THE BATTLE FOR MANILA RICHARD CONNAUGHTON JOHN PIMLOTT AND DUNCAN ANDERSON
BLOOMSBURY
FILIPINAS
I*!ERITAG~ LiBRARY
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7(, This book is dedicated to the noncombatant men, women, children and infants who were killed during the Battle for Manila, February 3 to March 3, 1945.
First published in Great Britain 1995 This paperback edition published 1997 Bloomsbury Publishing Pic, 38 Soho Square, London WIV 5DF Copyright Š 1995 by Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott and Duncan Anderson The moral right of the authors has been asserted Maps on pages 9- 13 drawn by Keith Chaffer A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the
British Library ISBN 0 7475 3709 7 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I Typeset by Hewer Text Composition Services, Edinburgh Printed in Great Britain by Clays Limited, St Ives pic
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CONTENTS
Photo captions
5
Foreword
7
Maps
9
1 Pearl of the Orient
15
2 The Japanese in Manila: January 1942-January 1945
39
3 Envelopment
80
4 Over the Pasig
107
5 The Battle Joined
141
6 Within Walls
161
7 The Unwanted Battle: An Appraisal
179
Index
221
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PHOTO CAPTIONS I Internees at the University of Santo Tomas raising the US flag over the main entrance of the campus on February 6, 1945, 48 hours after their liberation by the 1st Cavalry Division. (Ayala Museum - Library and Iconographic Archive) 2 Lieutenant Colonel Toshio Hayashi and his men being escorted away from the University of Santo Tomas on the morning of February 5. The civilian in the white shirt on the right is special agent Ernest Stanley. (Ayala Museum - Library and Iconographic Archive) 3 Gun lines were quickly established in the grounds of the University of Santo Tomas. Here 105mrn howitzers are seen firing on February 5. (US Army) 4 Manila's long, straight streets provided excellent fields of fire for weapons like this American .30 Browning machine-gun, which could hit targets at more than 2000 yards. Unfortunately at such distances it was impossible to tell Japanese from Filipinos. (US Army) 5 The burnt-out Bay View Hotel from M.H. del Pilar Street. For three days from February 9 the Japanese imprisoned hundreds of girls and young women in the Bay View and raped them repeatedly. (Ayala Museum Library and Iconographic Archive)
6 With scarcely a glance at a Japanese corpse, US troops advance deeper into Manila on February 12. (US Army) 7 The Philippine General Hospital, liberated by the Americans on February 17. Familiar with the sight, soldiers and evacuees are unconcerned about this dead Japanese soldier lying near the front steps of the hospital. Note that looters have already stolen his shoes and personal belongings. (Ayala Museum - Library and Iconographic Archive) 8 The ruins of Manila's New Police Station. This two-storey, reinforcedconcrete building, the focal point of Japanese resistance to the east of Intramuros, came under attack by the US 129th Regiment on February 13. A week later it had still not been taken. Veterans of the 129th described it as 'the most formidable obstacle the regiment encountered during the war.' (Ayala Museum - Library and Iconographic Archive)
9 A US 240mrn howitzer firing into the walls of Intramuros on February 19. (US Army) 10 At 8.40 a.m. on February 23, troops of the 3rd Battalion 129th Infantry scramble ashore on the south side of the Pasig River near the Government 5
THE BATTLE FOR MANILA Mint, and dash for the breaches the artillery barrage has made in the walls of Intramuros. (Ayala Museum - Library and Iconographic Archive) 11 Between February 23 and February 25 US troops cleared the Japanese from Intramuros. Here an American soldier uses a flamethrower to eliminate an enemy strongpoint in the wall. (Ayala Museum - Library and Iconographic Archive) 12 Women and children killed by bayonet and rifle fire in Intramuros. (US Army) 13 Soldiers of the US Infantry, supported by an armored bulldozer, mop up resistance in the streets of Intramuros. (US Army) 14 The ruins of the Legislative Building, scene of intense fighting between February 25 and February 27, seen from the northwest. (US Army) 15 A view of the Quezon Bridge and the devastated south bank of the Pasig, looking toward the east. (US Army) 16 Alaistair ('Shorty') Hall with his children (from left) Ian, Consuelo, . Alaistair and Roderick outside the gymnasium of the University of Santo Tomas internment camp, in February 1945, shortly after the reunion. 17 US General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, commander of Allied forces in the South West Pacific, broadcasts, on February 26, 1945, his address in Manila restoring to the Commonwealth government the administration of liberated areas of the Philippines. Sergio Osmena (right), President of the Commonwealth, and US officers stand behind General MacArthur. The general said: 'My country has kept the faith. Its soldiers come here as an army of free men dedicated, with your people, to the cause of human liberty, and committed to the task of destroying those evil forces that have fought to suppress it by brutality of the sword.' 18 A photograph believed to show Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi, commander of Japanese forces in Manila. 19 Major General Robert S. Beightler, commander of the 37th Infantry Division. (US Army) 20 General Tomoyuki Yamashita, Commander-in-Chief of all Japanese forces in the Philippines, led away to Bilibid prison after signing the surrender document on September 3, 1945. (US Army Military History Institute) 21 The Memorial of the Philippine Liberation, Corregidor Island. Ii bears no mention of the Liberation of Manila. .
