1942 : issue in doubt : symposium on the war in the Pacific by the Admiral Nimitz Museum by Filipiniana Online

([941) IIISSU£

II N DOUBT mposium on the War in the Pacific by the Admiral Nimitz Museum

£DIT£D BY

WAYMAN C. MULLINS

EAKIN PRESS

AUSTIN, TEXAS

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, except for brief passages included in a review appearing in a newspaper or magazine. ISBN 0-89015-968-8

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mullins, Wayman C. 1942: issue in doubt / by Wayman C. Mullins. em. p. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89015-968-8 : $29.95 1. World War, 1939-1945 - Campaigns - Pacific Area. 2. World War, 1939-1945 - Personal narratives. I. Title. D767.M84 1994 940.54'26-dc20

94-5234 CIP

Dedicated to all who have paid the ultimate price for freedom and peace.

Contents

Foreword by Adm. Thomas Moorer (Ret.), USN Preface Acknowledgments I. 1942: The Pacific at War The World at War: Overview of 1942 Dr. Walt Whitman Rostow The Empire Expands Adm. Thomas H. Moorer Setting the Stage: Avalanche of Disaster John Costello The Pacific Boils: The Japanese Juggernaut John B. Lundstrom II. A Different Kind of War: Goliath on the Seas From Wooden Ships to Stout-hearted Men Carrier War in the Pacific John B. Lundstrom III. The Demise of the Asiatic Fleet Java Sea Beginning and End: Overview of the Asiatic Fleet Dwight Messimer Adm. Thomas H. Moorer Three Strikes and You're Out Cecil King, Jr. The Japanese Perspective Teiji Nakamura The Death Railway The Lost Battalion Frank Ficklin v

IX X111 XIX

1 1 1 7 8 13 13

27 28 36 36 37 37 51 51 53 54 59 60 61 64 64 66 71 71

IV.

Situation Grim The Fall of the Philippines The Philippine Ordeal Col. Donald Wills Lt. Gen. Joseph H. Moore Lt. Col. Wallace Fields Hattie Brantley Margaret Gillooly The Battle of Wake Island Col. Arthur Poindexter A Ray of Hope in a Stormy Sea The Defenders Continue the Fight: PatWing 10 Survival and Rescue Adm. Thomas H. Moorer Desperate Measures: The Doolittle Raid Brig. Gen. Richard A . Knobloch Battle of the Coral Sea Rear Adm. William N. Leonard

The Tide Turns: Midway The Controversy Continues: Cryptanalysis and Midway Paul Stillwell Fred Parker John Costello Midway Situational Overview Walter Lord The Participants Speak Richard Best George Gay VII. The Fight for New Guinea: A Military Nightmare Overview of New Guinea Analysis and Ingenuity Dr. Donald Goldstein The Worst of All Possible Worlds Evan H . M. Barnet James Kincaid

VI.

75 75 79 80 87 94 99 103 107 109 122 122 126 127 132 133 137 140 145 145 145 146 162 181 182 182 189 189 195 201 201 206 207 219 219 223

VIII. The Hardest Fight of All: Guadalcanal Guadalcanal Overview and Analysis Walter Lord Richard S. Frank The Tossing Sea: Naval Horror Ted Waller Teiji Nakamura The Most Unusual Job of All: The Coastwatchers Martin Clemens Skies of Blood: In the Air Over Guadalcanal Brig. Gen. Robert Galer Keiichi Arima Jungle of Death: The Ground Forces Victor Branch Shiro Hashimoto

228 228 229 230 233 243 244 246 249 250 257 258 262 265 265 270

IX.

275

1942 Draws to a Close

List of Contributors

279

Notes

287

References and Additional Reading

297

Index

299

Vll

Foreword

The reader will find this book fascinating and uniquely informative. In the first place, it deals with the beginning of United States participation in World War II halfway around the world in the southwest Pacific. The vastness of the Pacific Ocean imposes difficulties of all kinds, and distance factors turned out to be the Achilles heel for the Japanese, particularly when they were faced with problems limited by time. Few people realize that if one drills a hole through the center of the earth somewhere in the South China Sea and emerges from the other side he will still be in the Pacific Ocean. As stated in the preface, this document is an assimilation of eyewitness accounts by those who participated directly in the combat action, in addition to opinions and statements of distinguished writers and those who were present in staff meetings and conferences before and after the action in question. Consequently, there are circumstances related herein that may be challenged by a reader who also was present and has a different impression of the way events unfolded. I have found in my review that even if we take combat reports of the Japanese commander and the American commander and lay them side by side, there are bound to be differences. The initial phase of the war in the Pacific was short, taking only about four months for the Japanese to reach their objectives. The reason is simple. The Japanese had specific objectives for which they had trained. They conducted their planning operations by messenger, taking no chance of United States electronic intercept. On the other hand, the U.S. forces were not prepared. Although war was raging in Europe and involvement seemed inevitable, some people, particularly the Congress, were not very excited. For instance, the draft was passed by only one vote, and fortification of the Pacific Islands, such as Guam and Wake, was not funded until it was too IX

late. This was a classic case of the fact that peace is only maintained with adequate strength. The Japanese planned the initial phase in the greatest of detail. They had reached the moment of truth. With no raw materials inside their country to feed a large buildup of their military forces and no major export program, they could not expect to become a world power without ready access to raw materials elsewhere. They concluded that with the British practically on their knees, and with the United States likely to be forced into the war with Germany, it was time for Japan to expand its empire. The key plan of the Japanese became known as the Greater Southeast Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Plan. Through execution of the plan the Japanese expected to acquire critical resources, all of which were in short supply. They had their eyes on rice in the Mekong Valley, oil in Borneo and Sumatra, and rubber and tin in both Sumatra and Malaya. The rubber was particularly valuable because synthetic rubber was not yet developed. Once having supplied their defense industry, they planned to turn east and secure the area west of a line drawn from the Aleutians, to Midway, and to the Fiji Islands. They planned for this line to act as a forward defense line against the United States as well as a means of controlling sea lanes from India, China, and Japan when and if required. Although the British quickly lost the HMS Repulse and HMS Prince of Wales off the coast of Malaya to major air attack, the primary American defensive effort against the Japanese was focused on the Philippines. Army forces under General MacArthur were deployed in the vicinity of Manila, and ground forces were in the Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor. Naval forces under the command of Adm. T. C. Hart were known as the Asiatic Fleet. That fleet consisted of the heavy cruiser USS Houston, a flagship, several old fourstack destroyers, a squadron of submarines, and a patrol wing of PBY aircraft. In about three months that entire fleet, including the aircraft, was lost in battle. From the very start, Admiral Hart correctly judged that the situation was hopeless and suggested that American forces be withdrawn and saved for the battles that were to follow. In this he was overruled for political reasons. It was felt in Washington that since the Dutch had already been forced out of their homeland in Europe they should not be deserted at this time. During the initial stages of the operations in the vicinity of Manila, there was little coordination between the army and the navy. General MacArthur declared Manila an open city, and shortly therex

after Admiral Hart ordered the Asiatic Fleet south to join the ABDA command, which was headquartered in Batavia. General Wavel was designated commander of this American, British, Dutch and Australian joint command. With limited combat capability, particularly fighter aircraft, the outcome would arrive quickly. After the Battle of Java Sea a mass evacuation was ordered by the remnants of the Allied force. Fleet Air Wing Ten, with about forty aircraft after reinforcement from Hawaii, finally made it to Perth, Australia, with only two flyable aircraft left. Ship losses were equally as high and included the old u.S. carrier Langley, recently converted to a seaplane tender. Langley was the first carrier in the United States Navy. The Japanese victory was complete. With the fall of the Dutch East Indies, the Greater Southeast Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere became a reality. Intercepting and decoding radio communications throughout the war proved to be of overwhelming benefit to the United States forces. Vital information was picked off prior to Pearl Harbor as well as Midway, and the interpretation of these signals became a fine art. The intercept and shootdown of Admiral Yamamoto is another very important event that affected the course of the war. At the very beginning, hours before Pearl Harbor was attacked, many messages were received that clearly indicated action was imminent. There has been a vigorous dispute over whether Admiral Kimmel and General Short were denied information that was available in Washington and the Philippines. If this is so, then Admiral Kimmel and General Short should have their original ranks restored to them. I am one who believes that to be the only fair thing to do. On that fateful, tense morning, why didn't Admiral Stark pick up the phone and call Admiral Kimmel? He said that he was waiting to clear the message with General Marshall. And where was General Marshall? He was out riding his horse. And why didn't General Marshall phone General Short? He finally sent the message by Western Union, and as the Western Union boy pedaled up to Admiral Kimmel's office with this vital message the sky was already filled with Japanese aircraft. In four short months the Japanese had wrought major damage to the U.S. Naval Forces and seized thousands of square miles of ocean territory filled with critical raw materials. Furthermore, they accomplished this with minimum losses. As a matter of fact, they lost only three destroyers during the extended operations from Xl

