YEAR 5 DESIGN DIARY 02

PROCESS // DIARY 02

FREDERICK MAWHOOD

CONTENTS // PAGE

SEMESTER TWO STUDY TRIP

03-28

. Map of our expedition . Photographs from the trip . Digital scan of firestation

BACKGROUND STUDIES

31-50

. Jokkmokk Winter Market . Existing Sami Parliaments . Sweden’s Sami demographics . Proposed building program

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

53-62

. Initial concept sketches

DESIGN SPECIALISATION

65-92

. The Sami calendar . Reindeer migration route . Reindeer roundup process . Initial site circulation strategy . Initial massing strategy . Form development . Developed circulation strategy . Developed massing strategy

DESIGN RESOLUTION

95-142

. Bioclimatic material investigation . Development sketches [canopy] . Timber precedent studies . Development sketches [building] . Interior precedent studies . Development sketches [interior] . Final interior & exterior visualisations

BIBLIOGRAPHY

144

STUDY // TRIP

03 STUDY TRIP

01 // STOCKHOLM ______________________________________________________________ After getting off of the plane at Stockholm airport we realised that we had a couple of hours to kill, so it was rather handy that White Arkitekter, the architecture team behind the new Kiruna town masterplan, have their main office in the city centre. Fortunately for us, the lead architects behind Kiruna’s new masterplan kindly agreed to explain the rationale behind itheir vision in a short presentation, which helped to further our understanding of their design process and the qualities they wanted the new town to embody and evoke. Feeling more informed, we then rushed across Stockholm to catch the train which would take us on our monumental journey into the Arctic Circle.

02 // KATTERJOKK ______________________________________________________________ Sixteen hours later we arrived at the tiny town of Katterjokk, and after a short walk to our apartments, we were finally able to change into our thermals and have our first taste of arctic exploration. We walked for aproximately four miles, in snow up to our knees at some points, to the slightly larger town of Riksgransen and were rewarded with incredible views and some of the remains of the old train switching roundhouse. By the time we had arrived back at the hotel it had been dark for some time, so we decided to call it a day and ate some reindeer stew before trying out the hotels sauna.

03 // NARVIK ______________________________________________________________ The next day, me and some of the others decided to get the train to the Norwegian town of Narvik. Whilst a couple of us went to explore the town itself, I headed up the mountain to have my first attempt at skiing. Whilst not strictly part of the study trip, I definately gained a greater apreciation for the complexities of designing in response to snowy conditions, and was also able to appreciate the true majesty of the beutiful natural landscape that surrounded the idylic town.

04 // ABISKO ______________________________________________________________ Our last stop before arriving at Kiruna was Abisko, a remote national park deep inside the Arctic Circle. Here we met up with American botanist Kieth Larson, at the Abisko Scientific Research Station, who explained that the station had been actively studying the effects of climate change on local wildlife and fauna for over one-hundred years. His presentation helped to reinforce our motivations for creating a sustainable and sensitive timber structure, and expanded upon how we could adapt our designs to the harsh arctic climate of Swedish Lapland.

05 // KIRUNA ______________________________________________________________ We spent our remaining days in the small town of Kiruna, the site of our final project, where we were able to observe the qualities of the current town-plan that make it so special to the local residents.

We explored the location of the new city hall, still in construction, and set about scanning as many unique buildings and interesting artifacts in the old town as possible, for later use in our 3D virtual enviroments. We also went on a guided tour of the iron-ore mine where we were able to learn more about the actual mining process and also its impact on the local environment. After speaking with local residents we were suprised at how many of them were excited about the decision to move the town.

We had originally expected that the majority would be dissapointed with their predicament, but most residents we spoke to had alot of enthusiasm and hope for the future of the town, accepting that its fate depended upon the continued existence of the LKAB owned mining operation. A truly beautiful town, it was inspiring to see just how well it had been seemlessly integrated into its natural environment.

SWEDISH LAPLAND OUR EXPEDITION ACROSS SAPMI

04 03 02 05

Arctic Circle

01

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

The land...

Is different...

When you have lived there...

Wandered...

Sweated...

Frozen...

Seen the sun...

Set and rise...

Dissapear and return...

The land is different...

When you know...

Here are...

Roots...

Ancestors...

Nils-Aslak Valkeapää

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

07 STUDY TRIP

08

STUDY TRIP

09 STUDY TRIP

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

10

STUDY TRIP

11 STUDY TRIP

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

12

STUDY TRIP

13 STUDY TRIP

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

14

STUDY TRIP

15 STUDY TRIP

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

16

STUDY TRIP

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

17 STUDY TRIP

18

STUDY TRIP

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

19 STUDY TRIP

20 STUDY TRIP

As Kiruna prepares to move, a selection of the town’s most important buildings have been chosen to move with it; including the famous church, the old clocktower, and an assortment of original LKAB mining houses.

However, due to the large costs involved in dismantling, excavating and moving a permanent structure, the majority of the existing buildings are set to be demolished when the town moves, with new ones taking their place in the new masterplan. After speaking to residents, it became clear that there were a number of buildings they were sad to be saying goodbye to and this included the old timber fire station that had served the town for over 70 years. With my newly learned 3D scanning techniques I was able to capture a detailed model of this unique building during my stay, preserving its heritage forever in my digital environment.

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

25 STUDY TRIP

26

STUDY TRIP

ARCTIC EXPLORATION HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE FIELD TRIP

27 STUDY TRIP

28

STUDY TRIP

DESIGN THESIS // PROJECT

CULTURAL RESEARCH & BACKGROUND STUDIES

31 ASSIGNMENT 04

Since 1605, the small town of Jokkmokk (140km south of Kiruna) has held an annual winter market which begins on the first Thursday of February and lasts for three days. It attracts tens of thousands of visitors from across the world every year, and is famous for being the foremost meeting place for Sami people across the entire Sapmi region. The event provides a muchneeded platform for Sami people to, not only engage with tourism and educate people on their vibrant culture, but also a place to gather and discuss current issues effecting their way of life.

Although temperatures can drop below -30, hundreds of outdoor stalls line the streets of Jokkmokk offering visitors a number of ways to experience and enjoy many of the core aspects of the Sami way of life. Activities include sampling traditional Sami cuisine and locally sourced ingredients, folk dancing, joiking (singing) performances, reindeer racing, a daily reindeer caravan through the market, dog sledding, Gakti fashion shows, and Sami Duodji (handicrafts) workshops.

