 105, 110, 139, 159 Gulick, Maj. Gen. John W., 23 Gulick, Battery, 143, 159 Gunboats, 106 Gunnison, Royal Arch, 183 Guns of the Fortified Islands described, 10-14 under Japanese occupation, 189-90, 197-98, 208-11 See also American field artillery; Antiaircraft guns; specific batteries and forts
H Station, 75 Hackett, Lt. Thomas A., 146, 149, 168
Haines, Gunnery Sgt. "Tex," 148 Hall, Capt. Harrison, 20 Halsey, Adm . William F., 193 Hamilton, Capt. (late, Lt. Co!.) Alva W., 54 Hamilton, Battery, 112 Hamrich. S",t. John F., 146 Hanna, Battery, 78 Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays (Harbar Defense Command), 2, 20 command relationships described, 73-75 number of personnel in, 75 See also Moore Harris, Lt. William F., 150, 158, 181 Hart, Sgt. Don. V., 114, 172, 258 Hartford, Battery, 44, 45 Hashimoto, Col. Hiromitsu, 121 Haskin, Quartermaster Sgt. John E ., 155, 166 Hauck, Capt. Herman H ., 69, 162, 167, 168, 170, 181, 190 Hayakawa, Col. Masayoshi, 91-95 Hayes, Cp!. Myron H., 11314 Hayes, Cmdr. Thomas, 171 Hearn, Battery, 82, 93, 104, 112, 190, 255 described, 11-12, 14 Height-finders of antiaircraft guns, 46, 55, 127 Hersey, John, 114 Hewlett, Frank, 62, 123-24 Hill, Sgt. (late, S.F.C.) Carl, 69, 129 Hill, Co!. (late, Brig. Gen.) Milton A., 142 Hirohito's birthday, 125-27, 133 Hogaboom, Lt. William F., 154, 155 Holmes, Capt. James R., 155 Homma, Lt. Gen. Masaharu, 36,50 in Bataan campaign, 60, 62, 65,104 and artillery assault from Cavite, 85, 91, 94, 95 in final siege of Corregidor, 109, 115, 132-34, 158 in surrender negotiations, 174-75 Hopewell, U.S.S., 209-11
267
INDEX
Japanese Army air units Japan (cant.) Hopkins, T / Sgt. Bernard 0., (cont .) attack, the Philippines, 3442, 43 . 45, 76-77, 60th Air Regiment, 97, 109 96, 258 39 62nd Air Regiment, 97, slow defeat of, 184-88 Horan , Col. John P. , 178 109 Hospital on CorreJPdor. 42, surrender of, 252-53 See also Bataan; Corregidor Japanese artillery 70.114-15,117, described, 1l0-1l 126-27 Japanese aircraft "Betty" (Mitsubishi at Port Arthur, 19, 91 shortage of water in, bomber), 97, 109 in Cav;te hills, 82-89, 140-41 uDinah" (Mitsubishi recon91-95 after sUlTender, 180 naissance plane), 57 on Bataan, 108-21, 125Hospitals on Bataan, 105-6, "Kate" (Nakajima bomber), 31, 143 108-9 Houston, U.S .S., 33, 48 number of guns, 110-11 3 American roving bat.. "Nell" (Mitsubishi Howard, S/ Sgt. Nelson H ., bomber), 49-50 teries and, 117-18, 236 "Sally" (Mitsubishi Howard, Col. Samuel L., 51, 130, 131, 143 bomber), 47, 49, 53damage to Japanese 74-75, 135, 136, 144 55,97,98,109 guns, 121 Japanese landings and, 154, "Val" (Aichi divebombardment of 162, 167 and surrender, 171 bomber),3 beaches, 130-31, 137, Howitzers, see American field "Zeke" (Mitsubishi Zero 144-46 illness among perartillery; Japanese arfighter), 3, 34-35 tillery superiority of, 32 sonnel, 132 Hoyle, Col., 142 Japanese