Fighting for MacArthur : the Navy and Marine Corps’ desperate defense of the Philippines

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The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippines

JOHN GORDON

NAVAL INSTITUTE PRESS

Annapolis, Maryland

n.1 IN.~S J.:ERIT.4GE L'BRA~"

This book has been brought to publication with the generous assistance of Marguerite and Gerry Lenfest.

Naval Institute Press 291 Wood Road Annapolis, MD 21402

Š 2011 by John Gordon All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in -Publication Data Gordon, John, Fighting for MacArthur: the Navy and Marine Corps'desperate defense of the Philippines I John Gordon. p.cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-61251-057-6 (hbk. : alk. paper) - ISBN 978-1-61251-062-0 (ebook) 1. MacArthur, Douglas, 1880-1964.2. World War, 1939-1945-CampaignsPhilippines. 3. United States. Marine Corps-History-World War, 1939-1945.

4. United States. Navy-History-World War, 1939-1945. 5. World War, 1939-1945-Naval operations, American. 6. World War, 1939-1945-Pacific Area. 1. Title.

D767.4.G662011 940.54'2599-dc23 2011025475

@ This paper meets the requirements of ANSIINISO z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

Printed in the United States of America.

19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 First printing

9 8 7 6 5 432 1

Contents List of Illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

VB

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

Chapter 1.

The Navy and Marine Corps in the Philippines. . . . . . . . . . .

3

Chapter 2.

The Final Days of Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

21

Chapter 3.

War Begins '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

33

Chapter 4.

The Bombing of the Cavite Navy Yard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

41

Chapter 5.

Waiting for the Main Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

65

Chapter 6.

The Retreat to Bataan and Corregidor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

83

Chapter 7.

Settling in for the Siege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

99

Chapter 8.

Longoskawayan Point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127

Chapter 9.

Defeating the First Japanese Offensive .................. 161

Chapter 10, The Lull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173 Chapter 11. The Fall of Bataan .................................. 203 Chapter 12. State of the Beach Defenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 227 Chapter 13. The Artillery Duel ................................. 239 Chapter 14. The Final Bombardment ............................. 255 Chapter 15. The Battle for Corregidor. ........................... 271 Chapter 16. Surrender........................................ 299 Chapter 17. Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 311 AppendixA. Asiatic Fleet, 7 December 1941 .. .. .. ..... . ..... . ..... 321 Appendix B. U. S. Navy Personnel, 1 December 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 323 Appendix C. Japanese Artillery Units Available for Bombardment of Corregidor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325 Notes ..................................................... 327 Selected Bibliography ........... .. ... ..... .. ...... ... ...... .. 349 Index ..................................................... 359

v

III ust ra t ions Photographs

Admiral Thomas C. Hart, 1939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

4

Rear Admiral Francis Rockwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

7

October 1941 view of the Cavite Peninsula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

8

Mid-1930s view of the ~avite Navy Yard ........................ . .. 46 The wrecked Cavite Navy Yard after the raid ........................ 57 A Philippine fumy Q:boat passing the U.S. submarine S-41 in Manila Bay .. 102 Fort Drum .................................................. 107 Colonel Howard, Major General Moore, and Lieutenant Colonel Anderson .. 109 USS Canopus ................................................ 117 Prewar picture of Lieutenant William Hogaboom .................... 158 USS Mindanao . .............................................. 169 3rd Battalion staff on Corregidor ................................. 179 USS Quail . ................................................. 182 PT-41 ...................................................... 191 Captain Kenneth Hoeffel ....................................... 193 Lieutenant Colonel Adams and one of his Marines on Corregidor ....... 230 Battery Gillespie on Fort Hughes ................................ 243 Japanese fumy Sally bombers over Corregidor ...................... 275 Maps

Map 1.

The Philippine Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Map 2.

The fumy and Navy minefields at the entrance to Manila Bay .. 10

Map 3.

Corregidor Island ..................................... 105

6

Vll

Vl1l

Illustrations

Map 4.

The initial battles on Bataan, and the Japanese amphibious landings ............................ 131

MapS.

Longoskawayan Point .................................. 139

Map 6.

Fort Hughes ......................................... 222

Map 7.

Japanese artillery positions on Bataan and Cavite ............. 241

Map 8.

Final sinking positions of the Bataan Navy .................. 260

Map 9.

The Japanese landing on Corregidor ....................... 276

Tables Table 7.1. Seacoast Armament of the Harbor Defenses of

Manila and Subic Bays ................................ 108 Table 12.1. Personnel Assigned to Corregidor Beach Defenses,

1 May 1942 ........................................ 237 Table 13.1. Ammunition Available ................................ 246

Introduction

The 1941-42 Philippine Campaign was clearly dominated by the Army. General Douglas MacArthur became a household name during the defense of Bataan and Corregidor. Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright, although captured by the Japanese when Corregidor surrendered, became a revered name in the Army and fairly well known to the public at large. Americans, at least those who knew anything at all of the campaign, were proud of the story of the defense of the Philippines, despite the fact that it is the nation's worst battlefield defeat.

As I researched the campaign I came to the conclusion that the story of the role of the Navy and Marine Corps had never received adequate attention. There were some books that told pieces of the story, the most famous being 7hey were Expendable, published in 1942. That book was a wartime telling of the story of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron 3, the famous PT boats that fought the Japanese and evacuated MacArthur and his family from Corregidor in mid-March 1942. Like most books published during the war it contained more than a few inaccuracies, but was a stirring yarn nevertheless. A few other books and articles on the role of the Navy and the Marines were also available, some written soon after the war, others much later. However, there was no single work that told a coherent story of the Sea Services in the defense of the Philippines. Telling that story became my goal.

Because the fighting in the Philippines from December 1941 to May 1942 was primarily an Army operation I have tried to include an appropriate level of detail regarding the Army's activities due to the fact that the Army's successes and failures in the campaign had a direct effect on what happened to the sailors and Marines. Additionally, periodically describing the Army's activities puts the doings of the sea services in a proper context.

The Navy and Marines helped make the defense of the Philippines an epic story that, despite the eventual surrender of Bataan and Corregidor, was looked

1

2

Introduction

upon with pride by the American public at a point in the war when the Allies were suffering defeat after defeat. Sailors and Marines performed some of their most unusual missions of the entire war during this campaign. The last stand of the colorful China river gunboats, recalled so well in the classic 1960s' movie The Sand Pebbles, was in Manila Bay. A battalion of sailors and Marines fought as infantry against a Japanese amphibious landing on Bataan. Marines, whose primary mission during World War II was to assault defended enemy-held islands, were the main beach defense force on the island fortress of Corregidor.