JOKKMOKK WINTER MARKET CELEBRATING 400 YEARS OF SAMI CULTURE

32 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 01. Jokkmokk Market Images

SAMI PARLIAMENT NORWAY STEIN HALVORSEN ARKITEKTER

33 ASSIGNMENT 03 This building represents an innovative solution to an issue unique in a modern western country; how to create an architectural identity for a people with little architectural history of their own. The Sami people are traditionally nomadic, so this means that when it comes to permanent buildings of cultural significance they have little tradition on which to draw. However, in this case the architects have managed to take two aspects of their nomadic way of life, the lavvu, and the reindeer stockade, and adapted their forms to create a dignified civic building.

The most prominent element of the design is the debating chamber, based on the traditional Sami lavvu. Its conical form is clad in rough untreated larch and divided into two unequal segments by a glass bridge. The larger side houses the debating chamber itself, whilst the smaller contains an anteroom and access to a viewing gallery. The vertical walls created by the slit are glazed to allow light into the central space, whilst keeping the closed exterior presence intact.

34 ASSIGNMENT 03

Figure 02. Sami Parliament Norway Images

SAMI PARLIAMENT NORWAY STEIN HALVORSEN ARKITEKTER

35 ASSIGNMENT 03 The rest of the building is in the form of a semicircle and is based on the traditional Sami reindeer stockade. The inward-looking spaces of the Sami National Library, Sami Trade and Industry, and cafeteria are sheltered within the embrace of a twolevel gallery, containing various offices and committee rooms. This space has been described as a ‘wander hall’ and doubles up as an informal meeting place for people visiting the civic establishment to enjoy, with brightly coloured furniture and Sami artwork encouraging unplanned interactions and inquisitive strolling.

Since the building only has a simple timber canopy over the modest entrance space of the library, reminiscent of the lavvu tent flap, there is no strong sense of invitation. However, in the same vein of traditional Sami dwellings, this is an inward-looking building, and when the site is in one of the coldest places on earth, where even the most basic structure can act as a refuge from the external elements, there is little need for their architecture to express itself in this way.

36

ASSIGNMENT 03

37 ASSIGNMENT 03 The Sami Cultural Centre Sajos can be found in the northern part of Finnish Lappland, and is the centre of culture and administration for the Sami people (the only indigenous people in the European Union). The building is shaped like a distorted cross, carefully plotted to avoid harming old trees on the plot, with the curvature of the facade creating yards which face onto natural or man-made attractions, thus connecting the building to its environment. A large flowing lobby space centralises the buildings programme, and is characterised by the large, round volumes of the Sami parliment hall and auditorium which dominate the space. Many other functions are packed into the extending wings of the centre, including a multipurpose hall, meeting rooms, resturant, library, archives, audio-video editing studios, classrooms and offices.

SAMI PARLIAMENT FINLAND HALO ARCHITECTS, SAMI CULTURAL CENTRE

38 ASSIGNMENT 03

Figure 03. Sami Parliament Finland Images

39 ASSIGNMENT 03

Wood, a material very important to Sami culture, has been used extensively in this building with the effect of creating a warm and welcoming environment for the buildings complex program. The curved facade consists of massive vertical wooden planks which support external vertical boards and glass sheets. The rough and unfinished feeling exterior allows for varying degrees of transparency into the internal environment which varies depending on your direction of approach. Specially selected pine boards have been used for the interior spaces, creating a smooth and unbroken materiality designed to embody the character of the traditional Sami ‘Duodji’ (wooden handicraft). Overall, whilst I think that the overall form might be slightly too monolithic, I think the building has been successfully designed to deal with its immediate environment and house a very complex program.

SAMI PARLIAMENT FINLAND HALO ARCHITECTS, SAMI CULTURAL CENTRE

40

ASSIGNMENT 03

SAMI PARLIAMENT KIRUNA MURMAN ARKITEKTER, COMPETITION

41 ASSIGNMENT 03 In July 2005, the Swedish State Property Agency created an open international competition for a new Sami Parliament in Kiruna. In total 111 anonymous propositions were submitted, with Murman Arkitekter’s ‘Badjaneapmi’ being declared the winner in April 2006. Due to the expansion of the mining operation and the growing instability of Kiruna the proposal was never built, but it remains an interesting study in how a professional practice approached the design process and how they related the building to its social and environmental contexts.

The jury’s response to the proposal was, as follows: “Badjaneapmi is a very beautiful and expressive building with great architectural qualities. The hope is that the building will be a new landmark and an internationally known visitor destination in Kiruna”. This description is interesting as it highlights the importance that my proposal not only fulfil the requirements of a parliamentary establishment, but it should also be integrated into Kiruna’s tourism industry.

42 ASSIGNMENT 03

Figure 04. Sami Parliament Kiruna Images

SAMI PARLIAMENT KIRUNA MURMAN ARKITEKTER, COMPETITION

43 ASSIGNMENT 03 The proposal is based on a simple expressive form with a large collective atrium housing office spaces, a plenary hall, shops, a reception and a large cafe. The protective and embracing shape frames the internal activities which include public spaces on the ground floor and administrative features on the upper levels. The north facade is covered in large wood chips while the south facade is a two-layered construction with outer glass and an internal wood facade. In addition, the proposal was modulated to make it relatively easy to move in case the mining operation threatened the stability of the site.

In my opinion, the proposal was not very appropriate for a Sami Parliament as its simple form and imposing size does not relate to the grounded nature of Sami constructions. Whilst I think that the external public space is beginning to do something interesting the overall program doesn’t blend in with the surrounding landscape, something which is extremely important to Sami culture.

44

Inner Facade

Structural Body Prefabricated Glulam

Floor Joists Prefabricated Tiles

Parliamentary Chamber

Ground In-situ concrete

ASSIGNMENT 03

Prefabricated Solid Wood Shell

45

AN INSTITUTION COMPRISED OF TWO SIDES

ASSIGNMENT 03

The main task of the Sami Parliament is to protect and act for the interests of the wider Swedish Sami community. The Sami Parliament is comprised of both a publically-elected parliament and a State agency, with its core tasks being outlined and regulated by the Swedish Sami Parliament Act. This blend of a popularly elected parliament and a State administrative agency creates a conflict between the Sami representatives desire for increased autonomy and the Swedish government’s restrictiveness and heavy legal regulation of tasks. The elected members are often elected through promises that are in direct contraditction to the politics expressed by the government, leaving many of them feeling very limited in what they can achieve as a result of heavy regulations and grant steering.

01) PUBLICALLY ELECTED SAMI PARLIAMENT Public elections to the parliament are held every four years, with a total of 31 representative members representing 9 different political parties making up the plenary assembly who gather together three times a year. A presiding committe prepares and is responsible for the assembly meetings. From these representative members the Swedish Government appoints the desired chairman of the Sami Parliament, who in turn appoints one or several vice chairmen. The Sami Parliament then elects a Sami Parliamentary Board, consisting of up to seven members who manage the regular operations of the establishment and are therefore ultimatley responsible for the Sami Parliament’s activities.