Army supports landings, 155, Hoyle, Battery, 59, 84, 190 1941 strength of, 31-32 158-61, 162, 169 HuH, Capt. Arthur, 44, 113 shells Corregidor after fanaticism of, 134-35 surrender, 174 Hughes, see Fort Hughes Japanese Army units Japanese Navy, 115 14th Army, 104, 188 first defeat of, 184-85 strength and composition (1942),36 in defense of the PhilipIdaho, Battery, 2, 44, 57, 150 pines, 192-93 Indiana, Battery, 47, 159 strength and composition "Shinyo" boats of, 197, Inouye, Maj . Gen. , 16 (1944-45), 194, 200211-12 Inshore Patrol (U.S. Navy), 1 Kamikaze attacks by, 199 4th Division, 104 58 insists on holding Manila, Army co-operation with, described, 132-33 200 75, 121 demobilized, 175-76 Irwin, Col. (later Brig. Gen.) Japanese naval units 16th Division, 36, 64, 65, Constant L., 142 21st Air Flotilla, 34 104, 193 Itagaki, Capt. Akira, 198, 22nd Air Flotilla, 33, 49 21st Division, 104 209,211-12,215-16 23rd Air Flotilla, 34 48th Division, 36 Ivey, Capt. (later Maj .) 31st Naval Special Base 65th Brigade, 36, 60, 61, Richard G., 82-83, Force, 197, 200 64, 65, 104 85-86,88,94,257 Jenkins, Lt. Robert F., Jr., 21st Engineer Regiment, Iwabuchi, Rear Adm. Sanji, 137, 158 145 200 Jenks, Col., 142 22nd Engineer Regiment, John Hay, Camp, 178 115, 122 Johnson, S/ Sgt. Chris W., 23rd Engineer Regiment, 237 James, Battery, 20, 112 115 described, 13 Jolly, Cpl., 122 1st Heavy Artillery RegiJonelis, Lt. (later Lt. Col.) James ravine, 6, 20, 134, ment, 91- 95 Frank G., 171 136,215,235,23861st Infantry Regiment, 39 134, 145-58, 162-70, Jones, Col. (later Brig. Gen.) Japan George M., 206, 214, 173 prewar interest in Cor216, 219, 226-27, 7th Tank Regiment, 111 regidor by, 15-18 233-34, 238, 241, Hayakawa Detachment, in Washington Naval 246,248,258,259 91-95 Conference, 21-22 Kanno D etachment, 38-39 Julian, Maj. Harry, III Jungle fighting, 187 war plans and strength of, Japanese Army air units 31-32, 184 Fifth Air Group, 34, 49attacks Pearl Harbor, 1-4 50, 53 Kalbfleish, Lt. Edwin, Jr., 102 attacks Southeast Asia and ordered to Burma, 57 Kamikazes, 199 Indies, 30-34 16th Air Regiment, 127 Kelly, Capt. Samuel G., 254
268 Kennedy, John F., 254 Kenney, Gen. George. 207 Kilbourne. J,to r.pn Charles E., 9, 10. 23, 26 Kindley Field. 20. 23, 51, 84. lOll. 123. 126, 146. 2011.244-46 described, 8-9 Japanese At (1942), 14849, 167 King. Capt. Ben. E .. 63 King, MaL Gen. Edward, 104 King, F I Sgt. (Tater Lt.) William F. (Bull), 51, 155 Kingston, Batterv, 47 Kirkpatrick, Lt. Col., 59, 83, 84,93 Kline, Maj. Arlis E., 221 Koehler. Battery, 83, 92-94 described, 12 Kohn, Col. Joseph P., 69, 116 Kondo, Maj. Toshinori, 8289,92 Kota Bharu, Malaya, 30, 31 Koyameda, Lt. Cmdr. Shoichi, 197,211 Krueger, Gen. Walter, 201, 204 Kulinski, Sgt. Walter A., 160-61 Kurita, Vice Adm. Takoo, 193-94 Kysor, Lt. Benjamin A., 53 Kysor, Battery, 108, Ill, 112 Lackey, Col. John H., Jr., 213 La