FNCCI Golden Jubilee Souvenir by Bikash Bajracharya

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Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) Mailing Address: Pachali Shahid Shukra FNCCI Milan Marg, Teku P.O. Box 269, Kathmandu NEPAL Telephone: +977-1-4262061 / 4262218 / 4266889 Fax: + 977-1-4261022 / 4262007 E-mail: fncci@mos.com.np Website: www.fncci.org 4

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lghL If]qsf] ;+3Lo k|ltlglwd'ns ;+:yf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsf] krf; a;Gt kf/ u/]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;sf] o; cj;/df dxf;+3n] ljljw sfo{qmdsf ;fy :j0f{ jif{ dgfO{ /x]sf] 5 . o; cj;/df oxf+x? ;j}df xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5 ' . :yfkgfsf krf; jif{sf] b/ldofgdf lghL If]qsf] ;+3Lo k|ltlglwd'ns ;+:yf dxf;+3n] ljleGg ptf/ r9fjx? kf/ul/ cfhsf] :yfg;Dd cfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . dxf;+3sf] Oltxf;, /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ;+hfn, sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sf, cfo;|ft] , ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf tyf /fi6«df lghL If]qsf] Ps ;zQm ;+:yfsf lx;fjdf ;d]t dxf;+3 cfh lgs}g} cuf8L al9 ;s]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf dxf;+3 ;/sf/sf] Ps jlnof] ;fem]bf/, lghL If]qsf] g]tT[ jbfoL ;+:yf / cGt/fli6«o hutsf nflu Ps alnof] ;fem]bf/ x'g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . dxf;+3nfO{ o; ¿kdf k'¥ofpg] ;kgf b]Vb} ;f] cg'?k ;+:yfsf] ljhf/f]k0f ug'{ ePsf xfd|f cu|hx?sf] ;kgf ;fsf/ ePsf] 5, o;n] xfdLnfO{ uf}/jflGt agfPsf] 5 . cu|hx?n] d]xgtn] x'sf{Psf] o; j[IfnfO{ cem a9L cf]hk"0f{ agfpb} nfg xfdL k|ltj4 5f} + . :j0f{ jif{sf] o; v'zLofnLdf dxf;+3sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, /fi6«sf] cfly{s pTyfgdf dxf;+3n] lgefPsf] e"ldsf, k"jh { x?n] xfl;n ug'e { Psf] cg'ej, P]ltxfl;s If0f, pknlAw, tTsflng ;d:of Pj+ r'gf}tL Pj+ ljleGg af}l4s JolQmTjx?sf] n]v /rgf ;dfj]z u/L of] :j0f{ jif{ :dfl/sf oxf+x? ;dIf k|:t't u/]sf 5f} + . 5f]6f] ;dodf k|sfzg ul/Psf sf/0f o;df q'l6x? klg x'g ;S5g\, s'g} q'6Lx? ePdf To;nfO{ :jLsfb}{ cfufdL lbgdf ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] k|ltj4tf ;lxt :dfl/sfdf cfkm\gf] cd"No cg'ej tyf n]v÷/rgf pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug'x{ g' ] xfd|f cu|h Pj+ ljlzi6 dxfg'efjx?df x[bob]lv g} cfef/ JoQm ug{ ub{5 ' . oxf“x?sf] ;xof]u ljgf of] sfo{ ;Dej lyPg . oxf“x?af6 k|fKt cg'ej tyf n]v÷/rgfx? xfd|f nflu dfu{ lgb]z { g x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . :dfl/sf k|sfzg sfo{df ;xof]u ug'x{ g' ] dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx?, sfo{;ldltsf ;fyLx?nfO{ ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' . :dfl/sf k|sfzg sfo{df ;+nUg dxf;+3sf lgldQ dxflgb]z { s dLgf >]i7 ;lxt ;lrjfnosf ;fyLx? k|z;+ fsf kfq x'gx' G' 5 . :dfl/sf k|sfzg ;ldltsf ;b:oHo"x?, o; sfo{nfO{ k|ToIf ;xof]u ug'x{ g' ] dxf;+3sf k'j{ dxflgb]z { s 8f= x]dGt bjf8LHo"nfO{ klg ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' . :dfl/sf k|sfzgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L ;+sngdf ;xof]u ug{x' g' ] ;xfos lgb]z { såo dfwj d'NdL / ljsf; ah|frfo{, 6fOlkªdf ;xof]u ug'x{' g' ] jl/i7 sfof{no ;xfosåo dLg axfb'/ >]i8 / dgx/f >]i7nfO{ wGojfb . k|sfzg ;fdu|Lsf] ;+sng, ;Dkfbg ;lxt o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfddf cxf]/fq v6\gx' g' ] dxf;+3sf ;xfos lgb]z { s ljb'/rGb| nfld5fg], pxf“nfO{ n]vg sfo{df ;xof]u ug'x{ g' ] dxf;+3sf clws[t /hgL g]kfnnfO{ pxf“x?sf] d]xgtsf] pRr k|z;+ f ub}{ ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' . lj1fkg pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;a} lj1fkg bftfx?nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 5 . oxf“x?sf] ;xof]uaf6 g} k|sfzg sfo{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . :dfl/sf l8hfOgdf ;xof]u k'/o\ fpg] lk|Hdf P8\e/6fOlh·nfO{ klg wGojfb . :dfl/sfdf ;dfj]z ePsf larf/x? n]vssf x'g / ltgn] dxf;+3sf] cf}krfl/s wf/0ff k|ltlglwTj gug{ klg ;Sb5g\ . k|sflzt :dfl/sf lghL If]qsf] af/]df cWoog ug{ rfxg] ;a}sf nflu Ps P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h x'g] ljZjf;sf ;fy dxf;+3nfO{ k|ToIf k/f]If?kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] g]kfn ;/sf/, bft[ lgsfox?, g]kfnl:yt /fhb'tfjf;x?, dxf;+3sf ;b:ox? ;j}df k'g Ps k6s o; cj;/df xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .

lbg]z >]i7 ;+of]hs :j0f{ :dfl/sf k|sfzg ;ldlt, g]pjfdxf;+3

kl/R5]bâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;v ;+u7g

g]pjfdxf;+3sf] jt{dfg kbflwsf/L tyf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:ox?

kz'klt d'/f/sf, cWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3

;'/h j}B, lgjt{dfg cWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3

lszf]/ s'df/ k|wfg, pkfWoIf -lhNnfรทgu/ pjf;+3_, g]pjfdxf;+3

cg'k axfb'/ dNn, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_ 10

ejfgL /f0ff, al/i7 pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3

lbg]z >]i7, pkfWoIf -a:t'ut ;+3_, g]pjfdxf;+3

czf]s zdf{, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

z]v/ uf]N5f, pkfWoIf -Pzf]l;P6_, g]pjfdxf;+3

cf]d axfb'/ /fhe08f/L, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

pd]z nfn >]i7, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

sdnf >]i7, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

s]zj /fh kf08], -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

rGb| k|;fb 9sfn, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

k|df]b >]i7, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

/fhg zdf{, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

ljho s'df/ ;/fjuL, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

z+s/ >]i7, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

z+s/ k|;fb kf08]o, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

;f}/e Hof]lt, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

;+lhj /fhe08f/L -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

1fg]Gb| nfn k|wfg, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

czf]s s'df/ 6]dfgL -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_ 11

uf]kfn vgfn, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

Hof]T;gf >]i7 -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

lbn;'Gb/ >]i7 -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

g/]Gb| s'df/ v8\sf -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

k|sfz lu/L, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

/l~ht /fh cfrfo{ -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

/fhs'df/ eยง/fO{, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

/fds[i0f k|;f{O,{ -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

zflxn cu|jfn, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

;'sG' tnfn lx/frg, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

;+ho lu/L, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

czf]s s'df/ cu|jfn, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

dlgif s'df/ cu|jfn, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

dlgifnfn k|wfg, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

/fh]Gb| s'df/ >]i7 -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

/fdrGb| ;+3fO{, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

ljho l;+x a}B, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

;+lbk s'df/ cu|jfn, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

clgn s'df/ s]l8of, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

czf]s s"df/ tf]bL, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

cf]d k|sfz j+zn, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

s[i0f k|;fb >]i7, -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

u'0flglw ltjf/L, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

uf]kfn xdfn, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

rf]k gf/fo0f >]i7, gf/fo0f O08li6Â«h k|f=ln=

lbks nD;fn, -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

wd{gfy k|;fb h};jfn -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

g/jL/ /fjt -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

lgdf{0f s'df/ >]i7 -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

lg/s s]=;L= -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

k|sfz k|;f{O,{ -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

dx]Gb| s'df/ >]i7 -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

d+unl;+x 7u'Ggf -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

o'js /fhe08f/L -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

/fdsk'/ ;fx -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

/f]lxt k|;fb k|;f{O{ -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

;'lgn s'df/ zdf{ -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

xl/x/ a'9fyf]sL -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

lqe'jgw/ t'nfw/ -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

6]s axfb'/ e08f/L -sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o_

/Ltf e08f/L -sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o_

c~hg >]i7 -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ._

s[i0f k|;fb zdf{ -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ._

sNkgf u}/] -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

s'db' s'df/ b'u8" -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

nf]s /fh eยง -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

c?0f/fh ;'dfuL{ -sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

;+lhj axfb'/ sf]O/fnf -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

6+s k|;fb b'nfn -sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3_

kb\d jxfb'/ zfxL sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3

:yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o != @= #= $ %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

kz'klt d'/f/sf ;'/h j}B ejfgL /f0ff lszf]/ s'd' f/ k|wfg lbg]z >]i7 z]v/ uf]N5f cg'k axfb'/ dNn czf]s zdf{ cf]d axfb'/ /fhe08f/L pd]z nfn >]i7 sdnf >]i7 s]zj /fh kf08] rGb| k|;fb 9sfn k|df]b >]i7 /fhg zdf{ ljho s'df/ ;/fjuL z+s/ >]i7 z+s/ k|;fb kf08] ;f}/e Hof]lt ;+hLj /fhe08f/L 1fg]Gb| nfn k|wfg

cWoIf lgjt{dfg cWoIf jl/i7 pkfWoIf pkfWoIf pkfWoIf pkfWoIf ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df ul7t jt{dfg kl/ifb\÷;ldlt÷kmf]/dsf ;efkltx?, pk;efkltx? tyf ;b:ox? ! ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt

>L cfgGb /fh d'NdL, ;efklt

!= @= #= $= %= ^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

;b:ox?

k|bLks'df/ >]i7Ho", k"j{ cWoIf g]pjfdxf;+3 /ljeQm >]i7Ho", k"j{ cWoIF Pj+ ;efklt, cg'zf;g ;ldlt, g]pjfdxf;+3 ljgf]b jxfb'/ >]i7Ho", k"j{ cWoIf g]pjfdxf;+3 rl08/fh 9sfnHo", k"j{ cWoIF Pj+ ljlzi6 ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 s'zs'df/ hf]zLHo", k"j{ cWoIF Pj+ ljlzi6 ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ;'/h j}BHo",lgjt{dfg cWoIF, g]pjfdxf;+3

@ cg'zf;g ;ldlt

>L /ljeQm >]i7, ;efklt

!= @= #= $= %= ^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

;b:ox?

kß Hof]lt, ;efklt,/fli6«o Jofj;flos kxn s'zs'df/ hf]zL, k"j{ cWoIF Pj+ ljlzi6 ;b:o g]pjfdxf;+3 /f]lx0fL yklnof, k"j{ pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3 hubLz k|;fb cu|jfn, k"j{ dxf;lrj, g]pjfdxf;+3 clDasf >]i7,cWoIF, åfl/sf xf]6n uflGw kl08t, ;+:yfks cWoIF, uflGw P08 Pzf]l;P6

# ;b:otf ;ldlt

>L s'zs'df/ hf]zL, ;efklt

!= @= #= $= %= ^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

;b:ox?

;'/h j}B, lgjt{dfg cWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3 ejfgL /f0ff al/i7 pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3 lszf]/ s'df/ k|wfg, pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3 lbg]z >]i7, pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3 z]v/ uf]N5f, pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3 z'sG' tnfn lx/frg, sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdf;+3

$ pBf]u jfl0fHo kl/ifb\

>L lszf]/ s'df/ k|wfg, pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3, ;efklt

>L k|df]b >]i7, sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

pk;efklt ;b:ox?

cf]d k|sfz a+zn, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 s]zj /fh kf08], sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 u'0flglw ltjf/L, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 rf]kgf/fo0f >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 lbn;'Gb/ >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 lg/s s]=;L, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 g/]Gb|sd' f/ v8sf, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 k|df]b >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 dx]Gb|sd' f/ >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 o'js /fhe08f/L, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 /fh]Gb|sd' f/ >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 ljhos'df/ ;/fjuL, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 17

!#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!= @@= @#= @$= @%= @^= @&= @*= @(= #)= #!= #@= ##= #$= #%= #^= #&= #*= #(= $)= $!= $@=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

z+s/ >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 ;'lgns'df/ zdf{, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf gu/ If]q, g]pjfdxf;+3 k|sfz k|;fO{, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -d]rL c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 /f]lxt k|;fb k|;fO{, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -sf]zL c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 czf]ss'df/ cu|jfn, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -;u/dfyf c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 /fdsk'/ ;fx, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -hgsk'/ c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 dlgif nfn k|wfg, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -afudtL c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 wd{gfy k|;fb h};jfn, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -gf/fo0fL c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 lbks nD;fn, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -u08sL c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 s[i0fk|;fb >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -n'lDjgL c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 lgdf{0f s'df/ >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -wjnflul/ c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 xl/x/ a'9fyf]sL,sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -/fKtL c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 ejfgL /f0ff, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -e]/L c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 g/jL/ /fjt, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -s0ff{nL c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 uf]kfn xdfn, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -;]tL c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 d+un l;+x 7u'Ggf, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ If]qLo -dxfsfnL c+rn_ k|ltlglw, g]pjfdxf;+3 afa'/fd lu/L, cWoIf, n]vgfy pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 e]if/fh kf}8n] ,cWoIf, ndh'u+ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 l6sf/fh 9sfn, cWoIf, emfkf pBf]u ;+3 dx]Gb| k|;fb sfkmn], cWoIf, t]Xy'd pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 uh]Gb| s'df/ eut, cWoIf, lqo'uf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sNof0f hf]zL, cWoIf, lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lszf]/ cfrfo{, cWoIf, /f]Nkf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 s[i0fk|;fb >]i7, cWoIf, g]kfnuGh pjf;+3 ;/f]h >]i7, cWoIf, ;'g;/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;'/G] b| >]i7, cWoIf, j'6jn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 cd/ jxfb'/ v8\sf, cWoIf u'nl/of pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 w'j| /fh >]i7, e"=k" cWoIf, bf+u pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 g/ jxfb'/ rGb e"=k"= cWoIf, a}t8L pjf;+3 d'sz ] e6[/fO{ pkfWofo, jl/i7 pkfWoIf, df]/u+ pBf]u ;+u7g

!= @= #= $= %=

>L >L >L >L >L

;efklt, ;efktL, ;efktL, ;efktL, ;efktL,

>L 8L=jL j:g]t, k"j{ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@= !#=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

:yfoL cfdlGqt

k"jf{~rn If]qLo pjf;+3 dWodf~rn If]qLo pjf;+3 klZrdf~rn If]qLo pjf;+3 dWoklZrdf~rn If]qLo pjf;+3 ;'b/" klZrdf~rn If]qLo pjf;+3

ljz]if cfdlGqt cfdlGqt

lgd{n s'df/ rf}w/L, k"j{ cWoIf, hgsk'/ pjf;+3 ;'lznf ;fksf]6f, cWoIf, Onfd pjf;+3 cgGt s'df/ uf}nL, cWoIf, ;+vj' f;ef pjf;+3 ljho 8fnldof, cWoIf, d]rLgu/ pjf;+3 c?0f k|wfg, cWoIf, ;Kt/L pjf;+3 ;+ho dxf;]7, cWoIf, l;/xf pjf;+3 czf]s s'df/ j}B, cWoIf, pjf;+3 ;'/s[i0f >]i7, cWoIf, sfe|] pjf;+3 pjf;+3 e'jg nfn >]i7, cWoIf, dsjfgk'/ pjf;+3 /fds[i0f sdf{rfo{, cWoIf, kj{t pjf;+3 a;Gt s'df/ >]i7, cWoIf, afun'u+ pjf;+3 eut afa' hf]zL, cWoIf, uf]/vf pjf;+3 ldq k|;fb sfkmn], cWoIf, kf+ry/ pjf;+3

!$= !%= !^= !&=

>L >L >L >L

;+hLj sf]O/fnf, cWoIf, kf]v/f pjf;+3 s0f{ s'j+ /, cWoIf, s}nfnL pjf;+3 /fh]z rGb| >]i7, cWoIF, pbok'/ pjf;+3 /fh]Gb| s'df/ >]i7, k"j{ cWoIF, /Tggu/ pjf;+3

% j:t'ut kl/ifb\ != @=

>L lbg]z >]i7, pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3, ;efklt >L ljKnj dfg l;+x, pk;efklt

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

;b:ox?

cg'k axfb'/ dNn, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 czf]s zdf{, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 pd]z nfn >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 sdnf >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 /fhs'df/ e§/fO{, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 /fhg zdf{, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ;'sG' t nfn lx/frg, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 z+s/ k|;fb kf08]o, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ;f}/e Hof]lt, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ;+ho lu/L, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ;+hLj /fhe08f/L, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ;+lbk s'df/ cu|jfn, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 b]jbf; dfgGw/, g]kfn sf]N8 :6f]/h ] ;+3, sf7df8f}+ /dfgfy >]i7, g]kfn sk8f tyf l;nfO{ Joj;fo ;+3, sf7df8f}+ ljKnjdfg l;+x, g]kfn sfk]6{ lgof{t ;+3, sf7df8f}+ nf]sgfy u}/,] km\nf]l/sNr/ Pzf]l;Pzg g]kfn, sf7df8f}+ ls/0f s'df/ 8+uf]n, g]kfn xft] sfuh ;+3, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ k'ikdfg >]i7, g]kfn klZdgf pBf]u ;+3, sf7df8f}+

^_ /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb\ != @=

>L z]v/ uf]N5f, ;efklt >L dlgif s'df/ cu|jfn, pk;efklt

&_ pBf]u ;ldlt

>L pd]z nfn >]i7, ;efklt

!= !=

>L cho s'df/ d'8e/L, cWoIF, g]kfn yfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, sf7df8f}+ >L e/t /fh cfrfo{, cWoIF, 6LP;Pg s/kf]/z ] g, cf/=lj= xfp;, ;'ljwfgu/ nlntk'/

!= @= #= $= %= ^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

!= @=

>L lg/~hg >]i7, sf7df8f}+ >L g/]z axfb'/ dNnHo", cWoIf,g]kfn d'b0| f pBf]u ;+3 dbggu/,aNv', sf7df8f}+

>L ljho ljhofgGb, sf7df8f}+

>L czf]s s'df/ tf]bL, sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3

pk;efkltx? ;b:ox?

;'/z ] /fh Kofs'/n] , lgb]z { s, Pd=Pd u|k' ckm sDkgLh\ dnof /f]8, lj/f6gu/ xf]d gfy pkfWofo, cWoIf, 5fnf h'Qf tyf a:t' pTkfbs ;+3 g]kfn sf7df8f}+ lbks bfxfn, dxf;lrj,g]kfn cf}ifwL pTkfbs ;+3, sf7df8f}+ ;+hLj l/hfn, Dofg]lh· 8fO{/S] 6/, s[i0f 6fj/ k|f=ln=sf7df8f}+ dfOsn sd{rfo{, sfo{sfl/0fL lgb]z { s,sd{rfo{ u|k' ckm O{=, dx]Gb|kn' , kf]v/f xl/x/ k'mofn, cWoIF, g]kfn sf]/f]u6] 8] jS; pTkfbs ;+3, ;Lgfd+un, sf7df8f}+

:yfoL cfdlGqt ljz]if cfdlGqt

;Nnfxsf/

*_ Jofkf/ d]nf ;ldlt

>L s]zj /fh kf08], ;efklt

!= @=

>L dlgifnfn k|wfg, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 >L /fi6«ei' f0f rfs'ahL, dxf;lrj, g]kfn—rLg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

pk;efklt ;b:ox?

!= @= #= $= %= ^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

;'lgn s'df/ zdf{, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ;ljg >]i7, dxf;lrj, nlntk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 cho l3ld/], pkfWoIf d]rLgu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 b]js'df/ >]i7, tgx'+ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k|ltlglw, g]kfn x:tsnf dxf;+3 nlnt l;+v8f, cli6«s P8e/6fOlh· k|f=ln=

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &= *=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

b]jG] b| eQm >]i7, g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{ k|ltlglw, eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;'efif cfrfo{, df]/ª Jofkf/ ;+3 lbg]z >]i7, a'6jn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lbks k|wfg, sf]iffWoIF, g]kfn cf}ifwL pTkfbs ;+3 xl/ sfsL{, h]lgy PSkf]6{ P08 ODkf]6{ k|ltlglw, Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb| k|ltlglw, n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt

!= @= #=

>L ejfgL /f0ff, jl/i7 pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3 >L nf]s ljqmd yfkf, e"tk"j{ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 >L afa'/fd lu/L, cWoIf, n]vgfy pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

:yfoL cfdlGqt

;Nnfxsf/x?M

(_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;ldlt

>L z+s/ >]i7, ;efklt

!= @= #=

>L /fh]Gb| s'df/ >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 >L czf]s s'df/ cu|jfn, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 >L s[i0f s'df/ >]i7, pkfWoIf, a'6jn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, a'6jn

!= @= #= $= %=

>L >L >L >L >L

ch/ dfg hf]zL, cWoIF, nlntk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, nlntk'/ rGb|sfGt clwsf/L, cWoIF, wflbª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, wflbª e'jg nfn >]i7, cWoIf, dsjfgk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, dsjfgk'/ s]zj e08f/L, dxf;lrj, gjnk/f;L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, gjnk/f;L /rgf >]i7, dxf;lrj, g]kfnu~h pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, g]kfnu~h

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &= *=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

sdnf >]i7, ;efklt, dlxnf pBdL ljsf; ;ldlt, g]pjfdxf;+3 j;Gt >]i7, cWoIf, jfUn'ª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /fhg >]i7, cWoIf, g'jfsf]6 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, g'jfsf]6 pQd nfn r's,] lgjt{dfg cWoIf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, lrtjg ;'/z ] k|wfg cWoIf,g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3 sf7df8f}+ led;]g sfsL{, dxf;lrj, kfNkf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 clgn ;f/bf, sf=;=;b:o, df]/· Jofkf/ ;+3, df]/· nIdL vgfn, sf=;=;b:o, w'nLv]n pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, w'nLv]n

!= @= #=

>L cfgGb xdfn, cWoIF, l6sfk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, l6sfk'/ >L lj/]Gb| zfx, cWoIF, 8f]6L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, 8f]6L >L /fh]z rGb| >]i7, cWoIf, pbok'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, pbok'/

pk;efkltx?

;b:ox?

:yfoL cfdlGqt

ljz]if cfdGqLtM

$= %= ^= &= *= (=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

ljho 8fndLof, cWoIF, d]rL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 1fg]Gb| nfn df:s], cWoIf, cf]vn9'·f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, cf]vn9'·f ljdn l/hfn, cWoIf, t'N;Lk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, t'N;Lk'/ nlnt tfdfª, lgjt{dfg pkfWoIf, d]rL gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, w'nfjf/L lj/]Gb| s];/ hf]zL, sf=;=;b:o, a'6jn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, a'6jn cld/ tfd|fsf/, sf=;=;b:o, nlntk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, nlntk'/

!= @= #= $=

>L dxflgb{z ] s,3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBF]u ljefu >L sfo{sf/L lgb]z { s, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt >L xl/x/ ;'jb] L, k"j{ cfjf;Lo k|ltlglw, ;]Sjf >L uf]ljGb b]j kf08], k"j{ jl/i7 k/fdz{bftf, g]pjfdxf;+3

;Nnfxsf/M

!)_ dlxnf pBdL ljsf; ;ldlt

>L sdnf >]i7, ;efklt

!= @= #=

>L bz{gf >]i7, dlxnf pBdL dxf;+3, g]kfn >L lgd{nf nD;fn, :ofªhf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 >L ;[hgf of]~hg, sf7df8f}+

!= @= #= $=

>L >L >L >L

;? s]=;L=, df]/ª /lagf b]z/fh >]i7, d]3f a}s + d~h' k/fh'nL, a'6jn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 8Da/ s'df/L yfkf, pkfWoIf, dlxnf pBdL ljsf; ;ldlt, d]rL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

!= @= #= $= %=

>L >L >L >L >L

gL/f of]~hg, jl/i7 ;f}Gbo{ljb, ;f}Gbo{ snf Joj;foL ;+3, g]kfn /flwsf sfsL{, ;'g;/L lx/f e§/fO{, kf]v/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 dLgf s]=;L= pkfWoIf, ;f}Gbo{ snf Joj;foL ;+3, g]kfn tf/f /f]sfo, g]kfnu~h pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

>L zf]ef u'?·, g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3

pk;efkltx?

;b:ox?

:yfoL cfdlGqt

ljz]if cfdlGqt ;Nnfxsf/

!!_ :yn oftfoft tyf kf/jxg ;ldlt

>L /fhg zdf{, ;efklt

>L /fh]Gb| s'df/ >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L

lqe'jgw/ t'nfw/, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 cWoIF, lxdfno l;dfkf/ jfl0fHo ;+3 k|ltlglw, g]kfn k|m6] km/jf8{;\ Pzf]l;Pzg k|ltlglw, aL/u~h pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k|ltlglw, l;4fy{gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 l/t]z nfld5fg], g]kfn u'8;\ Sofl/o;{ Pzf]l;Pzg k|ltlglw, df]/ª Jofkf/ ;+3

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L

k|ltlglw, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno k|ltlglw, 6«s 6\of+s/ oftfoft Joj;foL dxf;+3 lbk]z 9sfn, emfkf pBf]u ;+3, emfkf k|ltlglw, g]kfn c6f]df]jfOn l8n;{ Pzf]l;Pzg k|ltlglw, g]kfn lgof{t kl/ifb\ k|ltlglw, g]kfn uf]bfd tyf kf/jxg s+kgL ln= k|ltlglw, g]kfnu~h pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

pk;efkltx? ;b:ox?

ljz]if cfdlGqtM

*= (=

>L k|ltlglw, g]kfn k|m6] km/jf8{;\ Pzf]l;Pzg >L a;Gt ltjf/L-a'4_ d]rL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

!= @= #= $= %=

>L >L >L >L >L

;Nnfxsf/ M

u'0flglw ltjf/L, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 cf/=lj=/f}lgof/, lxdfnog 6ld{gn, sf7df8f}+ z/b ljqmd /f0ff, 6«fG;kf]6{ lj1, sf7df8f}+ k|ltlglw, ;8s ljefu,g]kfn ;/sf/, sf7df8f}+ d'sz ] /f7L,8«fO{kf]6,{ lj/f6gu/ / e}/xjf

!@_ s/ tyf /fh:j ;ldlt

>L ;f}/e Hof]lt, ;eklt

!= @= #=

>L ljho l;+x j}3,d"No clwj[l4s/ / cGtz'Ns >L ;+lbk cu|jfn, cfos/ >L cGhg >]i7, e+;f/

!= @= #= $= %=

>L >L >L >L >L

lji0f' zdf{, cWoIf, l;4fy{gu/ pjf;+3 /fh]Gb| >]i7, l;Gw'kfNrf]s pjf;+3 lzj z+s/ cu|jfn, cWoIf pBf]u ;+u7g df]/ª ;'/h jh|frfo{, nlntk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ljdn cfrfo{, d]rL pjf;+3

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@= !#=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

lht]Gb| /fhe08f/L, rf6{8 PsfpG6]08 ;ldt/ zdf{, clwjQmf j?0f nf]lxof, g]kfn o'jf pBdL d~r e/t /fh cfrfo{, l6P;Pg Knfi6 s]o/ O{= k|f= ln= cWoIF, g]kfn r]Dj/ ckmsdz{ cWoIF, jL/u+h pjf;+3 cWoIf, kf]v/f pjf;+3 s'z k|;fb dNnL, k"j{ cWoIF, j'6jn pjf;+3 cWoIf, g]kfnu+h pjf;+3 cWoIF, ;d'Gb|kf/ lgsf;L k}7f/L ;+3 cWoIf, g]kfn x:tsnf dxf;+3 cWoIF, g]kfn lgof{t kl/ifb\ cWoIf, g]kfn k]o kbfy{ tyf r'/f]6 pBf]u ;+3

pk;efkltx?

;b:ox?

:yfoL cfdlGqt

!#= ko{6g tyf xjfO{ oftfoft ;ldlt

>L czf]s zdf{, ;efklt

!$= :yfgLo cfly{s ljsf; ;ldlt

>L k|df]b >]i7, ;efklt

!= @=

>L /f]lxt k|;fO{, cWoIf, O{6x/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3,O{6x/L >L s[i0f k|;fb >]i7, cWoIf, g]kfnu+h pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3,g]kfnu+h

#= $= %= ^= &= *=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

pk;efkltx? ;b:ox?

ljgf]b zfx,cWoIf,af/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3,af/f ;'/s[i0f j}B,cWoIf,sfe|] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3,sfe|] k|Hjn hf]Gr],cWoIf,eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3,eQmk'/ ch/dfg hf]zL,cWoIF,nlntk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3,nlntk'/ b]es'df/ >]i7,lgjt{dfg cWoIF,tgx'+ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3,tgx'+ v'; gf/fo0f ;}h,' lgjt{dfg cWoIF, vf]6fª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

ljz]if cfdlGqt M

>L dw';b' g j}B,lgjt{dfg cWoIf, bfª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, bfª

!%= lgof{t k|j4{g ;ldlt

>L cg'k axfb'/ dNn, ;efklt

!= @=

>L /fdrGb| ;+3fO{, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 >L lbnLk clwsf/L, k|fd Pzf]l;P6\;, sf7df8f}+

!= @= #= $= %= ^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

k'ikdfg >]i7, cWoIf,g]kfn klZdgf pBf]u ;+3 ;lds ljqmd zfx, g]kfn un}rf lgsf;Lstf{ ;+3 cWoIf, g]kfn tof/L kf]zfs pBf]u ;+3 cWoIf, g]kfn lgof{t kl/ifb\ :joDe' /Tg t'nfw/, k|fk] fO6/, ofs P08 olt O{G6/k|fOh]h\ k|f=ln= ls/0f s'df/ 8+uf]n, cWoIf,g]kfn xft sfuh ;+3, ljh'nLjhf/

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!= @@= @#=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

ljho s'df/ b'u8, dxf;lrj, g]kfn klZdgf pBf]u ;+3 clgg /fhe08f/L, k|fk] fO6/, tf/f cf]l/oG6n s/s]g u'?ª, g]kfn klZdgf pBf]u ;+3 ab|L jxfb'/ sfsL{, sf7df8f}+ wd{/fh /fhsl0f{sf/, k|fk] fO6/, b cf]l/oG6n p8 sf/le{· O{= k|f=ln= ;+ho ;/fkm -cu|jfn_, g]kfn tof/L kf]zfs pBf]u ;+3 uf]kfn bf; dfgGw/, k|fk] fO6/, o'/f] klZdgf pBf]u k|f=ln= uf]ljGb l3ld/], cWoIf, g]kfn xj;\ tyf xj{n pTkfbs ;+3 g/]z nfn >]i7,cWoIF, g]kfn k]mN6 pBf]u ;+3, ldgejg, sf7df8f}+ d[uG] b| k|wfgf·, :jL6/ tyf lg6 j]o/ PS:kf]6/ uf]ljGb b]j kf08], k"j{ jl/i7 k/fdz{bftf, g]pjfdxf;+3 e/t cfrfo{, lk6 jf]6n O{= ;Gtf]if l;= s'j+ /, Dofg]lh· 8fO/]S6/, cn g]lKnh\ l6 P08 slkm ;]G6/ cWoIf, g]kfn x:tsnf dxf;+3 ljj]s ljhofgGb, k"j{ dxf;lrj, g]kfn Pzf]l;P;g ckm 6'/ P08 6«fen Ph]G6;\ k|df]b /fh ;Tofn, k|f~hln sfk]6{ O{= ;'/G] b| s'df/ >]i7, k|fk] fO6/, :jL6/ P08 klZdgf xfp;\ uf}td dfg l;+x 8+uf]n, , xfo\08 d]8 /+u k|f=ln= l;dfGt u'?ª, l;6L xf]6N;\ P08 :jL6;\ /fh' v8\sf, ljh lehg g]6js{ k|f=ln= k|ltlglw, g]kfn lrof pTkfbs ;+3 ljKnj dfg l;+x, k"j{ sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ljlge dNn, Plzofl6s OG6/g]zgn 6«l] 8· k|f=ln=

!= @= #= $= %=

>L /fh]Gb| jxfb'/ >]i7, cf/ljP; sG;N6\oflG; 8f= b]j eQm zfSo, Pu|f] PS;k6{ >L g/]z rGb| nfld5fg], sf7df8f}+ >L /fh' >]i7, k"j{ cWoIf, g]kfn lgof{t kl/ifb\ >L ;]gf]Gg 8f]h={] nfdf, cWoIF,g]kfn hd{g pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

pk;efkltx? ;b:ox?

ljz]if cfdlGqt

;Nnfxsf/ M

!^= ;x/L ljsf; ;ldlt

>L cf]d axfb'/ /fhe08f/L, ;efklt >L uf]kfn vgfn, sf=;=;b:o, pk;efklt

!= @=

>L k|km' Nn dfg l;+ k|wfg >L ;"o{ eQm ;f+uf5]+

;b:ox?

#= $= %= ^= &= *=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

a'l4 gf/fo0f >]i7 c?0f b]j kGt w'j| yfkf pgd dfg k}wfg hgs vgfn j}h' hf]zL, ;Kt/L pjf;+3 .

!&_ a}s + , ljQLo tyf ladf ;ldlt

>L z+s/ k|;fb kf08]o, ;efklt

>L czf]s s'df/ 6]dfgL sf=;=;b:o g]pjfdxf;+3

!= @= #= $= %= ^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

pHjn s;h', a'6jn pjf;+3 .

pk;efklt ;b:ox?

g/]Gb| /fh l;hfklt cWoIf,:6s a|fs ] ;{ Pzf]l;P;g ckm g]kfn,sf7df8f}+ clgn s]z/L zfx k|dv ' sfo{sf/L clws[t, d]3f a}s + g]kfn ln= lg/Ghg s'df/ e§/fO{, ;Nnfxsf/, lk|ldo/ OG;f]/G] ; sDkgL -g]kfn_ ln= >Lh]z l3ld/], k|dv ' sfo{sf/L clws[t, Pg=Pd=aL= Soflk6n ;'bz{g /fh kf08], rf68{ PsfpG6]G6 ,sf7df8f}+ . afns[i0f lzjfsf]6L, sf7df8f}+ .

ljz]if cfdlGqtM

!*_ Jofkf/ ;ldlt

>L laho s'df/ ;/fjuL, ;efklt

!= @=

>L cf]d k|sfz j+zn, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 >L clgn s'df/ s]l8of, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3

!= @= #= $= %= ^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

!= @= #=

>L O{Zj/L k|;fb l3ld/], sfo{sf/L lgb]z { s, Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb|, nlntk'/ >L dbg ldQn, g]kfn—lrg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, sf7df8f}+ >L k|ltlglw, g]kfn—ef/t pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, sf7df8f}+

>L k'?iff]Qd cf]emf, k"j{ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

pk;efklt ;b:ox?

/d]z u'Ktf, g]kfn ;d'bk| f/ lgsf;L k}7f/L ;+3, sf7df8f}+ lnn]Gb| k|wfg, g]kfn k]6f« l] nod l8n;{ /fli6«o Pzf]l;Pzg, sf7df8f}+ k|ljq jh|frfo{, g]kfn v'bf| Jofkf/ ;+3, sf7df8f}+ zDe' bfxfn, g]kfn c6f]df]jfO{n l8n;{ Pzf]l;Pzg, sf7df8f}+ b]jG] b| eQm >]i7, g]kfn r]Dj/ ckm sd;{, sf7df8f}+ clegfz jf]x/f, df]/ª Jofkf/ ;+3, df]/ª .

cfdlGqtx? M

;Nnfxsf/M

!(_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ljsf; ;ldlt

>L ;+hLj /fhe08f/L, ;efklt

>L ljgf]b 9sfn, sDKo"6/ Pzf]l;Pzg ckm g]kfn

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &=

>L ljKnj dfg l;+x, k"j{ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 >L kjg s'df/ zdf{, sDKo"6/ Pzf]l;Pzg ckm g]kfn >L ljgo s'df/ jf]x/f, cWoIF, OG6/g]6 ;le{; k|fe ] fO8/;\ Pzf]l;Pzg ckm g]kfn >L rGb| ljnf; e'tn{] , cWoIF, Ogkm/d]zg 6]Sgf]nf]lh ;f];fO6L, g]kfn 8f=Hof]lt tG8'sf/, cfO{=6L= k|fk] m] ;gn kmf]/d >L dU;] >]i7, Pg=jfO{=O{=ckm >L dlgif nfn r's,] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

pk;efklt ;b:ox?

ljz]if cfdlGqt ;Nnfxsf/M

!= @= #= $=

8f= /flhj ;'Jjf, g]kfn k|x/L >L lj/]Gb| s'df/ dL>, dxflgb]z { s, ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefu, lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, sf7df8f}+ >L nf]rg cdfTo, g]kfn 6]nLsd >L 5qx/L sfsL{, cfO{=l;=6L= O8's;] g P08 d]l8sn

@) phf{ ;ldlt

>L 1fg]Gb| nfn k|wfg, ;efklt

>L s'df/ kf08], dxf;lrj,:jtGq phf{ pTkfbs ;+:yf, g]kfn (IPPAN) sf7df8f}+

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L

!= @= #= $= %=

>L z}nG] b| s'df/ >]i7, k"j{ z;:q dxflg/LIfs,z;:q k|x/L, sf7df8f}+ >L pd]z >]i7, lgb]z { s, x]jf vf]nf P xfO8«fk] fj/, sf7df8f}+ >L /fh]z dfg ;'lNkof,xfO8«fk] fj/ PS;k6{, sf7df8f}+ 8f+ 8Dj/ g]kfnL, d}nª ' vf]n xfO8«fk] fj/, sf7df8f}+ >L lbks /f}lgof/, k|dv ' sfo{sf/L clws[t, xfO8«fO] n]lS6«s OGe]i6d]06 P08 8]enKkd]06 s+, sf7df8f}+

!= @= #= $= %= ^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L

pk;efkltx? ;b:ox?

/fd k|;fb lwtfn, sfo{sf/L lgb]z { s, cN6/g]l6e Oglh{ k|fd] f]zg ;]G6/, sf7df8f}+ z}nG] b| u'/fufO{, lgb]z { s, l;p/L vf]nf xfO8«fk] fj/, sf7df8f}+ cd[t dfg gsdL{, k"j{ k|fWofks, Oglh{ :6l8 ;]G6/, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lslt{k/' ;+lhj /fhe08f/L, lgb]z { s, j'6jn kfj/ s+= ln= sf7df8f}+ lji0f' clwsf/L, lgb]z { s, l:kl/· vf]nf xfO8«fk] fj/, sf7df8f}+ k|ltlglw, g]kfn ljB't k|fljlws/0f, sf7df8f}+ k|ltlglw, lh=Pd=cf/ ck/ s0ff{nL xfO{8f« k] fj/ lnld6]8, nlntk'/

ljz]if cfdlGqt ;Nnfxsf/ M

cfdlGqtM

Hof]lt jflgof+, dxf;lrj, pkef]Qmf d~r, sf7df8f}+ ljh]Gb| >]i7, Kofl;lkms g]kfn, sf7df8f}+ t]h jxfb'/ /fO{, Pgcf/Pg xªs+·, xªs+· ljgo e08f/L, k|dv ' sfo{sf/L clws[t, /lw xfO8«fk] fj/, sf7df8f}+ cflzif uu{, Ol;n lSng xfO8«fk] fj/ s+=k|f=ln=, sf7df8f}+ ;'lw/ ltldlN;gf, o'gfO6]8 df]bL xfO8«fk] fj/, sf7df8f}+

@!_ cGt/f{li6«o tyf u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL nufgL k|j4{g ;ldlt

>L rGb| k|;fb 9sfn, ;efklt

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &= *=

>L /fd]Zj/ zfx, ;+/Ifs, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3 >L /fh]z jfj' >]i7 lrtjg sf]O, sf7df8f}+ >L lzlz/ e§ k|aGw lgb{z ] s l6= lj= cfO= u|k' , sf7df8f}+ >L ;ld/ yfkf k"j{ cWoIf, g]kfn o'jf pBdL d~r, sf7df8f}+ 8f= u0f]z u'?ª cWoIf Pg cfO l8 P;, sf7df8f}+ 8f= /ljGb| kf08] sf7df8f}+ >L lqe'jgw/ t'nfw/ sf= ;= ;b:o >L v8\u axfb'/ lji6 cWoIf :jtGq phf{ pTkfbsx?sf] ;+:yf, g]kfn

;b:ox?

@@_ jg pBd kmf]/d -kmf]/d_

>L g/]Gb| s'df/ v8\sf ;+of]hs

pk;+of]hs !=

>L uf]ljGb l3ld/], cWoIf, g]kfn xJ;{ tyf xj{n pTkfbs ;+3

!= @= #=

>L k|ltlglw, cy{ dGqfno >L k|ltlglw, jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno >L k|ltlglw, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

;b:ox?

$= %= ^= &=

>L >L >L >L

cWoIf, g]kfn jg k}bfjf/ pBf]u Joj;foL dxf;+3 cWoIf, g]kfn e]lgo/ pTkfbs ;+3 cWoIf, g]kfn xft] sfuh ;+3 k|ltlglw, ax' ;/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmd ;xof]u ;]jf OsfO{

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

k|ltlglw, pBf]u dGqfno k|ltlglw, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno k|dv ' sfo{sf/L clws[t, s[lif pBd s]Gb|, g]pjfdxf;+3 xl/ uf}td, jL/u~h pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ef]nf b'nfn, df]/ª Jofkf/ ;+3 k+sh ljqmd g]Djf·, d]rLgu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /tg 6fon, pkfWoIf, g]kfn /f]lhg ;+3 cWoIf, g]kfn sTyf pTkfbs ;+3 cWoIf, g]kfn jg pBf]u ;+3 cWoIf, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3, g]kfn lbks kf]v/]n, emfkf pBf]u ;+3

!= @= #=

>L ejfgL /f0ff, ;efklt, s[lif pBd s]Gb| g]pjfdxf;+3 >L c?0f/fh ;'dfuL{, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o g]pjfdxf;+3 >L s]zj/fh s8]n+ , k"j{ ;lrj Pj jg lj1, jg dGqfno

:yfoL cfdlGqt

ljz]if cfdlGqt ;Nnfxsf/M

@#_ s[lif jg ;dGjo kmf]/d

>L k|sfz lu/L, ;+of]hs

@$_ 68]« :s"n kmf]/d

>L lbn ;'Gb/ >]i7, ;+of]hs

>L k|Hjn hf]G5] cWoIf, eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, eQmk'/

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L

8f= /fdx/L nfld5fg]Ho", ;b:o ;lrj, k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tfnLd kl/ifb\

!= @= #=

>L lszf]/ s'df/ k|wfg, pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3 >L lbg]z >]i7, pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3 >L z]v/ uf]N5f, pkfWoIf, g]pjfdxf;+3

pk;+of]hs ;b:ox?

;'jf; rGb| e§/fO{bds pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 bds, emfkf /fhg >]i7 cWoIF, g'jfsf]6 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 g'jfsf]6 u0f]z bQ hf]zL cWoIF, s~rgk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 s~rgk'/ ;'Gb/ k|;fb k|wfg ;'vt]{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;'vt]{ eLd axfb'/ yfkf cWoIF, gjnk/f;L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 gjnk/f;L eutafa' hf]zL lgjt{dfg cWoIF, uf]/vf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 uf]/vf df]xgsfhL zfSo lgjt{dfg cWoIF, ;'g;/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;'g;/L

ljz]if cfdlGqt

;Nnfxsf/

@%_ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; kmf]/d

>L z'sG' tnfn lx/frg, ;+of]hs

>L pd]z nfn >]i7, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3

!= @= #= $=

>L >L >L >L

pk;+of]hs ;b:ox?

cg'k axfb'/ dNn, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 ljKnjdfg l;+x >]i7, pk;eflt, j:t'ut kl/ifb\, g]pjfdxf;+3 z/b s'df/ uf}rg, cWoIF, g]kfn lgdf{0f Joj;foL dxf;+3,sf7df8f}+ /df gfy >]i7, cWoIf, g]kfn sk8f tyf l;nfO{ pBf]u ;+3,sf7df8f}+

(CTEVT),

;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/

%= ^= &=

>L k'ikdfg >]i7,cWoIF,g]kfn klZdgf pBf]u ;+3,sf7df8f}+ O{= >L w|j yfkf,cWoIF,g]kfn Ol~hlgol/· kl/ifb\,sf7df8f}+ O{= >L g'un cfgGb a}B, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]kfn k"jf{wf/ ljsf; s+=ln= sf7df8f}+

!= @=

>L s'zs'df/ hf]zL, k"j{ cWoIF, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 >L lbg]z >]i7, pkfWoIf, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3

ljz]if cfdlGqt ;Nnfxsf/x?

@^_ PkmPgl;l;cfO{—PS;Ln]G; Pjf8{ kmf]/d

>L /+lht /fh cfrfo{, ;+of]hs

@&= ;"rgf k|jfx tyf k|sfzg kmf]/d

>L /fhs'df/ e§/fO{, ;+of]hs

@*= P]g, sfg"g" gLlt lgdf{0f ;dGjo kmf]/d

>L czf]s s'df/ 6]dfgL, ;+of]hs

!= @= #= $= %=

>L >L >L >L >L

>L uf]kfn vgfn,sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3

;b:ox?

czf]s s'df/ tf]bL, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 clgn s'df/ s]l8of, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 gGb lszf]/ >]i7,k"j{ sf=;=;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3 /d0f s'df/ s0f{, clwjQmf sf7df8f}+ ljgf]b ;]l7of,sf7df8f}+

ljz]if cfdlGqt ;Nnfxsf/

@(_ ;fdflhs ;]jf kmf]/d

>L /fds[i0f k|;fb k|;fO{, ;+of]hs

>L s[i0f k|;fb b]jsf]6f, gof+ klqsfsf] sfof{no,sf7df8f}+

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &=

>L chojfj' l;jfsf]6L, k|;] o'lgogsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no,sf7df8f}+ >L lg/h /fO{, g]kfn r]Dj/ ckm sd;{, sf7df8f}+ >L s[i0f s'df/ k'mofn, 5fnf h'Qf tyf a:t' pTkfbs ;+3 g]kfn,sf7df8f}+ 8f=>L lbg]z k|;fO{, lzv/ ;' O08li6«h k|f=ln, sf7df8f}+ >L ;'jf; kf]v/]n, g]kfn jfn ;+u7g,sf7df8f}+ >L /fh]Gb| j/fn, sf7df8f}+ . >L /fdz/0f yklnof, g]kfn lgof{t kl/ifb,\ sf7df8f}+

pk;+of]hs ;b:ox?

#)= /Tg tyf cfe"if0f pBf]u kmf]/d >L Hof]T;gf >]i7, ;+of]hs

(Gems and Jewellery Industry Forum)

pk;+of]hs !=

>L d0fL /Tg zfSo, cWoIf, g]kfn ;'grf+bL Joj;foL dxf;+3, sf7df8f}+

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L

;b:ox?

s[i0f nfn dxh{g, Snfl;s 8fod08 Hj]n;{ k|f=ln=, nlntk'/ ljdn j]ufgL, >LdxfnIdL Hj]n;{, sf7df8f}+ zl; s'df/ j]ufgL, >L u0fktL Hj]n;{, ljzfn jhf/, sf7df8f}+ lgd{n Hof]lt t'nfw/, uf]N8 :k6 k|f=ln=, dVvg6f]n, sf7df8f}+ uf]kfn /fh /]UdL, g]kfn /s P08 dfO{G; Pzf]l;Pzg, 7d]n, sf7df8f}+ o'jfgGb jh|frfo{, sf7df8f}+ Jo'jn] bL b]j sg{/, gS;fn, sf7df8f}+ dx]Gb| /Tg zfSo, sf7df8f}+ ;'grf+bL Joj;foL ;+3, sf7df8f}+

#!_ lahg]z sgSn]e kmf]/d >L zflxn cu|jfn, ;+of]hs

(Business Conclave Forum)

#@_ phf{ bIftf tyf jftfj/0f kmf]/d

>L ;+ho lu/L, ;+of]hs

>L /fd jxfb'/ >]i7, lgjt{dfg cWoIf g]kfn ljB'tLo Joj;foL dxf;+3 ef]6a] fxn, sf7df8f}+

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L

cln;f >]i7 jftfj/0f lj1 sf7df8f}+ dx]Gb| jxfb'/ lrqsf/ cWoIf g]kfn O{§f pBf]u dxf;+3 3g]Gb| >]i7 sf]iffWoIf xf]6n Pzf]l;Pzg g]kfn sf7df8f}+ lji0f' j]njf;] sfo{sf/L lgb]z { s g]kfn afof]Uof; k|j4{g ;+3 /]lhgf df:s] s]lGb|o jftfj/0f lj1fg ljefu leid k+l8t phf{ lj1 /fh' >]i7 jftfj/0f kqsf/

!= @= #= $= %= ^= &= *=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

;lrjHo", pBf]u dGqfno ;lrjHo", lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno cWoIfHo", g]kfn lrof pTkfbs ;+3 k|dV' fHo", g]kfn phf{ bIftf sfo{qmd cWoIfHo", dlxnf pBdL dxf;+3 g]kfn cWoIfHo", g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3 k|dv ' Ho", j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb| k|dv ' Ho", OG6/g]zgn ;]lG6« km/ OG6/u|6] 8] dfpG6]g 8]EnKd]G6

!= @= #= $=

>L k|bLk dxh{g sfo{sf/L lgb]z { s s[lif pBd s]Gb| >L lnnf jflgof g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{ k|f=] >L lq/Tg jh|frfo{ cfO{= cf]= O{= >L /d]z g]kfn sf7df8f}+ .

pk;+of]hs ;b:ox?

:yfoL cfdlGqt

ljz]if cfdlGqt ;Nnfxsf/

## lzIff kmf]/d !=

>L uf]kfn vgfn ;+of]hs >L /d]z l;njfn cWoIf, uf]N8]g u]6 sn]h,sf7df8f}+

!= @= #=

>L 6]s/fh cfrfo{ k|aGws lgb{z ] s kf7zfnf g]kfn kmfp08]zg >L a'l4 k|;fb k/fh'nL k|aGws lgb{z ] s Rehdon College >L nIo axfb'/ s]=;L= cWoIf÷lk|lG;kn ;"ob{ o pRr df=lj=

;b:ox?

(ICIMOD)

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 :yfkgfsfnsf] P8xs sldl6

;b:ox?M

;+of]hs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; nf]sgfy hf]zL

lq/Tg >]i7 -d]rL_

h'4 axfb'/ >]i7-sf]zL_

uh]Gb| axfb'/ k|wfgf+u -sf]zL_

x'nf; rGb uf]N5f -sf]zL_

k"0f{ axfb'/ tfd|fsf/ -;u/dfyf_

kz'klt lu/L -hgsk'/_

j]vfgfy >]i7 -jfudtL_

/lt/fd cu|jfn -jfudtL_,

OGb| eQm >]i7 -jfudtL_,

uf]kfn /fhe08f/L -jfudtL_

uf]kL dfwj b]jsf]6f- jfudtL_

/fhaxfb'/ lrkfn' -jfUdtL_

dl0fxif{ Hof]lt-gf/fo0fL_

q}nf]Sogfy >]i7 -u08sL_

;"on{ fn k|wfg -n'lDagL_

lbNnL axfb'/ yfkf -/fKtL_

kbd;'Gb/ dNn -s0ff{nL_

s[i0fuf]kfn 608g -e]/L_

;'= lblnk l;+x dNn -;]tL_

df]xgl;+x P]tjfn -dxfsfnL_

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf e"=" k"=" kbflwsf/Lx? k"j{ cWoIfx?

nf]sgfy hf]zL lj=;+= @)@@–@)@$

h'4 axfb'/ >]i7 lj=;+= @)@$–@)@*

kz'klt lu/L lj=;+= @)@*–@)#@, @)#*–@)$$

xl/k|;fb lu/L lj=;+= @)#@–@)#%

OGb| eQm >]i7 lj=;+= @)#%–@)#*

dx]znfn k|wfg lj=;+= @)$$–@)%)

ljgf]b s'd' f/ rf}w/L lj=;+= @)%)–@)%@

kB Hof]lt lj=;+= @)%@–@)%$

cfgGb /fh d'NdL lj=;+= @)%$–@)%^

k|bLks'df/ >]i7 lj=;+= @)%^–@)%* 31

/ljeQm >]i7 lj=;+= @)%*–@)^)

ljgf]baxfb'/ >]i7 lj=;+= @)^)–@)^@

rl08/fh 9sfn lj=;+= @)^@–@)^$

s'zs'df/ hf]zL lj=;+= @)^$–@)^&

;'/h j}B lj=;+= @)^&—@)&)

k|bLk h+u kf08] lj=;+= @)&)—@)&!

k"j{ jl/i7 pkfWoIfx?

;'/h j}B lj=;+= @)^$—@)^&

efis//fh /fhsl0f{sf/ lj=;+= @)^&—@)&)

kz'klt d'/f/sf lj=;+= @)&)—@)&!

k"j{ pkfWoIfx?

q}nf]Sogfy >]i7 lj=;+= @)@$–@)@^ / @)@&–@)@*

kz'klt lu/L lj=;+= @)@$–@)@^

dl0fxif{ Hof]lt lj=;+= @)@^–@)@&

/fhaxfb'/ lrkfn' lj=;+= @)@*–@)#)

s[i0fdfg z]/rg lj=;+= @)#)–@)##

x'nf;rGb uf]N5f lj=;+= @)##–@)#* / @)$!–@)$&

dx]znfn k|wfg lj=;+= @)#*–@)$$

x]daxfb'/ k|wfg lj=;+= @)$$–@)$&

ljgf]b s'df/ rf}w/L lj=;+= @)$&–@)%)

kB Hof]lt lj=;+= @)$&–@)%) / @)%)–@)%@

df]xg uf]kfn v]tfg -dfgfy{ pkfWoIf_ lj=;+= @)$&–@)%)

lahos'df/ zfx lj=;+= @)%)–@)%@

cfgGb/fh d'NdL lj=;+= @)%)–@)%@

lr/~hLnfn cu|jfn lj=;+= @)%@–@)%$

lr/~hLjLlglw ltjf/L lj=;+= @)%@–@)%$

k|bLks'df/ >]i7 lj=;+= @)%@–@)%$ / @)%$–@)%^

cg'k z+;/] hj/f lj=;+= @)%@–@)%$

cfTdf/fd d'/f/sf lj=;+= @)%$–@)%^

/ljeQm >]i7 lj=;+= @)%$–@)%^ / @)%^–@)%*

rl08/fh 9sfn lj=;+= @)%$–@)%^, @)%*–@)^) / @)^)–@)^@

lbjfs/ uf]N5f lj=;+= @)%^–@)%*, @)^)– @)^@ / @)^@–@)^$

ljgf]b axfb'/ >]i7 lj=;+= @)%^–@)%* / @)%*–@)^)

/fh]Gb|sd' f/ v]tfg lj=;+= @)%^–@)%* / @)%*–@)^)

;'/h j}B lj=;+= @)%*–@)^), @)^)–@)^@, @)^@–@)^$

/f]lx0fL yklnof lj=;+= @)^)–@)^!

/ljGb| >]i7 lj=;+= @)^!–@)^@

s'zs'df/ hf]zL lj=;+= @)^@–@)^$

cfhfb >]i7 lj=;+= @)^@–@)^$

s[i0f k|;fb tfd|fsf/ lj=;+= @)^$—@)^&

efis//fh /fhsl0f{sf/ lj=;+= @)^$—@)^&

k|bLkh+u kf08] lj=;+= @)^$—@)^& / @)^&—@)&)

ejfgL /f0ff lj=;+= @)^&—@)&)

kz'klt d'/f/sf lj=;+= @)^&—@)&)

k"j{ dxf;lrjx?

q}nf]Sogfy >]i7 lj=;+= @)@^—@)@&

/fhaxfb'/ lrkfn' lj=;+= @)#)—@)#%

;"os { i[ 0f >]i7 lj=;+= @)@&—@)@(

Dffwjdl0f /fhe08f/L lj=;+= @)#%—@)$!

hubLz k|;fb cu|jfn lj=;+= @)$$—@)$&

k"j{ sf]iffWoIfx?

df]xg uf]kfn v]tfg lj=;+= @)#$—@)#%

a]vfgfy >]i7 lj=;+= @)#%—@)#*

u'nfj/fo v]tfg lj=;+= @)#*—@)$!

nIdLbf; dfgGw/ lj=;+= @)$!—@)$$

uf]kfn k|;fb If]qLo lj=;+= @)$$—@)$&

zifLsfGt cu|jfn lj=;+= @)%)—@)%@

e"= k"= sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:ox¿ @)^&÷@)&) qm=;+= != @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!= @@= @#= @$= @%= @^= @&= @*= @(= #)= #!= #@= ##= #$= #%= #^=

gfd >L cg'k axfb'/ dNn >L sNof0f s[i0f tfd|fsf/ >L u'0flglw ltjf/L >L 5fof“ zdf{ >L hulbz k|;fb /f7L >L l8=aL= a:g]t >L lbg]z >]i7 >L nf]s ljqmd yfkf >L la=s]= >]i7 >L z]v/ uf]N5f >L z+s/ k|;fb kf08]o >L 1fg]Gb| nfn k|wfg >L czf]s zdf{ >L cf]d axfb'/ /fhe08f/L >L rGb| k|;fb 9sfn >L lj/f6 yfkf >L ;+ho lu/L >L c~hg >]i7 >L czf]s s'df/ tf]bL >L cf]d k|sfz a+zn >L pbo/fh kf08] >L sdnf >]i7 >L s'db' s'df/ b'u8 >L s]zj /fh kf08] >L s[i0f k|;fb tfd|fsf/ >L s[i0f k|;fb zdf{ >L uf]kfn xdfn >L rf]k gf/fo0f >]i7 >L h]g >]i7 >L lty{sd' f/ >]i7 >L bfdf]b/ cfrfo{ >L lbks nD;fn >L w|j' s'df/ >]i7 >L w|j' /fh >]i7 >L gGb lszf]/ >]i7 >L lgd{n s'df/ rf}w/L

o; cjlwdf ;]jf jif{ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

;]jfsf jif{x? -lj=;+=_ @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) 37

#&= #*= #(= $)= $!= $@= $#= $$= $%= $^= $&= $*= $(= %)= %!= %@= %#= %$= %%= %^= %&= %*= %(= ^)= ^!= ^@=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

lgd{n /fh kf}8n] k|sfz lu/L k|sfz axfb'/ ;fpb k|df]b >]i7 laho s'df/ ;/fjuL ljho l;+x a}B ljKnkdfg l;+x lai0f' axfb'/ vqL e"if0f /fhnj6 dbg nfn hf]zL dlgif s'df/ cu|jfn dLg axfb'/ >]i7 dx]z s'df/ hfh' /fhg zdf{ /fdrGb| ;+3fO{ n+sdfg /f]sf z+s/ >]i7 zflxn cu|jfn ;Gtf]if vltj8f ;'sG' t nfn lx/frg ;f}/e Hof]lt xf]dgf/fo0f >]i7 g/ axfb'/ rGb w|j' axfb'/ yfkf lbk]Gb| s'df/ vqL ;"o{ k|;fb d;f{gL

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

@)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&) @)^&–@)&)

sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf ;b:ox? -lj=;= @)^$–@)^&_ qm=;+= != @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= 38

gfd >L czf]s s'df/ tf]bL >L P=lh= z]kf{ >L lszf]/ k|wfg >L s'db' s'df/ b'u8 >L rGb| s[i0f sdf{rfo{ >L rf]k gf/fo0f >]i7 >L 8L=lj= a:g]t >L lbg]z >]i7 >L kz'klt d'/f/sf

o; cjlwdf ;]jf jif{ # # # # # # # # #

;]jfsf jif{x? -lj=;+=_ @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^&

qm=;+= != @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!= @@= @#= @$= @%= @^= @&= @*= @(= #)= #!= #@= ##= #$= #%= #^= #&=

gfd >L czf]s s'df/ tf]bL >L P=lh= z]kf{ >L lszf]/ k|wfg >L s'db' s'df/ b'u8 >L rGb| s[i0f sdf{rfo{ >L rf]k gf/fo0f >]i7 >L 8L=lj= a:g]t >L lbg]z >]i7 >L kz'klt d'/f/sf >L k|bLk dfg j}B >L la=s]= >]i7 >L laho axfb'/ >]i7 >L la/f6 yfkf >LdtL ejfgL /f0ff >L nf]s ljqmd yfkf >L cg'k axfb'/ dNn >L czf]s zdf{ >L pd]z nfn >]i7 >L sNof0f s[i0f tfd|fsf/ >L u'0flglw ltjf/L >L hubLz k|;fb /f7L >L hLjg g]kfn >L lgd{n s'df/ rf}w/L >L /d]z s'df/ lkof >L n+sdfg /f]sf >L ;f}/e Hof]lt >L ;+ho lu/L >L z'sG' tnfn lx/frg >L 1fg]Gb| nfn k|wfg >L gj/fh >]i7 >L k|zfGt s'df/ kf]v/]n >L z+s/ k|;fb kf08]o >L cGhg >]i7 >L cDd/ /fh cfrfo{ >L cf]d k|sfz a+zn >L w|j' gf/fo0f >]i7 >L kjg lszf]/ /f7L

o; cjlwdf ;]jf jif{ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

;]jfsf jif{x? -lj=;+=_ @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& 39

#*= #(= $)= $!= $@= $#= $$= $%= $^= $&= $*= $(= %)= %!= %@= %#= %$= %%= %^= %&= %*= %(= ^)= ^!= ^@= ^#= ^$= ^%=

>L dlgif s'df/ cu|jfn >L s'df/ bf; /lGht >L s[i0f k|;fb zdf{ >L k|df]b >]i7 >L /fdrGb| ;+3O{ >L z]v/ uf]N5f >L cfhfb >]i7 >L v'z gf/fo0f ;}h + ' >L uf]kfn sdf{rfo{ >L 8Da/ axfb'/ e08f/L >L b'uf{ k|;fb >]i7 >L w|j' s'df/ >]i7 >L gfdUofnf nfdf # >L lg/s s]=;L= >L k|sfz axfb'/ ;fpb >L laho s'df/ ;/fjuL >L ladn s'df/ s]l8of >L lji0f' axfb'/ vqL >L j[if/fh >]i7 >L ldq k|;fb sfk\mn] >L /fd]Zj/ s]=;L= ;'>L zld{nf 8+uf]n >L lqnf]s rGb| cu|jfn :j=dx]Gb| uf]N5f # >L lj/]Gb| cu|x/L >L w|j' axfb'/ yfkf >L g/ axfb'/ rGb >L lbk]Gb| s'df/ vqL

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

@)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$– @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$– @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^& @)^$–@)^&

sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf ;b:ox? -lj=;= @)^@–@)^$_ qm=;+= != @= #= $= %= ^= &= 40

gfd >L clvn s'df/ rfkfufO{ >L czf]s s'df/ tf]bL >L P=lh= z]kf{ >L ls/0f k|sfz ;fvM >L lszf]/ k|wfg >L s'db' s'df/ b'u8 >L 8L=lj= a:g]t

o; cjlwdf ;]jf jif{ # # # # # # #

;]jfsf jif{x? -lj=;+=_ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$

*= (= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!= @@= @#= @$= @%= @^= @&= @*= @(= #)= #!= #@= ##= #$= #%= #^= #&= #*= #(= $)= $!= $@= $#= $$= $%=

>L lbg]z >]i7 >L k|bLk h+u kf08] >L k|bLk dfg j}B >L laho axfb'/ >]i7 >L ladn s'df/ s]l8of >L efis/ /fh /fhsl0f{sf/ >L nIdL axfb'/ >]i7 >L nf]s ljqmd yfkf >L lj/f6 yfkf >L /f]lx0fL yklnof >L s]bf/nfn vf];+ L >L s[i0f k|;fb tfd|fsf/ >L w|j' s'df/ >]i7 >L k|sfz lu/L >L la=s]= >]i7 >L laho s'df/ b'u8 >L jL/]Gb| axfb'/ yklnof >LdtL zflGt r8\8f >L cg'k dNn >L cf]d k|sfz a+zn >L cRo't k|;fb k|;fO{ >L u'0flglw ltjf/L >L rDkfnfn /f7L >L rGb| s[i0f sdf{rfo{ >L lbn]Gb| /fh >]i7 >L b'uf{ k|;fb >]i7 >L g/]Gb| s'df/ v8\sf >L kz'klt d'/f/sf >L dfwj k|;fb e§ >L /d]z s'df/ lkof >L /fdrGb| ;+3O{ >L z+s/ nfn cu|jfn >L Zofd ;'Gb/ pbf; >L lxSdt axfb'/ dfnL >L lqnf]s rGb| cu|jfn >L 1fg]Gb| s;h' >L pQd s'df/ >]i7 >L p4j kf}8n]

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

@)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ 41

$^= $&= $*= $(= %)= %!= %@= %#= %$=

>L rf]k gf/fo0f >]i7 >L lagf]b s'df/ cu|jfn >LdtL ejfgL /f0ff >L ldq k|;fb sfk\mn] >L n+sdfg /f]sf >L ;xb]j /fhe08f/L >L ;'/h j}B >L uf]kfn xdfn * :j= ljho s'df/ >]i7 #

# # # # # # # * #

@)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^$ @)^@–@)^# sflt{s !( @)^@–@)^# c;f]h &

