Inverbrena 1995 to 1996

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Lota{ !J{istory ljroup {1995/96} Strangford, Co. Down .

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ACROSS THE "PADS" TO SCHOOL By George Conway The start of our journey to school was down the loney which led to, what was then, the last field on our farm, at the far corner of this field we crossed over the river by a stone built foot bridge. The river itself, in official circles is called the Legnegoppack Drain, but as it is too wide to jump across and too deep to wade across, I think it deserves to be called a river! The single arch bridge is about 4 feet wide and about 10 ft above the river, it was originally built by local landlords to facilitate those people who attended Ballyculter Church, and late it was used by children who attended Ballyculter School.

A few yards north of the Bridge, the mill race from Ballyculter mill entered the river on its way to the sea at Blackcauseway, and we followed the course of the mill race practically the whole way to school, its waters flowed along the edge of the first field trickling merrily among the stones, but sometimes it was a raging muddy torrent and we knew tha~ Robert Keaghey was grinding meal that day. Near the top of the field our path entered "Bud's" Loney, the river was culverted with flag-stones under the entrance to this loney and we would often lie on our stomachs on the flagstones, trying to catch "the sprickley-backs" in the water below. "Sprickley-Backs" were the only fish we knew of in the river, except on one occasion on our way to school when we found a fish about 12" long lying in the field about 4 ft away from the river with a wound in its neck. Bob McDowell kept it for us until we came home from school and the Conway cats has a pleasant meal that evening.

A thorn hedge separated us now from the river at the start of Bud's Loney, but when its course turned towards the walls which were over mill-workers houses it was on the side of the loney again. "Bud Orr" lived in one of these houses when they were inhabited in earlier times.

She was a noted character who used to castigate all and sundry from

the rocky knowe in front of "Millars Row", alas Bud's loney is no more so her name will sadly be forgotten also.

The natural course of the mill race appears to have been diverted, when it was constructed - first to provide water for livestock in the adjoining fields, but also by making the water flow along an embankment, presumable, to provide a sufficient "head" to operate whatever machinery was installed in the now tumbledown walls, just below Armstrong's farmyard and opposite the high brick chimney which is all that remains of the scutch mill. At the end of the embankment a massive flag stone made a useful bridge to Mrs Stockdales garden, and then there was a watering place with access from the farm lane, and also a stone covered well which was used for drinking water by the local residents.

At the end of Buds loney was the corn mill, which, when it was grinding meal, was the most exciting part of our journey. We would watch the water turning the massive water wheel and the noise of the gear wheels and grindstones would be deafening. But Robert Keaghey, did not look to kindly on inquisitive children, and he would chase us on our way concerned as much for our safety as anything else.

We were now out on the road which led to school.

Sometimes we would not use Buds loney at all, but would go up through the farmyard, which in our earlier days was owned by Adam Porter, later it was owned by Robert Bailie and then by J ames McKibben. Bill McKeating worked for Adam Porter, and liked to gather the children around him and tell us stories. On one occasion, he was making "staples" which involved drawing the long strands of straw which were then fastened together at one end and tied in bundles, . in preparation for thatching corn stacks, the waste straw for this

process (called "Brock") made a lovely snug place to lie, and we listened to his stories, some of which were quite "scary" until he had to leave us over the stone bridge on our way home.

In the next house along the farm loved Mrs Stockdale, who was a sister of Robert Keaghey. At the top of the hill Billy and Kitty Magee and their family and opposite the end of the lane along the roadside lived Bob McDowell and his mother, their door was always open, and we called in most evenings on our way home. Bob had a "wooden" leg and on one particular evening he was outside, gouging a hollow in the end of a tree branch. He said he was making a new leg, which looked like a major operation even to us children, and Father Mac Gowen the local Parish Priest must have had the same opinion when he stopped the next day, for he made arrangements to bring Bob to Belfast where he was fitted with a new artificial leg. He took great delight in displaying his new acquisition, particular the locking device, which enabled him to bend his knee when he was seated. ,

Alongside the road just before the entrance to Keaghey's mill, in the tiny house (which is still there), lived Johnny Mc Ilheron, stonemason, thatcher and sometimes well-sinker. Further up the road was the mill dam, there was a path along the top of the embankment, at the end nearest the road was the overflow which allowed the water to run to the river when the dam was full. Near the far end was the sluice which was opened manually for the water to flow along the channel, which led to the big mill wheel. Above the dam was the Kiln house, with its conical ridge ventilator, where the grain was dried in preparation for grinding.

The Dam was a great place for skimming stones, especially when it was full, as the water was nearly level with the road, we also had fun watching the water - hens building their nests in the reeds just above water-level, and hoping we would think they were hidden, when only

their heads were out of sight (silly coots!).

Opposite the Dam lived the Cleland family - the one most of you will remember is Dorothy - who was later Mrs Lunn and who died last year, she told George McKibben that Bud Orr was a sister of Mrs Portland (Pendleton) whom I remember lived at the Alms Houses Ballyculter.

From the upper end of the Dam the river flowed a fields width from the road then past the back of the church graveyard, through John Orr's farmyard through the middle of John Orr's lawn and under the road at the schoolhouse. This was journeys-end for us. The river carried on to its source at Tullyratty Dam where there was another sluice gate which Robert Keaghey had to open to replenish the water in the small dam at his mill.

FARMING IN TIffi LATE TWENTIES & EARLY THIRTIES

by Willie Crea

STACKS

The crop rotation was: grass for four years approximately, corn, potatoes or turnips then wheat or corn and 'left' down to grass again.

When dry, stooks were either made into hand ricks or carted into the Haggard to be built into stacks on Havels - which were bases for the grain on 'legs' of stone, sometimes metal, to keep the grain off the ground and to prevent rats entering and destroying the grain. The base on legs comprised branches of trees laced with whins.

PLOUGHING WI1H HORSES The directions were 'Hop' or 'Wynd' which when spoken to the horses, meant they would veer or turn right or to the left. To make a 'Back' was to begin ploughing by turning one furrow against one in the opposite direction. This 'back' was in the depression made in the 'finish' or 'hint' at the previous ploughing. Head rigs round the field were ploughed and were either 'scattered' or ploughed towards the hedges or 'gathered' in towards the already ploughedJand. The oats or wheat were sowed by hand out of a 'bed sheet' formed round the sowers shoulders to carry the grain.

WEEDS Thistles were the main weeds with docks coming next. These were removed by pulling them individually with long handled tongs like wooden pullers. The thistles melted away but the docks were carried to the hedge.