Masters, Col. Paul R., 249 Lambert, Col. Curtis L., 87 Lamon Bay, MacArthur's defense of, 36-37 La Monja (islet), 6 Landings on Corregidor by Americans (1945) paratroop, 205-7, 213 amphibious, 205, 215, 222-25,230,233 Landings on Corregidor by Japanese (1942) American defense force, 51-52,74-75,105 weapons, 77, 135-36, 147 tunnels, 78 number of men, 135, 136-38, 154 defense plans, 136-39 Japanese preparations for, 115-16, 121-23, 132-35
INDEX Landings on Correltidor hy Japanese (1942) (cont.) Japanese supporting bombardments, 13031. 137, 144-46, 158 fiTSt wave, 145-50 second wave, 150-51 fightin~ at Water Tank Hill, 151-57, 162-69 Japanese infiltration. 156 third wave, 158. 162 artillery duels, 158-61 Japanese tanks. 167, 169 Monkey Point defense, 168 Lang, Maj. Harry, 131 Lansing, Batterv, 47, 49. 54 Lawler, Capt. Robert A., 102 Lawrence, Lt. (later Lt. Col.) Ray G., 136, 146147, 150-51, 160, 173,257 Lay, Sgt. John W., 172 Leapfrog technique, 186-87 Lee, Lt. Henry, 62 Leek, Cpl. Jerome B., 41 Legaspi (steamer), 80, 81 Leyte, American landing on, 192-95 Lingayan Gulf Japanese landings at (1941) 36-38 American landings at (1945), 198-99, 201 Littig, Lt., 72n Lloyd, Ens., 165 Lothrop, Maj. Robert B., 77, 190-91 Lutich, Lt. Louis P., 114 Luzon (gunboat), 106 MacArthur, Arthur, 56 MacArthur, Lt. Gen. (later Gen. of the Army) Douglas, 67, 142, 181, 185-86 as Field Marshal of the Philippines, 25-26 appointed to command U.S. forces in Far East, 28 warns COlTegidor of possible war, 1 attempts to defeat Japanese landing, 36-37 orders withdrawal to Bataan, 37-40, 43,
101 courage of, 50, 54 his HDQ in Malinta Tunnel, 50-51, 73
MacArthur, Lt. Gen. (later Gen. of the Army) Douglas (cont.) prepares for evacuation of Batann,61 promises ultimate triumph, 73,90 attempts blockade-running, 78-81 and guns on Cavite shore, 82-83 ordered to Australia, 89-90 returns to the Philippines, 192-95 Lingayen Gulf landing and, 198-99, 201 Manila fighting and, 202 plans for Corregidor of, 204 returns to Corregidor, 248 McCann, Dorothy Ludlow, 180 McCarter, Pvt. Lloyd G., 236-37 McCracken, Cmdr. Alan, 106, 141 Machine guns, 47-48 in beach defense, 77, 135, 137 See also Indiana; Kingston, Lansing; Mobile Madison, Capt. Sam, 59, 83, 95,119 Malaria, 101, 114-15, 195 cerebral, 107, 132 in Japanese forces, 132, 175 Malaya, Japanese attack on, 30,32-33 Malinta Hill, 7-8, 20, 255 tunnels in, 27; see also . Malinta Tunnel; Queen porn-porn gun on, 48, 126 as objective of Japanese landings, 134, 145-46 as objective of American landings (1945), 205, 206,215,222,22526,228-31 Japanese attempt to blow up, 239-40 Malinta Tunnel, 2, 29, 253, 255 described, 8, 56, 70-71, 73 building of, 23 MacArthur establishes HDQ in, 50-51 Quezon's second inauguration in, 72-73 morale problem in, 107
