Farmers Review Africa March/April 2022 by Mailing Times Media

Volume 10. Issue 2 Mar/Apr 2022

Effective vaccination, Productive Livestock In this issue... Aflatoxin Contamination: P22

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The rise of women in African farming P44

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Volume 10. Issue 2 Mar/Apr 2022

CONTENTS

Volume 10. Issue 2. March/April 2022

Editor’s Note

News ThriveAgric raises $56.4m debt funding and accelerates pan-Africa expansion plans 04

Effective vaccination, Productive Livestock

In this issue... Aflatoxin Contamination: P22

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The rise of women in African farming P44

Oil sample analysis for agricultural machinery P50

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Cover Image: Kano state Agro-Pastoral Development Project, KSADP

Executive Editor Anthony Kiganda editor@farmersreviewafrica.com Sub Editor Anita Anyango Contributing Writers Lawrence Paganga Zimbabwe Nqobile Bhebhe Zimbabwe Oscar Nkala Botswana Bertha M South Africa Jane Marsh Environment.co Project Manager Victor Ndlovu sales@farmersreviewafrica.com Art Director & Layout Augustine Ombwa austin@arobia.co.ke Correspondents Isabel Banda zambia@farmersreviewafrica.com Sales & Marketing Gladmore. N gladmoren@farmersreviewafrica.com Mandla M. mandlam@farmersreviewafrica.com Kholwani. D kholwanid@farmersreviewafrica.com Polite Mkhize politem@farmersreviewafrica.com leslien@farmersreviewafrica.com East African Liaison Arobia Creative Consultancy Tel: +254 772 187334, arobia@farmersreviewafrica.com Published by : Mailing Times Media +27 11 044 8986 sales@farmersreviewafrica.com

REPORT

Ugandan study reveals higher yields and pest resistance with Bt maize

NEW PRODUCT

Big Dutchman feed pans: easy access to feed at any age in broiler production

FEATURE Aflatoxin contamination in crop production

Weak agriculture value chains hurting Africa

Zero tillage making farming profitable in Africa

eports have shown that African countries are substantially dependent on importing agricultural necessities outside the continent. These imports include agricultural products such as seeds, fertilisers, veterinary inputs, fish fingerlings, and feeds. Therefore, the collapse of the international markets for agricultural inputs and outputs has exposed the weak agriculture value chains in Africa in terms of food supply and demand. This has resulted in dwindling of farming yields and food production across the African continent. Consequently, this has led to the loss of jobs as job creation efforts have significantly declined within the agricultural sector due to the disrupted exportation and importation trade activities. While Covid 19 disrupted business as we know it, the pandemic also presented unique opportunities for African countries to develop and strengthen inclusive agro-value chains across the continent using smart technologies. These smart technologies are essential in bridging and addressing the gap highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. This can be accomplished by using smart technologies to enhance the African agriculture value chain systems. By digitising the various agro-value chain activities, African countries can ensure more effective interactions between farmers, input suppliers, transport and logistics service providers, financiers, and other value chain, partners.

Anthony Kiganda

editor@farmersreviewafrica.com Irrigation in modern times

Oil sample analysis for agricultural machinery

Mailing Times Media (Pty) Ltd makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of the contents of its publications, but no warranty is made as to such accuracy and no responsibility will be borne by the publisher for the consequences of actions based on information so published. Further, opinions expr essed are not necessarily shared by Mailing Times Media (Pty) Ltd

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NEWS

Zimbabwe farmers make brisk business from cattle fattening

Daniel Muzamani, a 70-year-old cattle farmer from Munengwani Village ward 10 added: “We have many cattle in this area but in the past it was not easy to enjoy any meaningful returns. “I fattened seven herd of cattle during the 2020 fattening cycle.” Muzamini said he received US$2 440.00 after selling some of his cattle in 2020. “During the 2021 fattening cycle, I selected five steers from my herd and realised a total of US$4 047 having used about US$47 to purchase vet drugs and a few other inputs,” Muzamini added. Muhlanguleni main CBC chairperson, Philip Makondo fattened 34 herd of cattle at the CBC during the 2021 cycle.

mall-holder farmers in Chiredzi and Mwenezi in Masvingo province for years used to depend on natural fields for pastures for their livestock. However, the pastures have been depleting due to climate change-induced weather changes.Many smallholder farmers in the area did not take livestock farming as a business but kept cattle as a sign of wealth. But livestock, especially cattle, has been dwindling due to drought induced deaths. The smallholder farmers would also be forced to sell their cattle to middlemen at low prices when drought visited. An intervention by international organisations such as the Welthungerhilfe, World Vision, Sustainable Agriculture Technology in partnership with the government and with funding from the European Union is now changing their fortunes. The organisations have partnered in a Beef Enterprise Strengthening and Transformation (BEST) Project which seeks to create a robust, competitive beef value chain that promotes enhanced trade, employment creation, food security, and inclusive green economic growth by 2023 for 25,000 small to medium as well as commercial cattle farmers. The BEST project

intervention is a private sector driven initiative to sustain and commercialise the beef value chain. BEST private sector engagement specialist Onious Mthethwa said: “The project has come up with a lot of initiatives so as to boost cattle farming in 10 districts across the country and positive results are being repeated as farmers are now enjoying the profits. “We have established two main cattle business centres in Mwenezi and Chiredzi. The CBCs are a livestock agribusiness hub with supporting infrastructure where farmers can access extension, bullying services, input and output marketing services among other services.” The CBC offers marketing and pen fattening services to local farmers as well as offering training on good animal husbandry practices. Aaron Tsumele, a 73-year-old cattle farmer in ward 10 Tsumele Village, in Chiredzi received US$8423 after selling 22 herd of cattle at the Muhlanguleni CBC. “I have since managed to buy a vehicle and also managed to import a brand new Massey Ferguson 178 tractor from South Africa since I started participating in the BESt project,” Tsumele said.

“The project came into our area promoting cattle fattening as the best viable form of beef production business. l saw this as a good business opportunity despite it being my uncharted territory,” he said. “I sold my pen fed cattle and realised a total of US$13 020, from which I managed to buy an Isuzu KB bakkie for US$10 500. The BEST project made me realise the potential wealth I could unlock from cattle production”. Last year, the BEST project facilitated the marketing of more than 650 cattle as direct sales through the cattle business centres in Chiredzi. The BEST project is working with MC Meats (offtaker), First Mutual Finance (financier), National Foods and Windmill (inputs providers) as it seeks to boost beef farming in the Chiredzi and Mwenezi. The project has trained several beef farmers to come up with supplementary feeding. The supplementary feeding programme is meant to alleviate livestock deaths due to lack of pastures. The BEST project is being implemented in several districts in Zimbabwe including Lupane, Buhera, Makoni, Chiredzi, Mwenezi, Gokwe South, Kwekwe, Mt Darwin, Shurugwi and Umguza.

Zimbabwe tobacco farmers demand full payment

imbabwe tobacco farmers are demanding full payment in US dollars for their crop ahead of the start of the 2022 tobacco marketing season. Last season, the farmers were paid 75% in foreign currency and the remainder in Zimbabwe dollars. However, according to the Zimbabwe Integrated Commercial Farmers Union (ZICFU) there new demands would encourage the participation of small-scale tobacco growers and boost

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production. “We urge the government to consider that we also get funding at the Bank rate and operate in the same environment as other sectors, facing similar operating costs,” ZICFU president Maiwepi Jiti said.

She said the ZICFU was an organisation with a membership of 15 000 farmers, and it was committed to ensure that its members are accorded space for economic growth, and earn foreign currency, protect farmers’ rights.

“We are, therefore asking the government to increase tobacco farmers’ foreign currency retention threshold to 100% from the current 75% like what is happening in the horticulture and gold sectors,” she said.

“ZICFU comes in as an all-encompassing organisation giving all farmers a platform to expand within and beyond Zimbabwe borders,” Jiti said.

NEWS

UNCTAD keeps Kenya’s small-scale female’s business afloat

hristine King’ola is a farmer who lives in Taveta town on the Kenya-Tanzania border and owns about two hectares of land, where she grows bananas and does dairy farming. During her first harvest in early 2020, she got some 500 banana bunches at a time when the farm gate price of a banana stalk had increased by 10%. The business outlook was promising until the Covid-19 pandemic struck. Ensuing border closures stopped sales to neighbouring Tanzania and movement restrictions led to dwindling banana sales. “From June 2020, I couldn’t go out to sell my bananas,” King’ola said. She had piles of bunches of ripe bananas rotting all over the farm with nowhere to sell them. “What I had already consigned to the market was thrown away in my absence,” King’ola recalled. “I was disappointed and disheartened.” As the Covid-19 crisis wore on, she struggled to move forward. “The pandemic pushed me to think about how I use the bananas from my farm,” she said. “I realized it was too soon to give up. I was still determined to grow and thrive in business.” Then it occurred to King’ola that she could start raising pigs, feed them using the products from banana farming and generate an income. She sold two of her low-yielding dairy cows and bought four pigs – one boar and three sows. She fed them with bananas and other products from her farm. This allowed her to save the money she would have otherwise spent on commercial feed. She also got bananas from neighbouring farms for free. By December 2020, she had 21 pigs. In June 2021, Covid-19 restrictions eased and cross-border trade between Kenya and Tanzania resumed. King’ola’s banana business started to boom again. With bananas fetching higher prices, it was no longer cost-effective to use them to feed her pigs, so she sold all the pigs and refocused on selling bananas. With her confidence and capital restored, she set her sights on new business opportunities.

Kenyan businesswoman Christine King’ola engages in dairy farming and cross-border trade

In November 2021, she attended a workshop for cross-border traders, which was part of an empowerment project by United Nation Conference on Trade and Development’s (UNCTAD) trade, gender and development programme. Equipped with knowledge gained from the training, she started selling maize and beans across the border, setting up a network of suppliers and buyers in and beyond her hometown. King’ola said the UNCTAD workshop sharpened her entrepreneurial skills.

There were times when she had to pay bribes, lost consignments to porters and dealt with fines and penalties when her goods were seized by customs officials. “The training showed me that cereals can be traded between Kenya and Tanzania duty-free and the levies charged are not as high as other traders and I thought them to be,” she said. Now her priority is safety and security. Official crossing routes provide a guarantee.

She learned how to better estimate costs and profit margins and leverage market opportunities. It empowered her to diversify the range of cereals beyond maize and beans, which boosted her income.

She also recognizes the importance of correctly filling out customs forms and declaring all goods, backed by her experience that truthful declarations have been met with fair assessments of the taxes and levies due.

It also improved her skills in keeping business and financial records and collecting information on suppliers and customers before embarking on a new business.

Traders like her also have legal avenues to file a complaint if they find an assessment unfair.

King’ola credited UNCTAD’s training with enhancing her understanding of customs rules and procedures, saying it “has made my business life easier.” Previously, she used to sell the cereals through unofficial routes to evade taxes and duties, but she ended up incurring losses.

“I am now more confident than ever in crossing the border to Tanzania and procuring goods there,” King’ola said. “Because I have in-depth knowledge of my rights and obligations as a small-scale cross-border trader,” she added, “I trust that my business has a bright future.”

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NEWS

ThriveAgric raises $56.4m debt funding and accelerates pan-Africa expansion plans

hriveAgric, a fast-growing technologydriven agricultural company, has raised $56.4M in debt funding from local commercial banks and institutional investors. The raise also included a co-investment grant of $1.75M from the USAID-funded West Africa Trade & Investment. The new investment will enable the company to grow its 200,000+ farmer base, and expand into new African markets, including Ghana, Zambia and Kenya. Founded in 2017 (and fully operational since 2018), ThriveAgric empowers farmers in Nigeria to sell their products to FMCGs and food processors, leveraging its proprietary technology to access finance as well as improve productivity and sales to promote food security, The technology, an Agricultural Operating System (AOS), works entirely offline, dispatches USSD to farmers, and powers Android apps used by field agents to help digitally collate creditworthy farmers and gather relevant farm data. This latest funding follows $9m the company raised in 2020. Over the past 12 months, ThriveAgric’s revenues have increased five-fold, with a year-on-year increase of 277% in farmer numbers. The strong margin performance was boosted by farmers using the company’s AOS proprietary product. The company supports Africa’s agriculture sector by assisting smallholder farmers in producing

4 | March - April 2022

high-quality grains. Harvests, including maize, rice and soybeans, are stored in many of the company’s 450+ warehouses in Bauchi, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano and Katsina states in Nigeria, before being commoditized and offered to local and global trade markets at a premium price. Commenting on the impact the funds will have, Chief Executive Officer Uka Eje, said, “The new investment takes us one step closer to fulfilling our mission of building the largest network of profitable African farmers using technology, to ensure food security. We look ahead with renewed confidence knowing that our smallholder farmers will benefit financially even more from this new investment. Despite a volatile backdrop over the past few years, brought about by the global pandemic, ThriveAgric witnessed temporary payment disruptions to our retail crowdfunders. However, we were able to overcome those challenges within a year and maintained company profitability. Our solid financial performance underscores investors’ faith in ThriveAgric. “It is great to see that the market has overwhelmingly backed our farmers and they are confident in the strategic decisions we have taken. ThriveAgric has increased its footprint to 20 states in Nigeria, and we look forward to a lengthy period of growth as we continue to link African farmers to capital, data driven best practices and access to local and global markets for their commodities.”

Smallholder farmers constitute over 80% of the Nigerian agriculture industry. Access to finance, advisory, and markets are significant barriers. Nearly 72% live below the poverty line on less than $1.90 a day. Farmers assisted by ThriveAgric can charge premium rates for their commodities, allowing them to increase their incomes up to 25 percent. At the height of the global pandemic, business and supply disruptions prevented ThriveAgric from fulfilling obligations to its subscribers, leading to swift appointments of key personnel, including Olurotimi Arigbede, Chief Financial Officer and Michael Kadiri, Head of Risk Management and Compliance. Under the strengthened management structure, the company settled all outstanding disputes with subscribers. ThriveAgric Co-founder and CTO, Ayo Arikawe, said, “ThriveAgric’s fundraising objectives are geared towards growth through vertical and horizontal integration. One of our goals is to be able to widen access to markets for our smallholder farmers, help to lift them out of poverty, and ultimately promote food security. We do this by enabling them to take their produce to local and international markets. We’re thrilled and excited to receive support from such high calibre investors. Their financial backing is an essential step in fulfilling ThriveAgric’s vision to build an Africa that feeds herself and the world.”

NEWS

Poor harvest season feared in Zimbabwe

ears are growing in Zimbabwe that the country will experience a poor 2022 harvest season due to erratic rains and a prolonged dry spell. As a result, Zimbabwe’s vice-president retired Constantino Chiwenga has said the government was mobilising grain imports as a poor harvest was expected. In 2021, Zimbabwe stopped importing grain after it recorded a good harvest in years due to good rains and the government supporting the majority of farmers with agricultural inputs. “We are facing looming hunger, while we planted like every year, the current dry spell has left our maize crop beyond repair in most of our districts,” he said. “We are appealing that you take this message to the President (Emmerson Mnangagwa) that we need the government to chip in to rescue the masses from possible starvation,” said Chiwenga. “This dry and lean season is not only in Manicaland province but will also affect our national yield from anticipated bumper harvest,

but I want to assure you that as a government we have plans in place to ensure that families are well fed on the ground. “We are mobilising that we get supplements across all provinces and assist everyone to access food. No one is going to starve in this country,” he added.

Zimbabwe also faces uncertain agriculture during the 2022/23 agricultural season as supplies of the ammonium nitrate fertiliser is not guaranteed as the primary supplier Russia has ring-fenced its products to protect local farmers in the fallout of the Ukraine invasion.

SupPlant Raises $27M To Help South African Farmers Fight Climate Change

oday SupPlant, the AgTech company recently chosen as one of TIME’s Best Inventions, is excited to announce its recent funding round, raising $27M to accelerate its intention to digitally inform every irrigation recommendation on earth. The round is led by Red Dot Capital Partners with participation from Menomadin Foundation, Smart-Agro Fund, Mivtah Shamir, Deshpande Foundation, PBFS and Maor Investments. The round brings SupPlants’s total funding to more than $46M. As part of this round, Atad Peled of Red Dot will join SupPlant’s Board of Directors. The round comes amidst global warming impacting South African farmers who are dealing daily with the unpredicted climate that is changing rapidly and the constant lack of irrigation water. SupPlant is generating climate smart irrigation recommendations to help farmers in South Africa and around the world be more resilient to volatile weather events. SupPlant is making their technology available to South African farmers by changing the basic

distributed in South Africa by AECI Plant Health. SupPlant, an Israeli-based company, has taken advantage of the Abraham Accords and geopolitical changes in the region to open two new markets in the last year: UAE and Morocco.

concept of irrigation methods. SupPlant’s database is the largest plant database in the world, accumulated by data collected from 32 crops in 14 countries, covering growing conditions from dry arid regions of the Middle East to tropical conditions in central America. The sensors are placed on the plants and their surroundings which radiate the plant’s data to the cloud: how much water the plant actually needs to maximize growth. This data is translated through the use of artificial intelligence and big data to irrigation models, recommendations and actionable insights. SupPlant is represented and

“The funds raised in this round will allow us to invest in the South African market and open other markets as well” said Ori Ben Ner, CEO of SupPlant “We also plan to continue to develop our product in order to help farmers in South Africa fight climate change. It is far superior from any common practice available and is built for the vast majority of farmers on earth - smallholders that can’t afford access to hardware intense technology and unique knowledge.” “We were impressed by SupPlant’s abilities and recent expansion into strategic markets” says Atad Peled, Principal at Red Dot. “We were also inspired by their goal: working with smallholder farms, who usually do not have access to AgTech. Food security will be a major issue in coming years, and we feel certain SupPlant’s solution will have a stand-out role in it”.