HARVEST The head rigs were cut all around the field with a scythe and sheaves tied by hand - the sheaf strap made out of grain stalks. I have seen the complete field cut by scythe but more common in the 1920's was the horse-drawn reaper with someone 'putting off the grain in sheaves which, of course, had to be tied by hand. The sheaves were built into 'stooks' for drying - stooks comprising four, eight or twelve sheaves propped against each other. Stooks after four days would be re-stocked to loosen them up and allow wind penetration.

THATCHING Staples made during the summer out of the previous year's straw, drawn by hand so that short straws, chaff or rubbish was removed to leave a clean staple. The head of the staple made into a point was tied with a band of straw then tied into bundles. These were made during wet days. Ropes were made out of straw to keep the staples on the stack. These ropes were twisted with a 'thra hook' 20 - 30 yards long, rolled into a ball then another two or three lengths added to it. The complete ball might be 2 feet in diameter. The staples would be thatched onto the stacks, tucked into the base of the sheaves, and the ropes would be wound round the stacks from the bottom up, about 6 inches apart until the top.

NEEDLES Needles were also twisted straw rolled into shapes like a rugby ball, five or six were necessary for a 'bart' or rectangular stack. A round stack would take three or four. These needles were plaited vertically up and down the horizontal ropes to keep them in place.

The top of the stacks were thickly strawed and plaited. It was a common sight on winter nights to see owls catching mice in the thatch - the whins were never successful in keeping them all out.

BARN MACHINE A swinging ann 10-12 feet long pulled in a circle by two horses round the 'horse walk' geared to a shaft running underground into the barn, powered the threshing mechanism. Sheaves were carted into the barn and 'fed' into the drum of the machine. The grain dropped onto the floor with the chaff, the straw came out at the end onto the floor. This straw was made into bundles about 4 - 5 feet in diameter tied with 'thumb' ropes also made out of straw and stored in the barn for fodder.

field before ploughing. A midden was made during the winter, built up with E Y.M. and wrack or seaweed carted from Ballyhornan. This midden could be 6 - 7 feet high and maybe 25 feet square. Good farming practice was to turn this midden in mid winter. This meant taking it down and rebuilding it - allowing air to get in and speed up the decaying process. This manure was usually spread down the open drill and the seed potatoes planted in it. 'Bone' manure was sown along the drill and eventually artificial fertilizer of phosphate, potash and sulphate of ammonia came onto the market in two-cwt bags.

The grain and chaff, still mixed, was put through the 'barn fanner', the grain and chaff dropped through a blast of air created by the big wooden fan turned by a handle. The grain was now clean and was used for feeding the horses - whole. I carted grain to Mill Quarter Mill operated by a Tommy McCormick. There the grain was dried on the kiln and ground in the mill stones. The choice of payment was either with money or by 'moutering' ie taking some of the meal in lieu of payment. Even with payment I think some moutering still took place!

The meal was used to miJ~ with boiled potatoes, ie 'refuse' potatoes, which were damaged and unsalable. I can remember 'yellow meal' maze coming onto the market at 5/= per bag, which was dear.

HARVESTING

WHEAT

I have no experience of this crop but can remember seeing and smelling flax retting in Ballynarry's Murder Bog.

I can remember seed wheat being covered with hot tar and mixed on a floor. This heap had to be kept moving unto dry to prevent it going solid. Sometimes lime was used to dry off the tar. I never knew the real reason for this treatment - predators? disease? slugs? The wheat seed was ploughed in with shallow furrows following a potato crop.

POTATOES After oats this was the cleaning crop with large smothering tops and summer grubbing and 'dirty furring'. The EY.M. was applied to the

The drills were burst open with a plough and gatherers had to 'elat' the potatoes, ie, dig them out of the loose soil by hand into baskets and ultimately into bags for storage either in a house or storoo in pits in the field - conical shaped long heaps about 4 - 5 feet high - covered with straw, then covered with soil which resulted in a trench made around the pit to drain away the rain water. I can remember potatoes being sold for 5p per cwt.

FLAX

WINTER WORK All fields were cleaned round removing briars and whins with hand hooks and forked sticks to hold back the undergrowth. Turnips were 'sneeded' by pulling them up with one hand and cutting the root and top off with a hook. They were carted into the fannyard and covered with straw to keep out the frost. They were thrown into a turnip cutter turned by a handle providing 'fmgers' or 'slices' according to the model and were much relished by the animals. A basket of turnips usually

fed two cows, about 28 lbs each plus hay and, or straw. Water was carried to them in buckets twice a day.

Strangford especially at Cloughey, brought to the road at Murnins the boat builders.

TURNIPS

BLACKSMITHS

The seed was sowed in drills towards the end of May, even later, to avoid the May fly. When 3 - 4 inches high they had to be thinned, leaving one plant 9 - 10 inches from it's neighbour. This meant crawling up between the drills and pulling away the surplus plants.

Jute sacks were tied round each knee to ease the discomfort. The drills were hoed by 'Hunter Hoe' prior to thinning.

He was an important factor of the countryside. Horses had to be shod, gates were made and wheels (cart) re 'hooped'. In springtime the 'coulter' of the plough had to be frequently sharpened by heat. This coulter or 'cooter' as the name became very important, as this was the knife which cut the sod in front of the plough board. A good sharp 'cooter' reduced the draft in the plough, did a great job and reduced the work load of the two horses. Harrow pins had to be removed from the frame and sharpened by heating in the blacksmith's furnace and then hammered to a point. There could be 30 - 40 teeth in a harrow, which might have to be sharpened in the evening for tHe next morning's harrowing. These pins were secured in the harrow frame holes by metal wedges, 'miniature pins' really. Wheels were 'hooped' by making the rim to fit the wooden wheel, when still hot it was placed around the circumference of the wheel, then on cooling by water it contracted and tightened onto the 'staves' sufficiently to keep them in position.

POTATOES The drills were saddle-harrowed - this was a harrow which was called 'saddle' because it sat on top of the drills and was pulled by one horse .with one man guiding it. It reduced the height of the drills and removed weeds. S<;>metimes they had to be hand weeded, crawling up the drills, but a plough and two horses was most commonly used. The soil was ploughed away from close beside the potatoes and then ploughed back again. This smothered the seeds and was called 'dirty furring'.

SEAWEED OR WRACK Gathering of seaweed was very much practiced at Ballyhornan. The quantity depended on gale force winds from SE, E or NE, tearing the seaweed from the seabed around Port-Na-Coo and Guns Island and depositing it on the beach at high water at Ballyhoman and Killard.