269 Malinta Tunnel (cont.) Japanese fire on, 117, 120-21, 126-27 shortage of water in, 140--41 defense of, 140, 154 fear of Japanese tank in, 169-70 occupied by Japanese, 173 Japanese defenders in (1945), 225, 226, 231, 235, 239--40, 242 Manila, 9, 44 bombing of, 38, 41 Japanese entry into, 39 prisoners marched through, 182--83 Japanese defense of (1945), 200-3 Manning, Lt. Alan S., 137, 172-73 "March of Death," 107 Marines, see United States Marine Corps units Mariveles, 5, 10, 44, 198, 207, 211, 215 Marshall, Gen. (later Gen. of the Army) George C., 28, 29, 79, 81, 103 Marshall, Battery, 126, 250 Martinez, Enrico Romero, 114 Massello, Maj. (later Col.) William, Jr., 44, 127, 130,159-61,257 Maxfield, Lt. Col. George G., 74 Maxwell Keyes, Battery, 152, 168 Mealer, Ann, 127 Melberg, Col. Reinold, 252 Mellnilc, Col. (later Brig. Gen.) Stephen M., 89, 110,259 Mercurio, Gunnery Sgt. John, 148 Middlebrooks, Ralph W., 149 Middleside, 29, 42, 51-52, 69,90 described, 7 Marine reserve at, 136, 138 American recapture of (1945),220 Midway, Battle of, 27, 81, 176, 184--85 Mielenz, Col. Lloyd E., 78 Miller, Capt. Frederick A., 127,161,258 Mindanao (gunboat), 106, 112,141
INDEX Mindanao Island, 90, 103, 109, 123, 133, 142, 193 Wainwright's surrender and, 170, 174, 178 Mindoro, 123, 198, 199 Mines, 207, 208-11, 224-25 Minsker, Lt. Harry C., 128, 129 Mitchell, Lt. Col. Floyd E., 116 Mobile, Battery, 44, 47, 49, 51, 53, 78, 84, 117, 140, 141, 255 in beach defense, 146-147, 148--49, 167, 168 Mobile field guns, see American field artillery; Japanese artillery Mochizuki, Lt., 148 Moji, Japan, 196 Molotov cocktails, 135 Monja, Battery, 78, 11213, 116, 130 Monkey Point, 130 Radio Intercept Tunnel, 1, 27, 149, 150, 168, 176 personnel evacuated to Australia, 142 in 1945 fighting, 243--46 Monsalund, Elias, 172 Montgomery, Cloyd W., 117, 149 Montojo, Adm. Don Patricio, 4 Montpelier, U.S.S., 208, 213 Moore, Maj. Gen. (later Lt. Gen.) George F., 27, 29, 90, 142, 254, 258-59 described, 73-74 receives news of Pearl Harbor, 1-2 directs Corregidor defense, 59, 61-62, 143 guns in Cavite hills, 83,85,86,88,91-92 fall of Bataan, 105--8 guns of Bataan, 115 prepares for landings, 121-23, 133, 136, 139--41, 144 landings and, 154, 162, 169 at surrender, 173 Moore, Capt. Paul C., 162 Morison, Rear Adm. Samuel Eliot, 185, 194 Morrill, Lt. Cmdr. John H., 180--81 Morris, Cpl. O. 0., 152-53
Morrison, Cpl. Bob, 88 Morrison, Battery, 112 described, 13 Morrison Hill, 20, 220, 232 Morrison Hill Gazette, 59, 67 Mortars on the Fortified Islands described, 11, 12, 14 proposed as antiaircraft guns, 96-97 virtually eliminated by Japanese fire, 130 Stokes, 135, 155-56 See also Graighill; Geary; W ay Morton, Louis, 73, 260 Mullen, Sgt. James (Moon), 252 Murphy, Cpl. VerI W., 52 Mushashi (battleship), 193, 194, 198 Nagano, Maj. Gen. Kameichiro, 104 Nagumo, Vice Adm. Chuichi, 3 Napalm, 211, 238-39, 243 Nara, Lt. Gen. Akira, 60, 61, 64 Nash, Lt. (later Capt.) David, 106, 130 Natib, Mount, 60, 61 