02) GOVERNMENT RUN PARLIAMENT OFFICES The office of the Sami Parliament consists of around 50 civil servants and serves as an agency of the Swedish Government. The highest official is the Chancellor, who provides the Sami Parliamentary Board with the basis of their decision making, meaning that the activities of the elected Sami representatives are highly influenced by the Swedish Government. The Sami Parliament’s office is divided into three distinct departments, each dealing with a different area of Sami interest and each with its own elected, leading official. The three departments are as follows: . The Department of Economics and Administration . The Department of Language, Culture and Information . The Department of Society, Nutrition and Environment The rather tired and outdated looking existing Swedish Sami Parliament building in central Kiruna

Figure 05. Sami Parliament Sweden

STRUCTURE OF THE SÁMEDIGGI HOW DOES IT FUNCTION AND WHAT IS THE PURPOSE?

46 ASSIGNMENT 03

MANAGEMENT OF REINDEER HUSBANDRY The parliament should act as a central administrative agency to monitor the industry of reindeer husbandry in Sweden, keeping an updated historical record of migration routes, grazing areas and most importantly Sami land ownership and grazing rights. The parliament fights to maintain and improve the land use rights of the Sami people, set out by the ‘Reindeer Herding Acts’, and legally defend their interests against private land owners, ongoing national border conflicts and the increased industrial activities of the Swedish Government in northern Sapmi.

DISTRIBUTION OF STATE FUNDING & GRANTS The parliament should debate and decide on the distribution and management of State grants and funding from the ‘Sami Foundation’ for use in the various Sami cultural initiatives, organisations and events intended to celebrate, preserve and spread the Sami community’s rich cultural heritage.

Money raised helps to support lobby organisations which focus on specific aspects of Sami culture such as the Sami Council and Saminuorra Youth Organisation, the continued practice and regulation of traditional Sami Duodji, and the expansion of new and existing Sami business operations.

REGULATION OF THE SAMI LANGUAGE POLICY Because of the ‘Swedish assimilation period’, where the government attempted to remove the Sami language from the school system through discrimination and bullying, at one time the Sami language was in danger of being lost. The role of the Sami Parliament is to promote, develop and preserve the Sami dialect as a viable language for the indigenous community. This includes appointing the board for Sameskolan (Sami schools), defining the curricular, recording and archiving the different Sami dialects, and outlining the general objectives for Sami language pervasiveness in the public sector.

CREATION OF A SAMI ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM The Sami Parliament aims to strive for a sustainable and viable Sapmi rooted in a sound nature and a living Sami culture by actively contributing to society planning to see that the needs of the Sami people are considered. This includes monitering the effects of climate change on reindeer husbandry, fighting for Sami rights to land and water for those that don’t belong to a Samebys, and engaging in the debate on how Sapmi’s natural resources should be managed, with particular emphasis on its relationship to minerals mining within traditional Sami lands.

In general terms, all issues pertaining to the natural environment, business development, land-use planning, resource exploitation and permit management in Sapmi are considered.

PREVENTION OF FUTURE ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION One of the main motives for the establishment of the Sami Parliament was to recognise the status of the Sami as an indigenous people, and create a representative body that would allow the entire Sami population to participate in contemporary political life. The Sami people have a sad history of oppression, assimilation and discrimination from official authorities, and to this day Sweden regularly receives international criticism for its handling of Sami matters. This establishment therefore has the important capacity to produce legislation and sanctions that can defend the rights of a historically manipulated national minority who would otherwise have little legal knowledge or power with which they could defend themselves against matters effecting their way of life in an official court of law.

47 ASSIGNMENT 03

“We are one people. We have a common language, a common history and culture, and we have a strong feeling of belonging together. We need to put in place in society our values, our cultures and ways of life and to have them accepted as valuable and as values to be developed. We are Sami and wish to be Sami, we are not more nor less than other peoples” Mr Poopass ONE PEOPLE SPREAD OVER FOUR COUNTRIES Sami country, or Sapmi, stretches across northern Scandinavia and Russia’s Kola Peninsula.

There is no consensus for the Sami people, but the indigenous population of Sapmi is estimated to be around 70,000 people. Spread over four different countries as a result of borders drawn up during an extended period of colonisation, approximately 20,000 can be found residing in Sweden, 40,000 live in Norway, 8,000 in Finland, and 2,000 in Russia’s Kola Peninsula.

SAMI INVOLVEMENT IN REINDEER HUSBANDRY There are an incredible 225,000 - 280,000 reindeer in Sweden today; however, despite being an important component of Sami identity, only 10,000 Sami actually earn a living from reindeer husbandry, with 2,500 of these working in Sweden, and many supplement their income with additional jobs in tourism, hunting, fishing, crafts and other trades. To support themselves using only reindeer husbandry a herder would need to own about 400 reindeer.

SAMI VILLAGES IN SAPMI (SAMEBYS) Of the 2,500 Sami working in reindeer husbandry, the vast majority of these live, or spend most of their time, in one of the 51 ‘Sami Villages’ or Samebys. They are not traditional villages, but rather a complex economical and administrative union created with the intention of keeping reindeer. The Sami have the right to pursue this industry across about a third of Sweden’s surface area, and members of a Sameby are entitled the right to use the land and water to sustain themselves and their herds and engage in hunting. Originally nomads, today these Sami live in modern housing in permanent settlements, only using their tents during the reindeer migrations.

SAMI TOURIST ENTERPRISES IN SAPMI Many Sami living in Sapmi have either expanded, or now supplement their income from reindeer husbandry with tourist enterprises. There are approximately 40 of these ventures, with most of them being run by women. These tourist ventures attempt to marry tourist activities with participation in everyday Sami life and include hiking with reindeer, yoik performances, accommodation in goahtis, Sami cuisine, lasso throwing, sled driving, museums, festivals and the sale of Sami handicrafts.

SAMI IN TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY SWEDEN In the twenty-first century, Sami culture is meeting contemporary society in a new way.

None of Sweden’s Sami population live a completely traditional life today, and many Sami, for different reasons, have left their home communities to study and/or work in the cities. Gone are the days when it was considered that “a Lapp is a Lapp”; nowadays, especially among younger generations, it is more common for a ‘real’ Sami person to be a city dweller, engaging in professions as far reaching as professional computer programming and astronomy.

REDISCOVERING THEIR SAMI IDENTITIES Due to the process of ‘assimilation’ practiced by the Swedish Government as well as extensive discrimination, previous Sami generations (especially the boarding house generation) lost their connection to Sami culture. In the 1960’s, along with the worldwide awakening of minorities defending their rights, the Sami movement began and Sami culture gradually broke through into mainstream society through increasing media exposure, political autonomy and the revival of many traditional customs. The growing urban Sami communities show an evolving Sami identity and large numbers of these Sami are now engaging with their cultural roots, whether it be through increased opportunities to learn about their backgrounds through cultural practices or a desire to defend the traditional Sami way of life from increasing political, environmental and social threats.