Pearl Harbor to Darwin, Australia, to the Indian Ocean, back to Japan. War games conducted before the war showed that they could expect to lose one-third of their fleet in the first four months. The interesting thing is that they were ready to accept such losses to acquire the territory they felt they must have. They were surprised at their success and concluded forthwith that they could go anywhere and defeat any foe. However, from the seizure of the southwest area to the remainder of the war, everything was downhill. Many of the Japanese military commanders became arrogant and overly confident, which became disastrous as the United States produced vast quantities of war material and learned to fight their determined enemy. The year 1942 was a pivotal period in the Pacific war. It is hoped that as noted historians review the battles and engagements, invaluably aided by recollections of veterans of those actual engagements, history will not repeat itself. -

ADM. THOMAS MOORER

(Ret.), USN

Preface

New Year's Eve is a time of revelry. People celebrate with parties and toasts to the anticipated good fortunes of the coming year. Fireworks are sent high into the night sky, glasses are raised in toasts of health and prosperity, and voices cheerfully sing out the refrains of "Auld Lang Syne." Revelers fill the main streets of America, and the country enjoys one big party to bring in the new year with a bang. On December 31,1941, the new year was received with a different kind of bang: the sound of enemy guns resounding throughout the world. In Europe, Adolf Hitler and the Axis powers were close to the conquest of three continents. Fascism had enveloped most of Europe and was threatening to swallow Russia and Africa. All that had saved England from the expanding grasp of Hitler's minions were the valiant pilots of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the LendLease program whereby a battered and bloodied England and Russia received vital war materials and supplies from the United States. In the Far East, Japan had accomplished several goals toward becoming a world superpower. Through military might, she had totally overwhelmed and defeated several nations, including Thailand and Manchuria. Her armies were gobbling up territory in Burma, China, Korea, and Russia. The air corps, army, and navy were poised at the throat of Singapore, Malaya, and the rest of the Dutch East Indies. In one of the most daring and audacious acts in modern history, Japan had unilaterally and unequivocally declared war on the United States by attacking the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the United States Army in the Philippines, and had brought to submission the United States Marine Corps garrison on tiny Wake Island. The Empire of the Rising Sun had turned an eye toward Australia and was preparing to launch a strike against Darwin and other Australian holdings and British colonies and influences in the South Pacific. Xlll

Every inhabited continent and virtually every country in the world was at war. Peoples of all nations were fighting and dying on the battle lines of freedom, and no nation, no island, no population on earth was safe from the vice-grip of Hitler, Mussolini, or Tojo. New Year's Eve of 1941 was not a time of rejoicing and exchanging wishes of health and prosperity for the coming year. The only thing promised for 1942 was despair, death, and a grim struggle to stop the fascist monsters. Agreements to assist our European Allies were still being discussed, debated, and argued by leaders in Washington. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was in Washington to try to sell the United States on supplying men and more material and equipment to the European theater. To what degree the United States would commit to a war in Europe was far from resolved. But one fact was certain. Japan had drawn a line in the sand, and the United States was fully prepared to cross that line. Roosevelt moved ships, planes, and men to the Pacific with lightning speed. Ships were transferred from the Atlantic and from bases within the United States. Planes were located, repaired, salvaged, and immediately deployed to Pacific installations by any means possible. Men were moved west just as fast as trains, trucks, buses, cars, and ships could load them and head for the Pacific. Civilian production facilities were given government contracts overnight and retooled to supply the American war machine. It may not have been a year of joy and elation, but in 1942 Americans were going to damn sure guarantee that it would not be a year of defeat and domination. The year 1942 was one of sacrifice, suffering, and bloodshed, but it was also a year of hope and optimism. It would be the most significant year in World War II. On all fronts, the Allies stalemated, and in some cases defeated, the Axis powers. Rommel's powerful Afrika Corps was stopped in North Africa, the Russians held the line at Stalingrad, and the Allies regrouped and began to shrink the Rising Sun. For the United States, 1942 was significant in several regards, most having to do with the war in the Pacific. The military learned how to fight. The air, land, and sea forces honed their skills and learned their lessons in the Pacific. These lessons would reap dividends in later crucial battles in the war, including the Normandy invasion in France. The United States (because of victories against the Japanese) changed from attitudes of defensiveness to attitudes of optimism and victory. These victories meant more than the mere XIV

gaining of ground. They showed the Japanese to be beatable, they opened vitally needed routes for supplies, equipment, and men, they taxed and wore down the Japanese war machine, and they prevented the Japanese from obtaining needed supplies and food to sustain its military machine. The United States forced Japan to significantly alter war plans and strategies. By the end of 1942, Japan was no longer intent upon domination but wanted to merely retain what it had. The United States was on the offensive for good. America, not Japan, dictated the course of the war in the Pacific. And victories in the Pacific in 1942 allowed the United States to place a greater emphasis on the European theater. Actions in the Pacific made it possible for the United States to truly commit to a two-theater war. The advantages gained in 1942 had a price tag attached. The Battles of Java and Coral Sea, the dissolution of the Allied joint command in the Pacific, the Battle of Midway, the invasion of New Guinea, and Guadalcanal were all fought at a premium price. These faraway places became household words and military legends. The public learned a new vocabulary with strange spellings and sounds. Corregidor, Bataan, Papua, Buna, Java, Balikpapan, Midway, Vella Lavella, Tassafaronga, and the Louisiades were just a few of the names permanently etched into American consciousness by American fighting men. The Pacific was no longer the idyllic white-sand beaches with hot, sunny days and star-filled nights. The Pacific became a proving ground and tomb for those Americans forced into the rites of passage. Japanese soldiers, sailors, and airmen also found their manhood tested in those places, for war touches all men equally. For every promise made by Imperial Japanese Headquarters, thousands of Japanese military men made good the marker with their lives. The year 1992 marked the half-century point since those bleak days. Contained in those fifty years were two more wars, more evolutions in the techniques of warfare, the replacement of propellers with jets, floating ships that were larger than city blocks (and carried more men than small cities), and man's first walk on the moon. The black days of 1942 were long ago but seemed like yesterday. The survivors of those battles of the faraway places and strange-sounding names aged and went away with time, until there remained only a handful to pass on the tale of what happened in the Pacific. At San Antonio, Texas, in March 1992, some of those survivors xv

