End \. Death March Mt Natib
11
.••••• .. .......
C)
o~ o
............... _._-
~
~
MtSamat
o
Mar i vel e s Mt.
o
Mt Bataan
o
Start Death M
•• •• •• •••••••• •••• • •••••••
of the Philippines 8 Dec 1941 - 6 May 1942)
t_~bSE~l'\uLj!I'\WII'"u: JR. PC (RET)
A(l[JlAfM"a PH
About theAuthor
Colonel Jose Villanueva Agdamag Jr. PC (Ret.) was born on 22 June 1921 in Baguio City, Philippines . After graduating from the University of the Philippines with a degree of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, he was commissioned as 3rd Lieutenant into the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) while fighting a defensive war in Bataan. Subsequent to the Fall of Bataan, he survived the Death March from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga, onward to Capas Concentration Camp on 15 April 1942. Following his releasefrom the concentration camp on 4 July 1942, he joined and became active in the guerrilla movement with the Fil-American Irregular troops under Colonel Straughn operating in Manila and Southern Luzon, up to the Liberation of the Philippines in 1945. On June 1954, he earned a battlefield promotion to Captain for gallantry in action while serving as Company Commander of 1st Scout Ranger Regiment in Jolo, Sulu. He was confirmed to Colonel, AFP by the Commission on Appointments on June, 1971. As an athlete, he participated infour (4) World Olympics as a free pistol shooter of the Philippine Team: Rome, 1960; Tokyo, 1964; Mexico, 1968; and Munich, 1972. His best record in international competition was a second place finish in the International Shooting Championships held in Seoul, South Korea. . His awards and decorations include the Asiatic Pacific Theater Award, the American Defense Ribbon Award, the Philippine Defense and Liberation Medal Award, the Distinguished Unit Badge with two Oak leaf Cluster Award and numerous Military Merit Medals. Happily married to VioletaAgdamagfor 50 years this coming 27 December 2003. Blessed withfive children, all ofwhom are now professionals: Vicente, Captain in the Philippine Navy married to Maryann, with 3 boys and one girl namely, Jan Vincent, Vicente Jr. , Vincent Galileo and Teresa; Alma, Nurse, married to Rodel Onta!; Jocelyn, IT executive in California, USA married to RobertAlgieri with 2 girls namely, Ashley Jocelyn and Jocelyn Midori; Jose III, Corporate employee in Canada, married to Sheryl; and Maria Victoria, business enrrepreneur in California, married to Charles Metivier with 2 boys namely, John Joseph and Christian. Finally, the author wants to highlight that there were 4 family members who offered their lives for the defense of the country in 1941-1945. They were Jose V. Agdamag Sr., his father, a member of the Philippine Constabulary Academy Class of 1908 and Headquarters Commandant of the 21st Division, USAFFE; Ruben, oldest brother and a member of the Philippine Army Air Corps (PAAC); Vicente Adecer, brother-in-law, also a member of the PAAC who eventually became a Colonel in the Philippine Air Force and himself.
paper, "Intelligence :ed to receive the esearch Excellence. uring our Awards 11 June 2001. [)wledgment of faculty, staff, and -ish you every success
~ ,USMC
150 Days of Hell
150 DAYS OF HELL Japanese Invasion of the Philippines 8 December 1941· - 6 May 1942
By
Colonel JOSE V. AGDAMAG Jr PC (Ret) Captain VICENTE M. AGDAMAG PN
Printed by FRVN Business House 35 Upper Plaza, West Rembo, Makati City, Philippines
Copyright 2003 All rights reserved .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment ..... .. ... ......... .... .. ... .. .... ..... ..... ... ... ......... .... .... ....... 3 Foreword .. ........ .... ... ... .. .. .. ... ..... .... .......... ...... ... .... .... .. ..... . ... .... .4
PART! Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4
EVENTS BEFORE THE INVASION Japanese Intelligence Collection Before the Invasion of the Philippines .. .. . ...... . . . ..... . ..... ........ .... . . .... . . 7 Japanese Joil).t Operations Planning ........... ... .... . .... .......... . .. 19 Diplomatic Initiatives Between United States and Japan ... . . .. ..... 39 Economic Schemes of the United States in Preparation for War. ... . .... . .......... .. . . . .. ... ... . .. .... . ... ....... ... .45
PARTII
THE INVASION: 150 DAYS OF HELL
Chapter 5