SAMI DEMOGRAPHICS WHO IS MY BUILDING REPRESENTING?

48 ASSIGNMENT 03

None of the Sami in Sweden live the old traditional lifestyle, and whilst reindeer husbandry remains a critical part of their culture, most of the population does not engage with it. Like folk singer Mari Boine, most Sami live completely modern lives, instead choosing to engage with their culture by bringing traditions such as yoik, duodji and language into contemporary Swedish society.

Figure 06. Sami in Sweden

Since the 1960’s Sami culture has broken through into mainstream Swedish society, and there is an increasing interest amongst the younger Sami generations to learn about and engage with their cultural traditions. With the Sami language not part of the Swedish curriculum, it is important that my building provides educational and recreational spaces where youth can gather and interact.

49

ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS & PARLIAMENTARY FACILITIES

ASSIGNMENT 03

PLENARY DEBATING CHAMBER = 700m2 Dedicated debating chamber for the 31 elected Sami representatives to debate issues effecting Sami culture in Sweden. Includes additional seating for visiting officials and parliamentary proxies.

MEETING & COMMITTEE ROOMS = 150m2 Flexible meeting and committee rooms for the parliamentary representatives to use at their leisure on their travels across the country, and particularly during the main tri-annual meetings in Kiruna.

THE OFFICES OF THE SAMI PARLIAMENT = 1000m2 The administrative wing of the Sami Parliament, acting as an agency of the Swedish Government and employing approximately 51 civil servants. Split up into 3 distinct departments as follows.

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS & ADMINISTRATION Department concerned with the day-to-day economic management of the parliament. Includes document registration, translation and secretariat of the bureau, board and electoral committe.

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE, CULTURE & INFORMATION Department concerned with the preservation of Sami language and culture. Includes minority language policy, Sami culture, information on Sami relations and secretariat of committees.

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIETY, NUTRITION & ENVIRONMENT Department concerned with Sami business and environmental issues in Sapmi. Includes Sami needs in community, planning and rural development program and structural funds program.

REINDEER HUSBANDRY & LAND USE ARCHIVE = 300m2 Large dedicated archiving space containing historical and updated records for land use in Sapmi, Sameby borders, reindeer herding routes and literature of particular significance to Sami culture.

SAMINUORRA SAMI YOUTH SOCIETY = 250m2 Office space set aside for the use of Sami youth societies such as Saminuorra. It is important that younger generations can engage with the political issues facing Sweden’s indigenous population.

PRIVATE LOUNGE & KITCHEN = 200m2 Comfortable private recreational space for the different departments and parliamentary representatives to gather and interact. Contains simple kitchen and dining facilities for civil servants to use at their leisure. Staff will also have access to the Sami restaurant open for public use.

PRIVATE LAVATORIES Dedicated toilet facilities will need to be provided for large numbers of civil servants to use.

THE BUILDING PROGRAM WHAT SPACES WILL MY BUILDING CONTAIN?

EDUCATIONAL & CULTURAL FACILITIES & PUBLIC AMENITIES

Public library containing Sami literature and scientific research on the arctic environment and climate change. Preserving and archiving Sami language and knowledge for future generations.

SAMI SCHOOL CLASSROOMS = 250m2 Sami language is not taught as part of Sweden’s school curriculum so my building will offer flexible teaching spaces, connected with the library, which will function as an educational Sami facility.

DUODJI WORKSHOPS = 200m2 Informal workshop space, allowing visitors to learn and engage with the ancient Sami tradition of handicrafts and gakti making. All materials will be sourced from the local environment and stored.

SAMI GALLERY SPACE Flexible exhibition spaces which will provide opportunities to display traditional and contemporary Sami artwork, duodji, gakti and artifacts, allowing visitors to learn as they navigate the complex.

SAMI YOIK & PERFORMANCE THEATRE = 700m2 The centrepiece of the public-facing side of the proposal will be a large theatre space, where lectures, traditional yoik, and dramatic performances can be held, both professional and amateur.

SAMI RESTURANT & KITCHEN = 300m2 Comfortable and open public resturant serving traditional Sami cuisine, with all ingrediants sourced from the local environment.

PUBLIC LOUNGE/ATRIUM Large atrium/lounge space where visitors can gather and relax, heated by a series of traditional open fires. It will provide a connection between the public facilities and administrative spaces.

RECEPTION DESK/SECURITY = 50m2 Shared by both sides of the building, the atrium will contain a dedicated reception desk, with cloakroom storage, which will act as the directional and security clearance point of the facility.

SAMI TOURISM CENTRE = 50m2 Connected to the atrium will be a space where visitors can buy tickets to performances and book themselves onto one of the various hikes and other Sami activities happening in Kiruna.

Proceeds raised will help to support the running of the facility as well as Sami tourism businesses.

PUBLIC LAVATORIES Reasonable toilet facilities will need to be provided for large numbers of public and staff to use.

AREA OF PROPOSED SITE FOR SAMI PARLIAMENT = 11,224m2

ASSIGNMENT 03

PUBLIC SAMI LIBRARY = 650m2

50

DESIGN THESIS // PROJECT

INITIAL IDEAS & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

53 ASSIGNMENT 03

INITIAL SKETCHES 01 CIRCULAR FORM CONFIGURATIONS

54

ASSIGNMENT 03

55 ASSIGNMENT 03

INITIAL SKETCHES 02 DEVELOPING THE CIRCULAR FORMS

56

ASSIGNMENT 03

57 ASSIGNMENT 03

INITIAL SKETCHES 03 RADIAL PLAN EXPERIMENTATION

58

ASSIGNMENT 03

59 ASSIGNMENT 03

INITIAL SKETCHES 04 INCORPORATING THE PROGRAM

60

ASSIGNMENT 03

61 ASSIGNMENT 03

INITIAL SKETCHES 05 SEPERATING VOLUMES TO CREATE VOIDS

62

ASSIGNMENT 03

DESIGN THESIS // PROJECT

DESIGN SPECIALISATION & PROPOSITION

65

GIDÁDÁLVVE (SPRING/WINTER)

ASSIGNMENT 04

In late-march to early-april the reindeer herd begins forests to the calving grounds in the mountains. The females and both the reindeer and the Sami make the The season brings both heat and light after several

the migration from the lowland migration is led by the pregnant move before the calves are born. months of harsh winter weather.

GIDÁ (SPRING SEASON) The long dark winter finally gives way to the spring season, which spans the months of April and May. The temperature begins to increase and ice starts to melt in the southern parts of Swedish Lapland. If the claving grounds have not been reached by this point, travel can be very difficult as the snow turns to slush. During this period the calves are born in the foothills of the mountains.