Navarro, Cpl., 417 Navies, see British navy; Japanese Navy; United States Navy; specific ships Navy Evening Gopher, 71 Neament, Pvt. Adolf, 229 Nesbitt, Lt. Josie, 105--6 Nevada, U.S.S., 3 New Guinea, 175, 176, 18587 Nighthawk (launch), 122-23 Nimitz, Adm. (later Fleet Adm.) Chester, 176, 186, 187 Nisei intelligence troops, 220, 247 Nonfortification Clause, 22 North Luzon Force, 36-39 Nurses, 70, 126-27 escape from Bataan, 105-{1 evacuated from Corregidor, 142 after surrender, 180 freed, 201
Oahu (gunboat), 106 Obata, Lt. Gen. Hideyoshi, 49
270 Observation balloons, Japanese, 110, 125 O'Day, Col. Ray M., 258 Ogawa, Col., 145 Old Bilibid Prison, 182-83, 201 Olsen, Capt. Charley, 114 O'Neal, Emmet, 253, 254 Orange War Plan, 24, 26, 28, 36, 82, 105 put into force by MacArthur, 37-40, 43, 101 Ord, Maj. James B., 26 OrykfJ Maru, 196 Osbourne, Col. William L., 181 Otter, Lt. Bethel B., 165 Overstreet, Capt. L. M., 24
INDEX Philippines, the (cant.) MacArthur's defense plans for, 25-26, 27-28 1941-42 campaigns in Japanese landings, 3639 gold and silver reserves disposed of, 80, 90 illness in Japanese forces, 132 American surrender, 174-76 See also Bataan; Corregidor 1944-45 campaigns in, 192-251 size and composition of
Japanese Army, 194, 200-1 Leyte, 192-95 Mindoro, 198, 199 Lingayan Gulf, 198-99, Pace, Pvt. John C., 244 Paeth, Pvt. Ronald, 230 201 "Parademo" bombs, 212 Manila, 201-3 Paratroop jump on CorSee also Corregidor regidor (1945), 205-7, Phoenix, U.S.S. 208, 210, 213-22 211 Photographers, 219-20 casualties of, 219 Parker, Brig. Gen. (later Picking, U.S.S., 223 Maj. Gen.) George M., Pickup, Capt. Lewis H. Jr., 36 137, 152-53 in Bataan defense, 60-62 Pico de Loro hills, 10 Parker, Lt. Cmdr. T. C., 139 Japanese artillery on, 82Parsons, Cpl. Delbert L ., 233 89,91-95 Pearl Harbor, Japanese atU.S. aircraft warning detack on, 1-4 tachment in, 82, 85 Pelaez, Emmanuel, 254 Pigg, Capt. Ronald 0., 188 Perkins, M/ Sgt. Cy, 191 Poetry, 62, 66-67, 71- 72 Perkins, Lt. Robert W., 152, Pom-pom gun, 48, 126 157 Ponder, Lloyd A., 146 Perth, H.M.A.S., 33 "Pontiac," 170 Philippine Army, 177,254 Port Arthur, Manchuria, 19, 1941 strengthening of, 91 Postlethwait, Lt. Col. (later 28,34 Col.) Edward M., lack of training of, 37 222-25, 229, 234, Philippine Army Air Corps, 239,258,259 86, 123 Power plant on Corregidor, Philippine Army units 7, 20, 140, 141 lst Division, 37 11th Division, 38 Powers, Father John J., 2171st Coast Artillery Regi18 ment, 74, 114 Prettyman, Pfc. John P., 221 Prince of Wales, H.M.S ., 33 2nd Coast Artillery RegiPrincessa (stearner), 80 ment,74 Philippine Scouts, 22, 69-70, Prisoners 177,252,254 American, 45, 178-84 discipline of, 179 units of, see United States Army units (PS) escapes, 180-82, 205, Philippines, the 259 U.S . promises indepenused to tidy up Cordence to, 25 regidor, 188-91
Prisoners (cant.) American (cant.) lost in sea dUasten.