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NEWS

Namibia’s agriculture ministry offers new machinery to farmers

amibia’s Agriculture Ministry has unveiled new farming equipment and machinery focusing on mechanization and seed improvement. Agriculture Minister Calle Schlettwein unveiled the equipment recently at a demonstration held at Ohakweenyanga village in the Oshana region. Oshana region is north of Namibia. The new project has two key sub-components; agricultural mechanisation and certified seed systems’ improvement. The Namibia Agricultural Mechanisation and Seed Improvement Project (NAMSIP)’s focus on agricultural mechanisation and seed system improvement directly responds to NDP5 and HPP I and II, which aim at structural transformation through increased agricultural production and productivity. Schlettwein said the new machinery equipment was affordable and easy to use, and does not require skilled people. Farmers can also rent it for N$20 per day, and is available at a farm for a maximum of four days. Areas to immediately benefit are; Oshana, Kunene North, Ohangwena, Omusati, Omaheke, Otjozondjupa, Kavango East, Kavango West and Zambezi. The minister said the aim of the project was to improve household food security and contribute to poverty reduction, while the specific objectives are to enhance agricultural productivity in order to reduce the annual importation of staple foods, cereal crops, facilitate job creation as well as enhance household incomes to improve the livelihoods of rural people. “In order to assist the farmers and achieve these objectives, the ministry, through NAMSIP, has

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procured different agricultural equipment such as jab seed drillers; hand-operated weeding cultivators; hand-operated seedling transplanters; and knapsack sprayers, among others,” he said. “Knapsack sprayers will only be used by ministerial staff to control pests and diseases in farmers’ fields in the event of any outbreak.” Schlettwein said the ministry had ensured that the equipment procured was also gendersensitive. “I, therefore, urge all farmers to use the equipment with care and a sense of ownership, taking into consideration that other farmers will need to use them”, he urged. Oshana governor Elia Irimari said the government was working on improving household food security in Namibia. “Enhanced agricultural production and productivity is central to our efforts in achieving sustainable economic growth,

as well as in building inclusive and dignified livelihoods for our people,” he said. “The ministry is committed to transforming the agricultural sector, especially addressing water and food security. I encourage the farmers and all stakeholders to support the ministry in the journey of achieving food security in Namibia, and the farmers to make use of the subsidised services on machinery and farming inputs that the government provides.” One of the beneficiaries, Letisia Kashinduka from Elombo village said farmers were excited about the provision of the new equipment, and this will enable them to improve on the crop and harvest yields. “The equipment is affordable, and even people with low incomes can afford them. We are very grateful for this opportunity,” she said.

NEWS

Maputo residents turn to rice farming

ver 60 farmers in Matola near Maputo, Mozambique have taken to growing rice near, and the harvest provides each farmer with between four to six bags of the crop. In recent years, the land was a swamp full of reeds before the local residents in February 2021 moved in and turned it into small-scale rice production. The new farmers come from neighbourhoods in Magude, Trevo and Infulene, all along National Road Number Four in Maputo province. They have also found rice production as an alternative to unemployment, which is on the rise in Mozambique. “Hunger respects no one. I don’t work, but I have a family and children, and everyone needs to eat. When the government said that anyone who didn’t have work must grow, I chose rice,” Agy Albino, one of the farmers, says. The 60-year-old is from Zambézia where he learned to grow rice. He came to Maputo in search of better conditions, but when the Covid-19 pandemic broke out in 2020, he and his daughter lost their source of income. Left with no alternative, they cleared the reeds and planted rice. “We don’t know if it’s going to work, but we’ll produce to see how it goes,” Albino’s daughter says. Gordino Pereira is also a farmer in the area. He says that, at the beginning, he grew cabbage and other vegetables, but when people started growing rice in the area, he decided to join in, and acquired a plot.

“Here, the reeds were high and there were bandits hiding in them, so we decided to cut them down. The neighbourhood secretaries managed the distribution of plots – we paid 1,000 meticais for a 50 by 30-metre space,” Pereira added.

From plots of about 50 metres square, each

“Last year, I sold some sacks of bags. And I hope that, with this rain, I will get more. Here, we produce to eat, with the children here at home, given that my husband has no job,” Gina Emílio said.

local neighbourhoods decide to engage in rice

producer manages to harvest, on average, four to six bags of rice. Most is intended for home consumption, but some are already thinking about trade. Every day, more residents from the production. Some of these “accidental farmers” are already thinking of increasing their production to supply local neighbourhoods in the near future.

Cyclone Gombe leaves 15 dead, crops damaged in Mozambique’s Nampula province

Deputy Director Beleza said preliminary data

he number of deaths caused by Tropical Cyclone Gombe in Nampula province has risen to 15 while the majority of crops reaching maturity stage have been damaged. The deputy director of the National Emergency Operative Centre (CENOE), António Beleza, said Monday that 11 of the fatalities were caused by collapsing houses, three by falling trees and one by electrocution. Beleza said that efforts to rescue people beset by floods in Nampula province were ongoing. “Teams are on the ground assessing the situation,” he said. “In some districts, such as

indicated that more than 98,000 people were affected by Tropical Cyclone Gombe, and 11,600 of them were already receiving assistance. The INGD has activated 25 transit centres, 22 in Nampula province and 3 in Zambézia, and is Mogincual and Liupo, it is still not possible to proceed, because transit is interrupted, but we are studying alternative ways to reach these two locations,” Beleza added.

mobilising about 360 tons of diverse products to increase assistance in the affected districts. Meanwhile, Prime Minister Adriano Maleiane has visited Nampula province to assess the situation.

March - April 2022 | 7

INSIGHT

Building a stronger, more inclusive agriculture sector in South Africa Dawie Head of Information and Marketing at FNB Agriculture Gert Breet, Business Development Head, FNB Agricultur

he importance of the agricultural sector to South Africa extends far beyond its direct contribution to GDP of around 2,5% and was emphasised when agriculture was declared a critical industry and exempted from the harshest COVID-19 lockdown regulations. Agriculture is deeply interlinked with value chains that extend through the manufacturing, food, beverages and chemical sectors. Agriculture also contributes to food security and employment and has the potential to drive transformation imperatives and reduce inequality. FNB Agribusiness supports the transformation of the industry and is committed to growing a larger base of black commercial farmers. It is the agriculture solutions that encourage and enable commercial farmers to proactively engage in transformation initiatives designed to empower black farmers, their employees, and the communities in which they operate. Overcoming agriculture’s unique challenges Agriculture poses unique challenges to smaller commercial and black-owned farmers looking to grow their operations – which is a crucial objective, given the economies of scale that emerge. The first challenge is the long timelines involved. Some crops only begin to generate income years after planting, and it can be up to a decade before profits begin to be realised. The second challenge is access to capital. Without owning land to be used as collateral, it is difficult for farmers to access finance to buy land in the first place. It’s a Catch-22 that can be overcome through innovative approaches to partnerships and risk share agreements. FNB’s agricultural support initiatives, which run into the hundreds of millions of Rands, are aimed to surmount these challenges, and to support skills creation, wealth, access to markets and land-ownership amongst small commercial black farmers. FNB is also focused on supporting resilience in what is an exceptionally climatevulnerable sector, by keeping climate risk in mind when creating financial solutions.

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Dawie Maree

Win/win for established and emerging farmers A typical funding structure will involve a partnership between an existing commercial farmer who offers expertise and skills, mentorship, offtake, transport and equipment, and a farmworkers’ trust or communal property association. Together they establish a new operating borrowing entity that is a viable farming venture, that can own or lease land, and in which shareholding is confirmed by contributions and dividends create wealth.

The commercial farmer receives access to resources and discounted capital, and the emergent farmers are able to purchase land, receive training and skills, and access offtake, transport and equipment. It has been particularly encouraging to see the appetite from existing commercial farmers to be involved in these partnerships – not because of any intrinsic benefit to themselves, but because they understand and value the opportunity to grow and strengthen the sector, and the underlying need for sustainable transformation.

Enterprise Development grants lead to developmental returns In one example, over two years FNB Business deployed R25.5 million of enterprise development grants to two agricultural projects in the Western Cape. The funding was structured as non-recoverable grants and allowed black farmworkers to acquire a 30% shareholding in a commercial agricultural project. 27 hectares of vineyards, 11 hectares of cherries (under netting), 20 hectares of almonds and 8 hectares of citrus have been planted to date, and additional funding was deployed to complete a 10 km water pipeline to secure 350 hectares of water rights for the farm. The project has already created 50 permanent jobs and 30 seasonal jobs, and once in full production it is estimated the project will create 405 permanent employment opportunities and 285 additional off-farm employment opportunities, and R50 million in turnover by year ten. Public/private partnerships to facilitate economic inclusion Another innovative collaborative initiative involves leveraging public/private partnerships to facilitate economic inclusion. The cost of funding

transformational agricultural projects remains an obstacle as many are start-up/greenfields ventures with no historic trading record. Interest rates for these initiatives will always be at a premium because of the risk profile, often making credit unaffordable. Within this context, FNB Agribusiness entered in an agreement with development financiers, which offered a $50 million (approximately R725 million) facility at reduced interest rates. The lower funding cost benefit is passed on to qualifying transformation projects which creates a direct interest rate benefit. Since the inception of this initiative, FNB Agribusiness has issued indicative term sheets to six projects totalling R219 million. Emerging-farmer grant management programme Historically, government made grant payments directly to emerging farmers who were expected to manage large sums of money without any formal financial support or mentorship. Most agricultural projects failed, resulting in government having to refinance projects multiple times. In partnership with the Department of Agriculture Land Reform and Rural Development FNB Agribusiness developed a solution using FNB’s

3PIM platform. This allows government to transfer grant funding to each individual farmer, ensuring that ownership sits with them. Non-standard call accounts are used to ensure immediate availability of funding and to generate better interest rates. 3PIM provides a full audit trail with bank statements enabling financial control and enhanced reporting. An automated accounting solution is provided that assists farmers to build a financial track record. FNB onboards each farmer and assists them with digital banking. As part of the programme, farmers are partnered with mentors who assist them with technical education and onfarm assistance. FNB is looking to enhance this by offering financial wellness and SME training. Since the programme’s inception in March 2020, 140 emerging farmers have been on-boarded with access to FNB banking facilities. Validated grants balances under management have grown to R890 million as at 30 June 2021 The farmers have earned R21,6 million worth of interest on the grant funding under management for their own benefit, and, according to the department, these projects will create approximately 109 new jobs over the next 12 months.

2022 African Plant Nutrition Graduate Student Scholar Award Program is Now Accepting Applications

he African Plant Nutrition Institute (APNI) has released the details of the 2022 Plant Nutrition Scholar Award program that is available to graduate students enrolled in programs specializing in the sciences of plant nutrition and management of crop nutrients. The 2022 African Plant Nutrition Scholar Award Program will offer ten (10) awards of $2,000 (U.S. Dollars) to M.Sc., M.Phil., or Ph.D. students in the disciplines of soil science, agronomy, and

horticultural or tree crop science with a focus on plant nutrition. Students must also be attending a degree-granting institution located in Africa.

Candidates must be enrolled in a program of graduate study as of the application deadline of 30 April, 2022.

“We are pleased to be able to continue this partnership with the Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) and the OCP Group, which recognizes outstanding graduate students focused on advancing the science of crop nutrition within Africa,” explains APNI Director General, Dr. Kaushik Majumdar.

All details can be found at the Scholar Award website https://www.apni.net/scholar-apply African Plant Nutrition Scholar Awards are cosponsored by the African Plant Nutrition Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (www. um6p.ma), and OCP Group (www.ocpgroup.ma).

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INSIGHT

Ukraine crisis highlights importance of food security Agricultural access to capital and markets best guarantor of long-term safety

egardless of your business, South Africa sits at the very end of very long global supply lines. Even before Covid-19 and the July 2021 civil unrest bought home the importance of shortening and diversifying supply chains, South Africa’s balance of trade and ZAR volatility and weakness were already prompting a re-think as businesses pivoted to local - or increased inventories. During the Covdi-19 crisis South Africa’s agricultural sector moved quickly, successfully lobbying government to exempt farms, agribusinesses, and agricultural supply networks from many of the more restrictive Covid-19 management protocols. As a result, South Africa never ran out of food, even during the most restricted periods of global movement and supply. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine reminds us that in terms of global supply chain risk, South Africa is still vulnerable where it matters most – our food. Both Russia and Ukraine play a significant role in global agricultural markets and world food supply, especially in Africa. • Russia accounts for 10% of global wheat production. Ukraine 4%. • In 2020, African countries imported roughly US$4 billion in agricultural products from Russia. Wheat made up nearly 90% of these imports. • Over the same period, Africa imported agricultural products worth US$2.9 billion from Ukraine. 48% of this was wheat and 31% was maize. • South Africa relies on Russia and Ukraine for roughly 30% of its wheat imports. Russia’s invasion of the Ukraine also shows how suddenly export chains can be disrupted. Local fruit exporters, for example, will also be affected by the conflict. Russia accounted for 7% of South Africa’s citrus exports in 2020 and 12% of its apple and pear exports. This crisis highlights the importance of adopting strategies to grow and diversify agricultural output so that South Africa reduces its exposure to global imports. The crisis in the Ukraine and Russia’s international isolation highlights the strategic significance of South Africa’s recent allocation of R6,5 billion to government blended finance programmes for agricultural development. To date, leveraging

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grant funding alongside appropriate debt funding has proved effective in supporting emerging and black farmers increase production and access agricultural value chains. Standard Bank has also found that local production can expand rapidly when industry bodies and large corporates with specific interests – as suppliers or off-takers – in small or new farmers assist with production finance, insurance and a secured off-take at market price.

- to local and global agricultural value chains we can create the market conditions for sustained production increases and long-term food security.

But farmers don’t just expand the area they cultivate, increase production, pivot to new crops or products or find new suppliers or off-takers because government gives them money, or because they have access to capital.

The ICBC partnership, for example, positions Standard Bank to take African nut, wine, seed, chili, edible oil and other agri-producers to the annual Chinese International Import Expo (CIIE) and bi-annual China Africa Economic Trade Expo (CAETE). Attendance pretty much guarantees supply contracts as the full range of Chinese off-takers are present. Standard Bank also hosts quarterly virtual trade match-making events focusing on specific sectors. At these events African producers or exporters get introduced to dozens of potential off-takers virtually, often concluding deals on the spot.

Instead, it is markets, sales and income that ultimately increases food production and ensures sustainable food security. To this end technology is opening up new opportunities for farmers to reach new markets. For example, Standard Bank recently joined forces with Hello Choice, an AgTech company, to create a web-based market platform where farmers can sell produce. Linking small, new, previously disadvantaged or even just very remote farmers to buyers, off-takers, suppliers and services has led to increased agricultural production and improved food security the world over. On the marketing front, organised agriculture in South Africa is well-established with functioning professional industry bodies. Most South African exports are supported by sophisticated marketing channels and companies, often directly linked to producers. These don’t only represent the interests of established farmers but also work to transform the industry. Standard Bank also collaborates with a range of industry bodies to enhance products and production, improve measurement systems and facilitate international liaison. In addition, specific solutions like Trade Club support and broaden access to global agri-ecosystems by assisting farmers and agribusinesses source price-compared, qualitycontrolled products, goods and services around the world. By providing the networks, insight and systems to link all South African farmers – big and small

Standard Bank’s partnership with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) as well as the various trade corridors that the bank supports across Africa and the world are also relevant to increasing food production and promoting food security.

Encouragingly – from a food production and security perspective - the 2022 national budget also included allocations for water resource management and water infrastructure development. As one of the 30 driest countries in the world the effective management of water at national level is critical to improved production and food security. At individual farmer level, on the other hand, Standard Bank supports and funds water-efficient irrigation systems and farmscale green energy solutions. As Russia’s invasion of Ukraine dominates headlines, South Africans need to think long and hard about the fundamentals of safety. Military hardware and personnel are scant guarantors of security if people don’t have affordable access to healthy food. If South Africans are to learn any lessons from the current crisis in Eastern Europe it is that sustained access to capital and markets are fundamentally necessary to sustained food production – and food security is the only foundation on which long term prosperity and social security can be built. Nico Groenewald is Head of Agriculture at Standard Bank’s Business & Commercial Clients division.

