Forced Migration Review issue 30 Burmese by Forced Migration Review

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Forced Migration Review Refugee Studies Centre Department of International Development University of Oxford, 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK Email: fmr@qeh.ox.ac.uk Tel: +44 (0)1865 280700 Fax: +44 (0)1865 270721 Skype: fmreview 0ufbfqkd'f

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www.art-24.co.uk July 2005

May 2006

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rattanakul_press@hotmail.com ISSN 1460-9819 rsufESmzkH;"mwfykH

3PECIAL )SSUE

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4SUNAMI LEARNING FROM THE HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE

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0EOPLE TRAFlCKING

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UPHOLDING RIGHTS AND UNDERSTANDING VULNERABILITIES PLUS ■ RULE OF LAW IN $ARFUR ■ RETURN TO SOUTHERN 3UDAN ■ 0INHEIRO 0RINCIPLES ■ )$0S AND CLUSTERS ■ @ENVIRONMENTAL REFUGEES? ■ FORGOTTEN CRISES

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PUBLISHED BY THE 2EFUGEE 3TUDIES #ENTRE IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE .ORWEGIAN 2EFUGEE #OUNCIL DEHM;=?7D H;<K=;; 9EKD9?B

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tzGifhtrSmpum; EkdifiHwGif;rSarmif;ESifxkwfjcif;cH&aom jrefrmjynfolrsm; Inge Brees ........................................................................................ 4 tajymif;tvJ ta&;ay:vkdtyfaeonfh jrefrmEkdifiH Douglas Alexander............................................................................ 6 EkdifiHwumtokdif;t0kdif;. umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;wm0ef Kavita Shukla ................................................................................... 7 xGufajy;&jcif;tajumif;&if;ESifh jyefvrf;c&D;twm;tqD;jzpfonfh ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan............................................................. 9 jrefrmhòrd‹awmfa[mif;rSt"rR ajymif;a&$‹apckdif;jcif; Donald M Seekins . ........................................................................ 10 xkd;ESufrlatmufub0vrf; David Eubank.................................................................................. 10 a=umufrufzG,f&mjynfe,f tœ&,fusa&mufaeonfh trsKd;orD;rsm; The Karen Women’s Organisation................................................. 12 vlom;csif;pmemonfhvkyfykdifcGifhtm;zJhxkwfjcif; Jean-François Durieux and Sivanka Dhanapala........................... 13

'kuQonfwkdŒ.yg0ifaqmif&Gufrltm; vpfv#L&lcH&jcif; Marie Theres Benner, Aree Muangsookjarouen, Egbert Sondorp and Joy Townsend................................................ 25 pcef;vlŒtokdif;t0kdif;tajcðypDrHcefŒcGJa&; Sally Thompson............................................................................... 26 w&m;r#wrltcGifhtvrf;ESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; Joel Harding, Shane Scanlon, Sean Lees, Carson Beker and Ai Li Lim............................................................ 28 xkdif;EkdifiHwGifrjrif&ol umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; vkdtyfcsufrSwfwrf;wifjcif; Margaret Green, Karen Jacobsen and Sandee Pyne .................. 31 xkdif;EkdifiHwGif; ckdv_HcGifh&&Sda&;&SmazGaeonfhjrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; rnfonfht&yfokhd OD;wnf&rnfrod Chen Chen Lee and Isla Glaister . ................................................. 33 b*Fvm;a'h&Sfa&muf &kd[if*smrsm;ESifh 'kQonftqifhtwef; Pia Prytz Phiri.................................................................................. 34 udk;cdk&mrJh tdd,ESifhrav;&Sm;EkdifiHa&muf csif;'kQonfrsm; Amy Alexander................................................................................. 36

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ‘zdtm;ay;ESifxkwfrl’tm; teufzGifhjcif;.......................................... 16

vlŒtcGifhta&;aqmif&Gufrlrsm;jzpfyGm;aponfh 0ifa&mufaexkdifjcif;ESifhvlukeful;jcif; Nikolas Win Myint .......................................................................... 38

jynfwGif;ppfajy; 'kQonfrsm;twGuf vlom;csif;pmemonfh taxmuftyHh (vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;csufrsm;) Ashley South . ................................................................................. 17

tm&S. opfvGifonfh avSvkdufolrsm; Chris Lewa....................................................................................... 40

jynfwGif;ppfajy; 'kuQonfrsm;.qefŒusif ckcHa&;enf;AsL[mrsm; Poe Shan K Phan and Stephen Hull.............................................. 18 jrefrmEkdifiHta&S@ykdif;.emwm&Snfta&;ay:taetxm;tm;wkef@jyefjcif; The Thailand Burma Border Consortium . .................................... 20 jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;rsKd;qufjyefŒyGm;a&; qkdif&musef;rma&; aqmif&Gufa&;OD;pm;ay; John Bercow.................................................................................... 22 ESpf&Snfjynfya&muftaetxm;rS tdrftjzpfcHpm;rl Sandra Dudley................................................................................. 23 enf;ynmESifh e,fpyfajrrSu&ifvlxk Rachel Sharples.............................................................................. 24

jrefrmEkdifiH. arhaysmufxm;jcif;cH&onfh jynfolrsm; Nyi Nyi Kyaw.................................................................................... 41 usefaecJh&efcufcJonfh tpktðyHvkdufa&$hajymif;ae&mcsxm;r_.tusKd;quf Susan Banki and Hazel Lang......................................................... 42 jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;ESifhywfoufonfhtay:u&ifvlxk.toHrsm; The Karen Women’s Organisation, with Sarah Fuller and Eileen Pittaway . ...................................................................... 45 aESmifhaES;=umjrifhaeonfh'kQonftajctaew&yf.ynma&;tajymif;tvJ Marc van der Stouwe and Su-Ann Oh ........................................... 47 arWmjzifh&SufzD;okd@ Patricia Hynes and Yin Mon Thu.................................................... 49 jrefrmEkdifiHESifh em*pfpfqkdifuvkH;rkefwkdif; . ........................................................... 52

issue 27

Sexual violence:

weapon of war, impediment to peace

issue 29

issue 28

January 2007

December 2007

July 2007

Humanitarian reform:

Enhancing Southern capacity: rhetoric and reality

fulﬁlling its promise?

Also includes articles on: Iraq, Darfur, Colombia, Bulgaria, Bhutanese refugees, accountability, protection, proﬁling IDP populations, role of the private sector

plus: N Massive displacement in Iraq N Forgotten Kosovo IDPs N Somalis risk death crossing Red Sea

and regular contributors: RSC, NRC, IDMC, Brookings-Bern, RAISE Initiative

N Misrepresenting Sudan’s Lost Boys N Voices of displaced Colombians

Published by the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

Published by the Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford

Published by the Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford.

FMR_29_English 1

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Free Burma Rangers/Nick Hil nick@nickhildesign. co.uk

Population: 48 million Ethnic groups: Burman (68%), Shan (9%), Karen (7%), Rakhine (4%), Chinese (3%), Indian (2%), Mon (2%), other (5%) Naypyidaw, administrative capital [source: Burma Campaign UK]

FMR

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armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

FMR

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Marc van der Stouwe

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xkdif;EkdifiH&Sd 'kuQonf ausmif;

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FMR

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xGufajy; ae=uonfh &Gmom;rsm; 2007 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm

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FMR

2005 ckESpf uBmhxdyfoD;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif uBmhtpkd;&rsm;u R2P pnf;urf;tm; oabmwlnDcJh+yD; EkdifiHtm%mykdifwkd@taeESifh ‚wkd@.vlxktm; ,kwfrm&ufpufonfh &mZ0wfr_rS tumtuG,fay;a&; ysufuGufonfESifh yl;aygif; ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;tm; vkHðcHa&;aumifpDrSwqifh tajccH ta=umif;w&m; wpfck+yD;wpfck tcsdeftwkdif;twmtwGif;jywfom;onfhvkyf[eftaeESifh vkyfaqmifa&; csxm;owfrSwfcJhonf? EkdifiHaygif; 192 EkdifiHrS xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifrsm;vufrSwf a&;xkd;cJhonfh uBmhxdyfoD;&v'fpmcsKyf World Summit Outcome Document uvnf; ta&;}uD;onfh EkdifiHwum uef@owfcsuftaeESifh ppfajy;'kQonfrsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;a&;ESifh xda&mufonfhtwkdif;twmjzifh ‚wkd@. umuG,f apmifha&Smufa&;t&SdefjrSifhwifa&; qkH;jzwfr_vkyfaqmifa&;wkd@vkyfaqmif&ef vrf;n$efpnf;urf;rsm;tm; todtrSwfðycJh=uonf? 2006 ckESpf {+yDvwGifcsrSwfxm;onfh qkH;jzwfcsuf 1674 rSwqifh vkHðcHa&;aumifpDu EkdifiHom;wkd@ESifh tjcm; umuG,fapmifha&Smufxm;onfh yk~Kdvfwkd@tm; ajymifajymifwif;wif; ypfrSwfxm;I vkyfaqmif&efapckdif;onfh wm0ef/ ºul;vGefr_ESifh ppfa&;yËdyQtwGif; ae&mtESH@jzpfyGm;aeonfh EkdifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemr_ESifh vl@ tcGifhta&;Oya' csKd;azmufr_wkd@taeESifh EkdifiHwum+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vkHðcHa&;wkd@ tm; csdef;ajcmufr_ jzpfyGm;aprnf [ktodtrSwfðyxm;onf? vkHðcHa&;aumifpDu xkduJhokd@tajctaersm;tm; pOf;pm;&ef tqifoifhjzpfaea=umif;ESifh vkdtyfygu oifhawmfonfhaqmif&Gufr_ajcvSrf;rsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf vkyfaqmifoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; rSwfcsufðycJhayonf? wm0ef,lumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;rl Responsibility to Protect (R2P) t&ta&;,ljcif; qkH;jzwfcsuftm; ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_wu,fvkyfaqmifa&;twGuf t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdr_ ðyvkyfxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; Tpnf;urf;csuftm; rnfokd@tokH;ðyrnfqkdonfhtay: oabmwlnDcsuf tenf;i,fom&Sdonf? vkHðcHa&;aumifpDwGif taemufEkdifiHrsm;. tpktzGJ@vkduf ,kwfrm&rf;um;r_rsm;tm; EkdifiHwum +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vkHðcHa&;wkd@ tm; csdef;ajcmufr_wpfcktjzpf ,lqjcif;ESifh w&kwfESifh &k&Sm;wkd@ uJhokd@aom uBmhxdyfoD;&vm'fpmcsKyftm; vufcHI qkH;jzwfcsuf 1674 tm; axmufcHaomfvnf; tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifqkdifr_ta&; tjiif;yGm;jcif;ukd R2P tay:qufvuf wkd;jrSifhvkyfaqmifaeonfh uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm; &Sdaeayonf? 'gzmudPwGif ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_wkd@u umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;wm0ef tokH;tE_H;twGuf wkd;wufabmifcwfcH&onf? qkH;jzwfcsuf 1769 u EkdifiHom; umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;ESifh vlom;jcif; pmemr_tultnDay;vkyfaqmifaeonfh vkyfom;rsm;. ta&;ygr_ukd tav;teufðyvkyfonfhtcgwGif vkHðcHa&;aumifpDqkH;jzwfcsuf 1706 onf yxrqkH;om"utjzpfESifh R2P oabmxm;tm; wdusonfhtajctaewGif tokH;ðy&efjzpfcJhonf? qm[m&vufatmufcH tpkd;&rsm;pGmu 'gzmudPwGif R2P pnf;urf;tm; tjyif;txef twkduftcHðyvkyfcJhonf? okd@aomf vkHðcHa&;aumifpDxJrS XmecGJrsm;taeESifh jyif;xefonfh pkaygif;ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_tm; 'gzmwGif vkyfaqmifa&;tm; [ef@wm;cJh=uonf? jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeu ‚. acgif;pOftay: rJcGJqkH;jzwfcJhonfh 2006 pufwifbmtxd vkHðcHa&;aumifpD. tm%mpuftwGif; usavmufvmonfh ykHpHr&Sday? TrJcGJqkH;jzwfcsufu taxGaxGnDvmcHqkH;jzwfcsufESifh vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif. trsKd;om;jyefvnf&if=um;apha&; ESifh 'Drkdua&pDðyjyifajymif;vnf;r_aqmif&Gufa&; awmif;qkdcsuftm; jrefrmtpkd;&.vkdufemaqmif&Guf&ef jiif;qefvkyfaqmifaeonfh ESpfrsm;pGm=umrS jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? 2004 ckESpfuwnf;u tpkd;&u ukvor~t axGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. jrefrmEkdifiHtxl;oHwrefvma&mufcGifh jiif;y,fcJhonfhjyif 2003 ckESpfuwnf;u jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&u jrefrmEkdifiHta&;twGufxdpyf aqmif&GufcGifh&&ef txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fvma&mufa&;tm;vnf; jiif;qefydwfyifxm;cJhonf? vkHðcHa&;aumifpD. jyify&Sd óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_tm;vkH;wkd@ onf ukefqkH; vufyef;usae&onfh taetxm;yifjzpfonf? vkHðcHa&;aumifpD. aqG;aEG;r_acgif;pOftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHtm; a&muf&Sdapa&; ,kH=unfcsufrSm t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpfonfh &k&Sm;ESifh w&kwfEkdifiHwkd@u 2007 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf yxrqkH;qkH;jzwfcsuftay: ADwkdtm%mokH;I y,fcscJhojzifh oufqkd;r&Snf jzpfcJhonf? xkd@a=umifh tjcm;awmif;qkdcsufrsm;twGif; tpkd;&tm; wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;tm; wkdufckdufr_tm;vkH;&yfwef@a&;ESifh vlom;jcif;pmemonfhtultnDay;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; twm;tqD;rJh qufoG,faqmif&Gufr_ay;tyfa&; awmif;qkdr_wkd@ &SdcJhonf? Ty,fcsr_rSm vkHðcHa&;aumifpD. 1989 ckESpfaemufykdif; yxrqkH;pkaygif;aqmif&GufcJhonfh