gathered to pass on that legacy. At a symposium co-sponsored by the Admiral Nimitz Museum, the Admiral Nimitz Foundation, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, the United States Naval Institute, and Pennzoil, men and women who played the hero's role in the momentous events of 1942 told of life in the Pacific in 1942. Titled "1942: 'Issue In Doubt,' " this symposium brought together the combatants of 1942 from all over the world. Soldiers, sailors, marines, and airmen from the United States, Australia, England, and Japan met, remembered, shared, and related their legacy of what fighting in the Pacific in 1942 was like. This book is about that symposium. It is the book of those men and women, friend and foe. It is a book of their life in the Pacific theater in 1942, in their words. It is a book of the historians who provided the framework for the actions of 1942. Veterans and experts of virtually every major military action which occurred in the Pacific during 1942 are represented in these pages. They tell of the ABDA command, Battle of Java Sea, the fall of the Philippines, Wake Island, Battle of Coral Sea, the Doolittle raid on Tokyo, the Battle of Midway, the New Guinea campaign, and the fight for Guadalcanal. There are also the side stories of 1942, some of which have received very little attention and others of which have only come to light within the past few years. The reader will learn of the new form of naval warfare first seen in 1942, the agony of Death Railway (fictionalized in the novel and movie Bridge on The River Kwai), the saga of PatWing 10, and the ongoing controversy over cryptanalysis and its role at the Battle of Midway. No other book provides such an integrative view of the historic events of 1942. Many of the oral histories have been added to and expanded by the veterans and historians. This book will ensure that the legacy of the past is not lost to our future. Can we afford to lose that legacy? Many have said (in one form or another) that the past is the key to our future, that what we have learned by history is that which will guide us in all the days to come. If we lose the past, we lose part of the future. The teachers of history are not those who write about it but those who live it. Historians may analyze, condense, summarize, and even revise our history, but they cannot teach us history. Only those who have lived history can do that. This book is unique in regards to World War II in several respects. It is not a history book; it is a book about people who lived XVI

history. It is about the human dimension of 1942. Generals and admirals place pins on maps, historians use lines and arrows, to show the ebb and flow of battle. For every pin, line, and arrow, thousands of men and women fought, suffered, bled, and died. The lessons to be learned from war are not the strategies and tactics. It is the individuals who pay the price to make the strategies and tactics work. In these pages reside that human drama, played out in military actions and victories won and lost. The reader is urged to read slowly in order to read the emotions of war. To the individual, war is emotions. It is dread, fear, terror, uncertainty, hope, joy, relief, and elation. The careful reader will see that range of emotions repeated endlessly within these pages. Every person who fights a battle leaves a part of themselves on the battlefield and brings a piece of that battlefield home. In 1992, we know quite a bit about post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including causes, symptoms, and cures. We did not know about PTSD in 1942. For many of the veterans of World War II, they have suffered in silence for almost fifty years. The motivation for some of the veterans who participated in the symposium and this book was to experience the cure for PTSD, to exorcise some of the demons they have been carrying for half a century, and ultimately to return pieces of the battlefield to the Pacific. I hope they were successful. A unique feature is the saga of the women caught in the South Pacific by the war. Histories, documentaries, and other references to the Pacific war have all but ignored these brave women. They were as much a part of 1942 as were the men who fought. Even today, with the emphasis on equality of the sexes and equal rights, the women who blazed this trail have been ignored. We do not remember the valiant women of that period who "broke the mold" to begin the long and hard process of assuring women an equal place alongside men. It is my hope that this book contributes to and helps resolve the ongoing battle. Another unique feature of this book is the Japanese perspective. Of the very few oral histories available, the Japanese perspective has been ignored. It is not only interesting but vital to see and understand the picture of warfare from the viewpoint of the enemy combatant. The reader will see that the Japanese picture of the military actions is different from that of the Allies, but the emotions and agonies of war are the same. The Japanese soldier paid the price for the fallacies and idiocy of their commanders. The reader may be surXVll

prised to discover that the Japanese combatant, at least emotionally and psychologically, was no different from his Allied counterpart. I am not a historian. In fact, I probably know less about World War II than any person who contributed to this book. I was neither a participant nor, as John Costello says, a rewriter of history. I am a reporter of the human drama which unfolded in 1942 and a collector of what the veterans and historians related. There will not be a complex array of footnotes and citations within these pages. The purpose is not to make the reader an expert in the tactical and strategic actions of 1942, but to make the reader aware of the human element of 1942. I have contributed little to this book. Some may argue that I have contributed anything to this book. I do not take that as an insult, rather as a compliment. My job was twofold. I pulled together in a coherent manner the recollections of the participants of 1942 and the historians which provided the context for the experiences of the veterans. Some veterans' experiences needed contextual information supplied to make those experiences fit into the overall gestalt of 1942. Any errors of fact or omission are mine and mine alone. It has been said that heroes are those who are afraid to go but go anyway. The veterans within these pages were heroes twice over: once in 1942 and again in 1992. To relive the horror of 1942 and share one's soul with a world of strangers takes a special kind of person.

XVlll

Index

assembly-line production, 275

ABDA,losses of, 51, 53 ABDA command, 17, 18, 19,21-22,34, 35, 51-54, 57, 59 Abucay Line, 20, 77 Admiral Nimitz Foundation, xvi, 60 Admiral Nimitz Museum, xvi, 222 Mrika Corps, xiv, 22 Aichi D3Al (VAL), 39 aircraft carrier, development of, 37, 3839,41-50 Air Group 10, 49 air power (Allied), 28-35, 87, 94-96, 211213,216 air power (Japanese), 28-35, 81 Air Raid Pearl Harbor!, 145 Aitape, 205 Akagi, 41, 46, 47, 181, 183, 186, 191 Alameda, 44 Alaska, defense of, 156, 157-159 Aleutian campaign, 206 Aleutian Islands, 183, 192,209 Alexandria, 2 Alligator Creek, 238 Ambon, 55, 122 American Volunteer Group, 31, 33, 35 America's Cup, 131 Ancon, 8 And I Was There, 13, 163 Antonides, Joseph, 125 Antwerp, 5 Aransas Pass, Texas, 64 Arashio, 273 Arcadia conference, 15, 34 Arizona, 30, 258 arms control, 6 Armstrong, Neil, 277 Army War Plans, 16, 23 Arnold, General, 132 Asiatic Fleet: described, 18, 61; losses of, 57-58; strength of, 54-56

Astoria, 268 At Daum We Slept, 206 Atlanta, 244

atomic warfare, 275 Attu, 158 Australia, 139 Australia, Battle for, 208 Australia, defense of, 20, 21, 22-24, 235 Australian Air Force, 94, 97 Australian Allies, 93-98, 98 Australian Beaufighters, 217 Australian Pioneer Infantry, 72 Australia's Pearl Harbor, 131 B

B-17Es, 94-95, 97 ~17s,31, 32, 33, 34,59, 88,89 ~25s, 44-45, 132, 191, 213 Baguio,75 Bali,35 Balikpapan, 19,34,56,65, 122 Bandoeng, Java, 72 Bandung Straits, 21 Ban Pong, Thailand, 67 Barnett, 269 Barninger, Lt. C. A., 113, 114 Bataan, Battle of, 56, 82 Bataan, surrender of, 101 Bataan defense lines, 17-18,20,25,77 Bataan Peninsula, 15, 25, 91 Bathurst Island, 130 battleship, role of, 37 Battleship Arizona: An Illustrated History, 145 Battleship Division (Japanese), 155 Bayler, Maj. Walter, 108 Beaufort Bombers, 95 Belconnen station, 165 Beloit, Wisconsin, 223 Bengough,---, 254

299

300

1942:

"ISSUE IN DOUBT"

Benn. Maj. Bill. 212 Berande Plantation. 253 BETIY Bombers (see Mitsubishi G4M1 Type 1) Biak Island. 205 Biddle. Francis. 161 Bilibid Prison. 84 Binalonan.81 Bingiti. Anthony. 254 Bismarck Sea. 204 Bismarck Sea. Battle of the. 212. 216-218 Black Cat Squadron. 192 Blarney. General. 202 Blitzkrieg. 13 Bloody Ridge. 238. 269 Bobolinlc, 245 Boise, 56. 63