GIDÁGIESSE (SPRING/SUMMER) June sees the nights get lighter as spring gradually gives way to summer. Released from its icy grip, the landscape explodes into life and on the mountains the reindeer graze on birch groves in the swamplands. The Sami have time to rest and prepare for the earmarking of the newborn calves.

It’s essential that there is an abundance of food at this time to ensure the survival of the young.

GIESSE (SUMMER SEASON) The long-awaited summer season spans the months of June and July and is characterised by twenty-four hour per day sunlight. The reindeer herds will have been moved to higher ground to avoid the insects and to stay out of the heat. All the Sami families gather for the earmarking process where each calf is carefully marked to denote ownership between Sami families and communities.

TJAKTJAGIESSE (AUTUMN/SUMMER) During August the evenings and nights begin to grow darker while nutritious berries and mushrooms start to ripen. It is a crucial period for the reindeer, who must sieze to oportunity to gorge and develop fat and muscle mass to see them through the winter. The Sami prepare themselves by selecting the fattest bull reindeer for slaughter; however, if summer has been lean more may have to be killed.

TJAKTJA (AUTUMN SEASON) In September and October the sun is high in the sky and the days are generally warm and pleasant.

The season begins with a traditional elk hunt and fishing in the mountain rivers. Some of the uncastrated males are slaughtered before the rutting period to preserve the quality of the meat.

After the mating has finished the Sami prepare their herds for the journey to their winter pastures.

TJAKTJADÁLVVE (AUTUMN/WINTER) November and December see the days growing shorter and snow begins to cover the landscape again, illuminating the dark winter evenings and nights. During this period a number of calves are selected for slaughter and the herds are divided into smaller winter groups for transportation to the woodland pastures. This is the last bit of light the Sami will see until the end of next season.

DÁLVVE (WINTER SEASON) Winter runs from December to March and is by far the longest of the eight seasons. Under the cover of darkness, the reindeer are moved into the forests, the last place with enough food to support the herd. Although they are allowed to graze freely, the winter herds are monitered daily by the Sami families until such time the sun returns and the migration to the calving grounds must begin again.

THE SAMI CALENDAR THE EIGHT SEASONS OF SAPMI

THE 51 SAMI VILLAGES IN SWEDEN A sameby is not a traditional village, but rather both an economic association and a specific geographical area. The right to conduct reindeer herding in Sweden belongs exclusively to the Sami population; however, in order to exercise this right, it is necessary to be a member of a sameby. This is an extensive area, stretching from the inland forest areas to the mountains on the Norwegian border, and follow the reindeer’s annual migration route.

GABNA SAMEBY MIGRATION KIRUNA MUNICIPALITY HERDING ROUTE

67 ASSIGNMENT 04

GIDĂ // SPRING SEASON

GESSE // SUMMER SEASON

In late-march to early-april the reindeer herd begins the migration from the eastern lowland forests to the calving grounds in the mountains to the west. The migration is led by the pregnant females and both the reindeer and the Sami make the move before the calves are born. The long dark winter finally gives way to the spring season, which spans the months of April and May. The temperature begins to increase and ice starts to melt in the southern parts of Swedish Lapland - it is during this period the calves are born in the foothills.

June sees the nights get lighter as spring gradually gives way to summer. Released from its icy grip, the landscape explodes into life, and on the mountains the reindeer graze on birch groves in the swamplands. The Sami have time to rest and prepare for the earmarking of the new-born calves.

The long-awaited summer season spans the months of June and July and is characterised by twenty-four hours per day sunlight. The herds will have been moved to higher grounds to avoid the insects as the earmarking process begins.

Winter Land

Cultivation Boundary

Summer Land

Sami Forest Villages

Lappmark Boundary

Autumn Land

Kiruna Town Centre

TJAKTJA // AUTUMN SEASON

DĂ LVVE // WINTER SEASON

During August the evenings and nights begin to grow darker.

It is a crucial period for the reindeer, who must sieze the oportunity to gorge and develop fat and muscle mass to see them through the winter. The Sami prepare themselves by selecting the fattest bull reindeer for slaughter and supplement their diet with a traditional elk hunt and river fishing activities. The rutting season commences and after the mating has taken place the Sami prepare their herds for the long journey back to the winter pastures.

Kiruna is located at the boundary between the autumn and winter pastures, and thus in November the reindeer are herded past the town and corralled into smaller groups on their way back to the shelter of the eastern forests. My building should be designed to celebrate and accommodate this unique process, and become a camping and grazing area for Kiruna’s Sami population living traditional lives. This will allow them to inform and engage with the Sami who are involved in the political debate.

68 ASSIGNMENT 04

Calving Land

69 ASSIGNMENT 04

The prehistoric rock carvings of Alta, dating back to 5200 BC depict a culture of hunter-gatherers that would have been the earliest ancestors of present-day Sami people. The intricate carvings portray a wide array of animals such as reindeer, elk, birds and fishes, and tell us that the Sami were already adept at boat building, practised advanced fishing methods, and exercised shamanistic rituals involving bear worship. Of particular interest are the detailed depictions of reindeer herds being controlled by elaborate hunting fences, showing us that incredibly Sami communities were already practising large-scale cooperative hunting ventures and beginning to implement herding techniques for the sustainable management of their natural resources. It would be amazing if my proposal could somehow draw upon the design of these ancient hunting fences as inspiration for a circulation strategy, and thus blend the political and traditional lives of contemporary Sami people.

SAMI ROCK CARVINGS AT ALTA PREHISTORIC SAMI HUNTING METHOD

70 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 07. Alta Rock Carvings

71 ASSIGNMENT 04

Since reindeer herds can consist of hundreds or even thousands of animals, it can be tricky to monitor and keep track of the health of individual beasts. In response to this, the Sami have evolved numerous techniques to help them control their herds and separate them down into smaller, more manageable groups. One such method is through the use of a ‘hessian’, a long flowing fabric that acts as a sort of adjustable fence, which they can use to encircle and portion off parts of their herd.

REINDEER ROUNDUP PROCESS CONTEMPORARY SAMI HERDING METHOD

72 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 08. Reindeer Roundup Images

73

01 SIULA A leading fence, extending into the landscape, which was used to lead the reindeer into the Pijatys

ASSIGNMENT 04

02 PIJATYS The holding pen where the non-seperated reindeer are brought to feed and rest before seperation 03 PIENEMPI PIJATYS The smaller holding pen used to keep reindeer if they can’t all be driven into lassoing pen at once 04 KAARRE The lassoing pen used during the seperation, where reindeer are caught and led into the Konttori 05 KONTTORI The bigger reindeer owners used their own smaller pens, or offices, surrounding the lassoing pen

5) 4)

3)

2)

1)

Figure 09. Sallivaara Corral Images

SALLIVAARA REINDEER ROUNDUP CORRAL SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF HERDING & SEPERATION

74 ASSIGNMENT 04

The reindeer round-ups took place in December and January on a full moon, and lasted from one to two weeks. It was one of the highlights of the Sami calendar and could involve up to 8,000 reindeer at its peak usage. In addition to reindeer owners and buyers, cooks, merchants, officials and workmen would come along for the occasion to meet with friends and trade goods.