6
FOREWORD
The authors wish to record their thanks and appreciation to the many people who have made availal?le anecdotes and diaries and have given interviews. We are particularly grateful to Senor Jose Olbes and Senor Enrique Zobel, who, at very short notice, gave freely of their time and submitted themselves to extensive interrogation. Special thanks are due to the members of the Memorare-Manila 1945 Committee, notably Ambassador Juan Jose P. Rocha and Ambassador Miguel Perez-Rubio, but particularly to the Committee's historian, Edgar Krohn Jr. While many people have helped with the research and writing, the book could never have been produced without the imagination, persistence, and unflagging energy of Mr Roderick Hall. He got the project off the ground and supported it through to the end. Special thanks should also be given to Roderick Hall's sister, Consuelo H. McHugh, who generously supported the project and devoted considerable time to reading the manuscript. The authors are grateful to them both. Thanks are also due to the Ayala Museum, Manila, Library of Congress Office, South East Asia, and to the Director and Staff, US Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The authors found that the re-creation of the destroyed city posed many difficulties, not the least of which was the correct use of place-names. Street names appearing in this work are those which were in use at the time. Many have subsequently changed. In addition, a number of streets appearing in the narrative do not feature in the maps. To have done so would have led to congestion ~
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THE BATTLE FOR MANILA
and confusion. Where this is the case, the streets appear for the record. The authors set out on this project with a detachment that American, Japanese, or Filipino historians may have found difficult. However, as we met more and more survivors of the battle it was impossible to remain emotionally neutral. How, then, did the people who survived the destruction of Manila come to terms with the experience? The behaviour of Elpidio Quirino, a former President of the Philippines, is a guide. Here was a man whose family was massacred either by the Japanese or by American artillery. Mter he became President in 1949, one of his official acts was to issue a Presidential Proclamation pardoning all the Japanese war criminals tried, convicted and incarcerated in the Philippines. People around him were perplexed. 'How,' they asked, 'after all you have been through, can you pardon these people?' He replied: 'I cannot live the rest of my life harbouring hatred towards our former enemies.' RMC, JLP, DA Camberley, England June 1997
8
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THE BATTLE FOR MANILA
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11
THE BATTLE FOR MANILA