REPORT

Ugandan study reveals higher yields and pest resistance with Bt maize

frican scientists have demonstrated that genetically modified Bt maize offers much higher yields and better pest resistance than conventional varieties — traits that could greatly improve food security on the continent. In their study, published in Science Direct, the researchers show that Bt maize hybrids significantly reduced stemborer damage, which is a principal drawback to maize production in Uganda and many parts of Africa. “This study demonstrated that Bt maize… protects against leaf damage and can limit entry of stem borers into the stems of maize plants, resulting in higher yield than in the non-transgenic [GMO] hybrids. Thus, Bt maize has potential to contribute to the overall management package of stem borers in Uganda,” states the study. The researchers also found that in addition to guarding against grain yield losses, Bt maize can also limit field infections by Aspergillus spp., which would help reduce aflatoxin contamination and further contribute to food safety. The study was conducted for three seasons in Uganda under the supervision of the Uganda National Biosafety Committee (NBC). It was intended to generate empirical information that could help decision makers decide whether to approve Bt maize cultivation in the country. Adopting Bt maize could help Uganda’s farmers guard against grain yield losses associated with

stem borers, which would help improve household food security, incomes and livelihoods, the study finds. And by growing Bt maize, Uganda would also eliminate or reduce the costs associated with the use of insecticides and lessen the dangers to humans and the environment due to pesticide misuse or overuse. The trials were part of research under the Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) partnership coordinated by the African Agriculture Technology Foundation (AATF), with partnerships that included national agricultural research bodies in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa. The researchers — from public institutions in Uganda, South Africa and Kenya — assessed the performance of Bt hybrids against the two major stem borer species in Uganda — the African stem borer (Busseola fusca) and the spotted stem borer (Chilo partellus) — under artificial infestation. Fourteen non-commercialized hybrids, which included Bt and non-Bt hybrids, as well as three non-Bt commercial hybrids and a conventional stem borer-resistant check, were evaluated for a range of stem borer damage parameters, including leaf damage, number of internodes tunneled and tunnel length. All stem borer damage parameters were generally significantly lower in Bt hybrids than in conventionally resistant hybrids and local commercial hybrids, asserts the study.

Bt maize also produced 29.4% to 80.5% higher yields than non-Bt maize hybrids, which could support food security goals and improved farmer livelihoods. “This shows that protection from stemborer damage resulted into higher grain yield,” state the study authors. Stem borers are major insect pests of maize in Uganda, with Busseola fusca and C. partellus cited as the two most widely distributed and dominant species in the country. In 2015, Uganda lost nearly a quarter of its yield losses to stem borers. In neighboring Kenya, stem borer losses to the tune of 10% to 100% phave been reported in the past. Kenya’s total losses to stem borers were valued at USD 25 and USD 59.8 million in 1999 and 2000, respectively, noted the study. Bt maize has been shown to control several species of Lepidopteran stem borers, which include Ostrinia nubilalis, S. calamistis, Sesamia nonagrioides, 2011), B. fusca and C. partellus. Conventional methods of controlling the stem borer range from using a rotational cropping system to applying chemical and biological pestcontrol products. The scientists deem these methods ineffective, particularly in the African smallholder context, due to financial challenges and the labor and knowledge-intensive nature of the mitigations.

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OPINION

Cry “Havoc!”, and let slip the dogs of war Opinion article by Prof Frikkie Maré, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of the Free State

n William Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar, Mark Antony utters the words: “Cry ‘Havoc!’, and let slip the dogs of war,” after learning about the murder of Julius Caesar. With these words he meant that chaos would ensue (havoc) to create the opportunity for violence (let slip the dogs of war). The recent invasion (or military operation, according to Russian President Vladimir Putin) by Russian armed forces into Ukraine brought the famous words of Shakespeare to mind. Putin cried “Havoc!” and his troops created chaos in Ukraine. This is, however, not where it stopped because the dogs of war have been released into the rest of the world. What is the impact on South Africa? The day after the invasion we felt the bite of the dogs of war in South Africa. The rand suddenly weakened against the dollar, oil and gold prices increased sharply, and grain and oilseed prices on commodity markets increased This was before the rest of the world started to implement sanctions against Russia, which could be described as a shock reaction due to uncertainty as to how the situation would unfold. In the days after the initial market reaction we saw the markets actually “cool down” a bit, with most sharp initial reactions starting to change back to former positions. This period was, however, shortlived when the world hit back by closing airspace and borders and refusing to import products from Russia or export to them. The sanctions were in solidarity with Ukraine as an attempt to bring the Russian economy to its knees and force the Russians to withdraw from Ukraine.

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in the price of crude oil. Russia is the secondlargest producer of crude oil in the world and if the West is going to ban the import of Russian oil we will have an international shortage. Although the banning of Russian oil is the right thing to do to support Ukraine, it will have devastating effects on all countries in the world, with sharp increases in inflation. The increase in the price of oil not only drives up the cost of transportation of people and products, but also manufacturing costs. Fertiliser prices are correlated with the oil price, and it will thus drive up the production cost of grain and oilseeds. Speaking of grain and oilseed prices, the Black Sea region (which includes Russia and Ukraine), are major exporters of wheat and sunflower seed and oil. The prices of these commodities have soared in international and South Africa markets over the past few weeks. Although it might seem like good news for our farmers, the increase in prices are offset by high fertiliser prices and the local shortage of fertiliser. This may lead to fewer hectares of wheat being planted this year in the winter rainfall regions. Nothing good is coming from this situation In terms of agricultural commodities, both Russia and Ukraine are important importers of South African products, especially citrus, stone fruit and grapes. Alternative markets now need to be found for these products which will affect prices negatively.

Although the sanctions against Russia should certainly be successful over the long term, it does not change much in the short term and we will have to deal with the international effects of this conflict. The question then is, how will this affect South Africa?

Although one needs to write a thesis to explain all the effects of the Russian-Ukraine conflict, the dogs of war have been slipped, and it is clear from the few examples that nothing good is coming from this situation. In short, we will see higher fuel prices (maybe not R40/litre, but R25 to R30/litre is possible), higher food prices, higher inflation and a higher interest rate.

Although there are no straightforward answers, as the impact will depend on what one’s role is in the economy. One thing for certain is that the total cost will outnumber the benefits. What affects everyone in South Africa, and the starting point of many secondary effects, is the increase

These factors affect all South-Africans, especially the poor and some in the middle class who will struggle in the short term. The time has come to cut down on luxuries and tighten belts to survive in the short term until there is certainty about how the havoc in Ukraine will play out.

PRODUCT

HUMOFERT S.A. – Creating the way to future agriculture O

ver the last 10 years, a tendency for the transformation of agriculture in Greece and worldwide has been observed. This tendency is caused by various factors of which the main are: 1. The need of producing added value agricultural products. 2. The ecological sensibility of the public. 3. The political guidelines. 4. The search for innovative, more efficient and more environmentally friendly agricultural inputs.

for evolution and investments has created a modern company with 30 years of existence in the market and continuously increased exports in many countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. The company’s strategy is determined by three main principles: 1. Quality 2. Reliability 3. Consistency

Agricultural inputs play an important role in the transformation of agriculture, so companies which invest in R&D related to these inputs have become the protagonists of the market. One of the leaders in this sector is the Greek company HUMOFERT S.A.

Based on these principles, the people of HUMOFERT S.A. set the course of the company, having always in mind the benefit of the end consumer, that is the professional and amateur grower. As part of the effort to create innovative new products of high quality, HUMOFERT S.A. systematically invests in research and development of new technologies, new production methods and new formulations.

HUMOFERT S.A. is a chemical and biotechnology company engaged in the production of a broad spectrum of fertilizers and innovative products for plant nutrition and health such as biostimulants, bioeffectors, soil conditioners and many others. The experience of the company’s staff and its welltrained scientific workforce are the basis upon which the company has been grounded on, while the ongoing thirst of the company’s managers

In collaboration with scientific institutions, universities and research centers, the company tests new products and experiments on various crops, discovering new benefits, arising from the application of its formulations on crops. This way the consumer feels safe that HUMOFERT S.A. will always provide him with smart solutions and products that increase the yield of his crops and add value to his harvest.

The intense concern of HUMOFERT S.A. for the environment and the impact of fertilizers and pesticides on it, has led the company to deal consistently with finding ecological solutions that will contribute to reducing environmental pollution while ensuring the health and interest of the producer. For this reason, more and more new formulations of the company, are becoming environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional fertilizers in plant nutrition and chemical pesticides in plant protection. For years, HUMOFERT S.A. has focused its attention on biotechnology, studying the importance of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) in the development and health of plants. Systematic research on this area has created several new formulations for the plant nutrition (biofertilizers) and the improvement of the plants’ physical condition (bioeffectors) leading to the recognition of the company as a leader in the biotechnology area in the field of agricultural inputs in Greece. Learn more about us at: www. humofert.eu

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PRODUCT

Corteva Agriscience helps protect South African wheat with Aubaine® 518 SC Herbicide A pre-plant, pre-emergence treatment herbicide that effectively controls resistant wheat crop weeds

orteva Agriscience (www.Corteva.co.za) has brought its latest crop protection solution, Aubaine® 518 SC herbicide, to South African wheat farmers. Aubaine® 518 SC provides pre-plant, pre-emergence, or early post-emergence control of wheat crop weeds, particularly in regions that experience widespread winter rainfall. The product contains active ingredients chlortoluron and isoxaben, proven in local trials to be a unique and successful combination in the fight against ryegrass and certain types of broadleaf weeds. “One of the biggest frustrations for cereal farmers is Lolium spp (ryegrass) that is resistant to herbicides, the good news is, this not the case with Aubaine® 518 SC. Not only is the solution a powerful deterrent, but it also plays a significant role in effective herbicide resistance

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management,” says Henry Hoek, Category Marketing Leader, Corteva Agriscience. “With Aubaine®518 SC, wheat producers can mitigate the risk that weeds such as clover and musk herons pose, helping to increase yields and enhance profitability. We are proud to be able to cater to local needs with this launch, providing hands-on and trustworthy expertise as well as industry-leading and innovative products to market, all while walking the journey together with our farmers.” Aubaine® 518 SC herbicide is available for purchase as of today; contact your nearest crop adviser or visit Corteva’s website for more information. Corteva’s global scale, coupled with its localised research and customer relationship focus, are helping to maximise the productivity of its innovation and deliver needed solutions to farmers around the world. Developed with

sustainability in mind, the company’s unrivalled pipeline of crop protection innovations is designed to address resistance, reduce residuals and work in synergy with our seed products. Corteva molecules and formulations feature properties such as low effective use rates, favourable environmental impact. In 2020, Corteva Agriscience also launched two new post emergence wheat herbicides, Quelex™ 200 WG and Tarzec™ 320 WG, that will help wheat farmers in South Africa effectively manage broadleaf weeds and grasses. “Corteva Agriscience aspires to help farmers produce the food society will demand, in the way that society demands it. With Corteva as their partner, farmers have effective seed and crop protection products that the market demands today, and the solutions that will optimise their profitability for tomorrow,” says Henry Hoek.

PRODUCT

Baudouin’s PowerKit Variable Speed Engines Robust engines designed for high-demand industry and agriculture

rench engine manufacturer Baudouin continues to have success throughout the African continent. Especially with their high-performing and flexible Variable Speed (VS) engines. Part of the trusted PowerKit range, Baudouin’s VS engines draw their robustness, durability and easy maintenance from the company’s marine heritage, with each one perfected for a diverse range of industrial and agricultural uses. They can be used for most irrigation systems including the spray system, ground channel and drip type, and for drainage applications. They are also a brand of choice for harbor gantry cranes (RTGs), airport ground power units, food processing plants, and many more uses.

injection. This makes for easy maintenance, servicing and market acceptance. First launched in 2019, the engines have been a proven success. The range is available across five Variable Speed engine platforms, covering 30 to 370 kWm and optimized for use between 1400 to 2200 RPM. They include a 4.5-liter engine with four cylinders, coupled with a water pump which is specifically for agricultural applications. The same engine is also available in six-cylinder 6.7-liter version.

So what makes PowerKit Variable Speed different from other engines? Most importantly, is the capability for the user to manually adjust the engine’s RPM (revolutions per minute) using simple mechanical governors.

Baudouin have also designed these engines with a high tolerance to varying fuel quality. This makes PowerKit VS engines a great choice for use in remote areas and are especially suited to many farming and rural environments here in Africa. Over the life of every PowerKit engine, dependability is guaranteed by Baudouin’s strong European quality standards, robust components from world-leading manufacturers, and one of the best warranty programs in the industry.

This means the user can choose a precise power output and optimized fuel efficiency for each specific application. Every PowerKit VS engine offers reliable operation even in difficult environments, with simple, mechanical fuel

This gives real peace of mind with a best-in-class warranty of two years or 2500 working hours on all PowerKit VS units. This exceeds the top warranty offered by other VS engines on the market.

In addition, Baudouin offer comprehensive access to local service and support. This includes trained partners across the African continent. Such wide coverage ensures excellent lead times from Baudouin’s factory, and engines in stock locally, not to mention availability of genuine spare parts, shipping within 24 hours of order. This means clients can stay up and running, whatever challenges they may face. The bottom line: PowerKit Variable Speed engines deliver agile solutions to support dynamic power requirements. And Baudouin have the reputation, quality products and after care that makes a VS engine the ideal choice for high-demand industry and agriculture.

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PRODUCT

MF Connect telemetry solution from Massey Ferguson In co-operation with your MF Dealer, MF Connect assists in keeping your machine in optimal condition remote diagnostics. On your next purchase of your new high horsepower MF tractor, your dealer will take you through the process of creating a new account at www.masseyfergusonconnect.com. Following the registration process, you will be able to link your tractor and any others to the account, and data will start coming through. For more information about MF Connect, please contact your nearest MF dealer on www.masseyferguson.co.za.

n equipment-management solution that enables remote and real-time monitoring to any device is now available from Massey Ferguson. MF Connect allows machine data to be used to make informed operational decisions about equipment performance, ensuring that preventative maintenance is conducted. MF Connect comes standard with a five-year free subscription on all new purchases of a new MF 8700 S model and as an optional extra for the MF 7700 S Models. The MF 8700 S series is ideal for agricultural customers looking for a high horsepower, precision farming tractor with inspired design and optimised efficiency. The MF 7700 S series tractors are designed and built to meet the needs of professional farmers across all sectors from livestock to arable, mixed, and contracting. Machine data is collected and evaluated via MF Connect to allow farmers and contractors to monitor, analyse, and optimise the condition and use of their machines, as well as optimise work efficiency and minimise downtime. Mobile data transmission means that real-time machine data is retrievable anywhere – from the office desktop, tablet, or smartphone. In co-operation with your MF Dealer, MF Connect can assist you in keeping your machine in optimal condition, increasing uptime by ensuring your machines are ready to work whenever needed. Service and maintenance notifications keep you informed of the machine condition, meaning that planned maintenance is scheduled outside of busy periods. The benefit of MF Connect to the customer is that it informs you about the machine

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position and route, fuel consumption, speed and working time, machine capacity and any error messages. The main benefits are: • Improved operating efficiency due to optimised logistics decisions. • Reduce input by monitoring consumption on the go. • Maximise uptime through smart maintenance and services planning. • Use the diagnostic support for decision-making, including preventative maintenance, to minimise downtime. • Call up real-time machine data from wherever you are on any device that you might have. • Stay connected with your MF Dealer for

This year Massey Ferguson, a worldwide brand of AGCO (NYSE:AGCO), is excited to announce a fresh look for its iconic Triple Triangle logo and its new ‘Born to Farm’ brand identity in celebration of its 175th anniversary. MF has offered farmers around the world straightforward and dependable machines since its inception. Few global brands can claim such a lasting impact in the agricultural industry. In support of the farming community, Massey Ferguson has an extensive network of over 35 dealers covering the whole of South Africa, catering for parts, service, aftersales and new sales. Potential customers interested in the MF range can obtain all information from www. masseyferguson.co.za. Upon completing the contact form, potential customers will have the video, brochure and dealer contact details sent to their WhatsApp and email within 30 seconds.

FEATURE

Farmer Owned Micro Poultry Plants Help Prevent Economic Concentration in Kenya

he Biden Administration has been using money from the American Rescue Plan to help build small meat processing plants. The purpose is to increase competition and help prevent the gains from meat processing to flow to the handful of vertically integrated transnational companies that dominate America’s meat industry. In Kenya, there are efforts to prevent this extreme level of concentration before it happens. As Kenya—and much of Africa—urbanizes, and fast food chains expand in Nairobi and other cities, the chicken industry is going the way of

that in the US. Large corporations have built industrial supply chains, complete with contract farmers, battery cages and poultry bred to supply extra large amounts of breast meat. Kitui County, in eastern Kenya, is populated by family farmers. Like farmers elsewhere in Kenya, those aqin Kitui are often approached by corporations to raise poultry under contract. The Kitui Development Center (KDC) has been helping family farmers successfully run a cooperative to raise chickens under humane and sustainable conditions. The cooperative is owned and controlled by the farmers.

KDC provides community-based trainers and community health workers to ensure humane conditions and animal and farmer health without widespread antibiotic use. The cooperative has also developed ways to efficiently gather and use household food waste to supplement other organic feed. Preventing the introduction of unnecessary antibiotics and the efficient use of household food waste reduces input costs and increases profits for farmers. Crucially, KDC also provides access to a processing facility so farmers capture income and profit along the value chain. Farmers have learned marketing techniques that enable them to sell processed chicken to stores and restaurants in local communities. Profits are used to expand output and learn more sophisticated business skills. Farmers earn profits and communities have a steady supply of healthy and affordable protein. The KDC poultry value chain is a model of community-based livestock production based on environmentally sustainable methods. Its success means family farmers can resist the short-term economic incentives to become part of an industrial supply chain. KDC was formed with assistance from World Neighbors, a global development organization based in Oklahoma City.