195-96 number who survived, 197 freed, 201-2 Japanese, 247 Propaganda, Japanese, 78 Prostitutes, 189 PT boats, 62, 219, 243, 247 in MacArthur's escape, 89-90 Quail, U .S.S ., 180-81 Queen, Tunnel, 27, 71, 72n, 106 Quezon, Manuel, 25, 43, 82, 83 second inauguration of,
72-73 talks of surrender, 81 opposes artillery fire on Cavite province, 82, 83 Radar, antiaircraft, 46-47, 55 Radio Intercept Tunnel, I, 27, 149, 168, 176 personnel evacuated to Australia, 142 in 1945 fighting, 243-46 Ramsay, Lt. Kenneth W. , 149 Ramsay, Battery, 190, 208 Ramsay ravine, 7, 136, 171, 215, 220,233 "Rat Face," 189 Red Cross canteen dropped by parachute, 220 Redmond, Lt. Juanita, 121 R epublic (transport ship), 46 Repulse, H.M.S., 33 Rich, Pfc. Donald E ., 215 Ritter, Lt. Edward F., Jr., 78 Roberts, BattffiY,83,84,9294 Rock Force, 214-51 casualties of, 241, 248 Rock Point, Battery, 78, 112 Rockwell, Rear Adm. Francis W .,71 Roger, Tunnel, 71 :Romulo, Maj. (later Brig. Gen.) Carlos P ., 71 Roosevelt, Franklin D ., 27, 170,192 orders MacArthur to Australia, 89 Roosevelt, Theodore, 16 Rose, Battery, 143
271
INDEX
Roxas, Manuel A., 253-54 Rueda, Capt., 82-83, 85 Russo-Japanese War, 15, 19 Saalman, Lt. (later Maj.) Otis E., 138, 166 Saipan, 187 San Fernando, 39, 196 Santo Tomas camp, 180, 182,201 Sato, Col. Gempachi, 134, 145, 148, 150-52, 156, 170, 173, 175 Savage, Col., 142 Sayre, Francis B., 43 Schaeffer, Maj. Max W., 138, 154-55, 157, 162 Schedler, Dean, 124 Schenck, Capt. Harry, 69, 111 Scott, Lt. Warwick, 71 Searchlight batteries, 47, 115-16, 126, 144 roving, 116 See also Albany; Erie Seater, Lt. James, 122 Sea-water distillation plant, 88 Seaward Defense Command, 2,66,74-75 See also Bunker Self-propelled howitzers (SPM's), 202-3, 23234 Sense, Lt. Col. George A., 188, 189 Sharp, Maj. Gen. William F., Wainwright's sur-
render and, 170, 174, 178 Shell shock, 129, 131, 247 Shinozawa, Capt., 198 "Shinyo" boats, 197, 21112 Shinyo Maru, 195 Shirley, Pvt. Halford M., 152 SHO-l, 193-94 Short, Lt. Col. William B., 183 Shrode, Pvt. Harold, 46, 258 Silver reserve, disposal of, 90 Simmonds, Lt. Col. Norman, 160 Singapore, surrender of, 33, 76, 105, 169 Sino-Japanese War (1937), 23,25 Sitten, Maj. Morton K., 251 Skerry, Col. Harry A., 124 Slater, Pvt. Ellis W., 152 Smith, Robert Ross, 260
Smith, Battery, 53, 84, 112, 189-90 described, 11-12, 14 Smithback, T / 5 Arthur 0., 214 Solomon Islands, 175, 176, 186 South Luzon Force, 36, 39
Temate, 82, 83, 86-87, 204 Thomas, Lt. James R., 247 Thomson, Capt. Burton C., 180 Tisdelle, Capt. (later Maj.) Achille, 78 Topside, 75,128,159,174 described, 6-7
Spanish-American War, 2, 4
American paratroop jump
Spearfish (submarine), 142 Spicer, Capt. Emmet R., 218 StacWek, Spec. 5th Cl. Edward,228 Stark, Adm. Harold R., 26 Stewart, Cpl. Alvin E., 15657 Stievenart, Lt. Rene E., 24546 Stockade, Battery, 158 Subic Bay, 16, 18, 204 Submarines, American, 34
ineffective after Pearl Harbor, 35-36 at Corregidor during siege, 47,77,79-80,103, 142 prisoner ships torpedoed by, 195 Suicide airplanes, 199 Suicide blasts, 239-40, 242, 245-46 Suicide motorboats, 197, 211-12 Sunset, Battery, 78, 116 Supplies of food, 39-40, 42-43, 61-62, 76, 101-4, 141 brought in by submarine, 47,77,79-80,103 blockade running for, 7981,103, 110 of quinine, 101, 115 See also Ammunition; Fuzes; Water short-