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INDEX Page numbers in italics refer to photo captions Abadilla, Justine 129 Abe, Capt. Saburo 73, 89 Abiko, Lt. 41, 42, 94 Adevoso, Eleuterio 'Terry' 87 Agricultural Building 18, 157, 162, 170, 172- 3, 188 Agustin, Marcos 61 air-strikes 3(}-2, 163-4, 192 all-arms coopera.tion 193-4 Allen, Robert 31 Amando, Tony 58 American community 16, 18,40, 42, 44, 48 Andaya, Rosario 124 Antipolo 142,203 Army and Navy Club 21 , 24, ISS Arnett, Peter 199 Arnold, Gen. 'Hap' 25 artillery 134-{;, 145-51 , 174-5, 190, 192, 194, 195-7 Assumption Convent 39, 61, ISO Ateneo College 117 Aviles Street 19, 95 Ayala y Cia 31 , 54, 55 Azcarraga Street 26, 30, 91 Baguio 18, 126-7, 185,203 Balintawak Beer Brewery 10(}-1 02 Bataan 21 , 24, 32- 3, 45, 48, 72, 100, 143, 182, 202 Bataan death march 48, 56, 90 Bataan Gang 8(}-2 Batangas 87, 174 Batavia IS, 44, 49 BayViewHotel2l,23,114-16, !18, 131,145,155 Beightler, Gen. R.s. 84, 91 , 101- 103, 109, 132, 163,175-6, 187, 192,195 Belarmino, Father 168- 9 Bilibid prison 30, 40, 70, 96-100,102, 132,148, 181 , 183, 200 Binondo district 18, 26 black market 53-4, 70 Botanical Gardens 188 Brady, Col. 95 Brereton, Gen. Lewis 26, 28 British community 16, 18, 19, 40, 42, 44, 59-ffl brothels 61 , 1l4-16 Brown, Edna 40 Buencamino, Victor 39, 45, 57 Burnham Green 172, 192, 209 Cabanatuan 90 Cagayan Valley 203-4 Caloocan 164 Calub, Bernardino 120 Cantreras, Mariano 62, 68 Capas 56 Caro, Isabel 116-18 casualties IS, 89, 98, 104, 110, III, 112, 122, 123, 145, lSI , 157, 174-5, 194-5, 196,210,202,204 Cavite 30, 72, 87, 90, 187 Chanko, Tony 74 Chase, Gen. William C. 84,91,95 Chicote, Prudencio 154, 160 Chimaco, Joe 62-3 Chinese community 16, 17
City Hall 18,26,71, 125, lSI, 157, 196, 198 Civil Censorship Detachment 93 Civilian Emergency Administration 29 Clark Field 26, 28, 30, 72, 83, 85,134,175,181, 202,203 Cleto, Private 112 Coffee Pot Cafe 114 Colayco, Capt. Manuel 91 Corregidor 21 , 33, 35,45,46,48,49,72,80, 100, 132,201,202 Cosgrave, Father Francis 130, 131, 133 Crouter, Natalie 99 Cruz, Carmen G. see Nakpil, e.G. Cruz, Major Emigdio 64 Cruz, Ismael Jr. 147 Dawn 62 Dawn oj Freedom, The 60 defences, Japanese 188- 91 Demerin, Cannelina 57 Dewey Boulevard 2(}-21, 27, 29, 31, 46, 51, 73, 125, ISS, 192 Diehl, Walter Hoffman 95 Diller, Col. Legrand 201, 212, 213 Dionisio (houseboy) 129 Dunckel, Gen. William e. 89, 212
Ebiko, Major 96 Eichelberger, Gen. R. 81-83, 85-9, 181-4, 186, 199,204 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 16-20 Eisenhower family 19 Elks Club 21, ISS Ermita district 21, 22, 23, 28, 74, 108, 114, 116, 133-4, 176 Esteban, Luis 149- 50, 159 Estero de Binondo 166 Estero de Paco 110, 111- 12, 137 Estero de Tonque III, 121 evacuation 29- 30, 70, 127 Fallon, Father 145 Far Eastern University 91 Farolan, Modesto 123-5 Filipinos 15,48,49- 50,56-9,60, 96,98,101,110, 114,123,127,168,174,179,183,196,200 Finance Building 18, 157, 162, 170, 172-3, 188 food crisis 52- 3, 7(}-1 Formosa 28, 80, 143 Fort Abad 42, 144, 151 , 211 Fort McKinley 20, 31, 47, 69, 74, 88, 89, 112, 113, 126, 141- 2, 187 Fort Santiago 22, 33, 35, 45, 46, 55, 58, 63, 68, 70, 110, 167, 168, 169- 70 Fox, Hubert & Nattie 129 Furuse, Capt. Takusue 74 Gaiety Theater 58, 68 Garcia sisters 114-16 Gardenia district 23 General Post Office 18, 87, 125, lSI , 157, 166-7 Genko Line 88, 89 George, Col. Harold L. 25