FMR

ADwkdtm%mokH;r_jzpfonf? ‚wkd@. xkwfjyefcsufwGif w&kwfESifh &k&Sm;wkd@u jrefrmEkdifiH. tajctaerSm a'owGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vkHðcHa&;wkd@tay: csdef;ajcmufr_rjzpfa=umif;ESifh vkHðcHa&;aumifpDrSm EkdifiHwpfck.jynfwGif;a&;udPrsm;tm; aqG;aEG;&efae&mr[kwfa=umif; jiif;qkdcJh=uonf? w&kwfESifh &k&Sm;wkd@u jrefrmEkdifiHtaeESifh jyif;xefonfh vl@ tcGifhta&;ESifh vlom;qkdif&mtajctaersm;ESifh &ifqkdifae&a=umif;ukd todtrSwfðyaomfvnf; ‚wkd@u tm%mrsm;aESmifzGJ@wif;=uyfxm;r_r&Sdonfh vl@ tcGifhta&;aumifpDu jrefrmEkdifiHtay: ta&;,la&;udPrsm; aqmif&Guf&ef taumif;qkH; aqG;aEG;yGJusif;y&efae &mjzpfa=umif; av;eufpGmn$efjycJh=uonf? xkd ADwkdtm%mokH;E_difonfh EkdifiHrsm;u jrefrmjynfolvlxktwGuf rnfonfh umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;rsm; pkaygif;wm0ef,loGm;&rnfqkdonfh n$efjyr_rsKd;ukdr# vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;r&Sdajc? 2007 pufwifbmvwGif q,fpkESpfESpfcktwGif; t}uD;qkH; d'Drkdua&pDa&; v_yf&Sm;qjyr_ jrefrmEkdifiHtm; &kdufcwfcJhI aemufykdif; tpkd;&.òzdcGif;r_u EkdifiHwumtm&kHpkdufr_tm; xyfrHóud;yrf;a&; qkHcsufjzpfapcJhonf? jyif;xefonfh oHwrefzdtm;a=umifh etzu ukvor~twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. txl;t=uHay;ESifh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftm; 2007 ckESpfaESmif;ykdif;wGif 0ifcGifhay;cJhonf? &Snfvsm;&_yfaxG;r_rsm; pGmaemufwGif vkHðcHa&;aumifpDu OuUXxkwfjyefa=ujimcsufjzifh +idrf;csrf;pGmqjyolrsm;tay: &ufpufpGmòzdcGif;r_tm; &_wfcscJhonfhtjyif ppfrSefonfhaqG;aEG;yGJtm; oufqkdif&mygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ wkdif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;jzifh trsKd;om;jyefvnf&if=um;apha&;atmifjrifr_&&Sd&eftwGuf vkyfaqmif&ef awmif;qkdcJhonf? q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm t=urf;zuf&ufpufr_ESifh ae&yfrStwif;t"R armif;xkwfcH&jcif;wkd@ukd awG@ñuH&onfhonfhtjyif tvGeftrif; tœ&m,f&Sdjcif;ESifh cufcJ=urf;wrf;r_wkd@tm; qufvuf&ifqkdif&E_difonfh wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pk0if jynfolvlxk umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; azmfjycsuf vkH;0ryg0ifcJhay? jrefrm'Drkdua&pDa&;wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olwkd@tm; zdESdyfòzdcGif;r_wkd@u avsmhenf;vmykHay:aomfvnf; tpkd;&wyfrsm;u ‚wkd@. wefjyefawmfvSefa&;enf; ¹AlL[mwpfcktaeESifh jrefrmwkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pka'orsm;&Sd jynfolvlxktay: qufvufypfrSwfxm;vkyfaqmifaeonfhjyif tjypfay;ta&;,lr_ r&Sdonfh

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk vltcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;tm; qufvufºul;vGefaeayonf? pkd;&drfr_taeESifh ‘a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;' tm;owd&r_u arS;rSdefoGm;onfhtcsufESifh jrefrmtpkd;&u EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJwpfckðyvkyfay;rnfh t&dyfta&mif ay;vmonfhtay: vkHðcHa&;aumifpDtaeESifh aemufw}udrf jrefrmEkdifiHtm; av#mhcsOD;pm;ay;ta etxm;wGifxm;&SdI tjcm;ukvor~tpdwftykdif;wkd@tm; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef ykdrkdoifhawmfonf[k xm;&SdoGm;rnfh udPyifjzpfonf? vkHðcHa&;aumifpDtaeESifh jrefrmhta&;tm; R2P tem*wfjzpfE_difajcZwfvrf;t& pwifIapmifh=unfh&ef tvGefta&;}uD;onf? tu,fI R2P t,ltqtm; d'gzmudPwGif ,laqmiftokH;csE_difygu ta=umif;jycsufwkdif; jrefrmhta&;ESifh qufpyfjrSifhwifr_rsm; ðyvkyfaqmif&GufE_dif rnfjzpfonf? EkdifiHwum tpdwftykdif;rsm;u vkyfief;pOftm; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif tcuftcJ&SdE_difaomfvnf; vkHðcHa&;aumifpDtzGJ@0ifrsm;t aeESifh jrefrmEkdifiH. jynfolvlxktm; &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfonfh tpktzGJ@vkduf &mZ0wfr_ rsm;rS umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef EkdifiHwumtokdif;t0kdif;. wm0ef,laqmif&Gufr_tm; qufvufvpfvsL&_xm;ygu ‚wkd@taeESifh tpkd;&tm;vkH; rl0g't&oabmwlxm;onfh wm0ef,lr_twGuf nHhjzif;onfh xkH;wrf;csrSwf vkyfaqmifaejcif;omv#if jzpfayawmhrnf? umADwm &SLuvm (kshuklaus@yahoo.com) onf jrefrm'kQonfrsm;ESifh ppfajy;'kQonfwkd@tay: okawoeðyvkyfaeolwpfOD;jzpfonf? 1 www.brookings.edu/projects/idp/gp_page.aspx 2 ,cifu EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) [kvlodrsm;onf? 3 *&uf tJAefpf . ‘EkdifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mykdifqkdifr_ uef@owfcsufrsm; - 21 &mpkwGif; umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; wm0ef,laqmif&Gufcsuf' eDvrfxkdif&lcs,fAef trSwfw&a[majymykd@cscsuf/ EkdifiHwum wkdif;&if;om;avhvma&;Xme/ ukdvrfbkd/ 2007 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 29 &uf 4 http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/487/60/PDF/N0548760. pdf?OpenElement 5 a&mbwWmukd[ef. ‘vlom;qkdif&mta&;}uD;r_rsm;u tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdifqkdifr_tm; ajymif;vnf;aponf'/ EkdifiHwumqufqHa&;Xme. taemufajrmuf*sme,f/ 2008 ckESpf aqmif;&moD/ pmrsufESm-6

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FMR

jrefrmhòrd‹awmfa[mif;rSt"Rajymif;a&$‹apckdif;jcif; &efukefòrd@vlxktaeESifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;. EkdifxufpD;eif;ðyjcif;atmufwGif tvkH;t&if;jzifh ae&yfrSajymif;a&$@aexkdifapjcif;rsm;tm; =uHKawG@ae=u&onf? 2005 ckESpf EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;oma&;aumifpD (etz) rS tm%mtajcðyr_udk aejynfawmfokd@a&$@ajymif;cJhonfhtcsdefxd / 1958 rS 1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif; jrefrmEkdifiH. t}uD;qkH; òrd@awmfjzpfcJhonfh &efukefòrd@tm; AkdvfcsKyfae0if;. tdrfapmifhtpkd;&u (w&m;0ifa&G;aumufwifajrSmufcH&onfh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tpm;) jrefrmhvufeufukdifwyfrsm;. wm0ef,ltkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif xm;&SdapcJhonf? tpkd;&u &efukefteD;wGif òrd@e,f 3 ck wnfaxmifcJhI òrd@aevlxkwpfoef;. ajcmufykHwpfykHjzpfonfh vlOD;a& 167000 wkd@rSm ‚wkd@. qrygyJajymif;a&$@ ae&mcsxm;r_cHcJh=u&onf?1 te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS axmifaomif;csDIxGufajy;vmonfh qlyltkHºuGolrsm;onf òrd@awmfwGif usL;ausmfaexkdifolrsm;jzpfI vlxkusef;rma&;ESifh +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf pkd;&drfzG,f&m +cdrf;ajcmufr_wpfckjzpfvmjcif;a=umifh vkdtyfcsufwpfcktaejzifh Tokd@ vkyfaqmif&jcif;jzpfonf[k tpkd;&u qifajcay;cJhonf? tdrfa[mif;rsm;qkH;&_H;&onfh tay:tvGefra=ureyfjzpfae=uonfh òrd@opfrsm;wGifaexkdifolrsm;u 1988 ckESpf. aEG&moD'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_wGif ae0if;ppftkyfpktm; tvkH;t&if;tiftm;jyI qef@ usifcJh=uonf? xkd 1988 ck aEG&moD qjyawmif;qkdr_rsm;tm; wkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@u (e0w/ 1997 wGif etz[ktrnfajymif;cJh) tm%modrf;cJhonf? wpfESpftwGif; twif;t=uyf jyefvnfae&mcsxm;jcif;cH&olrsm; / vlOD;a& oef;wpf0ufeD;yg;ESifh òrd@opf 10 òrd@tm;wnfaxmifcJhonf? vltrsm;tjym;rSm usL;ausmfaexkdifolrsm; jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;olrsm;rSm tdrfykdif,mykdif&SdI 1988 ckESpf vlxkqjyyGJrsm;tm; wufºuGpGmaxmufcHcJhonfh e0w. tjypfay;cH&olrsm;jzpf=uonf? xkdolwkd@rSm tdrf,ma[mif;rsm;qkH;&_H;&kHr#ru tpGeftzsm;ae&mrsm;wGif tdrfopfaqmufvkyf&ef ajrESifhtdrfopfrsm;aqmufvkyfa&;twGuf vkdtyfonfhypPnfrsm; twif;t=uyf aiGawmif;cHjcif;cH=u&onf? xkdae&mrsm;onf v#yfppftvkHtavmufr&Sdjcif;/ a&tvkHtavmufr&Sdjcif;tjyif tjcm;tqifajyr_rsm;rSmvnf;enf;yg;onfh

a':e,f trf qDuifpf a'ojzpfonf? xkdòrd@opfrsm;wGif tvkyftukdif&&Sda&;tcGifhta&;teJ i,fom&Sd+yD; &efukefòrd@tcsuftjcmae&mrsm;&Sd omrefpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyf ukdif&efvkdvm;=uonfh ajymif;a&$@cH&onfhjynfolrsm;taeESifh c&D;a0;vGef;I oGm;vma&;tukeftusrsm;onfh tajctaejzpfaponf? 2 ,ae@tcg a&$@ajymif;tajccsaexkdifolrsm;onf 0g;ESifhoufu,fjzifhaqmufxm;onfh omreftdrfrsm;wGif twlwuG ¹yGwfodyfaexkdif&I &efukef.qif;&Jwumhtqif;&JqkH; taetxm;wGif&Sdae=uonf? 2007 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGifjzpfyGm;cJhonfh avmifpmqDaps;rsm;jrifhwufr_u ‚wkd@tm; tjyif;xefqkH;xkd;ESufcJh+yD; pm;aomufukefaps;E_ef;ESifh vlxko,f,lykd@aqmifa&;pm;&dwfrsm; rkd;xdatmifjrifhwufvmonfrSpI aemufvwGif EkdifiHw0Srf; tpkd;&qef@usifa&;qjy v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmap&ef tpòyd;cJhonf? ‘wJrSwkdufcef;rsm;qDokd@’ [lonfh‚. tpDtpOft& usL;ausmfaexkdifolrsm;pGmtm; txyfrsm;pGmygonfhtdrf,m okd@r[kwf ‚wkd@.,cifaetdrfrsm;teD;ae&mrsm;wGif ae&mcsxm;a&;vkyfaqmifay;rnf[k qkdcJhonf? okd@aomfvnf; ,ae@tcg &efukef/ rœav;ESifh tjcm;òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif twif;t"Raetdrfrsm;rSajymif;a&$@aer_rsm; qufvufvkyfaqmifaeqJjzpfonf? Oyrm - rD;avmifonf@ae&mwGifaexkdif=uolrsm;tm; ae&ma[mif;wGif jyefvnfaqmufvkyfcGifhrðyawmhbJ xkdae&yfrsm;ukd&Sif;vif;I vrf;opfrsm;azmufjcif;/ wkdufcef;rsm;ESifh ukefwkdufrsm;jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rnfonfhwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rqkd ‚wkd@. EkdifiHom;qkdif&m ajr,mykdifqkdifr_ tcGifhta&;tm;vkH; rsufuG,fðyxm;jcif;cHae=u&ayonf? a':e,f qDuifpf (kenchan@ii-okinawa.ne.jp) onf *syefEkdifiH tkduDem0gjynfe,f/ em*kdòrd@&Sd rD,kdwuUokdvf /EkdifiHwumavhvma&;aumvdyf ta&S@awmiftm&Savhvma&;Xme ygarmuQjzpfonf? 1 Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), Burma: displacement and Dispossession, Forced Migration and Land Rights. November 2007, pp95-98. 2 ‘Interviews in Satellite Villages', Dawn News Bulletin, Vol.2, no 14 (July 1990), pp3-9.