-5_ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt -lj=;= @)^)–@)^@_ qm=;+= != @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!= @@= @#= @$= @%= @^=

gfd >L clvn s'df/ rfkfufO{ >L cRo't k|;fb k|;fO{ >L czf]s s'df/ tf]bL >L cfhfb >]i7 >L cf/=lj= /f}lgof/ >L cf]d k|sfz j+zn >L O{Zj/sfhL df:s] >L pQd axfb'/ s7fot >L P=hL= z]kf{ >L sNof0f s[i0f tfd|fsf/ >L ls/0f k|sf; ;fvM >L lszf]/ k|wfg >L s'db' s'df/ b'u8 >L s'z s'df/ hf]zL >L s]bf/ nfn vf];+ L >L s[i0f k|;fb tfd|fsf/ >L uf]kfn xdfn >L rl08/fh 9sfn >L rf]k gf/fo0f >]i7 >L ho b]jfg >L l8=aL= a:g]t >L b'uf{ k|;fb >]i7 >L lbjfs/ uf]N5f >L wd{/fh >]i7 >L w|j' s'df/ >]i7 >L g/]Gb| s'df/ v8\sf

o; cjlwdf ;]jf jif{ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @

;]jfsf jif{x? -lj=;+=_ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@

@&= @*= @(= #)= #!= #@= ##= #$= #%= #^= #&= #*= #(= $)= $!= $@= $#= $$= $%= $^= $&= $*= $(= %)= %!= %@= %#= %$= %%= %^= %&= %*= %(= ^)=

>L lg/s s]=;L= >L kjg s'df/ d'Gw/f >L kz'klt d'/f/sf >L k|sfz lu/L >L k|r08 nfn k|wfg >L k|bLkh+u kf08] >L la=s=] >]i7 >L laho s'df/ b'u8 >L laho axfb'/ >]i7 >L lagf]b s'df/ cu|jfn >L lagf]b axfb'/ >]i7 >L ladn s'df/ s]l8of >L la/f6 yfkf >L efis/ /fh /fhsl0f{sf/ >L /lj eQm >]i7 >L /ljGb| >]i7 >L /d]z >]i7 >L /fh]Gb| s'df/ v]tfg $ >L /fdrGb| ;+3O{ >L /f]lx0fL yklnof >L nIdL axfb'/ >]i7 >L n+sdfg /f]Ssf >L nf]s laqmd yfkf >L ;+ho lu/L >L ;'/h a}B >L ;'/G] b| jL/ dfnfsf/ >L ;'lzn rf}nfufO{ >LdtL zflGt r8\8f >L Zofd ;'Gb/ pbf; >L Zofd df]xg >]i7 >L z'lzn s'df/ wgfjt >L z}nG] b| nfn k|wfg >L lqnf]s rGb| cu|jfn >L 1fg]Gb| s;h'

@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ! aif{ ^ dlxgf @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @

@)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)%@–%$ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@ @)^)–^@

-r_ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt -lj=;+= @)%*–@)^)_ qm=;+= != @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!= @@= @#= @$= @%= @^= @&= @*= @(= #)= #!= #@= ##= #$= #%= #^= 44

gfd >L clvn s'df/ rfkfufO{ >L cRo't k|;fb k|;fO{ >L cfhfb >]i7 >L cfTdf/fd d'/f/sf >L cf]d k|sfz j+zn >L OGb| axfb'/ zfSo >L P=hL= z]kf{ >L ls/0f k|sf; ;fvM >L lszf]/ s'df/ vgfn >L lszf]/ k|wfg >L s'db' s'df/ b'u8 >L s'z s'df/ hf]zL >L s]zj s'df/ pbf; >L s[i0f k|;fb tfd|fsf/ 8f= uf]kfn k|;fb >]i7 >L uf]kfn xdfn >L rl08/fh 9sfn >L rGb| s[i0f sdf{rfo{ >L rf]k gf/fo0f >]i7 >L hubLz k|;fb /f7L >L ho k|sfz cu|jfn >L l8=aL= a:g]t >L lbg]z >]i7 >L lbjfs/ uf]N5f >L wd{/fh >]i7 >L w|j' s'df/ >]i7 >L g/]Gb| s'df/ j:Goft >L lg/s s]=;L= >L k|bLk s'df/ >]i7 >L k|bLkh+u kf08] >L k|bLkdfg j}B >L a;Gt >]i7 >L la=s]= >]i7 >L laho axfb'/ >]i7 >L lagf]b s'df/ cu|jfn >L lagf]b axfb'/ >]i7

o; cjlwdf ;]jf jif{ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @

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@)##–#$, @)#*–$), @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^ @)@(–#), @)#!–#@ @)@$–@% @)#*–$) @)#*–$),@)$&–%) @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)##–#$ @)@@–@# @)$$–$^ @)#!–#@ @)@$–@% @)##–#$, @)#%–#& @)@@–@# @)$&–%) @)@%–@^, @)@&–@* @)$!–$# @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)@&–@* @)$&–%) @)##–#$ @)#)–#!, @)$&–%) @)$$–$^ @)##–#$ @)@&–@* @)#@–#$ @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)$!–$# @)@$–@% @)#*–$), @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^ @)@@–@#, @)@$–@%, @)@^–@&, @)#)– #!, @)#@–#$, -@)#%–#&, @)#*–$), @)$!–$@ ljz]if cfdlGqt_ @)#&–#( @)#&–#( @)$$–$^ @)#*–$) @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)$$–$^ 53

^%= ^^= ^&= ^*= ^(=

>L >L >L >L >L

tf/frGb v]tfg tf/f axfb'/ zfSo tf]ogfy kGt tf]/0f Wjh >]i7 tf]nf/fd b'u8

^ # # # @%

&)= &!= &@= &#= &$= &%= &^= &&= &*= &(= *)= *!= *@= *#= *$= *%= *^= *&= **= *(= ()=

>L bz/yd'gL zfSo >L bfdf]b/ k|;fb sofn >L åfl/sf >]i7 >L lblnk l;+x dNn >L lbNnL axfb'/ yfkf >L b]jG] b|sd' f/ cu|jfn >L b]jGb|sd' f/ dNn >L b]aG] b| axfb'/ zfx >L b]a axfb'/ yfkf >L b]zL /fd k|wfg >L b|f0] f/fh hf]zL >L wg/fh 5fh]8 >L gGb nfn hf]zL >L gf/fo0f k|;fb zdf{ >L gf/fo0f l;+x zfx >LdtL lgd{nf e§ >L lgod nfn >]i7 >L lg/z+s/ >]i7 >L kB Hof]lt >L kB ;'Gb/ dNn >L kz'klt lul/

# @ # @ @ # @ ( * # # @ @ # ! # # # ( @ @%

(!= (@= (#= ($= (%= (^= (&= (*= ((=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

& # % # ! # ! & #

k|sfzdfg l;+x k|lbk s'df/ >]i7 k|ofu /fh hf]zL k|of; rGb| kf}8n] lk=lj=lai6 k'gd rGb cu|jfn k'iknfn /fhe08f/L k"0f{ axfb'/ tfd|fsf/ k|d] k|sfz >]i7

@)#*–$), @)$!–$# @)$$–$^ @)#%–#& @)#)–#!, @)#@ @)@$–@%, @)@&–@*, @)@(–#!, @)#@– #$, @)#%–#&, @)#*–$), @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)$!–$# @)@$–@% @)#*–$) @)@@–@# @)@@–@# @)$&–%) @)#!–#@ @)#*–$), @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^ @)##–#$, @)#%–#&, @)#*–$) @)$$–$^ @)#$–#^ @)#)–#! @)@^–@& @)$&–%) @)@* @)$&–%) @)$&–%) @)#%–#& @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)@@–@# @)@@–@%, @)@^–@&, @)@*–@(, @)#)– #!, @)#@–#$, @)#*–$), @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)#)–#!, @)#@–#$, @)#%–#^ @)$&–%) @)#)–#!, @)#@–#$ @)$&–%) @)@* @)#@–#$ @)@^ @)@@–@#, @)@$–@%, @)#@–#$ @)#@–#$

!))= !)!= !)@= !)#= !)$= !)%= !)^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L

k|d] axfb'/ >]i7 alb|gfy >]i7 agjf/Lnfn ldtn an/fd sdf{rfo{ a;Gt s'df/ rf}w/L a[=h v8\u axfb'/ l;+x a]vfgfy >]i7

# ^ % # # ! *

!)&= !)*= !)(= !!)= !!!= !!@= !!#= !!$= !!%=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

laho s'df/ zfx lagf]b s'df/ rf}w/L lai0f' axfb'/ >]i7 aL/]Gb| s'df/ >]i7 aL/]Gb| axfb'/ >]i7 e/t axfb'/ a'9fyf]sL eLd k|;fb 9sfn e"jgdfg l;+x dl0fxif{ Hof]lt

# ^ # # # ^ ! @ !*

!!^= !!&= !!*=

>L du+t/' fd cu|jfn >L dy'/f k|;fb jlhod >L dbgnfn cu|jfn

@ ^ !*

!!(= !@)= !@!= !@@= !@#=

>L >L >L >L >L

dg df]xg nfn l;+x dgf]x/ nfn a+zn dxfjL/ k|;fb uf]on dx]z s'df/ nf]lxof dx]znfn k|wfg

* @ # ^ !%

!@$= !@%= !@^= !@&= !@*= !@(= !#)=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L

dx]Zj/ k|;fb >]i7 dfwjd0fL /fhe08f/L d'/f/L axfb'/ If]qL d"lt{dfg zfSo d]3/fh zdf{ df]xg uf]kfn v]tfg df]xg l;+x P]tjfn

@ ^ ! @ # ^ !#

!#!= !#@= !##= !#$=

>L >L >L >L

od'gf nfn df:s] ofba k|;fb ;fksf]6f o"un lszf]/ /f7L o'Qm k|;fb k|wfg

@ # @ @

@)$$–$^ @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^ @)#)–#!, @)#%–#& @)$&–%) @)#*–$) @)#! @)@@–@#, @)@^–#), @)#)–#!, @)#%–#& @)$&–%) @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)$$–$^ @)#%–#& @)#%–#& @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)@^ @)@^–@& @)@@–@#, @)@$–@%, @)@^–@&, @)@*– #), @)#@–#$, @)#%–#&, @)#*–$) @)@&–@* @)#%–#&, @)#*–$) @)@^–@&, @)@*–@(, @)#)–#!, @)#@– #$, @)#%–#&, @)#*–$), @)$!–$# @)#^–#&, @)#*–$), @)$!–$# @)@$–@% @)$!–$# @)#*–$), @)$$–$^ @)#%–#&, @)#*–$), @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)##–#$ @)#@–#$, @)#%–#& @)## @)@^–@& @)#@–#$ @)#@–#$, @)$&–%) @)@@–@#, @)@^–@&, @)#@–#$, @)#*–$), @)$!–$# @)@%–@^ @)$!–$# @)##–#$ @)@^–@& 55

!#%= !#^= !#&= !#*= !#(= !$)= !$!= !$@= !$#=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

o'Qm k|;fb >]i7 /lt/fd cu|jfn /d]zs'df/ >]i7 /d]z rGb| Kofs'/n] /Tgdfg zfSo /d]zgfy 9+u' n] /d]z g]kfnL /fhs[i0f >]i7 /fh axfb'/ lrkfn'

# $ # # * ! @ # @@

!$$= !$%= !$^= !$&= !$*= !$(= !%)= !%!= !%@= !%#= !%$= !%%= !%^=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

@ @ $ ! ! # @ ^ # ^ # @ !@

!%&= !%*= !%(= !^)= !^!= !^@= !^#= !^$= !^%= !^^= !^&= !^*= !^(=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

nIdL lgaf; df? nfn rGb| /fhe08f/L n'gs/0f bf; rf}w/L nf]sgfy hf]zL nf]sG] b| s'df/ dNn zlzsfGt cu|jfn Zofd k|;fb >]i7 z+s/ k|;fb uf]/vfnL z+s/nfn s]l8of ;gbs'df/ hf]zL ;Gtf]if s'df/ l6j8]jfnf ;fu/ zDz]/ ha/f= l;4 axfb'/ >]i7

! ! % ^ ^ # $ @ !) # ^ % ^

@)$$–$^ @)@@–@#, @)@$–@% @)$&–%) @)#%–#& @)#)–#!, @)#%–#&, @)#*–$) @)@( @)#)–#! @)@$–@%, @)@^ @)@@–@#, @)@$–@%, @)@^–@&, @)@*–@(, @)#)–#!, @)#@–#$, @)#%–#&, -@)#*–$), @)$!–$#, ljz]if cfdlGqt_ @)##–#$ @)@@–@# @)@^–@&, @)#)–#! @)@^ @)@& @)$$–$^ @)@$–@% @)#(–$), @)$!–$#, @)$$ @)#(–$! @)#(–$), @)$!–$#, @)$$ @)$&–%) @)@^–@& @)#%–#&, @)#*–$), @)$!–$#, @)$&–%) @)@^ @)@& @)#)–#!, @)#%–#& @)@@–@#, @)@$–@%, @)@^–@& @)@^–@&, @)#!–#$ @)$&–%) @)#!–#@, @)##–#$ @)@^–@& @)@*, @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)$&–%) @)$!–$#, @)$&–%) @)#)–#!, @)#@–#$ @)#%–#&, @)#*–$)

!&)= !&!= !&@= !&#= !&$= !&%= !&^= !&&= !&*= !&(= !*)= !*!= !*@=

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

;Ltf/fd cu|jfn ;'vb]j k|;fb zfx' ;'lgn e08f/L ;'Gb/ axfb'/ uf]/vfnL ;'d/] dn b'u8 ;'/h a}B ;'/z ] s'df/ /fhe08f/L ;'/z ] s'df/ zdf{ ;"o{ s[i0f >]i7 ;"o{ k|;fb k|wfg ;"o{ nfn k|wfg xl/ s'df/ ljNkj xl/ k|;fb lu/L

# ! ^ % # # @ # # ( ^ # (

!*#= !*$= !*%= !*^=

>L >L >L >L

xl/ k|;fb l;+v8f xl/ k|;fb >]i7 x+z/fh h}g ;'/fgf x'nf;rGb uf]N5f

# # @ @$

!*&= !**= !*(=

>L x]d axfb'/ k|wfg >L lq/Tg nfn >]i7 >L q}nf]So gfy >]i7

^ @ &

@)#%–#& @)@( @)#%–#&, @)$#–$% @)#)–#!, @)#%–#& @)#%–#& @)$&–%) @)@(–#) @)$$–$^ @)@&–@*, @)@( @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)@@–@#, @)@$–@%, @)@^–@& @)#@–#$ @)#@–#$, @)#%–#&, @)#*–$), -@)$!–$# ljz]if cfdlGqt_ @)$!–$# @)$$–$^ @)@(–#) @)@@–@#, @)@^, @)@(–#), @)#!, @)#@–#$, @)#%–#&, @)#*–$), @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)$&–%) @)$!–$#, @)$$–$^, @)@@–@# @)@@–@#, @)@$–@%, @)@^–@&–@*

g]pjfdxf;+3sf] jt{dfg ;b:o ;+3÷;+:yf tyf k|lti7fgx?

s= !_ ;fwf/0f ;b:o -lhNnf÷gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?_ d]rL @!= >L nfxfg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 !=

@= #= $= %= ^= &=

>L tfKn]h·' pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k'mªlnª uf=lj=;=—$, tfKn]hª ' , d]rL cGrn . >L kf+ry/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lkmlbd—!, kf+ry/, d]rL cGrn . >L Onfd pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 Onfd ahf/, d]rL cGrn . >L emfkf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 eb|k/' —!#, emfkf, d]rL cGrn . >L emfkf pBf]u ;+3 eb|k/' , emfkf, d]rL cGrn . >L bds pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 bds—!@, emfkf, d]rL cGrn . >L d]rL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 w'nfjf/L, emfkf, d]rL c~rn .

sf]zL *= (= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^=

>L t]xy| d' pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 Dofªn'ª ahf/, t]xy| d' , sf]zL cGrn >L ef]hk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ef]hk'/—%, ef]hk'/, sf]zL c~rn >L ;+vj' f;ef pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 d]g/f]8, vf+bjf/L, ;+vj' f;ef, sf]zL cGrn >L wgs'6f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 wgs'6f—%, tNnf]sf]Kr], sf]zL cGrn >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;'g;/L w/fg—!, ;'g;/L, sf]zL cGrn >L df]/ª Jofkf/ ;+3 uf]Zjf/f /f]8, lj/f6gu/ – (, sf]zL c~rn >L df]/u+ pBf]u ;+u7g, zlxbdfu{, lj/f6gu/, sf]zL cGrn . >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 Og?jf Og?jf, ;'g;/L, sf]zL c~rn . >L pBf]u jfl0FHo ;+3 O6x/L O6x/L—!, ;'g;/L, sf]zL c~rn .

@@= @#=

hgsk'/ @$= @%= @^= @&= @*= @(= #)= #!= #@= ##= #$= #%=

;u/dfyf

#^=

!&=

#&=

!*= !(= @)=

>L ;f]nv ' D' a' pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;Nn]/L %, ;f]nv ' D' a', ;u/dfyf c~rn >L vf]6f+u pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lbSt]n ahf/, vf]6f+u, ;u/dfyf cGrn >L cf]vn9'u+ f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 cf]vn9'u+ f ahf/, ;u/dfyf cGrn >L pbok'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 s6f/L ahf/, pbok'/, ;u/dfyf cGrn

nfxfg, l;/xf, ;u/dfyf cGrn >L ;Kt/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /fhla/fh—$, ;Kt/L, ;u/dfyf cGrn >L lqo'uf pBf]u jfl0FHo ;+3 ufO3f6, ;u/dfyf c~rn

#*= #(=

>L bf]nvf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 rl/sf]6, bf]nvf ahf/, hgsk'/ cGrn . >L /fd]5fk pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 dGynL—$, /fd]5fk, hgsk'/ c~rn . >L l;Gw'nL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sdnfdfO{ ^, l;Gw'nLdf9L, hgsk'/ cGrn . >L hgsk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lsZj/L gu/, wg'iff, hgsk'/ cGrn . >L dxf]Q/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+23 d6LxfgL ahf/, dxf]Q/L, hgsk'/ cGrn . >L hn]Zj/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 hn]Zj/, ahf/, dxf]Q/L, hgsk'/ cGrn . >L d]rL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 w'nfjf/L, emfkf, d]rL c~rn . >L l;Gw'kfNrf]s pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 afx|lj;] ahf/, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, afUdtL c~rn >L w'lnv]n pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 w'lnv]n #, sfe],| afudtL cGrn >L sfe]| pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ag]kf gu/kflnsf—!), sfe|] afudtL cGrn >L eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 Aof;L—!%, eQmk'/, afudtL cGrn >L nlntk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 b/jf/ :Sjfo/, kf]=a=g+= @^, nlntk'/ >L g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{ r]Da/ ejg, sflGtky, kf]=a=g+= !(*, sf7df8f}+ >L g'jfsf]6 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 g'jfsf]6, afudtL cGrn >L wflb+u pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 wflb+u a]zL, wflb+u, afudtL c~rn >L /;'jf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 w'Gr] — %, /;'jf, afudtL c~rn

gf/fo0fL $)= $!= $@= $#= $$= $%=

>L /f}tx6 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 uf}/, /f}tx6, gf/fo0fL c~rn . >L af/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sn}of—^, jf/f, gf/fo0fL cGrn . >L aL/uGh pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k;f{ aL/uGh, gf/fo0fL cGrn . >L dsjfgk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 x]6f}8+ f ahf/, x]6f}8+ f, gf/fo0fL cGrn . >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lrtjg xl/x/dfu{, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg, gf/fo0fL cGrn >L /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 r]Da/ /f]8, lrtjg, gf/fo0fL c~rn .

u08sL $^= $&= $*= $(= %)= %!= %@= %#=

^)= ^!=

wjnflu/L ^@= ^#= ^$= ^%=

>L uf]/vf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 5x/], uf]/vf, u08sL cGrn >L ndh'u+ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 a];L zx/, ndh'u+ , u08sL cGrn >L tgx'+ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 led;]g :yfg, bdf}nL, u08sL c~rn >L kf]v/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 u}xf| kf6g, kf]v/f, sf:sL, u08sL cGrn >L :of+Uhf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 :of+Uhf ahf/, u08sL cGrn >L jflnª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 jflnª ahf/, :of+Uhf, u08sL c~rn >L n]vgfy pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 r]Da/ dfu{, sf:sL, u08sL c~rn >L dgfª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 dgfª, rfd], u08sL c~rn

%%= %^= %&= %*= %(=

>L c3f{vf+rL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;lGwvs{ j8f g+= (, c3f{vf+rL, n'lDagL cGrn >L u'NdL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 td3f;—!, u'NdL, n'lDagL cGrn >L kfNkf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 tfg;]g, ujtL:yfg, kfNkf, n'lDagL cGrn >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 a'6jn a'6jn ^, ;+udky, a'6jn, n'lDagL cGrn >L gjnk/f;L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 gjnk/f;L, n'lDagL cGrn >L l;4fy{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, ?kGb]xL sflnsfky, e}/xjf, n'lDagL cGrn

>L d':tf+u pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 hf]d;f]d uf=lj=;= j8f g+= *, hf]d;f]d, d':tf+u, wjnflu/L c~rn . >L DofUbL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 DofUbL, a}gLahf/, wjnflu/L cGrn . >L jfUn'u+ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /fhe08F/L /f]8, jfUn'u+ , wf}nflu/L cGrn . >L kj{t pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 s'Zdf ahf/, kj{t, wf}nflu/L cGrn .

/fKtL ^^= ^&= ^*= ^(= &)= &!=

n'lDagL %$=

>L tf}nLxjf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 slkna:t', tf}lnxjf, n'lDagL c~rn >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 s[i0fgu/ s[i0fgu/, slkna:t', n'lDagL cGrn

>L bfª lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lqe'jg gu/, 3f]/fxL bf+u, /fKtL cGrn . >L t'N;Lk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 t'N;Lk'/—%, bf+u, /fKtL c~rn . >L /f]Nkf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lnjf+u, /f]Nkf, /fKtL c~rn, >L ?s'd pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 vn+uf — !, d';Lsf]6, ?s'd, /fKtL c~rn >L ;Nofg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 vn+uf, ;Nofg, /fKtL c~rn . >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 Ko'7fg, vn+uf—%, Ko'7fg, /fKtL c~rn .

s0ff{nL &@= &#= &$= &%= &^=

>L x'Dnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 l;ldsf]6, x'Dnf, s0ff{nL cGrn >L sflnsf]6 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 dfGdf, sflnsf]6, s0ff{nL c~rn >L 8f]Nkf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 8f]Nkf b'g,} s0ff{nL c~rn >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, h'Dnf h'Dnfahf/, s0ff{nL c~rn . >L d'u' pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 udu9L, d'u,' s0ff{nL c~rn 59

e]/L &&= &*= &(= *)= *!= *@=

>L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 b}nv ] gf/fo0f gu/kflnsf, b}nv ] , e]/L c~rn >L ;'vt{] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lj/]Gb|gu/, ;'vt{] , e]/L cGrn >L g]kfnuGh pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 g]kfnuGh—!), lqe'jgrf}s, e]/L cGrn >L abL{of pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /fhfk'/ ^, alb{of, e]/L cGrn >L pBf]u Jofkf/ ;+3 u'nl/of, jlb{of u'nl/of gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * u'nl/of ahf/, e]/L c~rn . >L hfh/sf]6 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 hfh/sf]6 vn+uf j8f g+=–! e]/L c~rn

;]tL *#= *$= *%= *^= *&= **=

()= (!= (@=

>L 8f]6L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lbkfon, 8f]6L, ;]tL c~rn >L s}nfnL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 wgu9L ahf/, s}nfnL, ;]tL cGrn >L l6sfk'/ gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 l6sfk'/ gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= ( l6sfk'/, s}nfnL, ;]tL c~rn >L afh'/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 dft{8L, afh'/f, ;]tL c~rn >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 c5fd d+un;]g uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^ c5fd, ;]tL c~rn >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, aemfª r}gk'/ uf=lj=;=–!, aemfª, r}gk'/, ;]tL c~rn

>L bfr'n{ f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 bfr'n{ f, dxfsfnL c~rn >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 a}t8L uf]7nfkfgL, a}t8L, dxfsfnL c~rn >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 88]Nw'/f afuahf/, 88]Nw'/f, dxfsfnL c~rn >L sGrgk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 Po/kf]6{ /f]8, dx]Gb|gu/, dxfsfnL c~rn

gof“ ;b:o pjf;+3x? (#= ($=

(^= (&= (*= ((= !))= !)!= !)@=

dxfsfnL *(=

(%=

>L l;/fx pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 l;/fx >L rGb|f6} f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lj/k'/—(, rGb|f6} f, slknj:t'

!)#= !)$= !)%=

>L pBf]u ;+3 x]6f}8f x]6f}8f cf}Bf]lus If]q, dsjfgk'/ -kl/j]Ifs_ >L slknj:t' Jofkf/ Joj;foL ;+3 hLtk'/ j8f= g+= $, slknj:t' >L ltnf]Qdf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 dnjf/L, ?kGb]xL >L pnf{jf/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 pnf{jf/L, df]/u+ >L sf]xnk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sf]xnk'/,jfs >L uf}zfnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 uf}zfnf ahf/, dxf]Q/L >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3,v}/xgL v}/xgL gu/kfnLsf—*, lrtjg >L /fdgu/ ldr}o{ f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /fdgu/, ldr}of, l;/xf >L b]pv'/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ndxL, b]pv'/L bfª >L ;'Gb/b'nf/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;'Gb/b'nf/L j8f g+=—*, ul5of, df]/ª >L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 u}8fsf]6 u}8fsf]6—%, gjnk/f;L

-j:t'ut ;+3x?_ != @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (=

>L g]kfn x:tsnf dxf;+3 kf]=a=g+= &*$, dfO{lt3/, sf7df8f}+ >L gf8f c6f]df]jfON; Pzf]l;Pzg ckm g]kfn kf]=a=g+= @$$)*, 6]s," sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn Pzf]l;Pzg ckm 6'/ P08 6«fen Ph]G6;\ gS;fn, kf]=a=g+= #^@, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn xf]lhof/L pTkfbs ;+3 ef]6flx6L, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn 5fnf pBf]u ;+3 /ftf]kn' , sf7df8f}+ >L lgdf{0f ;fdu|L Jofkf/ ;+3 ^@, kml;s]j dfu{, Go'/f]8, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn ;d'bk| f/ lgsf;L k}7f/L ;+3 afudtL r]Da/, 6]s,' kf]=j= g+= %$!, sf7df8f}+ >L s]Gb|Lo un}r+ f pBf]u ;+3 nflhDkf6, pQ/ u]6, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn k]6f« l] nod l8n;{ /fli6«o Pzf]l;Pzg sf]6Z] j/, kf]=a=g+= &$$#, sf7df8f}+

!)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!= @@= @#= @$= @%= @^= @&= @*= @(= #)= #!= #@=

>L 6«l] s+u Ph]G;Lh P;f]lzP;g ckm g]kfn gS;fn, kf]=a=g+= #^!@, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn lrof pTkfbs ;+3 eb|k/' , emfkf, d]rL cGrn >L g]kfn df]zg lkSr/ Pzf]l;Pzg, -g]kfn rnlrq ;+3_, lazfngu/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn wfuf] pTkfbs ;+3 lqj]0fL u|k' , sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn Knfli6s pTkfbs ;+3 sf]k0' 8f]n, kf]=a=g+= @#%), nlntk'/ >L g]kfn tof/L kf]zfs pBf]u ;+3 gof+ jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn d'b0| f pBf]u ;+3 dbggu/, aNv', sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn cf}ifwL pTkfbs ;+3 Sj]i6 kmdf{:o"l6sn k|f=ln=, fudtL r]Dj/, sf7df8f}+ k'm6j]o/ Dofg'km\ ofSr/;{ Pzf]l;Pzg ckm g]kfn lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn d;nGb tyf z}lIfs ;fdfu|L pBf]u ;+3 lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn /]zd ;+3 gof+jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn 8]/L Pzf]l;Pzg 6]s-' k'/fgf] dxfgu/kflnsf_, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn l:6n kmlg{r/ pBf]u ;+3 eQmk'/ . >L /]i6'/G] 6 tyf af/ Pzf]l;Pzg g]kfn u}lXwf/f, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn ljB'tLo Joj;foL dxf;+3 ef]6a] fxn, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn lgdf{0f Joj;foL dxf;+3 cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn k|m] 6 km/jf8{/ Pzf]l;Pzg gf/fo0frf}/, gS;fn, -:6f/ leg' ;+u_} sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn h'6 pBf]u ;+3 tLgk}gL, la/f6gu/, sf]zL c~rn >L km\nf]l/sNr/ Pzf]l;Pzg g]kfn /ftf]kn' , sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn kmnfd] 58 pTkfbs ;+3 s[i0fuNnL, nlntk'/ >L sDKo'6/ Pzf]l;Pzg g]kfn dxf;+3 v';La', sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn k]G6;\ pTkfbs ;+3 ltgs'g,] sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn rnlrq lgdf{tf ;+3 gS;fn, sf7df8f}+

##= #$= #%= #^= #&= #*= #(= $)= $!= $@= $#= $$= $%= $^= $&= $*= $(= %)= %!= %@= %#= %$= %%=

>L g]kfn bfgf pBf]u ;+3 uf]kLs[i0fgu/, rfalxn, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn s]lGb|o ;fa'g pTkfbs ;+3 yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn u'8;\ Sofl/o;{ Pzf]l;Pzg 6]s,' sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn kfp/f]6L pBf]u ;+3 k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn k]o kbfy{ tyf r'/f]6 pBf]u ;+3 lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn km\nf]/ ldN; Pzf]l;Pzg 6]s,' sf7df8F}+ >L g]kfn la:s'6 pBf]u ;+3 6]s,' sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn rfdn t]n bfn pBf]u ;+3 lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn sk8f pBf]u ;+3 kf6g cf}Bf]lus If]q, nlntk'/ >L g]kfn jg pBf]u ;+3 /ftf]kn' , sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn ag:klt £o' t]n pTkfbs ;+3 6]s,' sf7df8F}+ >L g]kfn lj1fkg ;+3 ;fg]kf, nlntk'/ >L g]kfn lxdfnokf/ jfl0fHo ;+3 sflGtky, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn lrgL pBf]u ;+3 6]s,' sf7df8F}+ >L g]kfn ljQLo ;+:yf ;+3 l8NnLjhf/, sf7df8f} >L g]kfn a}bl] zs /f]huf/ Joj;foL ;+3 ltnu+uf uf};nf, sf7df8f}+ >L :jtGq phf{ pTkfbs ;+:yf, g]kfn (IPPAN) sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn s'l/o/ ;]jf ;+3 ltgs'g] -lsof Zjf]?dsf]ltg 3/ klZrd_ sf7df8F}+ >L dlxnf pBdL dxf;+3 g]kfn k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+ >L wft' pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 Ko'vf/f]8, sf7df8F}+ . sflGtky, sf7df8f}+ >L a|f8] sfli6ª Pzf]l;Pzg ckm g]kfn 6]s,' sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn sf]N8:6f]/h ] ;+3 l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn kNk P08 k]k/ pTkfbs ;+3 sflndf6L, sf7df8f}+ 61

%^= %&= %*= %(= ^)= ^!= ^@= ^#= ^$= ^%= ^^= ^&= ^*= ^(= &)= &!= &@= &#= &$= &%= &^= &&= &*=

>L g]kfn s]an 6]lnlehg dxf;+3 cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn x\ofr/L pBf]u ;+3 uf]lks[i0f gu/, rfalxn, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn un}rf lgsf;Lstf{ ;+3 uf}zfnf rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn klZdgf pBf]u ;+3 ;'Gwf/f, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn xj;{ tyf xj{n pTkfbs ;+3 lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn ;'g rf+bL Joj;foL dxf;+3 eujtLjfxfn, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn lgof{t kl/ifb\ eujlt:yfg, 7d]n, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn lxdfno ;Ldfkf/ jfl0fHo ;+3 j'4gu/, sf7df8f}+ >L ;f}Gbo{snf Joj;foL ;+3, g]kfn s'k08f]n, nlntk'/ >L g]kfn xft] sfuh ;+3 ljh'lnahf/ , sf7df8f}+ >L peg k|m] la|S; tyf :ofS;\ pTkfbs ;+3 6]s," sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn kz'kI+ fL cf}ifwL Joj;foL ;+3 lqk'/Z] j/–!! sf7df8f}+ >L l8lh6n sn/ Nofj ;+3 g]kfn gof+ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn hUuf tyf cfjf; ljsf; ;+3 h]=l8=P= ejg klxnf] tNnf, ;'Gwf/f, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn jLp Joj;foL ;+3 lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn lwtf]kq bnfn ;+3 k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn cn}r+ L Joj;foL ;+3 ljtf{df]8, emfkf >L g]kfn afof]Uof; k|j4{g ;+3 k'Nrf]s, nlnk'/ >L g]kfn ;+uLt pBf]u ;+3 cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn cf}iflwJoj;foL ;+3 If]qkf6L, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn O{§f pBf]u dxf;+3 v;Lahf/ aNv' sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn ;f}o{ ljB't pTkfbs ;+3 dxf/fhu~h–# sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn sk8f tyf l;nfO{ Joj;foL ;+3, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

&(= *)= *!= *@= *#= *$= *%= *^= *&= **= *(= ()= (!= (@= (#= ($= (%= (^= (&= (*= ((=

>L g]kfn z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;+3 l8NnLjhf/, sf7df8f}+ >L Pn=lk=Uof+; pBf]u ;+3 cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn d'bf| ljk|i] fs ;+3, sf7df8f}+ >L /;fog tyf d]l8sn cfk"lt{ ;+3 (CHEMSAN), lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn l;d]G6 pTkfbs ;+3, j8f g+ !#, sflndf6L, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn sf]/f]u6] 8] aS; pTkfbs ;+3, @%, ;'ldlt dfu{, j8f g+= ( l;gfd+un, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn cb'jf pTkfbs tyf Joj;foL ;+3, w'nfjf/L, emfkf >L jfo';j] f ;+rfns ;+3, g]kfn ;'ljwfgu/, tLgs'g,] sf7df8f} >L eG;f/ Ph]06 dxf;+3, g]kfn lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f} >L g]kfn e]lgo/ pTkfbs ;+3 j8f g+= ^, k'/fgf] cf+vf c:ktfn, cgf/dgL, emfkf >L g]kfn /Tg tyf cfe'if0f ;+3 Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+ g]kfn jg k}bfjf/ pBf]u Joj;foL dxf;+3 sf]6Z] j/, sf7df8f} >L g]kfn pmgL k]mN6 pTkfbs tyf lgof{ts ;+3 lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+ >L xf]6n Joj;foL dxf;+3 g]kfn ldqgu/—@( u+uf]j,' sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn n3' hnzlQm ljsf; ;+:yf zxLb z'qm dfu{, 6]s,' sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn jf]6n jf6/ pBf]u ;+3 ;'Gw/f, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn dT:o Joj;foL ;+3 ;f]Xv'§,] sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn ;'kf/L k|zf]wg tyf lgof{t Joj;foL ;+3 d]rLgu/, emfkf >L g]kfn kf]n Pzf]l;Pzg ldqkfs{, sf7df8f}+ Pzf]l;Pzg ckm k|fOe]6 d]l8sn P08 8]06n sn]h ckm g]kfn, g]kfnu+h , af+s] lkO6L k|f8] S6 P08 Snf]h;{ Dofg'km\ ofSr/ Pzf]l;Pz;g—g]kfn, jj/dxfn, sf7df8f}+

l4/fli6«o pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? != @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)=

>L g]kfn–ef/t pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 P=;L=O{ ckf/d]G6 gS;fn, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn–sf]l/of -u0ftGq_ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sdnkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn –k|mfG; pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn –hfkfg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 l;gfd+un, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn–/l;of pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sdnkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn–cd]l/sf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 tLgs'g,] sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn –la|6g] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 xflQ;f/, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn – hd{g pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 gf/fo0frf}/ gS;fn, sf7df8F}+ >L g]kfn – dn]lzof pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lqb]jLdfu{, 7d]n, sf7df8F}+ >L g]kfn–rLg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sdnkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

P;f]l;P6 ;b:ox?

!!= !@=

>L g]kfn—yfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 h]=l8=P= sDKn]S;, ;'Gwf/f, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn—O08f]gl] ;of pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

kl/j]Ifs ;b:ox? !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)=

>L g]kfn—ci6«l] nof pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 emf]5,] sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn—Oh/fon pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn—leotgfd pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sdnkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn—6ls{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 emf]5,] sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn—>Ln+sf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sdnkf]v ] /L, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn—s'jt] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 hdn-g]kfn r]Dj/ ejg_, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn—a'Nu]l/of pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sdnkf]v ] /L, sf7df8f}+ >L g]kfn—Dofgdf/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sdnkf]v ] /L, sf7df8f}+

>L ;fN6 6]l« 8· s/kf]/z ] g ln=, sflndf6L, sf7df8f}+

!#=

>L x+z/fh x'nf;rGb P08 s+= k|f=ln=, uf]N5f xfp;, u0faxfn, sf7df8f}+

>L g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud, cf/=Pg=P=l;= ljlN8·, k|wfg sfof{no, sf7df8f}+

!$=

>L o'gfO6]8 a'c | /L g]kfn k|f=ln=, x]6f}8F cf}Bf]lus If]q x]6f}8+ f, gf/fo0fL c~rn

>L Pg=cfO{=l8=;L= 8]enkd]G6 a}s ln= b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

!%=

>L g]kfn –la|6g] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 xflQ;f/, sf7df8f}+

>L g]kfn cfon lgud aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+

!^=

>L vfB pBf]u k|f=ln=, sflndf6L, sf7df8f}+

>L g]ljsf] k|f=ln= afnfh' cf}Bf]lus IF]q, afnfh', sf7df8F}+

!&=

>L hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=, gof+ jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

>L lxdfn cfO{/g P08 l:6n -k|f_ ln= kf]=j=g+= !##, Hof]lt ejg, sf7df8f}+

!*=

>L g]kfn–rLg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sdnkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

>L g]zgn 6]l« 8· lnld6]8, 6]s' kf]=a=g+= !@*, sf7df8f}+

!(=

>L >L kz'klt lj:s'6 O{08li6«h k|f= ln=, k|;l' tu[x, nlntk'/

>L /fli6«o aLdf ;+:yfg, /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+

@)=

>L dxfzlQm zf]k P08 s]ldsn O{= k|f=ln=, /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+

>L xl/l;4L O{6f tyf 6fon sf/vfgf ln=, xl/l;l4, nlntk'/

@!=

>L ofs P08 otL xf]6n ln, nfnb/jf/, sf7df8f}+

!)=

>L xf]6n Pe/]i6 OG6/g]zgn ln= gof+ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

@@=

>L lb g]kfn l8li6n/Lh, afnfh', sf7df8f}+

!!=

>L g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f 6'l+ 8v]n, sf7df8f}+

@#=

>L lwtf]kq af]8{ g]kfn l;+xb/jf/ Knfhf, sf7df8f}+

!@=

>L x'nf; d]6n qmfkm\6;\ k|F=ln= uf]N5f xfp;, u0faxfn, sf7df8F}+

@$=

>L g]kfn cf]l/o06 DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+ 63

@%=

>L af]6n{; g]kfn ln= afnfh' O{08li6«h ln=, afnfh', sf7df8f}+

$(=

>L ;"o{ g]kfn k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 sflGtky, sf7df8f}+

@^=

>L x'nf; l:6n O{= -k|f_ ln= kf]=j=g+= $!@(, uf]N5f xfp;, sf7df8f}+

%)=

>L cf/tL zf]k P08 s]ldsn O{= k|f=ln=, gS;fn, gfukf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

@&=

>L Oi6g{ 6]S:6fO{n O{08li6«h ln=, Ko'vf 6f]n, sf7df8f}+

%!=

>L /fli6«o pTkfbsTj tyf cfly{s ljsf; s]Gb| ln= afnfh', sf7df8f}+

@*=

>L g]kfn a}s + ln= s]Gb|Lo sfo{no, wd{ky, sf7df8f}+

%@=

>L x"nf; jfo/ O{08li6«h klJns ln=s+=, u0fafxfn, sf7df8f}+

@(=

>L uf]/vsfnL /a/ pBf]u ln= tfxfrn, sf7df8F}+ .

%#=

>L lazfn ahf/ sDkgL ln= z'qmky, sf7df8f}+

#)=

>L k~rsGof :6Ln -k|f=_ ln s[i0fuNnL, nlntk'/

%$=

>L c?0f ag:ktL pBf]u k|f=ln=, u0faxfn, sf7df8f}+

#!=

>L lxdfn jfo;{ ln= Hof]lt ejg, sf7df8f}+

%%=

>L ;f]N6L xf]6n ln= tfxrn, sf7df8f}+

#@=

>L g]kfn ag:ktL Wo' pBf]u ln=, sflndf6L, sf7df8f}+

%^=

>L >]isf] pmng ldN; k|f=ln=, afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

##=

>L n'lDagL ljB't pBf]u k|f=ln=, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

%&=

>L otL 6«fen k|f=ln=, b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

#$=

>L g]kfn OG:of]/G] ; sDkgL ln=, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

%*=

>L lgjf{0f ag:klt pBf]u -k|f_ ln= ;t'·n, sf7df8f}+

#%=

>L efh'/Tg O{lGhlgol/· P08 ;]N; -k|f_ ln= kf]=j=g+= !##, Hof]lt ejg, sf7df8f}+

%(=

>L g]kfn h'6 O{08li6«h k|f=ln=, tLgk}gL, la/f6gu/, sf]zL cGrn

#^=

>L g]kfn ;fnl;8 cfon k|f=ln=, b'u8 lgjf;, sflGtky, sf7df8f}+

^)=

>L l/n]S;f] k'm6j]o/ O{08li6«h k|f=ln=, lvrfkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

#&=

>L lr/fu kmf]d O{08li6«h k|f=ln=, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

^!=

>L k|ult 6]S:6fO{n O{08li6«h k|f=ln=, sf7df8f}+

#*=

>L Do'rn 6«l] 8· sDkgL dvguNnL, kf]=a=g+= ^!%^, sf7df8F}+

^@=

>L cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg ln=, jfnfh', sf7df8F}+

#(=

>L a?0F j]e/]h g]kfn k|f=ln= l;gfd+un, sf7df8f}+

^#=

>L cGgk'0f{, e]lh6]jn k|f8] S6;\ k|f=ln=, kf]=a=g+= &&@, lqj]0fL SDk]S;, sf7df8f}+

$)=

>L x]6f}8+ f l;d]G6 pBf]u ln=, gS;fn, sf7df8f}+

^$=

>L ho xg'dfg k'm8;\ k|f=ln=, sf7df8f}+

$!=

>L czf]s l:6n O{08li6«h k|f=ln=, 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

^%=

>L :gf] nfog sfk]6{ k|f=ln=, afuahf/

$@=

>L la/f6 z' sDkgL ln=, Go'/f]8, sf7df8f}+

^^=

>L lxd On]S6«fl] gS; k|f= ln=, uf]N5f xfp;, u0faxfn, sf7df8f}+

$#=

>L g]kfn -OG8f]:jf]h_ OGe]i6d]G6 a}s + ln= b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

^&=

>L ;L=hL= k"m8\; -g]kfn_ k|f=ln= rf}w/L xfp;, ;fg]kf, nlntk"/

$$=

>L ;'Gb/ kmlg{r/ O{08li6«h k|f= ln= sflndf5L, sf7df8f}+

^*=

>L >L dxfnIdL d}bf ldN;\ -k|f_ ln= yfkfyln, sf7df8f}+

$%=

>L Pe/]i6 k]k/ ldN; k|f=ln=, sf7df8f}+

^(=

>L OG6/lg6 O{08li6«h k|f= ln=, v'dn6f/, nlntk'/

$^=

>L Plzog k]G6;\ -g]kfn_ k|f=ln= 7d]n, sf7df8f}+

&)=

>L ;L=hL= O{nS] 6«fl] gS; k|f= ln=, rf}w/L xfp;, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/

$&=

>L ;]tL r'/f]6 sf/vfgf ln=, dxf/fhu~h, sf7df8f}+

&!=

>L g]zgn nfOkm P08 hg/n OG:o'/G] ; sDkgL ln=, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+

$*=

>L uf]/vf a'c | /L -k|f_ ln=, xfQL;f/, sf7df8f}+

&@=

>L e'bj] vfB pBf]u k|F=ln= uf]N5f xfp;, u0faxfn, sf7df8f}+

&#=

u0f]z>L :gf]nfO{g lslt{k/' sfk]6{ O{08li6« k|bz{gLdfu{, sf7df8f}+

(&=

>L g]kfn cfjf; kmfOgfG; lnld6]8, ;'ljwfgu/, tLgs'g]

&$=

>L tf/f l7dL sfk]6{ ;\ k|bzgLdfu{, sf7df8F}+

(*=

>L s}nf; ljsf; j}s + lnld6]8 k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

&%=

>L >L kß kmlg{r/ k}mS6«L k|f=ln=, 1fg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

((=

>L g]kfn O{s/ft O{lGhlgol/· s+= k|f=ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

&^=

>L o"gfO{68] 6«8] ;{ l;lG8s]6 -k|f_ ln= l;gfd+un, ltgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

!))=

>L g]kfn lj6'ldg P08 Aof/]n pBf]u ln= k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/

&&=

>L Hof]lt :kflg· ldN;\ ln= Hof]lt ejg, sf7df8f}+

!)!=

>L o'gfO6]8 OG:of]/G] ; sDkgL -g]kfn_ ln= 6]8« 6fj/ $cf}+ tNnf, yfkfynL,sf7df8F}+

&*=

>L uf]bfj/L dfj{n O{08li6«h k|f=ln=, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

!)@=

>L Pe/]i6 ;'u/ P08 s]ldsN; O{ ln= kfsf] Go'/f]8, sf7df8f}+

&(=

>L kfolgo/ jfo;{ k|f=ln=, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

!)#=

>L g]kfn z]o/ dfs]6{ ;\ P08 kmfOgfG; ln= /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+

*)=

>L cld Pk]/N] ; k|f=ln=, sf7df8f}+ Knfhf, sdbnfbL, sf7df8f}+

!)$=

>L sdnf /f]ln· ldN; k|f=ln= 6]8« 6fj/ ^cf}+ tNnf, yfkfynL,sf7df8F}+

*!=

>L kz'klt cfO/g P08 :6Ln k|f=ln=, lah'nLahf/, sf7df8f}+

!)%=

>L uf]N8]g Jof6«L O08li6«h -k|f=_ ln= 6]8« 6fj/ $cf}+ tNnf, yfkfynL,sf7df8F}+

*@=

>L cl/xGt dlN6kmfO{a/ ln= uf]N5f xfp;, u0faxfn, sf7df8f}+

!)^=

>L PShf]l6s cf]l/oG6n qmfkm6\; -k|f=_ ln= v'dn6f/, sf7df8f}+

*#=

>L kz'klt k]G6;\ k|f=ln= lah'nL ahf/, sf7df8F}+

!)&=

>L lxdfnog hg/n OG:of]/G] ; sDkgL ln=, dfOtL3/, sf7df8f}+

*$=

>L >L/fd l/kmfog cfon k|f8] S6;\ k|f=ln=, lah'nL ahf/, sf7df8f}+

!)*=

>L cfO{;Ll6;L k|f=ln= sdnfbL, sf7df8F}+

*%=

>L czf]sf sfj{g P08 PnfO{8 O{= k|f=ln=, em\of]5=] sf7df8f}+

!)(=

>L o'lglne/ g]kfn lnld6]8 x]l/6]hKnfhf, sdnflb

*^=

>L k~rsGof Knfli6s O{ -k|f_ ln= s[i0fuNnL, nlntk'/

!!)=

>L xfONof08 lje/]h -k|f=_ ln= zflGtgu/, sf7df8f}+

*&=

>L >L lzjzlQm Wo' pBf]u k|f=ln= 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

!!!=

>L lk|ldo/ OG:of]/G] ; sDkgL -g]kfn_ ln= /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+

**=

>L lxdfnog lkm8\; -k|f=_ ln=, b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

!!@=

>L kz'klt vfB t]n pBf]u -k|f=_ ln= lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

*(=

>L Go' Pe/]i6 sG:6«Szg k|f=ln=, gof+ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

!!#=

>L sflGtk'/ klJns]zG; -k|f=_ ln= sflGtk'/ sDKn]S;, ;'ljwfgu/, sf7df8f}+

()=

>L lxdfnog l8li6n/L -k|f_= ln= hfpnfv]n, nlntk'/ \

!!$=

>L gd:t] u'k| k|F=ln= sf]6Z] j/, sf7df8F}+

(!=

>L e[s6' L kNk P08 k]k/ g]kfn lnld6]8, kf]=a=g+= #@%(, uf]N5f xfp;, sf7df8f}+

!!%=

>L Pg 6«l] 8· sDkgL -k|f_ ln= gof+ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

(@=

>L Pg=cfO{=l8=;L= Soflk6n dfs]6{ ;\ ln= sdnkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

!!^=

>L df]dG] 6f] Pk/N; k|f=ln= afg]Zj/, sf7df8F}+

(#=

>L gf/fo0fL g]zgn kmfOgfG; ln=, sflnsf:yfg, sf7df8f}+ .

!!&=

>L gf/fo0f O{08li6«h -k|f_ ln= l;4fy{/fhdfu{ /f]8, a'6jn–^ -s'nZ] j/, sf7df8f}_+

($=

>L lxdfnog a}s + ln= sdnfbL, sf7df8F}+ .

!!*=

>L gful/s nufgL sf]if gof+jfg]Zj/, sf7df8F}+

(%=

>L :of08{ rf6{8{ a}s + g]kfn ln= gof+ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

!!(=

>L Pe/]i6 OG:of]/G] ; sDkgL ln=, xflQ;f/, sf7df8f}+

(^=

>L g]kfn rnlrq ljsf; sDkgL ln=, Nofj ejg, jfnfh', sf7df8f}+

!@)=

>L lxdfn clS;hg k|f=ln= Hof]lt ejg, sf7df8f}+ 65

!@!=

>L :ofsf/ sDkgL k|f= ln=, Hof]lt ejg, sflGtyk, sf7df8f}+

!$%=

>L Do'lhs g]kfn k|f= ln=, kf]=a=g+= !!!%, cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+

!@@=

>L g]kfn xfpl;· P08 dr]0{ 6 kmfOgfG; ln= l8NnLahf/, sf7df8F}+

!$^=

>L xfdf cfO/g P08 l:6n O{=k|f=ln= lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8F}+

!@#=

>L ljsf; kmn\f/] ldN; k|f=ln= kf]=a=g+= !((!, l8NnLahf/, sf7df8F}+

!$&= >L g]kfn Uof+; pBf]u -gf/fo0fL_ k|f=ln= afnfh' cf}Bf]lus IF]q, afnfh', sf7df8F}+

!@$=

>L ds{G6fOn Oge]i6d]G6 k|f= ln= kf]=a=g+= *&^, sf7df8F}+

!$*= >L g]kfn P;lacfO{ a}s + ln= xflQ;f/ , sf7df8f}+

!@%=

>L xf]6n 8]nf cGgk'0f{, b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

!$(=

>L lqzlQm s]an ' O08li6«h k|f=ln= nf]slk|odfu{, l8NnLahf/, sf7df8F}+

!@^=

>L o'gfO{68] kmfOgfG; P08 lnlh· s+= ln=, b/jf/dfu{, kf]=a=g+= !@#!!, sf7df8f}+

!%)=

>L g]kfn jfog{ On]lS6«s k|f=ln= 1fg]Zj/, sF7df8f}+

!@&=

>L l/nfoG; l:klg· ldN; ln=, lzj cfs]8{ , a;Gtk'/, sf7df8f}+

!%!=

>L g]kfn a+unfb]z a}s + ln=, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

!@*=

>L xf]6n cf]l/o06n k|f= ln=, sf7df8f}+

!%@=

>L k|fOd OG6/g]zgn k|f= ln= xfQL;f/, sf7df8f}+

!@(=

>L l/nfoan Kofs]lh· O{= k|f= ln=, sf7df8f}+

!%#=

>L lqj]0fL l;Gy]l6s ofg{ O08li6«h k|f=ln= lqj]0fL u|k' k'tnL;8s, sf7df8F}+

!#)=

>L a'l4dfg uh]Gb|dfg k|f= ln=, uh]Gb| ejg, /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+

!%$=

>L g]kfn d/RofG6 a}ls· P08 kmfOgfG; ln= cfO{ =h]= Knfhf, b/jf/ dfu, sf7df8f}+

!#!=

>L OG6/:6]6 dlN6df]8n 6«fG;kf]6{ k|F=ln= sflndf6L, sf7df8F}+

!%%=

>L olt km\ofla|s lnld6]8, sflndf6L, sf7df8F}+

!#@=

>L df?tL gGbg /f]ln· ldN; k|f= ln=, b/jf/ dfu{ sf7df8f}+

!%^=

>L nf]uf] O{l08li6«h g]kfn -k|f_ln= dfgejg, nlntk'/

!##=

>L >L g]kfn jf]8;{ \ ln= sf7df8f}+

!%&=

>L sf]zL Uof+; pBf]u k|f= ln=, Ujfsf]{ nlntk'/

!#$=

>L >L/fd ;'u/ ldN; ln=, uf]N5f xfp;, u0faxfn, sf7df8f}+

!%*=

>L g]kfn q]ml86 P08 sdl;{on a}s + afuahf/, sf7df8f}+

!#%=

>L >L l8li6n/L k|f= ln=, gS;fn, sf7df8f}+

!%(=

>L lzj eujfg O08li6«h k|f= ln= j6', sf7df8f}+

!#^=

>L slG6g]G6n 6«l] 8· OG6/k|fO{hh ] k|f= ln=, sf7df8f}+

!^)=

>L l/nfoG; k]k/ ldN; k|f= ln=, afudtL r]Da/, 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

!#&=

>L cf]l/oG6n On]S6«Ls sG:6«S;g k|f= ln=, sf7df8f}+

!^!=

>L tf/fufp+ l/h]G;L xf]6n ln= af}4, sf7df8f}+

!#*=

>L cf]DgL k|f= ln=, z'qmky, sf7df8f}+

!^@=

>L sf; 6«l] 8· xfp; k|f= ln=, kf]=a=g+= @(#@, /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+

!#(=

>L glan a}s + ln= sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

!^#=

>L t'N;L :kfO;]h P08 k'm8 k|f8] S6;\ k|f= ln=, ;t'u+ n – &, sf7df8f}+

!$)=

>L xf]6n ] lxdfno k|f=ln= sf]k0' 8F]n, nlntk'/

!^$=

>L PnfOG; OG:of]/G] ; sDkgL ln=, b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

!$!=

>L Pd=P= 8Ano", OG6/k|fOh]h\ k|f=ln= lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

!^%=

>L s:dLs Po/ k|f= ln=, sflndf6L6F]n, sf7df8f}+

!$@=

>L 8fa/ g]kfn -k|f_ ln= l6Pgl6 ljnl8·, ltgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

!^^=

>L hf]d;f]d dfpG6]g l/;f]6{ k|f= ln=, r'gb]jL, dxf/fhuGh, sf7df8f}+

!$#=

>L >L/fd vfB pBf]u k|f=ln= tfxfrn, sf7df8f}+

!^&=

>L ;Ltf/fd uf]sn ' ldNs;\ sf7df8f}+ ln=, sflndf6L, sf7df8f}+

!^*=

>L ;fvM l:6n O08li6«h k|f=ln= ltgs'g,] sf7df8F}+

!$$= >L xf]6n dNn k|f=ln= n]vgfy dfu{, n}grf}/, sf7df8f}+ 66

!^(=

>L g]kfn kmfOgfG; P08 ;]le·; sDkgL ln=, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

!(#=

>L u0Fklt ag:klt k|f=ln= lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

!&)=

>L g]kfn p8 lk|he]l{ 6e O08li6«h k|f= ln=, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

!($=

>L cGgk'0f{ jfOl08· jfo;{ lj/f6gu/ !), xf6vf]nf, sf]zL c~rn

!&!=

>L uf]zfnL lk|G6 Kofs k|f= ln=, uf]zfnL xfp;, Go'/f]8, kf]v/f, u08sL c~rn

!(%=

>L l;4fy{ km\nf]/ ldN; k|f=ln= b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

!&@=

>L ;'hn k'm8;\ k|f= ln=, eujtL jfxfn, ;fgf]uf}r/, sf7df8f}+

!(^=

>L OGb' z+s/ lrlg pBf]u ln= sflndfl6, sf7df8f}+

!&#=

>L gGbg £o' P08 cfon O08li6«h k|f=ln= eujtLjfxfn, sf7df8f}+

!(&=

>L lxn6]s O08li6«h k|f=ln= afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]q, afnfh', sf7df8f}+

!&$= >L a}s + ckm sf7df8F}+ ln= sdnkf]v/L, sf7df8F}+

!(*=

>L u0Fklt /f]lhg P08 6k]G{ 6fOn O{= k|f=ln=, aa/dxn, s'l/of ufp+, sf7df8f}+

!&%=

>L lhof] :kfO{l6sn l;i6d -k|f_ln= k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/

!((=

>L dfn] OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= nlntk'/

!&^=

>L ;flgdf xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= gf/fo0f rf}/, sf7df8f}+

@))=

>L afaf Uof+; pBf]u k|f=ln= v}/xgL, Ujfvf{,] nlntk'/

!&&=

>L hof sGk]mS;g/L k|f=ln=, eujtLjfxfn, sf7df8f}+

@)!=

>L nf]6; xf]lN8·;\ k|f=ln= hfjnfv]n, sf7df8f}+

!&*=

>L kbd l6 :6]6 k|f=ln= kf]=j=g+= *(%, O{lkl;, &@*^

@)@=

>L cf]d lgl6· O{08li6«h k|f=ln= uf}zfnf, kf]=a=g+= (!@&, sf7df8f}+

!&(=

>L a'§fjf/L l6 k|f;] l] ;· k|f=ln= kf]=a=g+ *(&%, sf7df8f}+

@)#=

>L sl:ds dr]G{ 6 a}l+ s· P08 kmfOgfG; ln= gfukf]v/L, gS;fn, sf7df8f}+

!*)=

>L lrtjg sf]O g]kfn k|f=ln= gS;fn sf7df8f}+

@)$= >L >Ls[i0f cfon l/kmfOg/L P08 e]lh6]jn l3 O{= k|f=ln= tfxfrn, sf7df8f}+

!*!=

>L dgsfdgf bz{g k|f=ln= gS;fn, sf7df8f}+

@)%=

>L cf/tL :6«fOK; k|f=ln\ afnfh' –!^, sf7df8f}+

!*@=

>L >L Po/nfO{G; k|f=ln= lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8F}+

@)^=

>L o'gfO{68] :kLl/6\; g]kfn k|fO{e6] lnld6]8 sdnfbL, sf7df8F}+

!*#=

>L u08sL cfon ldn k|f=ln= dx]Gb|kn ' , kf]v/f, sf:sL, u08sL c~rn

@)&=

>L yf]DK;g g]kfn k|f=ln= zs]6 sDKn]S;, lqk'/Z] j/

!*$= >L :jl:ts d]6n O08li6«h lx6L b/jf/, b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

@)*=

>L xf/tL jfO{/ O08li6«h 6+ufn, sf7df8f}+

!*%=

>L l/nfoG; jfo/ O{08li6«h b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

@)(=

>L ;'ld l8li6n/L k|f=ln= gof+ ahf/, sf7df8f}+

!*^=

>L nf]6;\ Oglh{ -k|f_ ln= kf]=j= (@!(, ef6e6]lg, sf7df8f}+

@!)=

>L l;4fy{ kmfOgfG; lnld6]8 ;t'u+ n, sf7df8f}+

!*&=

>L laho d]6n O08li6«h k|f=ln= kf]=a=g+= @#$@, b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

@!!=

>L lxdfnog :GofS; P08 g'8N; k|f=ln= l;4Lejg, sflGtky, sf7df8f}+

!**=

>L k[YjL lk|lG6· k|;] k|f=ln= kf]=a=g+=+ ! *(#), sf7df8f}+

@!@=

>L P;=6L=k]mla|S; ln= 1fg]Zj/ sf7df8f}+

!*(=

>L df5fk'R5|] a}s + ln= gof+ ahf/, k[YjLrf]s, u08sL c~rn

@!#=

>L PEsf] O{G6/g]zgn -k|f_ ln= r'gb]jL, dfxf/fhu+h, sf7df8f}+

!()=

>L g]kfn jfo/ P08 s]jN; k|f=ln= kf]=a=g+= (#), sf7df8f}+

@!$=

>L xg'dfg d]6n k|f=ln= /fwfs'6L cfs]8{ , k'tln;8s, sf7df8f}+

!(!=

>L g]kfn sf+uL| sfk]6{ O08li6« k|f=ln= l;gfd+un, sf7df8f}+

@!%=

>L ;u/dfyf OG:of]/G] ; s+= ln= eujtL jfxfn ;fgf]uf]r/, sf7df8f}+

!(@=

>L sf]nu]6 kfndf]lne -g]kfn_ k|f=ln= x]6f}8f cf}Bf]lus If]q, x]6f}8f, g]kfn

@!^=

>L uf]/vf Po/nfO{G; k|f=ln= gof+afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ 67

@!&=

>L lzj+d Knfli6s O{= k|f=ln= 6+ls;'gj/L, df]/ª, lj/f6gu/–(

@$!=

@!*=

>L jN8{ ln+s sDo'lgs]zg k|f=ln= hfpnfv]n /fp08jf]6, nlntk'/

@$@= >L Pd=Pd=OG6/k|fOh]h k|f=ln= td'uNnL, OGb|rf]s, sf7df8F}+

@!(=

>L nf]d; kmdf{:o"l6sN;\ k|f=ln= nf]d; xfp;,s}nf;rf}/, u}l/wf/f, sf7df8f}+

@$#=

@@)=

>L :jfl:ts h'6 ldN;\ k|f=ln= ltgkfgL, lj/f6gu/

@$$= >L uf]/vf cfo'jb{] sDkgL -k|f_ ln= yfgsf]6, sf7df8f}+

@@!=

>L Plzof Kofl;lkms sDo'lgs]zg Pzf]l;P6 g]kfn -k|f_ ln= cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+

@$%= >L ljhofbLk n]jf]/6] f]l/h lnld6]8 ;fg]kf, nlntk'/

@@@=

>L :ofªlu|nf Oglh{ ln= nf]slk|o dfu{, l8lNnahf/, sf7df8f}+

@$^= >L zdf{ P08 sDkgL k|f=ln= l;tfkfO{nf, sf7df8F}+

@@#=

>L l:k8 j] sfuf]+ ln= 7d]n, sf7df8f}+

@$&= >L sl:ds df]6/;fOsn Dofg'km\ofSrl/· s+= k|f=ln= r'gb]jL, sf7df8f}+

>L a|bz{ OG6/k|fOh]h k|f=ln= kfsf] 3/ g+= #@, Go'/f]8, sf7df8f}+

@@$= >L cf]d xl:k6n P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/ k|f=ln= rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+

@$*= >L g]kfn 6]lg; O{ k|f=ln= glj Knfhf, d]g /f]8, lj/f6gu/–!@, sf]zL

@@%=

>L P; cf] P; Dofgkfj/ ;le{; k|f=ln= dxf/fhu+h, sf7df8f}+

@$(= >L :jLkm\6 Po/ sfuf]{ ;le{; k|f=ln= sflGtk+y, sf7df8f}+

@@^=

>L ;'ld kmdf{:o"l6sN; k|f=ln= :ofªlu|nf sDKn]S;\ , dxf/fhu+h, rqmky, sf7df8f}+

@%)=

>L :sfOg]6 jf]N8jfO8 PS;k|z ] -g]kfn_ k|f=ln= ljh'nL jhf/, gof+jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

@@&=

>L g]kfn xfO8«f] P08 O{nl] S6«;\ k|f=ln= s'df/Lkf6L, nlntk'/

@%!=

>L o'/f] klZdgf k|f=ln= dGh'>L, :joDe" kl/s|df–#&!, sf7df8f}+

@@*=

>L k|sfz 6]G6 P08 6kf]l{ ng k|f=ln= gof+ ;8s, sf7df8f}+

@%@=

>L g]kfn klZdgf OG8li6« /]8s|; dfu{ ;f]N6Ldf]8, sfnLdf6L j8f g+= !#, sf7df08f}+

@@(=

>L OG6/g]zgn lnlh· P08 kmfO{gfG; sDkgL ln= gof+ afg]Zj/, sf7df8F}+

@%#=

>L uf]kfn ;f]k O08li6«h k|f=ln= hn e08f/ uNnL, s'nZ] j/–!$, sf7df8f}+

@#)=

>L cUgL OGs/kf]/6] 8] -k|f_ ln= pQ/ 9f]sf, sf7df8f}+

@%$= >L k|fa] fof]6s ] O08li6«h k|f=ln= l;gfd+un, sf7df8f}+

@#!=

>L cf]d kmfOgfG; ln= Go'/f]8, kf]v/f

@%%=

>L d]3f d]6n s|fkm\6; k|f=ln= d+unfb]lj ljzfn jhf/, lj/f6gu/

@#@=

>L lxd>L k'm8\; -k|f_ ln= sf7df8f}+

@%^=

>L ls/0f z"h Dofg'km} Sr/;{ sdnfbL,sf7df08f}+

@##=

>L n'lDagL a}s + ln= Gf/fo0frf}/, sf7df8}+

@%&=

>L rGb| lzj /fO; P08 cfon ldN; k|f=ln= kf]vl/of j8f g+=$, lj/f6gu/

@#$=

>L ç x]Ny SofDk; k|f=ln= uf]kLs[i0f gu/, rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+

@%*= >L Pe/]i6 kf]lnd;{ k|f=ln= x]6f}8f cf}Bf]lus If]q j8f g+= *, dsjfgk'/, x]6f}8f