221
THE BA TTLE FOR MANILA German Club 57, 119-21, 146 German community 16,30,40,57,119,121, 131 , 148 Gisbert, Dr. Antonio 110 Goodrich factory 58 Goverrunent Mint 163, 166, 167 Grace Park 18,50, 142, 173 Greater Manila 5(}"'1 Griswold, Gen. O. 83--5, 104, 163, 173, 175, 192 guerrillas 49, 63-4, 65, 67- 9, 70, 84, 87, 90, 91, 107, 126, 138, 167, 183, 186,204 Guimba83 Guinto, Leon G. 51,70
Japanese Home Islands 180,205 Japanese Military Administration 51, 53 Joaquin, Nick 18, 27 Juan, Mrs Juan P. 125 Kalibapi 51 Keil, Staff Sgt. George III Kelly, Father 74, 145 Kempeilai 43, 45, 53, 59, 69-70, 74, 123, 136 Kobayashi, Gen. Takashi 187 Koeki, Lt. 45 Koreans 143 Krohn family 141>-9 Krueger, Gen. W. 81- 84, 89, 163-4, 171, 173, 180-4, 186, 199,202,204 Kuroda, Gen. S. 46, 60, 63, 6s-{;, 68
Hagonoy Isthmus 74 Hall, Alaistair 'Shorty' 20, 34, 39-40, 41, 59, 68, 132, 152- 3 Hall, Gen. Charles 85, 182,202 Hall, Consuelo 20, 39, 54, 71, 75, 132, 153 Hall, Ian 55, 61, 75, 132, 152 Hall, Roderick 20, 29, 51, 61, 66, 71, 75, 132,152 Harrison Park 127, 144 Hartendorp, A.V.H. 99-100 Hayashi, Lt. Col. T. 41, 92, 95, 131, 143 Henaghan, Father 74, 145 Henne, Major Chuck 109 Hiroshima 174 \ Homma, Gen. M. 32,45,47-8, 50, 134 Hong Kong 15, 39, 40 Hubert, Brother 133 Hunter's ROTC Guerrillas 63, 87 Iba airfield 30 Imperial Headquarters 64-6, 69, 71, 72 Imperial Japanese Air Force 3(}"'1, 33, 6&-7, 72 Imperial Japanese Army 242-5, 27-9, 32, 72, 83,127 Central Force 74, 109, 143, 158 Fourteenth Area Army 184-5, 202 Infantry Battalions 143 Kembu Group 72, 83, 181,203 Manila Defense Force 187 Noguchi Force 72, 97, 101 , 143 Shimbu Group 72- 3, 89, 112- 13, 141- 2, 187,203 Shobu Group 72, 83, 181,203 Southern Army 65 Southern Force 73-4 Thirty-Fifth Army 204 Imperial Japanese Labor Work Force 143, 171 Imperial Japanese Marines 153 Imperial Japanese Navy 71, 72,116,185 Battalions 73, 89, 109- 10, 142-4, 151, 158 Combined Fleet 69 Manila Naval Defense Force 73, 89, 97,141, 158, 185-7, 189, 199 South West Area Fleet 66, 185 Special Base Force 72, 187 Indo-China 25 internees 30, 40-44, 45,59,67,70,92-101,131 , 167, 171,181,183 Intramuros 17,21 - 22,26,27,33, 101>-11 , 122, 13J- 32, 145, 151, 155-8, 161-7, 169-71, 176, 187-8, 189, 192-3, 196, 198 Irwin, Lt. Col. John N. 1190 Isaac Peral Street 137, 153, 156 Italian community 30, 40 Iwabuchi, Rear Adm. S. 72- 3, 74, 89, 92,112- 13, J32, 141-4, 171, 185-7 Japanese Club 130 Japanese community 16, 30, 40