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FEATURE

Big Dutchman feed pans: easy access to feed at any age in broiler production For broilers to be happy and grow ideally, feed pans must succeed at one very important task: meeting the requirements of both day-old chicks and heavy birds in the final grow-out period. For Viva 330, this is guaranteed by an automatic 360° flooding mechanism, which ensures a high feed level at any bird age. Viva 330 is made of a robust and UV-stabilised plastic material with a long service life. Its smooth pan rim curved to the inside prevents feed wastage.

oultry managers the world over know that Big Dutchman is the perfect choice for anyone looking for reliable poultry equipment. For more than eight decades, the equipment supplier headquartered in Germany has been making sure that farmers can feed their livestock safely and according to the birds’

needs. A case in point: the company’s wide range of feed pans, which meet many different requirements. The newest addition is the robust Viva 330 feed pan, which comes without a grille. Viva 330 consists of just four parts and is quickly assembled. The design also ensures perfect hygiene: thorough cleaning takes very little time.

ChickNic Another feed pan from the Big Dutchman product range is ChickNic. ChickNic comes with an integrated storage container to prevent performance losses caused by power failures. The maximum capacity of the storage container is fifteen litres. Depending on the birds’ age, five, ten or fifteen litres of feed can be stored. Of course, the pan can also be used mechanically. About Big Dutchman Big Dutchman is the world’s leading equipment supplier for modern poultry production. The product range includes traditional and computercontrolled feeding and housing equipment as well as systems for climate control and air cleaning. The scope of services varies from small to large, fully integrated turn-key farms. Big Dutchman provides its customers with all options – from planning to commissioning. The company’s history dates back to 1938, when the company founders invented the world’s first automatic feeding system. Today, the company headquarters are located in Vechta, Germany, where about 850 of the 3,400 employees worldwide work. The reliable systems from the German poultry equipment supplier can be found across all five continents and in more than 100 countries. For more information about Big Dutchman poultry equipment, contact persons and offices around the world, go to www.bigdutchman.com.

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Big Dutchman designs and implements feeding systems and housing equipment for modern poultry farming and is considered the market leader in the industry. On 5 continents in more than 100 countries, our name stands for lasting quality, fast service and unsurpassed know-how. Now we offer you the possibility to extend and advance your business. We are looking for reliable independent resellers and sales agents with good local market insights and entrepreneurial background. Working together for success – as partners side by side.

Become a Big Dutchman Sales Partner for feeding systems and housing equipment made in Germany. WE:

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Prepared for success – now it‘s your move! If you are interested in our products and services please contact Managing Director Alistair Rawstorne: Big Dutchman South Africa Pty (Ltd) P.O. Box: 276 · Edenvale 1610 · RSA Office: +27 11 452 1154 Mobile: +27 83 327 9975 E-mail: alistair@bigdutchman.co.za

FEATURE

Smith Power to introduce 4 m trailed disc mower conditioner in its portfolio With effect from January 2022, Smith Power Equipment will introduce the Kubota DMC8540R – the widest disc mower with conditioner in its portfolio.

he Kubota DMC8540R – the first 4 m trailed mower conditioner that Smith Power is bringing to market – will enable farmers to achieve great output with one mid-size tractor in 120 – 180 hp power range. The machine, explains Erik Roelofs, Smith Power Equipment International Product Manager, is ideal for crop that requires conditioning to stimulate drying, such as lucerne, alfalfa and sometimes grass.

Kubota mowers always have three blades per disc, instead of the two commonly found on competitor offerings. This results in 50% more cutting action, which helps farmers to maintain higher driving speed while cutting. Additionally, Kubota mowers always have an equal number of cutting discs on the cutterbar. This ensures a constant cutting quality over the whole working width and reduces the risk of blockage.

“As the machine is trailed, carried by its own frame and wheels, the load on the tractor is limited. Because of this the farmer can reach high output with a relatively small tractor. The limited load also greatly reduces wear and damage on the tractor,” says Roelofs.

“A trailed mower such as the DMC8540R has a perfect guidance of the mowing unit, given that it’s guided and suspended on both sides. The ground pressure of the cutterbar can be set by the length of the springs and is equal over the whole working width,” says Roelofs.

Due to the centre-mounted drawbar, the mower can work on either side of the tractor – left or right. This enables the farmer to cut the field from one side to the other, instead of sometimes needing to drive through the field to create smaller blocks as is the case with a mower that only cuts on the right side.

The upwards possible movement is 500 mm and 150 mm downwards. This enables the mowing unit to follow the ground contours much better with a constant ground pressure compared to rear mounted mowers. It makes cutting in uneven field much easier without damaging the soil or having premature wear on the mower.

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The conditioner ensures a constant cropflow and high capacity due to the fact that both of the rollers are driven and are positioned for an optimal cropflow. For optimal performance and comfort, Roelofs advises farmers to use the Kubota M135GX, Kubota M7153 or Kubota M7173 tractors with this implement. Given these tractors all have powershift gearboxes, reducing or increasing speed while running on high engine speed is smooth and comfortable. “This will be very beneficial for the lifetime of both the tractor and implement. The fourcylinder concept is fuel efficient and ensures a high power-to-weight ratio to reduce the risk of damaging the soil while cutting in the field. The four-pillar cabin is standard on these tractors for optimal visibility on the road or while cutting in the field,” concludes Roelofs.

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FEATURE

Aflatoxin contamination in crop production

Aflatoxin Contamination: Why Africa should be more concerned Africa is more vulnerable than it is usually documented to the risk of aflatoxin contamination in crops that are a major source of diet to the majority of people. There are far-reaching consequences to failure to proactively take action and institute sustainable measures. By Eric Peters

he constraints which African countries face in addressing the challenge of food security have been exhaustively highlighted. However, conspicuously, in the discourse on food production in different forums, there is more concern on quantity, and less on quality. Specifically, there is little focus on the impact of the food quality on the health of consumers and the economy. Truth be told, Africa should be more concerned about aflatoxin contamination than other regions – not that in other regions this should be underestimated. Fortunately, there is an opportunity to forestall the impact by thoroughly identifying the risk, and accordingly, devising suitable measures. Extent of the risk There are compelling reviews on the risk of Aflatoxins in Africa. There is no doubt that a review by Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) - Fact Sheet and Position Statement on Aflatoxins in Agricultural Products Intended for Human Consumption) coherently explicates the magnitude of the risk that Africa faces. The Review attributes this to geographical conditions. Countries within the latitude of 40°N and 40°S, which include the whole of Africa, are more susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. The review says conditions on the continent are more conducive to Aspergillus flavus, the species of moulds that produce aflatoxins. On the other hand, Aspergillus parasiticus, the other type of mould, is less prevalent. Actually, data indicates that there is a higher incidence of Aflatoxin contamination in maize, groundnuts, sorghum and other crops produced in Africa than in other regions. For instance, in the European Union, there is an aflatoxin standard (4 ppb) and that of the USA (20 ppb) in many countries. Nonetheless, it has to be emphasised that even aflatoxin exposure at

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FEATURE low levels can result in measurable human health impacts. Aspergillus flavus thrives in drought conditions, which particularly puts the whole of Africa at a high risk. Worryingly, worsening global warming has made drought conditions to be more pervasive. Generally, aflatoxins flourish under the following stages of crop production - dry weather near crop maturity, high moisture during harvest, inadequate drying and storage of crops. Specific areas impacted The impact of risk aflatoxins in Africa does not have to be downplayed. Aflatoxin challenge in Africa - Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security, Trade, and Health Agriculture and Food Security, a review published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), has compelling details. The review observes that contamination manifests itself in diverse fields, namely food security (availability, access, utilisation and stability), trade and health. • Food security Aflatoxin contamination in staples can greatly affect what are regarded as four aspects of food security - availability, access, utilisation, and stability, which can directly reduce food availability. Mainly, the impact on access should

be viewed from two perspectives. Firstly, producers of the affected crop may earn less due to three factors: product rejection, reduced market value, and may be barred from accessing the higher-value international trade and the formal market. Secondly, as a result of the lower income from the crop, they may not have resources to purchase food for the family, which translates into reduced access to food. In addition, the other area is utilisation. Contaminated food cannot be beneficiated (used to produce other products) due to rejection. Clearly, from the above standpoints, contaminated food presents a clear food security threat. • Economic impact In a bid to limit exposure of their populations to aflatoxins (typically expressed in parts per billion (ppb), many countries have introduced stringent regulations governing importation of food. For the average producers in third world countries – in the category like most African countries are – the burden of meeting the standards can be prohibitive. The review expounds the typical challenge that farmers often meet: “In the international market, products that do not meet the aflatoxin standards are either rejected at the border, rejected in channels of distribution,

assigned a reduced price, or diverted to nonhuman or even non-fee uses.” Domestically, food producers may also be disadvantaged. They may fall to comply with aflatoxin certification (tighter phytosanitary standards). This is where aflatoxin-free certification may be required for one to qualify as a supplier. Eventually, in both of these scenarios, this may result in either total loss or huge reduction in revenue to the farmers. From an international trade viewpoint, the value of the economic loss in dollars due to stringent aflatoxin regulations cannot be quantified. Perhaps the scale of the export rejections from importers provides a clear picture. For instance, between 2007 and 2012, the EU alone has issued 346 notifications to African countries. In dollar terms, the potential loss in revenue would be astronomical. Domestically, food producers may record huge losses due to non-compliance. • Health Worse hit may be those with limited means. Poor households may have no alternative, and may be compelled to eat aflatoxins-contaminated food rather than starve. Besides, they may not be able to adopt costly control strategies. And if they do,

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March - April 2022 | 23

FEATURE

they may get low value from contaminated food as well as become more susceptible to aflatoxicosis - more severe health impacts, particularly, liver cancer, and potential association with stunting in children and immunosuppression. Above and beyond, it is worth pointing out that aflatoxins can enter the human diet through contaminated livestock products. This could happen if contaminated feed is given to livestock. Perhaps those who may dismiss the risk of aflatoxin contamination in Africa as alarmist have to consider the case in point of Kenya. A study found a high level of aflatoxin BI – regarded as the most toxic – in blood serum across the population. Sustainable measures From the aforementioned, distinctly, the risk of aflatoxin contamination in Africa is far-reaching – extensively affecting farmers, consumers and the economy in different ways. For this reason, the significance of undertaking sustainable measures at planting, harvest and post-harvest handling to minimise aflatoxin contamination does not have to be overstressed. The Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (PACA) in an analysis, Aflatoxin Impacts and Potential Solutions in Agriculture, Trade, and Health informs food producers to undertake a number of steps. However, in the context of this analysis, the following points can be highlighted: • Using aflatoxin-resistant planting materials including conventional and transgenic breeding; • Using bio-controls that are proven to reduce aflatoxin-producing fungi in soil; • Using irrigation, fungicides, herbicides and insecticides for healthier plants that resist fungus; • Adopting moisture-control measures like

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• •

solar drying, tarp drying, and promote improved storage (including hermetic storage of maize, sorghum) Sorting and discarding crops with physical flaws and deformities, for instance, visible mould or damaged shells. Exploring safe disposal and alternative uses of unsafe commodities, for instance, as biofuels.

But there is only so much that food producers can do. The government departments and related agencies in respective countries have to play their part by enforcing regulation that will help local producers to be competitive in domestic and international markets. Consequently, the following steps can be adopted: • Educating and persuading retailers and consumers to incentivise safer crops and harvest among buyers and sellers. • Training traders, processors, manufacturers and livestock producers. • Upgrading food safety control system • Establishing a robust regulatory foundation to address aflatoxin in national food safety standards. • More at stake Indeed, all told, it is palpably, aflatoxin contamination in Africa contributes to the inability of most African countries to access high-value international trade markets, and miss out on earning more revenue. And so, the matter is entirely in the hands of African countries to elevate their standards and improve compliance. Lowering aflatoxin prevalence in key crops could reduce the barrier to trade in maize and groundnuts especially, and could result in an increase in export of maize by Africa. On the face

of it, tighter phytosanitary standards may imply more costs than benefits. However, in the medium to the long run, suppliers should appreciate greater economic costs of compliance, including larger and more stable markets and reduced burden of disease. There is more at stake, it goes without saying that urgent action is needed.

Facts about Aflatoxins A naturally occurring mycotoxin, Aflatoxin is produced by two types of moulds: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is most often found when certain grains are grown in drought conditions, especially where there is high moisture content and high temperature. It has to be clarified, though, that while the presence of Aspergillus flavus does not always indicate harmful levels of aflatoxin, it does indicate the potential presence of aflatoxin production.

Mycotoxins in feed ingredients Another worrying trend is the rising level of mycotoxin levels in feed ingredients. This is something which is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. As pointed out in the lead article, a key factor playing a substantial part in the prevalence and spread of mycotoxin levels in feed ingredients keeps rising and it is expected that this trend will continue in the upcoming years. One factor playing a substantial part in the prevalence and spread of mycotoxins is climate change, which has given rise to different types of mycotoxins.

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icam, a Waters Business, offers the Vertu TOUCH lateral flow reader for fast and pre-cise mycotoxin testing. The Vertu TOUCH, when used in conjunction with Vertu flow strip tests, provides accurate detection of major mycotoxins in a wide variety of sample types. Lateral flow technology enables food and agricultural operations worldwide to protect humans and animals from potentially lethal effects of contamination. The tech-nology is ideal for fast, easy and quantitative mycotoxin detection. The Vertu TOUCH lateral flow reader offers simple, touch screen operation, on-board data storage and transfer, optional printing and is ideal for field, process or laboratory testing environments. Vicam’s Myco 5-in PLUS strip tests when paired with the Vertu TOUCH lateral flow reader supports some of the toughest food and agricultural safety and regularly chal-lenges

with a simple, eco-friendly strip test that provides a single, 30-second water-based extraction and quantitative approach that delivers accurate, quantitative results for up to six major mycotoxins in just ten minutes. Recent studies show that multiple myco-toxins occur in more than half of cereal grain samples, compelling global grain handlers and processes to adapt preventive monitoring strategies for aflatoxin, vomitoxin (DON), fumonisin, ochratoxin A, T-2, HT-2 and zearalenone.

Aflatoxin is known to cause immune suppression, acute liver failure and is a potent car-cinogen even at low concentrations. When ochratoxin A cooccurs with aflatoxin in poul-try feed, a significant decrease in growth rate (P less than 0.05) and a rise in flock mor-tality have been observed. The ability to detect and quantify multiple mycotoxins ena-bles on-time raw materials management, saving valuable time and rework, while protecting livestock health and safety. Myco 5-in-1 PLUS enables grain and feed managers to obtain critical quality data before raw materials are accepted into storage or processing. Fully quantitative and fast, Myco 5-in-1 PLUS eliminates solvent use completely, reduces consumables and hands-on test time by over 77%. A truly simple, sustainable solution for mycotoxin prevention at the grain elevator or feed manufacturing operation.

Clariant’s Synergen® DRT: taking droneassisted pest management to new heights

he use of drones in farming can make crop spraying more precise, economical and safe, and due to these benefits, it is taking off on farms worldwide. However, it also brings new challenges: as drones have small tanks, they need to carry a more concentrated mix of actives and spray very fine drops to be effective. That’s why, as one of the leading global supplier of specialty chemicals for agriculture, Clariant has launched DropForward™: a focused approach to providing precision application with adjuvants and co-formulants. We offer our customers Synergen DRT: the first solution to come out of our DropForward concept. Synergen DRT, the drift control agent and biological activator specifically for drones. Developed in Clariant’s high-tech facilities in Germany, and under real-life conditions in Brazil, this high-performing adjuvant allows the application of standard pesticides under the low volume conditions of small drone tanks. “Synergen DRT helps to control drift and volatility of fine droplets during application and helps improving the coverage and penetration of the actives in the leaves, boosting biological performance as well as making drone spraying more sustainable and environmentally friendly,”

said Fabio Caravieri, Clariant’s Head of Marketing, Industrial & Consumer Specialties. Drones were used in several field tests in Brazil, in crops such as coffee, cotton, orange and wheat, spraying at low volume in experimental plots where increased coverage and deposition was observed with the addition of Synergen DRT in the application tank, resulting in higher product efficiency. The new adjuvant technology has shown that with small doses of the adjuvant, a robust performance is obtained in the control of drift and performance, even when used with mixtures of products, and standing out in the desiccation of weeds, ensuring higher efficacy of herbicides.”

“Precision farming, with increasingly data driven decision making, is the future and drones will play a big part in this. It is already used in fertilizer application due to significantly higher savings potential and the next big wave is expected to be with pesticides. Synergen DRT is cutting-edge adjuvant chemistry that is accelerating innovation and helping to position our customers at the forefront of a sustainable world,” said Christian Vang, Global Head of Industrial & Consumer Specialties. Synergen DRT is available worldwide. For more information, please visit clariant/DropForward.com.

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Advanced bulk storage management by grain cooling Authors: Dr. Braunbeck, Claus M. and Kolb, Ralph E. (2022) Frigor Tec GmbH, Hummelau 1, D-88279 Amtzell, Germany. Contact Mr. Marcel Berendsen e-mail: marcel.berendsen@frigortec. de (sales Manager EMEA)

torage management is responsible to maintain the quality of the grain before processing and to keep losses at a minimum. Common techniques include aeration, fumigation and moving the grain to avoid any damage of heat, insect or fungus. All three technologies are widely used at the industry but have challenges in regard of the ambient condition and the infrastructure of the storage. A good expertise is required to apply them effectively but often their effectiveness is limited or even fails. Therefore it is worth looking into the advanced bulk storage management by grain cooling. The way of grain cooling The grain cooler is connected to the grain storage and the conditioned air is blown into the grain bulk. The air flow passes the grain and removes the heat of the grain. The air takes heat form the grain and exits the storage. The grain cooling continues until the entire bulk is cooled to the desired temperature of around 10 to 18°C depending on the intended storage time. Then the grain cooler is turned off and the air inlet and vent openings are closed. The cooled grain kept in the storage until unloading or cooled again if the temperature will increase during storage. Principles of the application of silo in Figure 1.

caused by its cellular respiration and heating. The rate of the activity is dependent on the grain’s moisture content and temperature as shown in Figure 2 which cause exponential increase of respiration the higher they are.