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FMR

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

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Free Burma Rangers

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Free Burma Rangers ESifh u&ifvltcGifhta&;tzGJ@ Karen Human Rights Group wkd@ESpfzGJ@pvkH;ESifh ausmykd;tdyfusef;rma&;vkyf om;rsm;toif; Back Pack Health Worker Team wkd@u jrefrmhwyfrawmf. zdESdyfa&;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh vlxk.qkd;&Gm;onfhusef;rma&;wkd@ wkduf&kdufygwfoufr_ tm; us,fjyef@pGm rSwfwrf;wifvkyfaqmifae=uonf? Tvkyfaqmifr_onf awmfvSefa&;tkyfpkrsm; (owif;/ qufoG,fa&;/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;/ axmufyhHykd@ aqmifa&;ESifh vkHðcHa&;taxmuftyHhay;aeonfh) óud;yrf;r_wpfckwnf;rSwqifh vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;r_jzifhay;tyfonfhtultnDwkd@onf xkdxkd;ESufwkdufckdufr_ cH&olrsm;xHa&muf&SdE_difjcif;jzpfonf? ‚xkd;ppfwGif u&ifjynfe,fajrmufykdif; c&kdifokH;ck&Sd &Gmom; 3&0 ausmfaoqkH;I okH;aomif;ausmf ppfajy;'kQonfb0a&mufcJhonf? xkdppfajy;'kQonfrsm;pGmwkd@ onf ,cktcgykef;atmif;aexkdif=u&onf? jrefrmhwyfrawmf pcef;opf 60 ausmfESifh vrf;opf 3 ck wkd@tm; wnfaqmufazmufvkyfcJh=uonf? wwdwdESifhyif/ okd@aomf tawmrowfonfh xkd;ESufwkdufckdufr_rsm;jzpfI pcef;opfrsm;ESifh vrf;rsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;onf ‚wkd@}uD;pkd;a&;ESifh a'owGif;&Sdu&ifwkdif;&if;om; rsm;tm; &SmazGajcr_ef;a&; pDrHudef;wpfck ðyvkyfaeykHay:onf? 1997 ckESpfrSpI u&ifqef@usifa&;twGufðyvkyfcJhonfh Txkd;ppfonf tjyif;xefqkH;jzpfonf? tdrf,mpGef@cGmxGufajy;&olESifh zsufqD;r_ tvGefrsm;jym;}uD;rm;I taotaysmufESifh tpm;xkd;r&onfh qkH;&_H;r_rsm; twkdif;twmjrifhrm;vSonf? tpma&pmxkwfvkyfr_tm;aESmuf,Sufjcif;/ tdrfrsm;tm;rD;&_d@jcif;ESifh jrefrmhwyfrawmf. jrif&mypftrdef@rsm;u axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom u&ifxktm; ‚wkd@arG;zGm;}uD;jyif;&majrwGif ckcHumuG,f&ef rpGrf;E_difonfhtajctaejzifh aexkdif&onfhb0okd@a&mufaponf? vlokH;aomif;xufykdI ae&yfrSarmif;xkwfcH&onfh 'kQonfjzpfvm=uI vl 7000 ausmfwkd@rSm tdrfypf,mypfESifh xkdif;EkdifiHe,fpyfokd@ xGufcGmcJh=u&onf? TvlxktaeESifh tpm;taomuf/ aq;0g;/ ckdv_H&mESifh ‚wkd@ tdrfrsm;/ ausmif;rsm;ESifh b0rsm;tm; jyefvnfaqmuf&ef tultnDvkdtyfonf? ‚wkd@ taeESifh ta&;ay:umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ESifh vGwfvyfpGm ‚wkd@tdrfrsm;okd@ jyefoGm;E_dif &efvnf; vkdtyfaeayonf? a';Apf ,lbef@cf (eubank@pobox.com; info@freeburmarangers. org) onf jrefrmEkdifiH. yËdyQe,fajrrsm;wGif ta&;ay:tultnDay;tyfjcif;ESifh vl@ tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;rsm; azmfxkwfr_rsm;vkyfaqmifaeonfh jrefrmjynfvGwfajrmufa&; &def;*sm;rsm;tzGJ@. n$ef=um;a&;rSL;jzpfonf? (www.freeburmarangers.org) 1 www.khrg.org 2 www.geocities.com/maesothtml/bphwt/ 3 ae&yfrStwif;t"Ra&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;pmapmif trSwf (28)wGif [,foma&;om;xm;onfh ‘jrefrmjynfta&S@zsm;&Sd jynfwGif;ae&yfrSarmif;xkwfr_’ aqmif;yg; www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR28/25.pdf ESifh ausmykd;tdyfusef;r ma&;vkyfom;rsm;toif;. ‘emwm&Snf ta&;ay: - jrefrmEkdifiHta&S@ykdif;&Sd usef;rma&;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;’ 2006 tpD&ifcHpm www. geocities.com/maesothtml/bphwt wGif awG@E_difonf?

jrefrmh wyfrawmf. twif;t=uyf ckdif;apjcif;a=umifh ypPnf;rsm; o,fae=u &onfh &Gmom;rsm; 2007 ckESpf/ ZGefv

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nSdEd_if;aqmif&Gufr_ 2004 ck ESpfukefydkif;tcsdefrSpI nSdekdif;r_jyKedkifaom vkyfief;vnfywfwnf&Sdr_ onf ta&S@awmifa'oY tzGJ@0iftm;vHk;udk twlwuG ta=umif;t&mtcsuftvufzvS,f&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ vkyfief;vkyfaqmifolrsm;ESifh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. tpDtpOfudkvnf;aumif; pwifedkifcJh onf? ‚tcsuftvufrsm;onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_aqmif&Gufa&;tzGJ@ (PMWG) twGuf vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&mwGif trSDo[JðycJhonf?‚ (PMWG) udk (UNCT) rS 2004 ckESpfukefydkif;wGif wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_aqmif&Gufa&;tzGJ@ (PMWG) onf jynfol@vSkyf&Sm;r_ yHkpHrsm;udk avhvm&mY taxmuftulðyonfh jynfwGif;a&Gajymif;aexkdifr_ESifh 0ifxGufoGm;vmr_udk t"duavhvm&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ aocsmonfh axmufcHcsufaomfvnf;aumif;/ (UNCT) . udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf aqmif&GuftpD&ifcHay;vsuf&Sdonf? ‚tpD&ifcHcsufonf vl@todkif; t0dkif;tajccHtzGJ@

FMR

tpnf;rsm; (CBOs) ESifh ESD;aESm&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ oD;jcm;ty,fcH vl@todkif;t0dkif;rsm;odk@ rnfonfutaumif;qHk;ae&meSifh rnfuJhodk@ vdktyfcsufudkjznfh pGuf&ef paom qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mY axmufyhHay;onfh wGef;tm;wpfckjzpfonf?

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jrefrmedkifiHwGif vlom;csif;pmemaom vkyfief; nSdEd_if;r_vkyfief;aqmifwmudk ukvor~ (UN) zGJ@ pnf;yHk tajccHrl twGif;wGif wnfaxmifzGJ@pnf;jcif;u vkyfief;udk,fpm;vS,f&yfwnfr_aumfrwD zGJ@pnf;&efvH_@ aqmfay;cJhonf? ‚onf vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aom vkyfief;AsL[mrsm; pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;&mY ta&;ygaom xifjrif,lqcsufay;onfhae&mwGif tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJhtpnf;rsm; (NGOs) rsm;udk xnfhoGif;yg0ifcGifhjyKcJhonf? tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJhtpnf;rsm; (NGOs) ESifh tajccHvlh@todkfif;t0dkif;tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm; (CBOs) tm;vHk;yGifhvif;pGmyg0if v_ yf&Sm;r_ rðyEkdifcJhaomfjim;vnf; enf;vrf;opfjzifh ‚wdk@ ESifh ESD;aESmzvS,fjcif;tm;jzifh ta=umif;t&m tvHk;pHkudk =um;odcGifh&jcif;wkd@udk twdtus azmfaqmifaponf? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_aqmif&Gufa&;tzGJ@ (PMWG) ESifh (TBBC) wdk@. jynfwGif;ppfajy;'kQonfrsm;tay: tpD&ifcHpm wdk@onf t,ltqcsif;wlnD=uonf? ‚tpD&ifcHpmonf befaumuf+rdk@Y jyKvkyfaom jrefrmESifh ukvor~EdkifiHtoif; (UNCT) t=um;eSifh xdkif;edkifiHodk@ e,fpyfjzwfausmf tvkyfvkyfolrsm;. yxrt}udrf tjrifzvS,fyGJtay: jyXmef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?‚zvS,fr_ rsm;onf qufvufwnf&Sdrnfjzpf+yD; r=umc%qdkovdk tcsdefESifhtr# ydkrdkwdk;wuf&efjzpfonf? 2007 ckESpftwGif; ‚wdk@.awG@qHkr_tpnf;ta0;rS ta=umif;t&mvkduf zJG@pnf;cJh=uonfh usef;rma&;/ ynma&;/ toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ESifh tcGifhta&;umuG,fr_ ponfwdk@ a=umifh todtrSwfjyKjcif;cHcJh&onf? tjyifvlESifh twGif;vlrsm;t=um; ,SOf+ydKifvkyfaqmifjcif;xuf av;pm;csD;usL;&onfh ae@pOfjzpfay:r_udk jrifap&ef ‚u azmfaqmifcJhonf? tenf;i,faom jrefrmtajcpdkuf tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJhtpnf; (NGOs) udk xdkif;edkifiHtajcpdkuf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u tjyeftvSeftusKd;twGuf }udKqdkcJh=uaomfvnf; rouFmr_ wdk@u w&pf0J0J &Sdae+rJjzpfonf? ydkIta&;=uD;onfrSm ukvor~rS jynfwGif;ppfajy;'kQonf rsm;ESifh vHk+cHKr_r&Sdaom jynfolrsm;/ rjrif&onfh xdcdkufapaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;tm;azmfxkwf&ef vrf;rsm;&SmazGae&qJ jzpfonf? xdkt a=umif;t&mrsm;aqG;aEG;r_ESifhywfoufI ppftm%mydkiftpdk;&rsm;taejzifh ‚wdk@*wdrwnfjcif; odk@r[kwf r&Sdjcif; ponfwdk@ omjzpfonf?

*sif;z&efudktdpf d'l;&pf jean-francois.durieux@qeh.ox.ac.uk onf arv/ 2005 ckESpf rS pufwifbmv/ 2007 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'kQonfrsm; qdkif&mukvor~r[mrif;=uD;&Hk;. tvkyfr_aqmifudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfonf? ‚onf ,ckcsdefY 'kQonfavhvma&;XmerS tjynfjynfqdkif&mvlhtcGifhta&; ESifh 'kQonfOya'a=umif;qkdif&m uxduwOD;jzpfonf? pDAifcg d'gemzvm dhanapal@unhcr.org onf tzfume,fpwm / umbl; rS 'kQonfrsm;qdkif&m ukvor~r[mrif;=uD;&Hk;. a'oqdkif&m wm&Snfajz&Sif;a&;wm0efcHt&m&SdwpfOD; jzpfonf?

2007/ atmufwdkbm/ ukvor~ESpfywfvnfae@. trSmpum;tay: rkefwdkif;xefxefwHk@jyefjcif;Y rvdk vm;tyfaom axhvHk;aighvHk;rsm; yg0ifonf? ta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm ta&;w}uD;vdktyfr_twGufjrefrmESihf ukvor~ axmufyHhr_ tzGJ@wdk@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef tm&Hkpdkufaecsdef/ vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;r_ qdkif&m tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;r_rsm; &&dS&ef}udK;yrf;aecsdefY vlrqefonfh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfu wHcg;ydwfvdkufjcif;/ rdrd.oufwrf;wpfav#muf tm;wufoa&m wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom a'ocH vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;r_qdkif&m tvkyftr_ aqmiftjzpfrS jyif;xefpGmpGyfpGJI jzKwfypfjcif; ponfwdk@ jzpfonf?

1 ukvor~edkifiHtoif;wGif FAO, ILO, IOM, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNODC, UNOPS, WFP , WHO wdk@ yg0ifonf?

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5 Wherever there is a Humanitarian Coordinator, OCHA requires that there should also be an inter-agency coordination committee modelled on the IASC (www. humanitarianinfo.org/iasc), which includes, in addition to UNCT members, the Red Cross movement and large NGOs.

Taqmif;yg;onf pma&;ol.yk~Kdvfa&;qkdif&mtjrifomjzpf+yD; uBmhukvor~.tjriftm; ukd,fpm;rðyyg?

2 EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef=uD;Xmeonf atmfwdkbm 31&uf 2007 ckESpf wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY ukvor~edkifiHtoif;. xkwfjyefpmudk jyef=um;cJhonf? 3 / tuf&Sav apmufof ‘Burma: The Changing Nature of Displacement Crises', RSC Working Paper 39, Feb 2007: www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/PDFs/WP39%20Burma%20AS.pdf 4 Wherever there is a Humanitarian Coordinator, OCHA requires that there should also be an inter-agency coordination committee modelled on the IASC (www. humanitarianinfo.org/iasc), which includes, in addition to UNCT members, the Red Cross movement and large NGOs.

6 ‘Internal Displacement and Protection in Eastern Burma', 2005: www.tbbc.org/idps/ report-2005-idp-english.pdf

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FMR

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armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

Committee for Internally Displaced Karen People (CIDKP)

FMR

wkdif;&if;om;twkduftcHygwDtm; a'ocHvlom;jcif;pmemonfhtultnDay;Xme. vGwfvyfonfhykdifeuftm; tultnDay;ykd@a&;qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfpOfwGif w&m;0ifvkHðcHpGm vufcH&&SdE_difapa&; todtrSwfðyxm;+yD;jzpfonf? Xmersm;taeESifhvnf; EkdifiHwum vlom;jcif;pmema&;Oya'atmufwGif tpkd;&r[kwfonfh vufeufukdifwkd@ twGif; ‚wkd@rjzpfraevkyf&rnfh wm0eftjzpf *&kxm;tm&kHpkdufa&;ykdrkd jrSifhwif&ef qwufxrf;ykd; tm;xkwfvkyfaqmif&efvkdtyfonf? 'kwd,tcsuftaeESifh tultnDay;tyfr_u vufeufukdiftkyfpkwpfckck. aoG;xkd;r_jzifh &Gmom;wkd@ twGuf tysufoabmaqmifonfh *,uf&kdufr_jzpfrjzpf apmifh=uyfxdrf;odrf;&efESifh aemufykdif; tœ&m,fOD;pm;ay;owfrSwf jcif;ESifh yËdyQoufa&mufr_owfrSwfjcif;? wwd,tcsufrSm pDrHcsuft& tusKd;cHpm;&&Sdolrsm;ESifh tusKd;cHpm;cGifhr,lolrsm;t m;vkH;tay: e,fpyfjzwfausmf ay;tyfonfhtultnDwkd@. tusKd;oufa&mufr_. ykdrkd&Sif;vif;onfhykH&dyftm; &&Sdap&eftwGuf uGif;qif;ppfwrf;aumuf,lcsuf csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? xkdppfwrf;rsm;u xda&mufI tðyoabmaqmifonfh yËdyQavsmhyg;apjcif;ESifh a'owGif; vkyfaqmifE_difpGrf;tjyif +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf tcsdwftqufrsm;tm; wkd;jrSifhay;onfh tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;tm; cGJjcm;ay;cJhonf? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; pdefac:r_rsm;u owif;tay;t,lESifh jynfwGif;ESifh e,fpyfjzwfausmfaxmufyHha&; tultnDay;aeonfh yËdyQjzpfonfhESpfbufpvkH; vlom;csif;pmema&;Xmersm;. wkd;wufjcif;jzpfonf? vuf&Sdumv wnf&Sdaeonfh aqmif&Gufa&;Xmersm; tenf;qkH;wxyfwnf;jzpfaecsdefwGif vufvSrf;rDapa&;ESifh xda&mufonfh nSdE_dif;aqmif&Gufr_wkd@twGuf axmufyhHaiGtm; wif;usyfr_rsm;t& ykdrkdIeD;pyfvmonf? ,kH=unfr_twkdif;twmESifh EkdifiHe,fpyfjzwfausmfvkyfukdif aeonfh vlom;csif;pmema&;tultnDay;Xmersm;taeESifh vGefcJhonfh ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; xif&Sm;pGmwkd;yGm;vmcJhonf? okd@aomfvnf; óud;yrf;r_rsm;taeESifh axmufyhHykd@ aqmifa&;tcuftcJrsm; (jynf0ifcGifhADZmrsm;ESifh qifqmjzwfawmufr_tygt0if)/ EkdifiHa&;tœ&m,frsm; (‘tpkd;&owif;ay;olrsm;’ okd@r[kwf ‘olykefaxmufcHtm;ay; olrsm;’ESifh qufqHjcif;jzifh)ESifh bwf*suftokH;aiGqkdif&mpkd;&drfr_rsm; (&HykHaiGrsm;twGuf ‘t+ydKif’ taetxm;jzifh wnf&Sdaer_)wkd@uJhokd@ qufvufvkyfaqmifaeonfh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_wkd@tm;ajz&Sif;&ef ykdrkdtm;&Sd&efvkdtyfonf? tvSL&Sifrsm;twGuf enf;AsL[mpdrfac:r_wpfcku EkdifiHw0Srf;qif;&JiwfrGwfr_ avsmhyg;apa&; pDrHcsufrsm;ESifh jrefrmjynfta&S@ykdif;&Sd ta&;ay: emwm&SnftDav;qGJaeonfh yËdyQwkd@twGuf &HykHaiGvkdtyfcsuf rnfokd@