The First Week of the Invasion of the Philippines (8-14 December1941) .. . .... . .. .... ... ..... .... . .. .. . .. .... ..... : .. ..... 53 The Second Week of the Invasion of the Philippines (15-21 December 1941) . . .. .... . . ........ .. ..... . .. ... .......... ..... . . 61 A Gloomy Holiday on Christmas Day to New Year's Day (22 December 1941- 1 January 1942) ...... . .......... ..... .. ... . .. . .. 65 Japanese Forces Entered Manila (2-8 January 1942) .... .... ....... 75 The Siege of Bataan (9-18 January 1942) . ......... . . ..... . .. .. ..... 79 Continuous Shelling (19-25 January 1942) . ....... ............. ...... 85 Filipino-American Forces Counterattack (29-31 January 1942) ........ .... .. .. . .. . .......... ... ... .. .. .. . ... ..... 89 Exhaustion and Desperation (1- 7 February 1942) ........ .... . . .... 91 Dangerously Quiet At The Battlefront (8-14 February 1942)... .. ........ . .. .. ...... . ....... ................. 93 Evacuation of President Manuel L. Quezon Aboard US Submarine "Swordfish" (15-20 February 1942) ..... . ....... . . 97 Lull in Fighting (21-24 February 1942) . . ...... .. .... . .. ... .. ..... . . . 101
Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15
150 Days of Hell
Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter
16 17 18 19
Chapter 28 Chapter 29
Japanese Reinforcements (25-28 February 1942) .. .. .... .... . . .. .. 103 Japanese Regroup (1-11 March 1942) ................ ...... .. . . .. . . 105 General MacArthur's Departure (12-17 March 1942) .. .. . ..... . . 111 Japanese Preparations For Offensive Operations (18-21 March 1942) ........... ........ .... .. .... .... . ....... ... ....... 115 Fresh Troops, Fresh Japanese Offensives (22-25 March 1942) . ....... ......... ............... .. ........... . .... . 117 Filipinos and Americans: Tired and Hungry (26-31 March 1942) . .... .. ......... . ..... ...... ... ... ...... ..... . .... . 119 Japanese Final Push (1-8 April 1942) . .... .......... . ........ ...... 123 Surrender of the Filipino-American Forces in Bataan (9 April 1942) ... .... ..... .. .. ... ...... .................. . ....... ... .... 127 Target: Corregidor and Our Death March (10-17 April 1942) . ..... .. ... ..... ...... .. ........... ... ... ... ..... .. .. 129 A Miserable Life inside the Capas Concentration Camp (18-23 April 1942) ..... .... ... .... ..... ...... .... ...... ..... .... . . .... 133 A Normal Day in Capas: Burying the Dead (24-28 April 1942) ......... .... ... .. .. ... ...... . .... ... .. .. .... . . .... 135 Thousands ofR~latives Waiting Helplessly Outside Capas Concentration Camp (29 April- 2 May 1942) .......... . .... 137 Despair in Capas and Corregidor (3-5 May 1942) ......... ... . ..... 139 Surrender of General Wainwright (6 May 1942) . .... ..... ... . .... 141
PART III
THE PROPOSAL: A NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY
Chapter 30
Learning from the Past: A National Security Strategy for Peace, Stability and Prosperity for the 21 sl Century and Beyond . .. .. .. .. .... . .... ..... .. .. ...... .. ... ...................... 147
Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27
Endnotes .. ... ......... ..... .. .. .... . ... . ........ . .... . ... ... .... .... .. .. ....... ..... . .. .. .. . 167 Index ....... .... .. ... . ..... ..... . ... . ..... .... ... ..... . .............. ...... . .............. 171 Bibliography ... .. .. .......... .......... . ... . ... .. ... .. ... . ...... . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... 175
I
3
lell
3 5 1 5
7 9
3
7
9
3
5
7 9
1
7
7
Acknowledgment This book would not have been made possible ifit were not for these two institutions. The first one is the Industrial College of the Armed Forces (lCAF) of the National Defense University in Washington D.C. I would like to thank Vice Admiral Paul G Gaffney II USN, the -P resident of NDU in 2001, Major General Harold Mashburn, Jr. USMC, the Commandant of ICAF in 2001 and Ambassador Jane E. Becker, the International Affairs Advisor, ICAF for all the guidance and attention you have given me. I would also like to thank my professors and faculty in ICAF. My thanks to Dr. Ken Moss, my advisor, Colonel Paul Balash USMC, my faculty advisor and Colonel John Charlton USAF, my IF (International Fellow) advisor. My gratitude also goes to faculty members during my first semester: Captain Ralph Janikowsky USN (the Navy Chair), Military Strategy; Colonel Steve Randolph USAF (the Air Force Chair), Grand Strategy, Prof. Jim Terrant, Economics I; Prof. Bob Kohn, Political Science; Dr. Bear Brown, Strategic Leadership; Dr. Alan Gropman (Grand Strategy and Mobilization Chair), Dr. Bill Knowlton, Great Captains; Dr. Edwina Campbell, Northeast Asia and Colonel Jim Schmidli USA, News Media. To my classmates in Seminar 12: Linda Cyr, Brian Hurley, Joe Pedone, George Washington, Debbie Shattuck, Rick Wojick, Kathy Winters, Steve Tucker, Tank Thorp, Matt Dapson, John Root, Mark Calambro, Mike Mann and Jim Moreland, I enjoyed your company. My appreciation also goes