@#%=

>L :6'kf 6«l] 8ª sG;g{ 7d]n, sf7df8f}+

@%(=

>L a'6jn kfj/ sDkgL lnld6]8 j'4gu/, sf7df8f}+

@#^=

>L ;'gsf]zL xfO8«fk] fj/ sDkgL ln= nfnb/jf/, sf7df8f}+

@^)=

>L k'mlhdf cfon s+klg k|f=ln= d+unfb]lj, ljzfnjhf/,lj/f6gu/–*

@#&=

>L ;f+lu|nf xfplhª P08 k|fk] 6L{ 8]enkd]G6 s+=k|f=ln= sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

@^!=

>L ;g O08li6«h k|f=ln= s'k08f]n, nlntk'/

@#*=

>L Pg=la=u|k' -g]kfn_ k|f=ln= sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

@^@=

>L lel/S; OGkmd{;] g 6]Sgf]nf]lhS; k|f=ln=, xflQ;f/, sf7df8f}+

@#(=

>L Pg=la=OG:of]/G] ; sDkgL ln= gf/fo0frf}/ gS;fn, sf7df8f}+

@^#=

>L v'bLxfO8«f] kfj/ lnld6]8 j'4gu/, sf7df8f}+

@$)= >L sf7df8f}+ ;]/fldS; ln= xl/lzl4, nlntk'/ 68

>L Pg=la=jfqf xl:k6n P08 d]l8sn l/;r{ ;]G6/ lnld6]8 xl/lzl4, nlntk'/

@^$= >L P=Pd= OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= yfkfyln, sf7df8f}+

@^%=

>L PleGo"h 6]lnlehg k|f=ln= PleGo"h Knfhf, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

@*(=

>L :jl:ts /f]lhg P08 6k]G{ 6fOg O{=k|f=ln= cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+

@^^=

>L ;flgdf j}s + ln= gf/fo0frf}/, gS;fn, sf7df8f}+

@()=

>L gjLg l8:6«LJo"6;{ k|f=ln P=6L= sfDKn]S;, Go"Knfhf, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

@^&=

>L Uofljcf]g6] k|f=ln= d}ltb]lj, sf7df8f}+

@(!=

;'la;' s]jng]6 k|f=ln= j8f g+= $, afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}+

@^*= >L :sfO{ s]jn l6=le= k|f=ln= jlQ;k'tln j8f g+= (, ?b|Z] j/ dfu{, sf7df8f}+

@(@=

>L hubDjf /f]6f] Kofs]lh· k|f=ln= ltgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

@^(=

>L lxdfnog ljN8;{ P08 OlGhlgo;{ k|f=ln= kf]=j=g+= ($!!, aa/dxn–@, sf7df8f}+

@(#=

>L l;k|bL 6«l] 8· k|f=ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

@&)=

>L kf/fdfpG6 sfk]6{ O08li6«= uf]7f6f/–* sf+8f3f/L, sf7df8f}+

@($= >L cN6/g]l6e k|fk] mfOn s+= k|f=ln= hf]/kfl6 uf=lj=; –&, cQ/v]n, sf7df8f}+

@&!=

>L clvn 6«l] 8· sG;g{ k|f= ln= emf]5 + ,] cf]dafxfn rf]s

@(%=

>L /f]Nkf sfk]6{ O{08li6«h 6fdlx6L, jf}4 –^, sf7df8f}+

@&@=

>L ;'hn Knfli6s; k|f=ln= eujtLjfxfn ;fgf]uf}r/, sf7df8f}+

@(^=

>L 8]enkd]G6 s|l] 86 a}s + lnld6]8 sf7df8f}+ Knfhf, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

@&#=

>L lbk nIdL OG6/sG6Lg]G6n k|f=ln eujtLjfxfn ;fgf]uf}r/, sf7df8f}+

@(&=

>L Zofdafaf OG6/k|fOh]h @^, lnÍ dfu{, s'nZ] j/ sf7df8f}+

@&$= >L Unf]jn j}s + ln= sflGtky, sf7df8f}+

@(*=

>L lxdfnog l:k|ªjf6/ k|f=ln= ;'gfsf]7L uf=lj=;= ( 9f]nflx6L, ;'gufefdfu{, nlntk'/

@&%=

>L cfO{PdO{ lnld6]8 (IME) sflGtky, sf7df8f}+

@((=

>L lazfn Knfi6f] Sofa O08li6«h k|f= ln= sf]6Z] j/ –#%, sf7df8f}+

@&^=

>L g]kfnL k]k/ k|f8] S6; k|f=ln= l;tfkfO{nf uf=lj=;= j8f g+=–#v, ;/dk'/, sf7df8f}+

#))=

>L l;4fy{ OG:of]/G] ; lnld6]8 lqk'/Z] j/–!! ;fs]6 sDKn]S; sf7df8f}+

@&&= >L j[h l;d]G6 O{=k|f=ln= sdnfbL tLgwf/ dfu{, sf7df8f}+

#)!=

>L g]kfn PS;k|;] kmfOgfG; lnld6]8 ;'Gwf/f, sf7df8f}+

@&*= >L hubDjf OG6/k|fOh]h k|f=ln= ltgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

#)@=

>L lstL{ sfk]6{ OG8i6«Lh cf?jf/L uf=lj=;=–*, sf7df8f}+

@&(=

>L hubDjf ;]gy]l6S; k|f=ln= ltgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

#)#=

>L xfO6]G;g :jLr luo;{ k|f=ln= P=6L= sDkn]S;, Go" Knfhf, sf7df8f}+

@*)=

>L hubDjf l;d]G6 O{=k|F=ln= ltgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

#)$=

>L l;l6hG; a}s + OG6/g]zgn ln= zf/bf ;bg, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

@*!=

>L hubDjf :6LN; k|F=ln= ltgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

#)%=

>L O{hL dlN66«8] OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= wf]jLwf/f–##, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

@*@=

>L kf]lnd/ O08l:6«h k|f=ln= tfxrn–!#, sf7df8f}+

#)^=

>L uf]vf{ nfxf/L k|f=ln= ;fg]kf, nlntk'/

@*#=

>L dgf]sfdgf e]lh6]jn l3 P08 cfon O{=k|f=ln= ;"o{ ljqmd 1jfnL dfu{ 3/ g+= !^@@, alQ;k'tnL, sf7df8f}+

#)&=

>L lbkHof]lt cf]e/l;h k|f=ln= af+;jf/L–#, sf7df8f}+

@*$= >L n'lDjgL lrgL pBf]u k|f=ln= tfxrn, sf7df8f}+

#)*=

>L Unf]jn PnfO{G; sG;N6]G;L ;le{;h ] k|f=ln= u+ua'–% ;fdfv'zL, sf7df8f}+

@*%= >L k|8' G] ;Lon ljQLo ;+Vof ln= gS;fn, gfukf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

#)(=

>L xfO{8f« ] ;f]n;' G; k|f=ln 7"nf] e¥of·, :joDe"–!%

@*^= >L Pg;]n k|f= ln= gof+ afg]Zj/, s[i0f6fj/,sf7df8f}+

#!)=

>L uf]ogsf :6LN;\ k|f=ln= eujtLjfxfn, ;fgf]uf}r/, sf7df8f}+

@*&= >L Plzog yfO{ k'm8\; -k|f_=ln zf/bf u|k' , yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

#!!=

>L ;g lkml6· -k|f_=ln= a'6jn cf}Bf]lus If]q, a'6jn–!@, ?kGb]xL

@**= >L b'u8 :kfO;]; P08 k'm8 k|f8] S6 -k|f_=ln lj/f6gu/ j8f g+= &

#!@=

>L l;lgs 8]enk;{ -k|f_=ln= h];Lh ejg, yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+ 69

#!#=

>L xfdf dr]G{ 6 P08 kmfO{gfG; ln= lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

##&=

>L nf]d; Oge]i6d]G6 s+=k|f=ln= u}l/wf/f, sf7df8f},+

#!$=

>L Pr=kL= cu|jfn u|k' ckm sDkgLh k|f=ln= tfxfrfn–!#, sf7df8f}+

##*=

>L a[xt OGe]i6d]G6\; k|f=ln= 6]s," sf7df8f}+

#!%=

>L d]3f ;f]k P08 s]ldsn O{=k|f=ln= tfxfrn–!#, sf7df8f}+

##(=

>L /f]8 ;f] l/on O:6]6 k|f=ln= ;'Gwf/f, sf7df8f}+

#!^=

>L ;'ud /f]lhg 6k]G{ 6fOg P08 xj{n k|f=ln= ef;L–$, ;'g;/L

#$)=

>L kljq 8]enk;{ k|f=ln uf]u+ j', sf7df8f}+

#!&=

>L l;6L PS;k|z ] dlg 6«fG;km/ k|f=ln= afuahf/–#! sf7df8f}+

#$!=

>L uf]znL l8kf6{dG] 6n :6f];{ -k|f_ ln= uf]znL xfp;, Go" /f]8 kf]v/f

#!*=

>L lzv/ z' O08li6«h k|f=ln= Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

#$@=

>L ;'hn 8]/L k|f=ln eujtLjfxfn ;fgf]uf}r/, sf7df8f}+

#!(=

>L afudtL df]lN8ª O{=k|f=ln Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

#$#=

>L nIdL OG6/slG6g]G6n k|f=ln= gS;fn eujlt jfxn, sf7df8f}+

#@)=

>L afudtL Knfi6Ls O{=k|f=ln= Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

#$$= >L n8{ a'4 Ph'sz ] g Ps]8d] L ln= g]kfnu+h, af+s]

#@!=

>L afudtL kf]ln6«Ls O{=k|f=ln= Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

#$%=

>L Snfl;s 8fod08 Hj]n;{ x/Lx/ ejg, nlntk'/

#@@=

>L g]kfn :of6]nfO{6 6]lnsd k|f=ln= l;tfxf]6n sDKn]S;, yfkfynL rf]s, sf7df8f}+

#$^=

>L s;d; l;d]G6 O08li6«h k|f=ln= nfhLDkf6, sf7df8f}+

#@#=

>L 6«fG;j]N8 g]kfn k|f=ln= wfkf;L uf=lj=;=–^, sf7df8f}+

#$&= >L Snfl;s 8]enk;{ k|f=ln= x/Lx/ ejg, nlntk'/

#@$=

>L 8fpg 6fpg xfplh· sDkgL k|f=ln= lqk'/Z] j/–!!, sf7df8f}+

#$*= >L kmdf{sf] O08li6«h k|f=ln= If]qkf6L{, sf7df8f}+

#@%=

>L k]m08;\ ckm j/fDrL O{Ge]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= 7"nf] e¥of·, :joDe"–!%

#$(=

>L Pl;og kmdf{:o'l6sN; k|f=ln= k8\;/L uf=lj=;= (, ?kGb]xL

#@^=

>L o"lgs xfO{8n ] sDkgL k|f=ln= 7"nf] e¥of·, :joDe"–!%

#%)=

>L d]l8d]6 kmdf{:o"l6sN; k|f=ln= ^! g'Kt;] dfu{, zflGtgu/, afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

#@&=

>L j/fDrL OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= 7"nf] e¥of·, :joDe"–!%

#%!=

>L nf]d; xa]g{ /] Lof k|f=ln= sf7df8f}+

#@*=

>L ;'kL| d /a/ O{08li6«h ejfgLk'/ hLtk'/ uf=lj=;=–# af/f

#%@=

>L lzv/ ljQLo ;+:yf ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

#@(=

>L k|l] i6h n'k d]6;\ O{=k|f=ln= /fdk'/6f]sgL uf=lj=;, af/f

#%#=

>L lzv/ OG:of]/G] ; s+= ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

##)=

>L gf]an ] 6]S;6fO{N; k|f=ln= /fdk'/6f]sgL uf=lj=;, af/f

#%$=

>L lqmi6n kmfO{gfG; ln=-ljQLo ;+:yf_ rfO{gf6fg ;lk· ;]G6/ afub/jf/, sf7df8f}+

##!=

>L ds{G6fOn PS:r]Gh g]kfn ln= s[i0f6fj/, gof+ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

#%%=

>L uf]/vf kmfOgfG; lnld6]8 @! zflGtdfu{, xflQ;f/, sf7df8f}+

##@=

>L b sDkm6{ xfplh· k|f=ln= l6=l;=Pr=6fj/ @, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+

#%^=

>L Sj]i6 kmdf{:o"l6sN; k|f=nL lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

###=

>L /fhwfgL OGe]i6d]06 km08 ln= afn'jf6f/ j8f g+= $, gof+j:tL dfu{–#)#, sf7df8f}+

#%&=

>L leaf]/ ljsf; j}s + ln= lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

##$=

>L Pe/]i6 Uof; pBf]u k|f=ln= rfngfv]n %, vx/], sf7df8f}+

#%*=

>L /f]on dr]G{ 6 a}ls· P08 kmfOgfG; ln= b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

##%=

>L ;jf]b{ o cgnfO{g ljhg]z dfs]l{ 6· k|f=ln ;'ljwfgu/ #%, sflGt'/ dfu{

#%(=

>L l8«D; Soflk6n lnld6]8 sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !!, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

##^=

>L lah'nL ahf/ sDkgL -k|f_ ln= sf=d=kf= !! afub/jf/, ;'Gwf/f, sf7df8f}+

#^)=

>L klZrdf~rn 8]enkd]G6 a}s + ln= a'6jn gu/ kflnsf * k'iknfn kfs{

#^!=

>L Soflk6n dr]G{ 6 a}l+ s· P08 kmfOgfG; ln= alQ;k'tnL (, sf7df8f}+

#*%=

>L wf}nflu/L ljhg]z ln+s k|f=ln= a6' @$, sf7df8f}+

#^@=

>L ODk]l/on kmfOgfG; ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

#*^=

>L g]kfn o'lge;{n lk|lG6· xfp; sf7df8f}+ k|f=ln= sf7df8f}+ #@, l8NnLahf/

#^#=

>L k|fOd sdl;{on a}s + ln= sf=d=g=kf= @$, Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

#*&=

>L ;"o{ Pu|f] wfOhg !, emfkf

#^$=

>L l/nfoG; kmfOgfG; lnld6]8 k|bz{gL dfu{ , sf7df8f}+

#**= >L lxdfnog xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

#^%=

>L ;"ob{ z{g kmfOgfG; s+ ln= gof+ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

#*(=

>L p lzj zlQm k|;] sf7df8f}+ #!, afuahf/

#^^=

>L u|fd] f]/ dr]G{ 6 a}s + / ln= b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

#()=

>L l8=Pd=P;=a'6 O08li6«h k|f=ln= anDj' uf=lj=; @, sf7df8f}+

#^&=

>L Gff/fo0fL 8]enkd]G6 a}s + ln= /Tggu/ gu/ kflnsf ! ;f}/fxfrf]s, lrtjg

#(!=

>L lemd?s ljsf; j}s + lnld6]8 wdf{jtL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! jfUb'nf

#^*=

>L l;len dr]G{ 6 ljQLo ;+:yf ln= sf=d=g=kf= !$, s'nZ] j/, sf7df8f}+

#(@=

>L df?tL l;d]G6\; ln= rGb|pbok'/, l;/fxf

#^(=

>L n'lDjgL hg/n OG:of]/G] ; s+=ln= 1fg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

#(#=

>L a'6jn l;d]G6 ldN; k|f=ln lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

#&)=

>L g]zgn x]Ny s]o/ k|f=ln= 5ftflkk/f uf=lj=; #, lj/u+h

#($=

>L sfdgf ljsf; a}s + ln= n]vgfy &, n]vgfy

#&!=

>L dflnsf ljsf; a}s + ln= wgu9L gu/ kflnsf s}nfnL

#(%=

>L l;4fy{ j}s + ln= xflQ;f/, sf7df8f}+

#&@=

>L l;4fy{ 8]enkd]G6 a}s + ln= sf7df8f}+ #%, ltgs'g]

#(^=

>L eQmk'/ O{6f tyf 6fon pBf]u k|f=ln= huftL, l;kf8f]n uf=lj=;= eQmk'/

#&#=

>L atf; P;f]l;o6;\ k|f=ln= sf=d=g=kf= ! u}/Lwf/, sf7df8f}+

#(&=

>L k"jf{~rn u|fld0f ljsf; j}s + ln lj/f6gu/ !@, df]/ª

#&$= >L Unf]jn lu|g Sdo'lg6L 8]enk;{ k|f=ln= kf]=j=g+= (%^@, sf7df8f}+

#(*=

>L g]kfn 8]l/e]l6e PS;r]Gh ln= ltgs'g,] ;'ljwfgu/, sf7df8f}+

#&%=

>L g]kfn j]nxf]k Plu| 6]s -k|f=_ ln= e/tk'/ !#, sNof0fk'/, lrtjg

#((=

>L g]zgn l;lns]6 O{08li6«h lj/f6gu/ @ ltgk}gL, df]/ª

#&^=

>L s|h ] L Pdo"hd]G6 k|f=ln= sdn kf]v/L l;6L ;]G6/, sf7df8f}+

$))=

>L g]zgn kf]lnd/ P08 s]ldsn O{ lj/f6gu/ @ ltgk}gL, df]/ª

#&&=

>L s]zf xfplh· k|f=ln= k'/fgf] afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

$)!=

>L Pl;of s]ldsn sDkgL -k|f=_ ln= lj/f6gu/ @, ltgk}gL, df]/ª

#&*=

>L ufoqL xfO8«f] kfj/ k|f=ln= k'/fgf] afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

$)@= >L ;f]lelgo/ OGe]i6d]G6 sDkgL k|f=ln= dxf/fhu+h #, sf7df8f}+

#&(=

>L zDz]/ P08 u+ufb]lj 6L O{i6]6 k|f=ln= cgf/dgL ! a'§fjf/L, ljtf{df]8, emfkf

$)#=

#*)=

>L >L sGsfO{ dfO{ sTyf pBf]u k|f=ln rf/kfg] $ emfkf

$)$= >L Sna jfudtL k|f=ln= vfkL @ l;kf8f]n, eQmk'/

#*!=

>L lu/L aGw' 6L:6]6 k|f=ln cgf/dgL ! a'§fjf/L ljtf{df]8, emfkf

$)%= >L g]kfn 8fod08 sDkgL k|f=ln= Go"/f]8 Ko"vf @$, sf7df8f}+

#*@=

>L cljrn cf]e/;Lh k|f=ln= dxf/fhu+h #, sf7df8f}+

$)^= >L cf/=la=u'k| k|f=ln= Go"/f]8 Ko"vf @$, sf7df8f}+

#*#=

>L P /f]n k|f=ln= u}l/wf/f, sf7df8f}+

$)&= >L >Ls[i0f Uof; pBf]u k|f=ln= sn+sL !$, sf7df8f}+

#*$= >L Plzof klJns]zg k|f=ln= sf7df8f}+ #!, afuahf/

>L ldl8of xj k|f=ln= lgn;/:jtL dfu{ ^(( nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+

$)*= >L sdf]l8l6h P08 d]6n PS;r]~h g]kfn ln= sf]dg] Knfhf, nfnb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ 71

$)(= >L P8efG;8 kf]ln lSnlgs nflhDkf6, kflgkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

$##=

>L lxdfn kfj/ lnld6]8 emD;Lv]n, nlntk'/

$!)=

>L g]zgn xfO8«f] kfj/ s+=ln= cgfdgu/ #@, sf7df8f}+

$#$= >L >L l;d]G6;\ O08li6«h k|f=ln= lj/u~h—(, k;f{

$!!=

>L cf/=jL= 8fod08 Hj]n;{ Go"/f]8 @$, sf7df8f}+

$#%=

>L sn]h km/ k|fk] m] :gn :68Lh d}tLb]lj, sf7df8f}+

$!@=

>L l;Gw' l/on :6]6 sDkgL afg]Zj/ #$, sf7df8f}+

$#^=

>L /fh]z xf8{jo] ;{ 6]s,' jfUdtL r]Da;{, sf7df8f}+

$!#=

>L cfbz{gu/ xfplh· s+=k|f=ln= kml;s]j, sf7df8f}+

$#&= >L sf]zL k]6f« ] s]ldsN; k|f=ln xflQd'9f—&, df]/ª

$!$= >L Ogf]el] 6e sG;]K6 g]kfn k|f=ln= cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+

$#*= >L klZrdf~rn kmfOgfG; sDkgL lnld6]8 sf7df8f}+ Knfhf, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

$!%=

>L jN8{ dr]G{ 6 a}ls· P08 kmfOgfG; lnld6]8 k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

$#(=

$!^=

>L d'lQmgfy ljsf; j}s + ln= k[YjLrf]s kf]v/f

$$)= >L lxdtfn xfO8«fk] fj/ sDkgL -k|f=_ ln= s]n6f]n—@&, sf7df8f}+

>L P;=aL= sDkgL k|f=ln= Or+ug' f/fo0f—^, sf7df8f}+

$!&= >L /]Gjf] cf]e/l;h k|f=ln= afg]Zj/ !), sf7df8f}+

$$!= >L lh=Pd=cf/ ck/ s0ff{nL xfO{8f« k] fj/ lnld6]8, rfs'kf—!), nlntk'/

$!*= >L ;]Gr'/L sdl;{on j}s + ln= k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

$$@= >L >L kz'klt On]S6«fl] gS; k|f=ln= k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

$!(=

$$#= >L g]kfn :k6 PS;r]Gh ln= ;fgf] uf}r/0f, 1fg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

>L ;u/dfyf kfj/ s+= k|f=ln= gS;fn gfukf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

$@)= >L d]3f j}s + g]kfn lnld6]8 sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

$$$= >L sdh{ P08 6«;6 a}s + g]kfn ln= tLgwf/f /f]8—!, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

$@!=

$$%= >L sflGtk'/ 8]G6n sn]h l6lr· xl:k6n P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/ k|f=ln=

>L o'gfO6]8 ljhg]z u|k' k|f=ln= kf]=j=g+= @%$)^, sf7df8f}+

$@@= >L /fhwfgL Uof“; O=k|f=ln= k|bz{gL dfu{, k'tln;8s

$$^= >L ç Uof+; pBf]u k|f=ln= e"ld:yfg—(, wflbª

$@#=

$$&= >L ls;fg kfOk k|f=ln ef]6a] xfn, sf7df8f}+

>L l;len ckf{6d]G6 k|f=ln= ;f]N6Ldf]8 !#sf7df8f}+

$@$= >L l;len xf]D; k|f=ln= ;f]N6Ldf]8 !#sf7df8f}+

$$*= >L ljdn u'k| ckm O08li6«h k|f=ln= ef]6a] xfn, sf7df8f}+

$@%= >L l;len O:6]6;\ k|f=ln= ;f]N6Ldf]8 !#sf7df8f}+

$$(= >L lgnaf/fxL lkmNd k|f=ln= sflnsf:yfg, sf7df8f}+

$@^= >L l;len OGk|mf:6Sr/ 8]enk;{ k|f=ln= ;f]N6Ldf]8 !#sf7df8f}+

$%)= >L l8lh6n l;g]df g]kfn k|f=ln= zf]ef sDKn]S;, sdnkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

$@&= >L lxdfnog 6]lnlehg g]6js{ k|f=ln= dWo jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

$%!=

$@*= >L ah{/ h]G;g P08 lgsN;g -g]kfn_ k|f=ln= ah{/ xfp;–$(@, ltgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

$%@= >L l6=P;=Pg= Knfi6s]o/ O08li6«h k|f=ln= l6=P;=Pg= sDKn]S;, dLgejg, sf7df8f}+

$@(= >L b l/e/ cf]e/l;h k|f=ln= aQL;k'tnL sf7df8f}+

$%#=

$#)=

>L lt?dfnf Knfli6s O08li6« k|f=ln= ;t'u+ n, sf7df8f}+

$%$= >L a/fx Hj]n/L O08li6«h k|f=ln= (& Go"/f]8u]6—@@ sf7df8f}+

$#!=

>L >L l/l4 l;l4 Hj]n;{ ljzfnahf/, k;n g+= !) / !, sf7df8f}+

$%%= >L:sfO{ cf]e/l;h ;le{;h ] k|f=ln= dxf/fhu~h, rqmky—#, sf7df8f}+

$#@=

>L vh'/Lsf] g]kfn k|f=ln= rfkfufp+—(, nlntk'/

$%^= >L :sfO{ xfO{ j] 6«feN; P08 6';{ k|f=ln= dxf/fhu~h—$, sf7df8f}+

>L ljzfn l;d]G6 O08li6«h k|f=ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

>L dfp06 k'd/L Po/ sfuf{] k|f=ln= sf=d=g=kf= @(, 7d]n, sf7df8f}+

$%&= >L lSng OghL{ 8]enkd]G6 j}s + = ln= l;tfkfOnf !, sf7df8f}+

$*!= >L efog]6 sDo"lgs]zg k|f=ln= hfjnfv]n nlntk'/

$%*= >L dfp08 Pe]/i] 6 a|c ' /L k|f=ln= lj0ff r]Dj/, k|bz{gLdfu{, sf7df8f}+

$*@= >L Pr=P;=Pn= Soflk6N; 7"nf] e¥ofª—!%, sf7df8f}+

$%(= >L ;f]gfk'/ l;d]G6;\ k|f=ln= afafs[i0f Knfhf kf+rf] tnf, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

$*#= >L Pr=P;=Pn= sG;6«S;g 7"nf] e¥ofª—!%, sf7df8f}+

$^)= >L eb|sfnL /f]lhg P08 6g{G] 6fOg O08li6«h k|f=ln= afafs[i0f Knfhf kf+rf] tnf, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

$*$= >L cf+v' xfO8«f] kfj/ 7"nf] e¥ofª—!%, sf7df8f}+

$^!=

$*%= >L sflnu08sL uh{ xfO8«f] kfj/ 7"nf] e¥ofª—!%, sf7df8f}+

>L uf]/vsfnL l;d]G6 pBf]u k|f=ln= afafs[i0f Knfhf kf+rf] tnf, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

$^@= >L c>L Hj]n;{ k|f=ln= Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

$*^= >L ;f+lu|nf Odk]S; k|f=ln= nf]slk|o dfu{—*%, sf7df8f}+

$^#=

$*&= >L gf/fo0fL /f]6f]df]N8 O{= k|f=ln= rf/vfn, sf7df8f}+

>L l/nfoan kmfOgfG; lnld6]8 afub/af/, sf7df8f}+

$^$= >L lzjf kf]lnd;{ O{=k|f=ln= sf7df8f}+

$**= >L lqzlQm Oge]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+

$^%= >L ljdn d]6n O08li6«h k|f=ln= cf}Bf]lus IF]q —!#, g]kfnu~h

$*(= >L P:sf] g]kfn k|f=ln= rf/vfn, sf7df8f}+

$^^= >L ljgf]b d]6n O08li6«h k|f=ln= cf}Bf]lus IF]q —!#, g]kfnu~h

$()= >L ;f+lu|nf 8]enk;{ k|f=ln= l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+

$^&= >L jiff{ l/;fOlSn· O08li6«h k|f=ln cf}Bf]lus IF]q —!#, g]kfnu~h

$(!=

$^*= >L l/l4l;l4 OG6/k|fOh]h k|f=ln= ax'c/L—^, af/f

$(@= >L ;f+lu|nf /f]kj]h k|f=ln= rf/vfn, l8NnLahf/

$^(= >L sG;fO{ k]G6;\ g]kfn k|f=ln= lnkgL ljtf{ uf=lj=;= % / ^, k;f{

$(#=

$&)= >L g]kfn zflndf/ l;d]G6 k|f=ln= lkk/f, l;d/f—%, af/f

$($= >L lqzlQm jfo/ O{= k|f=ln= e/tk'/—#, lrtjg

$&!= >L g]kfn zflndf/ d]6N; k|f=ln= lj/u~h p=d=g=kf=!#, cfbz{gu/, k;f{

$(%= >L lqzlQm 8]enk;{ k|f=ln= nf]slk|o dfu{—*%

$&@= >L P;=cf/=8«u Nofa/f]6f]l/h k|f=ln= ;t'u+ n, sf7df8f}+

$(^= >L lqzlQm l;d]G6 O{= k|f=ln= rf/vfn, sf7df8f}+

$&#= >L cgs sG;i6«S;g s+=k|f=ln= ;fg]kf, nlntk'/

$(&= >L lqzlQm OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= rf/vfn, sf7df8f}+

$&$= >L /fdf 6]S;6fOn O=k|f=ln= lj/u~h

$(*= >L blIf0fsfnL dfO{ kfj/ sDkgL sf=d=g=kf= !%, sf7df8f}+

$&%= >L qmfpg 6]S;6fOn O=k|f=ln= lj/u~h

$((= >L l/UbL xfO8«f] kfj/ :joDe' 7"nf] e¥ofª !%

$&^= >L o; OG6/g]zgn cfb{zgu/, jL/u~h

%))=

>L lna6L{ OghL{ sDkgL ln= yfkfynL—!!, sf7df8f}+

$&&= >L df]lxt km'8 k|f8] S6 jL/u~h—!#, /fdu8jf

%)!=

>L j[xt 8]enk;{ P08 laN8;{ k|f=ln= 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

$&*= >L df]lxt Pu|f] O08li6«h jL/u~h—!#, /fdu8jf

%)@=

>L :joDe' xf]6N; P08 ckf6{dG] 6\; 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

$&(= >L cflzif /fO{; ldn cfb{zgu/, jL/u~h

%)#=

>L kfof]lgo/ 8]enk;{ P08 ljN8;{ 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

$*)= >L lkm:6]n Po/ k|f=ln= tLgs'g—] #% sf]6Z] j/

%)$= >L Pr=;;=Pn= sDKn]S; k|f=ln= 7"nf] e¥ofª—!%

>L Jn' l:k|8 leNnf k|f=ln= rf/vfn, l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+

>L l8df]G6 8]G6n lSnlgs k|f=ln= l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+

%)%=

>L sdnf kf]lnlyg P08 Knfli6s O08li6«h k|f=ln= -dWo jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f} ._ d'hl] nof, wg'iff, hgsk'/

%@(=

>L nIdL :6LN; k|f=ln= j8f g+= #%, ;'ljwfgu/, sf]6Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

%)^=

>L cfo{g :s'n k|f=ln= dWo jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f}

%#)=

>L P;=lh=jN8{ k|f=ln= j8f g+= #%, ;'ljwfgu/, sf]6Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

%)&=

l;len Soflk6n dfs{6] ln= sdnfbL—#@, sf7df8f}+

%#!=

>L z'e >L hubDaf 8]enk;{ k|f=ln= j8f g+= #%, ;'ljwfgu/, sf]6Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

%)*=

>L l/rfd{ k|f=ln= sdnkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

%#@=

>L hubDaf km'8;\ k|f;] l] ;· k|f=ln= j8f g+= #%, ;'ljwfgu/, sf]6Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

%)(=

>L d]l86]l/og ln+s xf]N8U;\ k|f=ln= emf]5,+] cf]daxfn, sf7df8f}+

%##=

>L uf]on d]6n O08li6«h k|f=ln= j8f g+= ^, yfgsf]6, uf=lj=;=M dxfb]j:yfg, sf7df8f}+

%!)=

>L j]nsd P8e/6fOlh· P08 dfs{l] 6· k|f=ln j8f= g+= #$, eLd;]guf]nf, k'/fgf] afg]Zj/

%#$=

>L hubDaf l:klg· ldN; k|f=ln= j8f g+= $, j/]af, uf=lj=;=M sdl/of, ?kGb]xL

%!!=

>L j]nsd 8]enk;{ sDkgL k|f=ln= j8f= g+= #$, eLd;]guf]nf, k'/fgf] afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

%#%=

>L hubDaf cf]e/l;h k|f=ln j8f g+= #%, ;'ljwfgu/, tLgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

%!@=

>L s}nfzklt s+lqm6 d]6l] /on k|f=ln= 3/ g+=—, j8f g+= !!, yfgfe¥ofª, x]6f}8f, dsjfgk'/

%#^=

>L P;=lh=Unf]an k|f=ln j8f g+= #%, ;'ljwfgu/, tLgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

%!#=

>L ldgfIfL k|f8] S6\; g]kfn k|f=ln= j8f g+= &, d'nL{ au}r + f, jL/u~h, k;f{

%#&=

>L z+s/ ;]Gy]l6S; k|f=ln= j8f g+= @#, u+ufky, tLgs'g] sf7df8f}+

%!$=

>L lqj]0fL l;GkofS; k|f=ln= j8f g+= #!, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

%#*=

>L hubDaf km'8;\ k|f=ln= j8f g+= $, l;4fy{gu/, ?kGb]xL

%!%=

>L lqj]0fL l:klg· ldN; k|f=ln= j8f g+= #!, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

%#(=

>L kmf];{ sG:6«S;g P08 Pzf]l;o6\; k|f=ln= j8f g+= #%, tLgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

%!^=

>L uf}/Lz+s/ Uof+; pBf]u k|f=ln= j8f g+= #@, sflnsf:yfg, sf7df8f}+

%$)= >L rGb|flu/L lxN;\=ln= j8f g+= #), hdn, sf7df8f}+

%!&=

>L 3f]/fxL l;d]G6 O08li6«h k|f=ln= j8f g+= #!, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+

%$!=

%!*=

>L clUg l;d]G6 O08li6«h k|f=ln= j8f g+= !$, s'nZ] j/, ljZjljBfno ky, sf7df8f}+

%$@= >L xfyj] Oge]i6d]06 g]kfn lnld6]8 j8f g+= #), hdn, sf7df8f}+

%!(=

>L P=Pg=P;=lqmo;g k|f=ln= j8f g+= !), yfkfufp+, gof+jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

%$#=

%@)=

>L cfO{=Pd=P;= 6]ln 6fOd g]kfn k|f=ln= j8f g+= $, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

%$$= >L ;f}/e lrof pBf]u k|f=ln= sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=— ##, 1fg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

%@!=

>L O{G6Lu|6] 8] df]ljln6L ;f]n;' G; k|f=ln= sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

%$%= >L cfO{=Pn=Pkm=l;=cf]= dfOqmf] kmfOgfG; ljlQo ;+:yf ln= sf=d=g=kf=—&, r'Rr]kf6L

%@@=

>L Pn=cfO{=df]6;{ k|f=ln= j8f g+= !), a'4rf]s, kf]v/f

%$^= >L dxfsfnL ;'u/ O08li6«h k|f=ln= lzjgu/, s~rgk'/

%@#=

>L g]kfn lrof ljsf; lgud lnld6]8 j8f g+= !, w'nfjf/L, d]rLgu/

%$&= >L cfO{=Pd=O{ u|k' k|f=ln= j8f g+= #, kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

>L dgsfdgf 8]enkd]G6 a}s + lnld6]8 cGgk"0f{ cfs{8] , b/jf/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

%@$= >L cDa] l;d]G6\; k|f=ln= j8f g+= ^, lnkgL ljtf{

%$*= >L cfO{=Pd=O{ clS;hg k|f=ln= j8f g+= %, rknL eb|sfnL, sf7df8f}+

%@%=

>L :df6{ km'8 P08 :GofS; k|f=ln= s'k08f]n—!!, nlntk'/

%$(= >L tfdfª sG:6«S;g k|f=ln= j8f g+= (, l;tfkfOnf, sf7df8f}+

%@^=

>L cfO{=+ Pd=O{= c6f]df]l6E; k|f=ln= j8f g+= #, kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

%%)=

>L l/;f];h ]{ lxdfnof a'l6s l/;f]6{ k|f=ln= j8f g+= !%, :joDe', sf7df8f}+

%@&=

>L z'e >L hubDaf l;d]G6 ldN;\ k|f=ln= rf]lg{—$, k;f{

%%!=

>L cuf{lgs df]8n len]h P08 Pu|f] l/;r{ k|f=ln= j8f g+= !%, :joDe', sf7df8f}+

%%@=

>L lbJo KnfO{ pBf]u k|f=ln= j8f g+= !@, ds{af/L, led]Zj/ gu/kflnsf, bf]nvf

%@*= >L hubDaf l6 k|f;] l] ;· k|f=ln= -j8f g+= @%, sf7df8f}_+ eb|k/' gu/kflnsf—$ emfkf 74

>L ;gL ;]So"l/l6h sDkgL lnld6]8 j8f g+= #), hdn, sf7df8f

%%#=

>L s0ff{nL l8li6n/L k|f=ln= j8f g+= @, vh'/fv'b,{ af+s]

%&&= >L Hof]lt >L g]kfn k|f=ln= lqk/]Zj/—!!, sf7df8f}+

%%$= >L l;Nj/ lSjg j8f g+= @%, ljzfnahf/, sf7df8f}+

%&*= >L ;D;/f l/;f]6{ -xf]6n_ k|f=ln= 7d]n—@(, sf7df8f}+

%%%=

>L >L afnfhL 8fod08 j8f g+= @%, k;n g+= $, ljzfnahf/, sf7df8f}+

%&(=

>L cfnf:sf c6f]df]afON;\ k|f=ln= cgf/dgL—#, zlgZr/] /f]8, ljtf{df]8, emfkf

%%^=

>L lxdfnog kfj/ kf6{g/ k|f=ln= j8f g+= #, dxf/fhu~h, sf7df8f}+

%*)=

>L Pe/]i6 n]b/ O08li6«h k|f=ln= k/jfgLk'/—#, /fdk'/ 6f]sgL, af/f

%%&=

>L l:km\6 6]Sgf]nf]lh k|f=ln= 3/ g+= @!(, j8f g+= #), sflGtky, sf7df8f}+

%*!=

>L ho dftfbL l;Ne/ Kofn]; sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= @%, z'qmky, sf7df8f}+

%%*= >L c3f{vf+rL l;d]G6; k|f=ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

%*@= >L ho dftfbL uf]N8 Kofn]; sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= @%, z'qmky, sf7df8f}+

%%(=

>L ;'lk|d l;d]G6; k|f=ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

%*#=

%^)=

>L ;jf{Q ] d l;d]G6 k|f=ln= sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= #%, tLgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

*%$= >L l;6L a:tL ljsf; sDkgL k|f=ln= sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !#, zf]lN6df]8, sf7df8f}+

%^!=

>L hubDaf jfo;{ k|f=ln= 3/ g+= v.@.@$$, j8f g+= @@, u+ufky, sf7df8f}+

%*%= >L l;len u'k| k|f=ln= sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !#, zf]lN6df]8, sf7df8f}+

%^@=

>L gfsf;' Ol~hlgol/· k|f=ln= afnfh', sf7df8f}+

%*^= >L l;len dr{G] 6 Oge]i6d]G6 sDkgL ln= j8f g+= !$, s'nZ] j/, sf7df8f}+

%^#=

>L OG6/g]zgn a'lnog 6]l« 8· sf=d=g=kf j8f g+= #), dxfaf}4, sf7df8f}+

%*&= >L uxgf u[x Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

>L /~hgf 6]8« ;]G6/ sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= @$, Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

%^$= >L Ola;' Hj]n;{ ;]G6/ k|f=ln= sf=d=g=kf j8f g+= !, b/af/dfu{, sf7df8f}+

%**= >L Pe/]i6 ck]/N; O08li6«h j8f g+= #$, k'/fgf] jfg]Zj/, b]jsf]6f ;8s,sf7df8f}+

%^%=

>L l;Ne/ EofnL OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= j8f g+= #!, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

%*(= >L cDa] l:6N; k|f=ln= 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

%^^=

>L P;=cf/=P08 ;G;\ 3/ g+= @$^, j8f g+= @%, Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

%()=

>L j}i0fj kmfOj/ Unf; O08li6«h j8f g+= $, hf]/kf6L, sf7df8f}+

%^&= >L HjfnfhL 6]8« ;{ 3/ g+= k;n g+= @$^, j8f g+= @%, ljzfnahf/, sf7df8f}+

%(!=

>L o"lg6]s l;d]G6 k|f=ln= j8f g+= !@÷6]s,' sf7df8f}+

%^*= >L ;f}/e kmf]6f] OG6/g]zgn sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= ##, 1fg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

%(@=

>L /fh]z 6]8« ln+S;\ 3/ g+= s!$$, j8f g+= !!, 6]s'

%^(=

>L ;jf{Q ] d ldg/N; k|f=ln= sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= #%, Gof}kfg] 6fj/, tLgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

%(#=

>L /fh]z ;lg6/L j]o/ j8f g+= !@ 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

%&)=

>L OG6/g]zgn uf]N8 P08 l;Ne/ k|f=ln= sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !, gfukf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

%($= >L hubDaf kmnfd 6]8« ;{ j8f g+= %, jL/u~h, k;f{

%&!=

>L ;okqL -d]/Luf]N8_ Hjn;{ sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= @@, Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

%(%=

>L Unf]jn cfOPdO{ SofkL6n ln= j8f g+= #), hdn, sf7df8f}+

%&@=

>L ;f]lelgo/ jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= j8f g+= #, a;'Gw/f, sf7df8f}+

%(^=

>L g]kfn d]uf sn]h P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/ k|f=ln= j8f g+= !!, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+

%&#=

>L uf]N8 :k6 k|f=ln= j8f g+= @%, *÷$*, dvg6f]n, sf7df8f}+

%(&=

>L xf]6n :g]xf k|f=ln= ;'vt{] /f]8, g]kfnu~h

%&$= >L Osf] l8hfOg Hj]n/L j8f g+=—@$, Go"/f]8 u]6, 3/]n' ejg, sf7df8f}+

%(*= >L eL=P;=Ph'sz ] g kmfp08];g k|f=ln= sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= M #$, dLgejg, sf7df8f}+

%&%=

%((=

>L u0fklt k|lti7fg k|f=ln= j8f g+= !, v'dn6f/, Wffkfv]n, nlntk'/

^))=

>L dfOqmf] a}s + / g]kfn k|f=ln= !%*—lgd{n nfdf dfu{, gof+ ahf/

>L sf]/n lj8\; O08li6«h k|f=ln= j8f g+= !!, ;'gufefdfu{, sf7df8f}+

%&^= >L Ozfg OGkmf]l;; k|f=ln= j8f g+= @(, ;fdfv';L dxfgu/kflnsf, sf7df8f}+

^)!=

>L lu|g lxn l;6L k|f=ln= ltgs'g—] #%, sf7df8f}+

^@%=

>L Sjfln6L km'8 P08 :GofS; O= k|=ln= -sfa/f u'k| _, lj/f6gu/

^)@=

>L dgf]h Uof+; pBf]u k|f=ln= >Lk'/—!^, jL/u~h

^@^=

>L lnl6n PGhN; :s'n xflQjg—!%, nlntk'/

^)#=

>L s[i0f :6Ln O08li6«h k|f=ln= cfbz{gu/—!#, jL/u~h

^@&=

>L sflnsf sG:6«S;g k|f=ln= afn'j' f6f/—$, sf7df8f}+

^)$= >L k"jf{~rn No"j cfon k|f=ln= lj/f6rf}s, OGb|k/' —#, df]/ª

^@*= >L lkkN; 8]06n sn]h P08 xl:k6n k|f=ln= Affnfh' k'n — !^, sf7df8f}+

^)%=

>L Snf]h/ l;i6d\; OG6/g]zgn g]kfn k|f=ln= Kn6 g+= @%, x]6f}8f cf}Bf]lus IF]q, x]6f}8f

^@(=

>L gf]an ] d]l8sn sn]h l6lr· xl:k6n k|f=ln= S~rgaf/L—%, lj/f6gu/

^)^=

>L gf/fo0fL /f]ln· ldN; k|f=ln= cfb{zgu/—!#, jL/u~h

^#)=

>L;fx; xfO8«f] kfj/ sDkgL ln= ;fdfv'zL—@(, sf7df8f}+

^)&=

>L :6f/ l;d]G6 pBf]u k|f=ln= cfb{zgu/—!#, jL/u~h

^#!=

>L Knfl6gd xf]6n k|f=ln ;f]N6L df]8, sf7df8f}+

^)*=

>L lvn'ª sflnsf Ph'sz ] g kmfp08]zg k|f=ln= lvn'ª, b]p/fnL—(, :ofªhf

^#@=

>L 6«8] ln+s Unf]jn k|f=ln aa/dxn-dfOlt3/_ sf7df8f}+

^)(=

>L Pe/]i6 sn]h ckm d]l8sn ;fOG;]h k|f=ln= sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

^##=

>L ef]6s ] f]zL kfj/ s+=k|f=ln= tfxfrn,sf7df8f}+

^!)=

>L o"lge;{n OlGi6Ro"6 P8efG; :6l8h P08 l/;r{ k|f=ln= sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

^#$=

Pdlj k]6f« n ] No"j O{=k|f=ln= sdnfbL ;8s, sf7df8f}+

^!!=

>L u08sL d]l8sn l6lr· xl:k6n l/;r{ ;]G6/ k|f=ln= kf]v/f pk dxfgu/kflnsf— )(, Go"/f]8

^#%=

l;len a}s + lnld6]8 sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

^!@=

>L lxdfn /]lk|mlh/]zg P08 On]lS6«sn O08li6«h k|f=ln= 6]s' /f]8, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

^#^=

;f+uL| nf k|m] 6 k|f=ln= 7d]n, eujfg jxfn—@(, sf7df8f}+

^!#=

>L lu|g nfO{km O{ghL{ k|f=ln= PsfGts'gf, nlntk'/

^#&=

s]=eL= cf]e/;Lh dfs]l{ 6· k|f=ln= k'tln;8s, sf7df8f}+

^!$=

>L af]Da' 8]enkd]G6 k|f=ln= j8f g+= — $, w'Daf/fxL, sf7df8f}+

^#*=

lxdfno cg6k cuf{lgs slkm :6]6 k|f=ln= gnfª—$ wflb·

^!%=

>L k|e' ljsf; j}s + ln= ljh'nLjhf/, sf7df8f}+

^#(=

k|fGhnL sfk]6{ O{08li6«h\ hf]/kf6L—^, sf7df8f}+

^!^=

>L g]r/ lg6 k|f=ln= af}4, dxf+sfn—^, sf7df8f}+

^$)= lk=Pkm=Pn=nlhli6S; k|f=ln= uf]n8'·f—!, sf7df8f}+

^!&=

>L ç kmdf{:o"l6sN; Nofj k|f=ln= Gff/fo0flx6L b/af/sf] klZrd u]6, sf7df8f}+

^$!=

^!*=

>L o'gfO{68] df]bL xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= dfkmf{ xfp;, cgfdgu/, sf7df8f},+ g]kfn

^$@= cjf{g cN6/g]l6e OghL{ k|f=ln= sdnkf]v/L wf]jLwf/f, sf7df8f}+

^!(=

>L l;k|bL cy{de ' ;{ k|f=ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}d+ f

^$#=

^@)=

>L l;k|bL c6f]kf6;{ k|f=ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}d+ f

^$$= jf]6n;{ g]kfn -t/fO{_ lnld6]8 e/tk'/—(, lrtjg

^@!=

>L l;k|bL P:of]8{ k|f=ln= yfkynL, sf7df8f}d+ f

^$%= o'lge;{n ljª;\ dfs]l{ 6ª ;]G6/ k|f=ln lqk'/Z] j/—!!, sf7df8f}+

^@@=

>L l;k|bL OghL{ k|f=ln= yfkynL, sf7df8f}d+ f

^$^= hgtf s]an ' O08li6«h k|f=ln= tfxfuNnL, ;'Gw/f, sf7df8f}+

^@#=

>L la=la= Po/j]h k|f=ln gfukf]v/L gS;fn, sf7df8f}d+ f

^$&= 8Nnfsf]6L kf]N6«L kmd{ r}gk'/ —@, lrtjg

^@$= >L xf]6n ;f+lu|nf k|f=ln= nflhDkf6, j8f g+= @, sf7df8f}+ 76

g]kfn lxn6k O{=k|f=ln dgd}h—' ^, sf7df8f}+

PgPnhL OG:of]/G] ; sDkgL lnld6]8 kfgLkf]v/L, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+

^$*= Pr KnfG6 k|f=ln= PsfGts'gf—!#, nlntk'/

^$(= So'd8] kmd{n " z ] g k|f=ln= afj'/fd cfrfo{ ;8s, l;gfd+un, sf7df8f}+

^&#=

>L ;f]kfg dlN6kn sDkgL lnld6]8 ;fg]kf—@, nlntk'/

^%)=

>L /fwL ljB't sDkgL lnld6]8= lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

^&$= >L df?tL kf]nLd;{ O08li6«h k|f=ln= /fgLjf/L—#, sf7df8f}+

^%!=

>L bf]bL{ vf]nf hn ljB't sDkgL lnld6]8= lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

^&%= >L /f]on k'm6j]o/ O08li6«h k|f=ln= Ko'vf—@$, sf7df8f}+

^%@=

>L ;f+uL| nf 8]enkd]G6 a}s + ln= afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}+

^&^= >L df?tL z' O08li6«h k|f=ln= /fgLjf/L—#, sf7df8f}+

^%#=

>L PnfO{8 6«8] ln+s OG6/g];gn k|f=ln = jj/dxn—!!, sf7df8f}+

^&&= >L sl:ds On]lS6«sn OlGhlgol/· Pzf]l;P6 k|f=ln= jv'08f]n, nlntk'/

^%$= >L ;lkml;oG6 sfuf]{ k|f=ln= 7d]n, sf7df8f}+

^&*= >L ;+sNk l8hfOg P08 8]enk;{ k|f=ln= 6]8« 6fj/ g]kfn, yfkfyln

^%%=

>L cfsfz 6«feN; P08 6';{ k|f=ln= 7d]n, sf7df8f}+

^&(=

>L ;+sNk x:kL6fln6L k|f=ln= 6]8« 6fj/ g]kfn, yfkfyln

^%^=

>L cfsfz 6]S« ; P08 PS;lkl8;g k|f=ln= 7d]n, sf7df8f}+

^*)=

>L s~rgh+3f xfplhªu ln= 6]8« 6fj/ g]kfn, yfkfyln

^%&= >L P;=s]= klZdgf Oi8li6«h k|f=ln= a;'Gw/f—#, sf7df8f}+

^*!=

>L x}jN; g]kfn k|f= ln= h]l8P clkm; s+kNs];,\ ;'Gwf/f, sf7df8f}+

^%*= >L ;lkml;oG6 sG;n6]G;L k|f=ln= 7d]n, sf7df8f}+

^*@= >L l;4fy{ cfon O08li6«h l;4fy{gu/—%, ?kGb]xL

^%(=

>L Pg=cf/=Pg= OGe]i6d]G6 lnld6]8 kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

^*#=

^^)=

>L l;=O{=8L=aL= xfO{8f« ] km08 lnld6]8 l;tfkfO{nf —!, sf7df8f}+

^*$= >L l;4fy{ l/kmfO{g/L P08 ;f]Ne]G6 O08li6« k|f=ln l;4fy{gu/—!@, ?kGb]xL

^^!=

>L sNkgf qmfk\m6 s';G' tL, nlntk'/

^*%= >L l;4fy{ k]6 Knfi6 O08li6«h k|f=ln= l;4fy{gu/—!@, ?kGb]xL

^^@=

>L l;=Pkm=P;=/]ld6 k|f=ln= afudlt r]Dj/, 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

^*^= >L PdL6L sfk]6{ O08li6«h -k|f=_ ln= 6+ufn, sf7df8f}+

^^#=

>L slG6g]G6n dfs]l{ 6ª k|f=ln= afudtL r]Dj/, 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

^*&= >L kl/is[t sfk]6{ P08 x]08Ls|fk\m6 k|f=ln= ;Nnf3f/L—!%, eQmk'/

>L PS;g kf]lnd;{ k|f=ln= l;4fy{gu/—!@, ?kGb]xL

^^$= >L atf; OGe]i6d]G6 sDkgL k|f=ln= u}/Lwf/f, sf7df8f}+

^**= >L :jl:ts sn]h k|f=ln= rf/bf]jf6f] !%, l7dL eQmk'/

^^%=

>L 6«fOu/ j|c ' /L O08li6«h k|f=ln= gS;fn, sf7df8f}+

^*(= >L g]kfn d]uf lk|l+ 6ª xfp; k|f=ln= Go" Knfhf—#@, sf7df8f}+

^^^=

>L lzjzlQm vfB pBf]u k|f=ln= sfnLdf6L, sf7df8f}+

^()=

>L l;l4ljgfos Pu|f] O{= k|f=ln= wswO{, ?kGb]xL

^^&= >L a[xt k|fk] 6L{ ;f]n;' G; k|f=ln= sf7df8f}+ ljhg]z kfs{, a'4jf/L, 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

^(!=

>L Unf]jn Ph'sz ] g ;le{;h ] k|f=ln= sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

^^*= >L cGt/k|/] 0ff k|f=ln= sf7df8f}+ lahg]; kfs{, a'4jf/L, 6]s,' sf7df8f}—+ !@

^(@=

>L cf/=Pd=l;= l;d]G6 k|f=ln= 6]s—' !#, sf7df8f}+

^^(=

>L l;ghL{ kmfOgfG; ln sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

^(#=

>L cf/=Pd=l;= sG;6«S;g k|f=ln= 6]s—' !#, sf7df8f}+

^&)=

>L P;=l6=;L c6f] k|f=ln= aNv'

^($= >L cf/=Pd=l;= OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= 6]s—' !#, sf7df8f}+

^&!=

>L u|Lg PKkn Ogskf{/] z ] g k|f=ln= l8NnLahf/—##, /fw]dfu{, sf7df8f}+

^(%=

>L /fh]z d]6n s|fk\m6; ln= 6]s—' !#, sf7df8f}+

^&@=

>L ls P8e/6fO{lh· ;le{; k|f=ln= k~rulNn—!!, lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

^(^=

>L O{i6g{ Knfli6s O08li6«h k|f=ln= 5ftf lkk/f, af/f 77

^(&=

>L kfNkf l;d]G6 O08li6«h k|f= ln= 6]s—' !#, sf7df8f}+

&@!=

>L lbk >L df]6;{ k|f=ln= jfujhf/—!, kf]v/f

^(*= >L /f]lx0fL Pu|f] O08li6«h k|f= ln= wswO{ —! /fdgu/, ?kGb]xL

&@@=

>L Pn=cfO{= c6f] ;le{;h ] k|f=ln= av'08f]n—!, nlntk'/

^((=

>L dgsfdgf :ofS; k|f= ln= k8;/L —! ?kGb]xL

&@#=

>L Pn=cfO{= ;le{; ;]G6/ k|f=ln= j;Gw/f, sf7df8f}+

&))=

>L d]uf OlG6Ro"6 Dofg]hd]G6 Ogkmd]z { g 6]Sgf]nf]hL k|f= ln aa/dxn—!!, sf7df8f}+

&@$= >L hodf nIdL 6]Sgf] ;]G6/ k|f=ln afujhf/—!, kf]v/f

&)!=

>L lehg cf]l/PG6]zg ;le{; k|f= ln= a;'Gw/f, sf7df8f}+

&@%=

>L Pn Pr xf]N8Lª k|f=ln= l;dnrf}/—*, kf]v/f

&)@=

>L l;o/f OG6/g]zgn 6«feN; P08 6';{ k|f= ln dxf/fhu+h—#, sf7df8f}+

&@^=

>L hof Kofs]lh· k|f=ln= afuahf/—!, kf]v/f

&)#=

>L d]uf sn]h ckm Dofg]hd]G6 k|f= ln= aa/dxn—!!, sf7df8f}+

&@&= >L uf]N8 lkm; OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= afuahf/—!, kf]v/f

&)$= >L s]=aL= k]6 O08li6«h k|f= ln= kf6g cf}Bf]lus If]q, nlntk'/

&@*= >L nIdL xf]N8Lª\; k|f=ln= afuahf/—!,kf]v/f

&)%=

>L uf}tda'4 OG6/g]zgn d]l8sn sn]h P08 xl:k6n l/;r{ ;] G6/ k|f= ln=, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+

&@(=

>L nIdL O{ghL{ k|f=ln= gS;fn—!, sf7df8f}+

&)^=

>L cfO{=l8=P;= OghL{ k|f= ln= sdnfbL, sf7df8f}+

&#)=

>L nIdL xf]6N; P08 l/;f]6;{ \ k|f=ln= gS;fn—!, sf7df8f}+

&)&= >L ;'lk|d O{08li6«h k|f= ln= kf6g cf}Bf]lus If]q, nlntk'/

&#!=

>L lbof] OGe]i6d]06 k|f=ln= d}ltb]jL—#@, sf7df8f}+

&)*= >L PlS;n]G; ldl8of k|f= ln= Yfkfufp+, gof+ jfg]Zj, sf7df8f}+

&#@=

>L hodf OG6/sG6Lg]G6n k|f=ln= d}ltb]jL—#@, sf7df8f}+

&)(=

>L ljgLt xfphL· P08 Nof08 8]enk/ k|f= ln= pBf]uk'/L—$, e}/xjf

&##=

>L hodf nIdL OGk|mf:6«Sr/ k|f=ln= d}ltb]jL—#@, sf7df8f}+

&!)=

>L 3/fgf k'm8\; k|f=ln= d}qLky %÷$!, e}/xjf

&#$= >L s]=Pg= xf]N8L· k|f=ln= afujhf/—!, kf]v/f

&!!=

>L xgL k"m8 k|f8] S6\; k|f=ln= uNnfd08L—^, e}/xjf

&#%=

>L n]s k|mG6 l/;f]6{ k|f=ln= kfd]—@^, kf]v/f

&!@=

>L uf]oGsf k'm8 k|f=ln= d}qLky %÷$!, e}/xjf

&#^=

>L ;'hn g]kfn k|f=ln= afuahf/—!, kf]v/f

&!#=

>L dgf]h df]8g{ k'm8 P08 hg/n O08li6«h d}qLky %÷$!, e}/xjf

&#&=

>L xf]dnL kmlg{r/ k|f=ln= ef6e6]gL, gS;fn

&!$= >L lg6]S; O08li6«h k|f=ln= ;fgf] e\of´, Or·'—@, sf7df8f}+

&#*=

>L l8=cf/=Pg=cf]e/l;{h k|f=ln= dxfjf}4, sf7df8f}+

&!%=

>L cf/=lk= u|k' k|f=ln= gof+;8s—@@, sf7df8f}+

&#(=

>L x/ kn k'm8\; k|f=ln s'nZ] j/—!$, sf7df8f}+

&!^=

>L g]kfn d]uf OGe]i6d]G6 s+klg k|f=ln= j;'Gwf/f—#, sf7df8f}+

&$)= >L lxdfnog dN6LKnfi6 O{08li6«h k|f=ln= jfnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]qm, sf7df8f}+

&!&=

>L kmlg{r/ Nof08 :6f]/ k|f=ln= lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}+

&$!= >L o1 nIdL c6f] l8li6«Jo'6/ ;'vt{] /f]8, g]kfnu+h

&!*=

>L PKkn OG6/g]zgn kmdf{:o"l6sN; k|f=ln= z+vd"n—!), sf7df8f}+

&$@= >L l;l4 ljgfos df]6f] sk{ k|f=ln= a'6jn—!#, sflnsfgu/, ?kGb]xL

&!(=

>L nIdL u|k' k|f=ln= jfujhf/—!, kf]v/f

&$#= >L lkgfsn 6]l« 8· sG;{g k|f=ln= afn dlGb/ rf]s, e/tk'/

&@)=

>L ljGWof ;le{; ;]G6/ k|f=ln= kf]v/f—!), sf:sL

&$$= >L Go" /fO8/ c6f]jN8{ k|f=ln= 3f]/fxL, bfª

&$%= >L c6f] Knfhf sG;{g ljtf{df]8—^, emfkf

&^(=

>L t/fk vf]nf xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&$^= >L lbg]z kmf]/ lJxn\; wgu9L—@, s}nfnL

&&)= >L e]/L gbL xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&$&= >L lxdfnog a]Daf] k|f=ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

&&!=

&$*= >L a'6jn Uof+; pBf]u k|f=ln= xf6L km;f{l6s/—*, ?kGb]xL

&&@= >L dgfª 6«8] ln+S; k|f=ln= 7d]n—!^, sf7df8f}+

&$(= >L /f]on c6f] jN8{ k|f=ln= ldng rf]s—$, df]/ª

&&#=

&%)=

>L :6\of088{ c6f]df]jfON; k|f=ln= b5'6f]n, ag]kf

&&$= >L xf]6n dgf:n' k|f=ln= nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+

&%!=

>L k]mjf u|k' ckm kf]N6«L O{= k|f=ln= n]vgfy—!%, sf:sL

&&%= >L ck/ dfbL xfO8«f] k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&%@=

>L /lrt 6«8] ln+s k|f=ln= gof+ jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+

&&^= >L OghL{ P08 xfO8«fk] fj/ ;le{;h ] k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&%#=

>L Pg=s]= cf]e/l;h{ k|f=ln= dxfjf}4, sf7df8f}+

&&&= >L lsd/f]g xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

>L dftf hubDjf xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

>L g]kfn xfO8«f] 8]enf]k/ lnld6]8 l8NnLjhf/—##, sf7df8f}+

&%$= >L df]gfln;f OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= dxfjf}4, sf7df8f}+

&&*= >L sflnu08sL sf]6f xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&%%=

&&(= >L 5'd5'd u9 xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

>L Plzof6Ls OG6/g]zgn 6]l« 8· k|f=ln= Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+

&%^= >L n'lDagL Pu|f] k|f8] S6; P08 l/;{r ;]G6/ k|f=ln= l6s'nLu9, —!*, ltnf]Qdf, ?kGb]xL

&*)= >L Pr=P;=Pn= ;KnfOh k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&%&= >L cfO{=l6 g]kfn k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&*!=

&%*= >L x]:6/ afof];fOG;]; g]kfn k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&*@= >L cKk/ d}jf xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&%(=

>L PrPr 6]l« 8ª k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&*#=

&^)=

>L :gf] lnof]kf8{ k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&*$= >L afaf xfplh· 8]enKd]G6 k|f=ln= sf7d8f}+

&^!=

>L lgof]6l] /s g]kfn k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&*%= >L xfO8«f] ;f]n;' g OlGhlgo/L· sG;N6]G6 k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&^@=

>L x'nf; OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&*^= >L df]bL vf]nf OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&^#=

>L x'nf; /]ld6]G; k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&*&= >L ;'k/ v'bL xfO8«fk] fj/ k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

>L gfdh'g{ dfbL OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

>L s}nf; cfon l8li6Jo'6;{ k|f=ln= gf/fo0fu9

&^$= >L x'nf; c6f] qmfk\m6 k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&**= >L P8ljg :6«Sr;{ k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&^%= >L ah| P08 ;f+lu|nf /]l;8]lG; k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&*(= >L :6s dfs]6{ g]kfn k|f=ln= sf7df8f}+

&^^= >L ;f+lu|nf xfplh· k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&()=

>L g]kfn Osf]gf]lds P08 sNr/ 6«8] ;]G6/ k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

&^&= >L P;=l8=o"= 6«feN; k|f=ln= uf]N5f xfpm;, u0fjfxfn

&(!=

>L k'l0f{df rnlrq 3/ k|f=ln= kf]v/f

&^*= >L lh=cf]= OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= yfkfyln, sf7df8f}+

&(@=

>L nIdL gf/fo0f 6«l] 8· k|f=ln= gf/fo0fu9

&(#=

>L s[lt OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= gf/fo0fu9

*!&=

>L sgf}h 6]8« P08 ;Knfo;{ dnfv]tL uf=lj=; &, s}nfnL

&($= >L df]bL OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

*!*=

>L cfO=Pd=O{ df6{ k|f=ln= kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

&(%=

>L j]qfjtL OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= :joDe", sf7df8f}+

*!(=

>L l8z ldl8of g]6js{ ltgs'g,] sf7df8f}+

&(^=

>L x\ofKkL jN8{ k|f=ln= 7d]n—!^, sf7df8f}+

*@)=

>L jN8jfO8 OGe]i6]dG] 6 k|f=ln= sflGtky, sf7df8f}+

&(&= >L PgcfO{l; Plzof j}s + ln= yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+

*@!=

>L gf;f xf]N8L· k|f=ln= sflGtky, sf7df8f}+

&(*= >L l;=O{= sG:6«S;g k|f=ln= lqk'/Z] j/—!!, sf7df8f}+

*@@=

>L Snfl;s xf]lN8· sDkgL k|f=ln= ;'ljwfgu/, sf7df8f}+

&((=

>L x]l/6]h k\mnf]l/· sfk]6{ O08li6«h k|f=ln= yfgsf]6—^, sf7df8f}+

*@#=

>L sf]/ d]gH] d]G6 6]l« 8· k|f=ln= rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+

*))=

>L jfnfhL :jfo/ O08li6«h k|f=ln= lslt{k/' —@, sn+sL, sf7df8f}+

*@$= >L czf]s Pn6L O{lGhlgol/ª ;le{;h ] kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

*)!=

>L x\of]Ghg O{nl] S6«sn OlGhlgol/· k]ma|Ls]6/ k|f=ln= afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]q, sf7df8f}+

*@%= >L g]kfn OlGhlgol/ª jS;{ P08 6]lSgsn OlG:6Ro"6 k|f=ln= k]K;Lsf]nf, sf7df8f}+

*)@=

>L afnfh' c6f] jS;{ k|f=ln= afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]q, sf7df8f}+

*@^= >L wGo e'ld 6]l« 8ª\u k|f=ln= r'Rr]kf6L, sf7df8f}+

*)#=

>L cUgL df]6f]OGs k|f=ln= nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+

*@&= >L;x/f c6f] df]jfON; P08 sDkgL k|f=ln= rf/kfg], ljtf{df]8, emfkf

*)$= >L cUgL OghL{ k|f=ln= nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+

*@*= >L OGb| nIdL 6]l« 8ª k|f=ln= sn+sL—!$, sf7df8f}+

*)%=

>L cUgL xf]lN8· k|f=ln= nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}+

*@(=

>L /f]ljg PS;kf]6{ ODkf]6{ dfs]l{ 6· k|f=ln= gS;fn—!, sf7df8f}+

*)^=

>L >LdxfnIdL Hj]n/L xfp; eG;f/ dfu{, 6]s'

*#)=

>L /f]ljg c6f]df]jfOn k|f=ln= eujtLjxfn—!, sf7df8f}+

*)&= >L OKnfg]6 OG6/k|fOh]h jfujhf/—#@, sf7df8f}+

*#!=

>L Pn=l6= OG6/k|fO{hh ] k|f=ln= kfgLkf]v/L—#, sf7df8f}+

*)*= >L /f]on l;+x OG6/k|fOh]h zflGtgu/—#$, sf7df8f}+

*#@=

>L P=lj=cfO{=OG6/g]zgn dlg 6«fG;km/ k|f=ln= afg]Zj/—!), sf7df8f}+

*)(=

>L l/hfnsf] efG5f Uof+; pBf]u k|f=ln= xflQd'8f—$, df]/ª

*##=

>L cfO{PdO{ xj{n k|f8] S;\ k|f=ln= kfgLkf]v/L—$, sf7df8f}+

*!)=

>L l/hfnsf] km]gf]nS] ; kf]nLkfs{ O{= k|f=ln= xflQd'8f—$, df]/ª

*#$= >L cfO{=Pd=O{ 6«feN;\ k|f=ln= sflGtky—#), sf7df8f}+

*!!=

>L l/hfnsf] kf]ln6]s O08li6«h k|f=ln= u};f/, O6x/L, ;'g;/L

*#%= >L js{n] OG6/g]zgn k|f=ln= kfgLkf]v/L—#, sf7df8f}+

*!@=

>L piff OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= sflGtky, sf7df8f}+

*#^= >L lgldiff OGe]G6d]G6 k|f=ln= kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

*!#=

>L P=la=cfO{ OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

*#&= >L rGb|flu/L lxN; Kof/fUnfO{l8· lnld6]8 rGb|flu/L—^, sf7df8f}+

*!$= >L cfO{=Pd=O{= l8hL6n ;f]n;' g ln= kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+

*#*= >L l;=Pd= 6]l« 8· OG6/k|fOh]h k|f=ln= kfgLkf]v/L—#, sf7df8f}+

*!%=

>L cf/=s]=c6f] df]jfOn ;]G6/ nfxfg, l;/fxf

*#(= >L Pqm; dlg 6«fG;km/ k|f=ln= dxf/fhu+h—$, sf7df8f}+

*!^=

>L l;6L 6«8] ;{ nfxfg, l;/fxf

*$)= >L l8=l8= OGe]i6d]G6 k|f=ln= 7d]n—!^, sf7df8f}+

*$!= >L d]3f>L 6]8« ;{ bds, emfkf *$@= >L xfO8«f] ;kf]6{ k|f=ln= kfgLkf]v/L—#, sf7df8f}+ *$#= >L dfpG6]g OghL{ g]kfn k|f=ln= kfgLkf]v/L—#, sf7df8f}+ *$$= >L c+s/' Plu|sNr/n kmd{ u}8fsf]6, gjnk/f;L *$%= >L cf/=l;6L dlg 6«fG;km/ k|f=ln= w/fg, ;g;/L *$^= >L Oi6g{ OhL k] OGe]i6d]G6 O6x/L, ;'g;/L *$&= >L Unf]jn sDo'lgs]zg P08 OGkmf] k|f=ln= ?kGb]xL, a'6jn *$*= >L ;/n dfs]l{ 6· P08 6]l« 8· k|f=ln= e/tk'/ *$(= >L c?0f ;j dlg 6«fG;km/ k|f=ln= 6f+8L—!, /Tggu/, lrtjg *%)= >L Unf]jn ODk]S; k|f=ln= j;Gtk'/—@#, sf7df8f}+ *%!= >L cf]= cf/ 6'=s]= Sofkm] P08 jf/ k|f=ln= 7d]n—@(, sf7df8f}+ *%@= >L 6«fG; l6«k ufd]G{ 6 pBf]u k|f=ln= uf]u+ a'—^, sf7df8f}+

@)&# k'if @! ut] lg0f{oaf6 != @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!= !@=

/f]on sf7df8f}+ lxdfno j]e/]h k|f= ln= l/nfoG; ;'k/6]s l;d]G6 k|f= ln= otL kf]lns]d k|f= ln= l/nfoG; l;d]G6 k|f= ln= x]l/6]h k]m;g 6'l/hd 8]enkd]G6 j}s + lnld6]8 gof cfofd dlN6l8l;Kn]g/L OlGi6Ro'6 lnld6]8 ef6e6]gL ;'k/dfs]6{ P08 l8kf6{dG] 6 :6f]/ k|f= ln= ef6e6]gL kmlg{r/ P08 df]/ k|f= ln= sf7df8f}+ l:6n k|f=ln= Eo' xf]6n l;¢fy{ k|f=ln= cN6«f ;f]nf/ OghL{ P08 l:6n OlGhlgol/· k|f=ln=

dxf;+3sf] ;b:otf j[l4qmd lhNnf÷gu/:t/Lo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

j:t'ut ;+3x¿

!@)

!)%

((

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!))

s'n ;b:o ;+Vof

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@= cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿

#= lå/fli6«o pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

!)))

lj ;+ @)^#

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*^# !%

s'n ;b:o ;+Vof

*))

^))

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( ^

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@! lj ;+ @)@#

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lj ;+ @)$#

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lbg]z >]i7, pkfWoIf g]pjfdxf;+3–;+of]hs

/+lht/fh cfrfo{, sf;; g]pjfdxf;+3–;b:o

/fhs'd' f/ e6\6/fO{, sf;; g]pjfdxf;+3–;b:o

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hubLz k|;fb cu|jfn, k"j" { dxf;lrj g]pjfdxf;+3–;b:o

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xl/x/ ;'j' b] L, k"j" { ;lrj g]pjfdxf;+3–;b:o

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ljb'/' rGb| nfld5fg], ;xfos lgb]z { s g]pjfdxf;+3–;b:o ;lrj 83

k"j" { j}tlgs dxf;lrj / dxflgb]z { sx?