ykef;atmif; aeonfh ppfajy; 'kuQonf rsm; jrefrmjynf ta&S@ykdif; a'o/ 2007 ckESpf

aphpyfaqmif&Gufr_vkdtyfonf[lonfh wnf&SdqJjy\emyifjzpfonf? vlOD;a&. trsm;pktm; c|wfðcHusaponfh q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm nHhjzif;onfhtkyfcsKyfa&;tae ESifh vlom;csif;pmemonfhta&;ygr_tm; trSefwu,fcsdeJ@aeonfhtkyfpkrsm;twGuf OD;pm;ay;I xdrf;nSdvkyfaqmif&ef vkdtyfae+yDjzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;ajz&Sif;r_tm; tcsdefqGJxm;jcif;u e,fpyfjzwfausmfay;tyfaeonfh tultnDay;Xmersm;tm; ta&;ay:wkef@jyefaqmif&Gufr_rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef uef@owfxm;onfh a&&Snfr=unfhonfhvkyfaqmifr_yifjzpfonf? xkdtpm; u,fq,fa&;rS ckdifrmonfh toufarG;r_zG@Hòzd;a&;tultnDtxd rnfonfhtem*wf tull;tajymif; tvm;tvmu yËdyQ. ESpfbufpvkH;&Sd wkef@jyefvmrnfh vkyfE_difpGrf;. oWmefyifjzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktokdif;t0kdif;tajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tultnDjzifh EkdifiHwumtokdif;t0kdif;taeESifh csdeJ@r_tjzpfqkH;tkyfpkrsm;tm; jrefrmEkdifiHta&S@ykdif;wGif qufpyfulnDa&;vkyfaqmifae+yD; tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh ukvor~Xmersm;u e,fpyfjzwfausmfay;tyfonfhtultnD twGuf xkda'owGif; vkyfEd_ifpGrf;wkd@tm; todtrSwfðyr_/ axmufyHhr_ r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonf? xkdenf;wl yËdyQcHpm;ae&onfha'orsm;wGif vlom;csif;pmema&;vkyfykdifcGifhtm;csJ@xGifa&; t&SdefjrSifhI oHwrefa&;zdtm;ay;vkyfaqmif&efrSm tvGefta&;ygaeayonf? Taqmif;yg;ukd xkdif;jrefrme,fpyf,m,Dpkpnf;ulnDa&;tzGJ@ (www.tbbc.

org) . ae&yfrSarmif;ESifxkwfr_ okawoetzGJ@ (tbbcbkk@tbbc.org) t aeESifha&;om;ðypkcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkdif;jrefrme,fpyf,m,Dpkpnf;ulnDa&;tzGJ@ wGif jrefrmEkdifiHrS 'kQonfrsm;ESifh ae&yfrSarmif;ESifxkwfcH&olrsm;twGuf pm;a&&dQm/ ckdv_Hp&mae&mESifh pm;p&mr[kwfonfhtjcm;ypPnf;rsm;tm; ay;tyfulnDaeonfh tpkd;&r[kwfonfhEkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf; 11 ckwkd@yg0ifonf? ‚pkpnf;ulnDa&;tzGJ@u ae&yfrSarmif;ESifxkwfjcif;§xGufcGmvm&jcif;ESifh 'kQonf,kdpdrfhxGufvm&jcif;. tajccHta=umif;&if;rsm;tm; okawoeðyvkyfa&;wGifvnf;yg0ifvkyfaqmifv#uf&Sdonf?

1 ukvor~ EkdifiH (aus;vuf) tzGJ@cGJ/ 2005 ckESpf {+yDv 22 &ufae@ ‘jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; ukvor~Xmersm;tay: enf;AsL[mykdif;qkdif&muef@ owfr_/ &efukef' www.unicef.org/about/execboard/files/Myanmar_UNDAF.pdf 2 UN OCHA/ 2001 ckESpf pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@ ‘vlom;csif;pmemonfhtultnDay;,Ofwef;twGuf ppfwyf okd@r[kwf vufeufukdiftapmifhta&SmuftokH;ðyjcif; - aqG;aEG;csufESifh taESmiftzGJ@uif;onfh vrf;n$efcsufrsm;?' www.who.int/hac/network/interagency/GuidelinesonArmedEscorts_Sept2001.pdf

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

FMR

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rl0g'a&;wkef@jyefvkyfaqmifcsuf +Adwdo#tpkd;&onf jrefrmEkdifiHtm; trsm;qkH;taxmuftyHhay;aeonfh EkdifiHrsm;xJwGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf? uBmhukvor~. Xmersm;ESifh vkyfaqmifaeonfh ‚.Xmejzpfonfh EkdifiHwumzGH@òzd;a&;XmetaeESifh &HykHaiGwkd@taeESifh zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaeonfh w&m;r0if ppftpkd;&xHokd@ OD;wnfcsufajymif;I a&muf&SdroGm;apa&;twGuf jrefrmtpkd;&tm;wkduf&kduf tultnDay;jcif;xuf trsKd;om;a&;ESifh tpkd;&r[kwfonfha'ocHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufpyfulnD aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdonf? 2007 ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#ygvDrmef. EkdifiHwumzGH@òzd;wkd;wufa&;aumfrDwD u EkdifiHwumzG@Hòzd;a&;Xme. xkdif;jrefrme,fpyfwpfav#muf jrefrmEkdifiH ae&yfrSarmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;ESifh 'kQonfrsm;tm; ay;tyfonfhtultnDwkd@tm; ppfaq;I 2007 ckESpf atmufwkdbmwGif t=uHðywifjycsuftm; ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? xkdtpD&ifcHpmu vdifykdif;qkdif&mESifh rsKd;qufjyef@yGm;a&;wkd@tygt0if t"duaxmufyHh&ef vkdtyfaeonfhae&mrsm;tm; rD;armif;xkd;jyxm;onf? attkdif'Dtufpf / wDbDESifh iSufzsm;wkdufzsufa&; uBmvkH;qkdif&m&HykHaiGtzGJ@}uD;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; tdyfcsftkdifAGD ESifh attkdif'Dtufpf&HykHaiGtzGJ@ ESpfckpvkH;taeESifh tpkd;&r[kwfonfh trsKd;om;ESifh EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh axmufyHha&;rsm;vkyfukdifa&;vkdtyfcsuftm; tav;teufpOf;pm;cJhonf? okd@aomf tpkd;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifh taumiftxnfazmfonfhtcg EkdifiHtwGif; tm;tEGJ@qkH;olwkd@. vkdtyfcsufrsm;tay: jznfhpnf;E_difonfhtwkdif;twm vkdtyfcsuf. pdefac:r_ukdvnf; todtrSwfðycJhonf?

FMR

tvSL&SiftaeESifh vlxktokdif;t0kdif;tajccH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; tpkd;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vkdtyfonfh axmufyHha&;tay:todtrSwfðyjcif;u rl0g'tajymif;tvnf;wpfpkHw&m csxm;ay;jcif;jzpfonf? wuBmvkH;&Sd ppfajy;'kQonfrsm;taeESifh pcef;wGif;aexkdif jcif;r&Sdolrsm;ESifh ae&yfrSarmif;xkwfcH&olrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfðyr_rcH&olrsm;taeESifh xkdtaxmuftyHhtm; &&SdE_difa&;. jyifywGif&Sdae=uonf? EkdifiHwumzGH@òzd;wkd;wufa&;aumfrDwDu jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf tultnDav;qwkd;ay;&ef t=uHðycJhonf? rnfokd@yifjzpfap tvSL&Sifwkd@twGuf pdrfac:r_rSm EkdifiHwGif;ESifh xkd@ xufykdI xkdif;jrefrme,fpyfwGif jzwfausmfvkyfaqmifaeonfh tpkd;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;tm; aumif;rGefonfh vkHðcHpdwfcs&onfhrsKd;qufjyef@yGm;a&;qkdif&m

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk usef;rma&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; xda&mufpGmaqmif&GufEkdifrnfh zGH@òzd;wkd;wufa&;vkyfaqmif rnfholrsm;tm; &SmazGa&;yifjzpfonf? *|efbmaumif; (BERCOWJ@parliament.uk) onf +Adwdo#vGwfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,ftrwfjzpfI/ jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&; ygwDaygif; pkHv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@. OuUXjzpfonfhjyif +Adwdo#EkdifiH. EkdifiHwumzGH@òzd;wkd;wufa&;aumfrwDtzGJ@0ifwpfOD;vnf;jzpfayonf? 1 www.burmacampaign.org.uk/total_report.html#8 2 UNFPA, 2007 3 www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/international_development.cfm 4 www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmintdev/1070/107002.htm 5 http://myanmar.unfpa.org/projects.htm

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Suthep Kritsanavarin for TBBC, 2007

T,Ofaus;r_ESifh t&m0wˆKykdifqkdifr_wkd@tay: ykdrkdem;vnfay;jcif;u ykdrkdxda&mufI pmemr_&Sdonfh tultnDukd 'kQonfwkd@tm; ay;tyfE_difrnfjzpfayawmhonf?

xkdif;EkdifiH bef@ rkdifEkdifpkd; 'kuQonf pcef; trSwf (1)rS u&ifeD 'kuQonfrsm;

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FMR

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

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ar&DoD&Dpfbef;em; (mariet.benner@malteser-international. org) onf EkdifiHwum r,fvfwDqmtzGJ@}uD;. (www.malteser. de/61.Malteser_International) tawG@tóuH&ifhusufonfh usef;rma&;tusKd;aqmifjzpfonf? tm&D; rGefpGwf*sm&efrSm (aree@searo.who. int) uBmhusef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_tzGJ@}uD;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHrSajymif;a&$@0ifa&mufvmo lrsm;ESifh'kQonfwkd@. usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_udPrsm;twGuf xkdif;EkdifiHbefaumufòrd@ wGif vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufaeoljzpfonf? tuf*fbwf qef;a'gh (egbert.sondorp) onf yËdyuQESifhusef;rma&; tawG@tóuH&Sdynmay;yk~Kdvfjzpfum *|Kdif; awmif;qef; (joy. townsend@lshtm.ac.uk) onf tajccHusef;rma&; *k%fxl;aqmifygarmuQjzpfI ‚wkd@ESpfOD;pvkH; vef'efwukd,f&nfESifhywf0ef;usifoef@&Sif;a&;ESifh tylykdif;a'oxGufaq ;0g;ausmif;wGif wm0eftoD;oD;xrf;aqmifae=uonf (www.lshtm.ac.uk)? Taqmif;yg;wGifazmfjycJhonfh tjrifrsm;rSm txufygtzGJ@tpnf;wdk@ESifh ygwfoufjcif;r&Sdyg?

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

FMR

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armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

EC/ECHO/J P Aparicio

FMR

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pcef;pDrHcef@cGJa&;pDrHudef;

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armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

FMR

Suthep Kritsanavarin for TBBC

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FMR

IRC staff

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tdkiftm&fpD (EdkifiHwumu,fq,fa&;aumfrwD)taejzifh pcef;twGif;0ifa&muf vkyfudkifcGifh&onfh tcsdefuwnf;upI t"dutaejzifh avhvmoHk;oyfcsufwGif azmfjyonfh[muGufr_rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? ‚wkd@rSm Oya'ESifhywfoufonfh t}uHay;r_axmufyHhjcif;/ zsefajzr_ESifh cHkorm"djzifhpD&ifjcif;qdkif&m acgif;aqmifoifwef;rsm; ay;jcif;/ xdkif;Oya'ESifhywfoufI wkd;jrSifhoifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ vli,frsm;twGuf EkdifiHom;ESifhqkdifaomynma&;/ vHk+cHKa&;t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;twGufvdktyfaom taxmuftulypPnf;rsm;ESifh enf;ynmrsm;axmufyhHjcif;/ Oya'ESifh tcGifhta&;qdkif&mwdk@udk xkdif;vHk+cHKa&;vkyftm; ay;rsm;odk@ oifwef;ay;jcif;ESifh pcef;twGif;&Sd w&m;pD&ifa&;qkdif&m aumfrwDtm; vlr_todkif;t0dkif;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ESifh tpDtpOfwusaqmif&Guf ay;jcif;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? odk@jzpfI Tvkyfief;wGif yg0ifvkyfudkif=u&ef urf;vSrf;ol trsm;tjym;&Sdvm+yD; ‚wdk@.urf;vSrf;r_vufcHvsuf pdwftm;xufoefpGm axmufyHhr_ wkd@ vkyfaqmifvsuf &Sdonf? *sKdt,f [m'if; (joel.harding@theirc.org)onf Oya'taxmuftuljyKXme. Xmaeudk,fpm;vS,f jzpfonf? &Sdef;puJvHk; (shane.scanlon@theirc. org) onf EdkifiHwumu,fq,fa&;aumfrwD/ xdkif;EdkifiH (www.theirc.org/ where/the_irc_in_thailand.html). Oya'taxmuftuljyKXme. refae*smjzpfonf? a&SmifvD;pf/ umpGef abum ESifh tkdifvDvif;rf wdk@onf xkdXme. okawoetvkyfr_aqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? 1 ,cifutDwvDtpdk;&ESifhukvor~~'kQonfrsm;qdkif&mr[mrif;=uD;&Hk;rSaxmufyHhcJhonf? ,cktcg ukvor~ 'kQonfqdkif&m r[mrif;=uD;&Hk;tjyif Austcare\DIAC =opa=w;vsvl0ifr_=uD;=uyfa&;ESifh EdkifiHom;owfrSwfa&;XmerS yl;aygif;axmufyHh=uonf?