to my professors and faculty in my Strategic Materials seminar: Dr. Paul Davis, Strategic Materials: Prof. Bill Jones, Strategic Logistics and Mobilization; Dr. Joe Goldberg, Research Paper Writing; Dr. Steve Meyer, Elements ofNational Power; Dr. Roger Channing, Information Systems; Colonel. Lee McMillen USA, Acquisition; Dr. David Blair, Economics II; Colonel David King (Canada Army), Strategic Materials; Dr. Frank Cooling, Colonel Tom Watson USAF, Dr. Richard Schroeder and Prof. Ben Crew, Intelligence and Technology. Many thanks to my classmates during the second semester: John Brown, Raymond Flores, Duane Gapinski, David Hills, Mark Kavanaugh, Howard Keese, Curtis McCoy, Edward McCoy, Chris O'Connor, Larry . Roan, John Stauffer, Kathleen Winters and Colonel Zul Bin Mohd Zin from Malaysia. The second institution that I am indebted to is my family. To my parents, Colonel Jose V. Agdamag Jr PC (Ret) and Violeta M. Agdamag, thank you, Dad and Mama. Thanks also to my brother and sisters: Jojo M . Agdamag III, Amy Ontal, Jocie Algieri, and Vina Metivier for all the support while I was in the United States. To my Alma Mater, the Philippine Military Academy, you have been my inspiration and guide. To Lt. Col Nelia S. Enoc (MNSA), my appreciation and thanks for the research work you have provided for this book. Finally, to my wife, Maryann and to my children, Jan Vincent, Vicente Jr., Vincent Galileo and Teresa, thank you for the encouragement and understanding.
4
150 Days of Hell
Foreword
This book is a continuation of my award-winning research paper I did] as part of the curriculum requirements for my Master of Science Degree at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces (lCAF), National Defense University (NDV) • in Washington D.C., U.S.A. My research paper entitled "Intelligence and the Invasion of the Philippines" won the United States. Army Award for Research Excellence upon my graduation on 13 June 200 l. I was inspired to continue the research when my father asked me to write his memoirs during his memorable days in Bataan and Capas Concentration Camp. Since I still have some of my notes I gathered while in Washington D.C., I I wholeheartedly obliged to my father's wish. In writing the book, I have set three objectives. The first is to present the entire events (especially the planning and execution phases) that took place dUJing that sad chapter of Philippine history to our young Filipino military officers. I have observed that during my past 25 years of Basic, Advance and Command courses in our military institutions, the Japanese invasion of the Philippines was never taught extensively, meaning the strategic aspect of the invasion- the interplay of intelligence, diplomatic, economic and military instruments- was never expounded. Remarkably, as part of the "Military Strategy" subject at ICAF, we studied and discussed the entire American Civil War for one whole week. This kind of in-depth study and discussion can also be applied and presented in our defense and security t courses. Secondly, the valuable lessons learned from the Japanese invasion of the Philippines (8 December 1941- 6 May 1942) are relevant references in the t formulation of our National Security Strategy (NSS). I imparted this correlation in my proposed NSS in Chapter 30. The third and the last objective in writing this , book is to give this as a gift to my parents fOl.: their 50 th golden wedding anniversary on 27 December 2003. The book is divided into thre~ parts. Part I contains the major events before the invasion. It consists of the Inteiligence collection of the Japanese as well as the Intelligence and Counterintelligence activities ofthe United States, the Japanese joint military planning, the diplomatic initiatives to avert war and lastly, the economic schemes adopted by the United States, especially the economic decisions made by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Part II is the main part of the book. It is the story of my father, Colonel Jose V. Agdamag Jr, PC (Ret) then as a 20-year old yd Lieutenant during those unforgettable moments in Bataan and Capas Concentration tamp. It is a story of a platoon leader of "M" Company, 3rd Battalion, 43rd Infantry Regiment, 41 51 Division, in Bataan Peninsula, a survivor of the "Death March", and a Prisoner of War (POW) in Capas Concentration camp. His story is complemented by the researches I made while taking up my Master's degree in Washington, D.C. I was able to gather declassified General MacArthur's files at NDU library, the original English translation of the Japanese 14th Army Operations in the Philippines at the office of
ell Foreword
id le 1) Ie :h
te
J.