ages Sweeney, Battalion Sgt. Maj. John H., 166 Taft, William Howard, 17 Tait, Capt. (later Col.) Albert L., 218 Takao Harbor, 196 Tanks American, 38, 224, 232, 242,245 Japanese, 167, 169,226, 239 Tarawa, 186-87 Teague, Col. Theodore T. (Tiger), 180 Templeman, Harold, 220
onto (1945), 205, 206,208,212-21 renovated lighthouse on, 253 described today, 255 Topside Barracks, 6, 19-20, 97, 248,255 MacArthur moves from, 50-51 Red Cross canteen in (1945),220 Torpedoes, ineffective, 36 Toyoda, Adm. Soemu, 193 Trolley line, 42, 53 described, 8 Trout (submarine), 47, 77, 79-80 Turinsky, Lt. Joseph A., 236 Tunnels, 8, 23, 29, 77-78 See also Affirm; Baker; Malinta; Queen;
Radio Intercept; Roger Tydings-McDuffie Act, 25 Ulanowicz, Col. Emil M., 196 United States aircraft A-20, 207, 212,220 B-17, 28, 109 destroyed at Clark Field, 34-35 B-24,28,207,212 B-25, 109, 212 C-47,213,218-20,23132 P-26, 86 P-35, 35, 110 P-40, 28, 64,86-87,93, 110 destroyed at Clark Field, 34-35 P-47, 207, 211, 234, 238,243,247,248 PBY,141-42 Piper Cub, 247 Stearman biplane trainer,
86-87 United States Army units Sixth Army, 193,201, 204-7 Eighth Army, 201 lith Airborne Division, 201,202
272 United States Army units (cont.) 1st Cavalry Division, 2013 24th Infantry Division, 205, 225 27th Infantry Division, 187 37th Infantry Division, 201-3 38th Infantry Division, 204, 249 Philippine Division, 37, 61, 104 5th Cavalry Regiment, 203 26th Cavalry Regiment (PS), 38, 101 59th Coast Artillery Regiment, 29, 59, 74, 154, 162 described, 67, 69 antiaircraft batteries of, 44 60th Coast ArtLlery Regiment, 29, 74, 82, 114, 257 described, 44-48 in action, 49, 52-57, 97-98 91st Coast Artillery Regiment (PS), 69, 74, 105, 116, 136 92nd Coast Artillery Regiment (PS), 69-70, 72, 74, 83, 102, 136 31st Infantry Regiment, 37,62, 105 34th Infantry Regiment, 205,214,215,22226,228-42,259 45th Infantry Regiment, 37, 105, 142 57th Infantry Regiment (PS), 37, 60, 64, 105 151st Infantry Regiment, 204,248-51 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment, 205-7, 213- 21, 226-27, 229-34, 237, 24148,258-59 113th Engineer Battalion, 250 803rd Engineer Battalion, 109, 136, 148, 150 462nd Parachute Field Artillery Battalion, 214,221-22, 231, 232,238,242,243 192nd Tank Battalion, 38 603rd Tank Company, 224 Provisional Tank Group, 38
INDEX United States Army Air Force units Fifth Air Force, 207, 211 Far East Air Force, 35 Fourteenth Air Force ("Flying Tigers"), 57 3rd Attack Group, 207 307th Bomb Group, 207 317th Troop Carrier Group, 213 United Sta tes Marine Corps units First Division, 176, 185 4th Regiment, 51-52, 74-75, 77, 105, 120, 130-31, 135-38 strength of, 135 4th Battalion, 138, 154, 162-67, 177 Regimental Reserve, 137-38, 154-57, 162-66 See also Landings on Corregidor by Japanese United States Navy in prewar strategic planning, 18, 24, 26 effect of Pearl Harbor attack on, 2-4 Houston sunk, 33 submarines prove in~ effective, 34, 35--36 on Bataan and Corregidor Naval district HDQ, 27, 71 Inshore Patrol, 58, 75, 121 number of personnel, 75-76 sailors as infantry, 62, 106, 112 at Leyte Gulf, 193 Kamikaze attacks on, 199 in recapture of Corregidor, 207, 20813,223