Because of the steep cart-way up from the beach to the road, half loads were brought up at half-to-Iow tide and banked at the roadside, then carted away to the fields sometimes up to two miles away. Spread on grass, the salty-flavoured grass was very palatable.

I have seen seaweed on fields on both sides of the road from Killard to

CARPENTER He travelled around farms, making and repairing carts, putting in new shafts, new floors. New carts and wheels were made in his workshop.

PIGS The pig butcher travelled to the farm. Prior notice had to be given so that boiling water would be ready for him. This was boiled in a 40-gallon metal boiler built over a fire-place in the boiling house. This boiler normally cooked the potatoes, the 'refuse' for feeding the pigs plus corn. On butchering day the boiler was converted to water boiling. When the pigs were slaughtered and gutted, the boiling water

was necessary to scald the pigs and scrape the hair off the pigs with knives. They were then hung to roof rafters for a period of days before going to market. Buckets of fat were rendered down for cooking.

Usually one pig was kept for the household's winter consumption. This meant salting down and standing in brine for a period before hanging to

the kitchen ceiling. There were usually heavy feasts of pork in the household for a few weeks and very often it was shared with the neighbours. The bladder was dried 'blown up' and given to the children as a very tough balloon.

WILLIECREA

BUSINESSES IN STRANGFORD - 1930's AND 1940's

by EJ Mc Mullan

At the 'wee slip' Mrs Brownlee had a small shop mostly selling sweets but I remember buying a salt and pepper set for 1/= (=5p) in 1941. It is told that a writer of repute used to ask for 'the usual' which turned out to be a 1/2d (halfpenny) snowball, obviously a regular customer of Mrs Brownlees.

At the top of the Quay Lane Willie Polly and Fred Farrow had a garage. It was a lean-to against the old castle wall. Fred was the wench man to unload the coal boats and WIllie fished for clams in the lough. At the top of Castle Street, separated from Fred and Willie by a small ruined house, was Johnny McKeown's. Johnny had a butcher shop - did his own slaughtering, stunning the beast with a heavy, pointed hammer. The floor of his shop was covered in saw dust and at Christmas I remember calling in for a turkey and the kitchen was knee deep in feathers -, Johnny's daughter Betty married Les Peto, a sailor on one of the patrol boats, stationed on the Lough during the war. Later he and Betty came back to Strangford from England and he rebuilt the McKeown home and started to build boats in the yard. He used the line of the Castle as his perpendicular, when engaged in the boat building, as it was perfectly straight. Maurice Hayes later lived in the new house Les built.

Louis Curran - who later married Cassis Kirby -lived directly opposite the Castle and was a tailor of a very high quality. I remember being measured for a suit for my confirmation and the room was full of steam and Louis sitting cross-legged on a table hand sewing some piece of a suit in the making. Later Louis and Cassie moved to Tea Pot Lane.

Down Castle Street or the Front Street as it was called, was my own home where my mother ran a drapery shop. She fell out with John

Sweetman who had a ship 4 doors down the street and in a fit of pique opened her own shop. She told many a tale of the characters and faux pas made in the shop -"Have you got a pair of black women's stockings?" or the one about the member of the gentry who refused to buy clothing coupons, at first, but finally capitulated and bought the "damned things" in order to have her new coat Further down the Front Street was John Sweetman. He was also a draper and wore a beard. he would remark on the fact that a customer had not polished the back of his shoes and was an accomplished carpenter - making all his own boxes for shirts and ties etc, from wood.

Next door to John was a small pub, Cassie Murphys. Her brother Hugh was in the RIC retired in 1910 and lived in Strangford till 1942 a man of leisure.

When Cassie died a family called Whorskey inherited the pub. They lived next door to the pub in what they called "the other house". when Ned Whorskey died the pub became defunct and the house became a shoe maker's shop owned by Johnny Boden whose second wife Rosie Curran sang soprano in the choir.

"The other house" was bought by Gertie and John Fitzsimmons.

Gertie had a shop in her mother's and father's house, Mr & Mrs Dougherty and sold paper pokes of fried peas, sweets and newspapers.

Dougherty's was also a dairy. Thomas took charge and had a horse and trap. the horse knew every stop that Thomas made and knew when he got to the top of the street there would be a lush bit of grass opposite the castle - a few mouthfuls - but I digress. Gertie moved shop into "the other house" and during the summer sold ice-cream - the ice came by bus from Belfast wrapped in a burlap bag. During the war that was where I got my sweety ration - and my copy of the 'Beano' and 'Dandy' on alternate weeks. Because of the paper shortage they stopped being weekly and became fortnightly publications.

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Then next to Dougherty's we had 'Williams' - Wllliam Conway sold petrol and paraffin oil and ran the town taxi "and in his old Austin - he drives Father Crossin - that's one car that surely is blest" as the words of a local skit told the story. William is a story for another day. His wife's name was Stewart and her father fought in the American Civil War. William also owned the lock-up premises used by the Northern Bank on Monday, Wednesday and Friday morning only.

The story is told of the little boy who was sent to the shop, when Mr Smith had it, for a half pound of peas, and as Mrs Smith was ill, to ask "how is Mrs Smith" - as he ran down the street he rhymed "Half pound of peas and how's Mrs Smith", "Half pound of peas and how's Mrs Smith" - into the shop and he says "Half pound of peas and how's Mrs Smith", John Smith says "split or whole?" the wee boy says "Oh, I hope her didn't hurt herself'.

Skip the house next door and we came to Hedley Quayles. Sammy McKeown was bar man for Hedley and twas his sharp eye that saw me raid George Wallace's one and only apple tree - Sergeant Bell made me knock at George's door to express my sorrow for doing such a dastardly deed - the job was made all the more difficult when the door was opened by Diana - a girl of my own age and my stuttered, confused apology was an embarrassment which lasted a long time maybe for both of us. Hedley went on holiday one time and my brother, going down the street one day a~ they neared each other said "How did you enjoy your Hedley hodoly" "Hodley Headley" - Hedley enjoyed the spoonensm.

On the Quarry Hill, the next shop was Kitty Quails - no relative of Hedley's, the spelling is even different. Although, for such an unusual name to be spelt in different ways in the same village must point to a relationship i the distant past. Anyway Kitty ran her little drapery shop at the corner of John's Lane on a part-time basis - she and her sister Rosie lived in the Square - Rosie was a great church goer and at times would serve Mass from outside the altar rails when no altar boy was available - that was in the days before women's lib.

