Forced Migration Review Issue 7 by Forced Migration Review

FORCED MIGRATIONreview 7

April 2000

published by

the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project

Going home: land &

property issues

• rights, rehabilitation and restitution in Lebanon, Kosovo, Bosnia, Guatemala and Colombia • the disputed return of Bhutanese refugees

• forced relocation in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi

plus: • migration strategies in Ghana and Sri Lanka • conferences • updates • publications • news

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from the fromeditors the editors cott Leckie, director of the Geneva-based Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, joins us as Guest Editor for our feature section on land and property rights of displaced people. In his introduction (page 4), he stresses: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Few procedures are more complex, subject to controversy and difficult to implement than ensuring that those who have a right to return to their original homes are actually allowed to do so.â&#x20AC;? The eight articles that follow illustrate this point from around the world and draw out recommendations for building awareness and encouraging better practice in the future.

If you would like to respond to any of the points raised â&#x20AC;&#x201C; or indeed to raise new points â&#x20AC;&#x201C; please consider writing for the Debate section of the following issue. Deadline for Debate submissions: 12 June. Email us at fmr@qeh.ox.ac.uk or write to us at the address opposite. Forced Migration Review issue 8, due out early September, will include a feature section on Accountability and Evaluation, including articles on the accountability of research (and researchers), the responsibility of NGOs towards the communities in which they work, corporate responsibility for displacement, and the changing role and potential of evaluation. If you would like to contribute, please contact the Editors as soon as possible. Deadline for article submissions: 1 June. Have you or has your agency worked on these or related themes? Would you be willing to share your insights? We all want to avoid having to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;reinvent the wheelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; with each new emergency. If you have any internal reports, discussion/policy papers or guidelines that you think could be of use to others around the world, please let us know. Our December issue will include a feature section on Gender issues. If you are interested in writing for it, or have suggestions for contributors, please contact us as soon as possible. We would like to thank the Brookings Institution Project on Internal Displacement for their generosity in distributing free copies of Exodus within Borders to all our readers in March. We have received many letters and emails of thanks in response. If any other agencies are interested in disseminating appropriate publications (or fliers) in this way, please contact the Editors. Do visit our website at www.fmreview.org We have just launched a new feature called News, Events and Resources, for publicizing useful information that the hard copy FMR is not able to include. We welcome your announcements (up to 250 words) and also your suggestions for our greatly expanded Links section. With our best wishes. Marion Couldrey & Tim Morris Editors

&RYHU SKRWRJUDSK: Mitrovica, Kosovo. UNHCR/R LeMoyne

FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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contents contents

Introduction: land and property issues

At the heart of the return process: solving property issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Catherine Phuong

The rehabilitation of homes and return of minorities to Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina by Guy Hovey

Resolving Kosovoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s housing crisis by Scott Leckie

Unfinished business: the IDP land question in Guatemala by Cecilia Bailliet

Bhutanese refugees: rights to nationality, return and property by Ratan Gazmere and Dilip Bishwo

Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights to land, property and housing by Leilani Farha

Forced relocation in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi: emerging policy 27 by Jon Bennett Resolving the issue of war displacement in Lebanon by Georges Assaf and Rana El-Fil

People abroad and people at home in societies under strain by Nicholas Van Hear

Regular features Update Global IDP Project Conferences Refugee Studies Centre Publications FORCED MIGRATION review 7

37 40 42 44 46 3

Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Introduction by Scott Leckie, Guest Editor Issues around restitution of housing and property to refugees and the internally displaced wishing to return to their original homes have attracted increasing attention in recent years.

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

Going home: land & property issuesfeature

At the heart of the return process: solving property issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina

by Catherine Phuong

The Dayton Peace Agreement, signed in November 1995, explicitly put property issues at the heart of the return process and the overall peace framework for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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the massive level of international involvement has only brought about 120,000 minority returns since 1996

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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Going home: land & property issuesfeature

The rehabilitation of homes and return of minorities to Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina by Guy Hovey In 1997, the US State Departmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bureau for Population and Refugee Migration funded two pilot projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina, each providing for the rehabilitation of 40 homes (20 for Serbs and 20 for Muslims) and the return of pre-war owners and families to the town of Sipovo in the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia.

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

Panos Pictures/Heldur Netocny

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Guy Hovey

A Muslim returning family invites their Serb and returned Muslim neighbours to dinner.

FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Resolving Kosovoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s housing crisis: challenges for the UN Housing and Property Directorate by Scott Leckie Armed conflict in Kosovo in 1998-1999 led to the destruction of tens of thousands of homes and the mass occupation of abandoned homes as refugees were repatriated.

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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housing and property sectors in Kosovo became bastions of ethnic discrimination

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Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Unfinished business: the IDP land question

by Cecilia Bailliet

The campesino was born with his land; the war took it away. The land is his destiny - life and death. We will not stop being displaced until we have a plot of land to sow and live on. Vidal Jutzutz

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Bhutanese refugees: rights to nationality, return and property by Ratan Gazmere and Dilip Bishwo The Bhutanese government disputes the citizenship of the 96,000 Bhutanese refugees currently in Nepalese refugee camps. A new project - the Documentation of Bhutanese Refugees - sets out to disprove their argument.

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Prime lands have been reallocated to northerners

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

UNHCR/22104/12.1992/A Hollmann

Going home: land & property issuesfeature

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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Primary school (run by refugees) in Sanischare camp, Nepal.

FORCED MIGRATION review 7

Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights to land, property and housing

by Leilani Farha

For many women, rights to land, property and housing are essential to their livelihood and survival, and this is particularly so in the aftermath of war and conflict.

Photo: Catalina Hinchey Trujillo, Coordinator, Women & Habitat Prgramme

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The Rwandan conflict left few families intact; many are now headed by single parents, UNHCR/L Taylor primarily women.

FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Forced relocation in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi: emerging policy by Jon Bennett Forced relocation or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;regroupementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is the forced movement of entire communities, usually by a government, to permanent or semipermanent sites often directly or indirectly under the control of military units. This is ostensibly to protect the population from political insurgency; in reality, it is more often a means of depopulating whole areas as part of counter-insurgency tactics employed by a government.

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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it is unlikely that any form of compensation for lost or destroyed property, crops or land will realistically be available to returnees

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

UNHCR/26112/12.1996/R Chalasani

Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Rwandan refugees returning home in 1996

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

Going home: land & property issuesfeature

Resolving the issue of war displacement in Lebanon Panos Pictures/J C Tordai

by Georges Assaf and Rana El-Fil Internal and regional conflicts have led to massive and repeated waves of displacement in Lebanon.

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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the illegal occupation of houses has primarily been resolved by paying squatters to leave

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

People abroad and people at home in societies under strain by Nicholas Van Hear Over the last three decades, refugee crises have resulted in the dispersal of substantial numbers of people from the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s trouble spots. While much interest has focused on the effects of their presence in the countries that host them, these â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;new diasporasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; can also influence profoundly what happens at home.

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FORCED MIGRATION review 7

Arable land and internal displacement in Colombia

by Bjorn Pettersson

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Oxford Development Consultants

.KDGLMD (OPDGPDG Professor, Law Faculty, Casablanca University

0DXULFH +HUVRQ Emergencies Coordinator for Latin America & Eastern Europe, Oxfam GB

(LJLO 2OVHQ Head of Latin America Section, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oslo

-LOO 5XWWHU National Education Adviser, The Refugee Council (London)

/\QGDOO 6DFKV Public Information Officer, UNHCR, Branch Office, Great Britain and Ireland

'DQ 6H\PRXU Child Rights Officer, Foreign Office

The Directorate The Global IDP Project is a project of the Norwegian Refugee Council and is administered through its Geneva office. Staff Project Coordinator: Marc Vincent Information Officers: Christophe Beau, Andreas Danevad, Bjorn Pettersson, Frederick Kok. Donor Relations: Tone Faret Donors Ministries of Foreign Affairs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden & Switzerland; Norwegian Church Aid; RĂ¤dda Barnen Sweden; International Development Research Centre (IDRC); UNICEF; UNHCR; UNDP; OCHA; WFP. Website Visit our database on internal displacement and get more information about the Global IDP Project on www.idpproject.org Contact us If you have any questions or comments, please contact us at: Global IDP Project Chemin MoĂŻse-Duboule 59 CH 1209 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 788 8085 Fax: + 41 22 788 8086 E-mail: idpsurvey@nrc.ch

FORCED MIGRATION review 7

'DYLG 7XUWRQ Director, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford

0DUF 9LQFHQW Coordinator, Global IDP Project, Norwegian Refugee Council, Geneva

/DXUHQFH :KLWHKHDG Official Fellow in Politics, Nuffield College, University of Oxford

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7 FORCED MIGRATIONreview April 2000