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ab|Lk|;fb cf]Â´f

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8f= x]dGt bjf8L

w/0fLw/ vltj8f

dxf;+3df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?

dLgf >]i7 lg= dxflgb]z { s

x+;/fd kf08] lgb]z { s

8f= pQd s'd' f/ s'j+ / k|dv ' -phf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvf_

;"o{ /fh kf}8n] pklgb]z { s

cg'k s'd' f/ >]i7 pklgb]z { s

dfwj d'NdL ;xfos lgb]z { s

lai0f' /fh 9sfn ;xfos lgb]z { s

c?0F >]i7 ;xfos lgb{z ] s

ljb'/rGb| nfld5fg] ;xfos lgb{z ] s

ljsf; ah|frfo{ ;xfos lgb{z ] s

s]bf/ /fh hf]zL ;xfos lgb{z ] s

pbo axfb'/ af]x/f ;xfos lgb{z ] s

lji0f' k|;fb clwsf/L ;xfos lgb{z ] s

;Ltf l3ld/] jl/i7 clws[t

k/z'/' fd g]kfn jl/i7 clws[t

clht s'df/ u'Ktf jl/i7 clws[t

nf]s/fh hf]zL jl/i7 clws[t

zs'Gtnf >]i7 jl/i7 clws[t

l5l/ª tfdfª clws[t

ladnf a/fn clws[t

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s[lt vltj8f clws[t

ozf]bf v8\sf yfkf clws[t

efjgf Gof}kfg] clws[t

/hgL g]kfn clws[t

cfef clwsf/L clws[t

ldg a= >]i7 jl/i7 sfof{no ;xfos

lje'lt k|wfg jl/i7 sfof{no ;xfos

ljGb' >]i7 jl/i7 sfof{no ;xfos

l/Âªs' l3ld/] jl/i7 sfof{no ;xfos

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gljg >]i7 jl/i7 sfof{no ;xfos

kf/ldtf rfkfufO{ jl/i7 sfof{no ;xfos

afj'/fd lg/f}nf jl/i7 sfof{no ;xfos

dgx/f >]i7 jl/i7 sfof{no ;xfos

/fd]Zj/ k|wfg slgi6 ;xfos

;fg'sfhL pk|t] L slgi6 ;xfos

;+uLtf Gof}kfg] slgi6 ;xfos

hLjg s'd' f/L uf}td slgi6 ;xfos

df]xg dxh{g jl/i7 8«fO{e/

z}nG] b| vqL 8«fO{e/

/fh' lg/f}nf 8«fO{e/

sf]k k|;fb ltjf/L lkog

lkQ gf/fo0f >]i7 lkog

>Ls[i0f >]i7 lkog

k"0f{dfof+ k|wfg lkog

/fh]Gb| Rofd] lkog

/fh]Zj/L >]i7 s'lrsf/

k|sfz kf]8] lkog

/flwsf g]kfnL s'lrsf/

kl/R5]bâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;u dxf;+3sf k"j{ tyf jt{dfg kbflwsf/Lx?sf] z'esfdgf, cg'ej, :d/0f, n]v

krf; jif{sf] cf/f]x–cj/f]x dx]znfn k|wfg, k"j{ cWoIf

jfl0fHo ;+3 Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) sf] :yfkgf ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf]

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g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsf] krf; jif{ cyf{t :j0f{ hoGtL k'/f ug{ nfu]sf] o; ;'vb cj;/df d xif{n] ub\ub\ ePsf] 5' . tLg bzs;Dd dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ j ju{df /xL o;sf] cfly{s, ef}lts / ;f“u7lgs pGgtLdf k|ToIf ;xefuL x'g] df}sf kfPsfn] klg o;k|lt ddf ljz]if cg'/fu, k|d] / cflTdo efj cfh klg plQs} tfhf 5 . dxf;+3nfO{ k/]sf] a]nfdf cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 d}n] x/;Dej ;xof]u / ;Nnfx lbb} cfO/x]sf] 5' / cfufdL lbgdf klg d]/f] ;xof]u /xL/xg]5 .

tL lbgx?df ;+3sf] pkl:ylt g} 7"nf] s'/f lyof] . r]Da/ cleofgdf nfu]sf ;fx' dxfhgx?n] hGdfPsf] eP klg ;'?df pgLx? pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{ pBdL–Joj;foLsf] 5ftf ;+u7g -cDa|n] f cu|gfOh]zg_ dfGg tof/ lyPgg\ . gfdn] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{ d'ns ' e/sf pBf]uklt Jofkf/Lx?sf] 5ftf ;Fu7g elgP klg Jojxf/df r]Da/n] g} Tof] :yfg cf]u6L/x]sf] lyof] . @))( ;fnb]lv @)@@ ;fnDd r]Da/n] sdfPsf] efjgfTds, ;f“u7lgs / cfly{s k'h “ L g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/Pg .

x'g klg g]kfn RofDa/ ckm sdz{ ;du| g]kfns} nflu ag]sf] lyof], Tof] sf7df8f}s + f] dxf;+3df vf;} cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n nflu ag]s} lyPg . g]kfn jfl0fs d08n, gu/] klg Joj;fo l;s]sf afa' k':tf / :jb]z clvn g]kfn Jofkf/ ;+3 x'b“ } @))( ;fndf tyf ljb]zdf cfw'lgs lzIff xfl;n u/]sf g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sdz{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5f]/f k':tfsf] aLrdf b'O{ k6s;Dd cWoIf lyof] . eQmk'/ / nlntk'/df a]Un} r]Da/ eP/ d}n] Tof] cGtl/dsfnsf] g]tT[ j u/]sf] v8f geP/ lt If]qsf pBdL klg r]Da/d} lyP“ . cyf{t k'/fgf] / gof“ k':tfnfO{ hf]8g\ ] ;+u7Lt x'gn' ] klg of] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . sfd xfd|f] sfo{sfndf ePsf] lyof] . kf6gsf /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn' / a]vfgfy >]i7 :yfkgfsfndf nf]sgfy hf]zL, h'4axfb'/ tyf eQmk'/sf u0f]zeQm ;fvh:tf lbUuh >]i7, kz'klt uL/L, xl/k|;fb uLl/ / OGb|eQm ;fx"x? r]Da/d} ;+u7Lt x'ge ' Psf] lyof] . ctM >]i7;Ddsf] Pp6f k':tf, clg To;kl5 d]/f] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] :yfkgf kZrft g]tT[ j / To;kl5 tLgsf ;dsfnLg 5f]/f klg ;f] sfnv08df pBdL Jofkf/Lx?jLr k':tfn] ;+3nfO{ g]tT[ j lb“b} cfP“ . oxL sf/0f r]Da/s} babaf /x\of] . d}n] cfkm\gf] g]tT[ jsfnnfO{ cGt/Ld sfnsf] ;+1f lbg] u/]sf] 5' . @)#@ ;fndf xl/k|;fb lul/ / pxf“kl5 @)#% ;fndf OGb|eQm >]i7 g]kfn pBf]u lat]sf krf; jif{nfO{ cfh kms]/{ x]bf{ jfl0fHo ;+3sf] cWoIf x'ge ' of] . Tolta]nf;Dd o;sf] ljsf;qmdsf tLg r/0f d :ki6 ;+3df b]zJofkL ?kdf o'jf hdftsf] k|efj b]vL/x]sf] 5' . :yfkgfsfn @)@@ ;fnb]lv a9L;s]sf] lyof] . o'jfx?s} ;xof]usf sf/0f @)$@ ;fn;Dd ;+3 Ps lx;fan] rNof] . OGb|eQm >]i7 cWoIf aGg ;kmn x'ge ' Psf] dnfO{ cfh klg :ki6 ;Demgf 5, @)@@ lyof] . @)#* ;fnsf] r'gfjdf o'jf k':tfsf] ;fn k'; !! b]lv !$ ;Dd sf7df8f}s + f] bl/n} e"ldsf /xof] . Tolta]nf;Dd d klg vfgLljefudf ;DkGg k|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo nlntk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] cWoIf x'b“ } tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngn] g} g]kfn pBf]u pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o 92

eO;s]sf] lyP“ . Tof] r'gfjdf xfdLn] kz'klt lu/LnfO{ ;xof]u u¥of}+ / ;xdtL adf]lhd d pkfWoIf eP“ . @)$! ;fndf ;DkGg lgjf{rgdf kz'klt lul/ k'gM cWoIf x'ge ' of] eg] d klg bf]>f] k6s pk;efklt eP“ . @)$$ ;fndf kz'klt lu/Lsf] 6d{ ;lsof] . d cWoIfdf p7g] eP . d p7g vf]Hbf o'jfk':tfk|lt cu|h k':tfn] vf;} ljZjf; ul//x]sf] lyPg . Tof] a]nf o'jf zlQmn] dnfO{ ;fy lbof] . cWoIfsf d]/f k|ltåGåL x'g] lglZrt k|fo ePsf dl0fxif{ Hof]tLhLn] pDd]bjf/L lkmtf{ lng'eof] . d]/f k|ltåGåL nIdLbf; dfgGw/ x'gx' G' Yof] . lj;+ @)$$ ;fndf d g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] cWoIfdf lgjf{lrt eP“ . o;kl5 ;+3sf] bf]>f] r/0f ;'? x'G5 . xfd|f] Tof] l6ddf x'nf;rGb uf]N5f, x]daxfb'/ k|wfg, ljgf]b rf}w/L, kbd Hof]tL, cfgGb/fh d'NdL, hubLzk|;fb cu|jfn nufotsf ;fyLx?sf] jr{:j lyof] . xfdL g r]Da/af6 cfPsf lyof}, g t k'/fgf] k':tf g} lyof}+ . Pp6} ljrf/wf/f, Pp6} ;f]r / :kL/L6sf ;fy sfd ug]{ o'jfx?sf] k|jz ] kl5 ;+3nfO{ ;fdYo{, nf]slk|otf, sfo{ bIftf / k|efjsf/Ltfsf lx;fan] jf:tjd} pBf]uklt Joj;foLsf] 5ftf ;+u7gsf ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/of] . d b'O{ sfo{sfn;Dd ;+3sf] cWoIf /x]+ . Tof] cjlwdf xfd|f] l6dn] ;+3sf] cfly{s, ef}lts / ;+u7gLs cfwf/ v8f u¥of] . ;+3sf] 5lj ljsf;df lgs} hf]8 lbOof] . cfly{s ?kdf ;an agfpgsf nflu xfdLn] ;'?d} ;6L{lkms]6 ckm cf]l/lhg lbg] clwsf/ ;+3 dftxt Nofof}+ . ljb]z lgof{t x'g] ;fdfg g]kfnsf] xf] eg]/ ;xL 5fk ul/GYof] / To;afkt ;os8f afx« k};f lnOGYof] . s/f]8f}+ s/f]8sf] lgof{t x'b“ f ;o s8f afx«sf lx;fan] k};f cfpg yfNof] . ;+3sf] cfly{s x}l;ot anLof] x“b} uof] . r]Da/n] klg ;+3nfO{ 5ftf ;+u7gsf ?kdf :jLsf/ u¥of] . gfd h];s ' } eP klg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] dftxt sf7df8f}+ lhNnf:t/sf] clwsf/ If]qdf / xg r]Da/ d~h'/ eof] . cu|h k':tfsf kfnfdf cfly{s ?kdf ;'b9[ x'g g;s] klg pxf“x?n] ;+3nfO{ arfO/xg' eof], pxf“x?sf] ;dodf Tof] g} 7"nf] s'/f lyof] . To;sf] >]o pxf“x?nfO{ hfG5 . xfd|f] sfo{sfndf cfly{s ;anLs/0f eof] . o;n] xfd|f] l6dnfO{ leqL dgb]lv g} ;+3df zlqmo x'g k|l] /t u¥of] .

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{

/fli6«o:t/d} dfGotf lbnfpg] Pp6f 36gf d olta]nf ;DemL/x]sf] 5' . @)$% ;fn r}q !) ut] ef/tn] g]kfndf gfsfaGbL u¥of] . d'ns ' df cTofjZos j:t'sf] cefj eof] . /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 xl/x/ ejgl:yt cfk'lt{ ljefusf] sfof{nodf ;DaGwLt ;a} kIfsf] a}7ssf] cfJxfg ul/of] . d'ns ' df cfk"tL{ Joj:yf s] s:tf] eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ a'emg\ /fhfn] 8fs]sf] Tof] e]nfdf ;+3sf] cWoIfsf gftfn] dnfO{ klg cfdGq0f ul/Psf] lyof] . /fhf ;dIf s'/f /fVg] k|foM n] ;/sf/ xfdL ;a} cfk'tL{ Joj:yf ldnfp“5f}+ eg]/ em'7f] lj|kmLª ul//x]sf lyP . dnfO{ Tof] prLt nfu]g clg, s'gfaf6} xft p7fP/ eg],+ ;/sf/ d}n] klg af]Ng kfpg'k¥of], oxf“ ;fyLx?n] em'7 af]ln/xg'ePsf] 5 . d}n] To;f] eg]kl5 a}7ssf] dfxf]n g} r]Gh eof] . tfTsfnLg clw/fhs'df/ 1fg]Gb|n] dnfO{ glhs} cfP/ a:g / cfkm\gf] s'/f /fVg Ozf/f ug'e { of] . n eg, /fhfaf6 x'sd' eof] . ;/sf/, oxf“ h] s'/f /flvb}5 Tof] ;a} em'7f] xf] x} . sd ;] sd ;/sf/sf] cufl8 t em'7 af]Ng ePg gL . krxQ/} lhNnfdf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? 5g\, d ;a} ;fyLx?sf] ;Dks{df 5', cfk'tL{ eO/x]sf] 5}g ;/sf/ . dnfO{ bz ldg6 6fOd aS;Lof];,\ d ;/sf/nfO{ cf“v} cufl8 b]vfOlbG5' sxf“ ;KnfO{ ePsf] 5, sxf“ ePsf] 5}g eg]/, d}n] eg]+ . d]/f] s'/f ;'gk] l5 /fhfaf6 x'sd' eof], cab]lv ;/sf/sf] ;a} lgsfodf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] k|ltlglw klg /fVg" / ;Nnfx lng" . /fhfsf] Tof] x'sd' nfO{ ;/sf/L lgoddf pNn]v ul/of], h'g pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf nflu a/bfg g} ;flat eof] . To;kl5 t cfk"tL{ ljefu, 6\of/Lkm af]8,{ cf/PgP;L, /fi6« a}s, of]hgf cfof]unufot ;/sf/sf ;f/f lgsfodf ;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj x'gyfNof] . /fHo ;+rfngsf] sfddf d'nwf/df ;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g yfNof] . ;/sf/sf x/]s gLlt lgoddf ;+3sf k|ltlglw eg]/ pNn]v ul/g yfNof] . ;+3sf] dlxdf g} cs}{ eof] . x/]s lhNnfdf ;+3sf] zlQm a9b} uof] . ;/sf/n] ah]6 k]; ubf{ klg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3;“u k/fdz{ ug{ yfNof] . lj:tf/} ;+3sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] / pRr x'b“ } uof] . ;+3sf] Tof] l6ddf o'jf hf]z ePsf] gof“ k':tf lyof] . ;f]xL sf/0f Tof] sfo{sfndf ;+3sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df P]ltxfl;s sfdx? eP . ;+3sf] cGt/f{li6«o g]6jls{ª a9fOof] . pBdL–Joj;foLnfO{ ljleGg ldzgdf ljb]z

k7fpg yflnof] . Tof] a]nf xfd|f] ;f]r s] lyof] eg] pBdL Joj;foLsf] cfkm\gf] x]8Sjf6{/ x'gk' 5{ / ;d:of kbf{ ;Nnfx lbg;Sg'k5{ . cyf{t ;+3sf] Pp6f o:tf] l/;r{ ;]G6/ x'gk' 5{, h;n] d]/f] pBf]usf] o:tf] ;d:of ef] eg]/ sf]xL cfof] eg] tTsfn ;dfwfg lbg ;sf];\ . / ;/sf/nfO{ klg cfly{s gLltsf ;Gbe{df ufO8 ug{ ;sf];\ . g]kfndf tYof+s ljefun] klg cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] nut /fVb} cfPsf] lyof], t/ Tof] sd{rf/L yGSofpg] s]Gb| ag]sf] lyof] . ctM xfdLn] ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3+ Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o'Pg8LkL_ / ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;+3Lo cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ;Fu7g -o'lg8f]_sf] cfly{s tyf sfg"gL OsfO{, ;"rgf OsfO{, lgof{t k|jw{g tyf cf}Bf]lus ;xof]udf ;+3 ;lrjfno ;'b9[ Ls/0f kl/of]hgf - FNCCI Strengthening project ;+rfng u¥of}+ . h'g kl/of]hgf cGtu{t 8s'dG] 6]zg OGkm/d]zg o'lg6 / nfOa|/] L ;+rfng ul/of] . ;/sf/sf] km/]g 8fO/]S6 OGe]:6d]G6 k|df]zg ;]G6/ -j}bz ] Ls nufgL k|jw{ g zfvf_ v'Nof] . Tof] zfvf;“u ldn]/ sfd ul/of] . To;}u/L /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb v8f ul/of] . tfTsfnLg cd]/LsL /fhb"t h'nLof rfªAns ;“u s'/f u/]/ xfdLn] cd]/LsL ;/sf/;“u ldn]/ s[lif pBd s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ ;Demf}tf u¥of}+ . Tof] ;fob cd]l/sL ;/sf/ / g]kfnsf] lghL If]qaLr l;wf ;Demf}tf ePsf] klxnf] k6s lyof] .

lbg'k5{ eg]sf lyof}+ . ax'bn cfPotf bnx?n] pBdL–Joj;foL;Fu rGbf p7fp“b} cfPsf 5g\ . xfdLn] g]tfx?nfO{ eg]sf lyof},+ o;/L rGbf lng] sfd gug';{ \ . lsgsL, hf];u“ rGbf lnPsf] xf], kl5 ;Qfdf uP/ p;nfO{ kf]iffpg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;n] e|i6frf/ df}nfp“5 . /fHon] g} bnx?nfO{ r'gfj vr{ lbg'k5{ . of] s'/f cfh klg ;fGbeL{s 5 . t]>f] d'2f xfdLn] ;/sf/ ;dIf /fv]sf lyof},+ ;/sf/n] g]kfnL pTkfbgnfO{ a9fjf lbg'k5{ . g]kfnLx?sf] s/af6 p7]sf] k};faf6 ;fdfg lsGbf g]kfnLx?s} pTkfbg lsGg'k5{ . xfnsf pBf]u dGqL gljGb|/fh hf]zLn] oxL gLlt cg';f/ pBf]u If]qnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] kxn u/L/xg'ePsf] b]lvG5 .

oxL :kL/L6df @)^@ ;fn;Dd ;+3 cl3 a9b} cfof] . h;} d'ns ' df u0ftGq cfof], To;kl5 d'ns ' sf] /fhgLlt em}+ dxf;+3sf] sfo{zn} L, gLlt / ;f]rdf klg kl/jt{g b]vf kg{ yfNof] . /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;“u} ;+3sf] … lax]ljo/df kl/jt{g cfof] . zlqmo /fhtGq sfndf /fhgLlts :jtGqtf geP klg cfly{s :jtGqtf lyof] . ljb]zLsf] x}sd rNb}gYof] . ;/sf/ / p;sf gLltx?df :yL/tf lyof] . lsgsL, Tof] a]nf :yL/ ;/sf/sf ?kdf b/af/ lyof] . ;f]xL sf/0f dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jdf klg :yL/tfsf] k|efj k/]sf] lyof] / Pp6} ;f]r, ljrf/ / z}nLn] dxf;+3 cl3 a9]sf] lyof] . nf]stGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 eg] /fhgLlt :yL/ x'g ;s]g . xfdLn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /xL;s]sf / cfly{s :jtGqtf klg ;+sr' Lt x"Fb} uof] / cg'ejL JolQmx?nfO{ ;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf Nofof}+ . ;+3sf] pGgtLdf gGbnfn >]i7, xl/x/ ljb]zL k|eT' j a9b} uof] . :yL/ ;/sf/ ePg . ;'jb] L, ab|Lk|;fb cf]emf / d]3gfy Gof}kfg]hLsf] /fhgLlts ult/f]w / c:yL/tfsf] rk]6fdf dxf;+3 klg kg]{ g} eof] . d'ns ' df JofKt ljz]if ;xof]u /x\of] . pxf“x?sf] ;xof]u / c/fhstfsf] k|efj dxf;+3df klg k¥of] . xfd|f] l6dsf] ;+sNk clg ;lqmotfaf6 Tof] sfo{sfndf ;+3sf] ef}lts k'jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf d'ns ' df JofKt lta| / gLlts/0fn] x/]s klg P]ltxfl;s sfd eof] . g]kfn a}s + n] If]qnfO{ tLj| w|j' Ls/0f u/]em}+ g]kfn pBf]u pknJw u/fPsf] Pp6f sf]7fb]lv ld/f jfl0fHo dxf;+3nfO{ klg /fhgLlts :jfy{sf] xf]d;Dd, Toxf“af6 lqk'/Z] j/ x'b“ } ltgs'g;] Dd v]n d}bfg agfpg yfNof] . ;F:yf alnof] lj/fnfn] aRrf cf];f/] em}+ ;+3sf] ;lrjfno ;fg'{ k/L/x]sf] lyof] . @)$% ;fnd} 6]sd' f b'O{ ePkl5 ;a} o;df cfpg nfnlot x'g yfn] . ;F:yfdf cfPkl5 zlQmzfnL aGg] eOof] . /f]kgL kf“r cfgf b'O{ k};f hdLg lslgof] . @)%) ;fn kmfu'g & ut] tfTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL clg nf]e nfnr klg a9g yfNof] . ljwfg kl/jt{gsf s'/f cfP . d]/f] dfG5], t]/f] dfG5] lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfaf6 ;f]xL hUufdf lhtfpg] s'/f cfof] . r'gfj cfpg' Ps jif{ dxf;+3sf] ejgsf] lznfGof; ;DkGg eof] . cl3b]lv lhNnf lhNnfdf cfkm\gf dfG5] /fVg] ejg lgdf{0fkl5 @)%@ ;fn dF;L/ @% ut] rnv]n ;'? eof] . pBdLx? klg sfFu|;] , tfTsfnLg a8fdxf/fgL P]Zjo{af6 To;sf] Pdfn], dfcf]jfbL cflb bndf ljefhLt eP . ;d'b3\ f6g ePsf] lyof] . clg t pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] Pslqt cfjfh cfpg ;s]g . x'Fbf x'Fbf cfly{s xfdLn] Tof] a]nf cl3 ;f/]sf ;f]r / ck/fw ug]x{ ? klg dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jdf cfpg gLltx? clxn] klg ;fGble{s 5g\ . xfdLn] ;kmn eP . o;n] ;F:yfsf] 5ljnfO{ g} Tof] a]nf ltgj6f d'2f p7fPsf lyof}+ . ljjfbdf Nofof] . klxnf] lyof], gf] js{ gf] k] . dhb'/ / dfnLsx?jLr clxn] klg ;d:of k/L/xG5 dxf;+3df w]/} k6s ljwfg kl/jt{g / xfdLn] Tolta]nf p7fPsf] ;f] d'2f clxn] klg ;fGbeL{s 5 . xfdLn] bf]>f] d'2fsf ?kdf eof] . ;'?df pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] kbflwsf/Ldf sf]iffWoIf kb sfod} lyof] . /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ /fHon] g} r'gfj vr{ 93

ePsf] ;DkQL klg lnP/ ljb]z uPsf] 5 / p kmls{Psf] 5}g . s]xL ;do otf Pgcf/Pgsf] nufgLsf] ?kdf s]xL /sd :jb]z lelqg yfn]sf] 5, Tof] ckjfb xf] . ;du|df x]bf{ u/Lan] xfdLnfO{ kfn]sf] 5, wgLn] u/Lasf] k};f nu]sf] b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ /f]Sg g ;/sf/n] ;ls/x]sf] 5, g pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] s]xL ug{ ;s]sf] 5 . dxf;+3sf] P]ltxfl;s uf}/j, u/Ldf / ;fvnfO{ arfpg] lhDdf xfdL pBf]uklt Joj;foLs} xf] . krf; jif{ k'us ] f] cj;/df xfdLn] k|0f u/f},+ ca dxf;+3 o:tf] xf];,\ h;n] ;du| d'ns ' sf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ g} g]tT[ j lbg ;sf];\ . ;/sf/ of s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] k[i7kf]ifs of lj/f]wL eGbf klg u'0f / bf]ifsf] cfwf/df /rgfTds lj/f]w of ;dy{g u/L cfly{s If]qsf] g]tT[ j lng;sf];\ . lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/Ln] sf]iffWoIf eP/ r]sdf ;xL u/]/ a:g] x}g, p;n] t sf]if v8f ul/lbg] xf] eGg] s'/f p7]kl5 sf]iffWoIf kb g} x6fOPsf] lyof] . clxn] km]/L cfjZos eP/ xf]nf sf]iffWoIf kb sfod ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jsf] 9f“rfd} af/Daf/ x]/km]/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L klxnf Pp6f dfq pkfWoIf x'Gy] . /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb u7g ePkl5 kl/ifbsf] cWoIf klg dxf;+3df kb]g pkfWoIf x'g] k|fjwfg /flvof] . ljwfg z+;f]wg ub}{ hf“bf pkfWoIfx?sf] ;+Vof a9b} uof] . j:t'utaf6 Pshgf, ;+3;:yfaf6 Pshgf / Pzf]l;P6af6 Pshgf u/L ltghgf pkfWoIf eP . oL ltg pkfWoIfn] cf–cfkm\gf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ ePsfn] ;efklt st} aflx/ uPsf] cj:yfdf sfo{jfxs rnfpg jl/i7 pkfWoIf ylkof] . jl/i7 pkfWoIfsf] r'gfj sfo{;ldltn] ug]{ k|fjwfg lyof] . ca clxn] cfP/ cWoIfsf] r'gfj gug]{ gf}nf] k/Lkf6L sfod ul/Psf] 5 . b'O{ jif{cl3 g} jl/i7 pkfWoIfsf] r'gfj ug]{ / b'O{ jif{kl5 pxL cWoIf x'g] k|fjwfg 5 . dnfO{ nfU5 g]kfndf of] gf}nf] k|of]u xf] . o:tf] gf}nf] k|of]u cjZo ;kmn xf]nf eGg] sfdgf u/f}+ . x]/f},+ ;don] s] atfp“5 < clxn] t dxf;+3sf] cfDbfgL klg w]/} 5, o;sf ;b:o klg w]/} 5g\ . dxf;+3sf] sfof{no k|wfgdGqLsf] eGbf sd 5}g . dxf;+3 ;/sf/ kl5s} bf];f| ] 7"nf] ;+hfn ePsf] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf :yflkt 5 . o;sf ;b:ox? a9]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb, lwtf]kq af]8,{ /fhZj k/fdz{ ;ldltnufot ;/sf/sf ljleGg kmf]/d, d+r, k|flws/0f / lgud u/L kf“r bh{geGbf a9L lgsfodf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj 5 . cGt{/fli6«o ?kdf cGt{/fli6«o pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 -cfO;L;L_, /f]huf/bftfx?sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7g -cfOcf] O{_, PzLof k|zfGt pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 94

-Sof;L_, ;fs{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 -;fs{ l;l;cfO{_, hfkfgsf] PzLof Jofkf/ k|jw{g d~r (Asian Trade Promotion ForumATPF) / ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBdLx?sf] ljZj ;F:yf -afhd]_ df dxf;+3 ;xefuL eO;s]sf] 5 . dxf;+3n] ljleGg b]zsf bh{gf}+ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 / dxf;+3x?df ;xsfo{sf nflu ;Demf}tfkqdf x:tfIf/ u/L;s]sf] 5 . t/, s] dxf;+3n] pBdL Joj;foLsf xs lxtsf] /Iffsf ;fy} b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;/sf/;“u kf6{g/ eP/ sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5 t < of] Hofb} HjnGt k|Zg xf] . xfdLn] plta]n} d'ns ' ;Ifd geP;Dd lghLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f / :jtGq Aofkf/sf] gLlt nfu" ug'{ x“b' g} eg]sf lyof}+ . t/, lghLs/0fsf gfddf ldq /fi6«n] lbPsf pBf]ux? klg wdfwd a]lrof] . t}klg xfdLn] g t lk|m Osf]gf] dLnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf ckgfpg ;Sof}, g sG6«fn] Osf]gf]dL g} cFufNof}+ . l5d]sL ldq /fi6« rLg sG6«fn] Osf]gf]dL x'b“ } clxn] lk|m Osf]gf]dLdf hf“b5 } . xfd|f] eg] cfkm\gf] s+qmL6 7f]; gLlt g} cfPg . ljb]zdf k9]sf dfG5]x?n] 1fg t aflx/af6 l;s]/ cfP, t/ pgLx?sf] ;f]r g]kfnL w/ftnLo oyfy{ cg'?k ePg . kl/jt{gsf] d"N" o xfdLnfO{ w]/} dx“uf] eof] . rGbf cft+s, /fhgLlts c:yL/tf, cf}Bf]lus c;'/Iffsf sf/0f :jb]zdf pBf]u km:6fpg ;s]g . ePsf pBf]ux? klg aGb x'g yfn] . o;af6 a]/f]huf/L ;d:of a9b} hf“bf g]kfnL o'jfx? ljb]z knfog eO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] ljb]zdf sdfPsf] k};f -/]dL6ofG;_ sf e/df b]zsf] cy{tGq wflgg] cj:yf 5 . t/ la8Dagf, h;n] k9]sf] 5}g, hf];u“ s'g} ;fwg / >f]t 5}g, Tof] dfG5] ljb]z uP/ d]xgt u/]/ sdfPsf] k};fn] xfdL oxf“ nSh/Lo; sf/ r9L/x]sf 5f}+ . t/, k};f / a'4L ePsf] elgPsf] dflg; rf“xL :jb]zdf

xfd|f] b]z k|fs[lts, h}ljs, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfn] e/Lk"0f{ 5 . cfly{s ;d[l4sf ;+efjgf / cfwf/x? xfdL;Fu k|r/" 5g\ . ca lt ;Defjgf / ;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ bfloTj lghL If]qs} xf] . 7"nf] ?v 5, ?vdf kmn n6/Dd kmn]sf] 5 . ?v r9g 8/fP/ kmn vfg kfOGg . 7"nf] ?v ePsfn] em6f/f] xfg]/ emb}g{ , Tof] kfSnf, emnf{ / vfp“nf eGg] ;do klg xfdL;“u 5}g . ?v r9g}k5{ . ?v r9g e¥ofª rflxG5 . d\V' o k|Zg 5, Tof] e¥ofª s:tf] agfpg] < ctM :j0f{ hoGtLsf] P]ltxfl;s cj;/df xfdL ;+sNk u/f},+ dxf;+3n] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu klg Pp6f :ki6 lehg lbg ;sf];\ . dxf;+3 Psflt/ ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;fe]mbf/ klg xf];\ / csf]l{ t/ k|tLkIfLsf] h:t} ;/sf/n] e"n ug{ nfu]df ;r]t u/fpg] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ ;dy{g / lj/f]wsf] z}nL klg ckgfcf];\ . To;sf nflu ;du| lghL If]q Ps xf];\ . Pstfs} andf xfdL /fi6«sf ;d:of ;dfwfgb]lv cfly{s ljsf;df Ps eP/ nfUg;S5f}+ . o;f] x'g ;s]df dxf;+3sf] P]ltxfl;s uf}/j / u/Ldfk|lt Gofo x'g;S5 . dxf;+3nfO{ ;fy glnOsg d'ns ' sf] cf}Bf]lus, Joj;flosnufot ;du| cfly{s ?kfGt/0f ;Dej 5}g eGg] cfef; ;/sf/nufot a[xQ/ ;dfhnfO{ lbnfpg xfdL ;Ifd xf]p“ . dxf;+3sf] pQ/f]Q/ k|utLsf] sfdgf ub}{ d ;Dk"0f{ pBf]uklt–Joj;foLnfO{ xflb{s awfO{ tyf z'esfdgf ck{0f ub{5' .

cfly{s ;'wf/sf] lg/Gt/tf ljgf]b s'd' f/ rf}w/L, k"j{ cWoIf x'b5 } , slxn] kmls{g] xf] eGg];Ddsf] hfgsf/L 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ lbg ;Sg] cj:yf lyPg . d ;lDemG5', a'af Jofkf/sf qmddf hfkfg uO/xg'xG' Yof] . pxf“nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ug{ ;'Gwf/fsf] b"/ ;~rf/ sfof{nodf nfO{g a:g'kYof]{ . ha kfnf] cfpYof], o:t/L lrRofP/ af]Ng'kYof]{ ls st} a'afn] d}n] lrRofPs} cfjfh ;'Gg'xf];\ . d]/f] lbg/ft ;/sf/L c8\8fx? rfxfb}d{ f ljTYof] h'g ;do d]/f nflu clt dxTjk"0f{ lyof] .

ljb]zL ljlzi7 cltlysf] g]kfn e|d0f x'b“ } /x]5 . /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 u[x dGqfnosf] ;"rgf k|;f/0f eO{/x]sf] lyof]–ljlzi7 cltlysf] ;Tsf/sf nflu ;fw';Gt, ;fx'dxfhg / cGo hg;d'bfon] ;8ssf] b'O{ k§Lsf] lsgf/fdf nfdj4 eP/ :jfut ug'x{ f]nf . ha d ljhg]z l;Sb} lyP“, a'afx? eGg'xG' Yof], ;kmf r6\6 k/]sf] 8«;] nufP/ lx8\g' x“b' g} . cem ;/sf/L c8\8fx?df hfbf t kmf6]sf] ;6{ kfO{G6 nufPs} /fd|f] t cln a'em\g] ePkl5 yfxf kfP“, ;/sf/ / ;dfhn] pBd Joj;fo ug],{ k};f sdfpg] dflg;nfO{ dg k/fp“bf /x]g5g\ . lbdfudf ljhg]z cfO{l8of 5 t/ Tof] cfO{l8of sfof{Gjog ug{ kmnfdsf] Ro"/f rkfpg' ;/x 5 . s'g} pBf]u vf]Ng] of]hgf eP/ s] ug'{ < nfO{;G] ;sf nflu slt dlxgf nfUg] xf], s; s;sf 9f]sf rfxfg'{ kg]{ xf] 6'u+ f] 5}g . cfkm\gf] vNtLaf6 xfNg] k};fdf c?nfO{ lgMz'Ns ;]o/wlg agfpg' kg]{ / p;}nfO{ gd:sf/ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf 5 . h]gt]g nfO{;G] ; h'6fpg ;Sof] eg] ljlQo ;|ft] h'6fpg km]/L a}s + sf sfo{sf/Lsf] 9f]sfdf nfO{g a:g hfg'kg]{ .

dxf;+3df /x]/ xfdLn] ug{ ;s]sf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL xf]– v'nf ahf/ cy{tGqsf kIfdf ul/Psf] nlaª / To;af6 g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] :j?kdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g . of] sfd dxf;+3 jf xfdL dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jdf /x]sfx?n] dfq} u/]sf] eGg vf]hs ] f] xf]Og . t/, ;g\ !(() sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 d'ns ' n] h'g cfly{s gLlt lng'kYof],{ To;sf nflu lghL If]qaf6 xfdLn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgefPsf xf}“ . d'ns ' sf] cfly{s gLltdf Aofks ;'wf/ cleofgsf] Ps c+u x'g kfpg'sf] ;Gt[l' i6nfO{ d}n] cfkm\gf] ;kmntf dfg]sf] 5' .

g]kfnL cfly{s gLltdf cfPsf] of] kl/jt{g o'ufGtsf/L lyof] . h;af6 pBdL Joj;foLn] dfq} xf]Og, ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLs} hLjgdf o;n] ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . dxf;+3df /xbf d}n] cfly{s ;'wf/nfO{ d'Vo Ph]08f agfPsf] lyP“ . ;'wf/sf] Pp6f kIf dxf;+3sf] ef}lts ;+/rgfTds Pj+ ;+u7gfTds ;'wf/ / d]/f] o'jfsfn oLg} cj/f]wx?;“u h'w/] csf]{ kIf /fli6«o cy{tGqdf ;'wf/ . Tof] ;do ljt]sf] 5 . g]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;+3df -lj= ;+= @)$$–@)%@_ df klg ;'wf/sf d cfslif{t x'gs ' f k5fl8 oL cj/f]wx?;“u kIFdf h'g ;kmntf k|fKt eof], To;nfO{ d}n] ;+:yfut ?kdf h'Wg ;lsG5 eGg] k|/] 0ffn] pT;fxk|b dfG5' . dxf;+3sf] cfGtl/s ;'wf/ sfd u/]sf] lyof] . sf kIfdf xfdLnfO{ s] nfUof] eg] lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3x?sf] e"ldsfnfO{ g]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;+3df d}n] ;lqmo cu|kl+ Qmdf NofOg'k5{ . To;}n] dxf;+3sf] cf7 aif{ ljtfPsf] 5' . tL dWo]sf kl5Nnf b'O{ aif{ cWoIfsf ?kdf . dxf;+3sf] %) aif{sf] ljwfg kl/jt{g ul/ lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3x?nfO{ %) k|ltzt dtflwsf/sf] Joj:yf Oltxf;df of] ;do lgZro klg 5f]6f] xf] . ldnfOof] . o;n] lhNnfdf pBdL t/ olx 5f]6f] ;dodf klg dxf;+3df /x]/ Joj;foLx?sf] x}l;otdf cfd"n kl/jt{g g]kfnsf] cy{tGq / pBd Joj;fosf nflu Nofof] . s'g} klg ;+:yf Jojl:yt x'g p;sf] cfkm'n] ug{ ;s]sf sfdx?n] dnfO{ cfh klg ;+u7gfTds cj:yf ;'b9[ x'gk' 5{ / ;lrjfno ;Gt'li6 lbG5 . alnof] x'gk' 5{ . Tolta]nf dxf;+3sf] sfof{no d 3f]l/P/ ;f]Ry]+ – pBd Joj;fosf oL cj/f]wx?nfO{ s;/L cGTo ug{ ;lsG5 < ha;Dd xfdLn] htftt} o:t} cj/f]wx?sf] ;fdgf ug'k{ 5{, pBd Joj;fodf t/SsL ug{ cj:yf /xb}g .

pBd Joj;fo ug{ b]z k/b]zsf] ofqfdf lgl:sg'k5{ . Po/nfO{G;sf] l6s6 kfpg cf/PgP;Lsf xflsdx?sf] sf]7f rf]6f rfxfg'k{ 5{ . Pp6f Po/ l6s6sf nflu dflg;x? /fte/ Go"/f]8sf] ;8sdf nfO{g nfUg' :jefljs dflgGYof] Tolta]nf . 3/af6 aflx/ lgl:sof], sxf“ k'luof], s] 95

cf}nfdf cfO{ku' s ] f] 5 . lxhf] 9f]sfdf s'//] gd:t] ubf{ gkmsf{pg] a}s + sf sfo{sf/Lx? clxn] C0f lnO{lbg';\ xh'/ eGg xfd|f 3/ b}nf]df cfp5g\ . Pp6f Po/ l6s6sf nflu /fte/ nfO{gdf a:g'kg]{ cj:yf klg lyof] eg]/ slNkg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . cfh ah]6 Po/ nfO{G;x?sf Ps;]Ps ckm/x? xfd|f ;fd" 5g\ . ;+rf/dfWodx?n] b'lgof“sf ;"rgfnfO{ xfd|f] df]jfOndf Ps7\7f ul/lbPsf 5g\ . tkfO{ hxf“ k'Ug';,\ ;+;f/ cfkm\g} vNtLdf /xG5 .

lqk'/Z] j/sf] Ps 3/df rf/ sf]7f ef8fdf lnP/ ;+rfng eO{/x]sf] lyof] . xfdLn] dxf;+3sf] cfkm\g} ejg x'gk' 5{ eGg] ;f]r+ sf ;fy sfd z'? u¥of}+ . d cWoIfdf lgjf{lrt ePsf] klxnf] aif{d} dxf;+3sf] sfof{no lqk'/Z] j/af6 tLgs'gs ] f] Jojl:yt ejgdf ;f¥of}+ eg] bf];f| ] aif{ 6]sl' :yt cfkm\g} ejgdf . o;/L dxf;+3n] ef}lts ;+/rgfdf km8\sf] df¥of] . k|;u+ j; ;lDemG5', pQm ejgsf] ;d'b3\ f6g ;df/f]xdf d bz{sbL3f{sf] clGtd s'gflt/ a;]/ x]l//x]sf] lyP“ . t/, ejg lgdf{0fdf s'g} e"ldsf g/x]sfx? d~rdf o:tf] xfpefpdf k|:t't eO{/x]sf lyP dfgf}+ ejg pgLx?n] g} agfPsf x'g\ . ;lrjfno ;'b9[ Ls/0fsf nflu o'lg8f]sf] k|fljlws Pj+ cfly{s ;xof]u cGtu{t tLg alif{o kl/of]hgf ;+rfng ul/of] . hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf of] kl/of]hgf lgs} k|efjsf/L ;fljt eof] . o'P;PcfO{8Lsf] ;xof]udf s[lif pBd s]Gb| Tolta]n} :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . xfdLn] Tolta]n} dxf;+3sf] ;DjGw CII ;“u :yflkt u/]sf xf}“ . dxf;+3sf] cfGtl/s hLjgdf oL sfdx? sf]z9] u+' f ;fljt ePsf 5g\ . ;+u7gsf] cfGtl/s ;'wf/n] sfd ug]{ phf{ a9fp5 . t/, Tof] phf{nfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqdf k|ltljlDjt ug{ b]zsf] cfly{s gLltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' cToGt} h?/L lyof] . d]/f] d'Vo Wofg /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] gLltut ;'wf/tkm{ s]lGb|t lyof] tfls o;n] /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] lj:tf/df km8\sf] dfg{ ;lsof];\ . o'jf cj:yfdf ;/sf/L c8\8fx?df rfxb}d{ f ljt]sf d]/f lbgx? h:t} gof“ k':tfn] ;do v]/ kmfNg' gk/f];\ . o;sf nflu lghL If]qsf] tkm{af6 xfdLn] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x t u¥of} t/ lo gLltnfO{ bx|f;] u“ :yflkt ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostf lyof] . pQm p2]Zodf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg dxf;+3df pbfl/s/0f kl/of]hgf nfu" ul/of] . o; kl/of]hgfsf] glthf:j?k 96

dxf;+3n] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/nfO{ k|ToIf ;xof]u ug{ ;Dej eof] . Tolta]n} xfdL pRr:t/Lo gLlt lgdf{0f ;ldltdf dxf;+3sf] e"ldsfnfO{ cu|kl+ Qmdf Nofpg ;kmn eof}+ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:ox? / cGo pRr ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Lx? /x]sf] Ps ;ldltsf] cWoIftf lghL If]qn] ug]{ / lghL If]qsf kbflwsf/Lx? /x]sf] csf]{ ;ldltsf] cWoIf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfn] ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] tf ls b'a} kIfn] Ps csf{aLrsf laifo ulx/f];u“ a'em\g ;s"g\ / /fli6«o cy{tGqdf To;sf] ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ ;lsof];\ . o;}ul/ cfkm\gf Ph]08f k|:t't ug]{ / sfof{Gjog ug],{ /fli6«o cy{tGq lgdf{0fsf] d]?b08 lghL If]q ePsf] / cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu lghL If]qsf] nufgL k|j4{g nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ laifox?df /fhgLlts txdf ;femf wf/0ff to ug{ klg xfdLn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u¥of}+ . gLltut ?kdf Tolta]nf rflnPsf sbdx? /fli6«o hLjgdf lgs} dxTjk"0f{ ;fljt ePsf 5g\ . cfh /fli6«o cy{tGqdf lghL If]qsf] of]ubfg &) k|ltzt /xg'df kSs} klg olx ;'wf/sf] of]ubfg pRr 5 . ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs sNof0f / k"jf{wf/df nuFgL ug]{ / ljsf; lgdf{0fdf lghL If]qnfO{ lhDdf nufpg] ;f]r+ olx ;'wf/sf] kl/0ffd xf] . t/ kSs} klg xfdLn] ;'wf/sf] glthf ck]IFf ul/Phlt k|fKt ug{ eg] ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . cfh xfdL ;/sf/L c8\8fx?df hfbf kmf6]sf] ;6{ kfO{G6 nufP/ hfg'kg]{ dfgl;stfdf 5}gf}+ . oBkL ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] pBdL Joj;foLnfO{ x]g{] b[li6sf]0fdf klg k"0f{ kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g . lxhf] d}n] Ps sn 6]lnkmf]g ug{sf nflu 306f}+ nfO{gdf a:g'kYof]{ . t/, cfh g]kfnsf] hg;+VofeGbf klg w]/} 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f ePsf 5g\ . 6]lnsd / OG6/g]6sf] ljsf;n] ;+;f/ xfd|f]

cfh cfkm"n" ] ug{ rfx]sf] pBdsf] kmfO{n af]s/] s;}sf 9f]sf rfxfg'k{ b}g{ . s;};u“ nfO{;G] ;sf] ljlGt la;fpg' kb}g{ . lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft nufotsf If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . ;fdfGo kl/jf/sf gfgL afa'x? klg af]l8{ª :s"ndf k9\g kfPsf 5g\ . clxn]sf g]kfnL o'jf ju{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf /fVg ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . v'nf ahf/ cy{tGqsf kIfdf xfdLn] rfn]sf] sbdsf] glthf olx xf] . krf;sf] bzsdf g]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;+3dfkm{t xfdLn] rfn]sf sbdx? ;xL lyP eGg] cg'df]bg klg xf] . o;sf] dtna of] xf]Og ls pBd Joj;fosf nflu g]kfn pTs[i6 d'ns ' alg;s]sf] 5 . ;'wf/sf] kIfdf cufl8 a9fOPsf sbdx?sf] lg/Gt/tf h?/L 5 . lt sbdx?nfO{ kl/jlt{t ;docg';f/ 6'u+ f]df k'¥ofpg'k5{ . d}n] ljhg]z z'? ubf{ ef]us ] f lbgx? jf:tjdf clxn] d]/f nflu klg ckTofl/nf alg;s]sf 5g\ . cfh u[x dGqfnon] ljb]zL ljlzi7 kfx'gfsf] cfudgdf ;fw';Gt ;fx'dxfhgnfO{ ;8ssf] b'a} k§L nfdj4 eP/ :jfutdf pleg ;"rgf hf/L ub}g{ . a? s'g} klg ljb]zL ljlzi7 JolQmsf] g]kfn e|d0f x'bf lghL If]q;“usf låklIfo a}7s, lj1tfsf] cfbfg k|bfg / cfly{s ljsf;sf dfldnfdf ;Nnfx lng] k/Dk/f :yflkt ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf / fi6«kd| v ' , ;/sf/ k|dv ' sf] ljb]z e|d0fsf] Ps c+u lghL If]q alg;s]sf] 5 . ;'wf/ Pp6f cleofg xf] . /, lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|so[ f . o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' cfjZos 5 .

gof“ ;+ljwfg / lghL If]q kb\d Hof]lt, k"j{ cWoIf

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f

ljutsf] lgjf{rgaf6 b]ze/Lsf ljleGg k[i7e"ld af]ss ] f ljleGg ju{ hfltsf k|ltlglwx? ;+ljwfg;efdf k'u] . clxn] pQm ;ef ;+;bdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . tTsfnLg ;+ljwfg ;ef cyf{t jt{dfg ;+;bsf] of] agf}6n] xfd|f] ;du| g]kfn s:tf] 5 eGg] /fd|/L emNsfp“5 . of] ;+;b /fli6«o ufgdf eg]em} æ;of}+ km'nsf y'ªu\ fÆ h:tf] 5 t/, Pp6} dfnf xfn;Dd klg aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf qmddf h:tf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] lyof] clxn] klg nueu p:t} 5 . cfd g]kfnLsf] b[li6df b'O{ k6ss} ;+ljwfg ;efsf] 5lj ;f]r+ cg';f/sf] x'g ;s]g . o;n] hgtfsf] rfxgf tyf cfjZostf cg';f/sf] sfd u/]g eGg] d"Nof+sg cfd ?kdf ul/Psf] lyof] . w]/} hgf ;dlk{t / TofuL ;ef;bn] cf–cfkm\gf] 7fp“af6 k|f/lDes sfd /fd|/L u/]sf] lgs} nfdf] Oltxf;kl5 g]kfnL hgtfn] cfkm\gf] ePtfklg xft nfUof] z"Go ePkl5 xfdLn] ;+ljwfg kfPsf 5g\ . cf}krfl/s?kdf ;+;bLo k|lqmof z'? ePsf] cf7 jif{;Dd klg ;+ljwfg l;2fGt tyf k|lqmof cg';f/ ;+ljwfg cfPsf] kfPgf}+ . 5 . xfdL g]kfnL cfkm\gf] ;+ljwfg gePsf] ;do kf/ u/]/ cl3 a9L;s]sf 5f}+ .

;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff

gof“ ;+ljwfgdf klg s]xL ju{, If]q jf /fhgLlts bnsf] ljdlt b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] sfo{Gjogdf pgLx?sf] afwf c8\rg b]lvPsf] 5 . clxn]sf] /fhgLlts g]tT[ jsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L g} ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog xf] / To;sf nflu clxn] b]lvPsf c;xdlt / ljjfbnfO{ ;xdlts} cfwf/df ;Daf]wg ug'{ k5{ . /fhgLlt bnsf g]tfsf] nflu of] Pp6f r'gf} tL klg xf] .

;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|dv " sfd ;+ljwfg n]vg xf] eGg] ;TonfO{ lj;]/{ g]tfx? ;/sf/ agfpg] / ;Qf lu/fpg] sfddf nfu] . ;+ljwfg nfu" x'g] jvt s;/L cfkm\gf] k|efj a9fpg] / To;kl5 x'g] lgjf{rg s;/L cfkm\gf] :jfy{ cg'sn' kfg]{ eGg] v]n a9L eof] . t/, of] k|fyldstf cfd gful/ssf] nflu pN6f] lyof], cfjZostf ljkl/t lyof] . To;}n] t ;+ljwfg cfpg lgs} ;s; eof] . d]/f] ljrf/df ;+ljwf;efdf lg0ff{os 5nkmn ubf{ k|To]s ;ef;bnfO{

cfkm\gf] ljj]s / cg'ej /fVg] 5'6 lbPsf] eP cg]sgsf ljdlt / c;xdtLx? gcfpg ;Sy] . jf:tjdf km/s km/s wf/0ffaLr lgikIf ljrf/ ljdz{ u/L /fd|f] ;xdltdf k'Ug] ynf] lyof] ;+ljwfg ;ef . t/, leq l;ldt g]tfx? aLrsf] uf]Ko 5nkmn / 3f]lift gf/fdf ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] . t/, l9n} ePklg / ;s;s} aLr klg xfdLn] ;+ljwfg NofPsf 5f}+ . ca To;sf] ckgTj lnP/ sfof{Gjogdf hfg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . g]kfnnufot ljleGg d'ns ' df ljrf/sf] åG4 jf cGo k|sf/sf åG4 eO{g} /xG5 . ;+;f/df åG4 tyf c;xdltx? ;bfsf] nflu cGTo eg]sf] ;Dej g} 5}g . o;df w]/} lrlGtt x'ge ' Gbf klg ;dfwfgdf nfUg'k5{ . xfdLn] Tolt 7"nf] ;z:q åG4nfO{ zflGt k|lqmofdf NofP/ 6'ªUofof}+ / ;+ljwfg ;d]t agfof}+ . ca olx ;xdlt / zflGtsf] k|lqmofaf6} cl3 hfg'k5{ . of] ljZjsf] nflu Pp6f pbfx/0f klg xf] .

;+ljwfg 3f]if0ffkl5

;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] ;a} hflt, ju{, If]q nufot ;a}n} fO{ ;d]6g\ ] d"n sfg'g xf] . of] d'ns ' sf] d]?b08 xf] . t/, olx g} k"0f{ eg] gxf]nf, cem} c;xdlt 5g\, w]/s } f u'gf;f / lj/f]w klg xf]nfg . ;+ljwfg cfO{;s] kl5 klg rf/}lt/ af6 cfqmfGt g]kfnsf] xtf; kl/l:yltdf clxn] klg ;'wf/ ePsf] 5}g . clxn] klg htf x]¥of], htf uof] xfdL /fhgLlt afx]s s]lx klg kfp“bg} f}+ . cfd gful/ssf] Joyf / cfjZostf Psflt/ 5, /fhgLlts g]tfx?sf] b'lgof“ cs}5 { . o;y{, xfdLn] cfkm\gf] af6f] e'Ng' ePg . k|fKt 7"nf] /fhgLlts

lsg ls g]kfnsf] em08} Ps k':tf ;do /fhgLlts åGb / lvrftfgLdf latfO{ ;s]sf 5f}+ . ca oxf+af6 dfly p7]/ cufl8 a9\g} k5{ .

dxf;+3 / jt{dfg cj:yf

;}2flGts cleofg hf/L /fVg'k5{ eg] csf{lt/ lghL If]qn] cfkm\g} cfr/0f / sfd dfkm{t cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] jftfj/0f ;dfhdf :jLsfo{ u/fp“b} hfg] r'gf}tL / /0fgLlt ckgfpg'k5{ . xfdLn] alnof] /fd|f] sfd u¥of}+ eg] xfd|f] e"ldsf cfkm;]cfkm a9\b} hfG5 . of] k[i7e"lddf lghL If]qsf] Psdfq 5ftf g]kfnsf] lghL If]q cleefjs ;+:yf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo g]kfndf ;j{q eb|uf]n, åGb, afwf Jojwfg cfbLaLr k|lts"n hf]lvdk"0f{ kl/l:yltdf klg dxf;+3sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ / ;+jb] gzLn /x]sf] 5 . lelq x[bodf xfdL ;j}nfO{ yfxf 5 j:t' ;]jfsf] pTkfbg tyf cfk"lt{sf] ls rf8} g]kfnL cy{tGqnfO{ lnsdf Nofpg /Qm;~rf/ sfod /fVb} cy{tGqnfO{ dg{af6 ;lsPg eg] To;af6 cfpg] ;+s6 clxn]sf] arfO{ /fv]sf] au{ g]kfnsf] lghL If]qg} xf] . h'g;'s} tfls{s lx;fjaf6 Joj;fo aGb} ug'g{ } /fhgLlts ;d:of eGbf vt/fk"0f{ x'g] 5 . ;j} ldn]/ xfd|f] cfly{s j[l4b/nfO{ ltj| kfg{ >]o:sf/ x'b“ fx“b' } klg clt sl7geGbf sl7g ;s]gf} eg] / cfd gful/ssf] lrQ a'emfpg ;dodf klg g]kfnsf] lghL If]qn] cfd hgtfnfO{ ;]jf lbg], /f]huf/L lbg] sfd u/]sf] ;s]gf}+ eg] To;af6 cfpg] t'kmfgn] /fhgLlts, lyof] / 5 . g]kfnsf] o:tf] cj:yfdf pxf“x? cy{tGq / ;dfhsf cu'jf ;j}nfO{ a9fg]{ 5 / xfdL ;j} a9f/Lg] 5f}+ . t/, of] ;j} sfd -pBf]uL Joj;foL_ sf] of]ubfg d"Nof+sg ubf{ pxf“x? ljlzi6 dfq xf]Og ;fxl;s klg x'gx' G' 5 . OdfGbf/L;fy z'¿ dfq} klg ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] xfd|f] g]kfnsf] ;+efjgf tyf eljio ;'/lIft / h;/L s'g} klg c;kmn ;dfhdf ;kmn pHHjn 5 . Joj;fo ;Dej 5}g, ;kmn Joj;fo lagf klg ;kmn ;dfh ;Dej 5}g . t/, xfdLsxf“ pBdzLntf, hf]lvd lng] hf+u/, Jofj;los ;+ljwfgkl5sf] lghL If]q ;kmntf, gfkmf cflbaf/] ;sf/fTds ;f]r ;+ljwfgdf lghL If]qsf ;Dk"0f{ dfu / ljsl;t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lghL If]qsf] of]ubfg ;'emfj c6fO{gk' Yof]{ jf c6fp“5 eGg] ljifo / e"ldsfaf/] clxn] klg s]lx e|d 5 . ;+ej ePg . ldl>t lsl;dsf] cy{Joj:yf b'ik|rf/sf] k|of; ul/G5 . ;j} ljs[lt lghL leq pBf]u Joj;fo ug{ xfdLn] :jtGqtf If]qsf] yfKnf]df y'kf/]/ ;:tf] nf]slk|otf kfPsf 5f}+ . cln ck"0f{ ePklg agfOPsf] sdfpg] / cfkm\gf sdL sdhf]/L n'sfpg ;+ljwfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP/ eljiodf ;'wf/ ;lhnf] af6f] ckgfpg] k|jl[ Q 5 . ug{ ;lsG5 . lghL If]q /fhgLlts ljifodf xfd kmfNg ;Sb}g . s'g} klg /fhgLltaf6 cy{tGqdf s:tf] c;/ k/]sf] 5 x]g{] / lghL If]q / /fhgLlt t/ Pp6f jf:tljstf xfdLn] ofb /fVg' k5{ . hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfd xfd|f] xf] . xfdL ljsf;sf] ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g] ju{ xf] . lghL If]qn] vf]h] h:t} ;a} s'/f g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts g]tT[ jnfO{ yfxf gePsf ljifodf jt{dfg /fhgLlts ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf cfly{s ljsf;sf kIf cjut u/fpg] / ;r]t kfO{ xfNg] cj:yf 5}g . bnx?sf /fhgLlts u/fpg] xf] . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] bfloTj bz{gsf sf/0f jf ;dfh leq cw{1fgsf sf/0f ldl>t cy{Joj:yf h:tf pknlAw;Dd eg]sf] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xdltdf hfg bnx?nfO{ cfu|x ug'{ jf ;'emfj lbg'g} xf] . k'Ug ;lsPsf] 5 . Psflt/ xfdLn] cfkm\gf] pknlAwnfO{ ca ;+:yfut ug]{ tyf To;}nfO{ 6]s/] cfly{s ;+dl[ 4 xfl;n ug]t{ km{ nfUg'k5{ . eljiodf klg s'g} åG4 cfP zflGtk"0f{ tyf k|hftflGqs 9+uaf6 ;dfwfg ub}{ hfg] af6f] ;dfpg' k5{ .

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] h'g sfnv08df xfdL 5f}+ To;sf] uxg r'gf}tL xfdL ;Dk"0f{ Joj;foLn] lj;{g x'b“ g} . ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ klg cfXjfg ug{ rfxfG5' ls ;Dk"0f{ pBf]uL Joj;foLx?sf] nfdf] Oltxf; af]ss ] f] ;+:yf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3nfO{ k"0f{ ljZjf;df lnO{ ;xsfo{ ug'x{ f]; . dxf;+3 d'ns ' sf] cleGg c+u / Pp6f hLjGt ;+:yf xf] . dxf;+3df lhNnf ;+3x? d'6' x'g, j:t'ut ;+3x? dl:tis x'g, P;f]l;lP6nufot ;j} ;b:o wdgL x'g,\ Toxf“leqsf JolQm Joj;foL o;sf cfvf, sfg / xftv'§f x'g\ . s'g} Ps ljgf dxf;+3 ckf+u aG5, of] s'/f gljl;{sg xfdL cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] v08df xfd|f] eljio cem a9L zlQmdfg / xfd|f] e"ldsf cem a9L lhDd]jf/ x'g] 5 . dxf;+3n] lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]6/] %) jif{ k'/f ul/;s]sf] 5 . h:tf];s ' } /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf klg sfd u/]/ cfkm\g} nf]stflGqs k|lqmofaf6 dxf;+3 oxf“;Dd cfPsf] xf] . of] pknlAw uj{sf] s'/f klg xf] .

%) jif]{ dxf;+3sf] casf] af6f]

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pk/f]Qm s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x?af6 g]pjfdxf;+3sf] Oltxf;nfO{ ul/dfk"0f{ agfpg d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . d"nt lghL IF]qsf] dof{bf / 5jLnfO{ pRr /fVg] ldzg ;lxtg} cWoIFdf lgjf{lrt ePsf] lyP+ / lgjf{rgdf d"ngf/f g} lbPsf] lyP æJoj;fodf :jR5tf sfod /fvf}Æ+ dnfO{

5nkmn z'?cft ul/of] . sfnfGt/df IF]qLo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nFO{ dfGotf lbPsf] ;fy{s pknAwL xf] eGg] 7fGb5' . cj t k|fb]lzs pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 u7g x'g' kb{5 / of] g} ;zQm ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ eGg] nfU5 .