FMR

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

xkdif;EkdifiHwGifrjrif&ol umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; vkdtyfcsufrSwfwrf;wifjcif;

rm*&uf *&if;/ u&if *sufaumhbfqefESifh pENDykdif;

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armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

FMR IRC-MDU

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t=uHðycsuf

xkdif;EkdifiH&Sd jrefrm a&$@ajymif; tvkyfor wpfOD;

'kQonftaxmuftxm;&SdI wqufwnf;jzpfonfh xkdif;tpkd;& odk@r[kwf EkdifiHwumtultnDay; XmetzGJ@tpnf;wkd@. tultnDESifh umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ wkd@ukd trSefwu,f&&Sdol &Sdonf? xkdawG@&Sdcsufwkd@u xif&Sm;onfhwkdif;&if;om;t&nftwGufESifh bmomt,l0g'rsm;u xkdif;EkdifiHwGif ay:aygufaeonfh zdpD;ESdyfpufr_wkd@tm; &Snf=umpGm =uHh=uhHcHae&a=umif; jyocJhonf? Oyrm - csif;rkdifrS ajzqkdol 64 &mckdifE_ef;u ‚wkd@. ,kH=unfonfhbmomw&m;rSm c&pf,efbmomjzpf=uonf? xifxif&Sm;&Sm; yËdyQ.xdckdufr_cH&onfh a'orsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkd@taeESifh tumtuG,frJh aexkdifcJh=u+yD;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf? a'ookH;ckpvkH;wGif trsm;pku jrefrmEkdifiHukd pGef@cGmvm=u&onfh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ta=umif;jycsufwkd@tm; ay;cJhonf? okd@ aomf rJa[mifaqmifESifh csif;rdkfifa'oESpfckpvkH;wGif ajzqkdol 50 &mckdifE_ef;ausmfu apmfum;aESmuf,Sufr_/ t"Rvkyftm;ay; okd@r[kwf zsufqD;cH&jcif; okd@r[kwf oifhav#mfonfh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;wkd@tm; zdtm;ay;I twif;t=uyfa jymif;vnf;vkyfckdif;jcif; okd@r[kwf ykdifqkdifr_wkd@tm; aESmuf,Sufodrf;,lr_wkd@a=umifh xGufajy;vm&jcif;jzpfa=umif; ajymqkdcJh=uonf? xkdif;EkdifiHokd@vma&muf&jcif;rSm wkdif;&if;om;ta&;ESifhywfoufaea=umif;xif&Sm; onf? rJaqmufa'owGif ArmvlrsKd;trsm;pku pD;yGm;a&;t& e,fpyfjzwfausmf0if a&mufcJh=ujcif;jzpfI xkdtxJrS 15 &mckdifE_ef;avmufom jrefrmjynfwGif;yËdyQESifh qufEG,fI a&mufvm=ujcif;jzpfonf? tjcm; wkdif;&if;om; tkyfpkrsm;u trsm;tm;jzifh yËdyQa=umifh[k om"ujycJh=uonf? a'owpfckjcif;wGif tu,fI ‚wkd@ ukd,fwkdifESifh tjcm;olrsm;tay:usL;vGefcJhonfh rsufjrifoufaotjzpf &ufpufr_

jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdif;. ukd,fawG@Zwfvrf;rsm;rSm &Sif;vif;pGm uGJjym;jcm;em;=uonf? okd@aomf tawG@tñuHrsm;pGmwkd@wGif wlnDonfh yËdyQa=umifh &ufpufr_/ ae&yfrSarmif;ESifxkwfr_ wkd@a=umifh ae&yfjyefa&;twGuf pkd;&drfa=umuf&GH@=uonfh csdef;ajcmufr_wkd@tm; a0iScJh=uonf? Ttvm;tvm&Sdonfh 'kQonfwkd@taeESifh EkdifiHwum'kQonftqifhtwef; ESifhtnD vkHavmufonfh ulnDapmifha&Smufr_ &&Sd&ef vkdtyfaeayonf? xkd@a=umifh IRC taeESifh atmufyg t=uHðycsufwkd@tm; wifjyvkdonf? EkdifiHwumtokdif;t0kdif;taeESifh r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonfh apmifha&Smufr_ rsm;tm; w&m;0if (vuf&SdtodtrSwfðyxm;jcif;r&Sdonfhwkdif) wkd;jrSifh axmufyHhay;&rnfjzpfonf? xkdif;EkdifiHtaeESifh wpfOD;wnf;taejzifh jrefrm'kQonfvlxktm; ykckH;xrf;wm0ef,lr_ ðy&rnfr[kwfay? xkdif;EkdifiHtaeESifh (todtrSwfðycHxm;&jcif;r&Sdao;onfh) 'kQonfrsm;u apmfum;aESmuf,Sufr_/ zrf;qD;r_ESifh ae&yfjyefykd@cH&jcif;wkd@r&SdbJ r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonfh apmifha&Smufr_wkd@tm; &&SdcHpm;&jcif; &Sdr&Sd wkd;jrSifh pDppfaqmif&Gufay;&ef? xkdif;EkdifiHtaeESifh tœ&m,f&Sdonfh yk~KdvftaeESifh OD;pGm ckdv_HcGifh awmif;qkda&; tcGifhta&;tm; yk~Kdvfa&;awmif;qkdcGifh ay;tyf+yD;onfhwkdif w&m;r#wr_ESifh wifjyr_vkyfief;pOftwGif; ae&yfokd@jyefvnfykd@ aqmifjcif;rsm;tm; qufvufvkyfaqmifjcif;rðy&ef? xkdif;EkdifiHu r#wI tcGifhtvrf;&Sdrnfh 'kQonfowfrSwfa&; vkyfief;pOftm; yk~Kdvfa&;t&‚/ }uD;rm;onhftkyfpkt&‚ w&m;0if'kQo nftjzpfqkH;jzwfa&;tm; vkyfaqmif taumiftxnfazmf&ef? xkdif;EkdifiHtaeESifh todtrSwfðy+yD;'kQonfrsm;. w&m;0iftqifhtwef;tm; csD;jrSifhxm;I xkdtqifhtwef;. oufaocHtaxmuftxm;ukd ay;tyfxm;&ef?

FMR

xkdif;EkdifiHu jyXmef;xm;onfhtcsdeftwkdif;twmtwGif; 'kQonfrsm;. tqifhtwef;tm; xkdif;EkdifiHwGif; w&m;0ifðyvkyfay;&efESifh xkd@a=umifh ‚wkd@taeESifh tqkH;wGif twnfwusaexkdifolrsm;ESifh EkdifiHom;rsm; tjzpfa&muf&Sdvmrnfjzpfonf?

rm*&uf *&if; a&mftef[kd@pf (margaret.green@theirc.org) onf EkdifiHwumu,fq,fa&;aumfrDwD. tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh tcGifhta&;,lepf (www.theirc. org) . tumtuG,f§w&m;a&;Xme. enf;ynmykdif;qkdif&mOd;aqmift=uHay;yk~Kd vf jzpfonf? u&if *sufaumhbfqef (karen.jacobsen@tufts.edu) onf zdef;pwdef; EkdifiHwumXmecsKyf. 'kQonfESifh ae&yfrSt"Rarmif;ESifxkwfr_ tumtuG,fay;a&; pDrHcsuf. n$ef=um;a&;rSL;jzpfonf? pENDykdif; (sandee.pyne@thailand.theirc. org) onf xkdif;EkdifiH EkdifiHwumu,fq,fa&;aumfrDwD (www.theirc.org/ where/the_irc_in_thailand.html) . t=uHay;tusKd;aqmifjzpfygonf?

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk T ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_&vm'f tjynfhtpkHukd http://fic.tufts. edu/?pid=76 . tifwmeuftGefvkdif;wGif awG@E_difygonf? IRC taeESifh okawoea&mif;&if;rsm;jzpf=uonfh *sLvD,m zpf&Smref;ESifh vif'D 0kd&Srf;tjyif rdrdwkd@tokdif;t0kdif;&Sd vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;tm; a=u;Zl;wif&Sda=umif;ESifh ‚wkd@ryg&Sdygu Tokawoeðycsufvkyfaqmifa&;rSm jzpfE_difacs&Sdonfhtaetxm;r[kwfa=umif; 0efcHtyfygonf?

xkdif;EkdifiHwGif; ckdv_HcGifh&&Sda&;&SmazGaeonfhjrefrmvlrsKd; rsm; rnfonfht&yfokdh OD;wnf&rnfrod csrf;csrf;vDESifh tpPvm *vkdufpwm xkdif;tm%mykdifrsm;ESifh uBmhukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&m r[mrif;}uD;&kH; (UNHCR) taeESifh wdusonfh tjzpftysufrsm;/ ae@pGJrsm;tay: wpfpkHwpfOD;tm; pepfusw&m;r#wonfh ckHv_HcGifh&&Sda&;vkyfief;pOftm; ¹cGif;csufxm;onfh qef@usifaeonfh taetxm;wGif vuf&Sd ckdv_HcGifh&&Sda&;pepfu usbrf;b0xufykdonfh rnfonfht&mukdr#ay;tyfrnfr[kwfay?

xkdvufrSwfopfrsm;taeESifh xkdif;EkdifiHwGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_r&&Sd onfhjyif rnfonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;ukdr# tmrcHr_r&&SdcJhay? ‚wkd@taeESifh UNHCR . rSwfykHwifpm&if; ay;oGif;xm;onf qkdonfhtaetxm;r#om oufao&Sdonfhtaetxm;jzpfI UNHCR tm;ukd,fpm;ðyI xkdif;tm%mykdifwkd@ tm; tzrf;tqD;rvkyf&ef okd@r[kwf ukdifaqmifxm;olwkd@tm; jyefI ESifrxkwf&ef avmufom tenf;tusOf;vkyfE_difonfhtaetxm;jzpfonf?

tu,fI jrefrmppftm%modrf;tkyfpk. 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv &efukef&Sd +idrf;csrf;pGmqjyolrsm;tay: &ufpufpGmwkef@jyefcJhonfh &vm'ftaeESifh ukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;&kH;taeESifh jrefrmEkdifiHrS ckdv_HcGifh &&Sda&;vkdvm;olrsm;twGuf pm&if;oGif;a&;udPrsm;tm; jyefvnfzGifhay;cJhonf? ukvor~ 'kQonfrsm;qkdif&m r[mrif;}uD;&kH;taeESifh xkdif;tm%mykdifwkd@. awmif;qkdr_t& jrefrmEkdifiHrSrnfonfh ckdv_HcGifh&SmazGolESifh EkdifiHwum umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_vkdvm;ol rnfol@ukdrqkd pm&if;ay;oGif;r_ &yfqkdif;xm;cJhonfh xkdif;EkdifiHwGif;2005 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvrSpwifcJhonfh ESpfESpfwmuGufvyft+yD; Ttajct aejzpfay:vmcJhjcif;yifjzpfonf?

vGefcJhonfhESpftenf;i,ftwGif; a&&_'kQonfXme Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS) tygt0if EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u vufrSwfukdifaqmifxm;olESifh vufrSwfr&Sdolrsm;yg xyfwl 'kQonftodtrSwfðyr_&&Sda&;twGuf EkdifiHom;ppfaq;r_ESifh e,fpyfa'owpfav#muf&Sd 'kQonfpcef;ukd;cktwGif; 0ifa&mufaexkdifcGifh&&Sda&;wkd@ tm; t=uHay;vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? t=uHðyr_rsm;u xkdif;tpkd;&tm; xkdif;EkdifiHtwGif; rSwfykHwifxm;onfh ckdv_HcGifhav#mufxm;olrsm;tm; ,m,DaexkdifcGifhðy&efESifh ukvor~ESifh tjcm;u,fq,fa&;Xmersm;taeESifh xkdolrsm;tm; taxmuftul ay;E_difa&; cGifhðyay;&efwkd@jzpfonf? UNHCR ESifh EkdifiHwumtzGJ@ tpnf;vufwpfqkwfpm. tm;ay;vkyfaqmifa&; óud;yrf;r_rsm;taeESifh uef@ owfxm;onfh tultnDay;r_wpkHw&mavmufudkom jznfhpnf;E_difcJh=uonf?

2004 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dvwkdif ukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;&kH;u vkH;0 'kQonftodtrSwfðya&; qkH;jzwfr_ Refugee Status Determination (RSD) tm; jrefrm ckdv_HcGifh&SmazGolrsm;twGuf csrSwfE_difcJhonf? ckdv_HcGifh ppfaq;a&;vkyfief;pOftm; t}uD;tus,fxdrf;odrf; =uyfrwfxm;vkdonfh xkdif;tm%mykdifwkd@.qt& 2004 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dvaemufykdif; a&muf&Sdvmonfh jrefrmEkdifiHrS ckdv_HcGifhav#mufxm;olrsm;taeESihf UNHCR ESifhom pm&if;ay;oGif;r_ ðyvkyfE_difI jzwfykdif;vufrSwf wpfckukd&&Sdxm;onf (xkdtcsdefrSpI ,cktcg trsm;tm;jzifh ‘vufrSwfukdifaqmifxm;olrsm;’ [lI &nfn$ef;ajymqkd=uonf)? 2005 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvuwnf;u a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;taeESifh pm&if;oGif;cGifhESifh rnfonfhvufrSwfrsKd; okd@r[kwf tumtuG,fukdr# &&Sd&ef tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdawmhay? ,cifu vufrSwfukdifaqmifoltkyfpk okH;ck&SdcJhonf? befaumuftajcpkduf/ rJaqmuftajcpkdufESifh uefcsebl&Dc&kdiftajcpkduf'kQonf pkpkaygif; 10887 OD; &Sdonf? 2006 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif wmhcf c&kdif&Sd pcef;rsm;twGif;okd@ 'kQonfESpfaxmifausmf a&$@ajymif;cHcJh&I pD&ifpk0ifcGifh}uD;=uyfa&;tzGJ@ Provincial Admissions Board (PAB) [kod=uonfh xkdif;ckdv_Ha&;vkyfief;pOftwGif; xnfhoGif;cH=u&onf? okd@aomf vuf&Sd vufrSwfukdifaqmifxm;=uolrsm; twGuf UNHCR ESifh xkdif;tm%mykdifrsm;. qufvuf aqG;aEG;r_rsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; rnfol@ukdr# pcef;twGif;okd@ a&$@ajymif;ay;jcif;r&Sdao;ay? 2004 ckESpfpykdif;rSpI ckdv_HcGifh&&Sda&;&SmazGa eoltrsm;pktaeESifh tumtuG,frJh usef&Sdae&ayonf? 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 15 &ufae@wGif UNHCR u &efukefwGif qjyr_ESifh ywfoufolrsm;twGuf pm&if;ay;oGif;r_rsm;tm; jyefvnfzGifhvSpfay;cJhonf? okd@aomfvnf; ,cif vufrSwfukdifaqmifxm;olrsm; tkyfpkuJhokd@