Bombing Squadron 3. 193 Bombing Squadron 5. 193 Bombing Squadron 6. 189 Borneo. 9. 19. 122.207 Bostrom. Frank. 95. 96. 97 Bougainville Island. 95. 151.231.270. 271 Brereton. Maj. Gen. Lewis H .• 31. 75 Brewster Buffalo. 30 Bridge on the River Kwai, The. 73 Britain. Battle of. 2-3. 234 British Admiralty Delegation. 161 British Far-Eastern Fleet. 25. 30. 44 British possessions in the Far East. 16. 28 Brown. Vice Adm. Wilson. 43. 44 Browning. Miles. 194 Bued River. 81 Buka.95 Buna. Battle for. 204. 211-216. 219. 220. 223-227 Buna. New Guinea. 2. 95. 202. 203. 219 Burma. 19.21.27.30.33.35.207 Burma Road. 31 C C-47s.224 Cabanatuan.84.85 Caidin. Martin. 97 Cairo. 2 Calumpit Bridge. 82 Camp *1. 84 Camp *1 (Wake). 113-114 Camp *2. 84 Camp Beauregard. Louisiana. 223 Camp O'Donnell. 80. 84 Canberra. 21 Canberra Parliament. 23

Cape Endiadea. 221. 226 Cape Esperance. Battle of. 239. 249 Cape Gloucester. 95 Cape Henshaw. 254 Cape Kurutsu. 272 Cape Nelson. 223 Cape Saint George. Battle of. 247 Cape Tevu. 248 Carl. Capt. Marion E.• 259. 261 Carrier Division 1 (Japanese). 155 Carrier Division 2 (Japanese). 155 Carrier Division 3 (Japanese). 158 Carrier Division? (Japanese). 151. 154. 155 Cast. (see Cavite) Cavite. 61. 122. 165 Cebu. Philippines. 92. 104. 105 Celebes Islands. 19.62.207 censorship. 162 Center for Cryptologic History. 146 Ceylon. 25 Chaffin. - - . 96 Champion. Allen. 95 Chennault. Claire. 31 Chiang Kai-shek. 17 Chicago Daily Tribune. 161. 236. 268 Chihuma, 263

Chinese army. 3. 5. 27 Chitose. 271 ChungKing. 2 Church. Russell. 32 Churchill. Winston. xiv. 3. 6. 13. 15. 1617.19.21.24.34.59.235 CINCPAC Operational Plan 29-42.156157. 158. 177. 184 Clark. Jocko. 140 Clark Field. 14. 32. 59. 75. 80. 87. 88 Clemens. Martin. 230. 258. 260. 261 Clones. Maj. Gen. Cyril A .• 202 Coastwatchers. 95. 230. 231. 233. 237. 249-257.258.260 code-breaking. (see cryptanalysis) Code of Wartime Practices for the American Press. 162 cold war. 4. 5. 7 Collingwood Bay. 216 Colombo. 44 COMINT (communications intelligence). 145-182 communications. 127. 135. 145-182. 176. 197.228 Communications Combat Intelligence. 166

Index Conderman, Lt. Robert, 111 Congressional Medal of Honor, 258 Consolidated LB-30 Liberators, 34 (see also LB-30s) Consolidated PBY Catalina Flying Boats, 32 (see also PBYs) Copek circuits, 171 Coral Sea, Battle of the, 2, 12, 27, 45-46, 97, 137-144, 151-153, 159, 160, 183, 209,213 Coral Sea, control of, 140 Corregidor, 15, 18,20,22,27, 44,56,58, 61-62, 75, 101, 104 Corregidor, surrender of, 77, 79, 83 Corregidor Islands (map), 78 Crabb, - , 218 Cruiser Division 18 (Japanese), 115 Cruiser Division 5 (Japanese), 150 Cruiser Division 8 (Japanese), 155 cryptanalysis, 40, 45, 46, 145-182, 184185,21~217,23~237,241,253

Cunningham, Cmdr. Winfield Scott, 108, 110,120 Curtain, Prime Minister, 22, 23 Curtiss P-36s, 31 Curtiss P-40B Tomahawks, 31 CV-5 Squadron, 140 CW-21B,31 D

Damortis,81 Darwin, Australia, 11, 21 , 43, 131 Dauntless, 47, 189 Davao Penal Colony, 85 Davidson, Lt. Carl R., 118 Dawley, Lt. Jack, 125-126 Death March, 25-26, 83, 84 Death Railway, 6~71, 73 "Declaration of the War Aims of the United Nations," 17 Dede, Bob, 59-60 Del Monte, Mindanao, 94, 96 De Ruyter, 53, 65 Destroyer Division 29, 114 Destroyer Division 30, 115 Devereaux, Maj.J.P.S., 14, 108, 109, 110Ill, 113, 114, 120 Dewey, Commodore, 114 Dickson, Lt. Cmdr. R. E., 151 Distinguished Flying Cross, 133 Distinguished Service Medal, 133, 179, 180 dive-bombing ride, described, 189-190, 194-195

301

Dixon, Lt. Cmdr. R. E., 139 Dobodura, 214,227 Doolittle, Lt. Col. James H., 11,26,44-45, 132-136, 154, 166, 183, 191 Doolittle raid, 11-12,26,44-45, 132-136, 166, 183, 189, 191 Douglas A-24 Dauntless, 31 Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless, 39 Douglas TBD-1 Devastators, 40 Dowty, Lt.James E., 221 Draft Law, 13 Driniumer River, 205 Driscoll, Agnes, 146 Dubose, - - , 96 "Dugout Doug," 18 Dulce of Glouster, 11 Duncan, Capt. Donald B., 132 Duropa Coconut Plantation, 227 Dutch Air Forces, 211 Dutch Army Air, 31 Dutch East Indies, 11, 16, 20, 21, 28, 34, 42,44,57,60,207 Dutch Harbor, 155, 159, 181 Dyer, Capt. Thomas, 145-146, 165, 171 Dyess, Ed, 90-91 E

Earnest, Bert, 200 Eastern Solomons, Battle of the, 49, 238 Eaton, Fred, 95 Ebbe, Gordon, 125 Edsal~ 58 Edson's Raiders, 269-270 Edson's Ridge, 238 education, 276 Eglin Air Field, Florida, 132 Egypt, defense of, 22 Eichelberger, Lt. Gen. Robert L., 202203,214,218 18th Australian Infantry Brigade, 202 Eighth Air Force, 3 Eisenhower, Gen. Dwight D., 4, 15, 18, 23,235 Ekins, Ken, 254 El Alamein, 2 Ekctra, 53 11th Air Fleet (Japanese), 30, 33 11 th Marines, 269-270 Eliot, 268 Elkton Plan, 210, 211 Ellice Islands, 14, 149 Elrod, Capt. Henry T. "Hammering Hank," 115, 118, 120 Emily flying boat, 62

302

1942:

"ISSUE IN DOUBT"

Empires in the Balance, 147 Encounter, 53 English, Rear Adm. Robert H., 182 Eniwetok, 275 En~~e, 12,20,22,41,42,44,45,47, 48,49,132,133,157,159,177,178, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190,193,241,244 Eora Creek, 202 Erie Maru, 85 Espiritu Santo, 259 Essex, 39, 48 Etajima Naval Academy, 40, 64 Eubanks, Lt. Col. Gene, 88, 89 Europe First, 15, 16, 23, 24, 230 Evertsen, 53 Ewa, 258 Ewoldt, Spike, 255 Exeter, 21-22, 53 Ezzard, Dick, 97 F F4F Wildcats, ll5, ll8

