Transience
MA Landscape Architecture TPP: B1.1_Design Treatise
Santhi Elizabeth, Sarah Knowles & Will Green-Smith
Introduction
Our modern condition can in many ways be defined and described by its transitory nature. Zygmunt Bauman refers to our current transient state as the “liquid modern” or “fluid modernity” (2000).
Introduction Our modern condition can in many ways be defined and described through its transitory nature. Zygmunt Bauman refers to our current transient state as the “liquid modern” or “fluid modernity” (2000). He writes, “fluids do not keep to any shape for long and are constantly ready (and prone) to change it; and so for them it is the flow of time that counts, more than the space they happen to occupy” (2000). Therefore it can be argued that we exist in a transient era of “time-space compression”, informed by the “increased velocity of the circulation of goods, people and information, and the consequent reduction of relative distances between places.” (Stein, 2001). David Harvey relates our changing sense of time and space with technological change, “a consequence of capitalism’s need to speed up the circulation of capital and information” (Harvey cited in Stein, 2001). An understanding of Capitalism and its frameworks, processes and outcomes can therefore act as an extremely helpful metaphor in our understanding of anthropocentric systems in general and their relationship to and importance within the phenomenon of transience which is emblematic of the Liquid Modern. Equally the understanding of anthropocentric systems through the metaphor of capitalism also highlights the importance of considering the relationship between such anthropocentric systems and biocentric systems and therefore the way in which the biocentric operates within the seemingly anthropocentrically informed liquid modern.
The Argument
The condition of transience, that is endless dynamism and the prevalence of the temporary, is a positive phenomenon.
The Argument The transient nature of advanced capitalism has undoubtedly had far reaching effects upon our planet and the species inhabiting it. The condition of transience typifies capitalist frameworks and their drive for exponential economic growth through a favoring of the temporary. The effects of such anthropocentric dynamic change is often considered as negative due to its perceived effects upon biocentric systems, for example the destruction of habitats through the consumption of raw materials, burning of fossil fuels and industrial farming practices. However, we argue that the condition of transience, that is endless dynamism and the prevalence of the temporary, is a positive phenomenon. We believe that through a positive understanding and acceptance of the transient nature of anthropocentric constructs, such as globalization and accelerated capitalism, we can develop and encourage sustainable, adaptive, possibilities for more mutually beneficial relationships between the anthropocentric and biocentric. In this text we will explore the condition of transience through the structured, theoretical lens of capitalism and ecological principles in order to understand its importance in our current state of liquid modernity. Such understanding of the frameworks or mechanisms found within capitalist and ecological systems could allow for new possibilities and more successful relationships between anthropocentric and biocentric systems within the liquid modern and a reprogramming of the role of Landscape Architecture, as the mediator and tool for creating such new dynamic and mutually beneficial relationships.
Capitalism
One of the key characteristics of capitalism is; that as a system it is simultaneously adaptable, flexible and evolving, whilst also containing constant and unchanging features.
Capitalism One of the key characteristics of capitalism is; that as a system it is simultaneously adaptable, flexible and evolving, whilst also containing constant and unchanging features. A key principle of the capitalist system involves the input of resources, such as raw materials, tools, people and services, their transformation into marketable output, in the form of commodities, such as raw materials, resources, goods and services which facilitate the maximization of capital gain or profit. For this reason capitalism as a capital generating system is often considered as a driving force behind innovation and technical progress.
The Market
The market can be understood as the systematic framework that facilitates exchange.
The Market •
The market can be understood as the systematic framework that facilitates the exchange of commodities and therefore the accumulation of capital.
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Money or currency (capital) acts as the ‘medium’ for such exchange.
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Key to the success of the market is the commodification of, or rather, the assignment of value to raw materials, goods and services.
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Transactions of exchange within the market are only successful if both parties benefit.
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Such market principles have facilitated the creation of global exchange networks; the export of raw materials and import of finished goods (or visa versa).
Coordination
The nature of the market is that with little conscious effort by individuals, economic decisions are coordinated.