Figure 4 Fungi development according to the temperature, relative humidity and grain’s moisture content

Figure 2 Heat generation during grain storage

The respiration leads to loss of grain weight, increases the heat of grain and rises its water content by oxidation of grain carbohydrates or fats. High water content reduces the storage life of the grain by favor the infestation of bacteria, mites, insects and fungi. A grain cooler reduces respiration and therefore the chances of grains being damaged during storage. Prevention of weevil development Weevils and other insects can damage stored grain and their activity and development is influenced by the temperature of their environment. At temperature above 20 to 32 °C the development of the insects is in optimum. However temperature less than 10 to 15°C reduce the activity. Therefore the grain is protected when it is chilled. The Figure 3 shows the details.

Figure 1 Application of grain cooler at silo

The achievements of grain cooling Prevention of Respiration Loss Grain continues to respire after being harvested. Losses in freshly harvested grain are primarily

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Prevention of fungi and mycotoxines The development of fungi depends on the temperature, the relative humidity and the grain’s moisture content. Their growth is prevented in the storage facility by drying and cooling of grain. The respiration activity of the grain affects the condition and lead to fungus growth. Thereby the danger of fungal contamination is not only the deterioration of the grain but the increase of mycotoxin which affect the health of human and animals. Grain cooling decrease fungal growth at low temperature even if grain’s moisture content is above 14% as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 3 Weevil development according to the temperature

Extension of storage time The safe storage period of grain is determined by the moisture content and the temperature of the grain. The storage timer in Figure 5 accordingly shows the estimated safe storage period of grain by matching the grain’s moisture content against its actual temperature. When both are connected the section of the line indicates the possible safe storage time of the grain on the vertical axis. It is obvious what grain cooling extends the safe storage life of grain. The example shows that for a moisture content of 14.5% the safe storage life at 31°C is around 18 days while at 10°C it is increased to around 300 days.

Figure 5 Storage timer of grain

Conclusion Grain cooling is a comprehensive solution for postharvest management which preserves a grain bulk. It brings benefits which keeps quantity and quality. and the processing of a grain in the most economic condition. Its implementation in the warm and humid climates leads to an essential improvement of grain handling, loss reduction and good management practice, which has been proven already for more than 50 years.

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READY… SET… COME EXPERIENCE IT!

he 54th NAMPO Harvest Day, planned to be presented for the first time over five days to allow for the reduced capacity, will showcase agriculture’s latest technology, machinery, innovations, and productivity solutions all on one platform. The 2022 theme “Experience It!” is an invitation to the agricultural industry and the public at large to experience the biggest agricultural show in the Southern Hemisphere, first hand. “Grain SA is delighted and thankful that the adjusted regulations will enable NAMPO 2022 to be hosted, and furthermore that we are capable to do it successfully at 50% of the Park’s capacity, under the adjusted regulations,” Dr Dirk Strydom, Grain SA’s Marketing, NAMPO & Research Coordination Lead said. “The NAMPO Harvest Day has always been an asset to agriculture and it’s people and it would be good to welcome everyone back to this showcase after the twoyear disruption”. Grain SA is committed to implementing appropriate and necessary measures and action plans in relation to the requirements of Government to host this event. “The health and safety of visitors, exhibitors, staff, sponsors and the entire agricultural community during the NAMPO Harvest Day remain paramount and the organisation will be further guided by current best

practice to ensure all appropriate and required health and safety checks are in place facilitating the hosting of a successful and valuable event to all involved,” Dr Pieter Taljaard, CEO of Grain SA said. “Adhering to the newly announced regulations, the NAMPO Harvest Day will welcome visitors who comply with the current required regulations of being fully vaccinated and in possession of a valid vaccination certificate or unvaccinated but in possession of a valid certificate of a negative COVID-19 test, obtained not more than 72hrs prior to entering the park” Toit Wessels, Assistant Manager: NAMPO confirmed. Presenting the Harvest Day will provide a muchneeded injection to the local economy after its two-year hiatus, with many small business owners relying heavily on the income made possible as a result of this agricultural platform. Furthermore, the economic importance of NAMPO to the corporate, medium, and small businesses from all over South Africa participating in the show cannot be underestimated. “While we might have to do some things a little differently, our aim is to still present a diversified agricultural trade exhibition of world standing, benefiting the broader agricultural value chain,” Strydom said.

Even amidst the uncertainty, NAMPO is pleased to announce a full list of exhibitors. This, coupled with the size of the grounds and the infrastructure that is well distributed promises to provide a SAFE and PEACEFUL family-friendly experience offering something for everyone. For those who always wondered, and for every return visitor doubting if they would have forgotten the sights and sounds, you are invited to visit the 2022 NAMPO Harvest Day… and Experience It! Come and experience an extra day at the 2019 entrance fee. In partnership with TicketPro, only online ticket sales will be provided and available in the first week of April. Reservations for the everpopular tented hotel on the northern boundary of the park is open and further information regarding the NAMPO Harvest Day can be obtained at www.nampo.co.za. Source: Grain SA

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Applying centrifugal fans to grain aeration

By Lawrence Paganga

he production of grain is a key element in the provision of required food for both milling, and livestock production. When grain is harvested, it is important to keep the grain in good condition, and placed into storage structures that can protect them from the environment. However, the grain needs to be maintained in a good condition during storage by the means of aeration. The aeration of grain is accomplished by moving air through the grain mass to assist in maintaining the grain quality. The application of a properly sized centrifugal fan is the tool that will deliver air to the grain. According to engineering manager for grain conditioning at Chief Industries Inc, Paul Oberbrockling, applying a centrifugal fan assists in maintaining grain quality. “The leading cause of post-harvest spoilage is the mismanagement of the grain temperature. Maintaining proper temperatures in the grain mass will prevent moisture from moving throughout the silo and accumulating in the grain that is cooler,” he said. “Grain is a living organism that has a natural respiration process. The respiration process produces both moisture and heat. The grain respirates at a faster rate with higher temperatures, and mold spores become more active at higher temperatures. Therefore, it

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is important to keep the grain as cool as possible.” Oberbrockling added: “Grain has good insulating properties, as a result over time the temperature of the grain at the wall will be at the temperature of the wall. The grain in the center of the grain mass will be the temperature of the grain at the time the silo was filled. The differences in temperature will result in moisture migration within the grain. Moisture will condense in the cooler area of the silo, resulting in an increase in the grain moisture content. Aeration is used to maintain a uniform temperature within the grain.” He said grain should also be cooled gradually to avoid condensation that can result from warm moist air leaving the grain mass and contacting cool surfaces. “The stored grain should be monitored to make sure problems with rising temperature do not occur. On silos with temperature cables, check the temperature of the grain on a regular basis. When temperature cables are not present in the silo, check the top surface of the grain. Check for a condition of crusting on the top surface of the grain and operate the centrifugal fan to check for odors exhausting from the grain.” “Aeration to maintain grain in a good condition is accomplished by the use of a centrifugal fan to deliver ambient air to the grain mass.

The application of a centrifugal fan is established by selecting the fan that can deliver the desired airflow rate through the grain to be aerated.” “The ability of the centrifugal fan to deliver the air volume required is based upon the physical characteristics of the impellor. The larger the diameter of the impellor, the greater the ability to overcome the resistance of the grain. For a particular impellor diameter, the wider the impellor width, the greater the air volume developed by the centrifugal fan.” Every centrifugal fan has a static pressure operation range. The most efficient operation of a centrifugal fan occurs when the resistance from the grain results in the fan operating in the upper range of its static pressure operation range. It is critical not to specify a centrifugal fan for operation beyond its particular operating range to avoid the fan operation being unstable. Oberbrockling said centrifugal fans have much quieter operating characteristics than that of axial fans. The rotating impellor of a centrifugal fan is guarded to prevent the operator from coming into with the moving part. “Centrifugal fans are widely used for grain storage applications. The matrix of centrifugal fan operating characteristics allows for a fan selection to meet the requirements of the desired aeration system.”

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FEATURE

How Seed And Grain Processors Can Profit From The Latest Sorting Technologies The increasing global demand for seeds and grains, including seed corn and coffee beans, is a great opportunity for food processors to swell their revenue streams. To profit from these expanding markets, however, it is necessary to overcome some operational challenges. Here we identify those challenges, take a brief look at the technologies available to solve them, and explain why they can open doors to new business.

Big opportunities One main reason for the booming popularity of seeds and grain - and for experts forecasting that sales will keep rising for years to come - is income growth in highly-populated developing nations. Every year, millions of more people find they have more money to spend on fast-moving consumer goods, including food. We have already seen seismic shifts in global consumerism because of economic growth in the earth’s most populous nation, China - and a recent study of 130 nations by economic analysts FocusEconomics concluded that the world’s fastest-growing economy in the next five years will be that of the second-most populous, India. The other main reason is the strengthening trend, particularly in developed nations, for healthy foods. Shoppers are increasingly looking for

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‘clean-label’ products containing natural and nutritious ingredients, meaning that seeds and grains are being added to more foods than ever before. The best-selling examples of this are bread, bakery goods, and snack bars - all produced and consumed in vast quantities. This is more than just a consumer fad or a blip on sales graphs. Market researchers forecast that during the next five years (and probably for much longer) the seed market will expand in annual value at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6-8%, rising from $63bn in 2020 to $85-90bn in 2025. In the same period, the grain market is expected to expand at a CAGR of about 6%, from $1,150bn to $1,556bn. It is also worth remembering that grains include coffee beans, the source of one of the most

widely-consumed drinks on the planet. Coffee prices reached new record highs in fall 2021, according to the World Coffee Organization. Though crop prices fluctuate because of weather conditions and variable yields, global demand is heading relentlessly upwards. Over the next five years, the annual value of the coffee bean market is expected to increase from $27bn at a CAGR of 6.7%. Much of this growth is being driven by rising demand for coffee capsules for home consumption and the opening of new franchise outlets such as CCD and Starbucks in many nations worldwide - including China and India. Processing challenges The key challenge facing processors is that new sales conquests are most likely to be made in export markets where product imperfections aren’t tolerated. This makes it more important

than ever for processing lines to detect and eject foreign materials, defective products, cross-contaminated products, and products contaminated with mycotoxins. One mycotoxin, aflatoxin, is a real concern: this naturallyoccurring poison can contaminate corn kernels intended for use in foods for human consumption and for pets, can all-too-easily prove lethal for cats and dogs, and yet is extremely difficult to detect. Another challenge is that supply lags behind demand for many types of seeds and grains, but it can take years to plant more crops or enhance

crop yields. This means processors must be more effective than ever at reducing food waste. It is no longer acceptable to use outdated sorting methods that discard large amounts of good product when rejecting bad products. Besides this, rejecting too much good-in-bad is throwing away potential income. Yet another challenge, certain to become more widespread in the near future, is the emergence of genetically modified crops. Though the sale of GM foods will become more commonplace, they are unlikely to be welcomed by all consumers and may even be restricted or banned by some food

regulators. This makes it essential for processors to prevent non-GM foods from becoming crosscontaminated with GM foods. It is also important to prevent cross-contamination, resulting in products containing unintended ingredients, such as soy, which are allergens. Reasons for optimism The good news is that all of these challenges even the well-hidden threat posed by aflatoxin - can be met by using modern optical sorting machines. Industry-leader TOMRA Food offers a wide range of sorting solutions with various levels of sophistication to perform tasks of varying complexity. These machines are precisely calibrated for specific food applications and highly effective for many types of seed and grain. TOMRA machines are currently in operation around the world, sorting seed and feed corn, dry beans, lentils, chickpeas, dry peas, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds, and roasted and unroasted coffee beans. As well as enhancing food safety and product quality, TOMRA’s sorters deliver other benefits. These machines can grade to specification, increase removal efficiency, minimize false rejects, reduce or eliminate the need for manual intervention, and reduce or eliminate dependence on manual labor. The last point is especially important in developing nations where processors have traditionally relied on people rather than machines for sorting: whereas manual sorting is subjective, imperfect, and especially vulnerable to error when workers are

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FEATURE

tired or bored, automated sorters can work for hour after hour with superior accuracy, consistent standards, and unflagging efficiency. What’s more, TOMRA’s machines are designed to be easy to keep clean, improve food hygiene, and be easily maintained, reducing line downtime. And because TOMRA’s machine platforms are robust, and their optical sensors are optimally located, sorting performance remains stable even when working conditions are dusty or subject to temperature extremes. Users find there is little or no degradation in sorting performance from the beginning of a shift to the end. Wide-ranging sorting solutions TOMRA’s sorters can inspect materials passing along the processing line according to their shape, color, structure, and biological characteristics. Which of these capabilities a machine possesses depends upon its technical specification, which will incorporate one or more ways of ‘seeing’: x-ray, high-resolution cameras, lasers, near-infrared (NIR) optical sensors, and TOMRA’s unique Biometric Signature Identification technology. A variety of TOMRA machines are best-suited to seeds and grains: the Ixus Bulk, Zea, TOMRA 3C, and Nimbus BSI+, depending on the specific requirements. The Ixus Bulk employs the latest x-ray and imaging technology to detect high-density foreign materials such as metal, stones, glass, and plastics. The Zea, developed specifically for the seed corn industry, is an affordable sensor-based machine for sorting and grading ear corn husk, defects, disease, and size.

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The TOMRA 3C combines high-resolution cameras with LED lighting plus laser or NIR units to remove foreign materials and product defects. This affordable and compact machine needs very little floor space and is loved by operators for its intuitive TOMRA ACT user interface. It works by pouring infeed materials into a hopper, then sending the feed to fall onto a vibration plate, which is spread evenly on an infeed chute. The materials then fall further into a detection area, where they are inspected by a dual laser and double-sided high-resolution cameras. In a matter of milliseconds, the intelligent inspection system rejects all defects. The acceptable product continues through the accept chute while the flaws are diverted via the reject chute. The TOMRA 3C’s technologies result in numerous advantages. The dual laser-induced scattering

results in superior glass and foreign material removal; the double-sided RGB cameras, combined with high intensity LED lighting, remove the subtlest color and shape defects; the high-speed ejection valve results in an exceptionally low rate of false rejects; intelligent auto-cleaning sustains the machine’s optimum performance; and the control interface, with a large touch screen showing application-specific tuning parameters, is easy for operators to use. The Nimbus BSI+ uniquely combines lasers with NIR, visible spectroscopy, and TOMRA’s patented BSI+ scanner, which can detect objects’ biometric characteristics. This is also a freefall machine: a feed shaker or hopper uniformly spreads the product over the free-fall chute, and after the product falls down to the inspection zone, it is scanned by cameras, lasers or BSI+, or a combination of these. A few milliseconds after this assessment is made, the defects are hit with a precise and powerful burst of air which sends them into the rejection zone while the good product continues its natural free-fall. The Nimbus BSI+’s sophisticated technologies enable it to ‘see’ through a broader spectrum than other machines and to make more accurate decisions about the acceptability and grading of materials on the line. When equipped with the BSI+ scanner, the Nimbus is capable of detecting both color and chemical composition in the same pass, and of removing unwanted materials and product defects that would get past other sorters undetected - and when the Nimbus is equipped with the Detox laser module, it can also detect the presence of aflatoxin.

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One of the businesses that have significantly benefitted from using the Nimbus BSI+ is Legumbres Selectas Sierra Nevada, a Spanish enterprise specializing in superior-quality pulses. The company’s CEO, Vicente Jiménez Blanes, says: “When I first saw this machine in operation, I knew it was exceptional, but I never imagined what it was capable of. The results are amazing: 99.9% product purity, and we have gone from processing 500 kilograms per hour to a total installed capacity of 5,000 kilograms per hour. The leap has been spectacular - installing the two Nimbus BSI+ machines is the best thing we’ve done in our company’s 57-year history.” Another very satisfied user of the TOMRA 3C, and of the IXUS, is Termont & Thomaes, a

successful business in the Netherlands which has been specializing in the sale of legumes, grains and seeds for more than 100 years. Ettienne Notschaele, process operator at the company’s plant in the town of Biervliet, commented: “With TOMRA’s machines, product quality and process quantities both increase. The result of using the TOMRA 3C and the IXUS is lower yield-loss and happier customers. We are also very happy with the guidance and help we get from TOMRA, whose team really put their heads together to come up with solutions which help us progress.” Test and Demonstration Center To ensure that operators extract each machine’s full potential, TOMRA provides on-site training for

customers, as well as making technical experts accessible via a helpline. And with the recentlylaunched smartphone app TOMRA Visual Assist, TOMRA field service engineers and customers can work closely together even when they are thousands of miles apart. The engineer can provide detailed advice just as if standing right in front of the customer’s machine, and both the engineer and the customer can share documents or annotate images to clarify and explain directions. Before getting to this stage, food producers are welcome to try-out TOMRA’s machines with their own infeed materials at TOMRA’s nearest Test and Demonstration Centre. There are 8 demo centers around the world in California, Chile, Belgium, Turkey, China, India, Japan and Ireland). Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, TOMRA also offers Online Demonstration Centers. These show tests via a live video link, with viewers encouraged to ask questions, make requests, and direct one of the cameras showing the proceedings. After the test’s conclusion, observers are provided with a video and report which quantifies results in detail. These demonstrations mean that customers can be confident of a machine’s capabilities and suitability before deciding to invest in the technology. And it’s an investment that pays back in many ways: by differentiating better-equipped processors to gain them a competitive advantage; by opening new doors to markets which demand high product standards; and by protecting that most valuable of all business assets, brand reputation.