JRS ESifh EkdifiHwumu,fq,fa&;aumfrDwD International Rescue Committee (IRC) . xkdif;EkdifiH&Sd vufrSwfukdifaqmifxm;onfh jrefrmrsm;. tajctaeay: 2005 tpD&ifcHpm wGif 'kQonf 353OD;tm; yk~Kdvfa&;aumufcH&&Sdr_ rsm;t& tm;vkH;eD;yg; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ESdyfpufnSOf;yrf;r_rsm;ESifhñuHawG@cJh+yD; ‚wkd@ taeESifh ae&yfokd@jyefygu jyif;xefonfh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_tœ&m,fwkd@ESifh xyfrH&ifqkdif&E_difa=umif; awG@&Sd&onf? ‚wkd@taeESihf w&m;0iftaxmuftxm;r&Sdygu xkdkif;tm%mykdifwkd@taeESifh w&m;r0if0ifa&mufvmolrsm;tjzpf rSwf,lI tzrf;cH&jcif;/ tcsKyfaESmifcH&jcif;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHokd@jyefykd@cH&jcif;wkd@ukd cH&rnfjzpfonf? &yfwnfa&;twGuf xkdif;EkdifiHwGif w&m;r0if tvkyfvkyfjcif;wkd@tm; r=umc%acgif;ykHjz wfcH&onfhtaetxm;wGif vkyfukdif&yfwnfaexkdif=u&onf? pcef;tajcpkduf'kQonfwkd@ ESifhuGJjym;pGm tpkd;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;wkd@. tajccHaxmufyHhr_wkd@tm; òrd@ay:ckdv_H cGifh &&Sda&;vkdvm;olwkd@taeESifh &&Sd&ef rwwfE_difay? trsm;pktaeESifh vkHavmufonfh ckdv_H&efae&mESifh tpm;taomuf r&&SdbJ r=umc%tzrf;cH&I ‚wkd@. aiGESifh ykdifqkdifr_ wkd@tm; odrf;qnf;oGm;jcif;cH=u&onf? pufwifbmv_yf&Sm;olrsm;xH rSwfykHwifvufrSwfrsm;xkwfay;&ef tqifoifhóudqkdcJhonf? Ttcsufu ppfrSefonfh ckdv_HcGifhav#mufxm;olrsm;taeESifh ,cktcg UNHCR ESifh xyfrHrSwfykHwifI tqkH;wGif; xkdif;tm%mykdifwkd@u PAB pepftm;toufoGif;um jrefrmckdv_HcGifh&SmazGolrsm;tm; ppfaq;qkH;jzwfrnf[k ar#mfvifhcsufay;cJhonf? 1999 ckESpfwGifwnfaxmifcJhaomfvnf; PAB u vufawG@ wGif t}uD;tus,f tokH;rusjzpfcJhonf? Ttaetxm;u vuf&Sd'kQonfwkd@tm; vufcHygu jrefrmEkdifiHrS xyfrHa&muf&Sdvmrnfholrsm;tm; qGJxkwfrnfhtajctaetm; zefwD;E_difonfh pkd;&drfr_wpfpdwfwykdif;jzpfaeayonf?

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk pufwifbmòzdcGif;r_aemufqufwGJtjzpf jrefrmEkdifiHrSxGufajy;vmonfh UNHCR rS ,m,DvufrSwf xkwfay;xm;onfh ckdv_HcGifh&&Sda&;vkdvm;olrsm;twGuf/ rnfonfhtcsdef okd@r[kwf ‚wkd@taeESifh PAB rS pDppfa&;rsm;ðyvkyfaqmif&Gufay ;ray; wkd@rSm usdef;aor_r&Sdonfhtaetxm;jzifh ,ae@wkdif &Sdaeayonf? odk@aomf vufrSwfukdif aqmifxm;olaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmESifh tjcm; rl0g'tajymif;tvnf;ESifh ‚wkd@. 'kQtajctaetm; EkdifiHwum. ta&;ay;r_wkd@ukd ar#mfvifhxm;=uolrsm;twGuf UNHCR u ‚wkd@tm; apmifhqkdif;&rnfjzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGm today;cJhonf? tœ&m,ftaeESifh xkdif;tpkd;&u a&muf&Sdvmonfh vlopfwkd@tm; r=umrD 'kQonftjzpftodtrSwfðya&; pDppfaqmif&Gufapumrl jrefrmvufrSwfukdifaqmif xm;olrsm;tkyfpkopf zefwD;jzpfay:vmOD;rnfjzpfI wm&SnfcHrnfh tajz&Smr_tay: apmifhpm;ae=uonfh olrsm;. tvkyfaºuG; xyfrHjzpfay:OD;rnfjzpfonf? t}uD;qkH;aom pkd;&drfr_rSm rSwfykHwifpm&if;ay;oGif;a&;vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifcGifhr&olrsm;ESifh xkd@ a=umifh rnfonhftumtuG,fESifh rnfonfh ckdv_HcGifhar#mfvifhcsufwkd@ukdr# ‚wkd@ twGuf &Sdrnfr[kwfjcif;yifjzpfonf? taxmuftxm;r&Sdonfh/ rvkdvm;onfh/ jzpfE_difajct}uD;tus,fr&Sdonfh xkdjrefrmvufrSwfukdifaqmifxm;olrsm;ESifh ckdv_HcGifh &SmazGaeolrsm;u tpGeftzsm;a'orsm;wGif qufvuf aexkdifae=uayrnf? tu,fI

FMR

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd pufwifbmv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; òzdcGif;r_vkyfaqmift+yD; xkdif;EkdifiHESifh EkdifiH wumtokdif;t0kdif;taeESifh ‚wkd@.tajctaersm;u w&m;ojzifhjzpfapa&;twGuf xif&Sm;onfh wkd;wufr_ESifh ykdrkdaumif;rGefonfh tem*wfwkd@tm; OD;aqmifoGm;aprnfjzpfonf? csrf;csrf;vD (chen@jrs.or.th) onf owif;ESifhtm;ay;ulnDa&; t&m&Sdjzpf+yD; tpPvm *vkdufpwm (isla@jrs.or.th) u xkdif;EkdifiH a&&_'kQonfvkyfief;Xme JRS (www.jrs.or.th) . rJaqmufpDrHudef; tusLd;aqmifjzpfonf? 1 2007 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv befaumufòrd@tajcpkduf UNHCR ESifh tDF;ar;tifwmeuf tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;r_ 2 rnfonfhae&mokd@vSnfh&rnfrod/ a&&_'kQonfXmeESifh EkdifiHwumu,fq,fa&;aumfrDwD 2005 www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/RMOI-6E83HG?OpenDocument 3 AD&m 'ef tkdwm. ‘xkdif;EkdifiH òrd@ay:&SdckHv_HcGifh&&Sda&;orm;rsm;ESifh 'kQonfrsm;/ FMR28 www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/ FMR28/27.pdf

b*Fvm;a'h&Sfa&muf &kd[if*smrsm;ESifh 'kQonftqifhtwef; yD,m y&kduf zD&D jrefrmEkdifiH &ckdifjynfe,fajrmufykdif;&Sd &dk[if*sm'kQonfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@.rlvedkifiHjzpfonfh b*Fvm;a'h&SfwGifckdv_HcGifh&&ef ra&&monfh tajctaewGifa&muf&Sdaeonf? okd@aomf r=umao;rDumvrsm;twGif; ta&;=uD; aomxif&Sm;onfhwdk;wufrSKtaetxm;rsm;ukd awG@jrifae&onf? 1991 ckESpfwGif &kd[if*smrlqvif ESpfodef;cGJcef@onf b*Fvm;a'h&Sftpkd;&rS 'kQonfrsm;tjzpf vkHavmufonfh tajccHtaetxm;wGif todtrSwfðycHcJh&onf? trsm;pkrSm xkdaemufykdif;ESpfrsm;twGif; b*Fvm;a'h&Sftpkd;&.jrefrmEkdifiHokd@ jyefykd@ jcif;ukdcHcJh&I ,cif'kQonfpcef; 20 rS ,cktcg pcef;ESpfckom usef&Sdawmhonf? vGefcJhonfh 16 ESpfuwnf;u usef&Sdonfh cef@rSef;ajc &kd[if*sm ESpfaomif;ckESpfaxmifrSm EkdifiH. awmifbuftpGefqkH;wGifwnf&Sdonfh aumufpfbZmòrd@teD; 'kQonfpcef;ESpfckwGif aexkdif=uonf? b*Fvm;a'h&Sftaejzifh 1951 ckESpf 'kQonftqifhtwef; pmcsKyfESifh TpmcsKyf. 1967 ckESpf nSdE_dif;csufrSwfwrf;wkd@tm; vufrSwfa&;xkd;jcif;r&Sdonfh tjyif ckdv_HcGifhESifh 'kQonfa&;&mudPrsm;tay: Oya'jyXef;csufwpf&yf&yfukd csrSwf vkyfaqmifjcif;vnf;r&SdcJhay? okd@aomfvnf; tpkd;&taeESifh 1991 ckESpfwGif a&muf&Sdvmonfh&kd[if*smrsm;tm; 'kQonfrsm;tjzpftodtrSwfðyjcif; ukd ukd,fwkdifpwifaqmif&GufcJh+yD; ukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;&kH; UNHCR ESifh ,ae@xufwkdif yl;aygif;tultnDay;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;&SdvmcJhonf? b*Fvm;a'h&SftaeESifh vuf&Sd EkdifiHwumtcGifhta&; yËdnmOfpmcsKyfrsm; ESifh xkH;wrf;rsm;tm; vufcHxm;onfrSm xif&Sm;um ‚.tajccHOya'abmiftwGif; ukvor~. oabmwlpmcsKyftwkdif; tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef,laqmif&Gufr_wkd@ ukd xdrf;odrf;xm;onhftjyif EkdifiHe,fedrdwftwGif; EkdifiHom;r[kwfolrsm;tm; w&m;0iftumtuG,fay;tyfr_vkyfaqmifonfukdawG@&onf ? tusKd;oufa&mufr_ taeESifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHonf 'kQonfumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; tajccHvkyfief;rsm; udktaxmuftyhHðyonfh EkdifiHwumOya'.t"duusaomtpdwftykdif;ukd todtrSwfðyxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? 'kQonftjzpftodtrSwfðyjcif;tm; ‚wkd@bmomvnfywfvkyfaqmif&ef Oya'r&SdonfhtwGuf pHxm;r_rsm;t& umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; vkyfief;rsm;tm;aqmif&Guf&mwGif aocsmonfh vkdufemaqmif&Gufr_ESifh xdrf;odrf;r_rsm;vkyfaqmif&ef tcuftcJ&Sdayonf? &kd[if*sm'kQonfwkd@. tajctaeonf qkH;jzwfcsufESifh vkdkovkdvkyfaqmif&onfhvkyfief;rsm; ESifh

txl;apmifha&Smufr_ay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif pdefac:r_wpf&yftjzpf vufawG@ jyaeayonf? 16 ESpf=umonfhwkdif &kd[if*sm'kQonfrsm;. vGwfvyfonfhv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ tvkyfvkyfukdifykdifcGifhESifh ynma&;tcGifhta&;rsm; tjyif ukd,ftm;ukd,fukd;cGifhESifh ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; jiif;y,fxm;jcif;cHae&ayonf? 'kQonfrsm;rSm vkyftm;ctenf;i,fr#jzifh w&m;r0iftvkyfvkyfukdif=uonfh ykef;&_d;uG,f&_d;v_yf&Sm;r_tajctaeokd@ twif;t"R wGef;ykd@jcif;cHae=u&onf? wkd;wufr_tcGifhtvrf;/ avhvmoif=um;a&;ESifh ‚wkd@bmom ykdrkdaumif;rGefonfht aetxm;okd@a&muf&Sdedkif&efóud;pm;cGifh ponfh tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; ydwfyifcHxm;&+yD; 'kQonfvkyftm;ay;q&mrsm; oifay;onfh oifcef;pmrsm;ESifh twef;rsm;ukd tuef@ towfjzifh vkyfaqmifae&onfjzpfjyD; todtrSwfjyKjcif;rcH&aomynma&; pmoifcef;rsm;onfyif r=umao;ciftcsdeftxd wif;=uyfonfhabmiftwGif;rS uefhowfxm;&Sdxm;onfjzpfonf? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf&Sd ukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;&kH;taejzifh vufawG@e,fy,fESifh EkdifiHwum umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;t=um; uGm[csufrsm; qufpyfr_&Sdap&ef tjyif;txeftm;ay;r_rsm;jzifh pHxm;csufrsm; wkd;wufjynfhrDap&ef qGJaqmif&mwGif atmifjrifr_rsm;&SdcJhonf? EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifhEkdifiHaw mftm; ta&;ay:tajctaera=ujimrD 2006 ckESpfwGif XmetaeESihf ,ciftpkd;&ESifh vufawG@vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf xif&Sm;onfh oabmwlnDr_rsm;csrSwfedkifonftxd atmifjrifcJhonf? vuf&Sd=um;jzwftpkd;&uvnf; 'kQonfrsm;ta&;vkyfaqmif&ef tðyoabm vkdvm;onfh taetxm;jyaeonfukdawG@&onf? avhvm&rnfhtcsuftaeESifh Tokd@ tpkd;&ESifh ukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&mr[m rif;}uD;&kH;wkd@t=um; appyfaqmif&Gufr_rsm;.orkdif;rSwfwkdifwkd@onf umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; ykHo¿meftm;ajymif;vJay;a&;ukd azmfaqmifay;jcif;yif jzpfonfukdawG@&onf? ueOD; 2006 ckESpfwGif EkdifiHwumpHcsdefr_atmufwGif xkdtcsdefu ckdv_Ha&;pcef;rsm;.qkd;&Gm;onfhtajctaeukd todtrSwfðyI uBmhukvor~'kQonfrsm ;qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;&kH;tm; 'kQonfckdv_Ha&;pcef;opfrsm;tm; aqmufvkyfcGifhðycJhonf? 1992 ckESpfuaqmufvkyfcJhaom ckdv_Ha&;pcef;rsm;tm; taetxm;ykHpHwrsKd;rsKd;jzifh 'kQonfrsm; twnfwus tajccsaexkdifrnfhta&; tm;ay;vkyfaqmifr_rsKd; jzpfvmrnfukdpkd;&drfI ðyjyifxdrf;odrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifa&;udPrsm;tay: wif;usyfpGm qef@usifwm;qD;cJhonf? ,if; oabmwlnDr_&&Sduwnf;u uBmh ukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;&kH; taeESifh &HykHaiGwkd;csJ@aumufcHr_ vkyfief;rsm; atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufE_difvmum 'kQonfpcef;ESpfcktwGif; wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd pwifvmedkifcJhonf? 2009 ckESpfrukefrD