George Wallace ran the Post Office - he also had medical supplies, cough medicine, Mrs Cullens powders and Beechams pills, viral and cod liver oil and malt - ugh. His was the distinctive voice you heard if you made a phone call- "New tun ards - Down patrick, Port a ferry".

George was a good man for a boy to keep in with because if a wire had to be delivered you got 6d for doing the job - after my apple raid I got very few more wire deliveries.

Opposite Kitty's, Mrs Beatie had a sweet shop. Her son Paddy later managed Elliot's office. B Laverty later lived there and opened a butcher shop on the corner of the Chapel Hill. Tommy Duffy later took it over and then Johnny Polly - son of Willie - it changed from butcher to general grocery. Where Abbeyfield House is now was an old house in which "Re vets' McGreevy had a shoe repair shop. Next to that was the old police barracks - and thereby hangs another 'tail' or tale. George Lennon was next. He was a barber and his son Pat Joe became a writer while in the army and wrote interesting local tales of the working men on the coal boats.

Next to the Post Office was one of the two main Grocery Shops in the village. At first, in my memory, owned by Browns, then Johnstons, Mr Smiths and then Paddy Dougherty, later by Dickey, his brother, brothers of Thomas and Gertie.

Ranaghan's pub in my day was a basic premises with a flagstone floor - before it was owned by Hopkins whose son was a priest in Glasgow, I believe, and who visited Strangford often up to the mid forties.

Before that it was owned by a family called Whan.

Lizzie Bricldeys was a paper and sweet shop. She was a religious and refmed lady and it was a source of amusement to us kids to see her discomfort when an old sailor, I forget his name but he lived at the White Houses - anyway he would walk: down every night for his paper and if the weather was bad would always comment "Holy J C Miss Bricldey what a F-ing night". The 7 o'clock bus would stop at the door with a bundle of the night's "Telly". It was the last bus on weekdays in or out and a source of employment to Thos McKeown, Joe Polly, Jimmy Givin and Charlie Stewart.

Bella Hinds has another sweet shop just opposite where the new school is and next to her Mrs Curran did hairdressing. It was all right for little children to go to Mrs Curran, you say on a board across the arms of her regular cutting chair, later when you became a 'big fellow' you graduated to George Lennon.

The final shop on the Quarry Hall was yet another sweet shop owned

by Mrs Laverty ~hose son Sean was a TV repair man in Downpatrick.

Up the Shore Road at the White Houses a Miss Seed ran yet another sweet shop - except of war time rationing and the limey water from Tullyratty Dam - our teeth should not have lasted beyond childhood.

The main stay of the village however was the quay - where the boats came in with coal or left with spuds. W & A McMullan, Jas Elliott & Sons and Sharvin Bros were the three businesses engaged in that trade.

Elliotts had a coal yard, garage, meal and grain store and potato store at the quay corner. Joe Kyles was man in charge and Robbie Hanna office manager, John Joe Shields was their lorry driver and many a hungry family was fed on the results of unloading the boats.

W & A McMullan did not import much coal, mostly they exported potatoes and young boys could earn a bob or two "trucking' ie carrying the bags of spuds from store - up a wooden ramp and into the lorry which then took the load to the quay - an inspector used to stand by the

boat and inspect a bag at regular intervals - if one was sprouting the whole lorry load had to be opened and de-budded - and confrontation and bad mouthing would go on between the inspector and Joe Kyles or Hughie McAfee, W & A McMullan's manager.

Sharvins exported and imported in a smaller way - spuds out, coal in.

Although, never in my memory did the same ship come in full and leave full. Dutch boats, grey, diesel driven vessels took the potatoes out in boats like the Wilson, Hollyhead, The Cumbia, The Oak, Norman and The Pine all out of Whitehaven. Two brothers called Leadbetter owned one of these boats which brought coal in. Again I digress - as I was saying, Sharvins ran the bus in and out to Downpatrick before the BOC/NIRTB took over. Johnny Curran and wee Siney Sharvin were drivers and, I believe, Willie Polly - not the Quay Lane Willie - another Willie from Tea Pot Lane - this Willie was a village hero at the marbles, beating all and sundry at the game.

The firm also ran a dairy, a pub, grocery shop, garage and petrol pumps, meal store, a farm at Cloughey and an auctioneering business.

Old Siney was also the area representative in Down Council and was responsible for a little beach being created between the Newry Quay and the Green, sand being carried from Killard and Kilc1ief. A diving board was also constructed with a men's and women's dressing room (bathing boxes). A Mr Wills opened the diving board with a tremendous belly flop in 1932, knocking out his false teeth and had to wait until the tide went out to retrieve them.

Finally the long established ferry route across the 'river' was in the hands of the families Quails and McDonalds and at an earlier time the Dummy McDowell also had a boat. The Mc Donalds, as far as I know, started with Mosie, then his nephew George, and George's two sons, George and Johnny - their boats were known as the 'May Queen' and the 'Marie' - called after a niece of the family who married Louis Fitzsimmons. Frank and Tommy Quail had two boats the 'Elinor'

belonging to Frank and the 'Jenny' - both had sailor engine (one stroke). The 'Blinor' became unseaworthy and rotted at the Watch house in what was then a small harbour now covered by the 'Dump' and taken by Nicholas Cook after the land had been filled by the local

council. Later Tommy go a new boat called 'Star of the Sea' which used to belong to Tommy Hutton in Portaferry. There was vicious rivalry on the ferry and the Strangford men who worked winter and summer called the Portaferry men, who only worked in the summer, the "Cuckoo Men"!

COUNTRY TIMES

by Isobel Magee Gone are the days of the hand-milking and butter-making in the country, when the farm kept a few cows for milk for the house, churning and butter-making.

How nice it was to see the cow eating her meal and the sound of the milk being milked into the can by the milker, sitting on a stool and the lovely froth that came to the top of the milk. These milk cans used, were generally white enamel with blue or red rims. Then there were the quart tin and gallon can and the little pint can with it's lid or a lid with a handle on the side to make a cip for drinking out of.

It was not unusual to see the man coming home from his day's work on the farm with his can of sweet milk for his family. These cans are not to be seen any more. The Tinkers or TInsmiths as they were called made these, and sold the~ out through the country (Plastic did away with their trade). .

When the milking was done the cows went out to graze in the summer or to have their fodder fed to them in winter.

The milk was brought in while it was warm to the dairy to be put through the separator. It was strained through a fine meshed strainer into a container on top of the machine, which delivered it into a cone-shaped separator bowl which divided the cream from the skim milk. The skim milk was fed to older calves and the cream was kept for butter-making.