Fading Victory, 206 Fairey Fulmar, 39 Faisi,95 Far East Air Force, 31, 32-33 "Far Eastern Dunkirk," 17 Faulkner, - - , 96 Feldt, Cmdr. Eric, 230, 237, 253 Fengtai, China, 108 Fields, Col. Wallace, 93 15th Army, 19 5th Air Division Qapanese), 30 Fifth Air Force, 97, 202, 203, 204, 210, 2ll, 212, 216, 217 5th Fighter Command, 215 5th Marines, 266, 267 51st Fighter Group, 58 Fiji, 169, 172 Finnegan Lt. Joseph, 176 Finschafen, 95 1st Air Fleet (Japanese), 154, 155, 157, 169 1st Marine Battalion, 77, 109 1st Marine Division, 237, 257, 265-270 1st Parachute Battalion, 269 First Armored Division, 219 First South PacifIC Campaign, The, 27 First Team, The, 27 Fitch, Rear Adm. Aubrey W., 147, 150, 151, 182 Fleet AirWing 10, 127, 128 Fletcher, Rear Adm. Frank Jack, 20, 43,

44,4~6,48,

137, 139, 147, 150, 151-153,156,157,158,159,174, 182, 18~184, 185, 193,231,237,259 flight training, 40-41 float plane, 37 Florence D, 129 Flying Tigers, 31, 33, 35 Ford, Henry, 275 Formosa, 89 Fort Stotsenberg, 80 41st Division, 204, 205 14th Army (Japanese), 15,75 14th Horse Cavalry, 79 4th Destroyer Squadron (Japanese), 65 4th Field Heavy Artillery (Japanese), 270271

4th Fleet (Japanese), 148, 149 435th Kangaroo Squadron, 95-97, 98 435th Reconnaissance Squadron, 93 Fremantle Yacht Club, 131 French Frigate Shoals, 154, 156, 167 Freuler, Capt. Herbert C., 115, 118 Fuchida, Mitsuo, 42, 43 Fusan, Korea, 108 "fuzzy-wuzzy angels," 222 G

G.I. Bill, 276 Galbraith, Ambassador, 8 Galer, Maj. Robert D., 259 Gap, The, 202 Garbutt Field, 94 Gasmata,95 Gavutu Island, 250, 269 Gay, Ens. George "Tex," 199 Genda, Minoru, 42, 181 Geneva Convention, 106 Genou, 214 George, Gen. Hal, 88 Lieutenant, 81 German paratroopers, 131 Gerow, Gen. Leonard T., 75 Ghormley, Adm. Robert L., 210, 239 Gifu Highlands, 274 Gilbert Islands, 14,43, 109, 149 Gizo district, 251 Glassford, Adm. William, 57 Gobe,224 Goen,95 Gold Ridge, 230, 253 Goldstein, Dr. Donald, 205 Gona, 202, 203 Coto, Admiral, 97, 137 Gra! Spee, 22

Index Gramm, Phil, 73 Graves, Lt. George, III Greater Southeast Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 35 Greece, 2 Greene, Gen. Wallace M.,jr. Award, 233 Gregory, 248 Grover, Colonel, 92 Grumman TBF-1 Avenger, 40 Grumman Wildcats, 39, 47, 110 (see also F4F Wildcats) Guadalcanal, Battle of, 241, 243, 248, 261-265 Guadalcanal campaign, 48-50, 179, 211, 228-275 Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle, 233 Guadalcanal Island, described, 142 Guam Island, 13, 14 Gunn, Lt. Col. P. I., 212 Guri Guri, 224 H

H.E. Hecock Company, 104 Hacienda Abucay, 82 Hall, Earle, 126 Halmahera Group, 63 Halsey, Rear Adm. William F. "Bull," 20, 22,26,42,43,4445,49,132,133134,156,174,176,177,183,185, 191,239 Hamilton Field, 87, 94 Hammann, 139 Hamwright, Capt. Wesley, 165, 171 Harding, Gen. Edwin F., 202 Hart, Adm. Thomas C., 31, 54, 55, 56, 57,59,60,61,63 Hashimoto, Shiro ("Pistol Pete"), 269270,272 Hatori, Takashiro, 147, 154 Hawaii, defense of, 23, 24 Hawaii, invasion of, 169 Hawaiian Department, 94 Hay, Ken, 253 Hayate, 114-115 headhunters, 201 Healy, Lieutenant Commander, 139 Hearst newspapers, 160-161, 166, 179 Helena, 244 Helfrich, Cmdr. Conrad Emile, 53 Henderson Field, 48, 229, 231, 239, 241, 260,272 Hermes, 1l,44 Hickam Field, 94

303

Hiei, 248 Hill 903, 272

Hiroshima, japan, 4 Hiryu, 39,41,46,47, 181, 183, 186, 191,

195 Hitler, Adolf, xiii, 2, 3, 147 Hokkaido, japan, 108 Holden, Lt. Frank, III Hollandia, 205,215 Holmes, Lt. Cmdr.jasper, 175 Holtwick,jack S., 146, 180 Homma, Gen. Mashaharu, 15,75,77,79 Hong Kong, 14, 17, 28 Honolulu, Hawaii, 89,167,192 Hoover, Trav, 134 Hopkins, Harry, 3 Horii, Maj. Gen. Tomitaro, 201, 202, 205 Hornet, ll, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 64, 132, 133,157,159, 178, 182, 183, 186, 190,191,193,199,239 Horton, - - , 251 Hosho, 38, 46 Hospital iH, 100-101 Hospital *2, 83, 84, 100 Houston, 21,51,53,54,57,61,63,72 human rights, 6, 7 Hunt, Lt. Sanford B., 266 Hyakutake, General, 202 Hypo, 148, 151, 153, 155, 156, 159, 163180,181,182,236 I

Iba Field, 32, 75 Ichiki, Col. Kiyano, 238 Ichiki unit, 271 Imita Ridge, 202 Indian army, 19,21 In the Hands of Fate, 54 Inouye, Vice Admiral, 139, 148, 153 intelligence gathering, 13 Internment School, 103 Ioribaiwa, 202 Ireland, northern, 16 Isohau, 181 Iwo jima, 275

j2F2,91 james, Brother, 254-255 japal, Amirhamja, 126 japanese: entry into war, 9-13; invincibility theory, 208, 209, 216; military, 7; perspective of Pacific war, xvii-xviii; pilots, 93; reasons for entering war, 147-148; society, 8-9; soldier

304

1942:

ÂŤISSUE IN DOUBT"

(described), 79; strategic plans of, 24-25,26-27,28-30,35,45,47, 136, 140, 166, 207-210, 239-240; tactical coordination of, 40 Japanese navy: 64-66, 112; losses of, 47, 49,139,182,186,209,217;strength of, 174, 183, 184 Java,9,21,53,55,207 Java, defense of, 56, 57-58 Java, surrender of, 35 Java Sea, 52 Java Sea, Battle of the, 21, 54, 57, 65 IN-25 code, 148-149, 177, 184 Johnson, George H., 206 Samuel,6 Johnston, Stanley, 160 Johnston Island, 107, 170, 171, 172, 175, 176 Johore Strait, 19 Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee, 217 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 16, 20, 23-24, 210 joint war council, 15 Jolo Harbor, 125 Jolo raid, 56 Jomard Passage, 137 Joselyn, - - , 251 jumau, 241,244 junyo, 46, 49 jupiter, 53 K Kag~

41,44,46,47, 181, 183, 186, 191, 199 Kagoshima, Japan, 169 Kaiser, 7 Kajioka, Admiral, 112, 113, 114, 115, 129 Kakuta, Admiral, 181 Kanbaku, 263 Kanchanaburi, Thailand, 67, 69, 73-74

Karsiclc, 220

Kauai,190 Kavieng,95,215,217 Kawaguchi, Maj. Gen. Kiyotaki, 238, 262 Kawaguchi unit, 271 Keenan, Jack, 250 Kendari,34 Kennedy, - - , 253 Kenney, Gen. George, 212, 218 Kessler, Lt. Woodrow, 115 Keys, AI, 97 Fred,97 Kiangwan, China, 108 KidoButai,21, 25,38,42,45,46,47,49,