)%)—%@ cjlwdf /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb\ sf] ;efklt eP/ sfo{ ubf{ >d P]g / 6«8] o"lgog P]g th'd{ f x'g] cj:yf lyof] . e/v/} :yflkt ePsf] ax'blno Joj:yf / clwsf/ k|fKtLkl5 dhb"/ ;fyLx? cfqmds ?kdf k|:t't x'b+ } lyP, aGb x8\tfn ug]{ ;fdfGo eO{ ;s]sf] lyof] t/ To;a]nfsf 7"nf 6«8] o"lgogx? hLkmG6 / 6«8] o"lgog sf+u;]| sf g]tT[ j ju{;u+ ;'dw'/ ;DaGw, 5nkmn jx; ljjfb aLrdf sfg"g kf; ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyof}+ . To;a]nf dhb"/ ;+u7gsf g]tfx?af6 k|fKt ;dembf/L, ;f}xfb{tfaf6 cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f ;'dw'/ agfpg ;kmn ePsf lyof}+ / o:nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw d~rsf] :yfkgf klg u/]sf lyof}+ .

cfly{s ljsf;s} ;Gbe{df g]kfndf ;a} /fhg}lts kf6L{x? / ;/sf/sf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;dfgtf, ;a}sf] ;xeflutf cfjZostf af/] a[xt /fp08 6]jn ;ef ul/Psf] lyof] . To;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 tTsflng pkk|wfgdGqL z}nhf cfrfo{ / cGo

nfU5 cfh klg htftt} b08 ljlxgtfsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf 5f},+ clwsf+z u}/ sfg"gL / ljs[lthGo ultljlwnfO{ c+lusf/ ug]{ cj:yfn] /fi6«eGbf cfkm\gf] :jfy{nfO{ cufl8 ;fg]{ k|al[ Qn] ubf{ lghL IF]qnfO{ cf+r k'us ] f] 5, To;}sf/0fn] klg æJoj;fodf :jR5tf sfod u/f}Æ+ eGg] d"n dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cufl8 a9\g h?/L 5 . lghL IF]q c? eGbf kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL / lhDd]jf/Lk"js { cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ;Sg' kb{5 . %) jif{ k"/f u/]sf] g]kfn pBf] u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 emg a9L dof{lbt aGg ;Sg' kb{5 of] clxn]sf] kl/k|I] odf emg a9L cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . of] :j0f{ dxf]T;j dgfO/x“bf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?nfO{ ;zQm / ;lqmo agfpg] cleofgdf dnfO{ ;+w} ;fy lbg' x'g] s~rgk'/ b]lv tfKn]hª ' ;Dd, emfkfb]lv bfr'n{ f;Ddsf cleoGtf ;fyLx?, d]/f] cWoIf sfo{sfndf ;fy lbg' x'g] kbflwsf/Lx? tyf sf=sf= ;b:o ldqx?, dnFO{ cWoIF aGg k|l] /t ug'{ x'g] k"j{ cWoIFx?, k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx? tyf k"j{ sf= sf= ;b:ox?, z'eR] 5'sx? / dxf;+3sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;+w} ;+nUg ePsf sd{rf/Lx?k|lt klg gtd:ts x'g rfxfG5' . lghL If]qsf] cfTd;Ddfg / ul/df a9fpg g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 cem ;zQm eP/ lqmofzLn x'g ;sf];\ oxL z'esfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . xfdL dxf;+3sf] %) cf}+ :j0f{ jif{ dgfO{ /x+bf dxf;+3nfO{ lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9fpg ;lqmo /xg' x'g] dxfg'efjx?nfO{ ;Demgf ug'{ xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . :j= h'4 axfb'/ >]i7, :j= x'nf;rGb uf]N5f, :j= kz'klt lul/, :j= tf]nf/fd b'u8, :j= OGb| eQm >]i7, :j= s[i0f uf]kfn 608g, :j= dl0fxif{ Hof]lt, :j= /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn', :j= df]xg uf]kfn v]tfg, :j= uf]/v axfb'/ >]i7, :j= agjf/Lnfn ldQn, :j= s[i0fnfn k|wfg, :j= z+s/nfn s]l8of, :j= k"0f{ axfb'/ tfd|Fsf/, :j= dbgnfn cu|jfn, :j= ;"os { i[ 0f >]i7, u0f]z eQm ;fv, hubLz k|;fb cu|jfn, uf]kfn k|;fb If]qL, dfwjdl0f /fhe08f/L, nIdLbf; dfgGw/, u'nfj/fo v]tfg, >L df]xgl;+x P]tjfn, s[i0faGw' lkof nufotsf dxfg'efjx?sf] of]ubfg xfdLn] la;{g' x'b“ g} . cfh g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf] ;efkltsf] x}l;otn] dxf;+3nfO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf ;a} k"j{ cWoIFx? k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx?, k"j{ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:ox? k|lt klg s[t1tf JoQm ug{ rfx5' .

101

dxf;+3sf] %) jif{ k|bLks'df/ >]i7, k"j{ cWoIf c~rn k|ltlglw ;lxt dxf;+3sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:odf lgjf{lrt x'g k'u+] . To; avt dt a/fa/L x'b“ f uf]nf k|yfaf6 d ;f] kbdf ljohL ePsf] lyP“ .

nfO{ b]zJofkL ?kdf æpBf]u jfl0fHo lbj;Æ dgfp“b} hfg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

;j{ky| d pQm lbj; d}n] cWoIfsf] sfo{ef/ ;Dxfn]s} jif{ @)%^ ;fndf eAotfsf ;fy dgfOof] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg ;f] lbgnfO{ o;} qmddf lj=;+= @)$&–%) sfo{sfl/0fL /fli6«o:t/df g} æpBf]u jfl0fHo lbj;Æ ;ldlt ;b:o tyf d]rL c~rn k|ltlglw, dgfpg] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . of] lbj; pBf]uL @)%)–%@ df k|z ] tyf k|sfzg ;ldlt Jofkf/L ;d"bfosf lglDt ;bfsf nflu ;efklt, @)%@–%$ df t[tLo pkfWoIf tyf P]ltxfl;s uf}/jsf] ljifo aGg k'us ] f] 5 . ;b:otf ;]jf ;dGjo ;ldlt ;efklt kbdf To:t} dxf;+3sf] 5'§} k|ltsfTds lrGx (Logo) cfl;g x'g k'us ] f] lyP“ . ;fy} d]/f] cWoIfsf] sfo{sfnkl5 d]/f ldq /ljeQm >]i7nfO{ d]/f] sf] ;'qkft u/L dxf;+3sf] ljsf;df of]ubfg tyf cGo ;fyLx?sf] k|of;n] lglj{/f]w cWoIf k'¥ofpg' x'g] k"j{ cWoIfx?nfO{ ;f]xL lbj;sf cj;/df ;Ddflgt tyf ;b:ox?df ljt/0f agfpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{;Sg'nfO{ klg ug],{ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ Pp6f P]ltxfl;s If0fsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5' . of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' x'g] JolQm tyf cy{, a}s + tyf ljQ, pTkfbg, lgof{ t , cGt/f{ l i6« o ahf/ dxf;+3 xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf ;+:yf ePsf]n] k|j4{g, j:t'ut ljsf; h:tf IF]qaf6 o;nfO{ alnof] agfP dfq xfdL alnof] x'G5f}+ pTs[i6tf xfl;n ug],{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s eGg] lktfhLsf] efjgfnfO{ dgg ub}{ d ;fwf/0f ;b:o eO{ ef8fs} 3/df ePklg ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] o'Pgl8kL dxf;+3df k|jz ] u/]sf] lyP“ . lktfhLn] l;+9L r9]sf] lbg / dxf;+3sf] cWoIfsf] ' m sfo{sfn ;dfKtL kZrft\ l;9L cf]ns {] f lbgx? dxf;+3sf] ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu hUuf v/Lb (UNDP), cfOPncf] (ILO) h:tf ;+oQ ug]b{ l] v ejg lgdf{0f ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs eP/ /fi6« ;+3Lo lgsfo cyf{t\ cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf :d/0f ug{ kfpbf uj{sf] cg'ej x'G5 . Ps klg cys d]xgt ;fy sfo{ ug'{ ePsf] :d/0f b]lv PlzofnL pTkfbsTj ;+u7g (APO) bzs eGbf a9L ;do;Dd d}n] g]kfn pBf]u h:tf If]qLo ;+u7g tyf lgs]l/g cGt/f{li6«o d]/f] dfg;k6ndf tfh} 5 . sfo{ ;ldltdf jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] cWoIf nufot ljleGg ;xof]u ;+:yf, h]88\ LPr÷l6P nufot clvn k| j z ] u/] b] l vg} d} n ] dxf;+ 3 sf] ef} l ts cf]xf]bfdf /xL sfd ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/]“ . rLg pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 (ACFIC) k"jf{wf/ ljsf; Pj+ ;b:otf ;'bl[ 9s/0f, d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Ddsf pBf]uL Jofkf/L ;b:otf ;]jf lj:tf/, 5lj ljsf;, nufotdf tyf ef/tLo pBf]u dxf;+3 (CII) h:tf ;d"bfosf] ;femf Pj+ ;+3Lo ;+:yf (Apex ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;d]t ;Ddflgt ug]{ hf]8 lbg yfn] . Body) tyf cf:yfsf] s]Gb| o; dxf;+3n] k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ul/of] . ;fy} hfkfg cg]s cf/f]x cj/f]x kf/ ub}{ %) jif{ k"/f u/L ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf 6«l] gª ;]G6/ :yfkgfsf] :j0f{ hoGtL dgfpg nfu]sf] o; dxfg\ cj;/ cWoIfsf] lgjf{rgsf] a]nfdf dfq ;b:o nflu ;dembf/L kqdf x:tfIf/ ul/of] . df cfk\mgf] sfo{sfnsf] cg'ejaf/] k|sfz kfg{ ;+3x?sf] ;'bl[ 9s/0f / ;b:otf lj:tf/sf] qmddf d}n] d]/f ;lqmo ;xof]uL ;b:o ;fyLx? ;f]xL jif{ dxf;+3df ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g kfp+bf dnfO{ cToGt v'l; nfu]sf] 5 . OsfO{ (WTO Cell) :yfkgf ul/of] . ;lxt sl/a %% lhNnfsf] e|d0f u/]+ . of] dxf;+3sf] cWoIf -lj=;+= @)%^–@)%*_ Pp6f /fd|f] b]z bz{g sfo{qmd lyof] eg] sf] kbfjlw ;lsPsf] klg !& a;Gt kf/ To;jvt s'g} lhNnfdf d klxnf] k6s k'us ] f] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] ;+:yfut ;fdflhs eO;s]5, dnfO{ kQ} ePg . bfloTj (CSR) nfO{ dgg ub}{ pQm lbj;sf lyP“ . pk/f]Qm ;a} d]/f] ;lqmotf / nufjs} cj;/df /Qmbfg tyf lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo k|ltkmn xf]nf . pBf]uL Joj;foL ;fyLx?n] dxf;+3sf] cWoIf x'g' k"j{ o; If]qdf d]/f lzjL/ ;+rfng, j[Iff/f]k0f, dxf;+3sf] gfddf dnfO{ @)%^ ;fndf cWoIfsf] kbdf v'8l\ snf ;DaGwdf ;j{ky| d k|sfz kfg'{ ljz]if x'nfs ;+:d/0ffTds cfj/0f k|sfzg ;j{;Ddt ?kdf lgjf{lrt ug'{ eof] . o;/L pko'Qm xf]nf . d]/f] k'Vof}n{ L ynf] d]rL ul/of] eg] pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf;df c~rnsf] Onfd tyf emfkf lhNnf / k'Vof}n{ L ;a}sf] cWoIf ePsf] ;lDem pT;fx Pj+ gof“ pTs[i6tf xfl;n ug{] ;b:o pBf]u gof“ ;f] r / b" / b[ l i6sf ;fy dxf;+ 3 sf] 5lj k]zf Jofkf/ Joj;fo eP/} xf]nf d]/f lktfhL k|lti7fgx?nfO{ æg]pjfdxf;+3 /fli6«o tyf k|lti7fnfO{ dfly p7fpg] k|/] 0ff dnfO{ >L k|d] axfb'/ >]i7n] d ljZjljBfnosf] ;jf]T{ s[i6 k'/:sf/ (FNCCI National hfUof] .cWoIfsf] sfo{ef/ ;Dxfn]bl] vg} d}n] k9fO{sf] k|f/Dedf x'b“ f g} @$–@% jif{sf] Excellence Award)Æ :yfkgf u/L slnnf] pd]/df dnfO{ dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ j tkm{sf] b]zsf] cfly{s eljio s] ubf{ pHHjn x'G5, ;f] k'/:sf/ Pj+ k|z;+ fkq k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf b]z s;/L ;d[4 aG5 / pBf]uL Jofkf/Lsf] kfO{nfdf @)$^ ;fnaf6 8f]¥ofpg' ePsf] ;d]t ul/of] . ;f]xL jif{ cltly jQmfsf ?kdf k|lti7f s;/L ;Ddflgt x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf lyof] . pxf“ To;a]nf dxf;+3sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ef/tsf] k|l;4 Joj;flos sDkgL 6f6f lrGtg dgg ub}{ b]zsf ljleGg If]qsf ;ldlt ;b:o tyf d]rL c~rn k|ltlglw ljåfgx? ;lDdlnt ægLltut ;/;Nnfx ;d"xÆ :6Lnsf k|aGw ;+rfns 8f= hd;]b h]= x'gx' G' Yof] . dxf;+3nfO{ cuf8L a9fpg o'jf u7g u/L /fo ;'emfj lng] sfo{ k|f/De u/]+ . O/fgLnfO{ lgDTofOof] / pxf“n] æblIf0f Plzof k':tfnfO{ cufl8 Nofpg' k5{ eGg] Pp6f ;Gbe{ / ljZjJoflks/0fÆ ljifodf d'Vo o;nfO{ ;d]t lgoldt ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' r'gfjL a}7sdf JoQm d]/f lktfhLsf] dGtJo lbg' ePsf] lyof] . To;} u/L dxf;+3sf] kg]d{ f hf]8 lbb}+ pBf]u Jofkf/ If]qsf] 5'§} efjgfnfO{ ;a}n] sb/ ug'{ eof] . pQm a}7s ejgdf tnf yKg] sfo{sf] ;'ef/De, dlxnf d]/f lktfhLn] d]/} 3/df cfof]hgf ug'{ ePsf] klxrfg Pj+ pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?sf] Pstfsf] ljsf; ljefu :yfkgf, dxf;+3df lg/Gt/ k|ltssf] ?kdf dxf;+3 :yfkgf eO{ ljlwjt lyof] . tt\kZrft d pQm kbdf emfkfaf6 ?kdf @% jif{eGbf a9L ;]jf ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ?kdf ;/sf/df btf{ ePsf] lbg ær}t @*Æ dgf]gog x'b“ } kl5Nnf] k6s ;f]xL jif{ d]rL 102

k'/:s[t ul/of] . dxf;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ uxlsnf lg0f{o tyf pBf]u Jofkf/nfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] vfnsf gf/fx? h:t} "Leading the Nation's Economic Progress – cfly{s ;Da[l4sf nflu /fi6«sf] g]tT[ j_Æ kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] . To;j]nf ul/Psf lg0f{o Pj+ sfo{n] P]ltxfl;s ?kdf bL3{sflng dxTj /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . dxf;+3sf lgjt{dfg cWoIfnfO{ lgj[Q x'b“ f æljz]if lkgÆ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t d]/} sfo{sfndf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . o:tf gof“– gof“ ;f]r tyf b"/ b[li6 (Vision) sf ;fy dxf;+3sf] sfo{nfO{ cem cuf8L a9fpb} n}hfg' k5{ eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff 5 . d]/f] sfo{sfndf dxf;+3sf] ejg;“us } f] hUuf ;d]t v/Lb ug]{ ;f]rfO{ lyof] t/ tTsfn of] sfo{ ;kmn x'g ;s]g . dxf;+3df d s]xL lng eg]/ xf]Og{ s]xL lbg eg]/ uPsf] ;f]r/] g} oL ;a} sfo{ ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] lyof] . ;a} /fhgLlts bnx?sf] ;xeflutf h'6fO{ b]zdf a/fa/ eO/xg] aGb x8tfnnfO{ ;bfsf nflu aGb ug{ æaGbnfO{ aGb u/f}Æ+ eGg] ;+sNk kfl/t u/L cleofg g} rnfO{of] . o;df kl5sf lbgdf s]xL nrstf cfP klg ;kmn eg] cem} x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

5 . cfly{s s'6gLltsf] ljsf; lj:tf/nfO{ cl3 a9fpg ljz]if hf]8 lbOg'sf ;fy} d"No clej[l4 s/ (VAT) nfu" ug]{ sfo{df a[xb 5nkmn ;d]t lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul/of] . h'g cfh s/sf] cleGg c+u ag]sf] 5 . cWoIfsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg d dxf;+3df klxnf] lbg cfp“bf tTsflng dxf;lrj >L ab|Lk|;fb cf]emfn] ;lrjfnosf] tkm{af6 :jfut ug'{ ePsf] d clxn] klg ;DemG5' . d To;a]nf #* jif{sf] lyP“ . ;fob dxf;+3sf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf sd pd]/sf] cWoIf d g} lyP“ xf]nf . dxf;+3df @ jif]{ sfo{sfn eg] l5§}g} laTof] . xfd|f] l6d /fd|f] lyof], ;a} ;fyLx?n] s8f kl/>dsf ;fy sfd ug'{ eof] . lhNnf lhNnfdf cf}Bf]lus Jofkf/ d]nf cfof]hgf / ejg lgdf{0f tyf lhNnf, gu/ j:t'ut ;+3nfO{ yk clkm; ;fdu|Lx?; kmlg{r/, 6]lnkmf]g, km\ofS; h:tf k"jf{wf/sf] lj:tf/ Pj+ k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ;d]t To;} a]nfaf6 ul/of] .

oL t eP d]/f sfo{sfnsf cg'ej, ca d dxf;+3 Pj+ ;b:o ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf cl3 a9fpg d]/f] dgdf nfu]sf s]xL s'/f yKg rfxG5' . ægLltut ;/;Nnfx ;d"xÆ nfO{ dxf;+3df k|efjsf/L ?kdf cl3 a9fpg'sf ;fy} lgoldt / b]zJofkL agfO{ g]kfnL pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ 8An"l6cf]sf] kl/k|I] fdf k|lt:kwL{ agfpg b]ze/sf pTkfbg lg/Gt/ /fo ;'emfj lng], pBf]u jfl0fHo lbj; / pBf]u Jofkf/ d]nfnfO{ lhNnf– / ;]jfnfO{ ;d]6L klxnf] k6s @)%& ;fndf lhNnfdf cem k|efjsf/L agfpb} hfg], æg]kfn lahg]z PS:kf] @))!Æ sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]hgf ul/of] . h;sf] ;d'b3\ f6g tTsflng dxf;+3sf cu|h Pj+ o; If]qdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' x'gx] ?sf] sb/ ;Ddfg ug],{ dxf;+3sf /fi6« k|dv ' >L % jL/]Gb|af6 ePsf] lyof] . k"j{ /fhfsf] rLg e|d0fsf a]nf uPsf] g]kfnL k"j{ cWoIf Pj+ kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg k"j" { kbflwsf/Lx?sf] /f]i6/ agfO{ sfo{ pBf]uL Joj;foLx?sf] k|ltlglwd08nsf] ug]{ b]ze/sf ;Dk"0f{ pBf]uL Joj;foLx?nfO{ g]tT[ j d}n] u/]sf] lyP“ / g]kfn–rLg u}/ ;/sf/L ;xof]u d~r (Nepal-China Non- ;d]6L juL{o lxt / ;+/If0fdf rgfvf] /xg], JolQmjfbL lrGtg eGbf /fli6«o lrGtg;fy Government Cooperation Forum) sf] ;x–cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] d}n] ;f] d~rsf] a}7s sfo{ ug],{ /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;df dxf;+3nfO{ a]Olh·sf] u|6] xn ckm b lkk'N;df a[xb ?kdf ;dflxt ug],{ cf}Bf]lus Jofkfl/s If]qdf ;xL cfof]hgf ug{ ;kmn ePsf] :d/0fLo 5 . pQm nufgL, j:t' / ;]jfdf cfTdlge{/tf tyf d~rnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf cl3 a9fpg d]/f] :jb]zL pTkfbgsf] k|j4{g Pj+ u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ df ;zQm sfo{qmdx? ;lxt sfo{ ug],{ sfo{sfndf lgs} d]xgt ul/of] . h;sf] kl/0ffd låkIfLo nufgL, Jofkf/ tyf ko{6g cGt/f{li6«o nufgL k|j4{g ;lxt cfly{s ;DaGw lj:tf/, cfoft–lgof{t Pj+ nufgLsf k|j4{gdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . k|fyldstf, cfly{s s'6gLlt lj:tf/, ;xL ;f]xL avt k|mfG;, d+uf]lnof, 8]gdfs{, rLg nufgL cfslif{t Pj+ unt nufgLnfO{ (CCPIT), sf]l/of cflb ldq /fi6«sf ;dsIfL ;+:yfx?;“u låkIfLo, cfly{s ;DaGw b'?T;flxt, /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg lj:tf/ Pj+ ljljlws/0f, cfoft lj:tf/ ;DaGwL ;dembf/Lkq (MOU) df lgof{t ljljlws/0f, /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] eg] cj}tlgs kl/j]zdf ;fdflhs bfloTj ;d]tnfO{ jfl0fHob"tx? ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf sfo{jm| d ;d]6L pBf]u Jofkf/ lj:tf/df k|j4{gfTds ul/Psf] lyof] . tt\kZrft\ d Plzof k|zfGt sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng, pBf]u Joj;fo nufot pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 (CACCI) sf] cfly{s Pj+ b]z / hgtfnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ pkfWoIf eO{ ;f] ;Dd]ng tyf ;fs{ pBf]u ;Sg] s'g} klg /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf jfl0fHo ;+3 (SAARC) sf] pkfWoIf x'b“ f ;fs{ :t/Lo dxTjk"0f{ a}7s g]kfndf cfof]hgf lg0f{o ;/sf/n] ln“bf lghL If]qsf] ;jf]R{ r ;+:yf o; dxf;+3sf] ;d]t lnlvt ;xdlt lng' ul/Ps} sf/0f To; If]qaf6 ;d]t g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;DaGw lj:tf/df ;3fp k'Ub} cfPsf] kg]{ Joj:Yff ;d]t ug'{ h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 .

xfnsf] cj:yfdf gof“ k':tfsf] k|jz ] tyf ;+nUgtf / ;/;Nnfx dxf;+3nfO{ ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 . pgLx?n] u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] cWoog kZrft\ k|fKt exposure nfO{ a9L eGbf a9L pkof]u u/L pgLx?df g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy} Pp6f d]/f] dgdf v8\lsPsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] dxf;+3sf] cWoIf r'l' gg'' ePsf k"j{ cWoIf >L k|bLkh· kf08] tLg bzs cl3sf] k'/fgf] s'/f p7fOof] / o;}af6 pxf“ x6\g' eof] . o;af6 dxf;+3sf] OHhtdf wSsf nfUg] h:tf];Dd eO{ dxf;+3 cln sdhf]/ h:tf] b] lvof] . t/ dxf;+3 jf:tjdf sdhf]/ 5}g . efjL lbgdf dxf;+3sf] r'gfjL dfxf]ndf Psn] csf]n{ fO{ lxnf] 5\ofKg] / Business Ethic -Jofkfl/s cfr/0f_ eGbf aflx/ uP/ xf] Rofpg], rl/q xTof ug]{ h:tf lqmofsnfk x'g' x'b“ g} . k|hftflGqs kfl/kf6Lcg';f/ :j:y lgjf{rg eO{ g]tT[ j jxg ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd JolQm r'lgg' k5{ . lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ ;a}n] :jtM :jLsf/ ug]{ / lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf ePsf tLtf–ld7f s'/fnfO{ la;]/{ pBf]uL Joj;foLsf] xs, lxt / b]z lgdf{0fdf Ps l9Ssf x'g' cfhsf] cfjZostf klg xf] . dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] sfo{sfn @ jif{af6 a9fP/ # jif{ agfOof] . l5d]sL d'ns ' ef/tdf ;d]t ! jif]{ sfo{sfn k|rngdf 5, t;y{ ljwfgnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L a9Ldf @ jif{ ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf, cGo kbflwsf/Lx? tyf j:t'ut / lhNnf ;+3sf P;f]l;P6\; ;b:ox?sf] sfo{sfn ;dflKtkl5 pgLx?sf] of]ubfg, 1fgsf] sb/ ul/g' k5{ . dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIfx? ;lDdlnt Pp6f ;femf ;+u7g (Past President ForumPPF) sf] lgdf{0f d]/f] kfnfdf ePsf] lyof] t/ o;nfO{ lg/Gttf lbg ;lsPg . o;sf] dxTj / pkfb]otfnfO{ dgg u/L k'gM o;nfO{ Ao"t“ fpg' h?/L b]lvG5 . cfhsf] ljZj klxn] h:tf] ;xh 5}g, k|lt:kwf{ w]/} 5, t;y{ xfdL ;a} s'/fdf :df6{ x'g' h?/L 5 . Unf]anfOh]zg / l/hgnfOh]zgsf] jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf ;fgf b]zx?nfO{ l6ls/xg uf¥x|f] 5 t/ klg Strength / Weakness nfO{ klxrfg u/L cuf8L a9\g ;s]df cj;/x? klg TolQs} dfqfdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . dxf;+3n] %) jif{ kf/ u/L cfkm\gf] :j0f{ hoGtL dgfpg nfu]sf]df b]ze/sf ;Dk"0f{ pBf]uL Joj;foL ;fyLx?df awfO{ 1fkg ub}{ dxf;+3sf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ult / ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{5' . wGojfb .

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dxf;+3n] lng'kg]{ af6f] /ljeQm >]i7, ;efklt, cg'zf;g ;ldlt, k"j{ cWoIf eGg] dxTj a'´fpgsf nflu xfdLn] sf]lz; ug'{ kb{5 eGg] d]/f] cf;o xf] . k|wfgdGqL jf b]zsf k|dv ' bnsf g]tfx¿nfO{ xfdLn] ;fd"lxs ?kdf 3r–3Rofpg' kb{5, slxn] k|ltlglwd08n uP/ / slxn] ;'emfjx? tyf dfux¿ a'´fP/ . t/, ;w} k|wfgdGqL, dGqLx? tyf g]tfx?sf]df hfg'e ' Gbf ;a} pBdL e]nf eP/ dxf;+3dfg} pxf“x¿nfO{ af]nfP/ xfd|f s'/f a'emfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . dnfO{ uj{ 5, dxf;+3sf] Oltxf;df ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL nufot ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?nfO{ dxf;+3d} af]nfP/ xfd|f jf:tljstf / ;d:ofx? a'´fpg xfd|f ;b:ox? aLr cGt/lqmof klg u/fPsf] 5' . dnfO{ /fd|/L ;Demgf 5, To;avt\ /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;fd"lxs k|lta4tf hgfpg xfdLn] kxn u/]sf lyof}+ / sltko ljifodf t ;xdtL u/fPsf lyof}+ . o; sfo{nfO{ cfpg] lbgx?df klg lg/Gt/tf clxn]sf] ;dodf, ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnx? d'ns ' sf] cfly{s ljsf;df Tolt uDeL/ lb“b} hfg ;Sg'k5{ . / ;Dj]bglzn gb]lvPsfn] ;/sf/ / d]/f] ljrf/df /fhgLlts If]qdf cfly{s /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ yk lhDd]jf/ agfpg If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu c´} plrt Jojxf/ / klg xfdL aLrsf] Pstfg} dxTjk"0f{ an ljrf/ ePsf] 5}g . /fHosf] cfly{s gLltsf] x'g' ;S5 . xfd|f] ;zQm Pstfaf6 ;/sf/ th'd{ f ug]{ sfddf c´}klg o; If]qsf] plrt / bnx?nfO{ d'ns ' sf] cfly{s Ph]08ftkm{ cfslif{t u/fp+b} xfd|f dfu tyf ;'´fjx?nfO{ k|ltlglwTj x'g g;Sg'n] klg xfdLn] k"/f ug'k{ g]{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] af]w u/fp“5 . o:tf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f u/fpg] jftfj/0f agfpg bjfj lbg} k'/f ug{sf nflu g]pjfdxf;+3sf] g]tT[ j ;an, k/]klg kl5 x6\g x'b“ g} eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff 5 . ;Ifd / OdfGbf/ x'g' kb{5 . To;sf ;fy} ;a} nfO{;u“ } lnP/ lx+8g\ ] Ifdtf klg g]tT[ jdf xfdLn] /fhgLltaf6 w]/} cfzf gug]{ eGg'sf] b]lvg' kb{5 . t/ ;a}yf]s g]tT[ jn] dfq u/]/ dtna /fhgLltn] pBf]u Joj;fodf s'g} ;Sb}g, o;sf nflu ;a} ;b:ox¿n] Ps ;dfg dxTj /fVb}g eGg vf]hs ] f] xf]Og . p2]Zo lnP/ ;+:yfsf] xs / lxtsf nflu /fhgLlt1nfO{ b]zsf] pGgltsf] nflu pBf]u sfd ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . xfdLdf l6d js{sf] Joj;fo If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg' k5{ ;/sf/ tyf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf s]xL JolQm pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qnfO{ klg /fhgLlts/0f u/]/ o; If]qaf6 cjfl~5t kmfObf lng pBt b]lvG5g\ . Joj;foLx? /fhgLlts ljrf/sf cfwf/df ljeflht x'gk' g]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g . h;n] sfd u/]/ vfg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u5{, h;n] pBd / Joj;fo k|a4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 xfd|f] ;d'bfon] To;}nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 . s'g /fhgLlts ;d"xnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ eGg] ljifodf xfdL aLrsf] 5nkmndf klg s'g bn jf s'g g]tfn] /fi6«sf] lxtdf s] sfd u¥of] / b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf jf Jofj;flos jftfj/0f ;'wfg{ s] sfd u¥of] eGg]df s]Gb|Lt x'g' kb{5 . g]=p=jf=dxf;+3 cfly{s If]q;+u ;DalGwt ;+:yf ePsfn] o;nfO{ xfdLn] /fhgLlt eGbf 6f9f /fv]/ ljz'4 ?kdf Joj;foLx?sf] ;+:yf agfpg ;Sg'k5{ . g]kfnL pBf]uL tyf Jofkfl/s ;d'bfon] ;fd"lxs lxtsf ;fy} d'ns ' sf] pBf]u Joj;fo nufot ;du| cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] nflu u7g u/]sf] ;+:yf, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] krf; jif{ k'/f u/]sf] 5 . cGo cf}Bf]lus d'ns ' sf] bf“hf]df o:tf] ;+u7gn] cfwf ztfAbL k'/fug'{ cfkm}df w]/} nfdf] ;do gePtf klg xfd|f] nflu of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL xf] . cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg Joj;foLnfO{ Joj;flos 9+un] cfkmgf] k]zf rnfpg o:tf] ;+:yfut k|of;n] lgs} ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] x'gfn] dxf;+3sf] dxTj lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf] xfdL ;a} n] dxz'; ul//x]sf 5f}+ . t/ cfly{s d'2fn] ;j{q dxTj kfPsf] o; ;+;f/df g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAwdf lrQ a'´fP/ a:g ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . /fi6« / /fli6«otfnfO{ ;jf]k{ /L 7fg]/ g]kfnL Joj;foLx?sf] Psdfq 5ftf ;+u7g g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] ;du| cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf nflu Pstfj¢ eO{ cufl8 a9\gk' g]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . d'ns ' clxn] h'g cj:yfaf6 cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 of] a]nfdf ;Dk"0f{ Joj;foLn] Pstfa4 eP/ cl3 a9\g;s] dfq xfd|f ;d:ofx?sf] xslxt ;Daf]wg x'g ;S5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . d'ns ' ;+s6u|:t Pj+ ;+qmd0fsflng cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 d'ns ' nfO{ ;+s6af6 kf/ nufpg xfdLn] e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . xfdLn] of] sfo{ ;kmntfk"js { ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] /fi6« / g]kfnL hgtfsf nflu Tof] eGbf 7"nf] of]ubfg c? s]xL x'g5 ] g} .

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l:kl/6 gx'gn' fO{ w]/n} ] xfd|f] sdhf]/Lsf] ?kdf b]vfpg] u/]sf x'gfn] o; ljifodf klg g]tT[ j / eljiodf g]tT[ jdf cfpg rfxg] ;a}n] ljz]if Wofg lbg h?/L b]Vb5' . pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df cfa4 cToGt OdfGbf/ ;fyLx¿n] dnfO{ o; dxf;+3sf] ljleGg kbdf ljZjf; u/]/ cWoIfsf] kb;Dd k'¥ofpg' ePsf]n] d}n] xfd|f] cg'zf;g / g}ltstfsf] ljifodf s]xL n]Vg] cfTdljZjf; sdfPsf] x“ . d}n] dxf;+3sf] cWoIftf ubf{ klg b]zsf] pBf]u Joj;fodf b]lvPsf] ljs[ltx? x6fpg tyf e|i6frf/ Go"g ug{df pBf]uL Joj;foLx?sf] lhDd]jf/L tyf st{JonfO{ dx;'; ul/, ;dfhdf pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ x]g{] b[li6sf]0fdf ;sf/fTdstf Nofpg d cWoIf ePsf] ;dodf dxf;+3 leq skf]/{ 6] OlyS; kmf]/d u7g eO{ ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ePsf] lyof], o;df bft[ b]zx¿af6 klg lgs} ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . d kl5 klg dxf;+3sf] ljwfg ;+;f]wg u/L cg'zf;g ;ldlt u7g ul/of] . cg'zf;g ;ldltaf6 Jofj;flos cfrf/ ;+lxtf lgdf{0f eO{ To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] sfo{ eof] . h'g cfrf/ ;+lxtfnfO{ cfh lghL If]qn] c+lusf/ ul/ sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . cfh;Dd klg d dxf;+3sf] cg'zf;g ;ldltsf] ;efkltsf] ?kdf /x]/ lghL If]qnfO{ cema9L cg'zfl;t, lhDd]jf/ / kf/bzL{ agfpg] cleofgdf nflu/x]sf] 5' . d]/f] cleofgdf lghL If]qsf ;j} ;fyLx?af6 k|fKt ePsf] ;xof]usf nflu d s[t1 5' . cfkm" dxf;+3df cWoIf eP/ s] u/]“ eGg] ljifodf w]/} nfdf] avfg ug'{ plrt x'b“ g} . tyflk, d dxf;+3df @)%)–%@ df k|jz ] u/]kl5 ljleGg ;dodf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o, ;ldlt ;efklt, pkfWoIf / cWoIfdf

/x]/ Ps bzseGbf a9L ;do ;]jf ug]{ df}sf kfP“ . lj=;+= @)%*–)^) df dxf;+3sf] cWoIf /x]/ g]kfnL lghL If]qsf] g]tfsf] x}l;otn] sfo{ug]{ df}sf dnfO{ ldNg uof] . x'g t d]/f] cWoIftfsf] sfo{sfn k'/f x'g kfPg, dlGqd08ndf ;dfj]z eP nut} d}n] ædxf;+3sf cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] sfo{ ug{ gldNg] x'b+ f l/Qm x'g uPsf] cWoIfsf] kbk"lt{ dxf;+3sf] ljwfg cg';f/ ug{ kg]{ b]Vb5'Æ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] kq k7fO{ tTkZrftsf] cWoIfsf] lhDd]jf/L k|yd pkfWoIf ljgf]b axfb'/ >]i7hLnfO{ ;'lDkP/ ;/sf/df uPsf] lyP . t/ d}n] dxf;+3sf] cWoIftf ;Dxfn]kl5 l;+uf] lghL If]qnfO{ cema9L :jR5 / kf/bzL{ Jofkf/ Joj;fodf clek|l] /t ug{ d]xgt u/]“ . s'ga} n] f k'h “ Lkltn] b]zsf] / ;dfhsf] lxt x]bg}{ g\ eg]/ ax'kr| fl/t ul/Psf] lyof], t/ clxn] ljZjsf ca{kltx? dWo] sltkon] cfkmgf] ;DklQsf] clwsf+z lx:;f ;dfh ;]jfdf nufpgfn] k'h “ Ljfbdf b]lvPsf] ;dfhjfbL lrGtgsf] 7"nf] rrf{ x'g yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg sltko Joj;foLn] ;fdflhs If]qdf 7"nf] nufgL ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . t/, g]kfndf cem}klg k'h “ Lkltn] ;dfhdf oy]i6 sfo{ gu/]sf] u'gf;f] ;'lgG5, h'g gfhfoh x}g . skf]/{ 6] ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L cGtu{t s]xL sfd ePsf 5g\, t/ hgtfn] ;f“lRrs} dx;'; ug]u{ /L / k“hLkltsf] k|z;+ f ug]{ tl/sfn] cem} xfdL cl3 cfpg ;s]sf 5}gf},+ o;df ;a}sf] Wofg hfg h?/L ;Dem]sf] 5' .

cj:yfdf cWoIf PSn}n] eGbf klg ;Dk"0f{ kbflwsf/Lx?n] cf–cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f u/]/ lghL If]qnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 . cWoIf kb dxf;+3sf] cToGt ul/dfdo kb xf] . ;Dk"0f{ lghL If]qsf] g]tT[ j ug]{ cWoIfn] cy{tGq;+u ;DjlGwt /fli6«o dxTjsf ljifo j:t'nfO{ dfq ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . cGo kbflwsf/Lx?n] cf—cfkm\gf] sfo{ If]qsf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ st{Jo af]wsf ;fy cl3 a9\g' k5{ . dxf;+3sf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;efn] u/]sf] ljwfg ;+zf]wgn] xfd|f] If]qdf b]lvPsf] pu| ljefhg tyf /fhgLltsf] k|jz ] nfO{ w]/} xb;Dd lgoGq0f ug]5 { eGg] d]/f] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} gof“ k|f?ksf] dxf;+3n] lghL If]qsf] ljsf;df ultlzntf Nofpg d2t ug]5{ eGg] d]/f] a'´fO{ 5 . of] ;+zf]wg g]kfnsf] gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ cg'?k klg /x]sf]n] ;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fP/ g]kfnsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qnfO{ Pstfa4 x'g ;3fpg' x'g] ;a}df ;fw'jfb ck{0f ug{ rfxG5' . dnfO{ d]/f] ;d"bfok|lt uj{ 5, xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ug]{ lbzfdf cufl8 a9fPsf 5f}+ . dxf;+3sf] ljwfg ;+zf]wgn] klg Plss[t eP/ / cfk;L j}dgZo ;dfKt u/]/ hfg] s'/' fdf xfdL ;a}sf] sl6a4tf b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ljwfg ;+zf]wgaf6 cfly{s ljsf;, /fli6«o ;d[l4 / lghL If]qsf] xs / lxtsf] nflu cem ;zQm 9+un] dxf;+3 cufl8 a9\g ;Sg] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . gof“ o'usf] gof“ g]tT[ jsf] dxf;+3n] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/;“u} cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg / ;lrjfno r':t, b'?:t / Jofj;flos agfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . of] sfo{nfO{ r'gf}tLs} ?kdf lng'kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] :d/0f u/fpg rfxG5' . cGtdf, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] lgdf{0fdf xfd|f cu|hx?n] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgnfO{ xfdL s;}n] gla{;f++} . kl5Nnf] k':tfn] cu|hx?n] ;'? u/]sf] dxf;+3sf] tNnf yKg] sfo{nfO{ cem Jofks / bl/nf] agfpm . dxf;+3sf] Oltxf;dfg} dlxnf g]tT[ jn] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ nfu]sf] ck"j{ cj;/df cj cfpg] gofF sfo{ ;ldlt Ps h'6 eO{ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; / cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s If]qsf] ;Dj4{gsf If]qdf ;zQm of]ubfg ug]5 { eGg] d]/f] b[9 ljZjf; 5 . dxf;+3nfO{ krf;f}+ jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df xflb{s z'e–sfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .

casf] g]tT[ jn] klg clxn];Dd ePsf sfdsf] dgg ub}{ cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s If]qsf] k|lti7f clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{df yk of]ubfg lbg]5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t 5' . t/, dxf;+3sf] ;+u7g w]/} Jofks eO{;s]sf] jt{dfg

105

d]/f] ;Dk"0f{ k|of; dxf;+3sf] lz/ pRr agfpg]d} /x\of]M rl08/fh 9sfn, ljlzi6 ;b:o Pj+ k"j{ cWoIf zLif{:y g]tfx?sf] ;xeflutf lyof] . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs kIfsf] ljsf; / ;Defjgf jf/]df j[xt 5nkmn k5L b:tfj]hx? tof/ ul/ tTsflng k|wfg dGqL ;dIf k]z ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . of] s'/f ;Dd]ngsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ;ldltsf] ;+of]hsdf k"j{ cWoIf lagf]bs'df/ rf}w/L / ;x;+of]hsdf d cfkm} /x]/ sfd ub{fsf lbg lgs} :d/0fLo 5g\ .

b'jn} fO{ ;hu u/fpg ul/Psf cfGbf]ng jf jL/u+h lj/f6gu/df ul/Psf sfo{qmd t lgs}g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ / sl7g lyP . oBkL lghL If]qsf] dfgdb{g x'g glbPsf] kl/l:yltn] cfkm"nfO{ cem bl/nf] agfPsf] dxz'; x'GYof] .

cToGt sl7geGbf sl7g ;dodf klg dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] e"ldsfnfO{ cToGt lhDd]jf/Lk"js { lgj{fx ul/ hgtfsf] cToGt ljZjfl;nf] w/f]x/ aGg k'us ] f] Oltxf; 5 . åGbsf] ;dodf rf}tkm{L{ ;+qf; JofKt /x+bf, ;/sf/sf] ;+oGq ;d]t To;kl5 dxf;+3sf] /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb\sf] k'Ug g;s]sf] cj:yfdf b]zsf s'gf sGb/fdf ;efklt, pkfWoIf x'b“ } @)^@–^$ sf] cjlwdf ;d]t dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] alnof] ;+hfn dfkm{t dxf;+3sf] cWoIftf ug{] df}sf kfP . of] hgtfsf] ;]jf u/]sf] s'/fsf] ;f5L cfd hgtf d]/f nflu hLjgs} dxTjk"0f{ If0f lyof] . ;f] 5g\ . åGbsfndf pBdL Joj;foL dfly ePsf ;dodf g]kfndf åGb rs{s ] f] cj:yf lyof] . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf lyof] . ljleGg lhNnf tyf ;f+3flts cfqmd0fsf lj?4df dxf;+3n] sf7df8f}s + f] j;Gtk'/df nfvf}+ dflg;x?nfO{ gu/ pjf;+3sf] sfo{qmddf k'Ug' kg{,] Toxf+sf e]nf u/fO{ åGb/t kIfnfO{ uNtL dxz'; ug{ ;d:ofsf jf/] lgoldt ;Dks{df /xg' kg{] afWo kf¥of} + . d]/} sfo{sfndf åGb/t tTsflng cj:yfdf b]zsf] kl/l:yltn] ub{f lgs} r'gf}tL g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df d]/f] b'O{ / c;xhtfsf] ;fdgf ug{k' ¥of] . tyfkL d}n] s'g} g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn bzseGbf a9L ;dob]lv ;+nUgtf /x+b} cfPsf] / cs{f jl/i7 g]tf 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{nfO{ klg sfo{qmd / ;xeflutfnfO{ OGsf/ ul/g . 5 . clxn] klg d dxf;+3;+u ;lqmo ¿kdf /xb} o;sf sf/0fg} Pp6f kl/l:ylt aGof] h;n] k6sk6s aft{fdf NofO{ lghL If]qdfly ePsf cfPsf] 5' . g]kfnsf] ;'b/" k"ja{ f6 cWoogsf] cfqmd0fsf] lj/f]w hgfof} + . lghL If]qdfly dnfO{ cfTdjn / ;fyLx?;“u glhsdf a;]/ l;nl;nfdf /fhwfgLdf cfPkl5 g} dxf;+3sf k6sk6s ;f+3flts cfqmd0f, ckx/0f, sfd ug{] cj;/ / cuf8L a9\g] k|/] 0ff lbof] . ljifodf hfGg], a'emg] / ;'Gg] df}sf ldNb} aGb x8\tfnsf 36gfx? eO{ c;x\o ePkl5 h'g cfh;Dd klg oyfjt /x]sf] 5 . cfPsf] xf] . kl5 cWoogkZrft pBf]u Joj;fo dxf;+3n] jfWo eP/ pkTosf aGb h:tf] z'? ub{f tof/L kf]zfs pBf]u If]qdf ;+nUg cToGt clk|o lg0f{o ;d]t ug{k' ¥of], t/klg d]/f] cWoIftfsf] ;dodf d'ns ' n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] ePkl5 t dxf;+3;+u lgs} glhs /xb} cfP . dxf;+3sf] pQm sbddf xfdLnfO{ lghL If]q åGbsfsf/0f pBf]u Joj;fo If]q cfkm\gf ;f]xL ;dodf, g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ Jofkf/ Joj;fo 7Kk /fv]/ zflGt ;lxt cfd ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ck"j{ ;xof]u /x\of] . nufgLsf cj;/ ;DaGwL ci6«l] nofdf ePsf] h;n] d'ns ' leq åGb/t kIfsf] bjbjfnfO{ ;'/Iffsf nflu ;+3if{ ul//xg afWo eof] . sfo{qmddf hf“bf dxf;+3sf s]xL ;fyLx?;+u lgs} åGbsfsf/0f d'ns Go"g ug{ pBdL Joj;foL dflysf cfqmd0fsf ' leqsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] nfdf] a;fO{ eof] . o;} qmddf o; ;+:yflt/ >[v + nfx?nfO{ /f]Sg w]/} xb;Dd ;xof]u u¥of] . cj:yf cToGt k]lrnf] eO{ Joj;foLx? dfly klg ;xefuL x'g ;fyLx?n] lgs} k|/] 0ff ug{e ' of] . >[v + nfj4 ;f+3flts cfqmd0f, ckx/0f, h;df ;'/h j}B / g/]Gb| j:g]tsf] k|/] 0ff d]/f n'6kf6 x'g yfn]kl5 dxf;+3n] pRr:t/Lo e]nf cToGt sl7g kl/liyltdf klg dxf;+3sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ /x\of] . ul/dfnfO{ /fli6«o cGt/fli6«o ¿kdf lj:tf/ cfof]hgf ul/ ;/sf/ tyf g]kfndf /x]sf] ug{ d]/f] sfo{sfndf dxTjk"0f{ k|of; eof] . cGt/fli6«o ;d"bfo ;d]tnfO{ /fv]/ d'ns ' sf] ljqmd ;Dat @)$* lt/ hj d tof/L kf]zfs kl5Nnf] cj:yf jf/] hfgsf/L u/fPsf /fli6«o, If]qLo cGt/fli6«o cfly{s d~rx¿df pBf]u ;+3sf] cWoIf eP To;kl5 t dxf;+3sf lyof} + . bh{gf} k6s ;/sf/;“u zflGt ;'/Iff dxf;+3sf] ;zQm pkl:ylt b]lv lghL lgs} w]/} sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] df}sf kfP . If]q dflysf] 7f8f] cfqmd0fsf lj?4df lghL sfod /fVg cfu|x u¥of} + . bh{gf} k6s åGb/t ;f]xL ;dodf @)%@ sf] dxf;+3sf] lgjf{rgdf If]qnfO{ uf]na4 u/L n}hfg lgs} 7"nf] ;+3if{ kIf;+u a;]/ jft{f 5nkmn u/L lghL If]qnfO{ ljgf]b s'df/ rf}w/Ln] pxf“sf] l6daf6 r'gfj ug{k' ¥of] eg] d'ns ' leq /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{] åGbsf] rk]6faf6 d'Qm /fVg cfu|x u¥of} + . n8\g lgs} hf]8 lbg'eof] . lj=;+ @)%@ af6 sfo{df xf]; jf bIf hgzlQm ljsf;, ;b:o v'nf ;8sdf a;]/ lghL If]qdfly ePsf] dxf;+3sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf k|jz ] u/]kl5 ;+3x?sf] ;'b9[ Ls/0fsf nflu xf]; jf lghL a/a/ cfqmd0fsf] lj/f]w u¥of} + . cfkm\gf t dxf;+3 / d]/f] hLjgaLrsf] ;DaGw Psfsf/ kL8fx?nfO{ v'nf ?kdf /fVof} + . ;/sf/sf] If]qsf vf]l;Psf clwsf/x?sf] k'g/jxfnLdf eof] . cys k|of; ul/of] / tbg'¿ksf] ;kmntf klg Go"g pkl:yltn] ub{f xfd|f ;xdtLo s'/fx? ldNb} uof] . sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf lyPgg . ;f]xL ;dodf dxf;+3sf tTsflng cWoIf >L ljleGg s'6gLlts lgof]u, bft[ ;+:yfx? / cfgGb/fh d'NdLsf] sfo{sfn @)%$–%^ df g]kfn ef/t aLrsf] Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg gful/s ;dfhnfO{ /fv]/ tTsflng cj:yf dnfO{ dxf;+3sf] pkfWoIf / /f]huf/bftf ;GwL gjLs/0fdf lghL If]qsf tkm{af6 ;zQm / lghL If]qn] ef]us ] f] lk8fsf ;fy} åGb/t ;ldlt ;efklt x'g] df}sf ldNof] . o;} cjlwdf kf6{L{ / ;/sf/nfO{ uDeL/ agfpg] s'/fsf] e"ldsf lgj{fx eof] . b'j} b]zsf pBf]u jfl0fHo @)%^ ;fndf sf7df8f}d+ f dxf;+3sf] Oltxf;d} dxf;+3x? dxf;+3 / ef/tLo pBf]u dxf;+3n] 5nkmn, ljleGg /fhgLlts kf6{Ls { f lhDd]jf/ klxnf] k6s ;fdflhs cfly{s zLv/ ;Dd]ng o;sf nflu lgs} w]/} sfo{x? u/]sf] :d/0fLo g]tfu0f, ;/sf/;+u a;]/ tL r'gf}tLk"0f{ cfof]hgf ul/of] . o; ;Dd]ngdf yfO{Nof08sf cj:yfsf jf/] 5nkmn ub{f klg lghL If]qsf 5 . To;}ul/ :yfgLo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] k"j{ k|wfgdGqL nufot ;fs{ d'ns ' sf k"j{ ef}lts ;+/rgf lgd{f0fdf xf]; jf pgLx?sf] efjgfnfO{ ;xh9+un] sb/ gul/+bf lgs} /fi6«klt, k"j{ k|wfgdGqLx?, cy{dGqLx? ;lxt :yfgLo lgsfodf ;zQm k|ltlglwTj :yflkt lt/:s[t / ckx]lnt ePsf] dxz'; ul/Psf] g]kfnsf k"j{ k|wfgdGqLx?, /fhgLlts bnx?sf lyof] . oltdfq geP/ åGb/t kIf / ;/sf/ u/fpg lgs} w]/} d]xgt ul/of] . :yfgLo pBf]u 106

jfl0fHo ;+3x?n] cljl5Gg ?kdf pkof]u ub{} clwsf/x?sf] s6f}tL x'b+ f tL clwsf/x?sf] k|flKtsf nflu dxf;+3n] lg/Gt/ n8L/x\of] . d]/} sfo{sfndf :yfgLo ;|ft] ;fwgsf] clwstd kl/rfng dfkm{t :yfgLo txdf /f]huf/L ;[hgfdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug ;sf]; eGg] clek|fon] yfngL ul/Psf Ps ufp+ Ps pTkfbg nufotsf sltko sfo{qmdx?n] :yfgLo txdf lgs} 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ug uPsf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf d]nf dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgfsf dfWodaf6 cfly{s ultljlw lj:tf/ tyf ufp3/d} pBdzLntf lj:tf/af6 :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfocfh{gdf ;3fp k'Ug uPsf] 5 eg] :yfgLo txdf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? eg]sf s]jn pBdL Joj;foLx?sf nflu sfd ug{] ;+:yfx? dfq geP/ hgtfsf] ;'vb'vdf ;fy lbg] ;+:yf /x]5g eGg] 5fk a:g uPsf] 5 . o;n] dnfO{ lgs} v';L t'Nofp+5 .

;fyLx¿af6 ;xof]u klg k|fKt eof] . d pxfx¿ ;a}kl| t cfef/L 5' . dxf;+3 lghLIf]qsf] cf:yf / e/f];fsf] s]Gb| xf] . dxf;+3 alnof] eof] eg] dfq lghLIf]q alnof] x'G5 / x/]s If]qdf lghLIf]qsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'G5 eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 . dxf;+3nfO{ sdhf]/ kfg{ pBtx¿af6 ;hu eO{ xfdL ;a}sf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb|nfO{ cem dha't agfpb} n}hfg' kg{] lhDd]jf/L xfdL ;j}sf] 5 . xfd|f] of] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cGt/cfTdfb]lv k"/f ug{ ;s]df dfq xfd|f] ;kmntf b]lvg]5 / ;du|df xfdL ;kmn x'g5 ] f} + .

lgs} 7"nf] ;+3if{kl5 d'ns ' n] 7"nf] /fhgLlts pknJwL xfl;n u¥of] . d'ns ' u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfdf k|jz ] u¥of] . ;+3Lo u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eof] . ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg';f/ d'ns ' ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] cEof; ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{df dxf;+3sf] ljwfg klg ;f]xL dxf;+3sf] 5lj ljsf; tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 cg'?k ;+zf]wg ug{] p2]Zon] d]/f] ;+of]hsTjdf / lhNnf gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] ljwfg ;+zf]wg sfo{bn u7g ul/ cuf8L e"ldsf a9fpg] sfddf d}n] lgs} w]/} d]xgt a9fOof] . d]/f] sf+wdf cfPsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ u/] + . dxf;+3sf ;b:ox?sf] x/]s ;'v b'vdf d}n] dxf;+3sf ;j} kbflwsf/L ;fyLx?, d]/f cfh;Dd klg d plQs} ?kdf lqmofzLn eP/ cu|h k"j{ cWoIfHo"x? / sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf ;xeflu eO/x]sf] 5' . d pgLx?sf] x/]s ;b:o ;fyLx? / ;b:o ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf ;'vb'vdf ;fy lbg k'Ug] u/]sf] 5' . clxn] klg ;fyLx?sf] ;xof]uaf6 ;DkGg u/] . d]/f] ;b:ox?n] d]/f] pkl:yltnfO{ dxTjk"0f{?kdf lng] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ljwfg ;+;f]wg sfo{bnsf / dnfO{ cfkm\gf ;'vb'vdf ;fy lbg] Joj;foLsf] ;fyLx?sf] o;df lgs} 7"nf] d]xgt k¥of] . ?kdf x]g]{ ub{f cfkm"nfO{ lgs} uj{ nfUg] ub{5 . lhNnf gu/, j:t'ut, lå/fli6«o / P;f]l;P6 ;b:ox?;+usf] d]/f] oxL ;fldKotfsf sf/0f ;b:ox?af6 k|fKt ce'tk"j{ ;xof]u Pj+ dxf;+3sf sltko d]/f ;fyLx?nfO{ o;af6 ;'emfjaf6 pQm sfo{ ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] xf] . d c;lhnf] dxz'; ePsf] x'g ;S5, t/ dnfO{ of] o; cj;/df pxf+x? ;j}kl| t cfef/L 5' . d]/f] d}n] u/]sf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;Dem]/ ;b:o ;fyLx?n] lhDd]jf/Ldf ;DkGg o; sfo{nfO{ d}n] hLjgs} dk|lt b]vfpg' ePsf] ljZjf;sf] ?kdf lnPsf] clt ;kmn sfo{sf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5' . 5' . d'ns ' n] PsfTds ;fzg Joj:yf, nf]stflGqs d]/f] g]tT[ jdf d}n] dxf;+3nfO{ lghLIf]qsf] Ps ;fzg Joj:yf / ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf c+uLsf/ ;zQm / k|efjsf/L ;+:yfsf ¿kdf n}hfg ug{k' j" { b]lvg} dxf;+3n] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/g} lgs} 7"nf] k|of; u/] + . o;df lghLIf]qsf w]/} cEof; ub{} cfPsf] xf] . dxf;+3n] ljutdf

klg lhNnf, c+rn, If]qLo cjwf/0ff cg';f/ cfkm\gf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfsf] cEof; ub}{ cfof] . d'ns ' sf] gof+ ;+ljwfgdf & k|bz ] sf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] / ef]nL k|bz ] x?sf] ;+Vof yk36 ePdf klg ;f]xL cg';f/ Joj:yf x'g] ul/ dxf;+3n] klg cfkm\gf] ljwfgnfO{ cu|ufdL ;f]r+ sf ;fy ;+zf]wg dfkm{t k|fb]lzs k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/ kl5sf] bf];f| ] 7"nf] ;+hfn ePsf] dxf;+3n] ef]nL ;j} If]qsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;n] dxf;+3nfO{ cfufdL lbgdf cem a9L alnof] agfpg] d]/f] ljZjf; 5 . sltko ;fyLx?af6 k|bz ] sf] ls6fg ePkl5 dfq dxf;+3sf] ljwfg z+;f]wg x'gk' b{5 eGg] wf/0ff cfPsf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;+/rgf nfu" ug{ d'ns ' df clxn] lvrftfgL e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf dxf;+3sf] ljwfg ;+zf]wgdf xtf/f] ul/Psf], cWoIfdf ePsf] u'6jGbL cj jl/i7 pkfWoIfdf x'g] cflb cflb s'/fx? d}n] ;'lg/x]sf] 5' . t/ o;df dxf;+3sf] d]/f] nfdf] cfj4tf, ;dosf] dfu / cfufdL lbgdf dxf;+3nfO{ d'ns ' sf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/ cuf8L a9fpg cu|ufdL ;f]rsf ;fy xfdLn] ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/]sf xf} + . s;}n] g]tT[ j lnP/ sfd ub{f cfnf]rgf x'g' :jefljs} xf] . hf] ;fyLx?n] d]/f] cfnf]rgf ug{e ' Psf] 5, pxf+x?sf] u'gf;f] 5 To;nfO{ d}n] ;xh?kdf lnPsf] 5' . d]/f] sl/j b'O{ bzseGbf a9L ;dob]lvsf] dxf;+3;+usf] ;fldKotf ;Dk"0f{?kdf dxf;+3sf] zL/ pRr /fVgd} s]Gb|Lt u/]sf] 5' . ljwfg eg]sf] ultzLn b:tfj]h xf] . d'ns ' sf] kl/l:ylt, ;dosf] dfu cg';f/ o:tf s'/fnfO{ s'g} klg a]nf kl/jt{g u/]/ hfg ;lsG5 . of] s'g} j]b jf uLtf h:tf] xf]Og hf] ckl/jt{gLo xf]; . ;+zf]lwt ljwfgn] dxf;+3nfO{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/ cuf8L a9fpg, dxf;+3sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{, pBdL Joj;foLnfO{ Ps l9Ssf agfO{ dxf;+3nfO{ Ps ;zQm ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cuf8L a9fpg] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . dxf;+3 ;w} k|fP] Sl6e?kdf cuf8L a9\g] ;+:yf ePsfn] xfdLn] xfd|f] tof/L klg ;f]xL cg';f/ u/]sf xf} . ;dosf] dfu cg';f/ x'g] o:tf sfo{x?nfO{ xfdLn] ;f]xL cg';f/ :jLsf/ ug{} k5{ gq xfd|f k|ultsf rfxgfx? s]jn sf]/f sNkgf dfq x'g] 5g\ . dxf;+3 lghLIf]qsf] ldof] ag]sf] 5 . cToGt sl7g cj:yfdf aLhf/f]k0f ul/Psf] dxf;+3 clxn] ljzfn j[If ePsf] 5 . xfdL ;a}n] ;dfg 5xf/L kfPsf 5f} + . o;nfO{ ;a}n] dnhn u/L cem a9L xl/of] agfP/ cem w]/n} fO{ zLtn k|bfg ug{k' g{] a]nf cfPsf] 5 . o;f] ug{ ;s]df dfq xfd|f cu|hx¿n] xfdLx¿nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f x'g] d}n} ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . :j0f{ jif{sf cj;/df ;a}df oxL z'esfdgf lbg rfxfG5' .