In the days before the Separators, the milk was strained into large cream bowls and let sit to next morning and the cream was skimmed off with a wooden spoon into a crock. These were black or brown

glazed on the inside and unglazed on the outside.

The cream was gathered for 5 - 7 days before being churned for butter.

In the Summer the cream ripened quicker. In the Winter the cream had to be encouraged by taking it out of the Dairy to a warmer place (usually beside the fIre).

Up to the mid sixties and early fIfties this part of Co Down had no electricity or mains water, nor fridges to cool butter or milk. Then in agriculture there was a change to the Dairy Industry. The milk went by bulk to the creameries and the butter came back to the shops in neat little 1/2 lbs pks wrapped in foil paper. So the churning days drew to a close.

CHURNING DAY The making of Country Butter was an art. I dedicated this article on Churning and Butter-making to my mother who was a lovely Butter-maker.

On Churning day you were up early to get ready for churning. The water had to be carried from the well, and the cool spring water was the best. The churn and the butter utensils had to be washed in hot (scalding) water and then cooled in cold water.

The first make of churn was called a splash churn with a lid with a hole where the staff came through and a round wooden plate with holes which splashed or churned the milk when the staff was drawn up and down. Then there was an end-over-end chum on a wooden stand, you turned a handle and the churn turned over and over. To the churn there was added enough warm water at 45.55 Fh.

The cream was poured from the Crock and churning started. With the splash chum you drew the staff up and down until the cream became butter.

In summer time when the weather was warm the butter broke early. In the winter it was slow or (slept) and had to be encouraged with a little more warm water. In the end-over-end churn the cream was poured in and the lid fastened down. After a few turns you pressed a valve in the lid to let out steam and there was a glass also in the lid to let you see when the butter was breaking, that is before it gathered a solid lump.

A well-known brand used, was 'Stags Head' a blue packet with a stag's head displayed on the front. The salt was pressed into the butter with the fingers and flat of the hand, turned and repeated till well blended

BUTIER MAKING

The 1 lbs or Prints of butter were then put in grease-proof paper and folded over and turned in. The last bit that did not make the print was rolled into nuggets with the cards. The Buttermilk baked lovely soda bread and many a family came for a can of it.

The churn was left to cool down. In the meantime the Kimlin, butter dish, butter cap and butter cards were in cold water. The Kimlin was a round wooden tub with two handles. A butter dish was carved out of the trunk of a hard wood tree. The latter dish came easier to extract the milk from the butter. ,

Then came the washing 01 your hands in very warm water and cooled down quickly by dipping into cold water. This kept the hands cool and kept the butter from sticking to your hands.

The butter was then gathered to the side of the churn with a wooden butter cup, or lifted by hand in lumps and put into cold water. Each lump was then put into the butter dish and washed and pressed with your fingers and flat of your hand till all the milk was taken out. This was repeated until the water became clear. Then with a quick flick of the wrist it was beaten against the side of the butter dish to extract any water left. If the water was left this was known as pinholed and did not leave a smooth texture to the butter.

Next came the salt. The butter was all put together in the dish and salt added to taste. The salt used was coarse salt not like the table salt we know today.

lll.

Next the butter was weighed into Pounds and carded into prints on a wooden platter or square of wood. Every butter-maker had a pattern for their butter. Some had diamond shapes or ridged. There were also butter designs which shaped out a rose or thistle etc, on top of the print

How nice and crunchy it was coming off the griddle with the farl cut in two, a dent made with the handle of the knife, and a knob of butter it it.

You broke off a piece and dipped in the melted butter and ate it. How the children loved it!

Where did the butter go? To the nearest shop - Willie John Sharvin's to buy the groceries.

LOCAL CURES STYES RINGWORM Mr Taylor, jeweller, Downpatrick, cured ringwonn between sunrise and sunset. He used a smoking-ash-stick round the affected part.

It is told Johnny Magee cured styes by pointing 11 gooseberry thorns at the affected eye and then threw the last one over his shoulder.

BONESETIER

Willie Crea, Ballyculter, tells how as a young man, he had ringwonn on his neck which seemed to be resistant to any fonn of treatment.

Willie didn't believe in channs but when told of Mr Taylor he set off on his bike, his neck heavily bandaged, to Downpatrick. Mr Taylor gave him the ash-stick treatment but the bandage was not removed.

Cynical of the benefits of the chann, however, he set off on his homeward journey. As he cycled along the ringwonn began to ease and after a few days the ringwonn cleared away.

SHINGLES Leslie McKibben, Ballyculter, tells of a man from the Spa called Willie Irvine who cured shingles. Willie gave the client a sealed envelope with a string inside - with the instruction to tie it round the waist for 3 consecutive nights. On the 3rd morning, the 'client' personnaly burned the string and the shingles gradually left.

WHOOPING COUGH Eileen Magee's parents were both Magees and it is said that in such circumstances the woman has the chann.

ERYSIPILAS Wm John Sharvin is reported to have had the 'cure' for erysipilas. He made up mixture and gave it out in pokes to the 'client'.

NeUy McDonnel, who lived with her brother in Ballynagross was a famous bone-setter. Surgeon Tait used Nellie's talent on occasions.

Brain Denvir, Ballynarry, a noted footballer and hurler dislocated his ankle and went to Nelly to have it set. He was to rest it for a while but could not resist the temptation to leave the sideline and so did not take advice. He dislocated the other ankle and was again back to Nelly.

He recalls Nelly had very long fingers with which she probed for the painful spot saying "Is that where it hurts, big son?".

CURE FOR THE COMMON COLD Jimmy Curran, Ballylena, tells of a sure cure for the common cold; go to bed with a bottle of rum and put a hard hat at the bottom of the bed.

"Drink the rum until you see two hard hats and you're cured."

BY PEG DENVIR

JOEMCGRATH

by WllLIE CREA

The fIrst time that I ever knew of the existence of Joe McGrath was some 60 years ago when my father brought me across the fIelds, across the Turkish rivell to BaIlywooden, to see Joe's greyhound race track.

Joe was born in Belfast on the Antrim Road in the house where his mother's family lived; soom afterwards they came back to the family farm at Ballykinler. After a few years they moved to a larger farm at Ballycruttle, BaIlee, where his mother was a teacher in the local primary school. He was one of her pupils.

From his earliest years he had a passion for machinery of all kinds and about 1910 the mechanical age was about to break on the western world, and the internal combustion engine was in its early stages.