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FEATURE

Zero tillage making farming profitable in Africa

ero tillage is making farming productive profitable in Africa while also improving soil health, yields for farmers especially in Uganda, Algeria, Lesotho and Zambia. Farmers in these countries have realised the environmental and economic benefits of adopting zero tillage on their land. Rural Enterprise Development Services in Uganda is training, advising and guiding small-acreage farmers in the adoption of better farm practices and alternative technologies, helping the farmers become more efficient and more productive. “By adopting no-till, Ugandan farmers have seen improved crop emergence, less crop stress, more soil water retention and improved soil structure. No-till also substantially reduces the amount of labor needed,” said George Kaweesi. “No-till matters because it makes life easier and more profitable for the women and children who do much of the farming work,” he says. Within the first season of adopting no-till, yields increased by up to 100% with more efficient utilisation of both on-farm and purchased inputs. Farm family nutrition also improved dramatically through the integration of high-protein legumes. Farm revenues have increased with the development of off-farm business opportunities and increased marketing of crops not needed

for family consumption. The economic impacts of no-tillage are especially significant for lowincome countries. Benkhelifa Mohammed, who farms in Mostaganem, Algeria, was among the first farmers to use the results of a no-till research trial in Algeria’s semi-arid climate. Mohammed says no-till will revolutionize smallscale crop production in many poor countries that have limited water and little mechanization. Approximately 80% of the residents of Lesotho, a small country completely surrounded by South Africa, depend on farming to survive. Yields declined by as much as 50% in the last few decades due to severely degraded soils, and as a result, the country had high unemployment rates in the mid-1990s. During a Peace Corps tour, Terry Ellard of Seattle, the US was convinced that no-till farming was the only way to save the country’s soils. In 2011, Ellard started a project locally in Lesotho to manufacture farming tools other than plows. He returned to the U.S. after the tour ended in 2013 and began learning more about no-till to help design no-till appropriate tools that can be produced in African countries. “No-till is the only way to save the severely degraded soils found in many of Africa’s smaller countries,” Ellard says.

“Due to climate change, droughts are much more common. When rains come, they are often intense downpours and erosion can be a serious problem.” No-till helps farmers in Zambia manage brush fires, also on the rise with climate change. Adrian Bignell, who farms in Zambia, says yield losses due to unexpected brush fires are among the biggest cropping concerns in central Africa. Even with firebreaks around his fields, a brush fire managed to jump the fireguard and burn a corner of a field. Soybeans planted in the area showed some of the many benefits of no-tilling in managing harsh conditions. Bignell says the stunted soybean growth in the burned corner was clearly visible during one of the hottest and driest growing seasons on record in that region of Africa. “At harvest, there was a 30 bushel per acre difference between the burned corner and the remainder of the field, with the unburned area yielding 48 bushels per acre,” Bignell says. “A loss in residue cover and less effective use of limited moisture clearly demonstrated the value of no-tilling in some of the driest areas of the world.”

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COVER STORY

Livestock vaccination

Effective vaccination, Productive Livestock There have been recorded cases of tickborne diseases in the past eighteen months in various countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. A multisectoral approach is needed to contain the spread. However, in the end, the buck stops with livestock farmers themselves: FMD control measures, and animal vaccination is a private business decision as it is their invaluable assets that are affected. Stakeholders can only do so much.

the risk diseases pose to livestock should not be underestimated. Some of the prevalence cases are: East coast fever, foot and mouth and • East coast fever In Sub-Saharan Africa, East Coast Fever is regarded as the most prevalent tick-borne disease (TBD) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Online research journal, Science Direct indicates that approximately 98 percent of cattle in Uganda and 80 percent of cattle in Nigeria are infested with ticks. This renders the cattle vulnerable to East Coast fever and other tick borne diseases. Other countries may be just as vulnerable with the transborder nature of the spread of outbreaks. • Foot and mouth disease In the past 18 months, cases of Foot-and-mouth disease have been recorded in Tanzania and Southern Africa, mainly Zimbabwe, South Africa and Botswana. FMD is a viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. It has negative impacts for both large and small-scale farmers in endemic countries. • Lumpy skin and theileriosis Recently, lumpy skin and theileriosis have been diagnosed amongst cattle in Zimbabwe. Far-reaching impact The abovementioned cases are only a tip of the iceberg. Nonetheless, they clearly mirror the vulnerability livestock farming in Africa has to tickborne diseases. The recorded loss of livestock to diseases is not merely a collation of statistics. It has a far-reaching impact, conspicuously, from economic and health perspectives.

By Eric Peters

n most cases – which is unfortunate - livestock farmers are only awakened from their slumber of indifference to effectively protect their assets after an outbreak of disease, and have to bear the costly burden of containment. And most often than not, the results are with mixed success. And bearing in mind the risks their livestock faces, there is a pressing need for a shift in the approach to mitigating the outbreak of diseases, especially the correlation between climate change and growing prevalence of tickborne diseases. Climate change Climate change has increased the urgency amongst livestock farmers to protect their animals from contamination. Due to climate change, there are unpredictable weather patterns which are causing above-average rainfall. Typically, heavy rainfall conditions are a conducive environment

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for the breeding of ticks, biting flies, midges and mosquitoes, which are causative agents for the outbreak of diseases – increase in potential disease infection. With heavy rainfall patterns becoming normal, it is paramount that livestock farmers adopt various measures to protect their stock from contamination. And one of the timehonoured approaches is effective vaccination. The significance of vaccination programmes in the current environment does not have to be overemphasised. An analysis of the risks that livestock farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa face makes one better comprehend the urgent need for effective implementation of vaccination initiatives which is carried out timeously using established methods. Level of risk Recent reports of intermittent outbreaks in different countries on the continent indicate that

• Economic From an economic perspective, losses recorded in livestock amount to billions of dollars in SubSahara Africa annually. The impact of individual countries can be devastating, especially considering that most of the countries are lowincome. For instance, Uganda has lost about 1 billion dollars, and that is only a conservative estimate. An outbreak can deprive farmers of income. In Tanzania, FMD costs farmers massive losses due to low milk and beef production. Tanzania has the second largest livestock population in Africa –population of 32 million cattle, 20 million goats, 5 million sheep, 2 million pigs, and 42.7 million chickens (as of 2019, now it must be higher). • Risk to humans Various literature from the World Health Organisation (WHO) highlights the health risk of the spread of disease from livestock to humans. In an article in this edition, carcinogenic aflatoxins (mycotixins) can spread from livestock products to humans.

a Better Environment, and a Better Life. The FAO highlights in a review: “Sustainable animal production as well as the health and vaccination of livestock are essential to achieve the 4 Betters”.

• Food and nutrition security As a result of loss of stock, scarcity of livestock products in dietary requirements could result in a food and nutrition security issue. Prevention better than cure In livestock health, prevention is always better than cure, as the treatment options that are available are always out of reach from a cost perspective. In the case of tickborne diseases, the use of pesticides to eliminate tick infestation should be complemented with vaccination to protect livestock from contamination. By vaccinating animals, people who handle them, those in proximity and consumers of livestock

products are protected too. Veterinary vaccines and immunisation protect not only animals but also public health, according to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), an entity of the United Nations. This is highlighted in the new FAO-led publication entitled “Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications”.

The ball is entirely in the farmer’s court For disease control to be more effective, multisectoral involvement is vital. The government departments, relevant non government agencies, members of the public and, most importantly, livestock farmers themselves. At the end of the day, the buck stops with livestock farmers themselves: FMD control measures, and animal vaccination is a private business decision as it is their assets that are affected. The Science Direct mentions one of the barriers to the control of outbreaks as farmers’ reluctance to participate in vaccination programmes when advised to do so. In most cases, the farmers rue their indecision, after losing millions of dollars of their assets.

The One Health - One Planet approach to tackle diseases from all fronts, given the interconnected relationship between the health of people, animals, plants and the environment.

Thus, it does not have to be overstated that it is important for farmers to be proactive, act promptly at the earliest warning of potential outbreak, such as increase in flies or midges. Early vaccination is key. The rule of the thumb is: Vaccinate animals early and correctly. A classic example of the efficacy of vaccination is that 100% of animals that were correctly vaccinated against Rift Valley fever had antibodies against the disease in South Africa over the past two years.

FAO regards vaccination as one the way of achieving the goal of achieving the Four Betters: Better Production, Better Nutrition,

Credits: Ruminant Veterinary Association of South Africa, National Animal Health Forum (NAHF)

Foot and Mouth Free Zones in countries

accination is only a part of protecting livestock against infection in order to make their respective livestock sectors more competitive. The World Health Organisation recommends the establishment of FMD-free zones to increase the export of animals and animal products. This is in line with international guidelines, and the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) agreement. The creation of the disease-free zone promotes the availability of safe and quality food products for local and export markets. Eventually, livestock producers and businesses in the value chain earn more revenue. Further, the burden on the country’s veterinary services personnel is lessened, freeing them to focus on other tasks.

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FEATURE

Livestock vaccination

Addressing Africa’s Vaccination Challenges There has been a rise in disease outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa in the past five years. This situation is posing a great risk to the long-term sustainability of the livestock farming business. In an interview with Bernard Bett, Senior Scientist at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Australia, FARMERs REVIEW AFRICA (FRA) finds out about factors that could be leading to the rise of this worrying phenomenon and how to address them. By Bertha M FRA: Is there any correlation between climate change and recent increasing prevalence of livestock diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa’s tropical conditions? BB: To a large extent, yes. Climate change has increased climate variability, leading to prolonged droughts and heavy and frequent downpours. These changes increase the spread of many climate-sensitive diseases. Droughts for example encourage animals to congregate in large populations in wet areas in the drylands, therefore promoting the spread of contagious diseases like FMD. Floods enhance vector-borne diseases like Rift Valley fever. Increasing temperatures also make new areas – mainly highlands –suitable for many vector-borne diseases, for example, tickborne infections. FRA: Can climate change impact the efficacy of vaccines developed for livestock in sub-Saharan Africa? If so, in what ways? BB: It is difficult to respond to this question

because we haven’t done much research on the topic. Conditions that support vaccine distribution are usually provided, for example, cold chain, and so vaccine efficacy can be kept at optimal levels. However, it may be argued that heat stress that comes with climate change may impair physiological conditions of the animals being vaccinated, which may then lead to reduced immunological responses when vaccinated. I haven’t seen any research on this aspect and so it may be necessary to investigate if this hypothesis holds. FRA: Could this phenomenon impact the availability of vaccines (supply chain)? BB: Possibly. Vaccines would need to be delivered using cold chain technologies. This will make them more expensive in the final run and hence reduce vaccination coverage. FRA: One of the challenges encountered is the availability of relevant medicines and logistical challenges in administering vaccination campaigns. In what ways would you suggest

governments could help in making veterinary vaccines available to livestock farmers on time and in the right quantities? BB: I would suggest the following ways to be adopted: a. Delivering vaccines for multiple diseases at the same time. This reduces costs for each vaccine, and hence farmers may benefit from bundled services; b. Providing more accurate information on vaccination campaigns to farmers. It has been found out that messages given out by veterinary departments on vaccination campaigns are usually inadequate; and c. Pay attention to gender dimensions – work more with women and with women animal health service providers. FRA: What would you recommend as properties of vaccines suitable for disease outbreaks in Africa? BB: Should provide long-term immunity given that it is usually difficult to track and re-vaccinate animals at short time intervals FRA: What do you foresee as risks to Africa’s livestock vaccination initiative? BB: The following could be regarded as risks to Africa’s livestock vaccination initiative: a. Poor uptake of vaccines will continue to affect the initiative. Farmers usually go for curative rather than preventative animal health services. Behavioural interventions for this practice are needed; b. Capacities to develop vaccines by local institutions are still low. This is a worrying trend given that the region cannot afford to continue depending on external agents to supply vaccines that should be developed locally; and c. Decentralisation of veterinary services in some countries negatively affects performance of these institutions.

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FEATURE

Understanding Genetics When Raising Livestock A

n animal’s biological system is just as important to understand as humans. Genetics impacts health, which is essential when raising livestock. Sick animals can infect others and lead to lost profits. Here are some tips for understanding livestock genetics.

It’s also essential to look for economically important factors, such as: • Environmental adaptability • Temperament • Reproduction ability • Longevity • Body size

Start by Considering Production Conditions It’s essential to understand how animals adapt to certain conditions. One of these factors is climate. Different cattle adapt better to particular environments. For example, the Brangus cow cross-breed adapts to hot, humid temperatures. Understanding this information helps you select livestock better suited for your area’s conditions.

You may have to inspect the animal or use your objective judgment to elevate these traits. For example, it’s hard to determine reproductive ability from just a glance, so personal tests or ultrasound estimates are advisable. Genomic techniques are also being developed but are in the earlier stages. 4.

Also, notice animals’ forage habitats, which is the food they live on, such as legumes and grasses. It’s essential to give your livestock the right nutrients. For example, horses need plenty of vitamins E, A and C in their diet. Also, be sure to stockpile for winter grazing to prevent feeding animals dried forage. It’s also important to employ skilled laborers who are knowledgeable about genetics. Some strategies may take more time to learn and impact market conditions. Some markets require more lean animals. For example, fed beef is used for three main purposes: restaurants, lean meat, and the commodity or retail market. 2.

Determine the Best Types of Cattle Find animals that fit your production conditions or you risk lower performance and reduced income. Use technology, such as manure testing and tagging, to ensure cattle stay healthy. Pay attention to climate preferences when picking the best livestock for production. Select cows that are native to regions with similar weather. Consider forage conditions as well. For example, small to medium-sized cattle are best for sparse areas. Larger cows are better for more abundant needs. If you’re selling, pay attention to factors like production efficiency and calf value. Efficiency is usually influenced by post-weaning performance. These factors can help you sell at a reasonable price.

Develop a Breeding System Plan There are two types of breeding systems: continuous and terminal. The main difference is the source of replacement females. It is continuous if the cows are chosen from the current breeding herd, so select one based on its environmental adaptability and maternal qualities. On the other hand, terminal is when you purchase or produce a female from another herd. This can offer more flexibility in choosing desired traits. It’s vital to understand which system will best meet your production goals. Straight breeding is common in commercial production, but crossbreeding can offer advantages in production, efficiency and marketability. 3.

Choose Your Breeding Stock Carefully Once you select individual types, you need to pick the best breeding stock. Males have more genetic influence since they create more calves due to artificial insemination. Therefore, look for one who is strong, fertile and active.

Pay Attention to the Animals’ Temperament Temperament focuses on an animal’s behavior during handling, such as being moved or milked. Some act more docile and others are more aggressive and struggle. Finding welltempered livestock is essential to running a smooth operation. One of the issues with more aggressive livestock is harming humans. It can slow down the overall production process and result in lost profits. Temperament may also influence beef cattle growth, feeding efficiency and meat quality. The trait must be defined and measured to ensure the safety and efficiency of production. First, it’s essential to develop a clear definition of the behavior or response. Then come up with a way to assess the trait through a measurement system and use it as a screening tool when selecting breeding animals. Importance of Genetics When Raising Livestock An animal’s genetics play a role in raising and purchasing livestock. It’s essential to understand how they adapt to the climate and their marketable traits, so consider these tips to manage your breed successfully. Bio: Jane is an agriculture and environmental journalist and the founder and editor-in-chief of Environment.co, where she covers sustainability and eco-friendly living.

March - April 2022 | 39

FEATURE

KSADP launches mass livestock vaccination

ano state Agro-Pastoral Development Project, KSADP, has launched the 2022 free, mass livestock campaign, targeting 1, 025, 000 cattle and 750, 000 goats and sheep, in Kano, expected to gulp N170, 440, 870. Funds for the exercise were provided by the Islamic Development Bank, IsDB, and the Lives and Livelihoods Fund, LLF, through the Islamic Solidarity Fund for Development, ISFD, the poverty alleviation arm of the Islamic Development Bank Group, for purchase of vaccines, consumables, training and logistics, among others. The objective is to protect the livestock from Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, CBPP, and Peste des Petits Ruminants, PPR, major diseases challenging their productivity and health. It is also to improve the livestock’s overall quality of life, prevent economic loss and promote human health. Nigeria is one of the five leading livestock producers in sub-Saharan Africa and livestock plays a significant role in the nation’s economy, contributing over 20% of the total agricultural gross domestic product (GDP). A significant number of the country’s estimated 20.7 million cattle, 43.4 million sheep, 76 million

goats are found in Kano, apparently owing to the states’ relative peace.

of transforming the agricultural sector, thereby making life better for our people”.