La SaUe College 121, 13(}"'33, 144 Labatt, Major Blair 90 Laguna de Bay 74, 88, 203 Laborra, Dr. Tony 14s-{; LaJor, Father John 14s-{; Lauchengco, Eduardo 70 Laurel, Jose P. 52, 60, 64 Legislative Building 18,91,132,157,162,170, 172, 188,209 • Leo, Brother 131 Lerocque, M. Louis 121 Leyte 69, 71, 81, 184 Lingayen 31-33,48,72,73,80,81,82-3, 142,163, 180, 181, 185, 187, 192, 194,203 looting 34-5, 39, 52, 53,"131 Lopez, Francisco 120 Los Batios 203 Lu Lorna Cemetery 181>-9 Luneta 21, 22, 27, 46, 51, 15s-{; Luzon 15,25,47,52,61,69,71-72,82, 180, 185, 186,202-4 M.H. del Pilar Street 23, 75, 117 MacArthur, Douglas 132, 175,201 American Military Mission 1&-17, 19,23-8 counteroffensive 48, 52, 64-5, 68, 83, 85, 97, 102, 155, 164, 192 entry into Manila 209- 14 method of command 181 ntilitary mega-star 8(}"'83 obsession 179-8 1, 183-4, 186 Reminiscences 32-3, 98 MacArthur family 20, 23-4 McMicking, Lt. Col. Joseph 19,20, 33, 68, 8(}"'1, 153,201 McMicking family 19, 39, 75, 127, 153 McMicking-Hall family 6&-7, 74-5,127,151 Makapili 69- 70, 92, 130 Makati 153 Malacatian Palace 17, 19,52,91,95,97,109,110, 137,201 Malate Church 74, 145 Malate district 2(}"'1, 28, 30, 41,44, 51, 108, 121, 144-5,147, 176 Maldonado, Jose 154, 160 Manila Bay 20, 25, 35, 65, 67, 72, 73, 126, 144, 155, 187,202-3 Manila Cathedral 113 Manila (British) Club 126, 156 Manila Hotel 17,20,21 , 22, 24, 28, 35, 114, 125, 145, 155-6, 180 Manila Intelligence Group 63 Manila Polo Club 20, 24, 27, 29,141 Manila Telephone Company 40 Manila Yacht Club 20, 35, 144
222
INDEX Marking's guerrillas 63 Marshall, Gen. George 25, 81 Masonic Temple 75, 136, 153,201 massacres 15, 96, 107--8, 110,113- 14, 120-21, 123- 5, 128- 30, 132,131--8,143, 154,167- 9,174, 183, 186 Mendoza family 134, 136-7 Mikawa, Vice Adm. Gunichi 66 Military Mission 16, 17, 21 , 24, 33 Mindanao 28, 65, 204 mines 188, 197 Monaghan, Father 74, 145 Moncupa, Tony 56 Montalban 141 Montgomery, Capt. William 99 Moreta, Dr. Rafael 153 Mudge, Gen. Vernon D . 84, 90 Municipal Light & Power 121- 22, 125 Muto, Gen. Akira 66, 184 Nakpil, C.G. 28, 33, 44, 123, 147 Nasugbu 84, 86, 87, 89, 127, 182 Nation~1 Rice & Corn Corporation (NARlC) 39, 45, 53, 57 Nery, Librado 61 New Guinea 64 New Police Station 126, 131 , 156, 196 Nichols Field 28, 30, 65,.67, 68, 73-4, 87, 88, 126, 182, 187 Nielson Field 65, 68, 74 .Noguchi, Col. K . 73, 97, 101 , 108, 113, 143 , Novaliches Dam 142, 193,200 Ocampas, Oscar 55 Ocampo, Lt. Col. E.V. de 87, 108, 138 O'Doherty, Archbishop Michael J. 50 Ohaus, Martin 120 Ohio State National Guard 102 Ohta, Col. Seichi 4,S-j), 55-6, 69- 70 Okochi, Vice Adm. D. 69, 73, 185 Olbes, Jose 28, 34, 41, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, 66-7, 68, 74, 130 Olbes family 20 Orange War Plans (WPO) 24-5, 32 Ortigas, Arturo 152 Ortigas, Senorita 'Chibi' 60 Osmena, Pres. Sergio 68, 132, 209- 10, 212 P. Burgos Street 17- 18, 21 , 26,209 Pacific Campaign 195 Paco Church 113 Paco district 30, 58, 96, 108, 109- 10, 112, 141 railroad station 111- 12 Pahr, Private 104 Palico River bridge 86 Pampanga River 90 Pandacan district 30, 34, 35, 109 Panlilio, Yay 63 Parafiaque 73-4 Parafiaque River 87 Parsons, Lt. Cmdr. 