Joe started at the lowest form of mechanisation; he tormented his parents to buy him a bicycle kit, which he had seen in a catalogue.

Money, possible ÂŁ2-3 was sent off to Birmingham and a crate eventually arrived at the BCDR station, Downpatrick where it was collected by pony and cart. He assembled the machine, which meant putting all the spokes into both wheels; and within a week he was cycling around BaIlee, passing horses and traps at top speeds.

In 1914 he moved to Bally wooden farm, which he inherited from his Uncle Pat. Soon after this he bought a much used BSA motor cycle and side-car, which he reconditioned. This was his introduction to the internal combustion engine.

About 1921 the age of radio was here and Joe was interested and read up the technicalities. His interest and knowledge became known to Porter & Wylies in Downpatrick who had a garage and shop which

stocked a great number of items, one of which was a crystal-set wireless - but no one knew how to assemble it! Tom Wylie brought the kit in his bull nosed Morris out to Joe who, within a week, brought it back to Tom in working order. Word got around.

of the jacked up car. There were quite a few greyhounds in the country - his brother-in-law Emmet Sharvin had quite a number which he raced at Dunmore. The track was too short but Joe saw路the potential and the solution for his small field. Build a round one!!

Dr Moore, the present Dr Moore's grandfather, commissioned him to build one. He made a cabinet out of a tea chest, put shelves in it, and assembled the set. Now he made a set for himself, making his own condense, and by now Ballywooden was "on the air". His house would be full of neighbours and friends for all the sporting events of the day, horse racing, football, hurley, and he was crowded to capacity for the All Ireland Finals with the odd argument and friendly fights for the earphones.

He was again ahead of his time. He built his circular track and this is what my father brought me to see on that spring evening so many years ago. There was quite a crown of people there with dogs and stop watches. The appartus holding the "hare" ran on a wooden frame - a skid - about 3 ft above the gTound in a complete circle fenced in with wire netting.

Earthing this set was a very vital element for the successful reception of the signals, and it had to be positioned in the ground approximately N-S, a similar position for the aerial hung on the trees outside. This earthing medium was an C!ld copper car radiator buried in the garden and wired through the window frame to the set. In dry weather reception would become faulty, but a bucket full of water on the soil over the radiator soon restored reception again.

Now the possibilities of the internal combustion engine had caught Joe's imagination and he purchased a 14 hp Rover car from Sharvin Bros of Strangford. It was by no means new but in good mechanical order. It had a gate change gearbox, that is, no synchromesh as we know it. One had to be very sensitive with the gear lever and accelerator to effect a noiseless change.

But this vehicle was not for social, domestic or pleasure purposes, he saw it as a means to power his dog training track. This track was a straight line, similar to the one at Dunmore Park in Belfast, and the "hare" was pulled along by a rope coiling on the rim of the rear wheel

The Rover car was jacked up, and the rear wheel, with modification, drove 2 other wheels, one coiling the rope pulling the "hare" and the other uncoiling the rope. The car was on the outside of ~he track and he could have two, three or four circuits without stopping. The news of his circular track quickly got around the greyhound fraternity and they came from considerable distances to time their dogs at the Ballywooden "trails".

Joe was never short of ideas and another one was already germinating.

Mechanisation was coming into farming. Ford was already making tractors in America, some of which were already being used on the larger farms in this country.

He cycled to see one working on the Finnebrogue Estate outside Downpatrick. He came home and eyed the rover car and got to work.

He stripped off all the bodywork. He cut the chassis of the car and took a piece out to shorten the wheel base and consequently make it more manoeuvreable. This was a very labourious operation and to do so he had to make his own hack-saw. (See sketch 1) An ordinary hack-saw frame was useless as there was not enough clearance to cut the chassis, so he made one out of a piece of water pipe with enough

clearance to do the job. He didn't have many tools and he was not a wealthy man: who was in the 30's? His other tools were: a blacksmith's forge and anvil, a few spanners, dies to cut thrreads on bolts and drill bits. He had no drill so he made one. (See sketch 2) He used a motor car stub axle, a car half shaft for a spindle, a bicyle gear wheel to turn it and a worm and pinion out of the car differential. A mattress bolt and nut slowly fed the bit into the metal. The complete drill was mounted on a strong wooden frame and bolted to the wall and roof truss. Any welding which needed doing, he brought to Porter & Wylie's garage in Downpatrick.

To get back to his car conversion. He made new driving wheels out of lorrry rims, he made traction lugs which he bolted onto the rims to give grip int he field. All springs were removed. The front axle was mounted on a pivot in the centre of the chassis, thus allowing up and down movement of the front wheels. The car gearing was of course much too high for field work. He used a second gear-box mounted behind the existing o1}e, thus reducing the forward speed.

He was now ready for farm work! He modified a single furrow horse plough and fitted it behind the tractor. (See sketch 3) He devised a manually operated "lift" to raise and lower the plough. He had not hydraulically controlled depth mechanism like Ferguson who had world patents, nor had he a depth control land wheel, which nonhydraulic makers found necessary, yet he ploughed very satisfactorily for many years and later added a second plough body. The work was now too heavy for his second gear-box and it disintegrated. He discovered another one which was very successful. This was a gear-box from a Samuelson horse drawn reaper which came from Dick Hanna of Turkish.

I should explain that in the reaper this gear-box, driven by the land wheels, was a large gear wheel, about 18 inches in diameter driving a small gear about 4 inches in diameter which increased the revolutions

(about 4.5 times) of the whipstick driving the cutter bar.

Joe reversed the order of the gear wheels making the small one drive the big one, thus reducing the final speed of the driving wheels of the tractor. This system was very strong and satisfactory. It was an "open" gear-box and had to be oiled by an oil can! (See sketch 4) He brought the Samuelson gear-box and the original car gear-box to a foundry in Belfast and instructed them to make and enclosed casing. This type of reduction gear-box was used and still is used by many other tractor manufacturers.

The steel rear wheels made travel on the road very slow and difficult, so he acquired two heavy lorry wheels with cleated pneumatic tyres.

(See sketch 5) He drilled the centres of his "new" wheels to suit the existing "car" hubs and now he could go anywhere - the front wheels already had pneumatic tyres and tubes.

Now he decided he needed more power. He bought a second hand Ford 24 HP lorry engine. He removed the original 14 HP engine and installed the Ford - which meant linking it up to his new gear -box and chassis - a very considerable task demanding much work and ingenuity.