FMR

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

UNHCR/K McKinsey

UNHCR . taxmuf tyHhjzifh aqmuf xm;onfh e&y& 'kuQonf pcef;&Sd tdrfopfrsm; a&S@wGif aqmhupm; ae=uonfh jrefrm 'kuQonf uav;rsm;/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ 2008 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv

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umvtwGif; taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&ef tcsKd@enf;vrf;rsm; vkdtyfaeayao;onf? b*Fvm; ukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&m r[mrif; }uD;&kH;taeESifh ‚wkd@.tcef;u¾t& vuf&Sdtaetxm;wGif xkdudPrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfa&; rjzpfedkifao;onfukd &Sif;vif;pGmajymqkdcJhonf? 16 ESpfwmumvtwGif; vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vl@*k%foduQmwkd@twGuf 'kQonfumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; tajccHoabmw&m;ESifh zDvmqef@usifjzpfcJh+yD; jyifyEkdifiHwkd@. tultnD wkd;wufr_r&SdonfukdomawG@&onf? b*Fvm;a'h&Sftpkd;&ESifh tjcm;ta&;ygonfhEkdifiHrsm;t}um; &kd[if*smwkd@twGuf ckdifrmonfhtajctae odkha&mufzdkh&ef aqG;aEG;nSdE_dif;r_aqmif&Gufa&;rsm; qufvufwnf&Sdaeayonf? xkdaqG;aEG;r_. &v'frsm;tm;cef@rSef;a&;rSm tvGefapmaeayao;onf? okd@aomf tvGef@ tvGefaumif;rGefonfh tcsufrSm ukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;&kH;ESifh tpkd;& ESpfbufpvkH; &kd[if*sm'kQonfrsm;. tusOf;tusyftm; vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;ajyvnfoGm; onftxd &nf&SnftusKd;jzpfaprnfh &_axmifhrSajz&Sif;vkyfaqmifoGm;=u&ef oabmwl nDr_&Sdae=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? yD,m y&kduf zD&D Pia Prytz Phiri (BGDDA@unhcr.org) onfb*Fvm;a'h&Sfqkdif&m uBmhukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&m r[mrif; }uD;&kH;ukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfonf? (www.unhcr.org/country/bgd.htm). pma&;olwifjyxm;onfh tjrifrSm ‚.yk~Kdvfa&;qkdif&mtjrifomjzpf+yD; uBmhukvor~'kQ onfrsm;qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;&kH; okd@r[kwf uBmhukvor~.tjriftm; ukd,fpm;rðyyg? 1 www.un.int/bangladesh/mission_arc/treaty_adherence.htm 2 1972 tajccHOya'yk'fr 25/ 31 ESifh 32

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

FMR

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csif;'kQonftrsm;pkonf 'kQonfpcef;wpfckckwGif ajccsaexkdifjcif;r&SdbJ tdd,EkdifiHESifh rav;&Sm;EkdifiHwkd@&Sd òrd@ae'kQonf okd@r[kwf pm&Gufpmwrf;pm&if;rJh 'kQonfrsm;tjzpf aexkdifae=uonf? jrefrmedkifiH&Sd tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;uJhokd@ jyef@ESH@pGmjzpfyGm;aeaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;a=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHtaemuf&kd;r awmifwef;rsm;wGifaexkdif=uonfh axmifESifhcsDonfh csif;wkdif;&if;om;wkd@onfvnf; ‚wkd@.ouf&Sif&yfwnfr_twGuf a'otoD;oD;wkd@xGufajy;cJh=u&onf? xkdif;EkdifiHu jrefrm'kQonf trsm;pktm;vufcHonfhtcsdefwGif csif;vlrsKd;OD;a&rSm xkdif;EkdifiHwGif tenf;tusOf;om&Sdonf? ,if;tpm; csif;wkdif;&if;om;trsm;pku tdd,ESifh rav;&Sm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif cdkv_HcGifh&&Sd&ef&SmazGvkyfaqmif=uonf? xkda'owkd@wGif ‚wkd@ ESifh we,fwnf;om;jzpf=uonfh xkdif;EkdifiH&Sdcsif;vlrsKd;wkd@ESifhuGJjym;onfh pdefac:r_ rsm;ukd&ifqkdif=u&ayonf?

Amy Alexander

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Kay Chernush for the US State Department.

0ifa&mufaexkdifjcif;ESifh vlukeful;jcif;

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FMR

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armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

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GHRE www.ghre.org

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jrefrmEkdifiH. arhaysmufxm;jcif;cH&onfh jynfolrsm;

nDnDausmf

&kd[if*smrsm;.orkdif;onf (7) &mpktpykdif;rSpI tm&yfrlqvifukefonfrsm; &ckdifjynfwGif vma&muftajcpkdufaexkdifonfh twdwfumvrSjzpfonf? 1950 ckESpf ygvDrefacwfwGif OD;Ek.tpkd;&u wkdif;&if;om;tjzpf todtrSwfðycJhaomfvnf; 1983 ckESpf AkdvfcsKyfae0if;. ppftpkd;&u jrefrmEkdifiHawmf EkdifiHom;Oya'ukd jyXmef;cJhonfhtcsdefrSpum ‚if;wkd@. EkdifiHa&;ESifh tajccHOya't& ukd,fykdiftaxmuftxm; qkH;&_H;cJh&onf? Tvkyfaqmifr_u &kd[if*smwkd@. vlenf;pkwkdif;&if;om;tjzpf todtrSwfðyxm;jcif;tm; jiif;qefqef@usifcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ppftkyfpktaeESifh &kd[if*smxktay: &Sif;vif;jywfom;onfh xkdpwef@ xGifvkyfaqmifr_ukd qufvufxdrf;odrf;xm;cJhonf? 1992 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv (26) &ufae@wGif xkwfjyefcJhonfh jrefrmhEkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. owif;xkwfjyefcsufwGif “trSefrSm ,ae@jrefrmEkdifiHwGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk 135 ckaexkdif=uaomfvnf; &kd[if*smqkdonfholrsm; ryg0ifyg? orkdif;t& jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif ‘&kd[if*sm’ wkdif; &if;om;vlrsKd;pkwpfckr&SdcJhbl;yg?” [k tpkd;&u a=ujimcJhonf? 2004 ckESpf {+yDvwGif ðyvkyfcJhonfh ukvor*~uav;tcGifha&;aumfrDwD. a0zefcsufrsm;tm;wkef@jyefonfhtaeESifh ppftkyfpku &kd[if*smwkd@tm; tjcm;vlrsKd;pktkyfpkrsm;ESifh arG;aopm&if;rSwfwrf;wifr_/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;ESifh vlr_a&;wkd@ESifh ywfoufonfhudpPrsm;wGif wef;wltcGifhta&;tjynfhay;xm; a=umif; ajymqkdcJhjyefonf? xkd@jyif tm%modrf;ppftkyfpkonf b*FgvDwkdif;&if;om;

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sg/publications/Perspective/RSIS0122008.pdf

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

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FMR

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FMR

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IOM 2007/MTH0239/ Thierry Falise

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u&iftrsdK;orD;tzGJ@tpnf; (www.karenwomen.org) onf tajccHvl@ todkif;t0dkif;tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfjyD; jynfwGif;&SdtrsdK;orD;rsm;/ jynfwGif;ppfajy;'kQonfrsm;ESifh xdkif;e,fpyf&Sd 'kQonfpcef;rsm;tm; zG@Hòzd;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tulnDay;aeonfh tzGJhtpnf;jzpfonf? u&iftrsdK;orD;rsm;tm; trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;ukd od&Sdxm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfrsm;/ vl@todkif;t0dkif;twGif; qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfa&;rsm;wGifyg0ifvkyfa qmifa&; u&iftrsdK;orD;tpnf;t&Hk;u wdkufwGef;tm;ay; vkyfaqmifaeayonf? tD;vD(ef) zdxa0; (e.pittaway@unsw.edu.au) onf =opa=w;v,m;EdkifiH e,l;apmufofa0;vf(pf) wuUodkvfXmerS (www.crr. unsw.edu.au)S 'kQonfokawoe tvkyfr_aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonf ? qJ&m zlvm (sarahbfuller@yahoo.com.au) onf xdkXmerSausmif;olwpfOD;jzpfonf? 1 www.karenwomen.org 2 www.tbbc.org/resources/2007-6-mth-rpt-jan-jun.pdf

FMR

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aESmifah ES; =umjrifah eonf'h o Qk nftajctaew&yf. ynma&;tajymif;tvJ rmhcf Aef'g pwkd;0DESifh pktefef tkd@ xkdif;jrefrme,fpyfwpfav#muf 'kQonfpcef;rsm;tm; ynma&;axmufyHhr_wkd@taeESifh tESpfESpfq,fausmft=umwGif ajymif;vnf;r_taeESifh &nf&G,fcsufcsrSwfjcif;/ vufvSrf;csJ@xGifjcif;ESifh t&nftcsif;ESifh qufpyfr_wkd@tm; wkd;jrSifhaqmif&Gufjcif;wkd@ jzpfay:vmcJhonf?

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Taqmif;yg;wGif rdrdwkd@taeESifh t"dutm;jzifh u&if'kQonfpcef; ckESpfckwkd@&Sd ynma&;taxmuftyHhtm; avhvmwifjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf? u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t&kH; Karen National Union (KNU) ESifh qufpyfaeonfh u&ifynma&;Xme Karen Education Department (KED) taeESifh xkdpcef;rsm;wGif rl0g'a&;qGJa&;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfvkyfaqmifjcif;wkd@ wGif ta&;ygonfh tcef;u¾wpfckrS yg0ifaeayonf? ynma&;pepftm; tzGJ@ tpnf;tajrmuftrsm;u axmufyHh=uI tpkd;&r[kwfonfha'ocHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (Oyrm - u&iftrsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf; Karen Women's Organisation (KWO) ESifh u&ifvli,ftzG@Jtpnf; Karen Youth Organisation (KYO)) tjyif tpkd;&r[kwfonfhEkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (Oyrm - Zkdtm 'kQonfapmifha&Smufa&;tzGJ@ ZOA Refugee Care ESifh EkdifiHwum uav;axmufyHha&;tzGJ@ International Child Support) u taumiftxnfazmfvkyfaqmif=uonf?

r,f&m rvGef pcef;&Sd tv,fwef; ausmif;om; wOD; rJha[mif aqmif c&kdif/ xkdif;EkdifiH

xkdif;tm%mydkiftpkd;&u 'kQonfpcef;rsm;tay: tºuGif;rJhtm%m&SdaeI rl0g'ESifh taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufr_rsm;tm; jyXmef;vkyfaqmifv#uf&Sdonf? tpkd;&r[kwfonfh EkdifiHwumESifh a'ocH tzG@Jtpnf;rsm;tm; tajccHaxmufyHhr_/ vkdtyfonfhaqmif&Gufr_vkyfief;Xmersm;ESifh t&nftcsif;jrSifhwifa&;wkd@tm; ynma&;taxmuftyHhtaeESifh ay;tyf&efcGifhðyxm;onf?

ynma&;vkyfief;Xmersm;. tykdif;tjcm; taxGaxGynma&;pepfwGif ae@uav;xdrf;ynma&;/ rlvwef;/ tv,fwef;ESifh tv,fwef;txuf ausmif;rsm;yg0ifonf? pcef;rsm;.ynma&;twGuf xkdif;tm%mydkiftpkd;& rl0g'rSm wpfpHkwpfa,mufu pcef;rsm;jyifywGif ynma&;vkdufpm;rnfudk pdk;&drfaoma=umifh ‚vkyfaqmifr_tm; wm;jrpfxm;um pcef;wGif; tv,fwef;txuf ynma&;tqifhtxd cGifhðyxm;onf? ausmif;oif&kd;n$ef;wrf;tm; u&ifynma&;Xme KED uvufcHtwnfðyay;I ausmif;okH;pmtkyfrsm;tm; pcef;. ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;ESifh vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfap&ef qufwkduf jyifqifwkd;jrSifhðypk=uonf? uav;rsm;u u&if/ Arm ESifh t*FvdyfbmomokH;rsKd;/ od`H/ ocsmF/ yx0D/ vlr_a&;od`HESifh usef;rma&;bmom&yfwkd@tm; avhvm=uonf? pm&if;ay;oGif;xm;onfh udef;*%ef;rsm;t& 2007-08 pmoifESpfwGif pcef;wGif;&Sd uav;rsm;. 18 &mckdifE_ef;cef@ rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufjcif;r&Sd a=umif;jyocJhonf? ausmif;q&m/ q&mr 1500 ausmf tm; rpkd@rykd@vpmaiG

Marc van der Stouwe

xkdt"duu&if'kQonfpcef; ckESpfckwkd@wGif aexkdifol cef@rSef;ajcrSm 115000 a,mufcef@ jzpfI vl 54000 rSm uav;ESifh vli,frsm;wkd@jzpfonf? vlOD;&nf 4000 rS 45000 cef@xd&Sdonfhpcef;rsm;twGif; t=urf;zsOf;taeESifh trsKd;om;ESifhtrsKd;orD; t&nftwGufjcif; wlnD=uonf? rwluGJjym;onfh a'oœ&wnf&Sdr_/ vlOD;&nfodyfonf;q/ vlOD;&nftkyfpkESifh vltokdif;t0kdif; zGJ@pnf;vkyfaqmifr_ qkdif&m t&nftcsif;wkd@u us,fjyef@a0;uGmonfh pcef; 7 cktm; oifhawmfI t&nftcsif;jynfhrDonfh ynmay;a0a&;ESifh nSdE_dif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf rwlnDonfh pdrfac:r_rsm;ay:aygufvmaponf?