'Chick' 64 Pasay 30, 39, 45, 50, 73, 114 Pasig River 17, 18, 19, 22, 26, 30, 35, 67, 100, 141 , 163- 5 crossing 103-4, 108-12, 131 , 194 Pearl Harbor 28- 9 Penetration Operations 70 Pennsylvania Street 126 Peralta Apartments 118 Perez-Rubio family 126-9, 144 Philippine Air Force 19 Philippine Army 19,24-5,27, 33, 40
71st Division 32 Reserves 27, 63 Philippine Constabulary 28, 30, 31, 34, 53 Philippine Department 22, 24 Philippine Executive Commission 50-51, 53 Philippine General Hospital 22, 31 , 131 , 148- 50, 196 Philippine Regional Section (PRS) 3-4 Philippines Herald 29,31 , 47, 66 Philippine Review 62 Philippine Women's University 136 Philippines 24-6, 47- 9, 64-6 independence 51 - 52 Philippines Campaign 179, 202- 5 Picornell, Pedro 44, 14,S-j) Plaridel90 Port District 34, 67,108,155,157, 162,170-1, 193,202- 3 Preparation Committee for Philippine Independence 51 - 52 Prising, Constance 29, 41 , 54, 59 Prising, Frederick 28, 39, 45, 54 Prising, Robin 29, 39, 41 , 42, 60, 67 prisoners of war 40, 60, 90, 96, 100-111, 181, 183 propaganda 47- 50, 62, 68 Provisor Island 59,103-4, 109- 11,120-122, 125,193, 194, 200 Pugo & Togo 62- 3, 68 Quezon, Aurora 20 Quezon, Pres. Manuel 17, 19, 24, 50, 64, 68 Quezon Boulevard 18,91 Quezon Bridge, 18,31,91, 132 Quezon City 50, 69, 121 Quiapo 16, 24, 34, 61 Quiapo Church 16, 23 Quirino, Pres. Elpidio 6, 133- 7 Quirino family 133-8
Radio KZRH 28, 31 , 49 Ramcar 116 Rangoon 15, 44 rape 115- 16, 119- 21,131 , 149, 154 Red Cross building 123-5 Reese, Private 121 Remedios Hospital 44, 54, 59, 144-5 reparations 174 Ricarte, Gen. Artemio 69 Rizal, Dr Jose 45, 147 Rizal Avenue 18, 31 , 209 Rizal Hall 157 Rizal Stadium 41 , 127, 144, 151 Rocha Beech famil y 120 Rocha family 146-7 Rogers, Sgt. Paul 22- 3, 28, 80, 20 I Roman Catholics 23, 27, 50 Romulo, Carlos P. 31, 33-4, 35, 49, 68, 100 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 25-6, 81 Roxas, Pres. Manuel 134 Saigon 15, 53, 65, 185 St Paul's Convent 51, 113, 151 St Vincent de Paul Church 113, 156 Sampaloc district 23, 31, 95 Sams, Margaret 99 San Agustin Church 167- 70 San Andres Market 146 San Antonio 182 San Bernardino Strait 69 San Fabian 83 San Juan de Dios Hospital 22,113, 167 San Juan Reservoir 193, 200
223
THE BATTLE FOR MANILA San Pablo Church 156 Santa Catalina College 33 Santa Clara Convent 168, 169 Santa Cruz 18, SO, 70 Santa Rosa College 34, 113, 167 Santa Teresa College 126 Santo Domingo Church 22- 3, 33, 113, 167 Santo Tomas University 31,~, 54, 67, 68, 70, 71,91- 96,98- 9, 100, 123, 131- 32, 143, 152, 181 , 183,200 Sayre, Francis B. 21 Selleck, Brig. Gen. Clyde 32 Senko-Seisaku 132 Sho (Victory) Plan 65, 69 shortages 52-4, 7~71 Singapore 15, 40, 49 Sison, Dr Antonio G. 148 Smith, Robert R. 121 , 157, 17~I, 173 Solomon, Andres 62, 68 Soriano, Col. 214 South West Pacific Area 63-4, 82 Spanish community 16, 17,20,22,28,48, 121 spies 168 Stanley, Ernest 92. 