.,
.e g e n It
i. d h Y e e
1
S
~
s S
5
the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Fort Lesley McNair, Washington D.C., relevant books at the Library of Congress, and the valuable materials at the Jean MacArthur Research Center in Virginia. Part III is my proposal to strengthen the existing National Security Strategy. I believe there are two aspects I learn from NDU that can be added to the current NSS. The first one is the information instrument of national power that can be included in the NSS paradigm. The present government strategic framework of "Strategy of Total Approach" in addressing the Mindanao problem and the communist insurgency has only three components namely; the political component, security component and the socio-economic component. I propose that the informational component be included in the paradigm. The second proposal is in the economic component. I suggest that certain vital industries be the focus of our economy so that they become national and strategic industries for the Filipino people. The current industries we have in .the country today are actually for the benefit of multi-national companies. These vital industries include Electronics, Transportation, Agribusiness, Strategic Materials, Environment, Aircraft, Health Services, Shipbuilding, Construction, Education, Munitions, Advanced Manufacturing, News Media, Energy, Land Combat Systems, Biotechnology, Financial Services, Services, and Information Systems. These 19 vital industries can enhance the capability of the Armed Forces of the Philippines as well as the total economic posture of the country by lessening our dependence on imported fmished goods. I remember the words of President Manuel Luis Quezon before the war: "We don't have the wealth nor the industrial capability for the defense of the country." I believe we have enough human and material resources to create and develop our own vital and strategic industries for the improvement of Filipinos' lives and the eradication of poverty in the country. Finally, the title, "150 Days of Hell" is a stunning presentation of the experiences of my father and the more than 100,000 Filipino and American personnel in the Philippines during the war. It was a sad and gruesome experience, I hope, will never again happen on our treasured soil. As President Ulysses S. Grant has vividly put it, "War is Hell". He said those words when he saw the horrors of war while serving as general during the American Civil War. The same situation was true here in the Philippines during those years when the Japanese invaded the Philippines in 1941-1942. With this book, I hope to share to the readers the useless destruction and devastation oflives and properties during the invasion. Furthermore, the lesson learned from that invasion can be applied in order to solve our existing internal security problems today. The generation of Filipinos today deserves the right to have peace, stability and prosperity. Finally, with this book, we can unite the Filipino people and enjoy the fruits of our labor we have worked so hard for the past 35 years of trying to put an end to insurgency and poverty. Vicente Mendoza Agdamag
171