Coordination • • •
The nature of the market is that with little conscious effort by individuals, economic decisions are coordinated. In many ways this can be considered as an ecology of enterprise. It is the market process itself that choreographs the economic actions of the many constituent enterprises and allows for steady, relentless, production.
Supply & Demand
Supply and demand is important in capitalist processes, because it is the means by which people allocate resources and make decisions about what things, as a society, they will produce to meet the wants and needs of the general public.
Supply & Demand •
Supply and demand is the means by which people allocate resources and make decisions about what things, as a society, they will produce to meet the wants and needs of the general public.
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The ‘price point’ is found when consumer demand equals the amount that suppliers are willing to supply, this is known as market equilibrium.
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The changing market value of commodities brought about by supply and demand factors is called market ‘elasticity’.
Growth & Profit
It is the motive for profit that not only gives capitalism its coherence as an abstract system but also explains its dynamism through time
Growth & Profit •
The exponential accumulation of capital is fundamental to the capitalist system, that is, the maximization and growth of profit.
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The profit motive provides capitalism with the incentives for dynamism, a dynamism that allows capitalism to allocate resources efficiently in the short run, to maximize growth in the long run.
Mass Production
In operations management, mass production is often defined as generating high volumes of low variety output.
Mass Production •
Mass produced goods are defined by standardization through precision manufactured, interchangeable, identical parts.
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Mass production is characterized by mechanized, high volume production through staged process and the division of labour in order to maximize production efficiency and therefore capital gain.
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Mass production creates and helps maintain large-scale global exchange networks, through the efforts of searching the new resources/raw material overseas.
Capitalism & The Biocentric
Capitalism and biocentric systems should be understood through their shared characteristics and inter-relationships.
Capitalism & The Biocentric As an anthropocentric system, capitalism is often considered to be in conflict with and have negative effects upon biocentric systems. This is primarily due to the effects of capitalism’s characteristic principal of exponential capital gain, which exploits the resources within biocentric systems, for example, resulting in the destruction of habitats through the consumption of raw materials, burning of fossil fuels and industrial farming practices. However rather than being understood as disparate or oppositional, anthropocentric systems, in this case capitalism, and biocentric systems should be understood through their shared characteristics and inter-relationships. For example, similarly to anthropocentric systems, such as capitalism, biocentric systems too share the characteristic that they are simultaneously adaptable, flexible and evolving, whilst also containing constant and unchanging features. A way of understanding such similarity between the anthropocentric and biocentric is in their similarly transient ability to ‘reset’ or change over time, in order to adapt to changing conditions. Within capitalism such changes could involve fluctuating supply and demand and subsequent changes in commodity value brought about by the changing availability of raw materials and therefore affecting potential capital gain. Within biocentric systems such changes could be understood as the phenomena of ecological disturbance.
The addition of sunlight creates competition
Ecological Disturbance
Disturbances in ecology and disturbances in economics, work in the same fashion.
Ecological Disturbance Disturbances in ecology and disturbances in economics, work in the same fashion. In ecological systems, similarly to our economic and capitalist system, there are many different types of disturbances. From small, more frequent disturbances to large, earth altering transformations of our ecosystems, our capitalist frameworks mimic this cyclical nature. Ecologists previously believed that once an area was disturbed the ecosystem would regenerate in the same way constantly trying to find equilibrium. However with the invention of the computer ecologists were able to input data from nature (such as how many bites of grass a deer would take and from which plant) and realized that nature was much more unpredictable than previously thought. From this, ecologists were able to realize that the state of balance that they thought nature was striving for does not actually exist and that nature and ecosystems are inherently unpredictable. This changed the way ecologists looked at nature and they therefore realized that the unpredictability of nature meant that ecosystems could never return to that point of balance, and in fact there was no point of balance at all. Once an ecosystem is disturbed it regenerates in a completely different way (All Watched Over By Machines of Loving Grace, 2011). Small disturbances such as a very small fire or lightning striking down a tree are ways in which nature resets itself. When a tree falls down in a forest it leaves room for the undergrowth to compete for that spot at the top of the canopy. The forest will re-establish itself not as it was but rather as something new. The fallen tree provides opportunity within the forest for other plants to grow because of the availability of resources that may have previously been unavailable, in this instance sunlight. The new plants maximize the change in conditions and newly available resources to maximum effect, or rather they maximize the available biocentric raw materials for maximum biocentric capital gain.