Up until the 1950’s life at the site was vibrant and colourful, with the establishment of a market and even a dancing troupe, resulting in many happy social gatherings during the long winter nights. Only the fat and fit reindeer were selected for the yearly round-up, and once separated inside the pen the buyer and seller would evaluate the animal’s weight and determine the price between each vendor. During this period the reindeer cooperative would also hold their annual meeting, collecting their take from the shareholders and paying worker’s wages.

KAUTOKEINO REINDEER ROUNDUP CORRAL SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF HERDING & SEPERATION

After a short summer in the mountains, by December the reindeer herds are ready to make the migration east to their winter pastures. To make this journey easier, Sami use elaborate corrals to divide their large herds into smaller, more manageable, winter groups and select a number of calves for slaughter. The herd is slowly directed across the landscape by a leading fence, before being squeezed into the central corral and separated into smaller holding pens. Sections of the herd will be funnelled into yet more smaller and smaller pens, until a single reindeer remains in the squeeze chute where the owners can carry out the necessary work. During this process they will take the opportunity to ear-tag their new fawns for identification, vaccinate them against prevalent diseases, and sometimes even attach satellite collars to their necks to monitor their movements during the winter months.

Figure 10. Kautokeino Corral Images

77 ASSIGNMENT 04

SARASAARI REINDEER ROUNDUP CORRAL SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF HERDING & SEPERATION

78 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 11. Sarasaari Corral Images

79

REINDEER PROCESSION

ASSIGNMENT 04

WIND

REINDEER GRAZING

ACCESS TO PARLIAMENT

CONCEPT DRAWING 01 SITE CIRCULATION STRATEGY

80 ASSIGNMENT 04

Located at the far-eastern edge of Kiruna town, my proposal will be situated along the boundary between the abandoned golf course and linear urban park. I have chosen this site as it will allow my parliament building to maintain a strong connection with the town’s planned urban infrastructure, whilst also granting me the freedom to repurpose the redundant landscaping as a herding route and corralling area for Kiruna’s Sami reindeer families. As the reindeer are being herded along the edge of town during the November migration, they can be moved up the repurposed landscape and into the articulated exterior spaces (informed by the parliamentary building volumes) which will enable the families to divide their herds into smaller groups and ear-tag their new fawns for identification.

CONCEPT DRAWING 02 INITIAL MASSING & HERDING ROUTE

81 ASSIGNMENT 04

THREE CONTINUOUS, FLOWING VOLUMES _______________________________________

. The building will be situated along the eastern edge of Kiruna, at the boundary between the abandoned golf course and linear urban park . The buildings unique form and configuration creates a series of exterior courtyards where reindeer can be herded, corralled and separated . By orientating the building according to the axis of the urban context, the exterior courtyards and adjacent linear park are protected from the harsh northern winds and resultant snow accumulation . Kiruna’s new Sami parliamentary institution will stimulate an interesting dynamic between the natural landscape north of the city, and the localized urban fabric and mining infrastructures . The building will juggle a complex program where the needs and interests of both traditional and westernised Sami are discussed in an exciting and sustainable political environment . Considering that Sami culture is characterised by its unbreakable bond with the natural arctic environment, the primary material used for the building will be locally sourced, sustainable timber _______________________________________

ASSIGNMENT 04

. The parliament comprises three interconnected volumes which separate the program into administrative, educational and leisure functions

82

DEVELOPING THE FORM ARTICULATING MASSING STRATEGY

83 ASSIGNMENT 04

84

ASSIGNMENT 04

DEVELOPING A CANOPY BIOCLIMATIC LAYER TO PROPOSAL

85 ASSIGNMENT 04

86

ASSIGNMENT 04

87

WIND

REINDEER PROCESSION

ASSIGNMENT 04 REINDEER GRAZING

ACCESS TO PARLIAMENT

CONCEPT DRAWING 03 DEVELOPED CIRCULATION STRATEGY

REINDEER GRAZING

CAMPING GROUNDS

88 ASSIGNMENT 04

To improve my parliament’s connection to the city centre, I have adjusted its orientation slightly so that the curved form opens to greet the visitor as he/she approaches using the linear park. Instead of entering directly into one of the volumes, the visitor is now directed across the open landscape by leading fences and drawn towards the centre of the proposal where they can access both the central courtyard and various internal facilities. The curvaceous forms ebb and flow to echo the movements inherent to the process of reindeer separation, whilst preventing excessive snow accumulation along any single surface. A flowing timber canopy hovers over the insulated volumes, and by capturing the escaping internal heat a microcosm is created which shelters the Sami herders during the separation process.

CONCEPT DRAWING 04 DEVELOPED MASSING & HERDING ROUTE

89 ASSIGNMENT 04

THREE CONTINUOUS, FLOWING VOLUMES _______________________________________

. The buildings unique form and configuration creates a series of exterior courtyards where reindeer can be herded, corralled and separated . The orientation of the building ensures the exterior courtyards and adjacent linear park are protected from the harsh northern winds . The curved timber volumes work to avoid the structural problems created by excessive snow accumulation and instead encourage snow build up around the base for an extra layer of insulation . An exterior canopy protects the glazed roofscape of the parliamentary volumes from snow, and captures the escaping interior heat to create an external thermal buffer zone . The undulating form of the canopy promotes a dynamic arrangement of snow build up and snow fall off which will help to ensure the structural stability of the long-span structure . The interplay between the long-span canopy and insulated volumes creates a mix of internal, external, insulated and semi-insulated spaces which facilitate the many programmatic functions _______________________________________

ASSIGNMENT 04

. The parliament comprises three interconnected volumes which separate the program into administrative, educational and leisure functions

90

THE LAPONIAN GATE CULTURAL INSPIRATION FOR FORM

This is my life...

Winds and smoky snow...

Sunshine and drizzle...

Sounds of bells and dogs barking...

The bluethroat singing...

In the tundra as wide as a sea...

That is how my life’s rain falls...

Winds blow...

Ice rumbles...

Storms howl across the tundra...

This is my life...

Its sorrows tears the heart’s crying...

Its happiness and joy and delight...

Yesterday and today...

Brothers and sisters...

Young and old...

Men and women...

This is my life...

I am a part of nature...

I feel I know...