107

;+qmd0fsfndf Joj;fosf] g]t[Tj s'zs'df/ hf]zL, ljlzi6 ;b:o Pj+ k"j{ cWoIf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cj;/df xfdLx?n] lgSs} g} k|z;+ f klg sdfPsf lyof}+ . dsjfgk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf ;fyLx?sf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfjdf lj=;+= @)%$ ;fnsf] dxf;+3sf] r'gfjdf d}n] dsjfgk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ lhNnf sfo{;ldlt ;b:odf pDd]bjf/L lbO{ lgjf{lrt ePsf] lyP . dxf;+3sf cWoIf cfgGb/fh d'NdLsf] sfo{sfnaf6 d]/f] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df k|jz ] ePsf] xf] .

pBf]u Joj;fosf If]qdf d]/f] cle?rL o'jfj:yfb]lv g} /x] klg ;g\ !(*( tfsf d]/f ldqx? / yfO{Nof08sf] O{s/ft O{lGhlgol/· klAns sDkgL lnld6]8sf] ;+oQ " m nufgL tyf ;xeflutfdf ljB'tLo 6«fG;km/d/ pBf]u :yfkgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df x]6f}8f, dsjfgk'/ a:g] qmddf dnfO{ r]Da/ cleofgdf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3df cfj4 u/fpgdf tfTsflng dsjfgk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf cWoIf lx6n/ ljz]thLsf] k|dv ' e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . dnfO{ ;+3sf] ultljlw jf/] TotL hfgsf/L lyPg . lx6n/hLn] dgf]gog u/]/ dnfO{ o;df cfj4 u/fpg' ePsf] xf] . pxf“n] d]/f] hfgsf/L ljgf g} dsjfgk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3df dgf]gog ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] k6s sfo{sfl/0fL a}7sdf Ps bh{g rGbfsf Ph]08fx? b]v/] d cfZro{rlst ePsf] lyP . Tof] lbg d}n] cfkm\gf] /fo g/fv] klg To;kl5 ;w} g} o:tf Aoj;fo;+u ;DaGw gePsf] ultljlwx?sf] ljkIfdf pleb} cfPsf] 5' . ;+3sf] ljsf;sf nflu eGbf klg ;fdflhs sfddf al9 nfUg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]5 . ;+3sf] d'Vo e"ldsf eg]sf] pBdLsf] ljsf;, pBf]u Jofkf/ ug]{ kof{Kt jftfj/0f agfpg' g} xf] eGg] ljifodf jl9 hf]8 lbg] k|of; ul/of] . To; ;Gbe{df xfdLn] dsjfgk'/df pBf]u Jofkf/sf] ljsf; tyf cf}Bf]lus lhNNff sfod ug{sf nflu w]/g} } sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyof} . To;df lj=;+= @)%$ ;fndf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] gf/fo0fL dxf]T;jnfO{ d'Vo ?kdf :d/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . tTsflng /fhf jL/]Gb| lj/ ljqmd zfxb]jn] pb\3f6g ug'{ ePsf] c~rn:t/Lo ;f] dxf]T;j lgs} eAo / ;kmntfk"js { ;DkGg 108

lj=;+= @)%^ b]lv lj=;+= @)^) ;fn;Dd u'0f:t/ tyf k|j4{g ;ldltsf] ;efkltsf] x}l;otn] sfd u/]sf] lyP . To; ;ldltn] Joj;fosf] pTkfbglzntf / u'0f:t/sf] clea[l4 s;/L ug]{ eGg] af/]df sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] . To;}qmddf ljleGg k/fdz{bftf tyf lj1x?;+u cfjZos 5nkmn u/]/ pTs[i6 sDkgLnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ ;f]r cg'?k g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df PlS;n]G; cjf8{sf] yfngL uof}+ . ef/t, hfkfg, cd]/Lsf h:tf d'ns ' x?af6 cjf8{sf dfkb08 NofP/ ;~rfng ul/Psf] ;f] cjf8{n] dxf;+3sf] ul/df / k|lti7fnfO{ cem} dfly a9fof] . o:tf cjf8{x? ;+;f/sf w]/} d'ns ' df :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 d pBf]u ;ldltdf /x] . To;a]nf g]kfn ef/t Aofkf/ ;GwLsf k|fjwfgx? agfpgsf nflu xfdLn] tTsflng pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqfno;+u ldn]/ sfd u/]sf lyof} . :jb]zL a:t' v/Lb ug'{ k5{ eGg] d'2fnfO{ klg To;} ;dodf cufl8 a9fOPsf] xf] .

dxf;+3sf] rf}yf] sfo{sfndf d lålto pkfWoIf eP . l4lto pkfWoIfs]f x}lzotn] ljz]ifu/L pBf]u, >d / pmhf{h:tf If]qdf j9L k|fyldstf lbPsf] lyP . xfdLn] dxf;+3sf cWoIfdf Ps AolQm Ps sfo{sfnsf] ;f]r cg'?k cuf8L a9\g] ;xdtL u/]sf lyof} . ;f] ;dodf cWoIf rl08/fh 9sfn / k|yd pkfWoIf lbjfs/ uf]N5f x'gx' G' Yof] . o; cj:yfdf Ps AolQm Ps sfo{sfnsf] ;xdtLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' k5{ eGg] kIfdf d plePsf] lyP . xfdLn] rl08hLnfO{ lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt u/fPsf lyof} . t/ pxf“sf] b|f;] f| ] k6s klg cWoIfsf] kbdf O{R5f eof], eg] To;cl3sf cWoIfx?n] klg Ps sfo{sfn kl5 gof‘ cWoIfsf nflu lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ ;xh xf];\ eGgsf vflt/ kb 5fl8lbg' ePsf] lyof] . s;}n] klg cWoIfsf] kb bf]xf]ofpg rfxg' ePsf] lyPg . xfdLn] lbjfs/hLnfO{ cWoIf kbsf] lhDd] jf/L lng' k5{ eg]sf lyof}, t/ pxf‘ To;sf nflu k|ltikwf{ ug{ tof/ x'g' ePg . lglj{/f] w eP dfq d cfp5' r'gfjdf eg] k|ltikwL{ alGbg eGg' eof] . tTkZrft dfq} d}n] cfkm\gf] pDd]bjf/L lbP . cWoIf kbdf d]/f] / rl08hLsf] k|lt:kwf{ eof], d}n] r'gfj lht“] . d}n] cWoIf kbsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{ eGbf cuf8L / cWoIf kbsf] lhDd]jf/L lnO{;s] kl5 klg d'ns ' P]ltxfl;s /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsflng cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] lyof] . Toltj]nf d'ns ' leq ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{r{ gsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] / dxf;+3sf] r'gfjs} cf;kf; ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg klg kg{ uPsfn] dxf;+3sf] r'gfj s]xL cufl8

yfn] . dhb"/ tyf sd{rf/Lx? sfd gug]{ t/ Joj;foLx?n] eg] tnj eQf lbg' kg]{ kl/l:ylt ;d]t l;h{gf x'g cfo]f . pxf“x? cfGbf]ng d} nfUg' eof] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / ;xdltsf] ;/sf/sf] Ph]08fnfO{ lnP/ . ;f]lx ;dodf jxf“x?n] Aoj;foLnfO{ cfkm\gf] kfl6{ sfo{fnodf af]nfP/ dfcf]jfbLn] clglZrtsflng aGb ug{ nfu]sf] / To;df dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ dfu /fVg' eof] . d}n] aGbsf] lgsf; vf]Hg cfu|x u/] . aGb x8\tfn afx]s tkfO{x?sf] s'/f ;'gfpg] dfWod c? s] x'g ;S5 < tkfO{sf] cfGbf]ng s] sf nflu eg]/ hgtfnfO{ ;'gfpg'xf]; eg] . To;kl5 dxf;+3n] ldl8ofsf ;fyLx?;“u ldn]/ tLg 7"nf bn g]kfnL sfu|;] , g]skf Pdfn] / g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf tLg–tLg zLif{ g]tfu0fx?nfO{ xf]6n ofs P08 oltdf /fv]/ P]ltxfl;s ;fj{hlgs lg0ff{os ax; rnfof}+ . ax; olt dxTjk"0f{ /x\of] sL pQm ax; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;/sf/L ;~rf/ dfWod jfx]s cGo g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ ;~rf/ hutn] ce"tk"j{ ?kdf ;Dk]i| f0f u/] . ax;sf nflu xfdLx?n] ;a{;fwf/0f ;+u O{dn] df k|Zg dfu]sf lyof} . xhf/f} k|Zgx? cfPsf lyP . ax;sf] ;dodf ;8sdf k|fo sf]lx dflg;x? g} lyPgg\ . cfdhg;d'bfo klg lg0f{fos ax; elgPsf] ;f] 5nkmnn] s] lgsf; lbG5 eg]/ hfGg d]/f] sfo{sfndf 6«8] o"lgogx?;“u ægf] js{ pT;'s lyP . dfcf]jfbLaf6 cWoIf k|r08, gf] k]Æ æxfo/ P08 kmfo/Æ sf nflu lgSs}g} 8f e§/fO{, / a}B, sfu|;] af6 cWoIf z'zLn ;+3if{ ug'{ k/\of] . ;a} 6«8] o'lgognfO{ /fv]/ sf]O/{ fnf, 8f /fdz/0f dxt / s[i0fk|;fb @! a'b] ;Demf}tf To;} a]nf ul/Psf] lyof] . l;6f}nf / Pdfn]af6 cWoIf emngfy vgfn, To:t} oftfoft l;l08s]6, sjfl8 s/ nufot O{Zj/ kf]v/]n / k|bLk 1jfnLn] ;f] ax; laifodf klg lgs}w/] } ;3if{ ug'{ kof] . o;b]lv sfo{qmddf efu lnPsf lyP . !@ a'b] ;xdtL x'gtM pxfx?n] r'gfjdf efu lng'eGbf jfx]s csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifo aGbx8\tfn lyof] . s] lyof], s] k|utL eof], clxn] s] x'b5 cufl8 klg Aoj;foLx?;+u 5nkmn ul//xg' } , clxn] xfdL ljif]z u/]/ aGbx8\tfn tyf l;l08s]6sf sf] clGtd n8fO{ s] xf] / sxf s'/f ldn]g x'GYof] . xfdLx? eGg] u/]sf lyof}+ tkfO{x?n] kl/jt{gsf nflu h+unaf6 ;+3if{ ug'e { of] eg] lj/f]wL xf} . o;} qmddf ;'b/" klZrddf eGg] ljifodf g} ax; s]lGb|t lyof] . tL gf} l;l08s]6sf] lj/f]wdf wgf{ a:of“} t/ aGb eg] hgf g]tfnfO{ To;kl5 tLg lbg;Dd ax;df xfdLx? d'ns ' sf] ;a[l4sf nflu cf–cfk\mgf] u/]gf} . If]qaf6 ;+3if{ ul//x]sf 5f} . ca aGb's / ;fd]n u/fOof] . hgtf lghL–If]qn] klg o:tf] uf]nL 5f8]/ larf/ lnP/ /fhgLlts n8fO{ s'/fdf g]tT[ j lng ;Sbf] /x]5 eg]/ x]l//x]sf k|r08 k|wfgdGqL x“b' f lghL If]qnfO{ w]/} n8\g;' \ . pxf“n] z]o/ dfs]6{ sf] dGbLdf rf;f] lyP . lsgsL cfh;Dd d'ns ' df o:tf] ljifd ' /fVb} Aoj;foLx?;+u 5nkmn ug{ rfx]sf s'/f ;xof]u ug'{ eof] . d}n] klg pxf“;u+ w]/} d'ns kl/l:yltdf Aofj;foLs If]qn] cuf8L cfP/ ug'{ eof] . xfdLn] t'?Gt} Pe/]i6 xf]6ndf Ps tyf cGt/f{li6«o kmf]/ddf ;xefuL x'g] df}sf sfd u/]sf] lyPg . t/ klg cGTodf s'/f] kfP . sltkon] dnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] /+u ;d]t ldn]g . s]xL kIf /fhgLlts ?kdf O{dfGbf/ sfo{qmd /fVg] ;dGjo u¥of} . xfdLn] b'O;{ o lbP . t/ d lghL If]qsf] k|ltlgwLd"ns dflg;sf] cg'dfg u/]sf]df xhf/ eGbf al9 gx'bf ;d:of x'bf] /x]5 . To; j]nf Tolx ;+:yfsf] cWoIfsf gftfn] d'ns ' sf] Aoj;foL tyf cGo AolQmTjx? e]nf ePsf eof] . b]zn] lgsf; kfpg ;s]g . /fli6«o lyP . d}n] AolQmut ?kdf dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|wfgdGqL;+usf sfo{qmdx?df ;dfj]z eO{ ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ u7g ul/ ;+ljwfg;ef /xg kb{Yof] . xfdLn] t ;/sf/;+u ldn]/ k|r08, 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ nufot jl/i7 agfP/ tTsfn ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ df}sf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?nfO{ clxn]sf] ;+qmd0fsflng sfd ug]{ xf] . To;qmddf h'g;'s} kf6L{sf] d'ns ' n] u'dfof] . ;/sf/ cfPklg xfd|f nflu ;/sf/ 7"nf] cj:yfdf k"hL lgdf{0f s;/L ug],{ Aoj;fo xf] kf6L{ jf bn xf]Og . pxf“n] klg pBf]u lj:tf/sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f s;/L ug],{ tTkZrft\ dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfGbf]ng yfn] . jfl0fHosf] If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfd cfGbf]ngsf] ljrdf klg ;Djfbsf 9f]sfx? ;|ft] sf] kl/rfng s;/L ug]{ h:tf s'/fdf ug'{ eof] . Aoj;foLx?sf] wf/0ff /fv]sf] lyP . eg] v'n} lyP . lghL If]qn] cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 nufgLsf] jftfj/0f / >d ;DaGwn] dfq ;Sbf] k|of;x? hf/L /fv]s} lyof] . o;/L ' sf] k|wfgdGqL eP/ pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf;df 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg kl5 dfwj g]kfn d'ns cfkm\gf] If]qeGbf aflx/ uP/ d'ns ' sf] nflu ;S5 eg]sf] lyP . To; a]nf d}n] eg]sf] lyP cfpg' eof] . pxf“sf] sfo{sfndf g]skf sfd u/L/x]sf] lyof] . qmdz dfcf]jfbLx?n] k"hL a[l4 ug],{ ;|ft] sf] kl/rfng ug]{ eg]sf oL dfcf]jfbLn]g} aGb x8\tfn ug{ yfn] . dhb"/x? yfn]sf] cfGbf]ng nlDab} uof] . ;f]lx ;dodf klg sfdwGbf 5f8]/ ¥ofnL tyf cfd;efdf g} Aoj;foLx? x'g\ . tkfO{x?n] !@ jif{ u/]sf] dxf;+3 cu|;/ eO{ dfcf]jfbL g]tT[ j ;dIf ;+3if{df g]kfnL Aoj;foLx?n] w]/} b'vM kfPsf ;xefuL eO{ c/fhs ultljlwx?df ;+nUg x'g ;fl/Psf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfjdf g]skf dfcf]jfbL ;a} eGbf 7"nf] zlQmsf] ?kdf b]vf kof] . dfcf]jfbLx?n] k|hftflGqs k4ltnfO{ :jLsf/]/ r'gfjdf laho k|fKt u/] kZrft klg pBf]u jfl0fHosf If]qdf qf;bLs]f jftfj/0f sfod /x]sf] b]l] vGYof] . geGb} dfcf]jfbLx? 7"nf] bn ePsf] s]lx lbgdf g} z]o/ ahf/df ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] kfO{of] . ;f] kZrft tTsflng dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn k|r08n] xfdLx?nfO{ 5nkmnsf nflu cfdGq0f u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf lh1f;f ;d]t /fVg' eof] .

lyP eg] d'ns ' ;d]t ljsf; lgdf{0fdf w]/} g} k5f8L ws]lnof], cfly{s kl/;"rs lg/fzfhgs /x] . clxn] tkfO{x? ;/sf/df cfpb} x'gx' G' 5, tkfO{n] Tof] Ifltsf] kl/k"lt{ ug'k{ 5{ . cflv/ tkfO{x?sf] ;+3if{ klg ;d[l4s} nflu t xf] lg . pQm sfo{qmdn] :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf ;d]t lgs} rrf{ kfPsf] lyof] .

109

gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 t/ o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu x'gk' g]{ tof/Lsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/ tyf /fhgLlts bnx? cndNofOdf /x]sf] xfnsf] ;+qmd0fsflng cj:yfdf dxf;+3sf] e"ldsf cem} k|efjsf/L x'g kb{5 .

zflGt e]nf ug{sf nflu cfu|x u/]sf] lyP . dxf;+3n] zflGt e]nf ug]{ eg] kl5 kfk8 nufot w]/} ;+3 ;:yfx?n] xfdLnfO{ ;fy lbP . xfd|f] zflGt e]nfn] dfcf]afbLnfO{ cfGbf]ng la;fpg] df}sf klg lbg] atfpb} e]nf u/fof+} . e]nf P]ltxfl;s ?kd} eAo eof], ;Dk"0f{ Aoj;foLs ;+3;:yf tyf u}//fhgLlts ;+:yfx?sf] 7"nf] ;xof]u /x\of] . To;sf] k|efj s] eof] eg] ;f]lx lbg ;f“em b]lv dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfkm\gf] cfGbf]ng :ylut u/] . xfdLn] cfkm\gf] bfo/f eGbf dfly p7]/ d'ns ' sf nflu u/]sf] Pp6f 7f]; k|of; lyof] Tof] . Tof] jf:tjd} lgSs} ;Dj]bglzn sfo{qmd lyof] . o; kl/l:yltdf clnstL dfq} tndfly eP klg Toxf 7"nf] /Qmkftsf] ;Defjgf lyof] . To;f] ePsf] x'bf“ xfdLx?n] zflGt e]nfdf s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?nfO{ af]Ngsf nflu ;do lbPsf lyPgf} . To; e]nfn] dxf;+3nfO{ 7"nf] klxrfg agfpg d2t k'o fof] . dxf;+3 XjfTt} cuf8L cfof] . To;sf] nuQ} d bfr'n{ fsf ljs6 u|fld0f e]udf e|d0f ug{ hfbf Toxfsf u}X Joj;foL dflg;x?n] tkfO{ s'zs'df/ hf]zL xf] eg]/ ;f]w] . o;n] dnfO{ lgs} uj{sf] dx;'; ;d]t ePsf] lyof] . dxf;+3n] pBf]uL Joj;foLsf ;d:ofx? a'em]/ To;sf nflu gLltut ;dfwfg vf]Hg kxn ug'k{ 5{ . o:tf gLltx?n] Aoj;foLsf rfxgf, cfsf+Iff / ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]df dfq pBf]u Joj;fox? km:6fpg ;Sg]5g\ . oL gLltx? th'd{ f ug{sf nflu Joj;foLsf Aojxfl/s cg'ej tyf cGt/f{li6«o cEof; ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6g\ ' h?/L 5 . t;y{ ;/sf/n] pBf]u Joj;fo If]qsf nflu gLlt tyf sfg"gx? th'd{ f ubf{ dxf;+3;+u /fo dfUg] ug'k{ 5{ . To;} klg d'ns ' sf] &% j6f lhNnfd} ;~hfn km}lnPs]f dxf;+3n] tTsfn} sxf“ s] 110

eO{/x]sf] 5 ;f] sf] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds k|efj s] 5, gLlt ;kmn jf c;kmn s] ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg] ;zQm dfWod Aoj;foL x'g\ . tL ;a} s'/fsf] Plss[t hfgsf/L oyf ;dodfg} dxf;+3 ;dIf cfO{ k'us ] f] g} x'G5 . dxf;+3n] klg cfkm\gf ;+3df cfa4 /x]sf ;b:ox?sf ;d:ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;/sf/ ;dIf /fv]/ ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sof] eg] dfq} o:sf] dxTj /xG5 . t/ To;f] eGb}df ;+3n] /fHo;+u ;dfgfGt/sf] Jojxf/ ug]{ geO{ ;xsfo{ ug]{ dfq xf] . lsgsL of] ;/sf/sf] ;dfgfGt/ ;+:yf eg] cjZo xf]Og . ;/sf/n] cy{tGq / pBf]u Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf agfpg] gLlt tyf sfg"gn] Joj;fosf If]qdf s] s:tf] k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/fsf] cg'et" L dxf;+3nfO{ x'gk' 5{ . tt\ ;DaGwdf ;Nnfx lbg] jf cfjZos cGo sbd rfNg d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .o:t} k|sf/sf sfo{x?df ;xof]u k'uf]; eg]/ ;/sf/sf x/]s dGqfnox?;+u ;dGjo u/]/ sfo{ ug{sf nflu dxf;+3df tt\ ljifo ;DaGwL ;ldltx? l;h{gf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . dxf;+3, /fi6«sf ;a} tx / tKsfsf Joj;foLx?sf] k|ltlglwd'ns 5ftf ;+u7g xf] . h;nfO{ xfd|f k'vf{x?n] cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ ;do / ;f]raf6 /fi6«sf] Pp6f ul/dfdo c·sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ ;kmn x'g' eof] . o:sf] ul/df / klxrfg ;a} Aoj;foLx?sf] w/f]x/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] ;:yfnfO{ cem alnof] / bl/nf] agfpg] xfd|f] bfoLTj xf] . d'ns ' ;+qmd0fsflng cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] a]nf clxn] d'ns ' df b]lvPsf /fhgLlts pyn k'yn eGbf dfly p7]/ dxf;+3n] bl/nf] ?kdf pleP/ Joj;fox?sf] sdhf]/ cj:yfnfO{ psf:g ;Sg' kb{5 .

dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ j rogsf] lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf b]lvPsf ljutsf s]xL aif{x?sf] ljs[tLaf6 u'6–pku'6sf] u'6jGbLaf6 dxf;+3sf] ul/dfnfO{ 36fPsf] dxz'z xfdL ;a}n] u/]sf 5f} . lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf x'g] u'6jGbLaf6 Joj;foLsf] aLrdf x'g] kmf6f]af6 dxf;+3n] Joj;fosf] cu|0fL e"ldsf lng ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{ u'6jGbLnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ dxf;+3sf] ljwfg ;+zf]wgaf6 dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ j rogdf cWoIfsf] r'gfjnfO{ jl/i7 pkfWoIfsf] r'gfjjf6 :jt csf]{ sfo{sfnnfO{ cWoIf ag]sf] cj:yfdf u'6jGbL tyf cWoIfsf] r'gfjL rnv]nsf] cGTo x'g ;Sg] eg]/ g} k"j{ cWoIfx?n] of] ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g k5{ elg hf]8 lbOPsf] xf] . t/ To;sf] ljkl/t lgjf{rg g} gu/L al/i7 pkfWoIfjf6 :jt cWoIf agfpg] tyf cj aGg] jl/i7 pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{rg ug{ z+;f]wg x'b+ f k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotf lj?4 ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To:sf] kmn:j?k km]/L klg cj x'g] jl/i7 pkfWoIfsf] r'gfjdf u'6– pku'6sf] k|lqmof z'? x'g nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+l3o k|0ffnLdf d'ns ' hfg nfu]sf] elg dxf;+3sf] ;+l3o k|0ffnL x]/km]/ ug{ clxn]sf] cj:yf s] pko'Qm x'g ;Sb5 < hjsL ;+l3o ;+/rgf nfu' ug{ d'ns ' df clxn] rln/x]sf] /fhgLlts 4G4 ;dfKt eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ;fy} /fhgLlts ;dfwfg vf]Hg] qmddf ;+l3o ;+/rgfsf] :j?k s:tf] x'g ;S5 eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ qmddf dxf;+3df ;+:yfeGbf AolQmjfbL rl/q xflj x'g' tyf ;+:yf uf}0f /xg' clg JolQm ;w}+ xflj /xg] ;+:sf/ aGg' dxf;+3sf] cl:tTjnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg' xf] . dxf;+3sf k"jc { WoIfx? dxf;+3sf] w/f]x/ x'g, dxf;+3sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / dxf;+3sf] Oltxf; x'g\ . dxf;+3sf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dxf;+3sf] k"j{ cWoIfx? x'g ;Sb}gg . ;Nnfxsf/ dfq x'g ;Sb5 t/ dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIfg} sfo{sfl/0fL aGg rfxg] nfnrn] ljwfg ;+zf]wg ul/G5 eg] dxf;+3sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / sfof{Gjog txdf JolQmjfbL rl/q xflj x'g yfNb5 . t;y{ dxf;+3sf] ;+u7gfTds ljsf; ug{sf nflu dxf;+3 ;+:yfut aGg kb{5 obL of] k4ltnfO{ dxf;+3df cfj4 /x]sf ;j} lhNnf tyf gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, a:t'ut ;+3 / P;f];LP6 ;b:ox?n] a'em]/ ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ ;s]df dfq xfnsf] /fHosf] of] ;+qmd0fsflng cj:yfdf lghL If]qaf6 ;+:yfut kxn u/]/ lgsf; lbg ;s]df dfq Pp6f ;d[4 g]kfnsf] l;h{gfdf dxf;+3sf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g ;Sb5 .

lghL If]q ljsf;sf] d'Vo ;fem]bf/ ejfgL /f0ff, jl/i7 pkfWoIf o; s'/fnfO{ dgg klg ug'{ ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L gLltut s'/fdf dxf;+3n] njL ub}{ cfPsf ljleGg gLltx? cfO;s]sf 5g\ eg] sltko cfpg] qmddf 5g\ . cj Joj;fo ;DjGwL ;j} gLltx? lgdf{0f u/L hlt;Sbf] l56f] nfu" ug'{ k5{ lsgeg] gLlt /fd|f] geP;Dd b]zdf nufgL lelqb}g . /fd|f] tyf Joj;fod}qL gLltn] g} nufgL lj:tf/ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . ljsf;sf nflu ljb]zL nufgL klg Nofpg' cfjZos 5 . csf]{ r'gf}tL eg]sf] o'jfsf nflu /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug'{ xf] . xfd|f o'jfx? cfkm\gf] b]z gagfP/ c?sf] b]z agfpg hfg'k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;sf nflu o'jfnfO{ tfnLd lbP/ bIf agfpg' k5{ . oxf“sf o'jfx? ljb]zdf uP klg cGo /fi6«sf gful/sn] eGbf sd k};f sdfp“5g\ lsgsL pgLx?n] cfkm'n] ug]{ sfd ;DjGwL tfnLd g} lnPsf x'b“ g} g\ . pgLx? lat]sf b'O{ bzs lghL If]qsf nflu Hofb} cK7\of/f] ;do lyof] . lghL If]qn] Joj;fo;“u} sd bIf ePs} sf/0f c?n] eGbf sd k};f sdfPsf x'g\ . lqmoflzn o'jfnfO{ d'ns ' leq} /fhgLlts kl/jt{sf] klg ;fdgf ug'k{ /]sf] pko'Qm cj;/ l;h{gf u/]/ b]z ljsf; tyf lyof] . 4G4sflng cj:yf tyf To;kl5sf pBdzLntfsf nflu k|fT] ;fxg ug'{ k5{ . ljleGg /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] Joj;fog} To;sf nflu ;/sf/ / lghL If]qn] tTsfn} w/fkdf k/]sf] tyf aGb x'g] cj:Yff klg ;xof]u u/]/ cufl8 a9\g] xf] eg] s]xL cfPsf] lyof] . h;/L cGo Joj;foL tyf ;dfwfg lgl:sg ;S5 . To:t} ljb]zLPsf ;du| lghL If]q g} r'gf}tL kf/ u/]/ cfP, o'jfnfO{ kmsf{pg' klg csf]{ r'gf}tL xf] . d klg To;/L g} cfhsf] cj:yf;Dd To;sf nfuL cf}Bf]uLs/0f x'gk' 5{ . pBf]u cfOk'us ] L x'“ . clxn] jftfj/0f klxnfsf] eGbf cln ;xh 5, t/ r'gf}tL eg] sd dfq Joj;fo lj:tf/ tyf ljsf; eP kf] /f]huf/L ePsf 5g\, ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ePsf] x'G5 . eg] 5}g . ljsf; tyf gof“ k|ljlwsf nflu cfjZos pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] jl/i7 pkfWoIfsf] hgzlQm ljsf; csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . x}l;otdf eGg' kbf{ d}n] lghL If]qsf] g]tT[ jdf oftfoft / O06/g]6n] hf]l8Psf] ljZj clxn] dlxnf g} ePsf] sf/0f s'g} k|sf/sf] cK7\of/f] jf r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] 5}g . t/ ;du| lghL If]qnfO{ eg] clxn] klg r'gf}tL g} 5 . ;+ljwfg cfPkl5 b]znfO{ gof“ lbzfdf, cfly{s ;d[l4tkm{ n}hfg lghL If]qn] u/]sf] ;xof]u / k|of; Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . cfly{s Ph]08fnfO{ ljsf; ax;sf] s]Gb|laGb'df n}hfg xfdLn] jiff}{+ cys k|of; u/]sf 5f}+ . t/, /fhgLlts c:yL/tfsf sf/0f xfd|f] k|of; cflz+s dfq ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] 5 . d'ns ' df gLltut cGof}ntf tyf k|lqmofut em~em6 cem} 5g\ . jftfj/0f ;xh aGg} ;s]sf] 5}g .

Hofb} ;f“3/' f] ePsf] 5 . h:n] ubf{ :yfgLo pTkfbgx?n] ljZjs} 7"nf ax'/fli6«o sDkgLsf pTkfbg;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf klxrfg u/]/ pTkfbgdf d"No clej[l4sf kIfdf Wofg lbg'kg}{ cj:yf 5 . ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnn] cNkljsl;t d'ns ' af6 ljsl;t d'ns ' df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . To;sf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/ nufot cGo If]qsf] lta| ljsf; cfjZos 5 . clxn]sf] xfd|f] ah]6sf] b'O{ ltxfOeGbf a9L t k"jf{wf/d} vr{ ug'{ k5{ . To;sf nflu lghL If]qn] ;fwg;|ft] kl/rfng ug'k{ 5{ . To;}n] To;sf nflu ;/sf/ / lghLIf]q aLr ;dembf/L x'gk' 5{ eg] Joj;foLx?aLr klg P]Soj4tf x'g' k5{ . cj cfly{s ;d[l4 Ps dfq nIo xf] . :jR5 Joj;fo / :jR5 ;/sf/L lgofds To;sf nflu cfwf/e"t tTj x'g\ . lghL If]qdf clxn] klg y'k}| r'gf}tL 5g\ . lgtLut s'/fdf xfdL sfd ub}5 { f} . To:t} ePsf gLlt l56f] sfo{Gjog x'gk5{ elg/x]sf 5f}+ . s]xL gLltx? ;+;bdf c8\lsPsf 5g\ . s]xL d:of}bf aGb} 5g\ . cf}Bf]uLs Joj;fo P]g kfl/t eP klg To;sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos >d P]g slxn] aGg] xf] lglZrt 5}g . To:t} ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofpg nufgLd}qL P]g rflxof] . Tof] P]gsf] ljw]os kf; x'g] qmddf 5 . ;j} P]g cfP/ /fd|f;] u“ sfof{Gjog x'g] xf] eg] xfdLn] Pp6f 7'nf] r'gf}tL kf/ ug]{ 5f} . pBf]uL Joj;foLsf nflu tfTsflns ;d:of eg]sf] t/ntfsf] ;d:of xf] . lhNnf lhNnfaf6 kmf]g cfO/x]sf] x'G5 . Joj;foLx?n]

ca d'ns ' nfO{ rflxPsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 xf] . o;sf nflu /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ klg To;df ljZj:t u/fP/ n}hfg' r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 . cjsf] ;do eg]sf] /fhgLlts eGbf cfly{s kl/jt{g xf] eGg] g]tT[ jx?nfO{ a'emfpg' cfjZos 5 . sltko 7"nf bn tyf g]tfx?n] 111

Joj;fo z'? ubf{ /f]8Dofk agfPsf x'G5g\ . d of] pBf]u z'? u5'{ h;df otL Jofh lt5'{ eg]/ u0fgf u/]sf x'G5g\ . t/ /ftf/ft Jofh a9\bf pgLx? 7"nf] dsf{df k/]sf 5g\ . csf{tkm{ ;/sf/n] k"FhLut vr{ ug}{ ;s]sf] 5}g . l5d]sL ef/tn] eg] zt k|ltzt k"h “ Lut vr{ x'G5 . To;}n] ef/t ;d[l4tkm{ cu|;/ ePsf] xf] . cfly{s jif{sf] cfwfeGbf a9L ;do ljTbf;Dd ;/sf/n] !& k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ljsf; vr{ ug{ ;s]sf] 5 . ljgf;sf/L e'sDk ePsf] b'O{ jif{ eO;Sbf klg hDdf % k|ltzt k'glgdf{0fdf sfd eO/x]sf] 5 , klxnf] ls:tf / bf]>f] ls:tf g} uPsf] 5}g . cj # dlxgf k5L csf]{ cfly{s jif{df uO;s]sf x'G5f} . t/, ;/sf/L vr{sf] k|ultdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g, ah]6 sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu $% lbg cufl8 g} ah]6 NofP klg To;sf] k|efj vr{df b]lvg g;Sg' lj8Dagfk"0f{ l:ylt xf] . lghL If]q t ;w} ljsf;sf nflu tof/ g} 5 . 7"nf7"nf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g x'Fbf, 4G4sfn, cfGbf]ng, ;+ljwfg kl5sf] aGb x8\tfn nufot cg]sf}+ cK7\of/f l5rf]Nb} oxf“;Dd cfOk'us ] f] 5 . To;}n] lghL If]qnfO{ k|fT] ;flxt

ug{ /fHon] efif0fdf dfq x}g Jojxf/df klg Joj;fo d}qL Jojxf/ b]vfpg ;Sg'k5{ . ;f“Rr} cfly{s ;d[l4 rfx]sf] eP /fhgLltnfO{ Psftkm{ / ljsf;nfO{ csftkm{ /fv]/ x]gk{' 5{ . lsgeg] b]z cfly{s ?kdf ;d'4 aGof] eg] dfq /fhgLlt klg :yflkt x'G5 . cfly{s ;d[l4;“u} o'jfx?sf nflu /f]huf/L klg l;h{gf x'G5 . ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] klg z'?df /fhgLlts cj:yfaf/]g} ;f]W5g\ . To;}n] /fhgLlt g;'lw|b+ f;Dd Jofj;flos jftfj/0f aGg]df z+sf 5 . xfdL;“u y'k} ;+efjgfsf If]q] 5g\ h;n] d'ns ' sf] ljsf; / ;d[l4df pNn]Vo of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ . cjsf] ;do eg]sf] tL ;+efjgfsf] bf]xgsf nflu /0fgLlt tyf jftfj/0f agfpg] xf] . b]z /fd|f] 5, ;u/dfyf 5, s[lif 5, ko{6g 5, hn;|ft] 5 eg]/ x]b{} a;]/ s]xL x'Fb}g, To;sf nflu cfly{s kl/rfng cfjZos 5 . ePsf] ;|ft] nfO{ d"No clej[l4 ug]t{ km{ Wofg lbg'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu s[lifhGo pTkfbgdf d"No clej[l4 ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] To;n] Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngdf klg 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] lyof] . lghL If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu dxf;+3n] nIo

lnPsf] 5 . To;sf nflu of]hgf th'd{ f ug]{ tof/L ePsf] 5 . xfn} dxf;+3sf] ljwfg sl/j !) aif{ kl5 ;+zf]wg ePsf] 5 . jl/i7 pkfWoIfnfO{ :jtM cWoIf agfpg] eg]/ ljwfg ;+;f]wg ul/Psf] xf]Og, dxf;+3sf]] ;+/rgfnfO{ km/s 9+udf n}hfgsf nflu ul/Psf] k|of; xf] . b]z ;+l3otfdf uPsf]n] klg of] cfjZos ePsf] xf] . b]z k|fb]lzs 9+udf uPsf]n] gof“ lgjf{rg klg c~rn / k'/fgf] 9+uaf6 ug{ ;lsb}gYof] . b]z ;+l3otfdf guPsf] eP ljwfg ;+zf]wg cem l9nf klg x'g ;SYof] . w]/} s'/f ;+zf]wg x'gk' g]{ klg lyof] . gof“ r'gfj k'/fgf] 9+uaf6 ug{ ;lsb}g . cGo ;+:yfx? gof“ 9f“rfdf uPsf]n] klg ljwfg ;+;f]wg ul/Psf] xf] . To:t} jl/i7sf] s'/f klxnfb]lv g} p7]sf] xf] . cGosf] t'ngfdf pkfWoIf cln cg'ejL x'G5 . lsgsL cWoIfsf] cg'kl:ytLdf p;n] sfd ;Dxfn]sf] x'G5 . pkfWoIfg} cWoIf x'g] af6f]df cl3 a9]sf] x'G5 . gof“ JolQm cfpg'eGbf ToxL JolQmnfO{ cl3 a9fP dxf;+3df /fhgLtL klg sd x'G5 .

Congratulations and Best wishes

Kishore Kumar Pradhan , Vice President

It is my great honor to congratulate all of us on this auspicious occasion of 50th anniversary of FNCCI. As

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an organization, we have gone through several ups and downs. Today, on this occasion, if we go back and do an analysis of our work and what we have achieved so far, one thing comes clear that is FNCCI has emerged the more powerful and influential umbrella organization of Industry and business community . Yet, we also have a massive amount of work to be done. I therefore, believe that along with the celebration of 50 wonderful years, we will also continue with our

efforts to further build up the strong foundation of FNCCI and contribute as a whole to the betterment of private sector of Nepal by uniting the business community. We have to make sure our systematic movement will benefit the whole country’s economy and lead us to greater achievements. Thank you!!!

;d[l¢sf nflu pjfdxf;+3M ;+efjgf / r'gf}tL lbg]z >]i7, pkfWoIf

pBf]uL tyf Joj;foLx?sf] xs, lxtsf nflu :yflgo :t/df lhNnf:tl/o pBf]u Jofkf/ ;+3x? :yfkgfe} /xFbf, b]ze/ 5/LP/ /x]sf pBf]uL Joj;foLx?sf] lxtsf] nfuL ;a}nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf uf]naGb ug{ Pp6f ;zQm / b/Lnf] /fli6«o :t/sf] ;+:yfsf] cfjZostf dx;'z e} To:tf] ;+:yf lgdf{0f ug{ la=;= @)@@ ;fn kf}if !^ ut] !$ c+rnsf k|ltlglwsf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L @! ;b:oLo tby{ ;ldlt u7g u/L pQm ;ldltsf] ;lqmotfdf @)@% ;fn r}t @* ut] lalxaf/sf lbg /fli6«o lgb]z { g P]g @)!* sf] bkmf # cGt/ut /xL !# j6f lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? ;+:yfks /xL g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] lalwjt btf{ ePsf] lyof] . @)$( ;fndf lawfg ;+zf]wgaf6 ;+3sf] la:tfl/t e"l" dsf lgjf{xf ug{ k|aGwkq / lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg u/L g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 gfdfs/0f u/LPsf] lyof] . ;+:yfn] :j0f{ dxf]T;j dgfO/x]sf] o; cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ r]Da/ cleofgsf cu|h g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ x'g] cfb/l0fo JolQmTjx?df clegGbg / cfef/ JoQm ub}{ b]ze/sf ;Dk"0f{ pBf]uL Joj;foLx?df xflb{s awfO{ tyf z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' . :yfkgfsfnb]lv of] :j0f{ dxf]T;j;Ddsf] ;do;Dd cfOk'Ubf !^ hgf JolQmTjaf6 o;nfO{ g]tT[ j k|bfg u/L ;s]sf] 5 eg] kbflwsf/Lsf ?kdf laleGg kbdf cfl;g /xL #! hgfaf6 lgMzt{ ;]jf dxf;+3n] kfO{ ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . xfdL ;a} cfh tL cu|h pBf]uL Joj;foLx?af6 xfd|f] xs lxtsf nflu

eP u/]sf sfo{x?sf] :d/0f ub}{ pxf“x?sf] Tofu / ;Ifd g]tT[ jsf] sb/ / ;Ddfg ub{5f} . ;+;f/sf] s'g} b|Aoaf6 k"gM kfpg g;lsg] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] cd'No ;do k|bfg u/L ug'{ ePsf] sfo{sf] k|z;+ f ug{ rfx“G5' . :yfkgfsfnb]vL xfn;Dd dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo cg'?k /fi6«sf] cy{tGqnfO{ bl/nf] kfg]{ sfddf 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpb}, cfkm\gf ;b:ox?sf] xs, lxtsf nfuL sfo{ ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/nfO{ klg cljl5Gg ?kdf pBf]u Jofkf/ cfly{s / Joj;flos laifo P]g, lgod lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog Pj+ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;fy} >d ;DaGwdf / pBf]uL Joj;foLsf] Joj;foLs clea[4Lsf nflu ;'emfa / ;Nnfx lbb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;do / kl/l:ylt cg';f/sf kl/jt{gdf ;fy lbb}, laleGg cf/f]x ca/f]x kf/ ub},{ kf“r bzs;Ddsf] ofqfdf /fHo ;+/rgfnfO{ cfTdf;fy ub}{ xfn}dfq cfkmgf] lawfgdf ;dofg'sn" kl/at{g u/L ;+l3otfsf] :j?kdf cfkm"nfO{ 9fnL;s]sf] 5 . casf] ;do dxf;+3sf] nflu gofF cg'ea, ca;/sf ;fy} r'gf}tL klg ylkb}5 . dxf;+3sf] la:tfl/t :j?k / b/f] sfo{af6 o; k|lt cfsif{0f a9\bf] 5 . cfh !)$ lhNNff gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? / (( j:t'ut ;+3x?sf;fy} sl/a ()) pBf]u k|lti7fgx? o;k|lt cfa¢ 5g eg] y'k}| gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? / a:t'ut ;+3x? cfa¢tfsf] kvf{Odf 5g\ . b]zn] ;+l3otfsf] :j?k lnO/xFbf dxf;+3n] klg o;nfO{ cfTdf;fy u/L u/]sf] ;+/rgfut kl/at{gn] o;nfO{ cem b/Lnf] / dema't agfp“g] 5 . /fHokl5sf] b]ze/ ;+hfn ePsf] Ps dfq ;+:yf h:n] b]zsf] cy{tGqsf Zjl]R5s ?kdf ;'emfa dfq lbPg . o;n] b}aL cfkQL cfOkbf{ ;d]t hgtf aLr a;]/ sfd u/]sn} ] hgdfg;df ;d]t ;sf/fTds 5fk nufpg ;Ifd /x\of] . b]zsf] Psdfq k|ltlglwd"ns pBf]uL / Jofkf/Lx?sf] ;femf ;+:yfsf ?kdf o:n] n3', 3/]n,' ;fgf ;fgf pBf]uL, Jofj;foLb]lv 7"nf7"nf pBf]uL, Jofj;foLx? ;d]tsf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 . g"g b]vL ;'g ;Dd, dn b]lv hn;Dd, ls/f b]vL lx/f;Dd, pTkfbg b]lv lat/0f / b]zaf6 lgof{t / cfoft ;d]tsf ;d:of / ltgsf ;dfwfgaf/] 5nkmn / ax; u/L ;dfwfgsf] kxn ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . cfly{s ;d[l¢ eGbf /fhg}lts sfo{;l" rn]

k|>o kfO/x]sf] w]/} eO;Sof] . @$) aif{ /fhtGq df !)$ aif{ hxflgof zf;g, #) aif{ k+rfotL Jofj:yf, !% aif{ ax'bn, !) aif{ ¢Gb k5L u0ftGq;Dd cfO{kU' bf k|fKt ;+lawfgn] b]z k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfdf k|az ] x'gk'Uof] . ca k|bz ] , k|bz ] aLr ljsfz / ;d[l¢sf nflu k|lt:kwL{ xf];\ eGg] xfd|f] rfxgf xf] . bnx?n] sa'n u/]em} Aofa:yf kl/at{g / gofF ;+lawfgkl5 cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l¢x'g] pwf/f] ;kgfd} w]/} ;do Aoltt e};s]sf] 5 . aGb, x8tfn / rGbfaf6 pBf]uL, Aofkf/Lx? cfh klg cfqmfGt dfq 5}gg, /fhgLlts} sf/0f y'k}| hgtfx?n] klg zxfbtf k|fKt u/L, b]zn] w]/} wg, hgsf] IftL Jof]x/L ;s]sf] 5 . h'g qmd cem} hf/L 5 . of] ;f/} b'Mv sf] s'/f xf] . ;+;f/sf ;a} b]zx? cfk\mgf] If]q / b]zdf ePsf k|fs[tLs ;|ft] / ;fwgx?sf] pkof]uaf6} ;DkGg ePsf x'g . xfd|f] b]zdf cyfx k|fs[lts ;|ft] 5g\ . t/ To;sf] pkof]u ;d[l¢sf nflu x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . b]zaf6 ;lx tl/sfn] :yfg klxrfg u/L ljsf;sf cj/f]w b]lvPsf kxf8x?df ko{6g uGtAo agfpg ;s] :jb]zL / lab]zL ko{6s cfudgaf6 cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug{ ;lsGYof] . Toxf“sf 9'u+ fx? ljsf;sf] cj/f]w xf]Ogg ltgnfO{ ljsf; / lgdf{0fdf nufpg ;s] b]z ;d[l4 aGg ;SYof] . h+unx?sf] lj:tf/ / ljsf;;“u} lglZrt dfkb08af6 pd]/ k'us ] f ?v cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft] agfpg ;lsGYof] . lg/Gt/ kxn / ;a}af6 ;xof]un] lghL nufgLsf sf/0f ;o aif{df pTkfbg ePhtLsf] hnlaB't tLg rf/ aif{d} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsof] . ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] of] k|tLkmn xf] . ljZjsf] lkpgof]Uo kfgLsf] @% kfgL g]kfndf x'g' 7'nf] ;f}efUo xf] . o;nfO{ ;lx Joj:yfkg ;do d} x'g ;s] ;d[l4 6f9f /xGGf . cfsf;sf] kfgLsf] e/kl/ Ps afnLdf ;Gtf]if ug]{ s[ifLIf]qnfO{ alnof] sfg'gL cfwf/af6 Jofj;foLs/0f / oflGqs/0f ug{ ;s] ufp“ ufpFdf w/tLaf6 ;d[l4 kmnfpg ;lsGYof] . ;a}n] cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts cf:yf eGbf k/ /x]/ ;/sf/, lghL I+ f]q ldn]/ b]zsf] pGgtL / k|utLsf of]hgf / sfo{qmddf ca/f]w gu/L sfd ug{ ;s] k|To]s g]kfnL ;d[¢ aGg w]/} s'gk'{ b}g{ lyof] . ca ;a}n] ;sf/fTds ;f]rf+} / /fHosf k|To]s OsfOn] Ps cfk;df ;dGjo u/L cfly{s a[l4df jfws gagL ;sf/fTdse} sfd ug{' 113

;d[l4sf nflu ;dosf] dfu xf] . cf;}cf;df w]/} aif{ Aoltt e} ;s], ;fwg / ;|ft] sf] ;dfg'kflts lat/0f gx'b+ f cfly{s ;fdflhs ;d:of hl6n aGb} uP . kmn:j?k b]z eGbf b]z aflx/ hfg] ?rL o"jfdf lasf; eO{ cfkm\ gf] b]zdf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cefj v8\ls/x]5 . ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfox? aLr ;dGjo u/L b]z leq} ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf sfo{df nfluk/], ljlw / sfg"gsf] /fHozf;g eP, s;}n] unt sfo{ u/L e|i6frf/af6 ;d[¢ x'g' kg]{ lyPg . sfd u/L vfg] jftfj/0f eP ljb]zsf nflu gª\uf| lvofpg' kg]{ lyPg . 3'; glnO{ af“Rg g;Sg] clg 3'; glbO{ sfd gx'g] . P]g sfg'g dfgL sfd u/L vfg]x? sfdaf6} la:yflkt x'gk' g],{ unt sfd u/L sdfpg ;Sg] k'/:s[t

x'g] . b]zsf ;a} ju{df h/f] uf8]sf] ljs[tLx? lgd{n" u/f} / b]zsf ;a} gfu/Ls wgL agf} . 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} sfdx? ePsf klg 5g\ . t/ w]/} ug{ afFsL 5 . phf{ ;+s6af6 s]xL /fxtsf] dxz'; e}/x]sf] lyof], a}sx?n] c/fhs 9+un] PstkmL{ Aofh a9fO lbP . nufgL ;'/Iffsf sfg"gsf] 68sf/f] cefa 5 . /fHon] l;ldt bfoLTj elg btf{ ePsf sDkgLx? cGo lgsfon] cl;ldt agfO{ lbPsf] 5 . lab]zL tof/L ;fdfgaf6 eGbf :jb]zL pBf]usf pTkfbgaf6 a9L /fh:j c;'n ul/G5 eGbf cfZrfo{ dfGg' kb}g{ . s[ifL / lgof{tdf ;/sf/L nufgL / cg'bfgsf] sdLn] xfd|f] k|lt:klw{ Ifdtf ¥xf; x'b5 } . cfkm";u“ ePsf] k"h “ Ln] Jofj;fo btf{ ug{ ;lsGg .

sfd gu/L, lagf nufgL gfkmfdf dfq cfos/sf ?kdf /fHon] /fh:j p7fPkl5 sfd ug{ ;/n / ;xh aftfa/0f t agfOlbg' k¥of] lg . pBf]u, Jofkf/sf] ;+Vof / cj:yfsf] tYofÍ /fVg lhNnf gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] l;kmfl/z x'g lsg hfoh 5}g\ . kf/axgsf ;d:of / k"jf{wf/ cefj oqtq 5g\ . oL / o:t} ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{, pBf]u / Jofj;fosf] af/] lk8f gef]us ] fx?af6 kmfOn ;b/ u/L sfd u/Lvfg] ;/n / ;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0f cfhsf] xfd|f] r'gf}tL x'g . o;sf nflu xfdL ;a}sf] Pstf, ;xsfo{ / ;an clg alnof] ;+u7g cfh klg h?/L 5, cfjZos 5 .

ljsf;sf nflu casf] bzs …:j0f{ ;do z]v/ uf]N5f, pkfWoIf Pj+ /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb\sf ;efklt clxn] clGtd r/0fdf 5 . o;sf] ;a}eGbf ;sf/fTds kIf s] xf] eg] k|dv ' /fhgLlts bnsf 6]8« o'lgogsf k|ltlglw / /f]huf/bftf Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/ >d P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] xf] . of] Pp6f ;'vb eljiosf] ;ª\st] klg xf] . >d P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ubf{ /f]huf/bftfn] >d nrstf / >ldsx?n] ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf lyP . P]gdf ;a}sf] k"0f{ ;xdtL x'G5 eGg] t x'b“ g} t/ o;n] >d ;DaGwnfO{ Pp6f prfO{ lbg]5 eGg] ck]Iff /fVg ;lsG5 . kl/dflh{t cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf pNn]v …gf] js{ gf] k] sf] Joj:yfn] klg b'j} kIfnfO{ Pp6f nrstf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gtM x8\tfn ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] cjlwe/sf] %) k|ltzt Hofnf lbg'kg]{ eGg] o;sf] cjwf/0ff xf] . u}/ sfg'gL x8\tfndf ljleGg r/0fsf] /fhgLlts ptf/r9fjdf eg] k};f lbg' gkg]{ :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . >d /f]huf/bftf / >ldsaLrsf] ;DaGw To;} P]gs} d:of}bfdf Joj:yf ePsf] …xfo/ cg';f/ kl/eflift / lgb]l{ zt x'b“ } cfPsf] ljut xfdL;Fu 5 . kl5Nnf] 7"nf] /fhgLlts P08 kmfo/sf cfwf/df d'Nofª\sg u/]/ sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] ljifo yk kl/jt{gkl5 >d ;DaGwdf 7"nf] ;d:of b]vfk¥of] . /f]huf/bftf / >ldsaLrsf] ltQm ul/Psf] 5 . sd{rf/L s6f}tL tyf aGb ug'k{ g]{ ;DaGwn] Pp6f b'/L lgdf{0f u¥of] . c;Gt'li6 cj:yfdf klg To;sf] :ki6 sfg'gL k|fjwfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;df cGo s'g} lgsfosf] / aGb x8\tfnsf aLr g]kfnsf] pBf]u If]qn] cg'dtLsf] cfjZostf kb}g{ . o;cl3sf] P]gdf cfkm\gf] Ifdtf u'dfp“b} uof] / cGttM o;sf] cln c:ki6 /x]sf] k|fljlws ljifo klg gof“ c;/ b]zs} ;du| pTkfbsTjdf b]lvof] . /fhgLlts bnx?n] >lds ju{nfO{ o:tf] ;kgf >d P]gsf] d:of}bfdf :ki6 pNn]v 5 . >d P]g;“u} hf]l8P/ cfpg] ljifo xf] – ;fdflhs b]vfPsf lyP, h'g\ bLuf] lyPg . ;d:ofsf] ;'/Iff P]g . b'j} P]gsf] sfof{Gjog Pscsf{;u“ ;'?jft olx+ k|lta4tfaf6 ;'? ePsf] lyof] . cGt{;DalGwt 5 . k|efjsfl/tfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] t/ qmdzM >lds o'lgog / /f]huf/bftf klg b'j} P]g Ps} k6s kf; x'g' cfjZos 5 . b'j} kIfdf kl/kSjtf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . pTkfbgsf] cfjZostf >lds / /f]huf/bftf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|ltsf] k|lta4tfdf /f]huf/bftf clxn] klg plQs} ;sf/fTds b'jn} ] a'em]sf 5g\ . >d ;DaGw ;'wfg]{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . nIo;lxtsf] >d ;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f 114

/f]huf/L ;[hgf g]kfnsf] k|dv ' r'gf}tLsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus Ifdtf vl:sb} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . s'g} ;do s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf !%–!^ k|ltzt;Dd of] ubfg /x]sf] pBf]u If]qsf] clxn]sf] of]ubfg ^ k|ltztdf l;ldt 5 . o;n] ToxFf yk cj;/ sf] ;Defjgf b]vfPklg To; cg';f/ ljsf; eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cf}iftdf aflif{s ^ nfv ko{6s g]kfn e|d0fdf cfp“5g\ . ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / o;sf] ahf/Ls/0f k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] eg] o;af6 nfe lng ;Sg] alnof] cfwf/ 5 . rf/ k|ltztsf] cf;kf;df /f]huf/L pknAw u/fO/x]sf] of] If]qaf6 cem 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf sfod} 5 . s[lif If]qdf xfd|f] k/lge{/tf w]/} a9]sf] 5 . s'g} ;do g]kfn ljZjd} w]/} wfg lgof{t ug]{ k|dv ' bz cf]6f b]zsf] ;'rLdf lyof] . t/ clxn] xfdLn] clwsf+z s[lif pTkfbgs} cfoft ul//x]sf 5f}+ . t/ klg xfdL;“u s[lif If]qdf /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf nflu cem} klg w]/} cj;/ af“sL g} 5g\ . x/]s If]qdf r'gf}tL;Fu} cj;/ clxn] xfdL;Fu 5 . phf{ If]qdf klxnf h'g\ ;d:of lyof] clxn] Tof] lj:tf/} 36\b} uPsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g-8An'6Lcf]_ h:tf Jofkf/;“u ;DalGwt ;+ª3\ ;+:yfsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] pBf]u eg] cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df xfdLn] ef/t / rLg;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ lgs} sl7g 5 . olb xfdLn] pBf]u :yfkgf u/]/ :jb]zd} /f]huf/L a9fpg] ck]Iff /fVg] xf] eg] 8An'6Lcf];u“ sf] ;DaGwdf k"glj{rf/ ug'k{ g]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 . Jofkf/ pGd'v cy{tGqnfO{ o:tf ;+:yfn] a9fjf lbg] u5{g\ .

g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] ^) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof ;lqmo 5 h;nfO{ pTkfbgdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] dtna casf] @) b]lv #) aif{;Dd of] >dzlQm k|of]u u/]/ xfdL lgs} cufl8 hfg ;S5f}+ . xfd|f] eljio w]/} pHjn 5 . of] >dzlQmnfO{ :jb]zd} pkof]u ug{ xfdLn] cfTd;Ddfg / ;Gt'li6 ;lxtsf] eljiosf] ;Gb]z lbg h?/L 5 . * b]lv !) k|ltzt hL8LkL j[l4 ug{ ;Sg] cj;/ / Ifdtf xfdL;“u 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofs} ;a}eGbf w]/} cfly{s ljsf; ePsf] b]zsf] ?kdf g]kfn k'Ug ;S5 . o;sf nflu xfd|f] >d zlQmnfO{ xfd|f ;Defjgfsf k|dv ' If]qx? pBf]u, ko{6g / s[lif;“u hf]8g\ ;Sg'k5{ . If]q cg';f/ ;/sf/n] cg'bfg nufot yk ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf u/]/ cfslif{t ug]{ sfo{qmd nfu' ug{ ;S5 . ef/ts} pbfx/0f x]g{] xf] eg] ls;fgnfO{ /fxt lbg] ljleGg sfo{qmd;lxt cGgafnL ;d]t aLdfsf] ;'ljwf ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . csf]l{ t/ rLgdf skf]/{ 6] fOh];g / sf]–ck/]6fOh];g ;“u} cuf8L a9]sf] 5 . o;n] pgLx?sf] pTkfbsTjnfO{ ljZjs} ;a} eGbf w]/} agfpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg ca 7"nf skf]/{ 6] xfp;nfO{ leq\ofpg] ;do cfPsf] 5 . ;fgf] cfsf/sf] v]tLeGbf ;fd'lxs ?kdf 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] v]tLnfO{ casf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg'k5{ . xfdLn] s] pTkfbg ug]{ / s] cfoft ug]{ To;sf] klg 6'ª ' u\ f] nufpg'k5{ . g]kfnsf] e'uf]n / xfjfkfgL cg';f/ kmnkm"n, cuf{lgs pTkfbg cyjf o:t} If]qut ?kdf ;DefJotf klxrfg u/]/ u'0f:tl/o pTkfbgtkm{ xfd|f] s[lifnfO{ s]lGb|t ug'k{ 5{ . o;sf] /fd|f;] Fu ahf/Ls/0f ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] cGt/f{li6«o :t/d} k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn]sf] tYofª\s cg';f/ sl/a %) nfv g]kfnL ljb]zdf 5g\ . ;fdfGotf /f]huf/Lsf

nflu ljb]z hfg] pd]/ eg]sf] aL;b]lv $) aif{ aLrsf] ;d'xsf JolQm x'g\ . ljb]zdf sfd u/]/ kmls{Psf To:tf JolQm cyjf >d zlQmnfO{ g]kfnd} cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ If]qsf] klxrfg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . clxn] g]kfndf Go'gtd tnadf sfd ug]{ >lds g} kfpg g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] ;f]r+ fO g} kl/jt{g ug'k{ g]{ r'gf}tL 5 . cfkm\g} b]zdf ;–;Ddfg sfd ug's { f] s]lx s:6 kSs} x'G5 . clxn] >d ahf/df w]/} ;ª\Vofdf >ldssf] cfjZostf 5 . dfu a9\b} uPkl5 cfDbfgL klg :jefljs ?kdf a9\b} hfg] cj;/ oxf“ 5 . of] cj;/sf] hfgsf/L nlIft >lds;Dd k'¥ofpg'k5{ . /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf ;Gbe{df ;/sf/sf] cfly{s gLlt lgs} dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . Jofkf/ s]lGb|t cy{tGqdf /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf] Pp6f lglZrt l;df x'G5 . t/ pTkfbgdf cfwf/Lt cy{tGqdf o:tf] l;df x'Fb}g . h'g ;/sf/sf] p2]Zo /fh:j ;ª\sng;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5, ToxfFsf] cy{tGq Jofkf/tkm{ s]lGb|t x'G5 . t/ hxf“ pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nIo /flvPsf] x'G5, :jefljs ?kdf Toxf“sf] cy{tGq pBf]u snsf/vfgfdf lge{/ x'G5 . ;/sf/s} gLltsf sf/0f pBf]uLx? Jofkf/tkm{ hf]8 lbg yfn]sf 5g\ . pBf]u :yfkgfsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ gLltsf] cefjd} pBf]uLx?n] Jofkf/sf] ljsNk 5gf]6 u/]sf x'g\ . o;sf] k|ToIf c;/ /f]huf/L ;[hgfdf klg b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . ljb]zdf uP/ sfd ug]{ g]kfnLs} sf/0f xfd|f] cy{tGq cl8u 5 . cy{tGqdf ljk]i| f0fsf] e'ldsf gePsf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] cy{tGq s:tf] x'GYof] clxn] xfdL sNkgf klg ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . xfdLnfO{ rflxg] ;fgf] ;fgf] a:t' klg cfoft ug]{ Ifdtf x|f; x'GYof] . d'bf| sf] qmozlQm 36]/ cy{tGq lgs} sdhf]/ cj:yfdf k'Ug] lglZrt lyof] . ljk]i|] f0fsf] cefjdf xfd|f] cy{tGq s]lx lbg klg l6Sg g;Sg] cj:yfdf 5 . xfdLn] /f]huf/L ;[hgf ;s]gf}+ eg] eljiodf cy{tGqdf dfq x}g ;fdflhs ;d:of klg plQs} b]lvg]5g\ . ufp“df o'jfx?sf] pkl:ylt

lgs} sd 5 . oxL+ ;fdflhs oyfy{nfO{ kl/jt{g ub}{ o'jfnfO{ :jb]zd} a:g ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ s[lif, ko{6g / pBf]udf nufgL cfjZos 5 . kl5Nnf] ;do cfly{s ljsf;sf] ljifodf ;a} /fhgLlts bn ;sf/fTds b]lvPsf 5g\ . km/s /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f ePklg ljsf;sf] kIfdf bnx?sf] k|lta4tfn] casf] xfd|f] cfjZostf / k|fyldstf klg ;ª\st] u5{ . ljsf;df bnx?sf] ;dfg efiffn] Pp6f pT;fx klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L ;[hgfs} ;Gbe{df ;/sf/ klg ulDe/ eP/ k|:t't ePsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g / ;]h P]g sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf 5g\ . j}bl] zs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g 5nkmnsf] qmddf 5 . >d P]g ;+;bdf kfl/tsf] qmddf 5 . gLltut ;'wf/sf] of] k|of; k|z;+ gLo 5 t/ o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf klg plQs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . ljsf;sf] ;jfndf ;/sf/ ;sf/fTds 5 t/ k|of; s5'jf ultdf dfq b]lvG5 . l:y/ /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf] cefjdf 7"nf / dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ / ;/sf/k|ltsf] zª\sf sfod} 5 . of] ;a} kl/l:yltnfO{ ;fdgf u/]/ cl3 a9\g ;Sof}+ eg] g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofs} ;a}eGbf l56f] cfly{s j[l4 ug]{ b]z aGg ;S5 . pBf]u k|j4{g / >d ;DaGw ;'wf/;lxtsf gLltut Joj:yfsf] ;'ljwf d'ns ' sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos 5 . o;df g]kfnn] s]lx glthf klg k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;ª\3n] of] gof“ kl/l:yltdf pBf]u :yfkgf / /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf nflu Pp6f alnof] e'ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ g} 5 . pBf]uL Joj;foLsf] Wofg klg ca pBf]u ;~rfngd} s]lGb|t x'g' h?/L 5 . xfdL;“u cl;ldt ;Defjgfx? 5g\ . g]kfnsf] lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf klg ;'b9[ 5 . e"sDksf] ;dodf klg xfd|f] /fh:j nIo eGbf a9L k|fKt x'gn' ] lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . ;Defjgf cg';f/ g} xfdLn] sfd cuf8L a9fpg ;Sof}+ eg] casf] bzs g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu …:j0f{ ;do aGg]5 .

115

dnfO{ of] ;+:yfsf] Oltxf; / o;sf] ;+/rgfdf uf}/a nfU5, efis//fh /fhsl0f{sf/, k"j{ jl/i7 pkfWoIf

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3nfO{ xfdLn] lghL If]qsf] ;+3Lo k|ltlglwd'ns ;+:yfsf] ?kdf dfg]sf 5f}+ . ljZjJofkL ?kdf klg lghL / ;fj{hlgs b'O{ j6f If]qx? /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf lghL If]qsf] k|fb'ef{j /fhf dx]Gb|n] ug{e ' Psf] xf] . lghL If]q cfjZos 5 eg]/ pxfFn] o;sf] ;'?cft ug{e ' Psf] xf] . klxn] g]kfn a}s + / g]kfn k"jf{wf/ ljsf; a}s + n] lghL If]qsf] vr{sf] Joxf]g{] ub{y] . of] ;+:yf vfgL ljefu, jfl0fs d08nx'b“ } pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df ?kfGt/0f x'g uof] .