INDEX Abe, Koichi, Gen. 75 Abu Sayyaf. 152 Abucay. 129 Aclan, Lt. 60 Adecer, Vicente, Lt. 93, 136 Agdamag, Carlos. 137 Agdamag, Jose V. Sr. Col. 87 Agdamag, Maria. 137 Agdamag, Luis. 137 Agdamag, Ruben. 93, 136 Agno River. 68 Agoo, La Union. 26 Air Operations. 30 Akers, Ens. III Akin, Spencer, Gen. III Alaska. 50 Alano, Heracieo, Lt. 83 Alcaraz, Ramon, Lt. 83 Al Qaeda. 156 Alvarado, Lorenzo. 9,15 AnhuiMY. 96
Aparri. 26, 31, 56 Appomatox. 7 Asaeda, Maj . 12 ASEAN.161 Abu SayyafGroup (ASG). 156 Asiatic Fleet. 61 Asistio, Eliseo, Lt. 83 Atimonan, Quezon. 26, 73 Batan (Batanes). 9,20,26 Bagac-Pilar line. 86 Baguio City. 60. Balanga. 101 Balantay River 89 BATNA.39 Bataan. 73, 80, 84,97,98, 102 Batan (Batanes) Attack Force. 29, 33 Batangas Bay. 32 Basa, Lt. 60 Batavia (Jakarta). 106 Battery Denver. 149 Bauang.73 Bayawak, (Iguana lizard). 113 Besson, Maj . 72 Binalonan. 71 Bluemel, Gen. 105 Bondoc Peninsula, 52 Bonnet, Donald Van, Lt.Col. 64,65 Borneo, 53 Bottomside. 143
Brereton, MGen. 57 Bulacan. 53 Bulkeley, JD, Lt. 118 Caba, La Union. 26 Caballo. 25 CAFGU.170 CNN. 160 Capas. 134 Capinpin, Cris. Lt. 87 Capinpin, Mateo, Gen. 72 Carabao Is. 25 Casey, Hugh Gen. III Cassanova, Francisco Lt. 9 I Cavite. 72 Cavite Naval Base. 60 Cavalry Point. 141 Chiang Kai Shek. 43, 47, 48, 51 China. 50, 51, 52 Chioco, Juan Col. 58 Chungking. 46 Churchill, Winston. 44 Chynoweth Bradforth, Gen. 114 CinCUS, Pearl Harbor. 17 Clark Airbase. 58 Copper. 53 Corregidor Island. 133 Co"egidor MV, 63 Counterintelligence. 16 Cryptographical war, 16 Cruz De La, Anatalio, Lt. 87, 115 Davao. 26 Davao Attack Force. 56 D-Day. 68 DFA. 157 Dewey Drydock. 133 Deterrence. 54 Dita tree. 92 Diller, Legrande Lt. Col. I I I Diplomacy. 44, 54 DND.157 Dubat Tree. 92 Far East. 50 Filipinos. 135 Formosa (Taipei). 52 Fowler, Halstead, Lt. Col. 65 France. 50 Ganap Party. 10 German Blitz. 50 George, Harold, BGen, III Gomez, Manuel Lt. 83
172 Gogo River. 95 Goldwater-Nichols Defense Act. 160 GRP. 156 GDP.159 GNP. 163 Greater East Asia Co. Prosperity Sphere. 12 Grunert, George MGEN. 8 Hart, Adm. 71 Hawaii Island. 50 Hay, John. 45 Hirohito, Emperor. 137 Hoeffel, Capt. 133 Homma,Masaharu, Gen. 9, 11,67,69,80 Hoshi, Kamataro, Col. 77 Hull, Sidney Lt Col. III Iba. 62 Imai, Col. 85 INSS, Institute for Natural Strategic Studies. 154 IT. 158 Japan. 51, 53 Jemaah Islamiyah. 161 Jolo Attack Force. 56 Jones, Gen. 79 Juliano Lt. 60 Kanno Detachment. 53 Kamijima Detachment. 65, 73 Kalaw, Teodoro. 84 Kennon Road. 68 Kelly, HE, Lt. III Kimura, Gen. 53 Kindley, Field. 146 King, Edward Gen. 112, 127 Kitano, Kenzo,Gen. 104 Kitajima, Kishio LtGen. 115 Kodomatso, Tsugumi. 12 Komori, Arthur. 14 Kondo, Nabutake, Vice Admiral. 63 Korea. 52 Lamon Bay. 61,63 Landicho, Julian. 81, 120 Lewis, Eugene, LtCol. 82 Lim, Vicente Gen. 47, 48, 49, 91,106 Limay. 125 Lamao.125 Lingayen. 64, 67 Lugaw (rice porridge). 86 Maeda, Masami Gen. 10,95 Mac Arthur Gen. 9, 12,52,58,62,71,73,74,79, 84,99,101,106,107,113,117,124 Manchtuia.52,53 Magic. 13 Mandiego Lt. 60