System Reset
Larger disturbances such as volcanic activity offer a total reset of an ecosystem.
System Reset Larger more momentous disturbances such as large-scale forest fires (seen in places like California and British Columbia) or volcanic activity offer a total reset of an ecosystem. In the case of volcanic activity, pyroclastic flow, including hot gas, rock fragments and superheated steam pour from the volcano at temperatures reaching 850 degrees Celsius. During pyroclastic flows no plants survive and after the disturbance, regenerating is characterized by herbaceous species seeding by wind. The zone of blow down is distinctive because it is where the eruption force was strong enough to knock over vegetation however understory vegetation survives. Further away from this is the scorch perimeter where the wind was not strong enough to blow down vegetation, however the wind is hot enough to burn the leaves. Some coniferous trees that do not have the ability to grow new leaves after defoliation can die but most deciduous trees survive. Volcanic eruptions bring the possibility of landslides and mudflows and in most places wipes all vegetation clean. However, in previously studied cases such as the eruption of Mt St Helens in 1980 some viable seeds and rootstocks were transported through the landslide and allowed for somewhat faster regeneration. Solid material ejected from the volcanic blast called tephra can be carried thousands of miles from the epicenter of the disturbance affecting forests and vegetation in completely different systems but not creating severe damage (Dale, Everham & Turner, 1997). Comparing this to capitalist systems we can see how a major disturbance can upset an entire economic network. Companies at the epicenter of the collapse quite often are large multinational corporations like banks (Neate, 2012). These receive bailouts from government agencies to keep them afloat. Small businesses are the hardest hit; this is because banks allow credit to be given at enticingly low rates. In Hungary as a result of the economic crisis in 2007, the currency plummeted; people who had borrowed money previously had to pay it back at two to three times the interest rate (Csath, M., 2013). This caused problems for business owners and many went out of business, essentially acting like the forest under a pyroclastic flow, wiping the area clean. Further away from the epicenter are companies that are indirectly affected by the disturbance. These companies may need to restructure but for the most part are stable, acting as the zone of blow down, or scorch perimeter. The tephra layer is comparable to companies that have an inelastic demand for their products like alcohol, tobacco and candy (The Washington Times, 2008). These companies may feel some aftershock from the crisis but remain steadily profitable and help to keep local economies on their feet.
Anthropocentric & Biocentric Crisis
Yellowstone has implemented strategies that allow natural fires to burn so that debris is cleared normally preventing further catastrophes.
Anthropocentric & Biocentric Crisis Volcanic activity is uncontrollable, but forests and forest fires can be managed. Over the years, with an increasing amount of individuals having access to large national parks and forests, government agencies are employed to make the parks look attractive. This includes reducing exposure of visitors to fire. In order to do this fires, when started naturally, are suppressed so that they do not reach peoples homes or campsites causing damage. The suppression of wildfires creates a false ecosystem where the plants and animals are not able to regenerate as intended. Fire is part of a cycle, it reduces dead vegetation, stimulates new growth, and improves habitat for wildlife. When fire is removed from the cycle ecosystems become unbalanced. After long periods where no fires have occurred or have been suppressed, fuels, such as dead trees, pine needles, leaf litter, and shrubs build up to unnatural levels in forests (“Benefits of fire”). This can create deadly forest fires that are uncontrollable such as in the case of the 1988 Yellowstone fire. Since then Yellowstone has implemented strategies that allow natural fires to burn so that debris is cleared normally preventing further catastrophes. This is comparable to capitalist systems because of the regulations and government money spent keeping companies artificially afloat. The companies could be considered as the fires and the government the firefighters. The firefighters are trying to suppress the problem, however if the economic collapse of a company is not able to run its full course it will potentially occur again with more catastrophic implications. Therefore it can be argued that our anthropcentric systems mimic naturally occurring phenomena. Anthropocentric constructs like capitalism are reflective of biocentric systems in that they have an inherent ability to reset themselves. Such similarities and relationships between anthropocentric and biocentric systems reinforces the need for more successful complementary, mutually beneficial relationships between the two. Landscape architecture, or more specifically the theoretical practice of landscape urbanism offers a tool for mediating such new relationships and possibilities. The ‘landscape’ becomes the interface at which the anthropocentric and biocentric can and do synthesize, for instance in landscape management through farming or the urban landscape through city formation.