Sailors, who before the war were the crews of river gunboats in China, manned heavy coast artillery batteries due to a shortage of Army artillerymen. The last organized counterattack by the U.S . forces in the Philippines was by a battalion of sailors who charged with fixed bayonets into the machine-gun fire of the Japanese assault force that had landed on Corregidor.

Some Army accounts of the campaign have displayed resentment that for most of the siege the Navy and Marine Corps were receiving more and better food than the Army. This book will show that the reason the sailors and Marines had more food was because Navy leadership in the Philippines quickly grasped the seriousness of the situation in the first few days following the start of the war and took appropriate action to prepare for a long siege. The Army leaders in the Philippines, on the other hand, waited until it was far too late to stockpile Bataan. The result was wholesale starvation of the 80,000 Filipino-American Army troops on the Peninsula, one of the greatest tragedies to befall U.S. Army personnel in all of World War II. At the highest levels of command there were problems between the services.

In particular, the relationship between the Army and Navy was strained for the rest of the war due to the actions of General Douglas MacArthur. Always wanting to take credit for what went right, but avoiding any responsibility for the defeats the Americans suffered in the Philippines, MacArthur was instrumental in bringing down a four-star Navy admiral, Thomas C. Hart, the commander in chief of the U.S. Asiatic Fleet. At the lower command levels, however, there was generally good cooperation between the Army, Navy, and Marines.

The role of the Navy and Marines in the Philippine Campaign has generally been unappreciated. This is somewhat surprising considering that the Campaign accounted for by far the largest number of Navy and Marine prisoners to fall into enemy hands during World War II. Many books have been written about the defense of Wake Island during sixteen days in December 1941. Some 400 Marines were captured on Wake. In the Philippines, however, approximately 1,480 Marines were taken prisoner, as were about 2,300 officers and men of the Navy. Theirs is certainly a story worth telling.

Index

Abucay-Moron Line: battles along, 127, 150,171 ; collapse of, 130-33; defense along, 122; retreat from , 157, 161, 171 Adams, John P., 17,58,77,179,230 air operations, division of control of, 22, 28

Alden,27, 322 ammunition. See weapons and ammunition Anderson, H. R., 14, 72, 109, 229 anti-aircraft batteries: Cavite Navy Yard attack, 49, 55 ; on Corregidor, 56, 1l0, 113- 14, 201 ; 1st Separate Battalion mission, 17,34; on Forts, 1l0, 168, 221 - 23 ; inadequacy of during Cavite attack, 60, 334nn23- 24; location of, 17; Mariveles area operations, 128; minced meat pies for, 201 ; war operations, readiness for, 34; war preparations and manning of, 23, 34 Anyasan Point, 162-66 Aparri, 41, 44-45, 70, 85,88 Army, U.S. : bombers based at Luzon, 12; Cavalry Regiment, 26th, 84, 96; equipment and supplies, destruction of, 212- 13; equipment and supplies for, 69; escape from the Philippines, opportunity for personnel, 19; food supply and meal restrictions, 2, 68, 122-23, 169, 185- 90, 198; force strength of, 19, 88, 177, 311; gun gift to, 67, 177; integration of Army and

Navy activities, 77; Marine Corps, cooperation between and 2¡ Marines tactical control of, 82, 90'; ~orale of, ' 176-77; Navy, accusations oflack of support from, 78- 82, 94-95; Navy, cooperation between and, 2, 172, 315- 16; Navy, relationship with, 2, 197; prisoners of war at Bataan, 224; radar detachment and equipment, 17, 31; role in Philippine Campaign, 1; supply system in, 68; tanks for Corregidor, 292, 314; vessels of, 120-21; weapons for, 67-68; weapons for rifle squads, 15 Army Air Force, U.S.: air defense of Philippines, failure of, 59, 60; air operations, division of control of, 22, 28; force strength of, 21, 35, 88, 329n6; Formosa, authorization for attack on, 36, 38; pilots, skills of, 45-46; preparedness of, 37; supply system in, 68 Army Far Eastern Air Force (FEAF), 34, 35, 36-38,44,60, 69- 70 Army Forces Far East, U.S. (USAFFE), 21 , 73,168-69,172,315 Army pursuit squadrons: 3rd squadron, 37,38; 17th squadron, 41 , 45; 20th squadron, 37,38; 21st squadron, 41 , 45; 34th squadron, 44, 45; destruction of, 41 ; request for additional, 80 Ashville, 59, 322

359

360

Index

Asiatic Fleet: Dutch East Indies, withdrawal to, 59, 65, 78, 90; equipment and supplies, stockpiling of, 68-69; force strength of, 3--4, 11- 12,18- 19,321- 22; Hart command of, 2, 3- 5, 321; Marsman Building headquarters of, 5, 9- 10; Pearl Harbor attack, instructions to following, 33- 35; Royal Navy capital ships, support for, 29; training program for, 4- 5; USAFFE meeting, 73; vessels of, 11- 12, 120,321-22, 346nnl-5; war preparations by, 22- 28, 31; withdrawal of, 19 B-17 bombers: attack on and destruction of, 37, 38; Australia, withdrawal to, 88; Clark-based, 37, 330nlO; Del Monte-based, 37,41, 330nlO; Luzon, move to, 41; reconnaissance operations, 28 Bagac Bay, 72, 90, 161, 170 barges and boats: Asiatic Fleet assignment, 120; Bataan, shelling from, 325, 326; Corregidor, support for landing on, 325; fuel transport by, 66; guns mounted on, 325, 326 Barker, 27, 322, 346n2 Bataan: airfields on, 123-24; Army, move to, 121- 22; attacks on and battles at, 99, 130- 33,205,206-10, 335n6; barges and boats, shelling from, 325, 326; beach defense operations, 90, 127-30; coastal patrols, 124-26, 135-36, 162; counterattack at, 132; defense of, 33, 170, 205-6; disease and illnesses on, 188,205,216; enemy offensive, collapse of, 169-70, 173; equipment and supplies, destruction of, 211- 13; equipment and supplies, movement to, 68- 69; evacuation of, 210- 15, 234, 238, 340n17; food and equipment stockpiles at, 2, 69, 88, 122- 23; food supply and meal restrictions, 68, 185- 88, 198; force strength on, 88, 97, 188,205- 6; Japanese artillery units and operations, 241,249- 53; Japanese landings on, 133- 37; Japanese troops for offensive, 203--4, 340nl; Marines, move to by, 77,87- 91, 103, 115- 16; Marines as