Flagging-off the exercise at Kadawa, Garun Mallam local government area, Kano State governor, Dr. Abdullahi Umar Ganduje noted that majority of peasants in the state depend on domestic livestock, especially cattle, sheep and goats, not just as a source of food but as a source of income, adding that outbreak of livestock diseases is capable of devastating their livelihoods. “It is gratifying to note that from the data available to us so far, the CBPP and PPR vaccination exercise conducted last year was very successful as 701, 042 Cattle and 663,570 sheep and goats were vaccinated. I did not receive information on outbreak of CBPP and PPR in Kano last year but, we are not relenting in our effort”, the governor maintained.

The State Project Coordinator, Kano AgroPastoral Development Project, KSADP, Malam Ibrahim Garba Muhammad highlighted that the 220 Community Animal Health Workers engaged by the KSADP, 30 International Committee for Red Cross supported Community Animal Health Workers and 880 inoculators would conduct the exercise, under the supervision of 41 veterinary doctors. He added that the vaccination, which would be conducted jointly with the State Ministry of Agriculture, would last four weeks, stressing that more personnel than those of last year were engaged, to widen impact of the exercise.

“I wish to express profound appreciation to the Islamic Development Bank and the Lives and Livelihood Funds. Without their moral and material support, this activity would not have taken place. These organizations have invested heavily in the Kano State Agro-Pastoral Development Project, making it easier for us to attain our objective

Meanwhile, Governor Ganduje, used the occasion to inaugurate the 220 Community Animal Health Workers engaged by the KSADP and supported with kits worth N70. 6 million, containing basic equipment and drugs, to enable them offer basic animal health services in their localities. In return for such services, they will charge fees to restock and make a living.

ISDB/LLF project seeks genetic improvement of local cattle in Kano with N113 million investment

overnor Abdullahi Umar Ganduje of Kano State, on Saturday launched the Kadawa Animal Insemination Center, renovated and equipped by the Kano state Agro-Pastoral Development Project, KSADP, at the cost of over N103 million. The project also replenished the AI center with five exotic bulls worth N9. 2 million, with the intention to inseminate at least 25, 000 cows annually. In artificial insemination, semen of bulls of superior quality is collected and used to inseminate females to conceive offspring with desired traits, such as high milk yield and disease resistance. Many pastoralists and livestock breeders in the Kano state, like elsewhere in Nigeria, are traditionalists with little or no knowledge of the benefits of breeding through AI. However, experts are of the opinion that extensive acceptance of AI not only in Kano but the whole of Nigeria would result in the development of a more productive cattle population. At the moment, Nigerian cows produces an average of one litre

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of milk a day which is a small quantity compared to cows in the UK for example, where cows yield 22 litres per day on average. During the ceremony which was attended by high profile stakeholders in the dairy sector, including pastoralists associations, Governor Ganduje stated that “this is aimed at achieving genetic improvement of our local cattle for productivity, thereby significantly improving the income of our herdsmen and mitigating the population’s nutrition challenges”. The governor said his administration is promoting AI as part of deliberate moves to change herdsmanship from a socio-cultural activity to a socio-economic venture, in tandem with prevailing realities across the globe. “We are immensely grateful to the Islamic Development Bank and the Lives and Livelihood Funds, LLF, not only for this AI Center but for many other projects across the state, in which they invested resources, with the aim of addressing

the challenges of poverty, food security and unemployment facing our people”, he concluded. The Chief Veterinary Officer of Nigeria, Dr. Olaniyan Alabi, represented by Dr. Gana, praised the Gnaduje administration for its commitment and love for the livestock sub-sector, saying it is in line with the Federal Government’s dedication to transforming the sector for enhanced productivity and improved livelihoods of livestock value chain actors. The State Project Coordinator, KSADP, Malam Ibrahim Garba Muhammad, said his project, which is funded by the Islamic Development Bank and the Lives and Livelihood Funds, revived the AI Center as part of wide-scale initiatives to deepen agro-pastoral productivity and production enhancement. Such include breed improvement, livestock productivity and production enhancement, commercial fodder production, crop residue utilization from emerging sources, establishment of fodder banks, improving animal health services, upgrade of 20 slaughter houses and establishment of 200 milk collection centers.

FEATURE

Dealing with snakes on farms from a snakebite could also lead to severe injury or even loss of the animal. There is unfortunately no product available that will repel snakes and the best thing to do to keep your livestock safe is to decrease the number of woodpiles, scrap metal and compost heaps in your animal camps. The less places there are to hide the less is the chance of encountering a snake. Where chickens are kept ensure that there are no small holes or cracks for the snakes to crawl through and elevate the coups off the ground. 4.

aving the privilege of living on a farm comes with unique risks, like dealing with snakes. Farms provide ideal conditions for flourishing rodent populations, adequate hiding places for snakes, and reduced snake prosecution allowing healthy population numbers. When discussing the topic of dealing with snakes important questions include: “Are snakes good for my farm, how can I ensure safe interactions when dealing with snakes, and what to do when livestock suffers from a snakebite?” In this article, Nick Van Der Walt, hopes to answer a few of your answers and increase awareness about the importance of snakes in the rural setting. 1. Are Snakes Good for My Farm? Snakes have a bad reputation, especially in African culture, but snakes are great to have on a farm. Snakes should be seen as a blessing and not a curse. Most snakes on the African continent eat rodents at some stage of their lives. Rodents are carriers of various diseases like Rabies, they can destroy crops and feed stores in large numbers, and cause damage to the electrical wiring of vehicles and buildings. A single snake can control thousands of rodents by preying on the breeding adults! So instead of reaching for a spade or pesticides which have far-reaching consequences for all sorts of other wildlife, rather just leave the snakes to do their jobs. 2.

How Do I Ensure Safe Interactions With Snakes Educate yourself about the different snakes found in your area, along with their habits and

A Mozambique Spitting Cobra spreading a hood ©Shane Peel snakebite protocols. The safest thing to do when encountering a snake is to simply leave it alone, remain calm, and back away slowly. At times it might be necessary to remove a dangerous snake and we highly recommend getting appropriate training before you attempt this. Teach children to stay away from snakes even if they look dead, snakebite from a dead snake is still possible when handled recklessly. Do not try to capture the snake for identification purposes, as this is not necessary for the administration of antivenom in the event of a snakebite. 3.

How Do I Protect My Livestock From Snakes On The Farm? Even though snakes are beneficial to every farm there is no denying that they can cause financial damage to livestock as they often eat chicken eggs as well as the chickens. An animal suffering

How Do I Deal with Livestock Suffering from Snakebite? Snakes are a part of livestock farming in Africa and will be encountered from time to time. Cattle and sheep grazing close to the ground are commonly affected with goats being somewhat less susceptible to snakebite events. Diagnosing a snakebite can be challenging with many bites being dry bites that don’t’ often result in visible injury. Notable symptoms may include puncture wounds at the site of the bite, bleeding, and swelling around the muzzle, nose, and dewlap areas as these are in closer contact with the ground than other body parts. Swelling at the site of the snakebite can become infected or necrosed and result in an abscess. Swelling around the facial area can compromise and restrict breathing. Cleaning the immediate area with an antiseptic solution such as iodine and light dressing is advised and restricting the animal’s movement as far as possible such as a holding pen to limit movement of venom throughout the body as far as possible. Keep the animal calm and in the shade. Antivenom is the only curative treatment available for a snakebite but impractical in the agricultural setting. Referral to a veterinarian is required for antibiotic treatment with a cephalosporin-based antibiotic for secondary infections and corticosteroid therapy such as dexamethasone. Tetanus toxoid can also be administered. Cattle usually have a positive outcome due to their large size and mass as opposed to smaller animals such as sheep. Access Professional Development specialises in Snake Safety Training across the African continent with many years’ experience in the Emergency Medical Care and Agricultural fields. Nick Van Der Walt has a BTech degree in Emergency Medical Care and a National Diploma in Agricultural Management.

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FEATURE

Irrigation in modern times

rrigation systems are installed to help nurture and provide your landscaping with the water it needs to continue thriving all year round. Now, let us look at the two common methods of irrigation: Sprinkler It is one of the most popular types of irrigation we see today. They are affordable and very easy to use. Sprinklers are attached to sections of hose pipe with connectors and water is supplied by either a water pump or water tank. They are moved around the farm to evenly water all the crops. Water droplets are ‘rained’ down in circles from sprinklers, so a lot of ground can be covered. However, as water is sent from a height to a wider area, it is not as efficient as other types of irrigation. Drip Irrigation It is called drip as this method uses hose pipes with small holes or nozzles along it to drip feed water to the base of your plants. These are known as drip lines and are laid along where your crops are planted. Water is usually supplied to the drip lines from tanks, using gravity to power the slow flow of the water. Water pumps are used to get water into the water tanks. Drip is very efficient as water is slowly given to the base of your plants throughout the day, reducing over-watering, evaporation and water loss. It also allows you to do other things as you can leave it to irrigate. A complete irrigation system consists of: Water Pump Water pumps are the heart of the irrigation system. For smaller systems, you may have a single booster pump. However, most can count on the need for a multiple irrigation pumps depending on their design. While standard municipal water pressure is fine for running a garden hose to a sprinkler in the middle of the lawn, irrigation systems require a higher pressure

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to efficiently pump the water through the pipes and the sprinkler heads. Water Meter The water meter, as you would assume, measures the amount of water used to irrigate the property. This allows you to ensure the proper amount of water is applied to the different zones. But, the irrigation water meter can also be part of your water utility setup. Many municipalities assess a fee for water usage and for water sewage treatment. Under normal circumstances, the amount of water used is also the amount upon which sewage treatment fees are assessed. With irrigation systems, the water does not flow through the full cycle and is therefore not charged the treatment fee. Pump Controller The most important use of the controller is to protect the pump. Pumps are a big investment and preventing damage and lengthening their life will pay dividends. If the water source is disrupted, (blocked filter, dry supply tank, broke intake valve, etc.) Pumps are designed to work within specific parameters, and the pump controllers identify when things fall outside those parameters and signal the pump to change, usually to shut down. Valve Box Valve boxes provide easy access to buried irrigation control valves. Irrigation control valves and backflow preventers require access from time-to-time to perform maintenance and testing. Valve boxes also provide protection for these essential components of your irrigation system. Backflow Prevention Device A device that allows water to go through it in one direction, but prevents it from going backwards in the opposite direction. Most backflow preventers are used to keep unsafe water from reversing flow and entering the clean water supply. Backflow preventers can be as simple as a single check valve that closes when water flow reverses.

Sensors Sensors are available to turn an irrigation system into a smart irrigation system. Rain or soil moisture sensors can be added to many systems to prevent overwatering or watering when it’s unnecessary. Factors to Consider When Choosing an Irrigation System Soil type. The type of soil in an area can affect not only the type irrigation method used but also the irrigation run times. Sandy soils typically require frequent applications of water at a high rate to keep moisture in the root zone. Tighter clay soils can hold moisture longer that sandy soils, but may require frequent applications at a lower rate to prevent runoff. Land topography. In particular, hilly or sloping land can be a challenge. Drip irrigation works well if the laterals can be run along topographic lines. System run times may need to be adjusted to prevent runoff. Local weather patterns. For example, sprinklers are less desirable in areas where high winds are common and in arid areas with a low humidity since water losses due to evaporation can be extremely high. Drip irrigation works well in both of these situations. Type of crops grown. Sprinkler and drip systems can require high levels of investment. For this reason, it’s better to reserve their use for high-value crops like vegetables, small fruits and orchard crops rather than applying them to commodity crops like wheat and soybeans. Water quality. All drip irrigation systems require some type of filtration. Overhead systems such as sprinklers seldom require filtration. Irrigation water should be tested for water borne pathogens. Depending on the crop grown and irrigation method used chlorine injection may be required.

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C L A S S

LAY-FLAT

HOSES M

andals lay-flat hoses have been the preferred solution in the global agricultural sector for decades. The durability and wear resistance provide long lasting hoses for such demanding use. Quick deployment and retrieval, combined with excellent flow rates and long life time, reduce operating cost. We offer hoses especially designed for use with umbilical drag hose systems. This ensures environmentally f riendly and safe manure distribution, and also prevents hard-packing of the soil. Mandals Dragman is especially designed to withstand the extreme tensile stress, pulling forces and abrasion f rom umbilical slurry systems. Some diameters are available in 300-400 meter lengths.

Mandals Superman is a hose intended for large volume transfer under high pressure and is widely used as supply hoses for large agricultural systems.

UMBILICAL

DRAG HOSE SYSTEM

Mandals Flexitex Standard and Extra are intended for use as feeder hose for smaller irrigation and slurry units. This hose is a reinforced fluid transfer lay-flat hose for agricultural systems, but it may also serve as a drag hose in smaller umbilical systems, or for irrigation in the agricultural sector.

READ ARTICLE: The hose that makes farmers more productive

DRAGMAN

SUPERMAN

WE ARE LOOKING FOR NEW DISTRIBUTORS

Mandals (a Michelin Group company) is a world leading manufacturer of premium lay-flat hoses. With over 245 years of experience in production and distribution of lay-flat hoses, you can trust us as your next business partner. Mandals has become a well-known brand though our worldwide sales and distribution strategy.

TPU DRAG LINE

JOIN OUR TEAM

TPU SUPPLY LINE

We can offer a solid base of products and solutions, in addition to in-house services that can help your business grow together with the Mandals brand.

FLEXITEX

RUBBER IRRIGATION

We are looking for new partners in various industries, such as agriculture/irrigation, oil and gas, mining and portable water. We are always open to explore new industries as well. If you would like to discuss your future partnership with us, please contact us at sales@mandals.com and we will get back to you as soon as possible. If you would like to know more about our products, please have a look at our website www.mandals.com

FEATURE

The rise of women in African farming

or its production and brewing activities, AB Inbev depends on high-quality agricultural crops from thriving communities and healthy ecosystems. Taking a farmer-centric approach in its commitment to supporting sustainable agriculture supply chains, AB Inbev, through its agronomists, researchers and partners, pursues its goal that 100% of direct farmers are skilled, connected and financially empowered by 2025. Women play a vital role in driving local economic development, and yet, in many communities across the globe, they lack access to the training, tools and finance needed to grow their businesses. AB InBev’s agricultural support programmes, directly targeting our female farmers, have been responsible for improving the economic circumstances of individuals, families and communities across Africa. As the world celebrates International Women’s Day this week, we take a look at how the global brewer is empowering women across its value chain.

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Ugandan barley In Uganda, AB Inbev’s Sustainable Barley Programme, through its Ugandan subsidiary Nile Breweries Limited (NBL), has been active since 2019. The programme aims to ensure that this vital raw material is produced in a sustainable and responsible way to ensure long-term benefits for local farmers and ABInBev. In the three years since the programme inception, nearly 10 000 female farmers have benefited from financial training, sharing of best agricultural practices, improved access to market and resources, and the development of voluntary savings and loan associations (VSLAs). Ainomughisha Siria, from Bishaki Village in Uganda’s Rubanda District, grows beans and barley. After NBL rolled out training initiatives to capacitate local farmers, Ms Siria was trained in proper agronomic practices. As a result, her yield has increased, she has been able to fund the growth of her agri-shop business and pay for household expenses.

Winnie Chelimo is a barley and timber farmer from Chepkwutar village, in the Kapchorwa Municipality. Before the advent of the Sustainable Barley Programme the farmers in her community struggled to market their crops, prices were low, and the level of knowledge around farming practices was limited. Today, buying centres near the farms provide dependable markets and the farmers are well capacitated with training from NBL’s agronomic officers. As a result, Ms Chelimo explains, “The barley programme has had a huge impact on my livelihood. Through barley farming I was able to get money to take my children to school, fund my timber business, feed my family and buy clothing. My farm acreage has expanded from two to six acres, and I continue to see a bright future for further growth.” Tanzanian grapes In Tanzania, Tanzania Distilleries Limited (TDL) is a subsidiary of Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL). TDL is the largest wine producer in Tanzania and the largest consumer of grapes in the country. TDL has been pioneering the development of the Tanzanian wine industry, a commitment which includes the support of local grape farmers. In 2011 Evelyne (Eva) Hilda Madeje, one of the farmers supported by TDL, inherited a five-acre piece of land in Dodoma – the heart of Tanzanian wine – from her mother, and then slowly started

to build on this plot. The now 26-acre sprawling farm is today managed by Evelyne’s daughters. Eva’s farm is currently the only women-owned farm larger than five acres, and one of the largest producing vineyards in Dodoma belonging to one family. Eva’s farm has also been reviewed by Tanzania Tourist Board as a possible destination for vineyard tourism, which holds great potential as Tanzanian wine increasingly draws local and international attention. “In farming, information is key,” says Irene Madeje-Mlola, Eva’s daughter who runs the family farm. “We receive regular visits from TDL experts to support us with oversight of our crop, consultation on pesticides and fertilizers, support during harvesting and pruning etc. This program has been a key pillar in our expansion plan at Eva’s farm. Furthermore, in partnership with TDL we are conducting various experiments at our farm to test different methods of increasing productivity as well as managing damaged soil patches.” Zambian cassava Zambian Breweries (Plc)’s cassava programme aims to boost production of the crop by harnessing the potential of farmers in rural

areas and equipping them with the technical and financial skills required to run a thriving venture at whatever stage they are at. Platforms such as its BanQu automated payment system enable farmers receive prompt payment and keep track of transactions. For sixty-one-year-old Idah Kombe Simwela, growing produce on a large, let-alone commercial scale, was something previously thought to be unattainable. But with growing support and interventions from private sector players such as Zambian Breweries (Plc), she and other women are able to cash in on unassuming crops, such as cassava, in a quest to better their livelihoods and those of their families. “I belong to a registered women’s group called Twafweniko. Through the cooperative we were able to start gardens, keep chickens for sale as well as do village banking. This has helped us a lot and we are also able to even give ourselves some loans,” says Idah. Over the years of farming Idah has come to realise just how much access to reliable information can be a game-changer for farmers like her: “We used to waste a lot of agricultural land by not

using it efficiently but now we have been guided on how to prepare ridges better, rather than the unnecessarily big ones and wider spacing we used to use.” “Before we plant, we are guided on how to prepare and plant the cassava stems. We are met physically for training but also, we do receive mobile text messages on how to manage our crop better on our own.” Empowering female farmers Women play an important role in the agriculture industry, and we remain committed to empowering female farmers by incorporating initiatives that will promote gender equality, impart agronomic information, improve business and financial skills development and provide access to training to improve crop yields and quality harvests. We want to especially honour each woman making a contribution to the agriculture and food industries, as well as to our supply chains across Africa. Without them, we have no quality crop and no quality beer. So, here’s to our women in agriculture and a future with more cheers!