The yoik in the wind...

The bird’s singing in Summer nights...

Nils-Aslak Valkeapää

DESIGN THESIS // PROJECT

DESIGN RESOLUTION & FINAL IMAGES

DEVELOPING THE CANOPY BIOCLIMATIC MATERIAL RESPONSE

95

ETFE MEMBRANE [ETHYLENE TETRAFLUROETHYLENE]

ASSIGNMENT 04

Tensile structures have been used by humans for millennia. When indigenous people, such as the Sami, required shelter that was transportable, lightweight and structurally sound, fabrics made from animal hides were the most viable solution. Fast forward to present day, and until recently, the use of plastic polymers within the architectural and construction fields was extremely limited, due in part to them being viewed as inferior building materials. However, with new technological advancements pushing the material’s capabilities forward, polymer films are now being used across the world in increasingly large-scale projects to replace costlier materials previously used in their place.

Originally developed to serve as a lightweight, heat-resistant coating for the aerospace industry, in 2001 ETFE finally saw its first large-scale application as the primary material used in the membrane of the Eden Project in Cornwall. The material was selected because of its ability to regulate internal environmental conditions through UV transparency. Its ultraviolet transparency means that it neither discolours nor structurally weakens over time. Additionally, the film can be printed with specialised patterns and layered to more effectively control solar conditions. ETFE also has a notably low friction coefficient that prevents dust or dirt from sticking to its surface, thus reducing maintenance costs.

ETFE film is also extremely elastic, structurally resistant up to 600 percent of breaking point with a tensile strength of 52 N/mm2. Due to the material’s widespread success as a large surface membrane, ETFE has blown up in the realm of stadium design and led to further developments in its application.

In the Allianz Stadium by Herzog & de Meuron, layers of ETFE are filled with air from a pneumatic system to create pillows that provide thermal insulation and structural stability against wind and snow loads. These cushions can then be lit up with colour-changing LEDs to create unique patterns and reflect the activities occurring within the building. An ETFE cushion system is usually fed by a single inflation unit which can feed a roof ranging from 1400 to 2325 m2 on less than 1KW of power.

Unlike other polymers such as PVC, ETFE is easily recyclable and long-lasting, proven to hold up in even the most extreme climatic conditions. Should a puncture or tear occur, repairs in the field can be done, using involving a simple patch for a small tear, or replacing the affected ETFE panels in the case of a larger one. It is cost-effective to produce, and has a low-energy manufacturing and transportation process due to its light weight - one percent that of glass. In addition, should a fire break out within an ETFE covered building, the material remains strong across a wide range of temperatures and is entirely self-extinguishing. Finally, compared to similar cladding materials ETFE has a very small carbon footprint, comprising materials with low embodied energy.

96 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 12. ETFE Membrane Images

CANARY WHARF CROSSRAIL STATION TIMBER STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR ETFE CUSHIONS

97 ASSIGNMENT 04 The most striking aspect of Foster & Partner’s Crossrail station is the 300m long timber lattice which wraps around the building like a protective shell. A system of steel nodes connects the sustainably sourced curved timber beams along the diagonals and set into this latticed awning sit a series of triangular ETFE plastic cushions. Filled with air, and lighter than glass, these cushions are highly insulative and have the intended effect of creating a suitably comfortable microclimate for the plants housed beneath. In addition, the materials transparency also allows the building to make full use of natural light and ventilation opportunities in order to minimise energy consumption.

98 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 13. Canary Wharf Station Images

COASTLANDS AQUATIC CENTRE TIMBER STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR ETFE CUSHIONS

99 ASSIGNMENT 04 Designed by ASC Architects, Coastlands Aquatic Centre is located on a greenfield site in Paraparaumu, New Zealand and covers 1,835 m2. The facility boasts an elegant, double-curved, triple layer, Texlon ETFE cushion roof which is fully supported by a delicate timber lattice structure.

Despite having better light transmission and insulative properties than glass, ETFE foil equates to just 1% of its weight and costs a remarkable 25-70% less to install; thus, allowing the architects much more freedom in the design of this award-winning structure. The ETFE dome also contains a modulated frit of dots to reflect excess sunshine, as well as an additional layer that eliminates harmful UV rays.

100 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 14. Coastlands Aquatic Centre Images

101 ASSIGNMENT 04

DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES INTERIGATING STRUCTURAL PRINCIPALS

102

ASSIGNMENT 04

103 ASSIGNMENT 04

DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES INTERIGATING STRUCTURAL PRINCIPALS

104

ASSIGNMENT 04

105 ASSIGNMENT 04

DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES INTERIGATING STRUCTURAL PRINCIPALS

106

ASSIGNMENT 04

EXTERIOR VISUALISATION STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION OF CANOPY

107 ASSIGNMENT 04

108

ASSIGNMENT 04

109 ASSIGNMENT 04 Although the 38-foot-tall ‘Kamppi Chapel of Silence’ is a form more suited to concrete, by utilising CNC milling techniques and a former shipbuilding construction company, K2S Architects were able to create its double curvature using primarily timber elements. More than two-dozen CNC-milled glulam columns were secured to a concrete base, creating a frame onto which thousands of individually CNC-milled CLT spruce and alder planks were fastened to act as the external and internal cladding.

KAMPPI CHAPEL OF SILENCE TIMBER STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR VOLUMES

110 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 15. Kamppi Chapel Images

111 ASSIGNMENT 04 To celebrate the day of the forests, architect Tadao Ando was commissioned to design a museum complex in the middle of Mikata-gun forest. Constructed almost entirely out of locally sourced Hyogo cedar wood, the iconic 46m truncated cone emerges dramatically from its context to declare homage to Japans continued dedication to sustainable forestry. The interior is a large exhibition space that unfolds along a spiral ramp, regularly permeated by huge 18m tall wooden columns which support the complicated roof truss system. A central crater of 20m in diameter is animated by numerous fountains which fill the space with the peaceful sound of water splashing against stone.

THE MUSEUM OF WOOD CULTURE TIMBER STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR VOLUMES

112 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 16. Museum of Wood Images

113 ASSIGNMENT 04 Nestled within the courtyard of a 19th century Parisian urban block resides the bulbous form of Renzo Piano’s Foundation Jérôme Seydoux-Pathé. A product of extremely limiting site constraints, the egg-shaped form curves away from the existing buildings with its glazed top peeking over the crowded roofline. Arching engineered timber ribs guide and support the layer of double curved glass panels that form the defining moment in the building. Like an armadillo hide, an additional external skin of translucent glass tiles envelops the entire humped form which allow softened light to filter down into the exhibition spaces situated on the upper storeys.