infantry on, 2; morale on, 173; Navy, move to, 87- 91; Navy as infantry on, 2; nurses on, evacuation of, 213-14; prisoners of war taken on, 219, 223- 25,238; rescue of refugees from, 217- 19,223; Reserve Battle Position, withdrawal to, 132- 33; retreat to, 87- 91,96-97; surrender of, 210, 216, 223- 24; tanks on, Army, 96, 133, 178- 79 Bataan Death March, 219, 224- 25 Battalion Headquarters Company (4th Marine Regiment), 15 Beecher, Curtis T., 14,232,265,267, 279-80,282,288,294,296,300 Bittern, 47--48, 51,53, 54,63,212,223, 322 Boise, 27- 28, 321, 346n3 Brainard, John T., 17,34,115- 16,130, 132,224 Brereton, Louis H., 36, 38, 79, 93 Bridget, Francis J. "Frank": beach defense operations, 178; Longoskawayan Point operations, 137- 38,140,141--42,144,147, 149, 152- 54, 155, 156; Naval Battalion, 128-29; as prisoner of war, 256 Bulkeley, John B., 102, 125, 135- 36, 180, 191,192,195 Bulmer, 27, 322 Bunker, Paul, 74, 147,242,247--48,249, 262- 63,288 Cabcaben Field, 124,216,266 Canacao Naval Hospital, 9, 16,39,42, 46,58,61,71- 72,76,238 Canopus (Old Lady): Asiatic Fleet assignment, 120,322; attacks on, 111- 12, 117- 18; camouflage of, Ill, 118- 19; casualties on, 146, 150; at Cavite Navy Yard, 8; Cavite Navy Yard attack, 54, 62; characteristics of, 67; food and ice cream on, 157, 189; guns mounted on, 63, 67, 93; importance of in Manila Bay area, 67, Ill, 156, 157; Longoskawayan Point operations, 155- 56; Manila Bay operations, 77-78, 89; Mariveles, move to, 93; Naval Battalion, 128; nicknames for, 67; Quinauan

Index

Point operations, 165; repair and maintenance by, 100, 102, 111, 112, 119, 156, 175; restocking submarines with, 194; sinking of, 212, 223 Cavite, City of, 5, 7, 8, 42, 56- 57, 61 , 62, 66 Cavite Navy Yard: abandonment order, 59; air raid warning at, 49; anti-aircraft batteries at, 17; attack on, 43, 49- 56, 128; burial of dead at, 61 , 62, 66-67; casualties at, 51 , 52, 53, 55, 60- 62; civilian workforce, 5,42,47,61; Deewall as captain of, 321; destruction of, 59- 64, 311; facilities at, 7; fires at, 50-51, 52- 54, 56-59, 60, 65, 66; history of, 5; Japanese artillery units near, 241, 325; Japanese bombardment from, 166- 69, 170, 181, 199- 200; Japanese troops on beach near, 126; location of, 5- 7; map of, 6; personnel at, 5; personnel shelters at, 61; photo of, 8, 46; salvage work by, 65, 66-67; size of, 5; vessels at, 39, 46-49; war preparations at, 31; war preparations by,23 Cavite Providence and Peninsula, 5, 7, 8,313 Cebu and Cebu City, 186- 87, 188, 192, 197 Champlin, Malcolm: Cavite Navy Yard attack and fires, 57- 58, 59, 331n23; evacuation of, 197; fuel dispersal detail, 47; Sangley Point, destruction of, 116; Wainwright, attachment to, 166; Wainwright, saving life of, 166 Cheek, Mo Co , 89, 126, 162,171- 72,196, 197,315- 16 Childs, 72- 73, 321 , 346n4 China, 14, 18, 23- 27 Churchill, Winston, 28 Clark Field, 35- 38, 70, 330nl0 Clement, William T., 33, 67-{)8, 73, 90, 91 Colley, George, 9, 68 Contractors Pacific Naval Air Bases (PNAB), 9, 68, 93,117, 124,192 Corregidor (Philippines), 73- 76, 124 Corregidor (The Rock): anti-aircraft batteries on, 56, 110,113- 14, 201; artillery operations, 249- 53 , 268; artillery units, 242-49, 343nn7- 9,

361

343n13; attacks on, 109- 14, 118, 200- 201 ,255,261- 69,313- 14; attacks on from Cavite Navy Yard, 166-{)9, 181; barges and boats, support for landing with, 325; beach defense artillery, 236- 38; beach defense operations, 90, 109, 114- 15, 178- 80, 227- 38,265,269,313- 14; casualties on, 295- 96, 303- 6, 317; characteristics of and facilities on, 103-{); coastal patrols, 174-75, 273- 74; defense of by Marines, 2; Denver Battery ridge operations, 279- 81,283- 86,288- 97, 314; Emperor's Birthday shelling, 261 - 63 ; equipment and supplies, evacuation or destruction of, 223, 301; equipment and supplies, movement to, 66, 67, 68- 69, 88; escapees from, 306-9; evacuation of, 255- 56, 266; fall of Bataan and personnel for, 234; food and supply storage in tunnels, 11, 66, 123, 189- 90; food supply and meal restrictions, 188, 197- 98; force strength of, 97, 106; infantry unit for beach defenses, 108; Japanese artillery units, 239, 325- 26; Japanese force strength on, 290; Japanese landing on, 230, 271 - 78, 287-88, 299; Malinta Tunnel hospital, 103, 104,255- 56; Marine operations on, 77, 87- 91 , 102- 3,312; morale on, 175-76; Navy facilities on, 10- 11; Navy operations on, 76-77, 87-91; prisoners of war taken on, 256, 269, 303-4; retreat to Malinta Tunnel, 295- 97, 299- 300; siege of, 108, 109; surrender decision, 299-301 ; surrender of, 297,300, 302-4, 311; Tail, 106, 114, 167- 68, 228,229- 33,259,265,269,312, 342n4; tanks on, Army, 178-79,292, 314; tanks on, Japanese, 293, 295, 296,297,299- 300; trolley system on, 103, 106, 114,228- 29; tunnel system on, 10- 11, 104,227,228 "Corregidor Marines' Hymn," 175- 76 cruisers, 11, 31, 323 Curtis, Donald, 14,24- 25,91,301 Davis, R. Go, 9, 39, 42, 121,262,264 Deewall, RoGo, 61, 321

362

Index

Del Cannen Field, 37, 43, 45,56 Del Monte Field, 37, 41, 88, 255- 56, 330n1O Dessez, J. H., 77,127- 28,186 Destroyer Squadron 29, Asiatic Fleet, 322,346n2 destroyers, 11,29,31,323 Dewey, 8, 102, 120, 175,211-12,223, 319,322 Dutch East Indies: Asiatic Fleet, withdrawal to, 19,59,65,72- 73, 78,90; defense of, 12,39; Hart, withdrawal to, 90, 93- 95; Japanese offensive in, 97; surrender of, 95, 173, 319; vessels for, 174