The marriage was very successful. It could plough two furrows with ease, pull a six foot disc harrow and a six foot self-binder at harvest time. The Ford ran on petrol which was becoming more expensiveabout one shilling and six pence a gallon (7.5p in today's money)!! So he decided that paraffin should be路the fuel - so much cheaper.

Now paraffin or TVO as it was eventually called, vaporises at a higher temperature than petrol which vaporises in the cylinder without any treatment; so he had to devise a means of converting the paraffin to vapor before it entered the cylinders to be ignited by the ignition sparks.

estimated safe limit.

He made a vaporiser and mounted it on the exhaust manifold of the Ford - It worked thus!

He started the engine on a small quantity of petrol - about half a gallon - after a few minutes the exhaust manifold and vaporiser became hot enough to allow the fuel to be switched from petrol to paraffm. The paraffin was sucked over the hot manifold and vaporised and as the name suggests became a vapour before entering the cylinders. He was now working at half the previous cost. To estimate the tractor temperature he mounted a temperature gauge on the radiator of the "car" cum "tractor".

Soon after this Harry Ferguson converted his petrol tractors to run on TVO on the vaporiser principle and Barney Teggart form Ballymurry, who had an engineering and electrical business in Cromac Street, Belfast, saw a future in Joe's vaporising system because there were many Fergusons in the country running on expensive petrol. ; On Joe's pattern, and with his consesnt, he made vaporisers, (as castings), and sold them in kit form (early DIY) to farmers who were able to convert their own tractors to TVO. He was the first to have electric light in his neighbourhood. He made his own wind powered generator. (See sketch 6) He designed the "propeller" and had it made out of local ash by Joe Murnin the boat builder at Cloghy. The generator, fitted with this propeller, was mounted on a pole in his garden and connected to a few storage batteries. However, he had a problem. If the wind became too strong - the vibrations wrecked his generator and propeller.

He solved this by altering the mounting on the pole so that the generator stopped turning when the wind speed exceeded 6 knots - Joes'

He did this by mounting the generator on a spring loaded pivot. When the wind speed exceeded 6 knots, the tension on the spring increased and released the pin holding the generator horizontal. The generator tilted up on its back mounting and stopped charging. When the wind speed dropped to below the 6 knots safety limit the weight of the generator brought it down to the horizontal again - the spring loaded pin notched in and the generator became operational again. During calm weather he removed the generator from the pole and drove it with a belt from the motor cycle engine now removed from its frame.

He had a hand operatoed rotary pump in his yard to pump water to an overhead tank for watering livestock. This pump was similar to the type used to hand pump petrol into car tanks at petrol stations or as they were then called "garages".

Seeing his nephew Jim Sharvin standing in the yard, pumping back and forward, he decided this was not good enough. He took the body off a potato riddler, thus exposing the crank-shaft. H~ attached the handle of the rotary pump, by a shaft, to the potato riddler crank-shaft, fixed and electric motor and drove the flywheel of the riddler and the problem was solved. By now mains electircity was available and, needless to say, the potato riddler was driven hereafter by the electric motor.

It would take a long time to record the many mechanical problems which he solved for neighbours and friends. In his spare time he fixed clocks, played the violin, was an amateur actor and still remembered as Professor Tim in Paddy McMullans productins in 1944. He could divine water; he used a hazel fork to do this, then being given a silver watch and chain by a relative, he perfected this art to the extent that he was accepted as a water diviner by the Dept. of Agriculture which in

those days grant-aided the supply of water from wells for farm use.

The divining of water by a watch is very interesting. I have seen it done but unfortunately, not by Joe McGrath. When an underground spring is found, the watch swings back and forward, pendulum action of its own accord. Joe brought this art to great perfection. He went around the district visiting wells already in operation. He used his watch over these wells, measured the distance of the arc of the swinging watch, then measured the depth of the well and after many experiments, he was able to predict, on finding a new spring the depth of the well. The Department of Agriculture recognised the importance of his accuracy and accepted his water findings on farms. He charged ÂŁ3 for finding a well plus travelling expenses. His explorations took him all over County Down.

He retired in 1960 and went to live in Liverpool where his wife Helen MeKeating had lived before she met him on holiday in Ballywooden.

This meeting led to ~eir marriage. He died in 1972 and was buried in Liverpool but his memory still lingers on in Ballywooden and in Kilclief where his name has been inscribed on the tomb of his uncle, Pat McGrath.

There are many who still remember Joe McGrath with affection as a quiet honest contented man, with a gift for seeing problems and then their solution, an ability to improvise and a skillful pair of hands to translate his ideas into reality.

Above all he is remembered as a gentleman, and I would refer you to George Bemard Shaw's defmition of a gentleman as, "One who puts more into the common lot than what he takes out".

ALL THIS INFORMATION WAS SUPPLIED BY HIS NEPHEW nM SHARVIN NOW LIVING, WITH HIS WIFE MAUREEN, ON THE FARM AT BALLYWOODEN WHERE, AS A BOY, HE WAS A WITNESS TO JOES CREATIONS.

CROSSING THE "RIVER"

E J McMullan

From long years past there was always a desire or need to cross the lough at its narrowest point, and to that end the quays and slips of Portaferry and Strangford grew, starting probably with the dug out canoes of our hunter/gatherer forefathers being pulled onto a sloping shore, to a few boulders placed out into the tide as stepping stones to facilitate getting ashore dry shod, and a gradual building of a primitive quay, a more or less permanent structure. The bay on which Strangford Village stands was out of the run of the strong tidal race going in and out of the Lough twice a day, because of that very tidal race, boats depending on oar or sail were restricted, especially by the incoming tide, from access to the Irish Sea. I suppose thereby lay the reason for the eclipse of Stangford as a port at a later date by Ardglass which was on the coast and not liable to the tidal effects to such an extent. ,

In my lifetime the "toing and froing" across the "River" was in the small ferry boats owned by the McDonald and Quail families. The village aligned itself as the customers of Tommy and George and habitually used the services of their chosen ferry man exclusively. As children we did likewise and acted as "the tying-uppers and shoving offers" just to sail across to the "other side". Travellers and bankers were the respectable clientele who paid their way. They never knew just how much the fare was, the usual answer of the ferryman to a query like "How much do I owe you" being "Oh just whatever you think yourself Sir". I never remember giving more than 6d for a return fare but then my use of the ferry did not really begin until my teens when I was allowed to go to the pictures in the cinema in Portaferry, maybe once a week and later to dances where I met my ftrst love Betty.