167,169-170,175,176 Kikkawa, Cmdr. Kiyoshi, 246-247 Kimmel, Adm. Husband E., 14, 109, 127, 169 King, Maj. Gen. Edward P., 25, 77 Adm. ErnestJoseph, 5, 15-16,23,24, 43,44,48,132,141,147,157,161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 168, 172-174, 176, 178, 179, 230, 235-236, 237 Kinney, Lt. John F., 118 Kimhima, 248 Kisaragi, 115, 118

Kiska, 158 Kitty Hawlc, 258-259

Kliever, Lt. David D., 119 Knox, Frank, 161 Kodiak Island, 155 Kokoda,205 Kokoda airfield, 201-202 Kokoda Trail, 98, 201, 214, 215, 223 Koli Point, 254 Kondo, Vice Adm. Nobutake, 155 Kongo Maru, 114,118 Konkoita, Thailand, 67, 69 Korean War, 7 Kruger, - - , 218 Kukum, 256 Kuku Point, 113 Kumusi River, 202 Kunming, China, 33 Kurusu, Adm. Saburo, 88 Kwae-Noi River, 67 Kwajalein, 112, 127, 167, 175,275 Kwajalein Atoll, 20 Kyushu, 262 L

Lae, New Guinea, 95, 141, 148,204,215, 216,217 Laguna de Bay, 122 Lake Lanao, 125 Lamon Bay, 15, 75, 81 Langu" 11,38,54,57,58,61,63 Lattimore, Sergeant, 221, 222 Lawao,77 Lawson, Ted, 134 Layac Bridge, 77 Layac Junction, 82 Layton, Adm. Edwin T., 13, 146, 148, 149, 155, 156, 162-164, 167, 169, 172, 173, 174, 177-178, 179-180 LB-30s,97 Lee, Admiral, 243 Lend-Lease program, xiii, 3

Index Leningrad, 2 Lever's Wharf, 250 Lewis, - - , 96 Lexington, 41,43,44,45-46, 137, 139, 143,144,148,151-152,157,161,209 Leyte, 102 Lingayen Gulf, 15, 65, 75, 81 Little, 248 Lockheed Hudsons, 95 locust plague, 106 Longoskawyan Point, 91 Lord, Walter, 164, 181, 257 Lost Battalion Association, 71-72, 73 Louisiades, 137 Lubao Bridge, 82 Lunga Airstrip, 48 Lunga River, 272 Luzon armies, 15, 17,77,80,81-82 M

MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 2, 4,14,15, 17-18, 20, 22-23, 25, 31, 55, 59, 75, 80,81,82,83,89,93,96,101,149150, 152, 201, 202-203, 207, 208, 210,211,218,236,275 MacFarlan, - - , 250, 252, 253, 257 MacFarland, Don, 230 Macintosh, Lieutenant, 220-221 Maffin Bay, 205 MAGIC (Japanese code machine), 145 Maizuru Force, 108 Makassar Straits, 59 Makin, 20 Malacca Straits, 2 Malaita, 250 Malaita, 250, 251 Malaya, 9, 14, 17,21,28,29,33,207 Malay Barrier, 18, 22, 34 Malinta Tunnel, 20, 75, 77, 101, 102 Mandates, 174 Manila,55,59, 61, 75,84,101,102,122 Manila Bay, 65, 91 Manila Harbor, 92 Mar,205 . Marblehead, 54, 56, 57 Marcus Island, 44 Marine Air Group 23, 258 Mariveles, 90, 91 Mariveles Harbor, 91 Mariveles Line, 20, 25 Mariveles Mountains, 77 Mark 13 torpedoes, 40, 196, 198 Marshall, Gen. George C., 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 149-150, 201, 237

305

Marshall Islands, 20-21, 43, 109, 158 Martin 8o10s, 31 Mason, Paul, 231, 237 Matinikau River, 272 MatsuJca, 114, 115 McAllister, Lt.John A., 113, 114 McCaskey, - - , 254 McCawley, 266, 268 McClusky, Cmdr. Wade, 189 McDonald, Helen, 218 McLawhorn, Everen, 126 Medal of Honor, 120 medicine, 276 Mekong Valley, 9 Menado,62 Michener, James, 243 Midway, Battle of, 2, 12, 24, 46-48, 136, 154-159, 162-200,209,230,231,262 Midway, designator established, 175-176 Midway Island, 45, 107, 127, 168, 183, 188,209 Miike Maru, 271 Mikawa, Vice Adm. Gunichi, 231 Mikuma, 181, 186-187 Miller, Colonel, 224 Milne Bay, 95, 202, 213, 214, 215 Mindanao Field, 75 Mindanao Island, 85, 86, 92 Mindoro Island, 63 Missouri, 133 Mitchell, William D., 161 Mitcher, Capt. Mark, 154 Mitsubishi A6M2 Type 0, 29, 39 Mitsubishi B5N2 Type 97 (KATE), 40 Mitsubishi G3M3 Type 96 (NELL), 29 Mitsubishi G4M1 Type 1 (BETIY), 29, 227 Mitsubishi Ki-21 (SALLY), 29 Mogam~ 181, 186-187 Monnet, Jean, 3 monsoons, 205-206 Montbatten, Lord, 131 Montgomery, Gen. Bernard L., 1,5 Moon Bay, New Guinea, 220 Moran, Lord, 235 Moresby campaign, 148-153, 166 MoTinda, 250 Morison, Rear Adm. Samuel Eliot, 46, 163 Moro natives, 86, 126 Morris, 139 Morrison-Knudsen Company, 107 Moscow, Russia, 2, 234

306

1942:

"ISSUE IN DOUBT"

Mount Austin. 267 Mount Natib. 25. 77 Mount Pinatuba, 90 Mount Samat. 77 MTBs (motor torpedo boats). 220 Musa River. 224 Mussolini. Benito. 147 Mutan Kiang; 270 N

Nagasaki.Japan. 4. 72 Nagato.64

Nagumo. Vice Adm. Chuichi. 38. 44. 47. 155. 156. 167. 181. 183. 185·188 Nakajima Ki-27 (NATE). 29 Nakajima Ki-43 Hajabusa (Oscar). 29 Nakhon Pathom. 69 Nankin, 174 Nanking. 26 Narrow Island. 172 National Security Agency. 146. 162. 163 NATO. 87 Natsu Kumo. 271 Navahoe.246 Naval Directive *47. 147 Naval History Magazine. 145 Naval Language School. 163 Negat, 163-180 Neosho. 46. 137. 139. 151 New Britain. 201. 207. 210. 215 New Caledonia. 149. 169. 172 New Guinea. 25. 27. 137.201-227 New Hebrides. 24 New Ireland. 207 Nichols Field. 32. 97 Nimitz. Adm. Chester W .• 27. 42. 43. 44. 45.46.48.147.148.150.152.156. 158-159. 160. 182. 183. 188. 199. 201.208.210.236.239 Nimitz. Adm. Chester W.: and codebreaking at Midway. 163-180 19th Bomb Group. 31. 34. 93. 96-97. 98 9th Australian Division. 204. 205 Ninth Air Force. 93 Nitta Maru, 108 Nitze. Paul. 8 No Margin fOT Error, 54 Nong Pladuk. Thailand. 67 Normandy invasion. 87. 93 North Africa. 2. 16 North Luzon Forces. 80 Noumea. 139. 172 nuclear war. 6

o Ocean Island. 149. 172 O·Hare. Lt. Edward H. "Butch; 43 Oitt. 114. 115 Olongapo. 122 Olsen. Colonel. 85 163rd Regimental Combat Team 205 131st Field Artillery. 71. 72 • 128th Infantry. 32nd Division. Wisconsin National Guard. 22. 227 124th Regiment (Japanese). 274 OP-20G. 164. 165-166. 171-172. 175 Operation Flight Gridiron. 58 Operation Overlord. 4 Operation Providence. 201 Oro Bay. 220 Owen Stanley Mountains. 98.141.201. 202.203.205.210.214.215.220 p