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published by

the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project

Going home: land &

property issues

â&#x20AC;˘ rights, rehabilitation and restitution in Lebanon, Kosovo, Bosnia, Guatemala and Colombia â&#x20AC;˘ the disputed return of Bhutanese refugees

â&#x20AC;˘ forced relocation in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi

plus: â&#x20AC;˘ migration strategies in Ghana and Sri Lanka â&#x20AC;˘ conferences â&#x20AC;˘ updates â&#x20AC;˘ publications â&#x20AC;˘ news

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

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Children and Adolescents in Palestinian Households 4-9 October 2000: Cyprus

The Psychosocial Experiences and Needs of Refugees September 2000

Alternative Futures: Developing an Agenda for Legal Research in Asylum 1-3 June 2000: Oxford

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Handbook for Applying the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement OCHA & the Brookings Institution Project on Internal Displacement. Nov 1999. 61pp. Free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

Manual on Field Practice in Internal Displacement OCHA. Inter-Agency Standing Committee Policy Paper Series No 1. Nov 1999. 92pp. Free.

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NATO and Humanitarian Action in the Kosovo Crisis by Larry Minear, Ted van Baarda and Marc Sommers. Thomas J Watson Jr Institute for International Studies and the Humanitarian Law Consultancy. Brown University. Occasional Paper #36. 2000. 198pp. One copy available free of charge; bulk orders $5 each plus shipping. Also available at: www.brown.edu/ Departments/Watson_Institute/H_W/index.html

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Northeast Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hidden Displacement by Hiram A Ruiz. US Committee for Refugees. 2000. 20pp. ISBN 0-936548-05-3. US$5.00.

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Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in Indonesia: West Timor, Aceh and Lambok (Issue Brief) by Jana Mason. US Committee for Refugees. 2000. 12pp. $5. 7KLV SDSHU SURYLGHV DQ XSGDWH RQ FLYLO LDQV FDXJKW XS LQ SROLWLFDO FRQIOLFW DQG XQUHVW LQ ,QGRQHVLD ZLWK D IRFXV RQ WKH UHJLRQV RI $FHK :HVW 7LPRU DQG /RPERN ,W LQFOXGHV 86&5Â·V UHFRPPHQ GDWLRQV IRU LPSURYLQJ WKH VLWXDWLRQ IRU XSURRWHG SHRSOH DQG SUHYHQWLQJ DGGL WLRQDO IOLJKW &RQWDFW DV DERYH

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Balkan Returns: An Overview of Refugee Returns and Minority Repatriation by Brad K Blitz. US Institute of Peace. Dec 1999. Available at: www.usip.org/oc/sr/sr991221/sr991221nb.html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

Older People in Disasters and Humanitarian Crises: Guidelines for Best Practice HelpAge International. April 2000. 24pp. Free. Also available at www.helpage.org

Information Sources in Development Studies ed Sheila Allcock. Bowker-Saur. 1999. ISBN 1-85739-281-7. 239pp. Â£50. 7KLV ERRN LV DQ HDV\ WR XVH HYDOXDWLYH JXLGH WR FXUUHQW VRXUFHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DYDLODEOH ERWK DV FRQYHQWLRQDOO\ SXE OLVKHG ERRNV DQG DV HOHFWURQLF PHGLD VXFK DV &' 520V DQG WKH ,QWHUQHW 7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ SURIHVVLRQDOV ZKR KDYH ZULWWHQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO FKDSWHUV IRFXV RQ LQIRUPDWLRQ UHVRXUFHV IRU WKHLU RZQ VSH FLDOLVW WRSLFV VXFK DV SURMHFW SODQQLQJ DQG PDQDJHPHQW GHYHORSPHQW DLG DQG 1*2V GLVDVWHUV GHYHORSPHQW DQG JHQ GHU KHDOWK QXWULWLRQ DQG SRSXODWLRQ DQG HGXFDWLRQ DQG HPSOR\PHQW ,W LQFOXGHV D FKDSWHU E\ 6DUDK 5KRGHV 'RFXPHQWDOLVW DW WKH 5HIXJHH 6WXGLHV &HQWUH /LEUDU\ RQ PLJUDWLRQ DQG UHIXJHH LVVXHV &RQWDFW %RZNHU 6DXU :LQGVRU &RXUW (DVW *ULQVWHDG +RXVH (DVW *ULQVWHDG :HVW 6XVVH[ 5+ ;$ 8. 7HO )D[ (PDLO OLV#ERZNHU VDXU FRP :HEVLWH ZZZ ERZNHU VDXU FR XN

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