At that age somehow the Portaferry girls were so much prettier than the home grown variety. Manys were the night when we crossed the

ferry in rain, hail or snow, blowing a gale and huddled in the small locker in the bow for shelter or under an old sail kept especially for that purpose. Portaferry had electric light with the advent of the "Ware Room" and the linen stitching industry which at ftrst had its own generator and supplied the town as well as their own factories. The old single cylinder engines on the ferry boats had their own distinctive sound and were primed with petrol before changing to TVO when the engine heated up a bit.

Great rivalry existed not only between the Quail and McDonald families but between the Strangford men and the Portaferry men. Old George McDonald, father of George and Johnny was credited with referring to the Ards men as "Cuckoo men" - inferring that they were fair weather sailors who only worked in the summer time - the rivalry was carried to great lengths. The story was told of two ferry men walking as far as the Quoile to meet the Downpatrick bus in order to get the custom for their boat. In days past a family called McDowell had a boat "on the River". The father was dumb and as was the custom in those days he was known as The Dummy. When the son was touting for business a prospective customer said "No thank you, I go with the Dummy", "But, Sir" says the lad "I am the dummy".

The horse boat which was a McDonald exclusive was a big broad boat with a removable gunwale. In the days I'm talking about the only custom was when McNabbs brought their big stallion on his rounds of Lecale. It always gathered a crowd of boys to see the unwilling giant being blind-folded in order to get him aboard and many a "pitch and toss" session was interrupted to watch 路the fun. An older version of the horse boat lay beside where the Ladies' bathing hut used to be. As the years went by she rotted and with help from our crow-bars we finally ended up making a raft out of the pieces and navigated from the slip to the quay - a big adventure for a 9 or 10 year old. Johnny and George bought a boat from Watsons - a family who used Strangford as a

summer residence. It had a nice cabin and for a short while we could travel comfortable in all weathers. However, her use was short-lived.

She may have been too light or perhaps past her best by the time she came into use as a working boat.

Progress came along in the shape of the diesel engine and the distinctive put-put sound of the single cylinder engine with its distinctive mine-shaped cylinder head was replaced by the strong hum of the more efficient modem version. The old "Jenny" belonging to Tommy Quail was replaced by the "Star of the Sea" which he bought from Tommy Hutton, one of the "cuckoo" men. The old "Elinor" also became defunct - she belonged to Tommy's brother Frank and ended her days rotting in a little used inlet at the Watch House. It was later filled in as a village dump.

I believe that young George and Johnny McDonald had new engines fitted to their boats and I remember the problem of a propeller being eaten away by electrolosis by improper wiring of the battery. Further progress was made around 1946 when a war surplus landing craft was introduced to take cars and lorries across the narrows. This ended up in disaster when a high lorry made the whole thing top heavy and she capsized just off the Salt Pans with at least one loss of life. After that things returned to the way it always was and any car transport had to wait for calm weather and high tide and make the crossing on two planks placed across the ordinary ferry boat, a rather undignified and precarious ride for any self-respecting car. I often wondered why the horse boat could not have been used. I'm sure some genius could have devised a way.

Eventually progress took another giant step and Down Council put on a car ferry and bought all the rights of the ferry men. Young George McDonald became one of the captains on the "Strangford" - in a way making the contact between the old and the new. But at what cost?

The Green was used as a buildig site for a monstrosity with neither beauty, line or fOnD. The Royal Rocks disappeared, the Newry Quay named after the Newry Company who used it as an entry port for time in 19th centry, was tarred over. The little beach, bathing boxes and spring board although long out of use were prevented from ever reviving by the building of a dry dock and parking lot and the coastal face of Strangford became one of industrial shipping and commerce losing its natural charm. The town sailing club had to move to Audley's Roads - picturesque no doubt but not so handy.

FIELD NAMES 1 4 5 6 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 18 19 20 21 25 54 58 62 70 71 72 79 82 114 126 133 158 47

JOE FITZSIMMONS HANNAS HANNAS THE MILL FIELD THEROWE THE REA KNOWE THE MILL POND THE MILL HILL REAKNOWE THEMEADOW THE HARBOUR FIELDS THE MULLAGH AMULLAGH WHITEROCK DOG'S KNOWE O'BRIEN~

THE MEADOW FOGDEN (A LUMP OR HILLOCK. A BIG POTATO) THE HATCHET FIELD (SHAPE) TEGGARTS BACK OF MURPHYS COTTAGE DOUGLAS FIELD CASTLE? THE YELLOW ROCKS CLOUGHANMORE THE YELLOW ROCK THE MOUNT FIELD BODEN'S FIELDS FROGWALK

by Brian Denvir

TOWNLA NDS OF KILCL!EF

>'-Ti\ME

ME -" 'NG _t

KILCLlEF

CILLCLEITHE

CHURCH OF THE WATTLES

BALLYCULTER

BAILE UI CHOLTA

RAINCOLTRAN'S TOWN

BALLYNARRY

BAILE AN FHARAIDH

TOWN OF THE FORTH

BALLYNAGARRICK

BAILE NA GCARRAIG

TOWN OF THE ROCKS

CARRACANISH

CEATHRU MHANUIS

MANUS'S QUARTER

CARRIFF (FREAGH)

CEATHRU FRAOICH

HEATHER QUARTER

BALLYLENAGH??

BALLYORGAN??

DRUMROE

DROMRUA

RED RIDGE

(Once known as Spidyel quarter)

(Ceathru an ospuideil)

(Hospital quarter)

THE FOUR ABO VE TOVlNLANS WERE THE FOUR QUAR!ERS (; F THE C,LEBE (CHU!ZCH L.'\NDS ; CARNASHOKE

CEATHRU NA SEABHAC

HAWKS' QUARTER

CARRINTEGGART

CEATHRU AN tSAGAIRT

THE PRIEST'S QUARTER

CLOGHY

CLOIGHEACH

STONY

CARGAGH

CARRAIGEACH

ROCKY

LEGGANAGOBBECK

LEACHACH NO gCOPOG

FL'1.T STONY PLACE OF DOCKENS

LOUGHKEELAN

LOCH CHAELAIN

CAELAN'S LOUGH

TULLYFOYLE

TULLACH AN PHOILL

THE HEIGHT OF THE HOLLOW

BALLYWOODAN ??

WHITEHILLS FERRY QUARTER

11

r-----~~......-.--------------~--.-.~ -.-. = . ~

lohnny Hugh Vincent Frank Mr Dr Oliver Paddy lames Travers Murphy Sharvin Mc Causland Hildebrand Pooler lohnston Mc Mullan Ennis