238; Bittern at, 63; characteristics of and facilities on, 106-7, 108; equipment and supplies, destruction of, 306-7; Japanese artillery units, 239,241; location of and Corregidor landing, 231; Marines, move to, 107; Navy, move to, 107 Fort Mills, 108,228- 29,244 Fort Wint (Grande Island), 33, 70, 71, 92, 107-8, 125 foxholes. See trenches and foxholes French Indochina, 21, 28, 29-31,85 fuel and gasoline: dispersal of, 23, 39, 42, 47,57,66,313; Sangley Point depot, 9, 39, 123; shortage of, 123, 174, 180

Edsall, 27,322

General Harrison, 23,121,174,219,265 Genesee, 120,322 Glassford, William A., 5, 23, 25, 26, 321 Government Ravine, 195,223,234, 261-62,342nlO Grunert, George, 5 Guam, 39, 59, 319 gunboats: Asiatic Fleet, 11; fuel capacity of, 338n3; fuel consumption by, 174; Manila Bay operations, 313; Navy force strength, 323; refitting of, 47; Shanghai, evacuation from, 24, 26-27; war preparations by, 31

Ferrall, William, 53-54, 214, 215 Finch: Asiatic Fleet assignment, 120,322; attacks on, 180, 258-59; damage to, 26; gunboat escort by, 26; Manila Bay operations, 182,217,223; Mariveles Harbor operations, 100; sinking of, 260; use of by Japanese, 318 Fisheries 11, 120, 135, 180 Fonnosa,22,28,36,38,43,44,56, 85 Fort Drum (EI Fraile Island): anti-aircraft batteries on, 168; artillery operations, 252- 53,262-63,264-65,267,268; artillery units, 245-46, 253, 271, 343n9, 344n23; attacks on, 110, 167, 199-200,263; beach defense operations, 238; characteristics of and facilities on, 107, 108; Japanese artillery units, 239, 241 Fort Frank (Carabao Island): anti-aircraft batteries on, 168; artillery operations, 325; artillery units, 242-43, 244, 245; attacks on, 110, 167, 199- 200; characteristics of and facilities on, 107, 108; Japanese artillery units, 239, 241 Fort Hughes (Caballo Island): antiaircraft batteries on, 110, 168,221-23; artillery operations, 250-52, 278, 306-7; artillery units, 242, 243, 244-45,246-47,248-49,343n8, 343nI3;attackson, 110, 166-67,263; beach defense operations, 178, 234,

Harbor Defenses: artillery operations, 249- 53; artillery units, 242-49, 343nI3,343nn7- 9,344n23;Japanese artillery units against, 199,239-41, 325- 26 Hart, Thomas c.: activities after war, 317; air operations, division of control of, 22; Anny, accusations of lack of support to, 79- 82, 94-95; Asiatic Fleet command by, 2, 3-5, 321; Bataan, retreat to, 89; career of, 3; Cavite Navy Yard, destruction of, 59; character of, 4; competence of, 4,5; Corregidor, decision to move to, 76; detail and discipline, emphasis on, 4,5; Dutch East Indies, vessels for, 174; Dutch East Indies, withdrawal to, 90, 93-95; food supply and meal restrictions, 68, 189; fuel, dispersal of, 42, 47, 66, 313; Grunert,

Index

relationship with, 5; Isabel mission and U.S. entrance into war, 29-31; Java, operations from, 95; Lingayen Gulf operations, 86-87; MacArthur, relationship with, 2, 4,5,29,315; Marine regiments and Constabulary troops, 73; Marines, tactical control of

by Anny, 90; merchant ship masters, meeting with, 66; Pearl Harbor attack, instructions from following, 33, 35; Phillips, meeting with, 28-29; photo of, 4; realistic attitude of, 4, 5,23, 80, 94-95; replacement of, 2, 95, 316; replacements for 4th Marines, 14, 17; reputation of, damage to, 95- 96; safety of ships, 38-39; Shanghai, orders for evacuation from, 23- 25; submarine operations, importance of, 312-13; torpedoes, loss of at Cavite, 63; training of Asiatic Fleet, 4-5; Vichy French merchant ships, seizure of, 73; war-warning message and war preparations, 22-23, 27-28, 313 Henry Keswick, 120,217,218,219,221, 267,275,34In27 Heron, 31, 61, 321, 346n4 Hoeffel, Kenneth M.: activities after war, 318; Bataan, evacuation from, 210-11, 214,215; equipment and supplies, evacuation or destruction of, 223; food supply and meal restrictions, 189; Inshore Patrol command, 77, 322; Longoskawayan Point operations, 152-54, 155; Manila Bay, senior Navy officer at, 192; Manila Bay operations, 184, 221; officer stocking boat with supplies, 269; photo of, 193; sinking of ship of, 257; submarine resupply missions, 194, 198; surrender decision, 300-301 Hogaboom, William F.: activities after war, 318; anti-aircraft operations, 49,60, 128; Denver Battery ridge operations, 282- 83, 284- 85, 289, 290, 292; Lapiay Point operations, 143,144,145;Longoskawayan Point operations, 147, 149, 152, 156, 336n28; Mariveles, move to, 77; Mount Pucot operations, 137-41, 142; photo of, 158; Regimental Reserves, 234

363

Holdredge, Willard, 60, 128, 137-38, 141-42, 144, 145-46, 156 Holland, 18,59, 194,322 Houston, 3,11,27,67,177,321, 346nl Howard, Samuel L.: activities after war, 317; Bagac Bay inspection, 72; beach defense, command of, 109, 114-15; beach defense operations, 90, 228,265,269,313-14; Corregidor, attacks on, 263; Corregidor, Japanese landing on, 273; Denver Battery ridge operations, 288-89, 295, 296; food supply and meal restrictions, 68, 189; Japanese tactics, summary of, 177; Japanese tanks, presence of, 299; Manila Bay, senior Marine officer at, 192; Marine regiments and Constabulary troops, 73; Marines, tactical control of by Anny, 90; Pearl Harbor attack, instructions to following, 33; photo of, 109; regiment command by, 14; regiment organization, 16; Regimental Reserves, 233-34; Shanghai, evacuation from, 23- 27; surrender decision, 301; surrender of Corregidor, 302; surrender option at Corregidor, 265; weapons, inadequacy of, 71 Iba Field, 35-38, 41-42, 43, 70 Imperial Japanese Anny: artillery units, 199,239-41,325- 26; Bataan offensive, collapse of, 169-70, 173; Bataan offensive, troops for, 203-4, 340nl; tactics and equipment, summary of, 177; withdrawal of Philippine Islands, 96-97 Imperial Japanese Navy (UN): aircraft of, range of, 35-36, 43; pilots, skills of, 45-46; Preston, attack on, 35; traffic analysis of ship movements, 28, 30-31; vessels of, 11; withdrawal of Philippine Islands, 96-97 Inshore Patrol, Asiatic Fleet: attacks on, 256; coastal patrols, 174-75; Corregidor disaster and, 76; force strength of, 321; fuel for vessels in, 123, 174,313; Hoeffel command of, 77,322; integration of Anny and Navy activities, 77; last days of and sinking of ships, 256-60, 306-8, 318; Manila