94-5, 131 Stevenson, Dr. 92 Stimson, Henry 25 Sutherland, Josephine 20 Sutherland, Major Richard 2~21, 28, 8~81, 201,214 Suzuki, Gen. Sosaku 204 Swing, Gen. Joseph 84-7, 89, 182 Syquia, Concepci6n J. de 134, 137 Taft Avenue 24,148, 151,152,209 Tagaytay Ridge 85, 86-7, 89, 182 Taguchi, Monsignor 50 Talusig, Marcela Sayo 58 Tanaka, Gen. Shijuichi 46, 51 tanks 26, 191 Terauchi, Field Marshal Count Hisaichi 184,186 theatre 62 Thorpe, Gen. Elliott 90 Thresher, USS 64 Time 82, 98 Tobo 92,94 Tojo, Hideki 51, 60, 66 ' Tokyo 174 Tokyo War Crimes Trial 120 Tominaga, Gen. Kyoji 66, 72 Tondo district 22. 28, 34, 96, 104 Tukamuto, Father SO
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Ukon, Tabuyen 50 United States 48- 9 University of the Philippines 22, 27, 28,123,148. 150, 157, 196 urban fighting 189. 191- 2, 198-200 US Army 25 Sixth Army 15,8 1, 81- 3,85,88-9,163,180,182 Eighth Army 15, 81, 85, 88- 9, 182, 204 Xl Corps 182, 202 XIV Corps 83-4, 88, 89, 101, 103, 113, 141 , 162-4,171,176, 181,182,183, 188, 191, 194, 198, 202, 203
Airborne Division, 11th 85, 88-9, 112- 13,127, 182- 3, 203-4 Amphibian Tractor Battalion 109 Cavalry Divisions 31- 32 1st 83-4, 89- 91 , 93-5, 97-8, 100-1 ,103-4, 112- 13,122,126,131,144,151,170,181, 187, 193,203 Cavalry Regiments 127, 151, 172- 3 Chemical Mortar Battalion 148, 164 Field Artillery Battalions 148, 196 Infantry Divisions 202- 3 37th 84-5, 90, 96-7, 10~104, 107, 112, 122, 151 , 165, 17~I , 175, 176, 181, 187, 192, 193-4, 202, 203-4 Infantry Regiment, 129th 109-11, 122, 126, 131, 164-7, 169- 70 145th 109, 165-7, 170, 198 148th 107- 9, 122, 126, 148, ISO, 172- 3 Parachute Regiments 86, 202 Ranger Battalion 90 Tank Battalions 26, 93, 194 Tank Destroyer Battalion 194 US Army Air Force 86 27th Bombardment group 28 Air War Plans Department 25 Far Eastern Air Force 26 US Army Forces Far East (USAFFE) 25, 28, 30, 33 US High Commission 21, 46,155 US Joint Chiefs of StafT 80 US Navy 24- 5, 69, 80, 86 US War Department 24 utilities 103, 109 Valdefuente Bridge 90 Vargas, Jorge B. 5~1 Vasquez-Prada family 13~33 Venecia, Dr. German de 124 Ver, Miguel 87 Vietnam 199 violence, Japanese 56-8 Vito Cruz Street 27, 144, 209 Voice of Freedom 48, 49, 68 Wainwright, Gen. J. 32,46,48,63 Wawa Dam 203 weaponry 189- 91 , 194, 196 Whitney, Gen. Courtney 64, 201 Willoughby, Gen. Charles A. 33, 63,80-83, 180 WPO see Orange War Plans . Xavier, Brother 130 Yamashita, Gen. T. 66, 69- 70, 7~72, 83, 126, 132, 141 , 155-6, 184-7,204 Trial 114-15, 148, 174, 184-5 Yokoyama, Gen. S. 72-3, 113, 141- 2, 187,203 Yutaka, Abe 60 Zambales 85 Zobel, Enrique 31. 33, 34, Zobel, Col. Jacobo 33, 56 Zobel family 54 zona operations 70
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