Landscape Urbanism
It can be understood that city formation and urban organisation are directly influenced by and related to capitalist frameworks of the liquid modern.
Landscape Urbanism In reference to New York City’s Central Park James Corner comments that, “in this instance, landscape drives city formation”(Corner, 2006). Corner is of course referring to the impact that the park’s presence has had on surrounding Manhattan real estate values. However, whilst such an example provides a sufficient link between the landscape and capitalism or economic phenomena, it is also in many respects incomplete in its simplification of such relationships. As Clare Lyster suggests it could rather be argued that such city parks are a “commercially resultant typology”, brought about by the desire to “counteract the effects of industrialization on the urban landscape, as well as further exploit the city’s mercantile potential” (2006). Such notions reinforce the importance of understanding and exploring the transient relationships between capitalism, city formation and landscape architecture or rather landscape urbanism. Lyster writes comprehensively about the relationships between commercial operations and the organization of the urban landscape, with particular impetus given to the way in which such relationships have become increasingly transient and dynamic. Lyster cites such change to have been brought about by the development of modern exchange networks and, “their corresponding forces of mobilization (power, geographic intelligence, technology, and production)” (2006). She continues that such, “are responsible for the material and operational specificity of territories that have in turn determined the morphology and occupation of our current urban and exurban landscapes” (2006). This can be understood as city formation and urban organization being directly influenced by and related to the capitalist frameworks of the liquid modern. Referring to such commercial frameworks as “contemporary ecologies of exchange”, Lyster notes that their liquidity or plasticity has resulted in urban design developing and shifting from a commercial relationship between site and object to a relationship informed by “multiple sites of occupation” (2006). She therefore concludes that, “The articulation of site thus presupposes an organizational rather than aesthetic approach, where design sensibilities that favor performance and operational efficiency subordinate traditional compositional excellence” (2006).
Detroit
“As a product of mobile capital and speculative development practices in the service of evolving models of production, Detroit was a clear and unmistakable success.” (Waldheim and Marili Santos-Munné, 2001).
Detroit The city of Detroit has in many ways become the cause célèbre for understanding the relationship between capitalist frameworks and city formation or organization. However, currently and rather more prevalently most commentary regarding the city focuses upon capitalism as a destructive force responsible for the collapse of the urban fabric and failure of the city. Charles Waldheim and Marili Santos-Munné write that whilst the growth and development of the city embraced the model of Fordist urbanism it became unable to adapt to ongoing capitalist frameworks, which ultimately lead to the city’s status towards the end of the twentieth century (2001). They cite the transience of industrial capitalism; it’s flexibility, mobility and speed as equally the creator of Detroit’s success and the reason for its perceived demise. However most interestingly Waldheim and Santos-Munné dismiss notions that Detroit is emblematic of a failed city, instead they comment that, “Detroit’s city planners, architects, and urban design professionals clinicalised the dying industrial city to the extent that Detroit came to represent an urban failure, as though the responsibility for its visibility rested with the techniques of modernist urbanism that shaped its development. This was to mistake effect for cause. As a product of mobile capital and speculative development practices in the service of evolving models of production, Detroit was a clear and unmistakable success” (2001). That is to say that rather than to consider the current status of Detroit as its period of demise or failure, it should instead be understood as a moment within a longer continuum of transience and dynamism set in motion by the advent of Fordist industrialization. What is most interesting about Waldheim and Santos-Munné’s stance is that popular understandings of Detroit are grounded in outdated notions of urbanism, which become redundant when taking into account the role of capitalism in the city’s development. In many respects it is rather the architectural and urban planning response to the city which are unsuccessful rather than the city itself. They write, “For the architectural profession, the city of Detroit in the 1990’s entered a similar condiiton of meaninglessness precisely because it no longer required the techniques of growth and development that had become the modus operandi of the discipline.” (2001) We must then think about the urban fabric of cities such as Detroit in terms of the dynamic capitalist frameworks, which informed their development in order to realize more productive future relationships for landscape architecture and urban design within the context of the liquid modern. As Waldheim and Santos-Munné note, cities like Detroit, “rather than constructing an expectation of enduring urbanism, must be understood as one half of an ongoing process of urban arrangement that ultimately rendered its previous forms redundant.” (2001)
Flexible Planning
The layered nature of “contemporary ecologies of exchange� (Lyster, 2006), need to be responded to in the form of a layered or four-dimensional approach to site planning.