P-26s.87 P-35s. 31. 87 P-36s.31 P-40s. 31. 34. 57. 87. 91 Pacific Air Forces. 87 Pacific First. 23. 24 Pacific Fleet: 18. 20. 24-27. 41. 42-50. 154; losses of. 49. 139. 182. 209; strength of. 48. 168. 174 Pacific War, The, 13 Palmyra Island. 107 Panama Canal. 172 Pan American Airways. 107. III Panay Island. 62. 92 Papuan campaign. 215. 217 Papua. New Guinea. 95. 148. 151 Papuan Peninsula. 139. 201 parafrag bomb. 212 Paramushiro Island. 158 Paripao.253 Parker. General. 77 Patrol Wing 10. 31-32. 34. 54-55. 56. 91 122-131 • Pawns of War, 54 PBY-4s. 54-55. 128 PBY-5s. 123. 128. 129 PBYs. 56. 123. 125 Peacock Point. 113 Peale Island. 109. 115 Pearl Harbor. 7. 9-11. 13. 14. 25. 29. 32. 38.80.99.107.108.128.169.170. 181.182.183.184.192.208.255 258 • Peary. 61-64

Index Pecos, 54, 58 Pelican Point, 125 Pelican River, 123 Pennzoil, xvi Percival, Gen. Arthur, 19, 21 Perry, 61

Persian Gulf War, 7 Perth, 51,53,72 Phase Two plans, 147-149 Phelps, 139 Philippine Archipelago, 92 Philippine Army Air Corps, 32 Philippine Islands, 28, 61, 76 Philippines, defense of, 55 Philippines, surrender of, 20-21, 22, 79 Philippine Scouts, 80-86, 91 Philippine Sea, Battle of the, 50 Phosphate Islands, 172-173 Pineau, Adm. Roger, 13, 163-164, 180 "Pistol Pete" (see Hashimoto, Shiro) Play Fair code, 253 Plott, - - , 254 Point Luck, 185, 187 Pollock, Tom, 58 Pongani, 224 Pope. 53 Port Darwin, 63 Portland, 243-246

Port Moresby, 4546, 95, 98, 139, 183, 202,207,209,210,213,21+216, 223,227 post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), xvii Potter, E. M., 160 POW camps, 68, 108, 136 POWs, 67-74, 79, 84Âˇ86, 101-103, 108 Pozarubio,81 Prange, Gordon, 206 Presidential Unit Citation, 120 press, freedom of the, 160-162, 236 Prince of Wales, 14,33, 59 Pule, Daniel, 252 Putnam, Maj. Paul A., 110, 111, 115, 118

Q Queensland, Australia, 97 Quezol), Manuel, 18, 20, 22, 93, 96 Quincy, 268 R

Rabaul, 24,42,43,93,148,201,204,215, 230 Rabaul raid, 9+95 radar,40, 127, 143,249

307

radio communications, 255 radio intelligence, 236-237, 241 Rainbow 4 War Plan, 75 Ralls, - - , 95, 97 Ranger, 48 Rangoon,21,33,35 Reagan, Ronald, 180 Red Army, 14 Red Beach, 266, 267, 268 Redman, Cmdr. John R., 165, 166, 172 Cmdr. Joseph R. , 165, 179, 180 Redman brothers, 168, 169, 175-176, 179 Reed,Jack,231 Regansburg. 175 Repulse, 14, 33, 59 Rhoades, Snowy, 230 Rochefort, Lt. Cmdr. Joseph J., 145-146, 156, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 175-176,178,179-180,181,184-186, 189 Rommel, xiv, 2 Romulo, General, 96 Rooks, Captain, 51 Roosevelt, Franklin, xiv, 3, 14, 16, 18, 22, 24,34,44,59,120,235 Ross, Lieutenant, 105, 106 Royal Air Force (RAF), xiii, 3, 16, 33, 39 Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), 202, 211,253 Royal Australian Navy, 230 Royal Navy, 25, 38, 39, 17+175 Royce, Gen. Ralph, 92, 97 Royce Mission, 97 Ruble, Cmdr. Richard, 184 Ryuj~ 29,46,48,49,264 S Sacramento, California, 132 Safford, Cmdr. Lawrence F., 146, 165-166 Saidor, 205 Saipan, 170, 275 Sakaibara, Admiral, 108 Salamaua, New Guinea, 141, 148, 204, 215,216,217 Salt Lake City, 178 Samidart, 249

Samoa Island, 107, 169 San Cristobal, 250 San Francisco, 244 Sangley Point, 122 Sanjuan, 244,268 Sansapor, 205 Santa Cruz Islands, 201, 210

308

1942:

"ISSUE IN DOUBT'"

Santa Cruz Islands, Battle of, 49, 239, 244 Santo Tomas Internment Camp, 101, 103, 105, 107 Sarabaja, 56 Saratoga, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 182 Sasebo, 169 Savo Island, 237, 248 Savo Island, Battle of, 232 science and technology, 276 Scribner,James, 126 Sea Bees, 260 Seawitch, 57

2nd Destroyer Division (Japanese), 246, 272 Second F1eet (Japanese), 155 Seki, Lt. Cmdr. Momoro, 263, 265 7 Mile Strip, 98 17th Army (Japanese), 273 17th Pursuit Squadron (provisional), 34 7th Australian Division, 202, 203, 205 7th Bomb Group, 34, 94, 96 7th Regiment Field Heavy Artillery (Japanese), 271 Sharp, General, 79 Sherman, Captain, 139 Shetland Island, 271 shipbuilding program, 153 Shoh~ 45,46, 137, 139, 142, 151,209 Shohak~ 39,41,43,4546,48, 137, 139, 140,144,151,152,155,209,262-265 Shortland Islands, 246 Showers, Rear Adm. Donald M., 180 Siasi,Jolo, 126 Silver Star, 225 Simemi Creek, 227 Simemi Trail, 224 Sims, 46, 137, 151 Singapore, 2, 18, 19, 21, 26, 33, 56, 57, 59,207 Singapore, surrender of, 35 Sitangkai, Sibutu, 126 Sittang River, 21, 35 Sittang Valley, 19 16th Australian Infantry, 202 16th Division (Japanese), 75 16th Naval District (Philippines), 160 6th Armored Regiment, 219 skip bombing, 204, 212 Smith, - - , 218 M~.John,259,261

Sole Survivor, 195

Solomon Islands, 25, 27, 48, 149, 168, 183,207,210,228,230,237

Sory~

39,41,46,47, 181, 183, 186, 191

South Dakota, 244

Southern Operation, 28, 35 South Luzon Forces, 77, 81-82 South PacifIC, 243 South Seas Detachment, 205 Soviet Union, 3, 4, 5, 7 Spieth, Harry, 96 Spruance, Rear Adm. Raymond A., 47, 147, 157, 158, 159, 177, 181, 182, 185, 187, 188, 191, 193 Stalin,Joseph, 16, 17 Stalingrad, 2 Stark, Adm. Harold R., 15, 16, 23 State Department, 73 Stillwell, Gen.Joseph, 16 Stimson, Henry, 16-17, 18,24 Strategic Bombing Survey, 8 Sturgeon, 63