JÉRÔME SEYDOUX-PATHÉ TIMBER STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR VOLUMES

114 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 17. Jérôme Seydoux-Pathé Images

115 ASSIGNMENT 04

DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES INTERIGATING STRUCTURAL PRINCIPALS

116

ASSIGNMENT 04

117 ASSIGNMENT 04

DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES INTERIGATING STRUCTURAL PRINCIPALS

118

ASSIGNMENT 04

EXTERIOR VISUALISATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CANOPY & VOLUMES

119 ASSIGNMENT 04

120

ASSIGNMENT 04

WELSH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PRECEDENT FOR PARLIAMENTARY CHAMBER

121 ASSIGNMENT 04 Situated on former docklands along Cardiff Bay the Welsh National Assembly, designed by Richard Stirk Harbour & Partners, is the striking embodiment of an open and transparent political institution.

The main hall is arranged on two levels, with a public foyer and exhibition spaces elevated on a slate-clad plinth which houses the debating chamber, offices, and other administrative functions associated to the parliament. The buildings defining feature is undoubtedly the undulating timber roof plane which comes crashing down into the main hall to form a conical glazed crown over the debating chamber which both promotes air circulation and allows daylight into the space below.

122 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 18. Welsh National Assembly Images

123 ASSIGNMENT 04

DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES INTERNAL LAYOUT OF PARLIAMENTARY CHAMBER

124

ASSIGNMENT 04

STUTTGART CITY LIBRARY PRECEDENT FOR EDUCATIONAL CHAMBER

125 ASSIGNMENT 04 Designed by Yi Architects in 2011, Stuttgart City Library is an exercise in both elegance and simplicity. Taking the form of a 45x45x45m cube, the buildings symmetrical appearance was inspired by the ‘Cenotaph for Newton’ and follows the design rationale of the ancient pantheon.

The envelope has been designed as a double facade which includes an outer layer of grey concrete and frosted glass bricks, and an inner facade which acts as the buildings thermal shell. The five-storey gallery hall is characterised by a series of flowing promenades, connected by a series of spiralling staircases, which give the user access to the various reading galleries.

126 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 19. Stuttgart City Library Images

127 ASSIGNMENT 04

DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES INTERNAL LAYOUT OF EDUCATIONAL CHAMBER

128

ASSIGNMENT 04

HARDELOT THEATRE PRECEDENT FOR RECREATIONAL CHAMBER

129 ASSIGNMENT 04 Nestled within the beautiful coastal parkland of Chateau d’Hardelot near Calais, lies a 388-seat auditorium constructed almost entirely out of wood and bamboo. By building the theatre out of wood, over 100 tonnes of carbon has been sequestered, and by choosing to naturally ventilate the structure it is able to consume less power than one average French person per year. According to designer Andrew Todd, the building was designed to vibrate in harmony with its natural surroundings, and this ethos continues through into the interior; for example, the crown sitting atop the auditorium allows natural light to filter down and creates a gentle current of air for the audience.

130 ASSIGNMENT 04

Figure 20. Hardelot Theatre Images

131 ASSIGNMENT 04

DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES INTERNAL LAYOUT OF RECREATIONAL CHAMBER

132

ASSIGNMENT 04

FINAL EXTERIOR VISUALISATION VIEW FROM THE END OF KIRUNA HIGH STREET

133 ASSIGNMENT 04

134

ASSIGNMENT 04

FINAL EXTERIOR VISUALISATION VIEW OF PROPOSAL UPON FINAL APPROACH

135 ASSIGNMENT 04

136

ASSIGNMENT 04

FINAL INTERIOR VISUALISATION VIEW FROM THE CIRCULATION CORRIDOR

137 ASSIGNMENT 04

138

ASSIGNMENT 04

FINAL INTERIOR VISUALISATION VIEW OF PARLIAMENT FROM LASSOING PEN

139 ASSIGNMENT 04

140

ASSIGNMENT 04

FINAL EXTERIOR VISUALISATION ILLUSTRATIVE ELEVATION OF PARLIAMENT

141 ASSIGNMENT 04

142

ASSIGNMENT 04

BIBLIOGRAPHY // SOURCES

ASSIGNMENT 04 Figure 01 Utsi, C. (2011) Jokkmokk Market Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.swedishlapland.com/stories/jokkmokk-winter-market-with-a-taste-of-history-and-nature.

Figure 02 Sundby, C. (2009) Sami Parliament Norway Images [Various]. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/5489/parliament-for-the-sami-people-sh-arkitekter.

Figure 03 Huisman, M. (2012) Sami Parliament Finland Images [Various]. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/228027/sami-cultural-center-sajos-halo-architects.

Figure 04 Murman Arkitekter. (2010) Sami Parliament Kiruna Images [Various]. Available at: http://arqa.com/english-es/awards-es/sami-parliament-in-kiruna-sweden.html.

Figure 05 Unknown. (2018) Sami Parliament Kiruna Sweden [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.sametinget.se/english.

Figure 06 Akinmade, L. (2018) Sami in Sweden [Photograph]. Available at: https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden.

Figure 07 Lugassy, V. (2006) Alta Rock Carvings [Photograph]. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/352.

Figure 08

Thomas, G. (2011) Reindeer Roundup Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://hiveminer.com/User/gwynfrynthomas.

Figure 09 Metsahallitus. (2018) Sallivaara Corral Images [Various]. Available at: http://www.nationalparks.fi/sallivaarareindeerroundupsite.

Figure 10 Karasjok, E. (2014) Kautokeino Corral Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/YJu_aUHeVL4/maxresdefault.jpg.

Figure 11 Sinerva, M. (2016) Sarasaari Corral Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MbSdRatr5o.

Figure 12 Lynch, P. (2016) ETFE Membrane Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/784723/etfe-the-rise-of-architectures-favorite-polymer.

Figure 13 Unknown. (2017) Canary Wharf Station Images [Various]. Available at: https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/crossrail-place-canary-wharf.

Figure 14

Unknown. (2013) Coastlands Aquatic Centre Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://archello.com/project/coastlands-aquatic-centre.

Figure 15

Uusheimo, T. (2012) Kamppi Chapel Images [Various]. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/252040/kamppi-chapel-k2s-architects.

Figure 16

Bianchini, R. (2018) Museum of Wood Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.inexhibit.com/mymuseum/the-museum-of-wood-culture-japan-tadao-ando.

Figure 17

Raftery, P. (2014) Jérôme Seydoux-Pathé Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/550625/pathe-foundation-renzo-piano.

Figure 18

Unknown. (2005) Welsh National Assembly Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.rsh-p.com/projects/national-assembly-for-wales.

Figure 19

Muller, S. (2011) Stuttgart City Library Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/193568/stuttgart-city-library-yi-architects.

Figure 20

Argyroglo, M. (2016) Hardelot Theatre Images [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/790593/hardelot-theatre-studio-andrew-todd.