116

Tolt a]nf g]kfn r]Dj/ ckm sd;{ klg cl:tTjdf lyof] . t/ Tolta]nfsf] g]tT[ jsf] b"/blz{tf egf}+ jf pxfFx?sf] ;f]r+ sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfh g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 o; 7fp“df /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn r]Dj/ ckm sd;{nfO{ g]kfn r]Dj/s} ?kdf /xg lbg] / g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3nfO{ lghL If]qsf] ;+3Lo k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg] pxf“x?sf] ljrf/n] ubf{ cfh xfdL o; 7fp“df k'us ] f 5f} . To;}n] xfdLn] o;sf ;+:yfksx?nfO{ ;Ddfg JoQm ug}k{ 5{ . pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df d /xFbf g/x“bf jf o;nfO{ d}n] dgk/fpFbf jf dg gk/fp“bf h] h:tf] cj:yfdf /x]klg of] Ps ljlzi6 ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] g t s'g} ;dsIfL ;+:yf 5 jf s'g} ;dsIfL ;+:yf x'g ;S5 . clxn] u7g ePsf ljleGg /fhgLlts bn lgs6 ;+:yf tyf ljleGg ljwfdf vf]lnPsf ;+3 ;+:yfx? o;sf ;dsIfL x'g ;Sb}gg\ . cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts :jfy{sf] nflu / s]xL JolQmnfO{ v'zL kfg{sf] nflu ;a} p:t} x'g eGg' lgtfGt unt s'/f xf] . cfh d pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 eGbf aflx/ 5' . t/ d o; ;+:yfsf] ljlzi6 k|sl[ tsf] hlxn] klg ;Ddfg u5{' . of] lgs} ;'Gb/ 9+uaf6 agfOPsf] 5 . of] ;+3Lo k|ltlglwd'ns ;+:yf b]zn] ;+3Lotfsf] cEof; ug{' k"j{ g} ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] cEof; ul/;s]sf] lyof] . o;sf rf/j6f d'Vo :tDex? h:t} P;f]l;P6 ;b:osf ?kdf k|ToIf sDkgLx?sf] ;xeflutf, lå/fli6«o ;+3x?sf] ;xeflutf,

j:t'ut ;+3x?sf] ;xeflutf / lhNnf÷gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf 5g\ . oL rf/j6f :tDex? ldn]/ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 ag]sf] xf] . ;a}sf cfjfhx?sf] o;df k|ltlglwTj 5 . ef}uf]lns ?kdf klg lhNnf÷gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] ?kdf o;df ;a}sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 . j:t'ut ;+3x?sf ?kdf o;df jlzli6s[t If]qx?sf] klg ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5, lå/fli6«o ;+3x?sf ?kdf o;df cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfx?sf] klg ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 / P;f]l;P6 ;b:ox?df ?kdf o;df lghL If]qsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 . dnfO{ of] ;+:yfsf] Oltxf; / o;sf] ;+/rgfdf uf}/a nfU5 . ljut %) jif{df pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 b]zdf Pp6f k|v/ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . o;n] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf cem a9L a9fpg'k5{ . bfo/fnfO{ 7"nf] agfpg'k5{ . To;sf] nflu g]tT[ jn] cfkmgf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{' h?/L 5 . ;a}nfO{ ;d]6/] cufl8 a9\gk' 5{ . s] s] sf/0fn] of] ;+:yf cGo ;+:yfx? eGbf k[ys xf] Tof] s'/f a'em\g / a'emfpg ;Sg'k5{ . Tof] o;sf] ultljlw, o;sf] e"ldsf tyf o;sf] Jojxf/af6 b]lvg'k5{ . ta dfq of] lghL If]qsf] ;+3Lo k|ltlglwd'ns ;+:yfsf] ?kdf o;n] cfkm\gf] :yfg agfpg ;S5 . :j0f{ jif{sf cj;/df dxf;+3sf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub{5' .

cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df lg/Gt/ nfUg'k5{ x]d axfb'/ k|wfg, k"j{ pkfWoIf

d}n] ^ jif{;Dd kf]v/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3df cWoIfsf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ df}sf kfP“ . tTkZrft\ u08sL c~rnsf] k|ltlglwTj u/L lj=;+= @)$! ;fndf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df k|jz ] u/]+ . lj=;+= @)@%÷@^ b]lv kf]v/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj u/L dxf;+3sf] jflif{s clwj]zgdf efu lng] ul/GYof] . k6sk6s dxf;+3sf] clwj]zgdf efu lnPsfn] ToxfFsf] ultljlwx¿ hfGg] cj;/ k|fKt x'GYof] . To;avt dxf;+3sf] cfkmgf] ejg lyPg . lvrfkf]v/Ll:yt dL/f xf]dsf] b'O{ tnf dfly sf]7f ef8fdf lnO{ clkm; ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . d}n] yfxf kfPb]lv pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df k"j{ cWoIf :j= h'4axfb'/ >]i7 x'gx' G' Yof] . pxfF lgs} ldng;f/ / dxf;+3nfO{ g]tT[ j lbg ;Sg] 8fOgflds JolQmTj x'gx' G' Yof] . pxf“ Ps ;Ifd pBf]uL / Jofkf/L ePsfn] ;a}nfO{ pBf]u / Jofkf/df nfUg k|l] /t ug'x{ G' Yof] .

cf}Bf]lus ljsf;ljgf b]zsf] cy{tGq alnof] x'g ;St}g eGg] dxf;+3sf] egfO{ lyof] . lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3;“u /fd|f] ;DaGw /fVgsf nflu ;do ;dodf e|d0f x'g] ub{Yof] .

cf}Bf]lusLs/0f geP;Dd b]zdf ljsf; x'b“ g} To;sf nflu cf}Bf]lus P]g / lgodx¿ /fd|f] aGg'k5{ eGg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/nfO{ dxf;+3n] ;w}+ ;'emfj lbb} cfO/x\of] .

lj=;+= @)@% ;fndf tTsflng >L % sf] ;/sf/n] k|yd k6s g]kfn clw/fHoe/ laqmL s/ nfu" u¥of] . gof“ lgod ePsfn] ljj|mL ul/g] ;fdfgx¿sf] lan sf6\g] / laqmL s/ c;'n ug'{ Tolt ;xh lyPg . o:tf] emGeml6nf] laj|mL s/ ;|ft] df nufpg kf]v/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] lbPsf] ;'emfj ;DalGwt s/ sfof{non] jf:tf gubf{ afWo eP/ kf]v/f ahf/ !)–!@ lbg aGb ug'k{ ¥of] .

ldq/fi6« rLg ;/sf/sf] :jzfl;t If]qsf] vf;fdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus Jofkf/ d]nfdf ToxfFsf] ;/sf/sf] lgdGq0ffdf :j=kz'klt lul/sf] g]tT[ jdf Ps k|ltlglwd08n uPsf lyof}F . Pslbg] ToxfFsf] a;fOdf rLgdf pTkfbg ePsf ;fdfgx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ cj;/ ldn]sf] lyof] .

k"j{ cWoIf >L ;'/z ] s'df/ /fhe08f/Lsf] g]tT[ jdf Ps k|ltlglwd08n sf7df8f}+ hfg'k¥of] . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 / g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{;Fu} eP/ ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkm lbg] / jftf{ klg ug]{ sfd ePkl5 aNn afWo eP/ ;/sf/n] laqmLs/ ;|ft] d} nufpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . o; k|sf/n] lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] yfn]sf] sbdnfO{ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] ;fy lbGYof] . lj=;+= @)$! ;fndf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df k"j{ cWoIf :j= kz'klt lul/ x'gx' G' Yof] . pxf“sf] tLgjif]{ sfo{sfndf sfo{ ;ldltdf a;]/ dxf;+3df sfd ug]{ cj;/ dnfO{ k|fKt eof] . :j= kz'klt lul/n] klg ;a}nfO{ ;d]6/] sfd ug'k{ 5{ eGg] kIfdf x'gx' G' Yof] . pxfF pBf]uL / Jofkf/L ;a} Psh'6 ePdf dfq g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3nfO{ alnof] agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg'xG' Yof] . lghL If]qnfO{ pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; dfk{mt /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df nfUg dxf;+3sf] ;b}j e"ldsf /x\of] .

aªnfb]z r]Da/ ckm sd{; P08 OG8li6«hsf] lgdGq0ffdf k"j{ cWoIf :j=kz'klt lul/sf] g]tT[ jdf Ps k|ltlglwd08n aªnfb]z uPsf lyof}+ . Ps xKtfsf] e|d0fdf Toxf“sf kbflwsf/Lx¿;Fu b'O{ b]zsf r]Da/ ckm sd;{sf] lxtsf ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . Ps xKtf aªnfb]zdf a:tf ToxfFsf] ljleGg pBf]ux¿sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ cj;/ ldn]sf] lyof] . k"j{ cWoIf :j=kz'klt lul/;Fu;Fu} sfdubf{ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3nfO{ :jb]z Pj+ ljb]zdf ;d]t Voflt sdfpg ;kmnxf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] sfd u/]sf] h:tf] nfUb5 . k"j{ cWoIf :j=kz'klt lul/sf] sfo{sfndf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] a}7s slxn] kf]v/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3df, slxn] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3df, slxn] hgsk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3df /flvPsf] lyof] . of] k/Dk/fn] ubf{ lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] ;DaGw alnof] x'b“ } uPsf] h:tf] nfUbYof] . >L dx]znfn k|wfg cWoIf ePkl5 d k|yd pkfWoIf aGg] cj;/ k|fKt eof] . k|yd pkfWoIf ePkl5 lhDd]jf/Lk"js { dxf;+3df sfd ug'k{ g]{ eof] . lghL If]qsf] ;+3Lo k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf g]kfnpBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 :yfkgf ePsf] b'Ob{ zs laTbf klg cfkmgf] ejgljgf ;w}F ef8fsf] 3/df a:b} cfPsf] lyof] . >L dx]znfn k|wfg cWoIf / d k|yd pkfWoIf ePkl5 klxnf] k|fyldstf dxf;+3sf] nflu ejg lgdf{0f ug{ hldg vl/b ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . tTkZrft\ xfn dxf;+3sf] ejg ePsf] 6]ss ' f] hldg vl/b ul/of] . ejglgdf{0fsf nflu Ps s/f]8eGbf a9L /sd klg hDdf ePsf] lyof] . t/, df]lxn] df]lxofgL xs bfjL ubf{ cbfntdf d'2f

117

lbPkl5 ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd cw'/} /x\of] . b]zsf] cy{tGqdf d]?b08sf ¿kdf /x]sf] lghL If]qnfO{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf nufpg' k5{ egL ;w+ dxf;+3n] e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPs} xf] . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g (ILO) sf] a}7sdf efulng d]/f] g]tT[ jdf tLg ;b:o k|ltlglw hok|sfzu'Ktf / uf]kfnhL g]kfnL >LnÍf uPsf lyof}+ . >LnÍf e|d0fdf ePsf] tLglbg] a}7sdf ef/t nufot ljleGg b]zsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;xeflutf lyof] . To; tLglbg] a}7sdf >d ;DaGwL ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn u/L Ps k|ltj]bg kf; ePsf] lyof] . dxf;+3n] g]kfndf lj=;+= @)$^÷$& ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 cfPsf] k|hftGqsf k|yd k|wfgdGqL :j= s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] An':6f/ xf]6n lqk'/Z] j/df eJo :jfut u/]sf] lyof] .

g]kfnL sfª\u;]| sf] ;/sf/n] b]zdf klxnf] k6s Economic Liberalization nfu' ug]{ eof] . o;sf nflu klxnf] k6s ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf sf:sLsf] n'Dn]df tLglbg] ;]ldgf/df lghL If]qsf] tk{maf6 d}n] klg efu lnPsf] lyPF . Toxf“ ePsf] ;]ldgf/df lghL If]qsf] tk{maf6 d]/f] ;'emfj o;k|sf/ lyof]— /fd|f] ljrf/ gk'¥ofOsg olt rf“8f] g]kfndf Economic Liberalization nfu' ug'{ x'b“ g} lsgeg] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf ljsf; ul/;s]sf] b]zaf6 pTkfbg ePsf ;fdfg;“u g]kfnsf pBf]ux¿n] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf ljkIfdf lghL If]q xf]Og t/ clxNo} nfu" ug{ x'b“ g} eGg] dfq xf] . ;/sf/n] xfd|f] ;'emfjnfO{ dfGotf lbPg Economic Liberalization nfu' u/]/} 5f8\of] . o;n] ubf{ ljsl;t b]zsf 7"nf pBf]uaf6

pTkfbg ePsf ;fdfgx¿;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;Sbf b]zdf w]/} pBf]ux? aGb eP . ;/sf/sf] cb"/bzL{ gLltn] ubf{ ;w}F cfoftLt ;fdfgn] b]zsf] cy{tGq sdhf]/ x'b“ } uof] . lgof{teGbf cfoft a9Lx'b“ } hf“bf d'ns ' sf] Jofkf/ 3f6f lbglbg} a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] cy{tGq alnof] aGgsf nflu cfoft k|lt:yfkg x'g] lgof{td"ns pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf x'gk' 5{ . nfdf] ;do eO;Sof] b]zdf s'g} gof“ pBf]ux¿ cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . lghL If]qnfO{ pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; dfk{mt /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df Ps l9Ssf agfpg] xf] eg] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'k5{ . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ Psh'6 eP/ b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df lg/Gt/ nfUg'k5{ .

dxf;+3nfO{ ljz]if1 ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5, ljhos'df/ zfx, k"j{ pkfWoIf ;fRr} g} To; eGbf klxn]sf] g]tT[ jnfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] xfdLn] ToxL s'/f kfp“5f}+ . t/ dx]znfn k|wfgn] cfkm\gf] kfnfdf k9] n]vs ] f lj1 / h'emf? l6dnfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jdf Nofpg'eof] . To;a]nf pxf“n] ljleGg k|Voft cGt/f{li6«o ljZjljBfnox?af6 cWoog u/]/ kmls{Psf o'jf pBf]uL Joj;foLx?nfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jdf Nofpg'eof] . h;n] ubf{ pBf]uL Joj;foLx?n] klg ;/sf/L k|ltlglwx?;“u ts{;u+ t tl/sfn] cfkm\gf ljrf/x? k|:t't ug{ yfn] . o;n] pBf]uL Joj;foLx?k|ltsf] ;/sf/L wf/0ffdf g} k'/} kl/jt{g ul/lbof] . o;sf] ;fy;fy} xfdLn] b]zsf] cy{tGqsf ljifodf / pBf]uL Joj;foLsf xs lxtsf ljifodf Jofks cWoog 5nkmn ug]{ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 :yfkgf ePsf] k/Dk/fsf] ;'?cft u¥of}+ . oltn] dfq klg w]/} ;do;Dd o;n] cfkm\gf] :yfg agfpg gk'uk] l5 xfdLn] lj1x?nfO{ g} af]nfP/ Jofks ;s]sf] lyPg . t/ tTsflng cWoIf 5nkmn ug]{ / cfkm\gf] wf/0ff agfpg ;'?cft dx]znfn k|wfgsf] kfnfdf g]kfn pBf]u u¥of} . dxf;+3sf] sfof{nonfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{ jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] 7"n} km8\sf] df/]sf] lyof] . dxf;+3df Pp6f r':t ;lrjfnosf] cefj To;eGbf klxn] pBf]uL Jofkf/LnfO{ x]g{] ;/sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f Tolt ;Ddfghgs lyPg . xfdLnfO{ dxz'; eof] . ljgf]b rf}w/L nufotsf] kxndf dxf;+3sf] sfof{nonfO{ pBf]uL Jofkf/L eg]sf afpafh]sf] ;DklQdf Jojl:yt ug]{ sfd eof] . To;kl5 xfdLn] df]hd:tL ug]{ cgk9 JolQmsf] ?kdf lng] ul/GYof] . ;/sf/L sfo{qmd tyf ;dfrf/x?df Pp6f ;an / rnfodfg ;lrjfno agfpg] s'/f u¥of} . ljleGg ;+3;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf klg ;a}nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/;s]kl5 clGtddf ;lrjfnodf lj1 tyf k"j{ ;lra d"Vo dfq ;fx' dxfhg eGg] k|rng lyof] . 118

;lrjnfO{ xfdLn] xfo/ ug{ yfNof} . o;n] dxf;+3sf] k|lti7fnfO{ pRr ug{ / pBf]u Joj;foLk|ltsf] ;/sf/L wf/0ff kl/jt{g ug{ ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofof] . pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3nfO{ hlxn] klg Ps ljz]if1 ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cuf8L a9fpg' kb{5 . o;nfO{ hlxn] klg /fhgLltafg6 6f9f /fVg] tkm{ g]tT[ j ;bf rgfvf] /xg' kb{5 . dxf;+3nfO{ pBf]uL Joj;foLsf] cf:yf / e/f];fsf] s]Gb| agfpg'\ kb{5 . clxn]sf] o; dxTjk"0f{ 38Ldf o; ;+:yfnfO{ cfufdL lbgdf s;/L cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] tTsflng, dWosflng / bL3{sflng ;f]rsf] h?/L x'G5 . lghL If]q Psh'6 eP dfq xfdLn] cfkm\gf] c8fgnfO{ /fVg ;lsG5 . g]tT[ jn] cfkm\gf] af}l4s w/ftnnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg{k' g]{ x'G5 . cg';Gwfg / cWoog k|0ffnLnfO{ r':t b'?:t kfg{k' 5{ . o;n] ubf{ xfd|f] ts{ alnof] x'G5 . g]tT[ jsf] s'/fdf ;a}sf] ljZjf; x'G5 . xfd|f] cfjfh alnof] x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ aflx/af6 x]g{] b[li6sf]0fdf leGgtf Nofpg ;lsG5 / dxf;+3nfO{ cem ;zQm ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cuf8L a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;+:yfsf] :j0f{ jif{sf cj;/df dxf;+3sf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub{5' .

Psn] csf]{nfO{ hlt w]/} ;Ddfg lbof] dxf;+3 Tolt g} alnof] x'G5, lr/~hLnfn cu|jfn, k"j{ pkfWoIf

klg lyPg . Ps b'O{ xhf/ cfkm\gf] ks]6af6 /fv]/ ;+:yf rnfpg'kg]{ lyof] . x'g] / dgsf/Lx?n] vNtLaf6 k};f xfn]/ ;+:yfsf] ef8f ltg]{ ug'x{ G' Yof] . Tolta]nf / clxn] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3k|lt ;/sf/sf] b[li6sf]0fdf cfsfz hldgsf] cGt/ cfPsf] 5 . Tof] ;dodf Jofkf/Lsf] ;d'xsf] ?kdf dfq lnOGYof] . ;/sf/n] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{ Tolt dxTj lbb}gYof] . Tolt a]nf xfdLn] ;/sf/ tyf ;/sf/L JolQmnfO{ e]63f6 ug{klg ufx|f] lyof] . tTsflng ;dodf o; If]qdf ;d:of klg w]/} lyP . pbf/jfbL cy{tGqsf] ;'?cft klg kl5 ePsf] xf] . pBf]u w]/} cfPsf lyPgg\ . Tolta]nf jfl0fHo g} lyof] . jfl0fHosf ;d:of w]/} lyP . Jofkf/ ug{ klg lgs} ufx|f] lyof] . ef/t;Fusf] Jofkf/ klg kfl/jfl/s ?kdf xfdLx?sf] ;+nUgtf v'Nnf ul/Psf] lyPg . To;dfly ;/sf/;“u dxf;+3sf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;DalGwt s'/fx? t cfO g} /xG5 . Tof] lxhf] d]/f] bfO{ dbgnfn cu|jfn g]kfn pBf]u klg lyof], cfh klg 5 / ef]ln klg /lx g} jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] ;+:yfks dWo] Ps x'g' /xG5 . cem eGg] xf] eg] ;/sf/;“u sfd x'G5 . h'4 axfb'/ >]i7, dbgnfn cu|jfn, u/fpg emg ufx|f] lyof] . ;/sf/n] nf]s/fh, /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn' nufotsf] Pp6f Jofkf/LnfO{ x]g{] b[li6sf]0f klg Tolt ;d'x ldn]/ ld/f xf]ddf a;]/ g]kfne/ ;sf/fTds lyPg . ;/sf/n] hlxn] klg sfo{If]q x'g] ;+:yf agfpg] s'/f eof] . g]kfn Jofkf/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] kmfObfsf] s'/f dfq r]Dj/ dfq lyof] . t/ pxfFx?n] r]Da/nfO{ u5{g\ eGg] lx;fjn] lng] u/]sf] lyof] . b]z / sf7df8f}s + f] lhDdf lbP/ csf]{ ;+:yfnfO{ hgtfsf] kmfObfsf] s'/f ub}g{ g\ eGg] ;f]r+ fO cufl8 a9fpg] lg0f{o ug{e ' of] . ;'?df k};f lyof] . t/ To; s'/fdf xfn lgs} 7"nf]

kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . clxn] ;/sf/n] klg o:tf ;+3;+:yfx? cfjZos k5{g\ eg]/ ;f]Rg yfn]sf] 5 . xfd|f] sfo{sfndf jfl0fHo / oftfoft If]qdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sfd ePsf lyP . ljb]zL ;+3;:yfx?;Fu klg xfd|f] ;DaGw To;} a]nf Jofks?kdf lj:tf/ ePsf] xf] . clxn] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] sfof{no /x]sf] 6]sl" :yt ejg klg To;}an] f lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] . g]kfn ef/t jfl0fHo ;GwLnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ d'Vo e"ldsf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] v]ns ] f] lyof] . dxf;+3n] %) jif{ kf/ u/]sf] 5 . cfh dxf;+3sf] e"ldsf klg dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o;n] lghL If]qsf] g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf lgefpg'sf ;fy;fy} cfly{s ljsf;sf Ph]08fx?df ;/sf/;“u xft]dfnf] u/]/ cufl8 a9\g' h?/L 5 . pBf]u tyf Jofkf/ If]qdf b}lgs b]vfkg]{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;fy;fy} cfh dxf;+3n] bL3{sflng cfly{s ljsf;sf] /f]8Dofk klg lbg ;Sg'k5{ . lhNnf ;+3 alnnf] agfpg], pgLx?nfO{ ;zQm agfpg] xf] eg] dxf;+3 klg alnof] x'G5 . Psn] csf]n{ fO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ k/Dk/f lyof] . Psn] csf]n{ fO{ hlt w]/} ;Ddfg lbof] dxf;+3 klg Tolt g} alnof] / Pstfa4 ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; x'G5 .

119

dxf;+3n] pbf/Ls/0f ug{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x u짜of] lbjfs/ uf]N5f, k"j{ pkfWoIf cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ h:tf sfdx? xfdLn] cfkm\gf] sfo{sfndf u/]sf lyof}+ . /fh:j If]qdf ;du| cfw'lgsLs/0f u/\of} . To;kl5 cfos/ tyf cGo If]qdf klg xfdLn] ;'wf/sf] nflu kxn lnof}+ . d"No clej[l4 s/df s]xL s'/fx?df dnfO{ lrQ a'em]sf] lyPg . o;sf] y|;] xf]08 / jfg 6fOd Ogef]O; eGg] k|fjwfg /fv]sf lyP . To;df klg dnfO{ lrQ a'em]sf] lyPg . olb x/]s ;fdfg lbge/ a]lrG5 eg] lsg Ps k6s eGg] k|fjwfg /fVg] .

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ pbf/Ls/0f ug{ g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x u짜of] . kf]ln;L 8fOnu sldl6 (PDC) sf] ;'?cft, d"No clej[l4 s/sf] ;'?cft, cf}Bf]lus ljsf; P]g tyf g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ ;GwL, s/ / eG;f/ ;DaGwL

120

o:tf] Joj:yf x'gk' 5{ eg]/ kxn u짜of}+ . k|wfgdGqL lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnf x'gx' G' Yof] . xfdLn] uP/ of] k|:tfj /fVof}+ h'g s'/f tTsfn k'/f eof] . cfly{s P]g cfO;s]kl5 d}n] eG;f/sf] cWoog ug{ ;'? u/] . eG;f/ klg nyfln+u lyof] . ;fdfgx?sf] clen]v d"No /fv]/ eG;f/ p7fpg] k|rng lyof] Tolta]nf;Dd . s[lifhGo ;fdfgeGbf cGo s'g} ;fdfgsf] lgof{t g} vf]ns ] f] lyPg . xfdLn] ef/tsf] 7"nf] ahf/af6 kmfObf lng ;Sg'k5{ eg]/ xfdLn] ef/t;Fu Jofkf/ ;GwLsf] s'/fnfO{ cufl8 a9fof}+ . t/ xfdLn] k"0f{ sDKo'6/fOH8 k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u짜of}+ .

To;}u/L pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] kxnd} lzIff, :jf:Yo, l;len PlePzg h:tf If]qdf klg lghL If]qnfO{ v'Nnf ug]{ sfd eof] . g]kfnnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs hgzlQm, ;+:yfdf g]tT[ j ug]n{ ] cfkm\gf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] kfb}{ ;j}nfO{ cufl8 hfg'k5{ . 8fS6/, gz{ pTkfbg ug]{ u/L o;nfO{ v'Nnf ta dfq o; ;+:yfsf] uf}/a / ;fv hf]ufpb} ug{k' 5{ eg]/ xfdLn] c8fg lnof}+ . lghL If]qnfO{ ;zQm?kdf cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;+:yfsf] :j0f{ jif{sf cj;/df /fhZj ;lrasf] k|fjwfg x'gk' 5{ eg]/ kxn lng] klg pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 xf] . h'g ;'s} dxf;+3sf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub{5' . b]zdf klg cy{ dGqfnodf Pp6f cy{ ;lra / Pp6f /fhZj ;lra x'G5 . xfdLn] klg

Futuristic FNCCI

Jagdish Prasad Agrawal, Past General Secretary, FNCCI, Chairman, Nimbus Group

The story of evolution of Federation of Nepalese Chambers of commerce and industry (FNCCI) resembles that of a celebrity who has risen from rags to riches. Fifty years ago when Nepal was awakening to a changed open and more inclusive political environment, setting up indigenous commercial enterprises, manufacturing plants of its own and linking the economy to external as well as internal markets was but inevitable. The entrepreneurial aspiration of the private sector had started finding expressions in setting up commercial ventures big and small all over the country especially in the Terai. Those were the days of controls, foreign exchange was in short supply, the supply chain mainly consisted of import from India. Industrialization had just started taking roots. There was no experience of economic governance in the bureaucracy. All policy formation and decision making was centralized. But the private sector believed in future opportunities, therefore, there was a sudden outburst of commercial activities backed by conducive incentives and policies by the government. In this environment replete with commercial opportunities, possibilities and viabilities a need was felt for an apex chamber of commerce and industry which could co-ordinate and direct the interests of Nepali businesses, and advocate on behalf

a. 105 district / municipality level chambers in 75 district of Nepal. b. 99 commodity / sectoral association. c. 864 leading public & private sector undertakings. d. 20 Bi-National Chambers.

avtar FNCCI is capable of delivering services that are compatible with the requirement of any futuristic business in the county. Located in the heart of Kathmandu metropolitan city in an ultra modern building of its own with all the modern physical infrastructural facilities and amenities, FNCCI has rightly groomed itself into a mature institution of business which along with other pillars of national prosperity can contribute substantially to socioeconomic development of our country. Quality of manpower, depth in services, internal and external linkages, recognition by donor agencies and last but not the least the government’s faith n this body’s advocacy of private sectors concerns have all made FNCCI a formidable representative of the private sector business enterprises be it in manufacturing, services, tourism, energy and /or any other sector of commercial importance. As member of international chamber of commerce, and six other such institutions and 40 co-operative agreement with chambers in 30 countries FNCCI has gained status of a truly international character and can represent Nepal in any international forum of private sector with efficiency, pride and accolade. Committed to open market economy it has all along been advocating and lobbying with the government for the supremacy of private sector irrespective of the hue and colour of the then government and struggled to establish a pivotal role for its members in any business opportunities that the government has sought to create from time to time. The journey has been arduous yet but very satisfying.

It is a matter of pride that all the presidents starting from late Shri Loknath Joshi who headed the first executive committee of the federation till today have all been visionary leaders and in their tenures of leadership have taken the FNCCI to greater heights by bringing about transformational changes in professionalizing the working style from a traditional setup to today’s modern managerial concepts and structure. In today’s

So far so good. But what about the future? This is not to say that FNCCI is not equipped but to emphasize that the business climate world wide is changing so fast that FNCCI and its leadership will have to be faster in changing their vision, mindset and working style to match this accelerated uncertainties. It is an age where the experience has lost its relevance and we have to learn to do the same things differently again and again. The lessons that FNCCI learnt

of them to legislate laws which were favorable for the growth of the private sector. In major urban towns like Biratnagar, Birgunj and Kathmandu local chambers had already taken birth, however, an emerging group of eminent business personalities of the then era took initiative to form register an apex body which will not only co-ordinate the existing set-ups but also give fillip to a much wider and larger chamber movement. Thus FNCCI was born and in the year 2025 was formally registered by the government under Rashtriya Nirdeshan Ain 2018. It had sole objective of promoting and protecting the business interests of the private sector of Nepal. In English translation it was always called a Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry, in Nepali prefix of "MAHASANGH ( Association of Associations)" was added only in the year 2049. Working from a rented office in Kathmandu, the dedicated officebearers of the then FNCCI carried forward the fulfilling of the goals of the apex body admirably. Despite resource constraints and infrastructural limitations the services of the apex chamber expanded. Today FNCCI represents almost 5 lac business enterprises across the country with the following membership profile.

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during its long journey of five decades will matter but those lessons may not be enough to guard against the rebuff of surprise and vicissitudes of change that the future holds. The business environment is changing so fast that the experiences gained may not give us any guidance for our future judgements and policies, predict for us the environment that the business community of Nepal will be faced with and will be required to indulge in corrective steps for survival. Dr. Rober De Goldman who is world chairman of international medical commission has predicted that in the next ten years many of the existing business models will become defunct. Artificial intelligence, autonomous electric cars, 3 D printing, health, agriculture and education all will usher in such technological disruption that traditional way of doing business will just be impossible. Software will disrupt most traditional industries. For example Uber is just a software tool they don’t own any cars and now are the biggest hired vehicles a service provider in the world. Computers become exponentially better in understanding the world. In the US, young lawyers already do not get jobs because computers give basic legal advice which is more accurate and quick. Robots are not only making cars but also performing complicated micro surgeries. Computers help doctors diagnosing cancers four time more accurately than humans nurses. Facebook now has a pattern recognition software that can recognize faces better than humans. Self driving cars will perhaps disrupt totally the automobile industries. Parking spaces will not be needed. There will be no drivers. People will be reluctant to own cars. Accidents will be few and far between. Insurance companies will be enormously impacted. People will move further away to live in more beautiful suburban neighbourhoods as they will work from their homes. Alternate energy is going to replace that from fossil fuels. Hydro-power will be one big source of energy. Water and air will start to be traded like oil and become cheap as energy become less costly. It is being forecasted that in a few years time everyone on this planet will have access to world class medicine nearly for free. It is said that 70-80% of present jobs will disappear in the next 20 years. There will be a lot of new jobs but it is not clear

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if there will be enough new jobs in such a small time. By 2020 70% of all human beings will own smart phones and the education will be accessed through them. Longevity of human being is already increasing 3 months every year and it is possible that soon average life span will start touching 100” Thomas L. Friedman in his latest book “Thank you for being late“ writes on this very subject of exponential change saying “ that the planet’s three largest forces, the technology, the market and the climate change are all accelerating at once transforming the workplace, politics, geologies, ethics and community. An extra ordinary release of energy is reshaping everything from how we hail a taxi to the fate of nation to our most intimate relationships. It is creating vast new opportunities for individuals and small groups to save the world or perhaps to destroy it”. These predictions are not utopian. They are real and likely to happen in the next 5-10 years and there is no reason to believe Nepal will remain immune to them. These brief glimpses of the future business scenario are all technology driven but there are many social issues as well which need equal attention. Nepal is still far behind in global doing business index and our rating in transparency is equally dismal. Worldwide when the validity of open market economy is being questioned because of widened inequality in the society, the image of the private sector is becoming blurred. Though the private sector in Nepal has come a long way in the last decade to undertake diverse large scale ventures but overall it is rent seeking and risk averse. Though gradually and cautiously updating itself it may not be fast enough to catch up with the accelerated changes. The economic development strategies that we have pursued so far are all tired and the cycle of diminishing returns have set in them. The more we invest in agriculture and tourism less returns they give. Education, health and energy sector are very promising but they require huge investments national and international. Nepal’s main economic stay has been agricultural, but in the last few years we have witnessed that despite our rural economy, imports of agro-products have multiplied many folds. Our traditional ways of farming

are out-dated. Other countries have gone so much ahead that we cannot catch them up now. Climate change, water scarcity are challenges globally but these very challenges have triggered innovation which are reshaping the entire agriculture sector in many of the countries. Alternative food sources and innovative farm management are contributing to cheap supply of nutrition. The old agriculture will not be able to sustain the mass of population it has been doing so far. It will no longer be a rural profession it is becoming highly technical and require well qualified agriculturist. These are daunting and unpredictable uncertainties, each and every member of business community in Nepal faces today. Some of them who are enlightened are worried but most of them are complacent as for them ignorance is bliss. For them no such threat exists whereas already retailers are threatened, traditional businesses have already started closing down. Investments have slowed and industries are not in a position to generate large scale employment. In these changing circumstances FNCCI has to find new spaces to work in with fresh mission and contemporary vision. The past will not be a guidance, it will be the vision of the future which will determine the future course of action. Trial and error, sharp reflexes and quick responses only will help it to address agenda ahead. First and foremost task will be to educate it members about the looming threats of uncertainties to their business so that they are convinced of the impending disruption. It is easier said than done. Disruption normally does not come knocking the door but arrive imperceptibly and silently. A structured programme to enlighten the members through meetings, seminars conferences and addresses by recognized speaker on the subject will ready the business community to adjust themselves to likely changes and not be overwhelmed when it lands on them. FNCCI leadership deserves to be thanked that it has already set-up an innovation hub which can lead in spreading awareness among FNCCI member about the likely uncertainties in the business.

It will not be enough that members of the business community are aware of the changing scenario but FNCCI will have to convince the government of these changes and provide direction of these changes. Only if the government is convinced then only the policy framework will change. The problem is that on many issues even the international perceptions are not unanimous. In such circumstances FNCC will have to frame its own opinion on the basis of available information and indigenous circumstances to seek government intervention and assistance through legislation. Because of widening in-equality of income and social discontent generated thereby the government of any hue will try to be interventionist and meddle commercial activities especially concerning public welfare which will be a loss of opportunity to private sector. This can be corrected only if image of the private sector in the eyes of the consumer enhances. Social issues so far have remained away from the business agenda of the private sector but now they are becoming integral to success of business. Corporate social responsibility, tax compliance, consumer satisfaction and business ethics are issues that have taken to be to a central stage in any business strategy. It will again be on business organization like FNCCI and its affiliates to not only make the member aware but also impart the necessary skills. Without these skills, the survival of their businesses are at stake. The society demands that business do not resort to unfair trade practices, syndication, cartelization etc etc. The private sector has to respond affirmatively. Looking ahead FNCCI has these formidable challenges which lies in the domain of exploring and addressing new opportunities, changing mindsets and acquiring skills. It has the where withal and linkages so as to spread the message of necessity of doing their business differently and if it can do so it would have given yeomanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s service to its members as it has done in the past. The challenge that FNCCI faces today has already being faced by chambers of the developing and the developed world and they are adjusting their agenda of operations accordingly. Our linkages with many of them will come

handy in enabling us to change the direction and to reinvent ourselves for the impending future issues. FNCCI will perhaps be required to engage itself into core functions of industrial training and a broad range of awareness programmee. A prescheduled yearly calendar of events wherein the experts run technical courses to impart skills and certify successful candidates may be relevant for the future. The revenue model of FNCCI will also have to change. Commodity exports from Nepal have dwindled to trickles and any revenue model based upon issuance of certificate of origin is likely to affect FNCCI activities adversely. Information and statistics are the two tools that are very important for the investment purposes and it is regrettable that the dependable updated accurate data and information are unavailable to any investor at macro as well as micro levels. The future lies in investment in tourism, health, education, energy and infrastructure and these areas require fresh thinking, new legislation and innovative approaches. Government has formulated many five year plans but they have failed in bringing about any substantial improvements in these sector. FNCCI has to prioritize these areas and suggest and lobby with the government a package of measures with an assurance that if implemented FNCCI should be able to bring in a big chunk of local and international investment. In this regard FNCCI will have to work with international agencies in the field of investment globally. It is time that instead of dabbling into too many functions FNCCI concentrates on a chosen few and provides a holistic package of services of world class in them. In our context, employment generation is a very big challenge and it is directly related to commerce and industry. In absence of local employment opportunity almost 25% of our economically active people have migrated from Nepal. It is not a welcome state of affairs. Secondly the business and industry of future are not labour intensive, they require quality manpower but fewer in number. In this situation self employment and developing entrepreneurship are the only option available . FNCCI will have

to find solution to this issue as well. The society expects that the development of commerce and industry in the country will generate employment for the local people. Anti-trade sentiment persists in all the least developed countries because of the lower wages and skewed profits. Private sector will have to be ready for increase, in wages and shifting of a portion of profits to consumers for benefitting from the industrialization opportunities in Nepal. FNCCI will have to take the lead in changing the mindset of its members in this regard. The economic agenda of the country is yet to come to the centre stage. With so many changes in political governance the direction and the focus of the developmental strategies have always taken a beating. It is time that FNCCI as an institution of economic growth takes upon itself the leadership role to centrestage economic agenda by bringing about a consensus among political parties and exploring measures to segregate implementation of economic steps from political uncertainties. It will again be a mile stone achievement spreading a conducive message of friendly investment climate here. It is said that it is tough to run a chamber with a limited budget. Membership management, their development and drive require a corporate approach. To run a chamber has to be like running a business school on a corporate model with its own curriculum of topical issues, agenda and revenue generation. These changes have already started happening in business organization of many developed countries and FNCCI has to choose one of these models. Adopting itself to those models will help. FNCCI has the proud record of being flexible and adoptive to new circumstances and in the context of changing business scenario worldwide and its likely impact on Nepal, once again, FNCCI will be required to take steps to turn it around for its futuristic role.

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lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9\b} hfcf]; nIdLbf; dfgGw/, k"j{ sf]iffWoIf

u/fOP kZrft\ xfd|f] dxf;+3nfO{ s]xL kmfObf x'g uPsf] lyof] . t}klg cfkmgf] sfof{no ;'rf? ?kn] ;~rfng ub{} hfg cfkmg} 3/— hUuf lyPg, t;y{ hUuf Pp6f lng kfP x'GYof] eGg] cfkm"nfO{ nfUYof] / sf]lz; ub{} hf“bf dxf;+3sf] sfof{no /x]sf] clxn]sf] :yfgdf cfkmgf] sf]iffWoIfTjsf] sfo{sfndf hUuf lsGg ;kmn eof}+ . cfly{s cj:yfdf klg ;/sf/af6 ;xof]u lnO{ cfoft tyf lgof{tsf] sfo{ ubf{ pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3nfO{ w]/} kmfObfg} ePsf] 5 / cfly{s ;'wf/ x“b' } h“fbf xfdLn] hUuf lnPsf] 7fp“df lalN8· ;d]t tof/ ug{ ;Sof}+ .

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h'g a]nf pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] gfddf s]xL lyPg . cys kl/>d / sf]lz;sf] afah'b cfoft tyf lgof{tsf] sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] cj;/ xfdLnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] cj:yfdf pBf]u jfl0fHonfO{ km:6fp“b} tTsflng ;/sf/nfO{ klg /fHosf] ah]6nfO{ s;/L ;3fpg ;lsPnf < eGg] ;f]r g} lyPg / cf—cfkmg} :jfy{df cfkmgf] cfofltt ;fdfgdf s;/L s/ sd u/fpg]df dfq} w]/} h;f]sf] Wofg s]lGb|t /xGYof] . ;f“Rr} egf}+ eg] Tolta]nf s] slt ;fdfgx? cfoft tyf lgof{t e}/x]5 < ;/sf/L ah]6 s;/L agfpg] eGg] ;f]r lyPg eg] pBF]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3nfO{ km:6fpg] sfo{sf] t s'/} csf{] eof] . æ;/sf/n] ;fdfgx? cf];f/—k;f/ ug{] 7fp“df egf}+ ljleGg gfsfx?df s8fO{sf ;fy gLlt lgb{z ] g lbO{—sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] v08df ;/sf/sf] ah]6 agfpg] ;Dddf klg ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] .Æ eGg] sfo{kq k|:t't u/]sf] lyP“ .

t/ Tof] nfu' x'g ;s]g . clxn];Dd klg ;LdfIf]qx?df ;d:of t 5“b5 } / ToxL ;d:of Toltv]/ klg lyof] g} . clxn];Ddsf] cg'ejdf ;/sf/n] cfkmgf] /fHosf] ;d'Gglt tyf cfly{s ;d'Gglt ug{sf] nflu agfOg] ah]6df @%∞ k|ltzt eGbf a9L agfpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g eg] of] ;fndf klg !)∞ eGbf a9L xf]nf h:tf] nfUb}g . o:t} lsl;dn] x“b' } /xof] eg] b]zdf cfly{s ;+s6 ;d]t klg gcfpnf eg]/ eGg ;lsGg / ;Dk"0f{ ah]6 g} Aofhdf dfq x'g] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . t;y{ b]zsf ;a} pBf]uL tyf Jofkf/Lx? ldnL ;/sf/nfO{ bafj lbP/ eP klg cfly{s pGglt u/fpg' k5{ h:tf] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . c? b]zx?sf] cfkmgf] pGgltsf] nflu h:t} e"6fg, Dofgdf/, cf;fdaf6 ;d]t cfkmgf] b]zaf6 cGo Jofkf/Lx? wkfp“b} ubf{ ;d]t klg xfdLn] s]xL ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . /f0ffx?sf] kfnfdf xfd|f] b]zsf] hlt phf{sf] ljsf; / pGglt ePsf] lyof] . clxn];Dd klg Tof] eGbf a9L k|ult ug{ ;ls/x]s ] f] 5}g . phf{sf] wgL b]z ePsf] gftfn] ;f]xL If]qdf ;d]t ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] s'/fdf d lj:j:t 5' . pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3af6 cfkmgf] xfn;Ddsf] sfo{cjlwdf b]zsf] ;d'Gglt / ljsf; ug{] sfo{df ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx—;'emfj lbO{ ;xof]u ub{} cfPsf]df dnfO{ Hofb} v'zL nfU5 . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;j ;kmn xf];\ . o;sf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ;d]t ub{5' .

b]zsf] ljsf;df cfly{s pGgtLdf ;3fp“b} hfcf]; uf]kfn k|;fb If]qL, k"j{ sf]iffWoIf Pj+ ;Nnfxsf/

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] :yfkgf b]zsf] pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4{g, ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] x]t' / Joj;foLx?sf] lxt ;+/If0fsf ;fy} b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df k"0f{

of]ubfg lb+b} b]znfO{ ;Da[4 / dof{lbt agfpg], p2]Zo k|fKtLdf s]xLxb;Dd ;kmn ePsf] / /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o:t/df cfh dof{lbt x'g k'us ] f] 5 . clt ;/fxlgo 5 . dnfO{ :d/0f % h'g a]nfdf d+ sf]iffWoIfsf] kbdf axfnL eP“, To; a]nf dxf;+3 Pp6f ;+3sf] dfq ?kdf v8f ePsf] b]lvGYof] / To; a]nf ;+3sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg / Ifdtf ;f/} ;/fxlgo lyPg . s]xL JolQm Pj+ ju{sf] dfq k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] efgkYof]{ / qmdzM o;sf cu|hx?sf] cys k|of;n] lj:tf/} /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf cfkm'nfO{ v8f x'g ;Sg] agfof] . cfly{s / k|zf;lgs ?kdf Psbd} sdhf]/ oxf+;Dd ls sd{rf/Lsf] tna, eQf, pkbfgsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf lyPg . t/ To;a]nfsf] sfo{;ldltsf] ;xof]udf d}n] lj:tf/} lj:tf/} sf]ifdf a[l4 ub}{ 6]sd' f hUuf vl/b ug{ ;d]t ;kmn eP+ / sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna, eQf, pkbfgsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ug{ ;kmn eP+ . To;a]nfsf cfb/l0fo cWoIf, pkfWoIfx?, dxf;lra Pj+ sfo{;ldltsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:oHo"x?sf] ;xof]u kfp+b} uP+ / d}n] ^ jif{sf] cjlw;Dd

sf]iffWoIfsf] ?kdf ;]jfug]{ df}sf kfP+ / sf]ifsf] j[l4sf ;fy} xfn cjl:yt ejg ;d]tsf] lgdf{0f ug{ d]/f] klg of]ubfg k'us ] f]df dnfO{ uf}/j nfUb5 ;fy} dxf;+3sf] s]lGb|o ;Nnfxsf/sf] ?kdf nfdf] cjlw;Dd klg ;]jf ug]{ df}sf kfP+ . dxf;+3 pBf]uL Pj+ Joj;foLsf] lxt ;+/If0fdf dfq gnfuL cfh ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf ;fdflhs ;]jfdf ;d]t ug{ nfu]sf] b]Vbf xfd|f] k|of; Pj+ of]ubfgsf] d"Nof+sg ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ Pp6f b'Mv nfUbf] s'/f dgdf c8\ls /xG5 ls h'g p2]ZonfO{ c+ufn]sf] dxf;+3 lyof] clxn] st} lglxt ju{ Pj+ :jfy{df clNemPsf] t 5}g eGg] efg kl//x]sf] 5 h;n] dxf;+3nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 . dxf;+3sf] pQ/f]t/ ljsf;, pBf]uL Pj+ Joj;foLsf] lxtdf ;/sf/;+usf] ;dGjotf ;+w} sfod ub}{ b]zsf] ljsf; / cfly{s pGgtLdf ;3fp“b} hfcf]; eGg] sfdgf ub{5' .

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3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{g c?0f/fh ;'dfuL{, sf=;= ;b:o, g]pjfdxf;+3

sfof{nox? dfkm{t ;:tf] d'Nodf :yfgLo sk8f, l;nfOa'gfOsf pTkfbgx? a]Rg] ul/GYof], To;af6 vf;u/L ljkGg ju{ nfeflGjt x'Gy] . t/, clxn] To:tf] k|j4{g ug{ 5fl8Psf] 5 . /fHon] ;:tf] ahf/sf] gfddf %–!) ?k}of“ ;:tf]df lrgL rfdn a]Rof] t/ 3/]n' pTkfbgsf] laqmL k|jb{g ug{ ;s]g . g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] ljz]iftf s]nfpFbf ;d'Ggt g]kfnsf nflu x]bf{ ;fgf] eP klg oxfFsf s'6L/ pBf]u / n3' tyf 3/]n' pBf]un]g} 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . o:tf ;fgf pb\of]usf] /f]huf/L k|jb{g u5{g\ . To;}n] /fHosf] nufgL otf s]lGb|t x'gk' 5{ . ca o'jf nlIft /f]huf/ / cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;DaGw ltg} o'jf;“u hf]8g\ ] ljifonfO{ ca k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ . olx cg';f/sf] of]hgf o'jfx? /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljb]lzg] / b]z agfpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu :yfgLo pTkfbgdf xfSg]x? of]hgf k:sg] x/]sn] x/]snfO{ bf]ifL cfwfl/t 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux? cfwf/ x'g / cfkm" cf]efgf] ;Demg] xfd|f] cfr/0fn] b]z ;S5g\ . /f0ffzf;gb]lv @)^# sf] ofqfkl5 jjf{bLsf] ofqfdf ePem}+ b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd b]z ;+qmd0fsfn g} 5, To;f] eg] x'g t ljZjsf w]/} eljiojf0fLstf{ / b"/ufdL xfdLn] s'g ;do ;xh dfGg] < o;} kl/j]znfO{ ;f]r ePsf -lehg/L ln8/_ x?n] eg]sf 5g\ b]vfpFb} b]zsf o'jfx? l/Tofpg] sfo{ ug]{ / – æh'glbg cfkm';u“ ;a rLh eP/ klg vfg pgLx?n] kl;gf aufO{ sdfPsf] /]ld6\ofG;n] / cf]9g\ kfOGg Tof] lbgaf6 xf]; cfpg]5 clg b]zsf] cy{tGq wfGg] < clg xfdL s]xL gug]{ < ;d'Ggltsf] vf]h / k|fb'e { fj x'G5 .Æ To;}n] cfh ljZjsf xfdLeGbf kl5sf b]z / xf]nf, g]kfnLx?n] h]–h] ef]u] klg, h]–h:tf] xfdLeGbf sd ;Defjgf ePsf b]zx?n] cfk\mgf sfnv08 kf/ u/]klg Ps em/ kfgL / Ps pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ ePsf] b]Vbf kL8f x'G5 . uf“; vfg kfPsf 5g\ . o;} efjnfO{ cfTd;ft\ xfd|f] b]zdf cfly{s If]qnfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] u/]sf bnx? o;} kl/j]zeGbf dfly p7\g b[li6sf]0f g ;/sf/sf] /fd|f] 5 g t ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ eGbf sd gxf]nf . pkef]Stfx?sf] g} . t/klg cy{tGq rln/x]sf] 5 . ;DaGw d';f la/fnf]sf] h:tf] . la/fnf]n] ljutdf b]zsf] cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] d';f ;dft] Jofkf/Ln] pkef]StfnfO{ 7u] @)#* b]lv @)%* ;Dd b]zdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf elg7fGg], d';fn] la/fnf]nfO{ grfP /fhgLltn] pBf]usf] cj:yf cfzfnfUbf] lyof] . b]zn] lht]sf] efg x'g] . of] cj:yfaf6 xfdL aflx/ @)$* ;fndf cjnDag u/]sf] pbf/ cy{tGq lg:sg'k5{ . o;sf nflu xfd|f ax';V+ os / v'nf ahf/ cy{gLlt;Fu} xfd|f] b]zsf] 3/]n' hgtfsf] kx'r“ cg';f/sf] 3/]n' pBf]udf xfdL pBf]ux? wdfwd ?U0f x'g yfn] . 3/]n' tyf nfUg'kg]{ x'G5, h;sf] sf/0fn] xfdL xfd|f] ;fgf pBf]ux? wdfwd aGb x'g] qmd a9]/ o'jfx? j}bz ] Ls /f]huf/df hfgaf6 /f]Sg uof] . To;df nufgL ug]{ nufgLstf{x? OGt' g ;S5f},+ xfd|f] s'n cfGtl/s pTkfbg a9fpg lrGt'sf] cj:yfdf k'u] . To; cj:yfaf6 kf/ ;xof]u] k'Ug hfG5 . nufpg eg]/ ljleGg ah]6 efif0fdf ?U0f pBf]unfO{ ;Daf]wg ;d]t ul/of], g]kfn /fi6« xfdL xfd|f] b]zsf] e"–efunfO{ ljleGg lx;fadf a}s +} af6 o; ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf klg eof] . juL{s/0f u/]/ To;k|sf/sf] juL{s/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ ljleGg 3/]n' pBf]u, ;fgf xfdLn] b]zsf ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux?sf] pBf]u nB' pBd ug]{ of]hgf /fHo4f/f ;+/If0fsf af/]df clxn] s] ul//x]sf 5f}+ t < nufgL u/L cl3a9fpg' h?/L 5 . h:tf] ls olb s;}n] s]lx ul//x]sf] 5 eG5 eg] Tof] lxdfnL If]qx?df ko{6sx? cfpg] x'“ bf ;f]lx ldTYof x'g hfG5 . ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ cg';f/sf] Joj;fonfO{ a9fjf lbg] Joj;fo /fHon] gLltdf ;xL 9+un] ;Daf]wg ug{ ug'{ h?/L 5 . h:tf] ls kxf8L lxdfnL g;Sg'sf] sf/0fn] g} b]zsf] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf efux?df xf]d:6], 3/]n' j:t'x?af6 aGg] pTkfbgzLn o'jf ljb]z knfog eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fdfu|Lx? dfofsf] lrgf], 3/]n' vfB kl/sf/, clxn] /fHon] ljutdf h:tf] ;fgf tyf 3/]n' k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, k/Dk/fut e]ife'iff pBf]utkm{ g nufgL u5{, g t To;sf] k|j4{gg} . cfj/0f, cfe'if0f klx/gsf] ;fdfu|Lx? agfpg] pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ljutdf b;}s + f a]nf 3/]n' ;fgf pBf]u–Joj;fo / ;]jftkm{ /fHo4f/f 126

:yfgLosf] ;xeflutfdf ;femf nufgL ;lxtsf] of]hgf cfjZos k"jf{wf/ agfpg ;s] To; e]usf hgtfx? /f]huf/Lsf] nflu cGoq hfg'kg]{ cj:yfaf6 /f]Sg ;S5f}+ / xfd|f] To; e]usf] pTkfbgn] /f]huf/L ;lxt cfTdlge{/ tkm{ cu|;/ ug{ ;lsG5 . dWo e"–efunfO{ xfdLn] yk c? k|sf/sf] ;fdfg pTkfbg ug]t{ km{ cu|;/ u/fpg ;S5f}+ . h:t} xfdL xfd|f] 7"nf] lx:;f ePsf] ko{6gnfO{ wfld{s, z}lIfs, :jf:Yo ko{6g ;fy} dgf]/~hg ko{6g;“u ;fem]bf/L x'g] k|sf/sf] ;]jf / pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg ;S5f}+ . o;}u/L xfdLn] xfd|f] l5d]sL ef/t;“u hf]l8Psf t/fO{ s]lGb|t lhNnf / zx/x?df To;e]udf ;lhnf];Fu pknAw x'g] j:t'x?sf] cfwf/df ;fgf t/ ;“w} k|of]u ug'k{ g]{ / xfd|f] b}lgsL;Fu ;Fw} hf]l8g] k|sf/sf] ;]jf pBf]u / Jofkf/nfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;S5f}+ . xfd|f] b]zsf] ef}uf]lns / ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf xfnsf] s]lx bzsb]lv :yflkt x'Fb} uPsf] cfGtl/s ko{6s;lxtsf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t xfd|f] Joj;flos ofqfnfO{ lghL ;fem]bf/L / ;/sf/L ;fem]bf/Laf6 cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 . o;k|sf/n] ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]uaf6 x]bf{ ;fgf] b]lvg] t/ xfd|f] cfGtl/s pTkfbgdf l;w} ;xof]u k'Ug] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf xfn kbofqfdf cfpg] ko{6s, s[lif ko{6s, ;fF:s[lts ko{6s, efiff– ;F:s[lt /xg;xg nufotsf] ljljwtfsf] vf]h / cWoog ko{6s al9/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;k|sf/sf] ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ xfdL ;fgf 3/]n' pBf]u dfkm{t xft]dfnf] ug{;s] b]zsf] eljiodf xfdLn] vf]hs ] f] ;Ddfg ;lxtsf] /f]huf/Lo'Qm hLjgofkg ul//x]sf] g]kfnL agfpg ;S5f}+ . h'gk|sf/af6 xfdLn] xfd|f] b]zsf] eljiodfly lrGtf ul//x]sf 5f}+ To;sf] ;dfwfg /fHosf] gLltdf k|i6 ?kdf ;dfj]z u/fpg' g} xf] . ha b]zsf] cfk\mg} hgtfn] cfkm'4f/f pTkfbg jf ;]jf Joj;fodf nufpg] gLltdf Nofpg ;S5f},+ Tof] lbgaf6 xfdL xfd|f] ;d'Ggt b]zsf] d'xf/ x]g{ ;S5f}+ . 3/]n' pBdsf] nflu gLlt / cy{Joj:yfn] rGbf ;xof]usf] ;§f OndL ah]6 agfpg ;s] xfd|f b]zsf o'jfx? j}bl] zs ofqfnfO{ eGbf cfk\mgf] klxrfg;lxt cfkm\g] b]z eGg] cleofgtkm{ cfsif{0f x'g ;Sy] . 7"nf / demf}nf k|sf/sf] of]hgfnfO{ klg o;k|sf/sf] Joj;fon] bIf hgzlQm k"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf b'Od{ t x'g5 ] g} . To;}n] xfdL ca xfd|f] b]zdf ;fgf–;fgf ;DefjgfnfO{ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf / nB' pBdaf6 klg d'xf/ km]g{ ;S5f}+ .

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dxf;+3nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] cj;/, d]/f] cg'ejM ab|L k|;fb cf]emf, k"j{ dxflgb]z { s dxf;+3_ uP+ . d Toxf“ uPsf] ! jif{;Dd klg /flhgfdf :jLs[t ePg . d sfjf{xLdf kg{ nfu]sf] ;'g+] . clg cfkt k¥of] dnfO{ . clg ;f/} lk8f eof] . /flhgfdf u/]sf] 5', ;f]ws ] f] 5' / klg sfjf{xLdf kg]{ eP+ eg]/ lrGtf nfUof] .

cfly{s jif{ @)@*÷)@( df tYofª\s ljb\ kbaf6 d]/f] hflu/ lj/f6gu/ h'6 ljsf; ;ldltaf6 z'? eof] . b'O{ dlxgfsf] nflu jfl0fHo dGqfnodf sfhdf af]nfOof] . h'6 ljsf; ;ldltdf !) jif{ kl5 d b'O{ dlxgfsf nflu xf]Og a:bfa:b} jfl0fHo dGqfnodf & jif{ a;]+ . Toxf“af6 lj/f6gu/ h'6 ljsf; ;ldlt hfG5' vr{n] k'ug] eGbf b/jGbL Jofkf/ k|j4{g s]Gb|df ;¥of] . Toxf“ :6\ofa]S; kl/of] hgf k|dv ' eP/ b'O{ jif{ a;]+ . ToxL a]nf dx]znfnhL;+u Pp6f kf6L{df e]6 eof] . ToxL ;dodf dx]znfnhLn] lsg Toxf“ a;]sf] dxf;+3df cfpg'; eGg'eof] . clg d}n] slt tna lbg'xG' 5 eg]+ . pxf“n] clxn] slt 5 < eg]/ ;f]Wg'eof], Tolta]nf #÷$ xhf/ lyof], c? sd{rf/Lsf] eGbf w]/} lyof] / klg sf7\df8f}d+ f a:g ufx|f] e}/x]sf] lyof] . dx]znfn k|wfghLn] n d, hDdf *,))).– -cf7 xhf/_ sf nflu sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf k|of; u5'{ eGg'eof] .

To;kl5 cWoIF dx]znfn k|wfghLnfO{ eg]+ . clg pxf“n] n d s'/f u5'{ eGg'eof] . uf]kfndfg >]i7hL klxnf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] sfo{;ldltdf x'gx' b“' f] /x]5 . t/ uf]kfndfghLn] dfGb} dfGg'ePg . clg d}n] elGbP+ tkfO{s + f]df xhf/f}+ hgf dfG5] 5g\ Ps hgf d sxf“ cfP/ s] ef] t < eg]/ d}n] eg] elg dx]zhLn] kl5 eGg' x'GYof] . d}n] s] ug]{ < o;/L t dnfO{ ufx|f] x'G5 lg, eg] . To;kl5 uf]kfndfg hL sf]df uP+ . Toxf“sf] Ps ;x–;lrjn] l6Kk0fL p7fpg' ePsf] /x]5 . dGqLHo"n] Ps jif{nfO{ ljbf lng'; eGg'eof] . d ljbf lnGg, b'Oj{ 6f gfpdf v'66\ f /flVbg eg] . l7s lg0f{o ln+P klg elGbg d, t/ d lg0f{o abnlbGg eg] . tkfO{n+ fO{ Jojfkf/ k|j4{g s]Gb|df kb gldn]sf] eP d ldnfO{lbG5' s'g kb rflxof] eGg'eof] t/ d afu]l{ gª ulb{g eg]/ a8f] d'l:snn] /flhgfdf :jLs[t u/fP+ . dxf;+3sf cWoIFHo" -dx]znfnhL_ sf] k|of; / dGqLHo"sf] ;bf;otfn] /fhLgfdf l:js[t ePsf] xf] . dxf;+3 -tTsflng ;+3_ df hDdf $÷% j6f sf]7f /x]5g\ . Toxf“ xl/x/ ;'jb] LhL ;lrj x'gx' b+' f] /x]5 . dxf;+3 klg e};s]sf] lyPg . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lyof] . dx]znfnhLn] dxf;lrj t r'gfj lht]/ cfPsf] x'G5 eGg'eof] / dnfO{ Toxf“ gfoa dxf;lrjdf lgo'lQm ul/of] .

xl/x/ ;'jb] LhL ;lrj x'gx' G' Yof] . d Toxf“ uP kl5 xl/x/ ;'jb] LhLn] /flhgfdf lbg'eof] . d}n] t ljl;{;s]sf] lyP+ . d ljbfdf lj/f6gu/ dnfO{ Psbd b'Mv nfUof] . clg xl/x/hLnfO{ e]6/] d]/f] sf/0f /flhgfdf lbg'ePsf] eP uPsf] lyP+ . Tolta]nf dx]znfnhLsf] kmf]g d ef]nLb]lvg} 5f]l8lbG5' t/ tkfO{+ kms{gk' 5{ cfof] . x}g tkfO{+ sf7\df8f}df x'gx' b“' f] /x]g5 . lj/f6gu/ hfg'efsf] 5 /] . d}n] tkfO{s + f] slt eg] . pxf“n] cfkm' ca ga:g] lg0f{o u/]sf] ufx|f;] u+ sfo{ ;ldltaf6 kf; u/fP+ eGg'eof] . atfpg'eof] . clg d}n] lsg d]/f] sf/0f clg d}n] s] kf; u/fpg'eof] eg] . pxf“n] Tolx /flhgfdf lbg'efsf] xf] eg] . pxf“n] xf]Og, tkfO{s + f] hflu/sf] ljifo lg0f{o u/fP“ eGg'eof] . cGo sf/0f xf] eGg'ePsf] ePtf klg dnfO{ Tof] 36gfn] UnfgL dxz'; u/fof] . t/ kl5 ;'jb] LhLnfO{ /fd|f] hfuL/ ljb]zL cfOPghLcf]n] ca dnfO{ km;fb k¥of] eGg] nfUof] . kms]/{ lbPkl5 dnfO{ v'zL nfUof] . dGqfno uP+ . Toxf“ ;lrj b'uf{ k|sfz kf08] hL;+u s'/f u/]+ . clg pxf“n] tkfO{s + f] hfg]g} ] ubf{ lgs} 7"nf] ;f]rn] k;]sf] O{R5f 5 eg] d s] eg' t/ Tof] unt lg0f{o xf] dxf;+3 k|jz eGg'eof] . dGqL uf]kfndfg >]i7 hL x'gx' G' Yof] . lyP . t/ dxf;+3sf] jftfj/0f xf6ahf/ pxf“nfO{ ;f]lwg . To;kl5 tTsflng ;+3 -xfn h:tf] nfUof] . clg Toxf“sf sd{rf/L

kbflwsf/Lsf] cufl8 s';L{df klg /fd|f;] u+ ga:g] emg\ ;f]kmfdf;+u} a:g] t sNkgf klg gu/f}+ . d t 5Ss k/]+ clg UnfgL eof] . sxf“ cfP+ eg]/ . To;kl5 dx]znfn k|wfghLnfO{ e]6/] eg] dnfO{ t oxf“sf] jftfj/0f lrQ a'em]g a]y{ cfPsf] dxz'; eof] . pxf“n] ca tkfO{+ ;'wf/ ug';{ tkfO{s + f] lhDd]jf/L eGg'eof], s] ;'wf/ ug'{ ;f]r+] . tTsflng cwoIfHo"af6 /fd|f] k|fT] ;fxg kfP“ . Ps lbg d, tTsflng cWoIfHo" ;“u ;f]kmfdf a;]/ ;Nnfx ub}{ lyP“ . Ps hgf kbflwsf/L cfpg'eof] . d;+u} a;]sf] b]v/] 3'/s ] f] 3'/} ug'e { of] . clg gaf]nL hfg'eof] . d}nl] g jf:t} ul/g . d}n] dgdf lg0f{o u/]sf] lyP+ ls, cg'zfl;t x'G5' t/ nDk;f/ k/]/ sfd ulb{g . dx]znfnhL n] To:tf] ug'{ kb}g{ eg]/ ;Demfpg'eof] . d uPsf] klg dx]zhLn] ubf{ Toxf“ l6s]sf] klg dx]zhL n] ubf{ xf] . lqk'/Z] j/ x'b“ f dx]zhLsf] sfo{sfndf Ps k|fh] S] 6 cfPsf] lyof] . :6]G« y]lgª PkmPg;L;LcfO{ eGg] o"Pg8LkLsf] k|fh ] S] 6 lyof] . To;nfO{ klg cufl8 a9fpg] s'/f ePsfn] d}n] k|of; u/] . clg Pdcf]od" f cWoIFsf] gftfn] dx]zhLn] x:tfIf/ ug'{ eof] . o"Pg8LkLsf] k|fh ] S] 6 cfO;s]kl5 dxf;+3n] cfkm"nfO{ lj:tf/} cuf8L a9fp+b} nUof] . To;kl5 o"P;P8sf] ;xof]udf dxf;+3df s[lif pBd s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ ;Demf}tf eof] . To;kl5 dxf;+3 cem dfly k'us ] f] dxz'; x'g yfNof] . ljb]zLx?sf] cfjt hfjt a9\g yfNof] . o"Pg8LkL;+usf] ;DemF}tf lghL If]qsf nflu lgs} 7"nf] s'/f lyof] . ljleGg k|fh ] S] 6x? ;+rfng ePkl5 dxf;+3df cfpg] x?sf] rxnkxn a9\g yfNof] . cWoIF tyf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ klxnf ;/sf/L clws[t tyf ;lrj e]6g\ ;lhnf] lyPg . kl5 dxf;+3 w]/} dfly p7\of] . dxf;+3leq cfw'lgs k':tsfno, cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw d+r, s[lif pBd s]Gb| :yfkgf eof] . oL ;j} tTsflng cWoIf dx]zhLs} kfnfdf ePsf] xf] . ;lrj, dGqL, k|wfgdGqL;“u e]63f6 ;fdfGo h:tf] x'gyfNof] . lagf]b rf}w/LhLsf] sfo{sfndf dxf;+3 ;lrjfno tLgs'gl] :yt 6LPg6L ejgdf ;/\of] . To; ;dodf jftfj/0f clns kl/j{tg ePsf] lyof] . sd{rf/Lx? kbflwsf/L;+u Pp6} ;f]kmfdf a:g ;Sg];Ddsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf e};s]sf] lyof] . 6LPg6L ejgdf ;/]kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/ sf tTsflng d'Vo ;lrj bfdf]b/ uf}tdhL o'lg8f] k|fh ] S] 6sf] k|dv ' k/fdz{bftf eP/ cfpg' eof], cfpg' cl3 dnfO{ ;f]Wg'eof] d Toxf“ cfpg l7sxf]nf eg]/ . d}n] k|fh ] S] 6 xf] sG;n6\ofG6 eP/ a:g] xf] hflu/] xf]Og To;}n] cfpg'xf];\ eg]/ cfu|x u/], lagf]bhL, 129

dx]zhLx?n] klg eGg'ePsf] /x]5 . pxf“ dxf;+3df k|dv ' ;Nnfxsf/ eP/ cfp“bf dxf;+3sf] :t/ j[l4 eof] . lqk'/Z] j/af6 ;/]kl5 csf]{ o" o; P8sf] Osf]gf]lds lnj/nfOh]zg gfdsf] k|fh ] S] 6 cfof] . ljb]zLx?sf] hd36 x'g yfNof] . k'j{ klZrdsf ljb]zLx? cfpg yfn] . ;/sf/ sf pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx? cfpg yfn] . ldl6ªx? afSn} x'g yfNof] . dGqLx?sf] klg a]nfavt cfudg x'g yfNof] . clkm; cs}c { s}{ x'g yfNof] . dfG5]n] dxf;+3 eg]kl5 7"nf] dfGg yfn] . To;kl5 aNn dnfO{ l7s u/]5' ls h:tf] nfUg yfNof] . lagf]bhL lgSs} Pu|;] Lj x'gx' b+' f] /x]5 . pxf“sf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] of]ubfg clxn]sf] ejg agfpg'df /x\of] . ljgf]bhLsf] pxL tbf?stf / ;+:yfsf nflu s]xL ug'k{ 5{ eGg] efjgfsf sf/0f rGbf ;+sngdf lgs} w]/} k|ult eof] . hUuf dx]zhLsf] kfnfdf hf]8s ] f] xf] . uf]kfn If]qL hL sf]iffWoIf x'gx' G' Yof], pxf“n] ;'gfpg' x'GYof] . hUuf lsGg] a]nfsf] syf÷Joyf . w]/} ;+3if{sf afah'b hUuf hf]8s ] f] xf] .

clwsf/ dxf;+3nfO{ lbOof] . dxf;+3n] pQm clwsf/ cfkm}n] k|of]u gu/L cfkm\gf ;b:o pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? dfkm{t ug{ yfNof] . h;n] ubf{ ;b:o ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;lrjfno klg ;'b9[ Ls/0f x'g yfNof] . ;lrjfnodf /fd|f] tnj ;'ljwf ;lxt bIf sd{rf/Lx? /fVg] k/Dk/f a:g yfNof] . To;} sf/0f pgLx?sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/df klg ljsf; eof] . dxf;+3sf] klg cfly{s ;|ft] a9\of] . ;–;fgf sfo{qmdx? ug{ klg cfly{s ;|ft] h'6fpg wf}pwf}p kg]{ cj:yfaf6 dxf;+3 d'Qm eO{ ;j} k|sf/sf sfo{qmd ug{ ;Sg] eof] .

dxf;+3 / ;LcfO{cfO{sf cWoIf qmdzM >L kB Hof]lt / >L /flhj sf}nn] cf–cfkm\gf b]zsf] tkm{af6 k|:t'tL ug'e { Psf] lyof] . b'j} b]zsf k|wfgdGqLaf6 pQm k|:t'tLsf] lgs} w]/} tfl/km ;d]t eof] . o;n] klg dxf;+3nfO{ w]/} dfly k'¥ofof] .