364 Bay operations of, 89; Mariveles base for, 8; ration resupply, 169; vessels in, 120,173- 74,318-19,322 Isabel, 29- 31, 48,51,59,322 J2F Duck seaplanes, 50, 216, 321 James Ravine, 115, 227, 229, 261, 262, 263 Japan: assets of, freezing of, 21; tension between U.S. and, 21 Java, 93- 95, 97 IN-25b code, 13,64, 198 John D. Edwards, 27, 322 John D. Ford, 47, 49, 59, 322 Kelly, Robert, 135, 192 Keswick. See Henry Keswick Kimmel, Husband E., 3 Kindley Field, 106, 112, 114, 168, 232- 33,264,265,282- 83,296 King, Edward, 193,206,210,216,234 King, Ernest J., 3, 172, 198, 316 Knoll, Denys, 172, 197,210,211 , 214, 266,315- 16, 341n27 Laguna de Bay, 34, 43, 72, 93- 94 Lamon Bay, 84, 87- 88, 96 Langley, 321, 346n4 Lanikai, 30, 322 Lapiay Point, 137, 139, 141 , 142, 144, 145 Lark, 59, 322 Legaspi, 70, 88 Lingayen Gulf: Asiatic Fleet submarine operations, 84-87; beach defenses along, supplies for, 69; Japanese landing at, 44,82- 84,85- 87,88, 96; submarine operations in, 313; submarine patrols in area of, 39 Longoskawayan Point: battle of, 137- 55, 170, 336n28; importance of battle at, 156-59; Japanese landing at, 136-37, 157,159,162; map of, 139; mopping up, 155- 56 Luzon: airfields on for IJN, 43, 44; bombers based at, 12; guerrilla force on, 311; IJN air attacks on, 69- 71 ; Japanese landings on, 44, 70; patrol operations near, 8, 34

Index

Luzon (gunboat): Asiatic Fleet assignment, 120,322; attacks on, 167; Bataan coastal patrols, 162; at Cavite Navy Yard, 48; Cavite Navy Yard attack, 51; fuel for, 174; Manila Bay operations, 217, 221, 223; Shanghai, evacuation from, 24, 26, 47; sinking of, 256-57, 260, 307; use of by Japanese, 318 MacArthur, Douglas: air operations, division of control of, 22; airfield attacks, blame for, 38; Bataan, force strength on, 188- 89; battle reports from, 168-69, 170-72; beach defense plan, 69, 83, 88, 90; career of, 5; delusional messages from and desperation of, 78- 81, 95, 170-72, 216, 315- 16; departure of, 172, 190-91,196; Formosa, authorization for attack on, 36, 38; Hart, attacks on by, 95- 96; Hart, relationship with, 2,4,5,29,315; Inshore Patrol, need for services of, l74; Marine Corps, opinion of, 91; Marines, tactical control of by Army, 90; military adviser to Philippine government, 5, 21, 315 ; Navy, lack of support from, 78-82,94-95; Navy's feelings about, 315- 16; optimism of, 23; Phillips, meeting with, 28- 29; recall to active duty of, 21;¡ responsibility for defeat, acceptance of, 2; Rockwell, access to by, 197; submarine operations, importance of, 312; USAFFE command, 21, 315; war-warning message to, 22- 23 Machine Gun and Howitzer Company (4th Marine Regiment), 15, 16 Malaya, 12,30, 31,39,97,319 Manila: attack on, 70; evacuation of, 116- 17, 121; Japanese troops in, 117; Navy facilities in, 9- 10; as Open City, 89,92-93, 116-17, 174,313 Manila Bay: abandonment of, 59; Asiatic Fleet operations in, 99- 100, 180-85, 217- 21,223 ; Asiatic Fleet vessels in, 77-78, 120; attack on shipping in, 56; attacks and dogfights over, 45-46, 168- 69, 216- 21, 223, 341n27; defensive triangle tactic, 220; fishing

Index

boats in, 23; Japanese vessels in, 183- 84; medical personnel in area, 121 ; merchant ships in, 34, 66; minefield in, new passage through, 216-21 , 223,257- 58; mines in, 5, 9, 10, 73- 76, 121 ; Navy force strength in area, 119- 21 ; patrolling of, 8; vessels in, salvage of by Japanese, 183; vessels in, sinking of, 183, 306-8 Manila Harbor: attacks on, 93 ; Vichy French merchant ships, seizure of, 73 Marblehead, 11,27,28,321, 346n2 Marine Barracks Cavite, 16-17 Marine Barracks Olongapo, 16, 25- 26, 31 , 92 Marine Battalions: 1st Battalion, 14, 16, 33, 39, 312; 1st Separate Battalion, 16-17, 23 , 31 , 34,90,103; 2nd Battalion, 14, 16, 77, 312, 314; 3rd Battalion, 90, 103, 179, 312, 314; 4th Battalion, 234-36, 288- 93 , 312, 314, 342n12. See also anti-aircraft batteries Marine Corps, U.S. : Bataan, evacuation from, 210-11 ; Bataan landing, role in, 2; casualties information, 317; cooperation between Army and, 2; cooperation between Navy and, 2; Corregidor, defense of by, 2; equipment and supplies, destruction of, 211 - 13 ; escape from the Philippines, opportunity for personnel , 19; food supply and meal restrictions, 2, 68, 123, 189, 236; force strength of, 14-15, 18- 19,177, 192; importance of role in Philippine Campaign, 1- 2; infantry regiment organization, 14-15; mission of, 2; prisoners of war, 2, 317; rifleman, every man a, 17; supply system in, 68 Marine Regiment, 4th: Army, tactical control of by, 82, 90; Bataan, responsibility for defense of, 33 ; beach defense operations, 90, 114-15; Constabulary troops, merger with, 73; equipment and supplies for, 16; food and equipment for, 103; force strength of, 14-16; Howard command of, 14; liaison between Philippine Army and, 33 ; morale of, 175- 77; Navy personnel assigned to, 15, 16; operational command by 16th Naval