See also specific ships United States Navy units Seventh Fleet, 90 Task Force 38, 193-94 Task Force 77.3, 207-13 Torpedo Boat Squadron Three, 90 Uno, "Buddy," 179 Uraroura, Lt., 173 USAFFE pronunciation of, 43 tunnel headquarters of, 73 See also MacArthur USFIP,73
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Valtin, Jan, 255, 229 Vermillion, Sgt. Raleigh D., 122 Vershun, Sgt. Lewis, 230 Villamor, Capt. (later Col.) Jesus A., 86-87, 258 Wainwright, Maj. Gen. (late, Gen.) Jonathan M. (Skinny), 113, 142, 259 in North Luzon defense, 36--38 in Bataan defense, 60-62 takes command of Philippines and Corregidor, 73 food problem and, 103-4 wishes to spare lives, 108-9, 169-70 in final defense of Corregidor, 116, 123-24, 130, 133, 141, 143 promoted to Lt. Gen., 123 landings and, 162 decides to surrender, 169-70 surrender of, 173--75, 178 as prisoner, 183 Wake Island, 3, 31, 32 Walcher, Mrs. Bruce, see Greenwalt War correspondents, 12324,224 War Plans Division, 78-79 Washington Naval Conference, 21-22 Water-pumping system, 123 Water shortages, 140-41, 227,235 Water Tank Hill, 139 fighting at (1942), 15157, 162-67 fighting at (1945), 243-44 See also Denver Way, Battery, 127, 130, 143, 150, 158-61, 255 described, 11, 19, 20 West, Sgt. Joe, 112 West Virginia, U.S.S., 3, 193-94 Wheeler, Battery, 69, 97, 143, 154, 161, 190, 221, 232, 235-36, 248 described, 10-11 Whiskey, 102 Whitcomb, Lt. Edgar D., 168, 181-82
273 White, Capt. Robert J., 84 Whitson, Lt. Joe M., Jr., 239 Wilkes, U.S.S., 223 Williams, Lt. Dick, 220 Williams, Pvt. Earl J ., 215 Williams, Maj. Francis H . {Joe), 138, 162, 167 Williams, Lt. (later Lt. Col.) Maude D., 107, 127 Willoughby, Col. (later Maj. Gen.) Charles A., 83 Wilson, Battery, 58-59, 112, 119,143,159,250 Winters, Sgt. Clyde E ., 122 Women on Corregidor, 56, 70 nurses, 70, 126-27
INDEX Women on Corregidor (cont.) escape from Bataan, 105-6 evacuated from Ccrregidor, 142 after surrender, 180 freed,201 prostitutes, 189 Woodruff, Battery, 93 described, 12 American bombing of (1945),207 Woods, Maj. Robert H., 227, 233 Wooten, Gene W., 45 Wright, Battery, 143, 158
Yamamoto, Adm. Isoroku, 184-85 Yamashita, Gen. Tomoyuki and Leyte, 192-93 Luzon strategy of, 199201 Yamato (battleship), 193 YMS-48, 209-10 Yokoyama, Lt. Gen. Shizuo, 200 Yoshida, Col. Motohiko, 159 Young, U.S.S., 223 Zaragoza bridge, battle of, 38-39 Zero, see Japanese aircraft"Zeke"
About the Authors James H. and William M. Belote are professional historians with extensive backgrounds in military and naval history. They are veterans of the North African campaigns of World War II. Born in Bellevue, Washington, the authors, who are twin brothers, are graduates of the University of Washington in Seattle and received their doctorates from the University of California at Berkeley. William Belote is currently Associate Professor of History at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. He is a co-author of a book, The Great Sea War, edited by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, and has published several articles. James H. Belote was for six years a military affairs analyst for a United States government agency in Washington, D.C. He is at present Associate Professor of History at Principia College in Elsah, illinois.