150 Days of Hell Manila. 61, 71 Marquat, William, BGen, III Mariveles. 123 Marshal, George General. 46 Marshall (Dep Chief of StafO, BGen. III Marinduque. 53 MayonMV. 73 Mckinley, Fort. 74 Mc Micking, Joseph. III Manlunas, Lt. 60 Midway lsI. 50 Mikami, Kizo MGen. 113 Miller, Col. 75 MILF. 152, 156 MLR, Main Line of Resistance. 87 Morioka, General. 61, 95 Morehouse, Major. III Murphy, Camp. 60 Murrah Fed Office. 161 Nagano, Kamuchiro, Gen. 103 Nakajima, Yoshio. 10 Nakayama Matoo, Col. 127 Nara, Akira, Gen. 76, 77, 81, 85,95 Navarette, Capt. 83 Nichols (Villamor). 74 Nielsen Field (Ayala, Makati). 61 North Harbor North Point. 139 NSS. 147 NSDD, National Security Decision Directive. 155 NSC. 162 NGO.162 Off-Shore, Patrol, Philippines. 74 OCW. 162-163 OIC. 168 Open Door Policy. 50 OPLR, Observation Point Line of Resistance. 82 Orient. 54 Osama Bin Laden. 161 Paco. 149 Pasay. 149 Paiber, Gen. George. 69, 75 Pandacan.77 Palau. 56 Pearl Harbor 56 Perry, Commo. 50 Piccio, Salvador Lt. 94 Pierce, Col. 67 Pilar River. 99 Port Arthur. 51 Pozzorubio, Pangasinan. 69 Philippines. 80, 153
173
Index Philippine Division. 71, 87 Philippine Scouts. 83 Philippine Defense. 62 PLA.165 Preamble. 148 Punzalan, Mario. 127 Quezon, Manuel Luis, President. 54, 73 Ray, Harold Capt. III Rockwell Admiral, III Roosevelt, Franklin D. 40, 45, 93, 94 Rogers, Paul MSgt. III Romulo Carlos P. 106 Roxas, Manuel, Gen 106 Russo-Japanese War. 50 RRL(Regimental Reserve Line). 117, 124 Saddam Hussein. 161 Sakakida, Richard. 14 Sakdal Party. 10 San Fabian. 69 Salgado, Valentine, Capt. 72, 87, 94 Samat, Mt. 102, 103, 124 Samoa. 50 "Sargo" US Sub. 98 Sayre, Francis, High Comm. 73 "Sculpen" US Sub. 72 Selleck, Cledyde. Bgen. 65 Sherr, Jr. LtCol. III Shumarker, Ltjg. III Sipadan. 156 Silk Industry. 51 Soriano, Amado Lt. 82 South Harbor. 64 South Luzon Force. 73 Soviet Union. 50 Spratlys. 153 Strategic Endstates 164 Strategic Vision. 171 Strauhn, Col. 142 "Stingray" US Sub. 64 Sudy, Shiko. 8 Sutherland, Richard Gen . 80, III "Swordfish" US Sub. 98 Tagaytay City. 56 Tagaki, Admiral. 56 Takahashi, Admiral. 63 Takechi , Susumu Col. 79 Talisay River. 10 I Tanaka Detachment. 29, 64 Terauchi, Gen . 35 Tiawir River. 89, 123 Togo Admiral. 50 Tomioka, Sudatoshi RADM. 25
Tuguegarao. 54 "Tutong" 137 Tsuji, Capt. 129 Tsuji, Masanobu Col. 12 Tsushemi, Strait of. 51 Tsuchibashi, General. 61 USAFFE. 53, 109 United States. 50, 53 University of the Philippines. 56 Valdez, Basilio, MGen. 106 Vigan. 56 Vigan Attack Force. 63 Villamor Jesus. 57 Visayas. 104 Vision. 150 Volckmann, Maj. 73 War Plan Orange, 3 (WPO-3 ). 16,68 War Department. 74, 79 Washington. 74 Willoughby, Charles Col. III Wilson, Francis, LtCol. III Wainwrigbt,Jonathan,Gen 17,61,65,72,75,97,114,117 World Trade Center. 161 WMD. 158 Yakan.156 Yamamoto ADM. 43 Yashida, Col. 142 Zablan Air Field.54 ZOPA.39
Capas
Death MtNatib
C)
.•••••
15.
............... _._-
o~ o
;
... ........ ~
MtSamat
o
• •••
Mar i vel e s Mt.
o
Mt Bataan
o Sta Death rv'~l"r
•• •• • •••••••• •••• • •••••••• •
Now it became clear to my mind why the profession ofarms is the noblest amongprofessions. In the middle ofthe jungle, with only one meal a day, I dug my ownfoxhole- it became my cover, my shelter and my house ofprayer; day and night, rain or shine, amidst thunderous explosions ••• In spite of all the hardships, I was stiU happy to be in BatIltIn and proud to die for my country and people. Not a single moment during the war did I regret this decisionfor the sake ofPeace to my Homeland. •• " U •••
3LtJose v.A.gdamagJr.,New Year~Day, 1942