365

District, 26; organization of, 14-15, 16; Pearl Harbor attack, instructions to following, 33 ; Philippines, transport to, 18; replacements for, 14, 17; Shanghai, evacuation from, 23- 27; Shanghai assignment, 14; training of, 91; war preparations by, 31; weapons for, 15, 16 Mariveles and Mariveles Section Base: air attack on, 100; air defense by Marines at, 111; airfield at, 124; anti-aircraft batteries, 128; command of, 321; construction at, 9, 127; development of, 8; equipment and supplies, destruction of, 210, 213 ; equipment and supplies, movement to, 66, 68; evacuation ofOlongapo personnel to, 8; food and supply storage in tunnels, 68; Marines at, 33, 39,76-77,90,91- 92, 102- 3, 178; as Naval Reservation, 8; security of, 127- 28; suspension of Section Base operations, 178; tunnel system in area of, 117- 18; vessels at, 8, 39 Mariveles Harbor: flour on merchant ship in, 73, 100; submarine base in, II Marshall, George C.: air operations, division of control of, 22; Bataan, force strength on, 188- 89; food resupply missions, submarine use for, 198; MacArthur, opinion about, 172; MacArthur, replacement of, 190; MacArthur messages to, 78- 81 , 216,315; Navy, accusations oflack of support from, 94; war-warning meeting and message, 22- 23, 31 Maryanne, 120, 124, 135, 163- 64, 180, 196,218- 19, 273- 74, 318- 19 Mauankis, Mount, 138-40, 141-42, 145, 151 McCoy, Melvyn H., 269, 301 McCracken, Alan, 26-27, 93,184, 185, 208- 9,217 , 257,259, 318, 341n27 Mickey Mouse Battleships, 155- 56, 165, 173- 74 Midway Island, 198, 308 Mindanao, 34, 35,190- 91 Mindanao (gunboat): ammunition for, 65; Asiatic Fleet assignment, 120,322, 346n5; attacks on, 112- 13, 167, 168, 184-85, 256,257; Cavite Navy Yard,

366

Index

arrival at, 46-47; Corregidor location of, 93; fuel for, 174, 175; guns on, 184; Hoeffel on, 77; Manila Bay operations, 184-85,207-9,217-19, 341n27; minced meat pies for Army gunners, 201; photo of, 169; ration resupply, 169; Shanghai, evacuation from, 24, 26--27; sinking of, 259, 260, 318; war preparations by, 31 minecraft: Army vessels, 121; Asiatic Fleet assignment, 11, 120,322; gunboat escort by, 24; Navy force strength, 323; war preparations by, 31

Molly Moore, 30 Moore, George, 77,109,231,245,288, 300,302-3 Morrill, John: activities after war, 318; ammunition, salvage of, 65; Cavite Navy Yard attack, 51, 54; escape to Australia, 308- 9; fuel from Sangley Point, 123; Japanese landing and, 278; Longoskawayan Point operations, 152- 54, 155; Manila Bay operations, 182- 83, 217-18, 266; minesweeping operations, 258; Quail, sinking of, 307- 8 Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB) Squadron 3: Bataan coastal patrols, 124- 26, 135- 36; Cavite Navy Yard, evacuations from, 57; Corregidor disaster, response to, 75; fuel, problems with, 124-25; location of vessels, 39; Manila Bay operations, 99-100,180-81; PTboats of, 8,11, 12; Subic Bay operations, 125- 26; vessels in, 120; war preparations by, 31. See also Patrol Torpedo (PT) boats Naiklec Point, 137, 138, 139, 155

lVapa,65,67,120,212,223,322 Naval Battalion: beach defense operations, 128- 29; equipment and supplies for, 129; formation and mission of, 127- 30; Longoskawayan Point operations, 137-50, 152, 155-58, 170; training of, 129- 30, 158; uniforms and fighting techniques of, 129, 138, 146-47; weapons for, 128- 29, 158 Naval District, 16th: Asiatic Fleet base support from, 3, 5; casualties from UN

bombing, 62; evacuation of personnel, 266; force strength of, 321; operational command of 4th Marines, 26; Pearl Harbor attack, instructions to following, 33; Rockwell as district commandant, 321; Rockwell command of, 5; war preparations by, 23 Navy, U.S.: air operations, division of control of, 22, 28; Army, accusations of lack of support to, 78- 82, 94-95; Army, cooperation between and, 2, 172,315- 16; Army, relationship with, 2, 197; Bataan, evacuation from, 210-11; Bataan landing, role in, 2; casualties information, 317; counterattack by, 2; equipment and supplies, destruction of, 211- 13; escape from the Philippines, opportunity for personnel, 19; food supply and meal restrictions, 2, 68, 123, 169, 189-90, 193- 94; force strength of, 18- 19, 119- 21, 177, 192,311, 323; importance of role in Philippine Campaign, 1-2; integration of Army and Navy activities, 77; Marine Corps, cooperation between and, 2; morale of, 176--77; personnel assigned to Marine regiment, 15, 16; prisoners of war, 2, 317; Royal Navy, coordination of activities with, 29; supply system in, 68

Oahu: Asiatic Fleet assignment, 120, 322; attacks on, 113, 181,209,256, 257; fuel for, 181; UN aircraft, engagement of, 56, 76, 113; Manila Bay operations, 207- 9, 217, 221; Shanghai, evacuation from, 24, 26,47; sinking of, 259, 260, 318 Olongapo, 72 Olongapo Naval Station: attack on, 49, 70-71, 72; casualties at, 72; destruction of, 90- 92; evacuation of Navy personnel from, 8; function and role of, 7-8; location of, 7- 8; Marine Corps use of, 8; personnel assigned to Marine regiment, 16; Prewitt as captain of, 321 Orion, 161, 170 OS2U Kingfisher seaplanes, 50, 321