March - April 2022 | 45

FEATURE

Zimbabwean sawmiller shows way to sawmilling success Richard Saziya’s successful sawmilling businesses in Zimbabwe rely on Wood-Mizer sawmills to trade profitably, rebuild communities, restore roads, preserve forests and inspire better lives.

One of Richard’s teams cutting infield.

hen Richard Saziya started his sawmilling business in 2001, he never imagined where this road would lead him. His introduction to Wood-Mizer happened when his employer, Cembee Furniture asked him to find sawmilling equipment that could cut sawn timber for the factory to save money and that wasted less timber than circular swing-blade type sawmills.

The sawmill fits easily onto a trailer or pickup to transport to where it is needed.

A contract with Zimbabwe’s Forest Commission also allowed PanPri to cut trees that were not native to the protected areas. With the growth in timber sales, a new timber depot in Harare, and more timber supply contracts in Bulawayo as well as Gweru and Maronberg adding more profits, Richard Sayiza now wanted to grow his business further.

He found a used Wood-Mizer sawmill in Zimbabwe’s Eastern Highlands and when Cembee bought it, the Wood-Mizer reliably produced accurately sawn timber with very low wastage for the factory. Richard’s success with the Cembee sawmill project was enough reason for him leave the company and think about his own sawmilling business. PanPri and Tsanga Timbers He bought a used Wood-Mizer LT40 portable petrol sawmill that could move around to where the trees were. This advantage made the money flow in and Richard could start PanPri Timbers in 2001. He added three more Wood-Mizer LT15 Petrol sawmills to Richard Saziya receiving one of his Wood-Mizer LT15’s the LT40 to produce more sawn timber and from Dean Goldstone, a representative from Wood-Mizer’s Authorised Dealer in Zimbabwe, Cutting Edge. grow sales.

46 | March - April 2022

He knew he could use the good quality B-grade timber that was left over from the A-grade logs at Panpri better. This was the answer for more growth! Richard started Tsanga Timbers in 2010 to use B-grade offcuts and logs to produce pallets, skirting and ceiling boards and doors for the local building and construction market. Nyanga-based Tsanga Timber recently also opened a new depot in Harare to grow the fast-growing business group’s profits further. The company also runs a network of qualified carpenters in Mutare, Masvingo, Bulawayo and Harare to assist with fitment of products bought through them. Growing trees and using timber wisely Richard gives his business partner and codirector of Tsanga Timber, John Saunders, the credit for using timber better. “John really opened my eyes to the potential money that value-added timber has,” Richard says.

“Logs only provide a small part of the value. Only once you cut the timber and produce products from it, do you unlock the real value of timber,” he continues. As part of the drive to use timber sustainably, Richard and John also use a unique way to grow their own timber. “Our own timber costs us less, it bypasses the difficulties of Zimbabwe’s land battles and ensures a stable timber supply and that will add a sustainable basis for our timber business, Richard says. The PanPri and Tsanga Timber team supply landowners with seeds and seedlings that are grown on private properties. Once the trees are mature, the company gets first option to buy the logs. This methods bypasses Zimbabwe’s land battles and gives endless access to ready land for planting. Sawmilling with Wood-Mizer When Richard first started his business, he had one team that moved around to find trees to cut. The three-man team used one sawmill and chainsaw operator to cut and mill the timber and one tractor driver to drag the logs to the Wood-Mizer mills. Since then, Panpri’s team has expanded to 30 employees and three tractors. Tsanga Timbers’ team has also expanded and now consist of 35 workers and three that are for timber milling and road construction and repairs. Communities now have a reliable partner to ensure save and good quality roads that has contributed to improved lives for the everyone.

Cutting high up in the Nyanga mountains in Zimbabwe’s Eastern Highlands.

Zimbabwe’s land battles, the access to and the pricing of timber owned by large timber companies in the country, the influx of sawmilling companies from China and the lack of foreign currency are just some of them. Despite these issues, Richards business has flourished, the successes from it allowing him to build schools, start farming enterprises, build roads, uplift communities, reforest land and ensure education abroad for his children. About the future Richard prays for the future of Zimbabwe. “We face many challenges and my

wish is that we as Zimbabweans will build a future that everyone can be proud of,” Richard says. “We’re also ploughing more funds into the private school to improve the facilities and accommodate more than the 200 children that already attend the school,” Richard fondly adds. “We’re also very proud of our relationship with the Zimbabwean National Parks with a recent purchase of more chainsaws allowing the company to clear out invasive species to make way for timber that will be planted,” Richard concludes.

Tsanga Timbers’ factory employs a further 12 workers for a total workforce of close to 80 workers with Richard’s businesses in total slashing unemployment in Zimbabwe. Richard recommends using a blocking method to produce timber for the Wood-Mizer sawmills. “Don’t try and transport logs but rather work infield and cut blocks that are easier and cheaper to transport,” Richard says. “I also use petrol Wood-Mizer sawmills because they can move to where the trees are. The thin kerf blades that Wood-Mizer sawmills use also waste less, which all save costs and give more profits,” Richards continues. Challenges, changed lives and the future Learning to steer around the challenges that sawmillers face in Zimbabwe face, has also ensured Richard’s success.

Rebuilding roads with timber milled on a Wood-Mizer an important part of it.

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FEATURE

Oil sample analysis for agricultural machinery

Effective Oil Analysis, Guaranteed Machinery Uptime The agricultural industry – grain producers in particular - should adopt oil analysis as one of the main techniques they employ in condition monitoring of their mobile machinery. Given the impact of rising input costs on their revenue - something that is entirely out of their control - the ‘low hanging fruit’ grain producers can utilise is increasing equipment uptime through improving predictive maintenance. By Eric Peters

here is no more resounding clarion call for commercial grain farmers in Africa to ensure that their machinery is working optimally at all times than in present economic conditions. The global oil price is rising, triggered by Russia’s “Attack on Ukraine”, based on the recent trend of events. Unfortunately, fertiliser (AN/LAN (28), Ureum (46), and Kaliumchloried) is on a similar price trajectory. High oil prices will result in an increase in input costs like fertiliser and herbicides and insecticides, due to rising

48 | March - April 2022

transportation costs, as most are imported. Markedly, sanctions against Russia have resulted in low supply of fertiliser globally of which Russia is world’s biggest producer. Consequently, it is incredible to imagine a farming business, weighed down by these factors, experiencing a sudden breakdown of critical lubricated mobile machinery in the throes of productivity. Proactive predictive maintenance The only sure-fire way to pre-empt the occurrence of a costly breakdown of critical machinery is through executing a proactive

predictive maintenance plan. Fortunately, farmers have numerous advanced condition monitoring technologies at their disposal for their convenience. It is all a matter of making an informed choice on their exact needs. Oil sample analysis Amongst several techniques that are employed in contemporary preventative maintenance is oil analysis. In different industries, oil analysis is now ranked as one of the most effective predictive maintenance interventions by engineers in across industries. Through oil analysis, which

costs. Data on the estimated cost is obscure, but one thing is certain – it is astronomical and not worth gambling on. This is without mentioning the safety risks that machine failure can pose to operators or the machine itself when it is involved in an accident. Therefore, it has to be tackled promptly. In a nutshell, if implemented as required, oil analysis in predictive maintenance is a worthwhile step which guarantees the following: • Cost savings through predicting and preventing damage. • Guaranteed equipment reliability. • Reducing equipment downtime, which increases uptime and production. • It is easy to carry out scheduled maintenance and decrease potential for unplanned repairs. ‘Low-hanging fruit’ This is the time for Africa’s food producers to rise to the occasion, as the continent faces what could be easily – God forbid - the worst food shortage crisis in recent memory. There is a need for the agricultural sector to be aware of its role and gain insight into the value of investment in techniques that increase the availability and reliability of their mobile machinery. This is because their revenue is more likely to take a huge knock – any envisaged increase in food prices may be offset by huge increase in input costs. For this reason, farmers have to seek sustainable means of ensuring that their operations remain sustainable. Farming – food and animal production is a numbers game, where fine margins can make a huge difference.

assures reliability and availability of machinery, guarantees that equipment is working optimally. Oil analysis involves the scientific analysis of used oil sample and other fluids from mechanical and electrical systems. The data gathered from a machine or component provides insight into the condition of that asset. Then, based on this, a decision is made on whether or not remedial action should be taken on the asset to ensure optimal operating performance and its lifespan. Analysing an oil sample from a machine or a component can be likened to analysing a blood sample from a person: The results determine the health status of the unit, just like the results determine a person’s health.

And the low-hanging fruit that is readily available for farmers to explore is predictive condition monitoring. There is a compelling business case for the agricultural industry to adopt oil analysis as one of the main techniques they employ in predictive condition monitoring to guarantee increased mobile machinery uptime.

Valuable Machinery downtime can be very costly, seeing the loss of productivity due to downtime, which translates into reduction in revenue, above and beyond unscheduled component replacement

March - April 2022 | 49

FEATURE

Oil analysis exposes fleet operational challenges: agricultural industry By Shesby Chabaya, Operations HOD, WearCheck Zimbabwe review. Trends are analysed on a regular basis with a view to come up with sustainable solutions to any challenges affecting the fleet. The impact of wet weather operations Wet weather operations have posed several challenges with the fleet drive trains. The high failure rate on drive trains during the wet season and period following the wet season poses a high risk and therefore provides a compelling reason for a case study and a formulation of strategies to protect the axles/drive trains, minimise failures and improve equipment reliability.

Introduction The challenge facing the agricultural industry is the need to meet high production targets for the agricultural season versus an unpredictable length (climate change impact) of the wet season. In some cases, this leads to the agricultural season starting off during wet weather, thus exposing the fleet to a considerable amount of operational risk. This operational risk is noticeable on the WearCheck oil analysis reports through the following: 1. Repeat or high PQ levels (ferrous density or large wear metal particles) especially in unfiltered drivetrain components. 2. High concentration of wear particles observed through the Microscopic Particle Examination (MPE) and ICP (inductively coupled plasma) wear metal test results. The correlation of the high wear levels with the high incident reports of equipment stuck in the fields as well as the high failure rate mainly on differentials and final drives are indicative of the operational risk affecting equipment. The oil analysis programme runs throughout the productive season and action plans are implemented through an iterative process of regular oil sampling, development of trends, problem identification, investigation and troubleshooting, corrective action, feedback and

50 | March - April 2022

This case study is an analysis of this phenomenon. A number of techniques such as the 5-Why analysis are used to try and get to the bottom or root cause of the problem. Some of the questions asked in this analysis are: 1. How are wear patterns spread throughout the year? 2. Any seasonal trends? 3. Any changes in the lubricant in use? 4. Are there any changes in tonnage ferried by the fleet per load? 5. Any changes in intensity of operation? 6. Is this a fleet-wide problem or only affecting a few machines of the same make & model? 7. Are there any changes in operating conditions/road conditions/field conditions and so on? Where the answer is yes, the 5-Why analysis principle and other techniques are applied to test and critically analyse the aspect or factor, in order to establish the root source of the problem. Analysis of MPE and wear on differentials and final drives: case study of ZT49 differential (August 2017) For simplicity of analysis, the case of ZT49 differential is used to illustrate the findings characterising the phenomenon, though the challenges are spread across the fleet. The differential oil analysis results showed a repeat problem on the Microscopic Particle Examination (six times). Large wear metal particles rose from 1 877MgFe/L (sample 1) to 13 297 MgFe/L (Sample 2) towards the end of the rainy season. Feedback provided by the customer indicates that when the tractor was stuck in the

field, the operator repeatedly tried to drive it out, resulting in differential damage before the tractor was eventually pulled out of the field. It was also reported that the tractor had experienced a broken propeller shaft. The differential was then scheduled for replacement. Oil analysis results show that this trend is commonly experienced across the fleet during periods of wet weather operation as well as periods following the wet season. An analysis of feedback submitted indicated the following common observations: • High concentration of wear particles • Chipped gears • Broken planetary gear carriers • Broken thrust washers and so on These are observed upon draining oil or upon inspection, leading to regular differential and final drive overhaul. In some cases, tractors end up losing drive, and broken half shafts are often discovered as a result. The incident chart below illustrates the distribution of differential failures during the 2017-2018 agricultural season. As shown in the incident chart, 71% of differential failures occurred during the wet season while 29% occurred during the dry season. In all these failures, broken planetary gear carriers/spiders were discovered upon inspection. All failures were linked to wet weather challenges and/or post wet weather impact of abrasive wear. The introduction of wear particles in the differentials and final drives resulted in accelerated wear or abrasive wear. The end result is a spiral effect: as more wear particles are generated, the wear rates increase (advanced wear) and in some cases resulting in failures which are costly, especially in terms of downtime and lost production. It must be noted that the above are only symptoms, not the root cause of the problem at hand. To get to the root source of this phenomenon, we invoked the 5-Why analysis technique: Toyota’s 5-Why strategy is a good troubleshooting tool, which can be used in conjunction with the WearCheck oil analysis programme to discover the root cause of a phenomenon. This involves asking a series of “why?” questions until the root cause of the problem is discovered as illustrated below:

4. 5.

Why? Tractors stuck in the fields / axle spinning. Why? Wet weather operating conditions, slippery roads and fields.

Applied solutions: A trend in operational challenges has been noticeable over the years. To counter the problem, several strategies have been applied to remove (avoid wet weather operations where possible) or minimise impact (where wet weather operations cannot be avoided.) Operator training The people side cannot be ignored. An operator training programme was implemented to improve vigilance and foster behaviour change amongst the operators. This should be an ongoing project as new operators are employed from time to time. Continuous improvement of procedures: Operator procedures are continuously reviewed in response to current challenges. Operators to call for assistance once stuck in the fields and avoid spinning the axles in slippery conditions. Minimise impact: 1. Drain oil to curb the risk of further abrasive wear. 2. Take further action to address the root cause of the problem. This strategy resulted in savings amounting to ZMK363 984 (US$37 100) in cost avoidance (component replacement cost) of potential differential and final drive failures. Savings in reality are more, considering the cost of averted potential downtime which would result in huge loss of tonnage of cane deliveries. Draining oil is often done to minimise the impact of abrasive wear, thus giving a lifeline to components. It must be noted that this does not solve the root cause of the problem – further action required. Draining oil must be carefully considered and balanced with the need to minimise oil usage and save the environment. There should be a balance between the need to change oil versus the need to reduce oil usage. From a cost perspective, it is argued that draining two litres of oil change is

better than the potential cost inflicted by abrasive wear. It is important to actually consider the real cost of oil change, including the cost of labour, administrative costs, supervision, oil disposal, warehouse overheads, inventory overheads, safety risks, environmental risks and so on. Planned change versus catastrophic failure The oil analysis programme is used to closely monitor equipment health and make timely and informed decisions. Planned component changes for example have resulted in huge cost savings mainly accruing from minimised catastrophic failures which are normally associated with losses as a result of unplanned downtime and lost production. It must also be noted that these strategies have largely been successful in reducing the impact of wet weather operations. Fleet availability has been kept above an average of 95%, thus the measures have kept the wheels turning. Conclusion The rule of conversion: With WearCheck, every oil sample is an opportunity to learn and better apply engineering principles to solve any identified challenges with an endeavour to maintain and stay up to date with modern engineering best practices, striving to do better than the previous financial year or season - a continuous improvement approach. The WearCheck oil analysis programme is a dynamic tool. With recurring problems, strategies are put into place to get to the root cause of the problem and prevent it recurring or control it in cases where the challenge cannot be fully eliminated. Where necessary, maintenance procedures are modified accordingly, in line with the new trends discovered. At WearCheck, we establish partnerships that constantly explore and seek ways of improving current systems, processes and efficiencies or breaking new ground through oil analysis and condition monitoring programmes.

Problem – High differential failure rate 1. Why? High concentration of wear particles in the oil 2. Why? Abnormal wear of components. 3. Why? Chipped gears/broken drive train components.

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Agritech .................................................................................................06 Agruline ................................................................................................IBC Big Dutchman..........................................................................................19 FRIGOTEC.............................................................................................27 Humofert ................................................................................................13 KSB Pumps & Valves........................................................................OBC Mandals..................................................................................................43

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