Subic Bay, 91 submarines, 54, 60 submarine S-36, 56 Submarine Task Force 7,182 Suez Canal, 2 Sugita, Lieutenant Colonel, 233-234 Sumatra, 9, 207 Sumiyoshi unit, 272 Summerville, Vice Adm. Sir James, 25 Sunda Straits, 21, 72 Suraba~Java,63,65, 72, 122 Sutherland, Gen. Richard, 75 Suva, 172 Suzuka Air Base, 262 "Swamp Ghost," 95 Swan River Yacht Club, 123 Sydney, Australia, 246, 250 Sydney Harbor, 220 T Taimonta, Thailand, 67 Takagi, Vice Adm. Takao, 46, 53, 150, 153 Tamuang,69 Tanahmerah Bay (24th Division), 205 Tanaka, Adm. Raizo, 262 Tanambogo Island, 252, 269 Tangier, 178 Tani, 1st Lt. Akio, 271, 272 tanks,219-220 Tarakan, 65 Tarawa, 244, 275 Tasimboko, 254 Task Force 8, 157 Task Force 11, 182

Index Task Force 16, 150, 158, 172-173, 177, 178, 182, 183, 185 TaskForce 17,137, 139,150, 158, 178, 183-184, 185 Task Force Mike, 132 Tassafaronga, 271 Tassafaronga, Battle of, 242 Tatsuta, 114, 115 Tayug, 81 TBD Devastator, 196 TBFs, 200 Teats, - - , 97 Tenaru River, 238, 268 Tenryu, 114, 115 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, xvi Thai Department of the Interior, 73 Thai National Railroad, 74 Tha Makham, 69 Thanbyuzayat, Burma, 67 Tharin, Capt. Frank C., 111, 115, 119 Theobald, Adm. Robert, 147, 157-158 Third Battleship Division (Japanese), 169 3rd Defense Battalion, 270 Third Fleet (Japanese), 262 30th Infantry, 91 38th Division (Japanese), 273 38th Parallel, 4 31st Infantry, 82 32nd Division (Japanese), 205, 214 32nd Infantry Brigade, 98 Thomas, Col. Gerald, 266, 268 Thor, 174-175 Thome, Hank, 88-89 Three Pagoda Pass, 67 Tijilijap,Java,57,63 Time magazine, 23 Timor, 21, 35 Tinian, 275 Tobruk,2 Tojo, General, 9, 11-12 Tokyo Bay, 133, 190 Tokyo raid, 26-27, 44-45, 132-136, 166, 183 Tokyo Rose, 261 Tone, 181, 187 Tonga Tabu, 141 torpedoes, 40, 51, 64-66, 143-144,231 (see also Mark 13 torpedoes) torpedo pilots, 186 Torpedo Squadron 8,193,195-200 Totore, 224 Townsville, Australia, 94, 220, 223 transportation, 276

309

Travis Air Force Base Historical Society, 95 Trincomalee, 25, 44 Truk, 169, 173,215,236,264 Truman, 8 Tuguegarao, 75 Tulagi, 45, 95, 141-142, 149,201,208, 210,230,237,250,251-252,254,267 20th Pursuit Squadron, 87 21st Battalion (Japanese), 271 24th Air Flotilla (Japanese), 111 24th Pursuit Squadron, 31 22nd Air Flotilla (Japanese), 33 27th Bomb Group, 31 26th Cavalry, 79, 80-86, 81, 83 228th Regiment (Japanese), 274 U

U.S. Army Air Corps, 80, 86, 91, 93 Ugaki, Admiral, 206 ULTRA, 42, 45, 49 United States Naval Institute, xvi, 145 University of Chicago, 275 University of Santo Tomas, 101 V

Valdez, General, 96 Vance, Colonel, 83 Vandegrift, Maj. Gen. Archibald, 230, 256 Vassey, Major General, 202 Vickridge, Len, 131 ÂˇVictory Disease," 24, 168 Vigin,65 Villamore, Jesus, 32 Vincennes, 268 Virtue Under Fire, 13

Vitiaz Straits, 217 VMF 211, 112, 115, 118, 119 Vouza, - - , 254 VP-22 Squadron, 127 VT-6,47 VT-8,47 W

Wageo, 216 Wagner, Boyd, 32 Capt. Frank D., 31 Sgt. Willie, 266 Wainwright, Gen.Jonathan, 77, 79, 83 Wairopi Bridge, 202 Wake, Capt. William, 107 Wake Island, 11, 13, 14,22,44, 109, 129, 158,205 Wake Island, Battle of, 107-119

310

1942:

"ISSUE IN DOUBTJ

Waldron, Cmdr.John, 196-198 Wanigela, New Guinea, 22:3 Warhol, Andy, 277 War Plan Orange, 18, 75 War Plan Orange *4, 81 Warranamboo~ 1:31 "Washing Machine Charley," 270 Was~ 41,48,49,2:38 water message, 175-176, 181, 185 Wavell, Gen. Sir Archibald, 17,21-22,34, 51,59 weather predictions, 127, 142 Webb, Lt. Henry "Spider," 111 Wenger, Joe, 146 Wewak Field, 204, 215 Whipple,58 Whitehead, - - , 218 Widdy, Charles, 257 Wilkes Island, 109, 113, 114, 115 William B. Preston, 75, 129 William Ward Burrows, 107 Wilmont, H. P., 147 Wirraways, 95 women in labor force, 275 women in the military, xvii, 99-103 Woosung, China, 108 Wright, 125 Wurtsrnith, Brig. Gen. "Squeeze," 215

Yamaguchi, Captain, 181 Yamamoto, Adm. Isoroku, 9, 11-12, 20, 24,26-27,42,43,45,46,47,48,148, 153,155,157,164,166,167,174, 181,182,183,188,206,216,230, 241 Yamashita, Gen. Tomoyuki, 17,21 Yamato, 157, 168, 183, 188 Yangzee patrol, 54 Yayo~ 115 Yorktown, 20, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45-46, 47, 137, 139, 140-144, 148, 151-152, 157, 159,173,174,178,181,182,184, 185-186, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 209,254 Yuba~ 112,114 Yudach~ 64-66, 245, 246-249 Z

Zamboanga Peninsula, 86 Zentsuji,Japan, 108 Zeros, 29,30, 33, 39,59,87,90, 93, 97, 98 Zook, Lester, 241 Zuiho, 46 Zuikaku, 41,43,45-46,48, 137, 140, 151, 152-153, 155, 209, 265

1942 : D 767 .A619 1994 RHC

11111111111111111111111111111111111 :::L -"'7 =:L :::L ::2

"The future looked grim indeed for U.S. forces in the Pacific as 1942 began. Everywhere they were overrun, retiring, withdrawn, or under siege. Here, in an exciting combination of historical and autobiographical accounts, is a vivid and fascinating picture of how Americans, before the year ended, against overwhelming Japanese naval superiority, changed an 'issue-in-doubt' situation to one of inevitable, ultimate victory." - RADM C. W. Nimitz, Jr., USN (Ret.) "The taste of freedom becomes exquisitely delicious when one contemplates its loss, and loss it could have been in 1942 when the issue of World War II was truly in doubt. Even for those who lived through that year, which began with a cascade of disasters and ended with a modicum of hope, the memory after fifty years has faded and become integrated with other, more recent disasters and hopes. But take this book and read about 1942 as told by its protagonists and historians. Each of the episodes of that year in first viewed in its broadest sense and then pinpointed by someone who was on the spot. Mistakes, brilliance, luck and emotions are part and parcel of warfare; in this book they are the fabric of the story. Whether an active participant in the events of that watershed year or of a later generation the reader will be reminded, or will learn, of the fear the fear that has not been known since - that faced this nation when our freedom was in jeopardy. The lessons for freedom are replete throughout, and these lessons are vital- so very vital if we are to ever have a world in which we can attain our greatest aspirations." - RADM Charles Grojean, US~ (Ret.) " 'Issue in Doubt,' - the message sent to the High Command after the first day of our attack on Tarawa. I was there. He didn't exaggerate. If you want the facts, this report, Issue in Doubt is your source. It was only the second time in Marine history that that message was sent back by the fighting Marines to the Command. If you are interested in the battle facts, Issue in Doubt is your source." - Eddie Albert ISBN 0-89015-968-8