Otus,48,51,54-55,59,63,322

Index

Pacific War: diplomatic relations between Japan and U.S. and, 21; U.S. entrance into, 29-31, 33; war-warning message, 22-23,31 Panay,27,186-87 Parrott, 322, 346n2 Patrol Squadrons, Patrol Wing 10, 13, 321. See also VP-101 patrol squadron; VP-I02 patrol squadron Patrol Torpedo (PT) boats: at Cavite Navy Yard, 8; characteristics of, 12; development of, 12; end of use of, 191-92; MacArthur party, transport of, 190-91, 196; MTB Squadron 3 assignment, 11, 12, 120; Navy force strength, 323; Philippines, decision to use in, 12; repair and maintenance of, 175,191- 92; spare parts for, 102, 175; tactics for use of, 12; war preparations by, 31 Patrol Wing 10 (PatWing 10): air patrol operations, 28, 30, 34, 42; aircraft of, 13,120,321; bombing operations, 42; Cavite Navy Yard attack, 50; Dutch East Indies, withdrawal to, 72-73, 77; evacuation operations, 255-56; force strength of, 34, 321, 323; formation of, 3; UN ships, bombing of, 43-44; Pearl Harbor attack, instructions to following, 34; Sangley Point base for, 9; Wagner command of, 321; war operations, readiness for, 34; war preparations by, 31 Paul Jones, 27, 322 PBY-4 Catalina flying boats: air patrol operations, 28, 35; endurance of, 13; evacuation from Philippines by, 93-94; number of, 13,71,321; ordnance for, 13; range of, 13; vulnerability of, 13; war preparations by, 31 Pearl Harbor attack, 33, 59, 319 Peary: Asiatic Fleet assignment, 322; attack on, 100-101; at Cavite Navy Yard, 8, 48; Cavite Navy Yard attack, 52-53,61,62,63-64; guns mounted on, 48; Manila Bay operations, 99-100, 124; salvage work by, 69; withdrawal of from Manila Bay, 100 Pensacola convoy, 79-82 Permit, 85,112,190,191,196-97

367

Perry, 120, 124, 180 Peterson, J. V., 43-44 Philippine Army: defense of Island by, 21, 83-84; food supply for, 2; force strength of, 88; liaison between 4th Marines and, 33; performance of, 171-72; prisoners of war at Bataan, 224; Q-boats, 12, 101-2, 161, 183, 187, 319; retreat of, 96; 31 st Division, 33 Philippine Army Air Corps, 35,41, 70, 329n6 Philippine Campaign: airfields, attacks on, 35-38, 330nl0; beach defense plan, 69, 83; books about, 1; casualties during, 316-17; defeat of U.S., 2, 311-14,319; defeat of U.S., Hart's message about, 94-95; force strength for, 311; importance of Sea Services during, 1- 2; Marine operations during, 312; movies about, 2; Navy operations during, 311-12; operations during, improvement recommendations, 312-14. See also Bataan; Corregidor (The Rock) Philippine Constabulary troops, 73, 224 Philippine Department, U.S. Army, 5 Philippine Islands: beach defense plan, 88, 90; blockade, running the, 185-88; defense of, 12,21,22,59,60; food for, 185-88; MacArthur as adviser to government of, 5, 21, 315; map of, 6; pride about defense of, 1- 2,319; Q-boats, 124; surrender of all troops on, 303, 304; withdrawal of Japanese forces from, 96-97 Philippine Scouts: characteristics of unit, 84; Longoskawayan Point operations, 148,150-52,154-55,156,158, 336n31; Luzon operations, 83-84, 96; prisoners of war at Bataan, 224, 225; raid into Japanese line, 130, 132 Phillips, Thomas, 28-29, 59 Pickup, Lewis H., 33, 267, 279 Pigeon: Asiatic Fleet assignment, 11, 120,322; attacks on, 259; Bataan, evacuation from, 215; at Cavite Navy Yard, 47; Cavite Navy Yard attack, 51-52,54,55; damage to, 26; gunboat escort by, 24, 26, 47; guns mounted on, 47,63; Manila Bay operations,

368

Index

219; repair and maintenance by, 102; salvage work by, 63, 67, 174, 219; Sangley Point, destruction of, 116 Pillsbury: Asiatic Fleet assignment, 322; attack on, 100-10 1; at Cavite Navy Yard, 8, 48 ; Cavite Navy Yard attack, 52, 53, 62 ; grounding of, 124; guns mounted on, 48 ; Manila Bay operations, 99- 100, 124; salvage work by, 69; withdrawal of from Manila Bay, 100 Pockets, Battle of the, 162, 170 Pope, 59, 322 President Harrison , 18,23- 24,25 President Madison , 24, 25 Preston. See William B. Preston Prince of Wales (Great Britain), 28, 43 , 59 prisoners of war: from Bataan campaign, 219,223- 25,238; from Corregidor campaign, 256, 269, 303-4; deaths of during captivity, 317; Japanese, on Bataan, 177- 78; Marine Corps prisoners, 2, 317; Navy prisoners, 2, 317 Pucot, Mount, 137-43, 144-45, 147-48, 151 , 292 Purnell, William R., 5, 79 , 321

Quail: Asiatic Fleet assignment, 120, 322; attacks on, 180, 182- 83,258; at Cavite Navy Yard, 47; Cavite Navy Yard, attacks from, 167; Cavite Navy Yard attack, 51-52, 54, 55; crew for, 63; escape to Australia by crew, 308- 9; fuel for, 123; Japanese landing and, 278; Longoskawayan Point operations, 152- 54, 155; Manila Bay operations, 182- 83 , 217- 19, 223 , 255, 258; photo of, 182; salvage work by, 65, 67; sinking of, 259, 260, 307- 8 Quezon, Manuel , 5, 89, 186, 191, 196 Quinauan Point, 136, 137, 157, 162- 66 radar detachment and equipment: Army unit, 17, 31; Bataan, move to, 115- 16; Marine unit (Radio Bataan), 17, 31, 41-42, 130,132,179- 80,223,224; operations southwest of Manila, 31 ; war operations, readiness for, 34

Radio Cavite, 9 Ranger, 26-27, 120, 260,307- 8 Regimental Headquarters, 15,24-25 Regimental Headquarters Company, 15, 233- 34 Regimental Reserves, 233- 36, 261 - 62, 264,313 Regimental Service Company, 15, 24-25 , 234 Repulse (Great Britain), 28, 43, 59 Rockwell, Francis w.: activities after war, 317; beach defense operations, 127- 28, 178; burial of dead from Cavite bombing, 61, 62; Cavite Navy Yard, attack on, 49; Cavite Navy Yard abandonment order, 59; Cavite Navy Yard fires, 56, 57- 58; civilian workforce at Cavite, reduction of, 61 ; Corregidor, move to, 76, 77; departure of, 190, 191, 192; food supply and meal restrictions, 189; integration of Army and Navy activities, 77; Longoskawayan Point operations, 153- 54, 155; MacArthur, access to, 197; MacArthur, opinion about, 316; Manila Bay operations, 100- 101; Marines, tactical control of by Army, 89- 90; Naval Hospital, vulnerability of, 39; Philippine units, command of, 89- 90; photo of, 7; 16th Naval District command, 5, 321 ; submarine ballast, 195; war preparations by, 23 Roosevelt, Franklin D. (FDR), 21 , 22- 23 , 29- 31 , 190, 299 Royal Navy, 28, 29, 59 Sackett, Earl, 111, 112, 118, 129, 178, 189, 210,211 , 212, 213 , 266 Sangley Point: aid station at, 71- 72; antiaircraft battery at, 17; attack on, 76; aviation facility at, 9; construction at, 9; destruction of facilities on, 116; equipment and supplies at, 39, 116; facilities at, 9; fuel depot, 9, 39, 123; scouting operations from, 34; war preparations by, 23 Sargo, 85 , 196 Sayre, Francis B., 23, 196 Seadragon, 39, 47,48-49, 53- 54, 55, 62, 63 , 195- 96,214, 215,341nI8