Ttwwfynmwkd@jzifh touftarG;0rf;a=umif;ðy&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; tvGefvkdtyfaeayonf? xkdif;tpkd;&u ‚wkd@tm; pcef;rSxGufcGm tvkyfvkyfcGifhay;&ef jiif;qefxm;onfhtwGuf pcef;wGif;&Sd pufcsKyfolrsm;/ *a[aqmfolrsm;ESifh pm;zkdrSL;rsm;ponfh t&nftwGuf rsm;jym;onfhvlxktm; axmufyHh&ef pcef;pD;yGm;a&;u tvGef@tvGefao;i,fayonf? okd@aomfvnf; 2007 ckESpfwGif yl;ay gif;nDnGwfpGmpnf;&kH;qGJaqmifr_aemufykdif; ukvor~'kQonfrsm;qkdif&mr[mrif;}uD;&kH;. yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_jzifh Zkdtm 'kQonfapmifha&Smufa&;tzGJ@taeESifh tpOftvmr[kwfonfh a&S@ajy;pDrHcsuftm;pwif&eftwGuf 'kQonf 80 tm; r,fv'kQonfpcef;jyifywGif pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;xlaxmifcGifh&&Sda&;ESifh pcef;jyifyaps;twGif; xGufukefrsm;tm;a&mif;cscGifhtm; xkdif;tpkd;&xHrS w&m;0ifcGifhðycsuf&&SdcJhonf? xkdif;ynma&;0ef}uD;Xme. toufarG;ynma&;aumvdyfrsm; tjyif xkdif;&Gmom;rsm;wkd@vnf;xkd@twl yg0ifvkyfaqmifvmr_u TueOD;vkyfief;opftm; xkdif;tm%mydkiftpkd;&rS vufcHvma&;twGuf ulnDaxmufyHhr_ jzpfcJhonf?

ta&;ay:rS aESmifhaES;=uef@=umaeonfh

armif;ESifxkwfcH&onfhjrefrmvlxk

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FMR

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xkdtajctaersm;twGif; tvkyf&Sma&;vkyfaqmifaeygonf qkdonfhoufaojyr_u txl;ojzifh cufcJvSonf? tu,fI ‚wkd@ezl;awG@'l;awG@awG@&onfh tvkyfXme. t&m&SdrSm cufxefwif;rmaeonfh taetxm;ESifh bmomjyefay;rnfholvnf;r&Sdygu yk~Kdvfa&;zdtm;jzpfvmum tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&yfwef@&onfh em;vnfr_vGJonfhtajcokd@OD;wnfaeayonf? tu,fI 'kQonfwpfOD;taeESifh t&nftcsif;rvkdtyfonfh tvkyftukdif&&Sdygu vkHðcHtœ&,fuif;pGmvkyfukdifa&; pnf;ur;frsm;tm; em;vnfvkdufemE_difjcif;r&Sdr_onf jy\emwpfckjzpfvmjyefonf? +Adwdo#EkdifiH&Sd 'kQonftvkyftukdifESifh oifwef;ykd@ csr_ay;tyfaeolrsm;taeESifh xkdif;EkdifiHrSvmonfh 'kQonfrsm;wGif pcef;jyifyokd@xGufI tvkyfvkyfukdifcGifhtm; wif;=uyfpGmwm;jrpfjyXmef;xm;cJhonfhtay: tvkyfvkyfukdif&ef tcGifhta&; tenf;i,fom&Sdonfukdowdðyrd&efvkdtyfonf? tvkyftukdiftwGuf oif=um;ay;cJhjcif;r&SdcJhonfh pufr_EkdifiHwpfckwGifjyefvnftajccsaexkdifonfh 'kQonfwkd@. 'kQtwkdif;tqtm; wm0ef,lpdwfjzifh ajz&Sif;&efvkdonf? 'kQonfrsm;pGmwkd@ taeESifh t&nftcsif;jrSifhwifa&; okd@r[kwf &Sd+yD;om;t&nftcsif;wkd@tay: todtrSwfðyvufrSwf vkdtyfayrnf? okd@r[kwfu Ttaetxm;u ‚wkd@ tm; pdwfusapjcif;ESifh tiftm;rJhjzpfapjcif;wkd@ jzpfapayrnf? ‚wkd@taeESifh t& nftcsif;rsm;vkdtyfonfqkdonfhwkdif todtrSwfðyvufrSwfay;jcif; odk@r[kwf oifwef;rsm;xyfrHay;jcif;wkd@u oyGwftlvkdufaeonfh twm;tqD; jzpfaeaponf? u&iftrsKd;orD;'kQonfwpfOD;u atmufygtwkdif;&Sif;jycJhonf?

bmompum;udPrsm;

“'kQonfpcef;xJrSm usr om;zGm;q&mrtaeeJ@vkyfvmwm tESpf 20 &Sd+yD?'g ayr,fh'DrSmawmh usrukd,fusr 'kQdweD;yg;avmuf tokH;rusjzpfae&w,f xifw,f?”

+Adwdo#EkdifiHokd@a&muf&SdvmcJhonfh tjcm;ckdv_Holrsm;ESifh a&$@ajymif; tajccsolopfrsm;ESifhtwl ra&mufcif bmompum;ajymoifwef;tcsKd@ykd@ csay;cJhaomfvnf; bmompum;ajymqkdaqmif&Gufr_rsm;u qufoG,fr_twGuf twm;tqD;jzpf&onf? Oyrm - vlwkd@tm; ta&;ay:w,fvDzkef;eHygwfrsm;tm; *&kxm;ap&efavhusifhay;xm;onf? okd@aomf rnfonfhtcsdefwGif tokH;ðy &rnfqkdonfESifh w,fvDzkef;vmukdifygu rnfokd@vkyf&rnf/ ajym&rnfwkd@ukd oifwef;wGifoifay;&ef usef&SdaecJhonf? tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&mtaxmuftulðy Xmersm;ESifh qufoG,faqmif&Gufa&;onfvnf; wifjyxm;onfh udPjzpfonf? jy\

pufr_enf;ynm

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FMR

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rwluGJjym;onfh ,Ofaus;r_ESifh ygwf0ef;usif “tm;vkH;arWmt"d`g,frSef&Jhvm;?”&SufzD;okd@a&mufvm=uonfh 'kQonfrsm;u t*Fvdyfvkd vyfAf 'love' [lonfhpum;vkH;tm; yk~Kdvfa&;qufqHr_ESifhEG,fI w&if;wESD;&Sd=uonf? &SufzD;okd@a&mufvmonfhtay: a'ocHwkd@u Tpum;vkH;tm; E_wfqufpum; tqkH;wGifxnfhoGif;ajymqkdvmonfhtcg ‚wkd@taeESifh oufawmifh oufomrjzpf=uonhftaetxm;&Sdonf? Ttaetxm;onfyif tao;i,fqkH; ,Ofaus;r_t& xdrf;odrf; aqmif&Guf&efjzpfaomfvnf; vlopfrsm;twGuf tcuftcJ&Sdonf? ueOD; +Adwdo#. &moDOwktay: thHtm;oifhpGmñuHawG@&+yD; vkdufav#m nDaxG&Sdvm+yD;aemufykdif; Oya'/ EkdifiHa&;pepfESifh tokdif;t0kdif;. csa&;rxm;onfh pnf;urf;rsm;tm; em;vnfoabmaygufatmif ðyvkyfjcif;wkd@ yg0ifvmonf? ‚wkd@u taetxm; qkH;&_H;r_rsm;pGmtm; awG@ñuHcJhonf (txl;ojzifh pcef;wGif; tcsdefjynfhtvkyfvkyfukdifcJholrsm;twGuf)/ usm;rt& vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_t&uGJjym;owfrSwfcsuf wkd@ajymif;vnf;cJhonf? jrefrm okd@r[kwf u&iftrsKd;orD;wpfOD;taeESifh vufqGJE_wfqufjcif;ESifh vlpdrf;wpfOD;. ayG@zufr_onf txl;ojzifhxkdwpfpdrf;olu trsKd;om;jzpfaeygu TtawG@tñuHrSm vkH;0pdrf; onfhtajctaeyifjzpfonf? vl=um;xJwGif E_yfcrf;jcif;erf;&_H@jcif; odk@r[kwf puyfwkd eH@eH@ 0wfxm;onfhtrsKd;orD;rsm;ukd vlopfrsm;taeESifh rdef;rjzpfjzpf a,muFsm;jzpfjzpf tHhtm;oifh=uayrnf? trsKd;om;wpfOD;u atmufyguJhokd@rSwfcsufjconf?

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rl0g'qkdif&m t=uHðycsuf wifóudI oGm;a&muftajccsrnfhEkdifiHrsm;okd@ ra&muf&SdrD 'kQonfwkd@tm; xkdEkdifiHwkd@ ESifhywfoufonfh tcsuftvufwkd@tm; ykdrkdaumif;rGefonfh ay;tyfr_ðyvkyf&ef a&mufvmonfhtcsdefwGif 'kQonfwkd@twGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;/ cHpm;ykdifcGifhrsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;wkd@tm; aumif;rGefonfh t&nftaoG;ESifh vufcHE_difrnfh tcsuftvufwkd@tm; ay;a0&ef vkyfief;pOfwpfckvkH;twGif; t=uHay;Xmersm;twGuf t&H&HykHaiG axmufyHh&ef yxrykdif; 12 v axmufyHhr_umvtm; wkd;jrSifhay;&ef y%mr vkyfaqmifr_rsm;twGif; AsL&kdua&pDt&vkyfaqmifr_ taetxm;ESifh ae@pOf vufawG@pdefac:r_rsm;tm; tultnDay;&ef 'kQonf tm;ay;apmifha&Smufolrsm;tm;tokH;ðya&; trsKd;orD;rsm;ykdrkdtcGifhta&;ESifh vkyfykdifcGifh&vmapa&;twGuf oifwef;pDrHcsufrsm;tm;xm;&Sda&; tvkyftukdiftwGuf vufvSrf;rDapa&; t&nftcsif;jznfhpnf;r_oifwef;rsm;ay;a&; umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;pDrHcsuf0ifayguf Gateway Protection Programme pDrHudef;Xme. &nf&G,fcsufESifh atmifjrifr_wkd@tm; ykHrSef tuJjzwfr_vkyfaqmifa&;

“um;*dwfu|efawmha&S@rSm olwkd@erf;&_H@ae=uawmh u|efawmft&rf;&Suf+yD; rsufESmrxm;wwfavmufatmif jzpf&w,f?”

pdwfykdif;qkdif&musef;rma&;u|rf;usifolrsm;tm; vufvSrf;rDapa&;twGuf ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m xdvG,fckdufvG,ftaetxm;rsm;tm; zG@Hòzd;a&;vkyfaqmif&ef

tm;vkH;twGuf usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;apmifha&Smufr_wkdhrSm tcrJh jzpfa=umif; odem;vnfjcif;u owif;aumif;yif okd@aomf xkd'kQonfwkd@ taeESifh tœ&m,f&Sdolrsm;ESifh arG;zGm;+yD;prdcif apmifha&Smufrltajc tae =um;a&mufaeolwkd@uJhokd@ rwlnDonfh,Ofaus;r_wkd@ESifh vkdufavsm nDaxG jzpf&ef vkdtyfonf? jrefrmh&kd;&m"avhxkH;pHt& arG;zGm;+yD;prdcif apmifha&Smufa&;twGuf rdciftaeESifh 45 &uftdrfwGif;atmif;&ef vkdtyfI tpm;taomufqifjcif&jcif;uJhokd@ wdusonfhusef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_wkd@ tm; vkdufem&efvkdonf? arG;zGm;rdcifpdwfusjcif;tay: t"duxm;csufu ,cifu jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm; ezl;awG@'l;awG@ñuH&onfhtjzpfwkd@ESifh qef@ usifaeayrnf? xkd@jyif q&m0efESifhawG@&rnfhtcsdefu t,ltqopfjzpfaeonfhjyif xkdcsdef;qkdcsufrsm;ysufuGufr_wkd@a=umifh tokdif;t0kdif;twGif; ‘vkyfrvm;/'gr[kwf tvkyfzsufrvm;’ aqmifyk'fcsxm;&jcif;jzpfonf? pdwf"gwfusjcif;/ txD;usefjcif;ESifh tokdif;t0kdif;tultnDrjynfhpkHr_wkd@tm;vkH;ukd cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;+yD;jzpfonf? okd@ aomf pdwfykdif;qkdif&musef;rma&;wnf&Sdr_0ef;usif&Sd t&Sufw&m;ESifh t=uHðyjcif;wkd@u r=umr=um aq;aomufjcif;ukdykdESpfouf=uonfhtwGuf usqif;&onf? TonfrSm bmomjyefolrsm;u xkdtokdif;t0kdif;twGif; rSjzpfaejcif;ESifh 'kQonfrsm;u ‚wkd@.jy\ emwkd@tm; vlodrnfpkd;aoma=umifh jzpfay:&jcif;yifjzpfonf?

a&mufvmonfESifh uav;umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;ESifh tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_ tygt0if tdrfwGif;a&;qkdkif&mOya'ukd odem;vnfapa&;twGuf vkyfief;qkdif&maqG;aEG;yGJrsm; axmufyHhay;tyf&efwkd@jzpfonf?

yufx&pf&Sm [kdif;pf (t.hynes@mdx.ac.uk) onf xkdif;jrefrme,fpyfwGif 1996 rS ouU&mZf 2000 twGif; 'kQonfwkd@twGuf tultnDay;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfukdifcJholjzpfonf? r,OfrGefol (soa07ymt@sheffield.ac.uk) onf 2005 ckESpfrSpI a&muf&Sdvmonfh'kQonfopfrsm; twGuf &SufzD;òrd@ wGif ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfukdifaeolkjzpfonf? Taqmif;yg;onf avhvmxm;csufrsm;/ vlawG@ar;jref;csufrsm;ESifh pma&;olrsm;. tawG@tñuHwkd@tay: tajccHxm;I rnfonfhtzGJ@ tpnf;ukdr# ukd,fpm;ðyxm;onfh t,ltqrsm;r[kwfygay? 1 tpkd;&r[kwfonfhtzGJ@tpnf;0efxrf;ESifh pum;vufqkHajymjcif;/ xkdif;jrefrme,fpyf/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 2 www.iomlondon.org

DCA-ACT International

NCA-ACT International

Tjrefrmbmomjzifhxkwfa0onfh ae&yfrStwif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;pmapmif (FMR) tm; ykHESdyfxkwfa0r_ 冒yvkyfaeonfhtaetxm;wGif uBmu em*pfpfqkdifuvkH;rkefwkdif;. jrefrmEkdifiHESifh jynfoljynfom;wkd@tay: zGwfzGwfnufnufa=uonfhxdckdufr_tm; tm&kHpkdufapmifh=unfhae=uayonf? taotaysmufE_H;ESifh qkH;&_H;r_ysufpD;r_ rsm;ukdvnf; ae@pOf jrefqefpGmodae&ayonf? FMR taeESifh jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wkd@. &Sifoefa&;twGuf 贸ud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_ESifh ab;tE W&m,ft+yD; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;wkd@ twGuf jrefrmvlxkESifhxyfwl aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_&Sd aernfjzpfyga=umif; Tae&mrS tav;teuf azmfjytyfygonf?