Flexible Planning It can therefore be considered that the success of landscape architecture within the context of the liquid modern is contingent upon the ability for design to allow and successfully accommodate for the dynamism and transience of advanced capitalism. When talking of flexible masterplanning Bishop and Williams comment, “Sophisticated and flexible phasing strategies need to sit alongside the three-dimensional vision. This is leading to the emergence of four-dimensional design that seeks to understand and plan the temporal as well as the physical element” (2012). In this respect the layered nature of “contemporary ecologies of exchange” (Lyster, 2006), need to be responded to in the form of a layered or four-dimensional approach to site planning. A form of staging, which Corner explains allows for, “the choreography of elements and materials in time that extends new networks, new linkages, and new opportunities” (2006). As Corner continues such endeavor is less about the design of objects but rather environments created by ecologies of various systems, including capitalism, allowing for the dynamic interaction of diverse networks. The Detroit Strategic Framework Plan by Stoss, begins to utilize such principles of landscape urbanism to inform an operational strategy which can be used as precedent to future landscape architectural responses to the transient and interrelated nature of both anthropocentric and biocentric systems within the landscape, through a layered, flexible strategy situated within the principles of capitalism which have informed the city over the last hundred years.
Conclusions
Through a re-evaluation of our understanding of the relationships between anthropocentric and biocentric systems and their inherently similar transient nature, we can foster new possibilities for more dynamic, sustainable and mutually beneficial relationships between the two resulting in the synthesis of a more balanced shared value system.
Conclusions Anthropocentric and biocentric systems should therefore be understood through the similarities of each’s inherently transient nature, that is their ability to be simultaneously adaptable, flexible and evolving, whilst containing constant and unchanging central features. The transient nature of biocentric and anthropocentric systems, such as an ecological system or capitalist system, is generated through the similar exploitation of available resources in order to maximize capital growth, within the parameters of changing supply and demand. This is achieved through dynamism, opportunism and adaptability, phenomena emblematic of the transient nature of the liquid modern, resulting in profit of either economic or ecological value. We therefore argue that Transience or change over time needs to be accepted and understood as a natural phenomenon. Conflict only occurs at the interface between biocentric and anthropocentric systems due to the difference in perceived value of anthropocentric and biocentric capital or value. Therefore the relationship between anthropocentric and biocentric systems needs to be redefined to be understood as a collective and interrelation value system. Future possibilities for more productive, mutually beneficial relationships between the anthropocentric and biocentric within the liquid modern must therefore include the reprogramming of our approach to the landscape through an understanding of shared value in order to provide the resources necessary to equally maximize potential ecological and economic capital. Landscape design and landscape urbanism therefore provide the opportunity by which new relationships between the anthropocentric and biocentric can be realized and nurtured by reconfiguring the interface between two, flexibly allowing for the transience of the liquid modern through the development of adaptable and dynamic mechanisms which can facilitate the mutually beneficial reprogramming or resetting of ecological and economic systems within space over time. The ability of Landscape Architecture as a discipline to consider and allow for varying scales, in this instance time, also allows such new approaches to be simultaneously adaptable, flexible and evolving, whilst containing constant and unchanging central features. Through a re-evaluation of our understanding of the relationships between anthropocentric and biocentric systems and their inherently similar transient nature, we can foster new possibilities for more dynamic, sustainable and mutually beneficial relationships between the two resulting in the synthesis of a more balanced shared value system.
References
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