Index

Sealion , 39, 47, 48--49, 53, 54, 55, 62, 63 seaplanes, 9,13 , 321 Seawolf, 85, 194 Shark, 39, 93 , 94 Singapore, 28, 29, 30, 95, 173,319 Sisiman Cove, 75 , 124,217 Stark, Harold K., 3, 22- 23 , 29- 31, 94--95 Station C (radio intercept station): attacks on, 167- 68; Australia, relocation to, 198, 215- 16; code breaking and decryption activities at, 13, 14,64, 198- 99; correct name for, 327n9; Corregidor location of, 11, 13; equipment and facility for, 13, 14; evacuation of men from, 195- 97, 198,214--15, 341n18; importance of, 14; personnel at, 14; purpose of, 13; security of, 23; traffic analysis of Japanese shipping, 28, 30-31 Steward, 1. A., 50- 51 Stewart, 27, 284- 85, 322, 346n2 Stingray, 85, 87, 112 Subic Bay, 5, 45, 70, 92, 125- 26. See also Olongapo Naval Station submarine force, Asiatic Fleet: deterrent effect of, 12; failures of, 84--87, 312- 13; force strength of, 11,322; Lingayen Gulf operations, 84-87; locations of, 39; Manila Bay location of, 77- 78; Manila Bay operations of, 89; modem fleet submarines, 11- 12,322; patrol operations, 39; performance of, 39; S-boats, 11- 12, 85- 86, 322; vessels in, 120, 322; war preparations by, 31; Wilkes command of, 5, 42 submarines: ballast for, 195; evacuation of personnel by, 195- 97, 198,214--15, 266; Mariveles Harbor base for, II; Navy force strength, 323; resupply missions, 193- 98, 214 Sutherland, Richard K. , 28- 29, 36, 38, 90,91,132,174,190-91,197 Swordfish, 85, 196 Tanager, 77, 120, 182, 217,223,255, 258,259,260,322 Task Force 5, 5, 321 Taylor, Donald, 65

369

torpedoes: Cavite Navy Yard fires and loss of, 62- 63; Corregidor, shipment to, 63; magnetic detonator device, 39, 87; reliability and quality of, 12,63, 85, 87,312- 13,34InI8 trenches and foxholes, 33, 72, 228, 229, 236, 265,274,295,296- 97 Trout, 195 Tulsa, 59, 322 United States (U.S.): Congress and authorization to enter war, 31; Isabel mission and U.S. entrance into war, 29- 31; isolationist views in, 30; tension between Japan and, 21 Utility Squadron, Patrol Wing 10,9, 13, 118,321 Vega, 33, 120,322 Vichy French merchant ships, 73, 75,100 Vigan, 41 , 44--45, 56, 70,88 VP-I0l patrol squadron, 9,13,34,321 VP-102 patrol squadron, 13,34,70,71,321 Wagner, F. D., 43--44, 72- 73, 321 Wainwright, Jonathan: artillery operations, 249- 50; Bataan, battles at, 132- 33; Bataan, evacuation from, 210-11; Bataan, force strength on, 188- 89; Bataan, retreat to, 87- 88; capture of, 1; Champlin, saving life of by, 166; Corregidor, Japanese landing on, 299; Corregidor, move to, 192; Corregidor, surrender of, 265, 299- 300,302-3,304, 311; Denver Battery ridge operations, 295; food resupply missions, 197- 98, 206; food stocks, pooling of, 189- 90; Japanese tanks, presence of, 299- 300; Longoskawayan Point operations, 155; MacArthur, replacement of, 190; MacArthur messages to, 216; Quinauan Point operations, 163, 166; troops weakness of, 206; USAFFE command, 172; War Plan Orange, 87 AVake,24,26,30,42--43,301 Wake Island, 2, 9, 319 War Plan Orange, 69, 87- 89, 96, 313 War Plan Rainbow 5, 69

370 weapons and ammunition: Army rifle squads, 15; from Cavite Navy Yard, 67-68; gun gift, 67,177; Harbor Defenses, 242-49, 253, 343n13, 343nn7- 9, 344n23; inadequacy of against IJN aircraft, 71 ; Japanese Army field pieces, 219; Japanese artillery, 325, 326; Marine regiments and battalions, 15, 16, 17,314; resupply missions, 194-95, 198; salvage of, 65, 69 Wermuth, Arthur, 130, 132, 154 Wetherington, Thomas, 55 Wheeler, Kenneth, 68, 92-93 Whipple, 27, 322 Whippoorwill, 23, 52- 53, 59, 322

Index

Wilkes, John, 5, 42,85- 87 William B. Preston, 31, 35, 61, 72, 321, 346n4 Williams, Francis "Joe": artillery units, 234; Corregidor, attacks on, 264; Corregidor, Japanese landing on, 273; Denver Battery ridge operations, 282,288-89,290,291,292- 94,295; 010ngapo Naval Station, destruction of, 91, 92; surrender decision, 300; surrender of Corregidor, 302 World War II: casualties lists, 61-62; supply systems for services during, 68 Yangtze Patrol (YANGPAT), 4, 5, 23, 24, 26-27

About the Author

John Gordon graduated from The Citadel in 1977. Following a career in the U.S. Army he joined a Washington think tank as a defense analyst. He has written numerous articles and books on military subjects and has been researching the 1941-42 Philippine Campaign for many years. He has a BA in history from The Citadel, an MA in international relations from St. Mary's University in San Antonio, an MBA in business administration from Marymount University, and a PhD in public policy from George Mason University.

In addition to his senior defense analyst position, he is an adjunct professor at George Mason and Georgetown Universities, teaching public policy and defense-related courses.

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John Gordon, PhD, is a retired lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army and a senior defense analyst based in Washington , D.C .

He has written widely on subjects related to defense and public policy and also serves as an adjunct professor at George Mason and Georgetown Universities.

Jacket image: A detachment of 4th Marines marching over the rough roads of Bataan. (Department of Defense photo) Jacket design : Chris Gamboa-Onrubia, Fineline Graphics, LLC