Ps lbgsf] 36gf ofb cfp“5, >LdtL cf/h' b]pjfhLn] j]nfot hf“bf ;'g/] cfpg'eP5, clg dnfO{ eGg'eof] . j]nfotdf Pshgf ;|ft] JolQmn] b'O{ b]z aLrsf] ;lGw ;Demf}tfdf k|fOe]6 ;]S6/n] s;/L e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ eGbf p;n] oL b'j} ;+:yf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo aflx/ b]zsf ;dsfnLg pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 / ;LcfO{cfO{sf] pbfx/0f lb+bf d t ;+3÷dxf;+3x?;+u cfk;L ;xdtLdf x:tfIf/ 5Ss k/]+ eGg' eof] . To;sf] dtna dxf;+3sf] lgs} klxnfb]lvg} x'g yfn]sf] lyof] . h:tf] ls 5jL lgs} dfly k'us ] f] d}n] dxz'; u/] . o;n] a+unfb]zsf] km]8/];g, ef/tsf] lkmls, P;f]rd] , cfkm"nfO{ lgs} uj{sf] dx;'; ;d]t eof] . kLPr8L;L;LcfO{, ;LcfO{cfO{ . t/ ef/tdf kLPr8L;L;LcfO{;u+ xfd|f] lgs} k|uf9 ;DaGw ;doqmd;“u} dxf;+3sf] :yfg clt g} dxTjk"0f{ lyof] . To;kl5 ;LcfO{cfO{;u+ ;DaGw k|uf9 aGb} uof] . dxf;+3sf] cfjZostf lgs} a9\b} eof] . ;g\ !((^ sf] g]kfn ef/tsf] 6«L6L ckm uof] . klxnf /fHo k|dv ' jf ;/sf/ k|dv ' 6«8] nfO{ l/Go" ug{, kl/dfh{g ug{ ;LcfO{cfO{sf] cGt/fli6«o e|d0fdf hf“bf dxf;+3sf] cWoIf lgs} 7"n} ;xof]u /x]sf] lyof] . Tof] a]nf dfq hfg kfpg] k/Dk/f lyof] . t/ kl5 ' jf ;/sf/ k|dv ' r'gfj cfof] . ljgf]bhLn] bf]xf]/fpg vf]Hg'eof] . ef/tdf cfOs] u'h/fn k|wfgdGqL x'g' x' G' Yof] . k|hftGq cfPkl5 /fi6« k|dv Tolta]nf ef/tdf u'h/fn 8S6«Lg v'j} k|Voft ljb]z e|d0f hf“bf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n kßhLn] klg p7\5' eGg'eof] . pxf+x? b'js } f] lyof] . Tof] j]nfsf] jftfj/0f klg cltg} ;fydf nfg] k/Dk/f a:of] . ;fydf ;lrjfno Psbd} 7"nf] k|lt:kwf{ eof] . /fli6«o tyf ;xof]uL lyof] . ToxL jftfj/0fsf] sf/0fn] k|dv ' klg hfg'kg]{ eof] . /jL eQm >]i7hLsf] cGt/fli6«o rf;f]sf] ljifo aGof] . dxf;+3sf] ;g\ !((^ sf] l6«6Ldf x:tfIf/ eof] / Tof] kfnfdf /fi6« k|dv ' ;+u ef/t / rLg hfg] cfh;Ddsf] Oltxf;df ;a} eGbf rf;f]sf] l6«6L ;xL ubf{ g]kfnaf6 g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo k|ltlglw d08ndf ;lrjfno k|dv ' uPsf] ljifo aGof] . dnfO{ slt ljb]zL /fhb'tx?n] ' sf] klg kmf]g uy]{ s:n] hLT5 eg]/ ;f]Wy] . t/ d dxf;+3 / ef/taf6 ;LcfO{cfO{nfO{ b'j} b]zsf / ;a} cWoIfx?sf] kfnfdf ;/sf/ k|dv k|ltlglw d08ndf ;lrjfno k|dv ' hfg] elGbg ly+P . Tolta]nf d]l8ofdf Jofks k|rf/ ;/sf/L txaf6 ljz]if dfGotf lbOof] . u/]sf] lyof] . k|;f/ ePsf] lyof] . To; j]nf g]kfndf cGo tTsflng k|wfgdGqL ->L z]/axfb'/ b]pjf_sf] cfly{s ultljlwx? lgs} l;ldt dfqfdf dfq klxnf /fi6« k|dv ' ljb]z e|d0f hf“bf a|Lkm x'GYof] . To;nfO{ lgs} 7"nf] ?kdf lnOof] . Tof] kfnfdf dxfsfnL ;GwLdf x:TffIf/ eof] . dfUg] rng lyof] kl5 ;/sf/ k|dv ' hf“bf klg r'gfjdf ljs[tL b]lvP klg To;n] dxf;+3nfO{ dxfsfnL gbLsf] Plss[t ljsf; ug]{ ;DaGwL a|Lkm dfUg yflnof] . a}bl] zs ;DaGwsf] k|uf9tf lgs} g} dfly k'¥ofof] . (Integrated development of Mahakali) a9\b} hfg yfNof] . To;}qmddf k|sfz rGb| ;GwLdf lbNnLsf] x}b/fjfb xfp;df x:tfIf/ nf]xgL hL k//fi6« dGqL x'b“ f rLg e|d0fsf Tof] r'gfj Hof]lthLn] lhTg'eof] . dxf;+3 eof] . ;f]xL ;dodf csf]{ Ps klg ;Demf}tf ;lrjfnonfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg pxf“sf] lgs} eof] . To;df b'j} b]zsf k|wfgdGqLsf cuf8L qmddf Toxf“sf] clvn rLg pBf]u jfl0fHo 7"nf] of]ubfg /x\of] . sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgod / k|0ffnL a;fpgsf nflu pxf“n] lgodfjnL kl/jt{g ug'e { of] . lgodfjnL klxnf klg lyof] . dx]zhLsf] sfo{sfndf r]G;n /fjsf] ;Nnfx adf]lhd hu ag]sf] lyof] lgodfjnLsf], t/ kl/dflh{t lgodfjnL Hof]tLhLsf] sfo{sfndf aGof] / k|0ffnL cg';f/ sfd x'g yfNof] . kbflwsf/Lx?n] klg l;:6d cg';f/ g} rnf}+ eGg yfn] . dxf;+3 ;lrjfnosf] dxTj lgs} a9\g yfNof] . ;/sf/L pRr clwsf/Lx?sf] dxf;+3 ;lrjfnodf lg/Gt/ cfjft hfjt x'g yfNof] . dGqfnosf a}7sx?df ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf a9]/ uof] . ;LcfO{cfO{ / dxf;+3sf] k|of;af6 ef/tsf nflu pTklQsf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ Psdfq Psflwsf/ dxf;+3nfO{ lbOof] . ef/t afx]s t];f| ] d'ns ' sf nflu eg] cGo ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ klg clwsf/ lbOof] . t/ ef/tsf nflu 130

dxf;+3 / g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 aLr b'O{ b]z aLr lghL If]qaf6 ;xsfo{ ug{ g]kfn rLg u}x| ;/sf/L ;xof]u d+r (Nepal-China

Non-Governmental Cooperation Forum)

:yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L :t/df ;xdtLkqdf x:tfIf/ ;d]t eof] . pQm kmf]/dsf] b'j} dxf;+3sf cWoIfx? Ps csf{ b]zdf ;xcWoIf eO{ g]tT[ j ug]{ ;xdtL eof] . pQm kmf]/d dfkm{t b'O{ aLrsf] cfly{s Joj;flos ;DaGw lj:tf/sf lbzfdf lgs} w]/} sfo{x? ;d]t ePsf 5g\ . kl5 ;/sf/ k|dv ' sf] cGt/fli6«o e|d0f hfg] qmddf ljb]zL lghL If]q ;+u dxf;+3af6g} ;dGjo ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf ;d]t cfof] . o;sf] dtna dxf;+3sf] ul/df r'ln+b} uof] .

Ps ;do t o:tf] lyof] ls dxf;+3df cGt/f{li6«o k|ltli7t ;+3÷;+:yfx?sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . ljZj a}s + , o"Pg8LkL, o"lg8f], 8LPkmcfO{8L, cfOPncf] nufotsf cGt/fli6«o ;+3 ;+:yf;+u ;DalGwt kl/of]hgfx?sf sfof{nox? dxf;+3 leq lyP . g]kfnsf k|ltli7t JolQmx? dxf;+3;+u hf]l8g' ePsf] lyof] . lgnf] Kn]6sf] uf8L tyf ljb]zLsf] cfjt hfjt lgs} x'GYof] . dxf;+3df sfd ug]{ eg]kl5 klxrfgg} cs}{ x'g;] Ddsf] jftfj/0f aGof] . dxf;+3 ejgdf sfd ug'x{ g' x] ? kl5 dGqL, ueg{/ cflb x'ge ' Psf] 5 . kß Hof]lt kl5 cfgGb/fh d'NdLhL cfpg'eof] pxf“klg k|hftflGqs ljrf/wf/fsf] dflg; x'gx' b+' f] /x]5 . pxf“sf] sfo{sfndf, g]kfndf ljZj a}s + sf] ;xof]udf /f]8 km08 ;+rfng eof] . To;sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIFtf dxf;+3sf] cWoIFn] ug]{ Joj:yf eof] . cWoIf dxf;+3sf] cWoIf / ;/sf/L pRr kb:y kbflwsf/L ;b:o eP . d"NdLhLs} sfo{sfndf dxf;+3n] cGt/fli6«o k|ltli7t ;/sf/ k|dv ' Pj+ /fi6« k|dv ' x?nfO{ n]/fP/ ;fdflhs

cfly{s lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ;kmntfk"js { ;DkGg ul/ d'ns ' sf] cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu pQm ;Dd]ngsf ;'emfjx?nfO{ ;/sf/df ;d]t k]z ul/of] . cWoIf k|bLks'df/ >]i7hLsf kfnfdf klg dxf;+3n] cfkm"nfO{ lgs} cuf8L a9fof] . dxf;+3 g]kfn ;/sf/df btf{ ePsf] lbg r}q @* nfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo lbj; dgfpg] k/Dk/fsf] yfngL pxf+s} sfo{sfndf eof] . pQm lbgnfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo lbj;sf] ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;d]t cf}krfl/s dfGotf lbof], h'g cfh;Dd klg lg/Gt/ ?kdf dgfOb} cfPsf] 5 . To;kl5 dxf;+3sf] cWoIfdf /ljhL cfpg' eof] . pxf+ klg dxf;+3sf nflu s]xL u/f} eGg] efjgfsf] dflg; x'gx' G' Yof] . lghL If]qnfO{ k]zfut dof{bfdf /fvL :jR5 Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{ k|l] /t ug'k{ 5{ eGg] ;f]r+ pxf+df lgs} k|jn lyof] . ;f]xL sf/0f pxf+s} sfo{sfndf dxf;+3 leq a]nfotL ;/sf/ cGt/utsf] 8LPkmcfO8L kl/of]hgf cfof] . h;n] Joj;flos :jR5tfsf ljifodf lgs} w]/} sfo{ ;DkGg u/\of] / dxf;3s} Oltxf;df dxf;+3n] Ps Joj;flos cfrf/ ;+lxtf lgdf{0f ul/ sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] .

;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj x'g ;lrjfnosf] nflu OHhtsf] s'/f lyof] . dxf;+3sf] dxflgb]z { s ;b:o ;lrj x'gx' G' Yof] . To;kl5 Pgcf/Pgsf] ;lrjfno dxf;+3s} ;lrjfnodf /x\of] . Pgcf/Pgsf ;a} sfo{x?sf] ;'?jft dxf;+3af6} ePsf] lyof] .

rl08hLsf] sfo{sfndf d}n] dxf;+3 5f]8,“] t/ 5f]85\ ' eGg] ;f]rdf eg] lyOg . pxf“sf] sfo{sfndf klg dxf;+3n] d'ns ' leq hf/L åGb Joj:yfkg, cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw ;'wf/df lgs} w]/} sfo{x? eof] . k|lbkhLn] ljifo cuf8L a9fpg k|of; u/]sf] ePklg r08LhL pxf+s} sfo{sfndf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;b:o lhNnf gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf Ps ufp+ Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd z'? eof] . h'g sfo{qmd clxn] Ps ufp+ Ps pTkfbg, Ps lhNnf Ps pTkfbgsf gfpdf d'ns ' e/g} k'us ] f] 5 . åGbsfndf lghL If]qdfly ePsf cfqmd0fk|lt 86]/ d'sfjnf ug{ pxf+sf sfo{sfndf dxf;+3n] cu|kl+ Qmdf /x]/ sfo{ u/\of] h;n] dxf;+3nfO{ d'ns ' leq / d'ns ' jflx/ Ps ;zQm ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;kmn eof] . s'z hf]zLhL / ;'/h a}B hL cWoIf x'b“ f d dxf;+3df g/x]klg pxf“x? nufot af“sL kl5sf To;kl5 ljgf]b axfb'/ >]i7hLsf] sfo{sfndf cWoIfx?sf] of]ubfg k|z:t 5 . ;aeGbf dfcf]jfbL] 4Gb rsf]s { f] lyof] . ad k8\sL /xGy] . Psk6s ;f]N6L xf]6ndf ad k8\sof] . /fd|f] kIf dxf;+3nfO{ dfof gug]{ cWoIf Tof] a'em\gsf nflu aLaL;Ln] dnfO{ kmf]g u¥of] . sf]xL klg b]lvg . t/ xfdLn] klxNo} lg0f{o u/]sf lyof}+ ls s'g} dxf;+3nfO{ oxf+;Dd NofO{ k'¥ofpg ;a} k"j{ klg 36gfsf] ljifodf cWoIfn] dfq af]Ng] . cWoIfx?sf] plQs} of]ubfg 5 . k"j{ cWoIf To;}n] d}n] cWoIfsf] gDa/ lbP+ pxf“n] s'/f Pj+ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] of]ubfgaf6 r'ln+bf] ul/df ug'e { of] / kl5 aLaL;Ldf To;sf] ;dfrf/ ] f] ;+:yf kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljs[t lsl;dsf] ;d]t cfof] . o;n] dxf;+3sf] dxTj cem a9\g af]ss r'gfjL k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0f s]lx v:s]sf] xf] ls yfNof] . ljgf]bhLs} sfo{sfndf ;/sf/n] u}x| eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . dxf;+3 b]zsf nflu cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ljZj ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf rflxg] ;+:yf xf] . o;nfO{ agfpg'k5{ . o;sf] ug{ Ps pRr:t/sf] ;ldlt agfof] . To;sf] ul/df sfod /fVg'k5{ . :j0f{ jif{ k'us ] f] cWoIftf tTsflng cy{ dGqL k|dv ' k|sf; rGb| nf]xgLhLn] ug'e { Psf] lyof] . pRr :t/Lo ;+:yfnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg o; ;+:yfsf k"j{ cWoIf nufot kbflwsf/Lsf] 7"nf] of]ubfg 5, t;y{ xfdLn] ljrf/ ug'{ k5{ . ;+:yf alnof] agfpg ;lrjfno alnof] agfpg' k5{ tjdfq ;+:yfsf] ul/dfsf;fy kbflwsf/Lx?sf] OHht a9\5 . ;lrjfno /fd|f] ePsf] ;+:yfsf] cWoIfsf] ul/df klg pRr x'G5 . To;}n] ;+:yf alnof] agfpg ;lrjfno alnof] / ;'b9[ agfpg] tkm{ lg/Gt/ nfUg' g} kb{5 . :j0f{ jif{sf cj;/df cfufdL lbgdf o; ;+:yfsf] dxTj / ul/df cem a9\b} uPsf] b]Vg kfcf}+ . k"jh { x?sf] cys d]xgtaf6 v8f ePsf] of] ;+:yfnfO{ cfhsf] cj:yf;Dd NofO{ k'¥ofpg ;lrjfnon] v]ns ] f] e"ldsf cfufdL lbgdf cem a9L ;zQm x'g ;sf];\ . dxf;+3sf] lg/Gt/ k|ult xf];,\ d]/f] oxL z'esfdgf

131

dxf;+3sf] ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd d]3gfy Gof}kfg], k"j{ dxflgb]z { s

ljifo k|jz ]

g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd{;df sl/a Ps bzssf] cfa4tf kl5 @)$! ;fndf d kqsfl/tfdf nfu]+ . ;f] k]zf ;Ddfghgs xf] tfklg cfk\mgf] b}lgsL ;~rfng ug{ cK7]/f] k/]sf] sf/0f d a}slNks sfdsf] ;f]rdf lyP“ . r]Da/;“usf] cfa4tf / kqsf/ ePsfn] pBf]uL Joj;foL;Fu d]/f] lrghfg lyof] . o;}qmddf Ps lbg g]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3 -xfnsf] dxf;+3_ sf tTsfnLg cWoIf dx]znfn k|wfg;Fu d]/f] e]6 eof] . ;f] e]6sf] qmddf d}n] cfkmgf s'/f JoQm ubf{ pxF“n] dnfO{ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] ;]jfdf cfpg k|:tfj ug'e { of] . pxf“;u“ e]6 ePsf] #÷$ xKtf kl5 d}n+ ] @)$% d+l;/ dlxgfdf dxf;+3df ;]jf k|jz ] u/]sf] / @)^* ;fn >fj0flt/ cjsfz lnPsf] x'“ . d ;]jf k|jz ] ubf{ dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno lqk'/Z] j/l:yt Pp6f ef8fsf] 3/df lyof] . 3/ ;fgf] ePsf]n] Pp6} sf]7fdf # j6f;Dd 6]an' ldnfP/ xfdL sfd ub{Yof}+ . sfof{noleq Pp6f dfq 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 lyof] . cfhsf] h:tf] PS;6gzgsf] k|ljlw lyPg . sfo{nodf 6]an' , s'rL{, b/fh / a}7s sIfdf 6]an' / s'rL{ klg ;Lldt dfqfdf lyP . sfof{nodf ePsf k|foM ;fdfg ;xof]u :j?k h'4axfb'/ >]i7, dbgnfn cu|jfn, s[i0fuf]kfn 608g, tf]nf/fd b'u8, x'nf;rGb uf]N5f cflbaf6 k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . dxf;+3sf] clen]v cg';f/ @)@@ ;fndf ljlwjt :yfkgf ePkl5 o;sf] sfof{no k|f/Dedf g]kfnsf] r]Da/ cleofgsf k|dv ' cleoGtf dWo]sf tyf P8xs sdL6Lsf 132

cWoIf >L nf]sgfy hf]zLsf] afuahf/l:yt g]kfn cfon :6f]/sf] Pp6f sf]7faf6 ;Grfng ePsf] xf] . P8xs ;ldltsf] ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 tyf dxf;+3sf] tTsfnLg k|aGwkq tyf lgodfjnL, @)@@ cg';f/ @)@$ ;fnsf] klxnf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf h'4axfb'/ >]i7 cWoIfdf lgjf{lrt x'ge ' of] . To;kl5 o;sf] ;lrjfno klg ;f]xL ;dodf pxfFsf] lghL 3/ lvrfkf]v/Ll:ylt ædL/fxf]dÆ ;fl/Psf] lyof] . kl5 kz'klt lul/ cWoIf lgjf{lrt x'ge ' Pkl5 @)#) ;fndf dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno lqk'/Z] j/df ;fl/Psf] lyof] . dxf;+3sf] ultljlw a9\b} uPsf] k[i7e"lddf cWoIf dx]znfn k|wfgsf] bf];f| ] sfo{sfndf o;sf] ;lrjfno @)$( ;fndf lqk'/Z] j/af6 tLgs'g] l:ytæl6Pg6LÆ ejgdf ;fl/of] . lqk'/Z] j/df x'b“ f g} dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnsf] nflu 6]sd' f hUuf v/Lb e};s]sf] lyof] . k"j{ k|wfgdGqL :juL{o lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnfaf6 @)%) ;fnsf] k|f/Dedf lznfGof; ;DkGg ePsf] Ps aif{leq} ljgf]b rf}w/Lsf] cWoIfsf] sfo{sfndf ejgsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg eof] . tt\kZrft dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno pxf“s} sfo{sfndf @)%! ;fnsf] cGTolt/ 6]sd' f ;/]sf] xf] . @)@@ ;fndf Pp6f sf]7fdf k|f/De ePsf] dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno @( aif{ leqdf ;'ljwfo'Qm cfkmg} rf/tn] ejgdf ;~rfng x'g' ;a}sf] nflu uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] .

lqk'/Z] j/af6 sf]l/Psf] dxf;+3sf] dfu{lrq

lqk'/Z] j/df /x]sf] dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno ;fF3'/f] lyof] . tyflk d'ns ' sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;+u7gfTds k|of;af6 g]kfnsf] lghL If]qsf] pBf]u–Joj;fosf] eflj vfsf sf]b{} b"/b[li6 (Vision) ;lxtsf] sfo{qmd / /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ sfd oxf“af6g} k|f/De ePsf] xf] . kz'klt lul/sf] sfo{sfnkl5 dx]znfn k|wfg dxf;+3df cWoIf x'ge ' of] . pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3sf] k"j{ cWoIf Pj+ h]l;;;“u cfa4 x'g' ePsf] sf/0f ;+u7g ;'b9[ Ls/0f / ;~hfn (Networking) lj:tf/df dx]znfn k|wfgn] pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ eof] . g]kfnsf] r]Da/ cleofgsf klxnf] k':tfdf cu|h pBf]uL Joj;foLsf] glhs /x]/ lghL If]qsf] ;+u7g lj:tf/df dx]znfn k|wfgn] k"j{ cWoIf kz'klt lul/sf] sfo{sfndf pkfWoIf e} nfdf] cg'ej xfl;n ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . Ps bnLo zf;g Joj:yfsf] lj?4df a9\bf] hgcfqmf]z / ljb|fx] kl5 @)$^ r}q @^ ut] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo e} ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . hg cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfn]

cfly{s :jtGqtfnfO{ klg 7"nf] ;xof]u eof] . @)$^ ;fn;Ddsf] cjlw ;+:yfut, ;+u7gfTds, cfly{s Pj+ k|rf/fTds 9+un] dxf;+3nfO{ :yflkt ug{df laTof] . >L dx]znfn k|wfg @)$& df bf];f| ] sfof{sfnsf nflu ;d]t cWoIf lgjf{lrt x'g' eof] . dxf;+3sf] ljsf; qmddf dxTjk"0f{ ;+of]u dfGg' k5{ ls pxFfsf] ;fydf bf];f| ] k':tfsf o'jf pBf]uL ljgf]b rf}w/L / kb\d Hof]lt pkfWoIfdf lgjf{lrt x'g' ePsf] lyof] . dx]znfn k|wfgsf] sfo{sfnkl5 @)%) ;fndf ljgf]b rf}w/L lgjf{lrt cWoIf x'ge ' of] . ljgf]b rf}w/Lkl5 @)%@ ;fndf kb\d Hof]lt cWoIf lgjf{lrt x'ge ' of] . sfo{sfnsf] lx;fan] dx]znfn k|wfg b'O{ sfo{sfn, ljgf]b rf}w/L / kb\d Hof]lt Ps÷Ps sfo{sfn cWoIf lgjf{lrt x'ge ' of] . g]tT[ jdf cfpg] ljifodf pxfFx?sf] cf–cfkmg} cfsf+Iff tyf /0fgLlt ePklg ;+:yfsf] 5lj, /f0fgLlt (Startegy) / ;fv a9fpg] ljifodf pxf“x?sf] sfo{sfn dxf;+3sf] Oltxf;df clj:d/0fLo If0f xf] . h'g cjlwdf ljz]iftM lgDg sfdsf] yfngL eof] M -s_ pTklQsf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug] { -ef/t / rLg ;d]t_ ljifo / ;f]af6 x'g] cfosf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ . -v_ cfGtl/s ;+3 ;+:yf / eft[ ;+:yfx?;“usf] ;DaGw, ;dembf/L / ;Dks{ ljsf; ug]{ . -u_ ;fs{ pjf;+3sf] :yfkgf / ;+:yfut ;b:otf k|fKt ug]{ . -3_ dxf;+3sf] ejg lgdf{0f / ;lrjfnosf] ;+:Yffut ljsf; / Joj;foLs/0f ug]{ . -ª_ ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfodf g]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] . -r_ dxf;+3sf] ljwfgdf k|yd ;+zf]wg -@)%!÷!!÷!@_ ;Fu} lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] ;zlQms/0f ub}{ hfg] . -5_ cd]l/sL ;xof]u lgof]u (USAID) sf] ;xof]udf s[lif pBd s]Gb| (AEC) / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f (Economic Liberalization) kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ . -h_ UNDP-UNIDO sf] k|fljlws Pj+ cfly{s ;xof]udf ;lrjfno ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf nfu' ug]{ . -em_ cGt/fli6«o>d ;+u7g (ILO) ;“u cfa4tf, cGt/f{li6«o /f]huf/bftf ;+u7g (IOE) df dxf;+3sf] /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb\sf] cf}krfl/s ;b:otf k|fKt ug]{ .

-`_ -6_ -7_ -8_ -9_

v]ns"b / r'u+ Ls/sf] lj/f]w / vf/]hLsf nflu ;+:yfut cleofg k|f/De ug]{ . cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw dGr (IRF) kl/of] hgf ;~rfng ug]{ . æg]kfn ef/t jfl0fHo ;GwL, !((^Æ n]vg / l4kIfLo ;demfbf/L / ;GwLdf x:tfIf/ ug{df af}l4s / gLltut ;xof]u ug]{ . g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] ;DaGw / ;dembf/L ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] . cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yf / ljsf; ;femf]bf/x?;Fusf] ;xsfo{nfO{ ;lqmo / hLjGt kfg]{ .

dxf;+3 cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf ;+:yf xf] . s'g} ;do / sfdn] ;+:yfsf] ljsf;df P]ltxfl;s df]8 Nofpg] cfkmgf] 7fp“df 5 . t/ To; kl5sf g]tT[ jx?sf] e"ldsf emg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . k"j{ cWoIfdf ljz]iftM cfgGb/fh d'NdL, pxf“n] df]km;naf6 g]tT[ jdf cfpg' eP/ dxf;+3df Pp6f lgod a;fNg' eof] . afn>d lj?4sf] cleofgdf /f]huf/bftf k|ltlglwsf] ;+:yfsf] sf/0f dxf;+3sf sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg g]tT[ j lbg'eof] . d"No clej[l4 s/ nfu" ubf{ u'0f / bf]ifsf cfwf/df dxf;+3sf] cfjfhnfO{ hg;dIf Nofpg' eof] . k"j{ cWoIf k|lbk >]i7 h;n] dxf;+3sf] P]ltxfl;s k/Dk/fnfO{ cl3 a9fpg æpBf]u afl0fHo lbj;Æ sf] ær}q @*Æ sf] lbgnfO{ :yflkt ug'e { of] . k"j{ cWoIf ljgf]baxfb'/ >]i7 h;n] ædfcf]jfbL o'4Æ df cK7]/f] k/]sf pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ ;~rfng ug{df dfcf]jfbL;“u cfj4 6«8] o'lgogsf g]tfx? tyf g]tf 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{;Fu ljz]if kxn ug'e { of] . o;}u/L k"j{ cWoIf ;'/h a}B pxf“n] u}x| cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?sf] ;+:yf (NRN) sf] Pzf]l;Pzg :yfkgf / ;+u7g lj:tf/ u/L g]kfn aflx/ /x]sf g]kfnL k"hLkltnfO{ g]kfnL cy{tGq;“u ;dGjo u/fpg' eof] . æg]kfn o'jf pBdLÆ (NYEF) nfO{ ;+ul7t ?kdf cfpg k|/] 0ffbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng' eof] . dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnonfO{ yk cfw'lgs/0fsf ;fy} dxf;+3nfO{ hUuf v/Lbdf g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ eof] . o;}u/L k"j{ cWoIf rl08/fh 9sfn, h;n] ;/sf/;Fu dxf;+3sf Ph]08nfO{ ;dy{g u/fpg / lhNnf ;+3x?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df ;3fpg ljz]if e"ldsf v]Ng'eof] . k"j{ cWoIf s'zs'df/ hf]zL, pxf“n] ;lrjfno Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} o'jf :j/f]huf/ tflnd Pj+ 6«8] :s"n ;~rfng / :yfkgfdf g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng'eof] . ;fy} cGo k"j{ cWoIf /ljeQm / jt{dfg cWoIf kz'klt d'/f/sf pxf“x?n] dxf;+3df ;w} dWo:ystf{ Pj+ Pstfsf] nflu ;dGjofTds g]tT[ j lgjf{x ug'e { of] . ;dli6df ;w} k"j{ cWoIfx?n] dxf;+3sf] 5lj / p2]ZonfO{ ljrng x'g lbg' ePg . pxf“x?sf] b]g dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

dxf;+3sf] ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu b"/ufdL ;f]r

lqk'/Z] j/af6 tLgs'g] x“b} @)%@ ;fndf cfk\mg} ejg 6]sd' f ;/]kl5 dxf;+3sf ultljlwx?n] yk prfO kfof] . ;lrjfnosf] ;'b9[ Ls/0f ug],{ hgzlQm ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jsf] b'/ufdL ;f]r cg';f/ Jofkf/ k|j4{g s]Gb| Pj+ jfl0fHo dGqfnodf nfdf] ;do sfd ug'e { Psf ab|Lk|;fb cf]emf dxf;+3df ;]jf k|jz ] ug'{ eof] . tt\kZrft\ dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno ljsf;sf] /fd|f] z'?jft eof] . g]kfn–ef/t Jofkf/ ljifodf ljz]if 1fg ePsf alb|k;| fb cf]emf dxf;+3df cfpg' ePkl5 ljifout ?kdf yk sd{rf/Lx?sf] klg lgo'lQm ul/of] . To; qmddf 8f= ljgf]bxl/ hf]zL, cflbTo zdf{, 8f= b]jeQm zfSo, 8f= cf]d l;6f}nf, 8f= x]dGt bjf8L cflbsf] ;]jf k|jz ] dxf;+3sf] Joj;flosLo kl/jt{g Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ yfngL xf] . olt dfq xf]Og UNIDO sf] k|fljlws ;xof]u cGtutsf] bf]>f r/0fdf dxf;+3df k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj bfdf]b/ uf}td ;Nnfxsf/sf] ?kdf k|jz ] dxf;+3sf] ;[b9[ Ls/0fdf csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kl/36gf xf] . ;fy}, dxf;+3df xfn sfo{/t ldqx? >LdtL ldgf >]i7, x+z/fd kf08], ;"o/{ fh kf}8n] , ljb'/rGb| nfld5fg] nufot cGo ;fyLx? hf] nfdf] ;dob]lv ljleGg kb / If]qdf cfa4 x'gx' G' 5 pxf“x?sf] dxf;+3sf] ljsf;df pNn]vLo e"ldsf 5 . x'gt, dxf;+3sf] :yfkgfsfn b]lv g} o; ;+:yfdf g]tT[ j au{sf ;fy} tTsfnLg sd{rf/lx?sf] ljz]if e"ldsf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h;df k"0f{ uf]ljGb cdfTo, zDe'/fd hf]zL, xl/x/ ;'jb] Lsf] ;]jfnfO{ dxf;+3n] ;w} :d/0f ug'{ h?/L 5 eg] of]eGbf klg dxTjk"0f{ tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;+:yfg ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs /xg' ePsf cg'ejL Pj+ s'zn k|zf;s gGbnfn hf]zLn] dxf;+3df klxnf] j}tlgs dxf;lrj kbdf /xL ug'e { Psf] ;]jfn] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf g} dxf;+3sf] ;f]r / 5ljnfO{ a9fPsf] kfOG5 . ;+:yfsf] ljsf; qmddf ;lrjfno ;'b9[ Ls/0fn] o;sf] ?kfGt/0fdf 7"nf] ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . ?kfGt/0fs} qmddf dxf;+3df cfPsf] csf]{ kl/jt{g sfd ug]{ z}nL xf] . d]/f] cg'ejdf ;/sf/;Fu ;xsfo{ xf]; jf cfkmgf Ph]08f p7fpg lsg gxf];\ dxf;+3 ;w} cl3 g} a9\of] . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifo o;aLr dxf;+3 / ldl8ofsf] ;xsfo{ 3lgi7 x'b“ } uof] . dxf;+3sf] gLltut b[li6sf]0f ldl8ofdf /fd|f;] Fu k'Ug] yfNof] . o;}qmddf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] NofPsf] kl/jt{g, lghL If]qsf] a9\bf] e"ldsf / To;sf] w/ftndf pleP/ dxf;+3sf] ;+/rgfdf cfPsf] ;'wf/sf] sf/0f klg of] ;+:yfsf] cfwf/, ul/df / ;+:yfut JolQmTj a9]sf] klg d}n] cg'et" u/]sf] 5' .

dxf;+3sf r'gf}tL / cj;/

ha s'g;} :+ yf jf JolQm ;kmntfsf] pRr l;9L kf/ ub{5, Tof] ;fv / 5ljnfO{ arfOF /fVg ;+u7gfTds ;dembf/L, Pstf, k|efjsf/L g]tT[ j / bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltsf] cfjZos kb{5 . dxf;+3n] cfkmgf] %) aif{sf] cjlwdf cfkm"nfO{

g]kfnsf] lghL If]qsf] e/kbf],{ ;Ifd / 5ftf ;+:yfsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ kl5sf] bf];f| ] 7"nf] ;+hfn (Network) ePsf] of] ;+:yfk|lt ;/sf/, jfXo d'ns ' x?sf ;+:yfx?, ljsf; ;fem]bf/Lx? / lghL If]qsf] ;d]t 7"nf] e/f];f 5 . o;df klg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/sf] k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfdf dxf;+3n] ;DalGwt k|bz ] df cy{k0" f{ pkl:ylt b]vfpg kg]{ yk r'gf}tL / cj;/ ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . dxf;+3sf] ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/ / d'ns ' el/ ;+oGq eg]s} lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? x'g\ . lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] jr:j{ sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] @)%! ;fndf dxf;+3sf] ljwfgdf klxnf] ;+zf]wg ul/of] . To;kl5 cWoIfsf] sfo{sfnsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ xf];\ jf k|ltlglwTjsf] ljifodf xf];\ dxf;+3sf] ljwfgdf @)%! b]lv @)%( leqdf rf/k6s / @)^@ df kf“rf} ;+zf]wg eof] . hlt k6s ;+zf]wg ePklg lhNnfsf] k|ltlglwTj / s]Gb|Lo cWoIfsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ g} Wofgdf /fvL ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ dxf;+3sf] lgjf{rg x'g] aif{ ;w} cfk;L PstfnfO{ sdhf]/ 36gf– kl/36gf pAhg yfNof] . x'g t dxf;+3sf] ljwfgdf xfn} æ5}6+ f} ;+zf]wg–&#Æ ePsf] 5 . gof“ k|fjwfg cg';f/ cWoIfsf] sfo{sfnkl5 al/i7 pkfWoIf :jtM cWoIf x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dxf;+3 h:tf] Joj;flos ;+:yfsf] nflu u}x–| /fhgLlts 9+uaf6 lghL If]qsf] Pstfdf s'g} vnn gkg]{ lsl;dsf] ;f]raf6 al/i7 pkfWoIf :jtM cWoIf aGg] k|fjwfg :jo+ddf klg g/fd|f] xf]Og . o;n] ;+u7gfTds lsl;dn] lghL If]qsf] ljsf;df yk ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . tfklg dxf;+3nfO{ u}/ /fhgLlts Pj+ k"0f{ Joj;flos ;+:yfdf kl/0ft ug]{ r'gf}lt eg] r]Da/ cleofgdf nfUg] o'jf k':tfsf] cufl8 5 .

cGTodf

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df cfh g]kfnsf] lghL If]qsf] 5ftf ;+u7g xf] g} . Tof]eGbf klg dxTjk"0f{ of] ;+:yf pBf]uL Joj;foLsf] ;fy} ;/sf/, gful/s ;dfh, ljsf; ;fem]bf/, of]hgfljb\ jf cy{ljb\ ;a}sf] a/fa/} ;/f]sf/o'Qm / hjfkmb]xL ;+:yf xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;a} dGqfno, lgsfo jf ;+:yfx?df ;d]t k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] dxf;+3nfO{ ;/sf/n] c3f]lift ?kdf eP klg æcfly{s ;Nnfxsf/Æsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . o; cy{df dxf;+3sf] cj;/ / bfloTj lghL If]qsf] ljsf;sf] Ph]08f dfq xf]Og ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf] cfly{s Ph]08fnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] æljsf; Ph]06Æjf ;fem]bf/ sf] ?kdf klg o;sf] bfloTj 5 . ctM lghL If]qaLr Pstf sfod u/fO{ g]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;+3 lhTg] cleofgdf Joj;flos g]tfx? nfUg' kg]{ cfhsf] dfu xf] . dxf;+3sf] %)cf}+ aif{sf] ;kgf klg oxL g} xf] .

133

abln+bf] kl/j]zdf pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 8f= x]dGt bjf8L, k"j" { dxflgb]z { s cfkm\gf ;b:ox?nfO{ tx tx / ju{df ljefhg klg ub{y ] . x'gt a]nfotdf luN8sf] k/Dk/f dxfb]zLo o'/f]kaf6 cfoft ePsf] xf] . t/ dWoo'udf tL luN8 olt zlQm ;DkGg lyPsL ltgn] zx/sf] /fhgLlts} lgoGq0f ub{y ] . pbfx/0fsf nflu j]nfotsf] /fhwfgLsf] Jofkfl/s s]Gb| dflgg] l;l6 ckm nG8gsf] n8{ d]o/ -of] kb a[xQ/ n08g zx/sf] d]o/ eGbf km/s xf] _ clxn] klg lne]/L sDkgLsf ;b:ox? (Liverymen) åf/f r'lgG5g / lne]/L sDkgLx? k'/fgf luN8sf pQ/flwsf/L x'g \ .

ug{,] Joj;flos jftfj/0f / cy{tGqsf] cj:yf jf/] cg';Gwfg ug{,] Joj;foL Joj;foL aLrsf] ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg d2t ug{] ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf ?kdf ltgn] cfkm'nfO{ kl/dfh{g ub{} nu] .

;+;f/df r]Dj/x? d"nt b'O{ k|sf/af6 u7g ePsf] kfOG5 . dxfb]zLo o'/f]k / ltgsf k|efj ePsf] d'ns ' x? -h'g d'ns ' sf] sfg'g d"nt /f]dsf] sfg'gaf6 k|efljt x'G5_ df r]Dj/x? ;fj{hlgs sfg'g cGt/ut bt{f ul/Psf x'G5g\ . oL d'ns ' x?df r]Dj/x?n] pBf]u Joj;fo bt{f ug{,] vf; Joj;fo ug{] Go"gtd of]Uotf k'u] gk'us ] f] hf+r ug{] h:tf j]nfot nufot o'/f]kdf cf}Bf]lus/0f x“b' } sltko /fHon] ug{] k|sl[ tsf sfd ub{5g\ . hf“bf luN8 h:tf] Psflwsf/ k|fKt ;+:yfk|lt ' x?df w]/h } :tf] cfj:yfdf r]Dj/sf] hgtfsf] ljt[i0ff a9\b} uof] . ;fy} k"h “ Ljfbsf] o:tf d'ns ;b:otf clgjfo{ x'G5 . lognfO{ cw{;/sf/L ljsf; qmdn]g} Psflwsf/ ;+kGg ;+:yfx?sf] lgsfos} h:t} Jojxf/ ul/G5 . ;dfg pkfb]otf klg sd ub{} nUof] . p2]Zo / k|sl[ tsf Ps eGbf jl9 ;+:yf luN8sf] r]Da/df ?kfGt/0f g]kfndf luN8sf] h:tf] ;+:yfut Psflwsf/sf] x'g] ub{g} g / lt ;+:yfsf] ;DalGwt If]qdf x'gt r]Dj/ -pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3_ sf] Psflwsf/ /xG5 . logsf ;lrjfnon] k/Dk/f t lyPg . t/ /f0ff sfndf s'g} Oltxf; ;g !%(( df k|mfG;sf] df;{] zx/ lgj{flrt g]tT[ jaf6 cln al9 :jtGq eP/ AolQm jf kl/jf/nfO{ vf; Joj;fodf (Marseilles) df r]Da/ ckm sd;{sf] sfd ub{5g\ . j]nfot, cd]l/sf h:tf ;fdfGo Psflwsf/ lbg] k/Dk/f eg] lyof] . To;jvt gfddf ;+:yf ag]/ sfd ug{ k|f/De u/]kl5 ljlw (common Law) sf] k/+k/f ePsf vf; ju{ s f JolQmx? Psfsf/ eP/ dfq z'? ePsf] dflgG5 . t/ Tof] eGbf d'ns ' df pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? lghL ;+:yfsf cf}krfl/s ;d'x jf ;+:yf v8f ug{] cg'dlt w]/} cl3 b]lv g} o'/f]lko ;x/ ahf/df ?kdf /xg] ub{5g . oL d'ns ' df r]Da/sf] klg lyPg . Jofkf/df ;+nUg JolQmx? klg luN8 (Guild)sf] gfddf Jofkf/ lgodg / ;b:otf clgjfo{ x'bg} . ltgn] ;/sf/ jf ;+ul7t eP/ cfkm\gf] cf}krfl/s ;+u7g lgoGq0f ug{] ;+:yfx? sfo{/t /xg] ub{y ] . /fHoåf/f k|bfg x'g] sfd vf;} ub{g} g . oL yfNg] k/Dk/f @))& ;fndf ePsf] kl/jt{g tL luN8x? ltgsf ;b:oaf6 lgoGlqt d'ns ' x?df ;dfg k|sl[ tsf jf p:t} p:t} kl5 dfq ;+ e j ePsf] xf] . To;j] n f pBf] u x'Gy] / ltgn] tTsflng zf;s -/fhf jf ;+ : yfsf] ;+Vof Ps eGbf al9 x'g ;Sb5 / Joj;fo ;+ r fngdf /fHosf] lgoGq0fd' l v ;+;b_ af6 Joj;fo lgoGq0f / lgod ug{] ltgdf cfk;L k|lt:kw{f /xg] ub{5 . e' l dsf /x] s f] / Joj;fo ug{ ] xsn] j} w flgs clwsf/ kfPsf x'Gy] . oL luN8sf] Jofkf/df dfGotf /fd| f ] ;+ u kfOg;s] s f] n ] To; j] n f Psflwsf/ x'g] ub{Yof] . luN8nfO{ k|mG] r g]kfndf pjf;+3sf] z'?jft ag]sf Joj;foLsf ;+:yfx? d"nt cfkm\gf efiffdf Association :k]gLdf Gremio / g]kfnsf] k|dv ' sfg'g d'ns ' L P]g dxfb]zLo ;b:ox?sf] xssf] /Iff Pj+ Joj;foLx?sf] hd{gdf verein eGg] ul/GYof] . sfg'gL k|0ffnLsf] cg'z/0f u/L agfOPsf] lxt ;+/If0fdf g} s]lGb|t lyP . dxf;+3 eP klg c? If]q Pj+ sfo{ z}nLdf ;fdfGo nufot g]kfnsf ax';V+ os pBf]u jfl0fHo luN8x? d"nt b'O{ k|sf/sf x'Gy] . klxnf] ljlwsf] k/+k/fsf] k|efj al9 b]lvG5 . To;}n] ;+ 3 x?sf] ljwfgsf] klxnf] p2] Z odf pBf] u L k|sf/ eg]sf] ;x/df Jofkf/ ug{] ;a}nfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf Joj;foLx?sf] xs lxtsf] ;+ / If0f /flvg' ;d]6g] / bf];f| ] k|sf/ eg]sf] s'g} vf; k]zf jf h:t} bt{f ePsf 5g\ . ltgsf] ;b:otf klg klg oL ;+ 3 x?n] cfkm' n fO{ d" n t Jofkf/ Joj;fodf ;+nUg JolQm jf kmd{x?nfO{ dfq clgjfo{ geO{ :j]R5fn] ;b:o x'gd] f l;ldt Joj;fodf ;+ n Ug JolQmx?sf] 6« 8 ] o' l gogsf ;d]6g\ ] . o; cy{df cfh ef]nL rng rNtLdf /xG5 . ;do ;dodf p:t} p:t} ;+:yfsf aLr ?kdf x]/s ] f] s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 . /x]sf 7fpm+ jf If]q ljz]ifsf pBf]u jfl0fHo ltj| k|lt:kw{fsf] l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . ;+3x? klxnf] k|sf/sf luN8sf pt/flwsf/L x'g eg] j:t'ut ;+3x? bf];f| ] k|sf/sf luN8sf o'/f]kdf k"hLjfbsf] pbo;+u} pBf]uL @))& ;fn lt/af6 z'? ePsf] g]kfndf pBf]u Joj;foLsf ;+3x? -r]Dj/_ x?n] cfkm\gf] pQ/flwsf/L x'g eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf . jfl0fHo ;+3 vf]Ng] k|rng z'?sf jif{x?df e'ldsfdf kl/jt{g u/]sf] kfOG5 . klxn] k|dv ' zx/df g} l;ldt lyof] . /fli6«:t/df tL ;b:ox?sf] Psflwsf/L xs :yflkt ug{ ] /fHoaf6 Psflwsf/ xfl;n u/]sf oL s' g } ;+3 ag]sf] lyPg . @)!& ;fndf /fhfn] sfddf jl9 nfUby] eg] k" h Ljfbsf] jr{ : j luN8x?n] d"nt Psflwsf/sf] Joj:yfkg ckm\ gf] xftdf zf;g lnPkl5 ljleGg ;d'xsf] sfod ePkl5 tL al9 ;] j f k| b fg ug{ ] sfddf u/] klg j:t' ;]jfsf] :t/lgw{f/0f ug{ / jl{uo ;+u7g agfpg] / tL ;+u7gnfO{ k+rfotL nfUg yfn] . r]Da/x? cfkm\gf] If]qsf] pBf]u pTkfbg / ljlqm ljt/0fnfO{ lgodg ug{ Joj:yfsf] ;xof]uLsf ?kdf :yflkt ub{} Joj;fosf] jf/]df hfgsf/L /fVg] / To:tf] oL luN8sf] k|dv ' e"ldsf /xg] ub{Yof] . oL n}hfg] gLlt lnOof] . /fli6«o ;+:yfsf ?kdf luN8x?n] ;DalGwt k]zfdf ;+nUg x'gsf nflu hfgsf/L ;+jGlwt kIfnfO{ pknAw u/pg], Joj;foLnfO{ cfjZos ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 -xfnsf] dxf;+3_ sf] Go"gtd of]Uotf ;d]t lgw{f/0f ug{] ub{y ] . pBf]u Joj;fo d}qL jftfj/0f agfpg k}/jL :yfkgfdf tTsflng ;/sf/sf] ;xof]usf] ;fy} tLgn] of]Uotf / cg'ejsf cfwf/df k|dv ' sf/0f sfnfGt/df o:tf] ;+3nfO{ 134

/ o;sf] s'g} kbflwsf/L jf oxf sfd ug{] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lrg]hfg]sf] klg lyOg . d g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgdf :yfoL ;]jfdf sfo{/t ly+P . Ps lbg klqsfdf dxf;+3df jl/i7 cy{zf:qL -;lrj_ sf] kbsf nflu cfj]bg lbg k|sfzg ul/Psf] ;"rgf d]/f] cf+vfdf k¥of] . To;}tfsf d k|lti7fgdf sfd gug{] lgisif{df klg k'us ] f] lyP . d klqsfsf] ;"rgf cg';f/ cfj]bg lbP/, lnlvt kl/Iffdf ;fd]n eO{ cGt/jft{f ;d]t lbO{ dxf;+3sf] ;]jfdf nfUg k'u +] . To;j]nf k|lti7gsf] hflu/ 5f8]/ lghL If]qsf] ;+:yfdf @)$^–$& sf] kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfndf ;+3 sfd ug{ yfNbf sltko ;fyL / kl/jf/sf ;+:yf vf]Ng] jftfj/0fdf lgs} ;'wf/ eof] . ;b:ox?sf] gsf/fTds l6Kk0fL klg ;'Gg' cj gful/sx?n] ;lhn};u+ cfkm"n] rfx]sf] k¥of] . d k|fo ;j};u+ ax; ug{] / cfkm'nfO{ ;+:yf vf]Ng] jf To:tf] ;+:yfdf cfj4 x'g lrQ ga'em] t'?Gt k|lts[of ul/xfNg] :jefjsf] ;+ej eof] . ;fy} cfl{ys gLltdf klg JolQm ePsfn] z'?sf lbgdf d o; ;+:yfdf k|lt:kw{f / v'nf jhf/sf] l;4fGtsf] !–@ jif{ eGbf al9 l6S5' h:tf] nfu]sf] c;/ b]lvg yfNof] . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] lyPg . To;j]nf d cGt/fli6«o ;Dks{ e"ldsfdf klg kl/jt{g x'g' kg{] cj:yf aGb} / cfl{ys { gLltsf ;j} ljifox? x]g]{ ub{y ] . uof] . To;j]nfsf dxf;+3sf cWoIf / ] u/]kl5 dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx?n] of] cfjZostfnfO{ a'emg' eof] dxf;+3sf] ;]jfdf k|jz ;j} 7"nf sfo{qmd / dxf;+3n] cy{tGq, / pxf+x?nfO{ ;/sf/ nufot o"Pgl8lk / cfl{ys { ;fdflhs gLlt, dxf;+3n] ;/sf/nfO{ o"lg8f] (UNDP/UNIDO) h:tf cGt/fli6«o bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]u klg ldNof] . dxf;+3df lbg] ;'emfj, o;sf] k|lts[of cflbdf d]/f] ;xeflutf x'g yfNof] . >L ljgf]b s'df/ o"Pgl8lk / o"lg8f]sf] ;xof]udf ;lrjfno ;'b9[ Ls/0f kl/of]hgf cGt/ut ;lrjfnosf] rf}w/Lsf] sfo{sfndf dxf;+3sf] ;]jfdf k|jz ] u/]kl5 dxf;+3sf ;j} 7'nf kxn / gof+ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf tof/ ul/of] . sfo{qmdsf] d:of}bfdf d]/f] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 . d dxf;+3df sfo{/t /x+bf w]/} h;f] dxf;+3;+u d]/f] cfj4tf gof+ ;u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf dxf;+3sf] sfdnfO{ cWoIfx?sf] d'Vo d'Vo efif0fsf] d:of}bf ug{] sfd d}n] u/]+ eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf . sl/j cl3 a9fpgsf nflu cy{tGq / cfl{ys { !! jif{ dxf;+3df sfd ul/;s]kl5 dnfO{ gLltnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] cy{zf:qLsf] :jtGq cg';GwfgfTds sfd ug{] OR5f nfUof] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . o;}sf]sf/0f of] / d}n] dxf;+3sf] :yfoL ;]jfaf6 :j]lR5s k+lQmsf/ dxf;+3df cfj4 x'g k'Uof] . cjsf; lnP+ . cy{zf:qsf] ljBfy{L{ x'gs ' f ;fy} g]kfnsf] pGglt / k|ultsf nflu lghL d dxf;+3df @)%@ ;fndf jl/i7 cy{zf:qL If]qsf] lj:tf/ ckl/xfo{ 5 eGg] s'/fdf -;lrj_ sf ?kdf ;]jf k|jz ] u/]sf] x' “ . ljZjf; /fVg] ePsfn] dxf;+3af6 cjsf; To;cl3 d]/f] dxf;+3;+u s'g} ;Dks{ lyPg k~rfolt Joj:yfsf] ;xof]uL jl{uo ;+u7gdf ?kfGt/0f ug{] lyof] . t/ To;j]nfsf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf cleoGtfx?n] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{ k+rfotsf] jfl{uo ;+u7g aGg lbg'ePg / of] Ps :jtGq ;+:yfsf ?kdf ljsf; x'b} uof] . o;n] ;/sf/sf] gLlt / sfo{qmdnfO{ lghL If]qsf] gh/n] x]g{ yfNof] . ltgdf lglh If]qsf] tkm{jf6 ;'emfj lbg / j]nf avt lgoGq0fd'vL cy{tGqsf] lj?4 cfjfh klg p7fpg yfNof] .

lnPkl5 klg d]/f] sfd o;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df x'g] ub{Yof] / d]/f] dxf;+3;+usf] ;Dks{ 6'6g] . /fhLgfdf lbPsf] sfl/j $ jif{kl5 tTsflng cWoIf >L s'zs'df/ hf]zL / jl/i7 pkfWoIf >L ;'/h a}Bsf] cg'/f]wdf d ;lrjfnosf] k|dv ' dxflgb{z ] ssf ?kdf k'g dxf;+3df sfd ug{ k'u +] . % jif{ dxflgb{z ] ssf ?kdf sfd ub{f / To;cl3 dxf;+3sf] ;]jfdf /x+bf d}n] kfPsf] ;b\efj / ;xof]usf nflu dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIfx?, k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx?, jt{dfg cWoIf kbflwsf/L ;j}kl| t cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 ' . ;fy} dxf;+3sf k"j{ dxflgb{x] s >L ab|L k|;fb cf]emf;+u ;w} glhs /x]/ sfd u/] + . pxf+kl| t klg xfl{bs cfef/ JoQm ub{5 ' . ;fy} k"j{ dxflgb{z ] s d]3gfy Gof}kfg] nufot ljleGg ;dodf ;lrjfnodf sfo{/t ;fyLx? lk|o bz{g zd{f, s]bf/dfg l;+x, dLgf >]i7, ljgf]bx/L hf]zL, x+;/fd kf08], /ltz a:g]t, s'n k|;fb kf08], ljb'/rGb| nfld5fg], cg'k >]i7, ljsfz jh|frfo{, ;"o{ kf}8n] , c?0f >]i7, dfwj d'NdL, clht u'Ktf, lji0f' clwsf/L, s[lt vltj8f, hLjg s+;fsf/, k|Llt hf]zL, k|lj0ff kf08], pQd nfv], cflbTo zd{f, e"kG] b| k+t, l5l/ª tfdfª, ofZgf tfd|fsf/ nufot ;j} ;fyLx?af6 ;+w} ;xof]u k|Kt eof] . dxf;+3df dxflgb{z ] s ePk5L >L s'zs'df/ hf]zL cWoIf ePsf] j]nf dfcf]jfbL4f/f rnfOPsf] clglZrtsflng aGbsf] j]nf ;lrjfno ;+rfng ub{} a[xb zflGt ;ef cfof]hgfsf] ;d]t ;dGjo ub{fsf] avt ;lrjfno ;+rfng lgs} r'gf}ltk'0f{ ePsf] lyof] . To; kl5 cWoIf r'lgg' ePsf >L ;'/h a}Bsf] sfo{sfndf hn;|ft] ljsf;df /fli6«o ;xdlt, Economic Summit, Nepal Business Conlave h:tf j[xb sfo{qmd ul/of] . pxf+;u+ klxn] b]lvg} u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL cleofg nufotsf dxf;+3sf kxndf ;+u}

135

sfd ub{} cfPsf] xf] . dxf;+3df ;jeGbf w]/} ;do glhs /x]/ sfd u/]sf] kbflwsf/Ldf pxf+g} xf] . pxf+;u+ d]/f] w]/} ljjfb eO/GYof] . t/ xfd|f] ;+jGw / sfddf o;n] slxNo} cj/f]w v8f u/]g . To;k5L >L k|bLkh+u kf08] n] r'gfj lhTg'eof] . t/ pxf+sf] lgj{frg;+ua} f6 w]/} ljjfb z'? eof] . w]/} ;do / zlQm ljjfb Joj:yfkgd} nufpg' k¥of] . vf;} sfd ug{ kfOPg . jt{dfg cWoIf >L kz'klt d'/f/sf sfo{jfxs cWoIf ePsf] 5f]6f] ;dodfg} dxf;+3sf] ;]jf 5f+8 ] . cf}krfl/s lg0f{o pxf+ sfo{jfxs cWoIf x'g' cfuj} u/fO;s]sf] lyP+ .

JolQmx?g} x'g . pBf]uL Joj;foLnfO{ s] s:tf] ;]jfsf] cfjZostf 5 eGg] s'/ftkm{ dxf;+3sf] lg/Gt/ Wofg hfg' h?/L 5 . km]/L dxf;+3sf] k|lti7f a9fpg / hf]ufO{ /fVg k|To]s k6s gof“ gof“ sfd yfNg' eGbf klg z'? ul/Psf sfdnfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 .

dxf;+3sf cfufdL r'gf}tL

t/ dggof]Uo s'/f s]klg xf] eg] ;+:yfsf] lj:tf/;+u} ;lrafnosf] dxTj a9]/ hfG5 / lgj{flrt g]tT[ j / ;lrjfnosf] aLr k|i6 sfo{ljefhg x'g' kb{5 . b'jn} ] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L j'em\g' / lgj{fx ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . :jt ?kdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dsf] ;lrjfnosf nflu cfjZos jftfj/0f / ;fwg ;|ft] pknAw 5 ls 5}g eGg]tkm{ klg Wofg hfg' h?/L 5 .

ljZj cy{tGq / g]kfnL cy{Joj:yfdf cfPsf] r'gf}lt;+u} dxf;+3n] klg cfkm\gf] e"dLsfdf kl/jt{g ub{} n}hfg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . /fHon] cy{tGq ;+rfngdf lgoGq0f ub{f d"nt o:tf] ;+u7gsf] e"dLsf ;b:ox?sf] egfO{ ;/sf/;Dd k'¥ofpg' / j]nfavt ;b:ox?sf] lxtsf] jsfnt ug{d' f g} l;ldt lyof] . ;fy} ;b:ox?nfO{ cfjZos kg{] ;"rgf k|jfx ug{] dfWod klg pjf;+3 x'g] ub{y ] . t/ cjsf] b'lgofdf dxf;+3 / ;+3x? ;]jf k|bfossf ?kdf ljsl;t x'g' h?/L 5 . ;b:ox?sf] xs lxtsf] /Iff ;+3x?n] eGbf klg sfg'g / sfg'gL /fHosf] l;4fGtaf6 x'g' kb{5 . o; cy{df dxf;+3 h:tf] ;+:yf ;b:osf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0fdf dfq l;ldt g/xL ;+k0' f{ cfl{ys ljsf; nfO{ g]tT[ j lbg] / d'ns ' sf] cfl{ys ;fdflhs lgltnfO{ lglh If]q / pBdLd}qL agfpg] tkm{ cu|;/ x'g' h?/L 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf;n] ub{f ;'rgf lbg] / ;"rgf kfpg] JolQm aLr ;f]emf] ;Dks{ x'g] ePsf]n] casf] b'lgofdf ;"rgf k|jfxsf] dfWodsf] vf;} h?/t kb{g} . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] ljutsf] ;"rgfsf] dfWodsf] e"dLsf uf}0f x'b} uPsf] 5 . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? ;]jf k|bfossf ?kdf ljsf; x'gsf nflu oLgsf] j}wflgs Pj+ ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g x'g' h?/L 5 . ;lrjfno / g]tT[ j aLrsf] k|i6 sfo{ ljefhg x'g' kb{5 . ;]jf lbg] ;lrjfnon] xf] . ;lrjfno ;]jf lbg ;Ifd aGg' kb{5 . dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ j ug{] JolQmx? cfkm}df ;kmn pBdL / ;lrjfnonfO{ dfu{ lgb{z ] g ug{] / s] s:tf] ;]jf h?/L 5 egL b]vfpg ;Sg] lsl;dsf] x'g' h?/L 5 . ;dfhdf ltgsf] dfg k|lti7f /fd|f] eP ;+3sf] klg k|lti7f a9\b5 . o;sf] k|dv ' sfd sfg'gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L kf/bl{z{ ?kdf Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]/ gfkmf sdfpg' Gofo;+ut dfq geO{ k|ltli7t klg xf] eGg] s'/f ;dfhdf :yflkt u/fpg' xf] . dxf;+3sf] ;]jfsf] xsbf/ eg]sf] o;sf ;b:ox? / g]kfndf pBf]u Joj;fodf nfu]sf 136

ljutb]vL k6s k6s dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno sdhf]/ eof] / o;n] cfjZos sfd ug{ ;s]g eGg] ;'Gb} cfOPsf] xf] . ;lrjfnosf] cg';GwgfTds Ifdtf sd ePsf] h] s'/f ub{f klg kbflwsf/L nufot g]tT[ jsf] d'v tfSg] u/]sf] eGg] k|fo ;+w} ;'lgG5 .

g]kfnsf] lghL If]qdf clxn] klg nufgLst{fg} Joj:yfkgdf klg afx'Notf /fVg] x'gfn], ;+3x? nufot dxf;+3df klg r'lgP/ cfpg] sltko JolQmsf] Wofg b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfngdf hfg] u/]sf 5g . r'lgPsf] g]tT[ js} /]vb]vdf sfd ub{f ;lrjfnodf sfo{/t JolQmx?n] lhDd]jf/L lng' gkg{] / nfP c/fPsf] sfd u/] k'Ug] ePsf]n] Psftkm{ ;lrjfnodf sfd ug{x] ?df cfkm}+ kxn gug{] / lg0f{o klg gug{] jfgL a:b5 eg] lgj{flrt eP/ cfpg] JolQmdf klg cfkm'ng] } sfo{fGjog u/]sf] b]vfpg] afgL a:b5 . dxf;+3df klg of] /f]u k|i6} b]Vg ;lsG5 . dxf;+3sf] csf]{ 7"nf] ;d:of eg]sf] o;sf] lgjf{rg / lgj{frgsf] kl5;Dd b]lvg] lgjf{rgsf c;/g} xf] . lgjf{rg cfkm}df k|hftflGqs k4ltsf] ;jeGbf /fd|f] kIf xf] / dxf;+3n] ;+wg} } ;dodf lgj{frg ug{ ;s]sf]df uf}/jg} dfGg' kb{5 . t/ ;fy} lgjf{rg kZrft lgjf{lrt x'gn] ] cfkm' r'lgPsf] wªwªL g/fVg] / k/flht x'gn] ] sDtLdf csf]{ lgj{frg;Ddsf nflu cfkm' k/flht ePsf] :jLsf/ ug{' kg{] xf] . t/ dxf;+3df o;df sdhf]/L b]lvPsf 5g\ . dxf;+3sf] lgj{frg laBfyL{ ;+u7gsf] h:t} lgs} tfdemfdsf ;fy x'g] ub{5 . lgj{frg Kofg]n agfP/ x'g] t/ lgjf{lrt eg] JolQm x'g] ePsfn] dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jdf kIf / k|ltkIf h:t} b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] dxf;+3 :yfoL ?kdf ljeflht xf] sL eGg] h:tf] efg lbg] ub{5 . lgjf{rgnfO{ o'4s} ?kdf lng] / lhTgsf nflu ;j} xltof/ k|of]u ugf{n] Psftkm{ sltko gof+ vfnsf of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] t/ ;do w]/} lbg g;Sg] /

cfkm'nfO{ vf; Kofg]ndf /fVg klg gvf]Hg] Joj;foL dxf;+3af6 6f9} /xg ?rfpg] u/]sf 5g\ eg] cs]t{ km{ lgjf{rgdf xf/kl5 w]/} Joj;foL dxf;+3af6 6fl9g] u/]sf klg 5g\ . lgj{frgsf] j]nf ;lrjfnonfO{ klg kIf / ljkIfdf b]Vg] afgL xfd|f] 5 . o;df s]lx sdhf]/L ;lrjfnosf] klg lgZro g} 5 t/ g]tT[ jn] klg ;lrjfnonfO{ :jtGq ;+rfng x'g lbg g;s]sf] cg'el' t x'G5 . cjsf lbgdf dxf;+3sf] csf]{ r"gf}lt eg]sf] dxf;+3 cfkm}df Ps ;"rgfsf] ;|ft] / cy{tGqsf] ult / lbzf lgw{f/0f u/L ;b:ox?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg ;Sg] lgsfo agfpg' xf] . ljZj / g]kfnL cy{tGq stfhfb}5 eGg] cf+sng ug{ dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] cg';Gwfg ;"rgf ;+sng / k|jfx Ifdtf j9fpg' h?/L 5 . o;df s]lx k|of; ljutdf ePsf klg x'g . t/ ljleGg sf/0fn] xf]nf dxf;+3n] z'? u/]sf] FNCCI Business Confidence Index h:tf kxnx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsPg . dxf;+3nfO{ ;]jf k|bfos ; jgfpg o;sf] ;|ft] kl/rfng ljlw (Financing Model)df klg k'gl{jrf/ h?/L 5 . ;j} vr{ ;b:otf z'Nsaf6 Joxf]g{ ;lsb}g . ;lrjfnon] ;]jf lbP jfkt ;]jf z'Ns p7fpg ;Sg' kb{5 / ;]jf k|fKt ug{n] ] ;]jf z'Ns ltg{' klg kb{5 . t/ d"Vo s'/f Tof] ;]jf z'Ns Tof] j]nf dfq p7\g ;S5 ha ;b:on] ;]jfnfO{ cfjZos / pkof]uL 7fGb5g . o; cy{df s] s:tf] ;]jfsf] dfu 5 eGg] s'/fdf lg/Gt/ ljrf/ x'g' h?/L 5 . dxf;+3 pBf]uL Joj;foL cy{ft k"h + Lkltx?sf] ;+:yf xf] . of] ;dfs ;+kGg ju{s} ;+:yf xf] / o;sf] ;+rfng klg k"0f{ k“l" hjfbL Joj;flos l;4fGt / lalwsf cfwf/df x'g' kb{5 . o;n] cfkm' s;sf] lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] xf] / s:tf] lsl;dsf] Joj:yf jf k2ltsf] jsfnt ug{] xf] eGg] s'/f slxNo} klg la;{g' x'bg} . s'g} klg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 To; j]nf;Dd jlnof] x'G5 h'g j]nf;Dd o;sf] kx'r“ lg0f{o k|so[ f;Dd x'G5 . lg0f{o k|so[ fdf kx'r“ To;j]nf;Dd x'G5 hj o;n] eg]sf] / lbPsf] ;'emfj / egfOdf u'0f:t/ /xG5 . t;y{ dxf;+3n] h] sfd u/] klg Tof] :tl/o x'g' h?/L 5 .

cGTodf,

dxf;+3sf] dxflgb{z ] s, ;lrjfno / lgj{flrt g]tT[ jnfO{ hf]8g\ ] s8L xf] . cfkm} dxflgb{z ] s eO{ sfd u/]sf] x'gfn] cfkm\g} sfdsf] ;ldIff ug{' Tolt hfoh g7fg]sfn] cfkm'n] u/]sf] sfdsf] 7"nf] j0f{g oxf ul/Pg . of] sfd t c?jf6 x'g] xf] . obfsbf d]/f] egfOaf6 s;}nfO{ 7]; k'us ] f] eP Ifdf rfxfG5' .

g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw ljsf;M ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf x+;/fd kf08]o, lgb]z { s

g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus ;DaGwsf] Oltxf; w]/} nfdf] 5}g . !($$÷$% lt/ h'6 ldndf ePsf] dhb"/ x8\tfnsf] 36gf jfx]s @)$& cl3;Dd g]kfndf >d ljjfbsf 36gfx? Yff]/} dfq ePsf] kfO{G5 . klxnf] k6s @)!^ ;fndf sf/vfgf tyf sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/ ;DjlGw P]gsf] lgdf{0f p2]Zo /fv]sf] ePklg sfdbf/x?nfO{ ;+u7Lt x'g] / ;f}bfjfhL ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyPg . g]kfnsf] >d ;DaGw ljut c9fO{ bzssf] cjlwdf ljleGg r/0faf6 u'hb| } cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg cf/f]x Pjd\ cj/f]xaf6 >d ;DaGw ?kfGtl/t x'b} uPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus ;DaGwdf j]nf j]nfdf cfPsf hl6ntfn] xfdLnfO{ lttf] ld7f] cg'ej dfq xf]Og w]/} s'/f l;sfPsf] klg 5 . !(() sf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g;“u} g]kfnsf] >d ;DaGw gofF o'udf k|jz ] u/]sf] xf] . k|hftGq k'g jxfnL kl5sf @÷# jif{sf] calwdf >lds sfdbf/x? cfkm\gf xs clwsf/sf nflu j9L ls|oflzn x'g] qmddf d'ns ' df ce"tk"j{ ?kdf cf}Bf]lus zflGt vnalng k'Uof] . w]/} h;f] pBf]u k|lti7fgx?df x8\tfn / tfnfaGbL eof] . o;} cjlwdf >d P]g @)$* / 6]8« o"lgog P]g @)$( sf] lgdf{0f eof] . oL P]gx?sf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog;Fu} cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw ;'wf/ x'g] ck]Iff ul/Ptf klg )%!÷%@ lt/af6 d'ns ' df b]vf k/]sf] /fhg}lts cl:yt/tf;“u} dfWofjlw lgjf{rg tyf tt\ kZrft\ Ps bzs eGbf j9L cjlw;Dd dfcf]jfbLaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] ;z:q cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw lgs} c;xh x'gs ' f] ;fy} pBf]u Joj;fon] 7"nf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k¥of] . # bh{g eGbf j9L

pBf]ux? nuftf/ # xKtf;Dd aGb /x] . s]xL pBf]ux?df ePsf] lj:kmf]6sf 36gfx?n] pBf]uL Joj;foLx?n] c;'/Iff Pjd\ qf;bLsf] s6" cg'ej ug'{ k¥of] .

lgdf{0f ug]{ k|so[ fdf sfddf /f]huf/bftf / 6]8« o"lgog jLr nfdf] ;do;Dd 5nkmn eO{ P]g ;+zf]wg Pjd\ lgdf{0fsf] ljifodf ;xdlt ;d]t ePsf] lyof] .

@)^@÷)^# sf] hg cfGbf]ng / o;kl5 ;DkGg j[xt zfGtL ;Demf}tfn] d"ns ' df gof“ /fhg}lts cEof; ;'? eof] . /fhg}lts Joj:yfdf ePsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] kmn:j?k >lds cfGbf]ngn] klg gof“ df]8 lnof] . k|ltjlGwt cj:yfdf /x]sf] >lds ;+u7gn] v'nf ?kdf cfkm\gf ultljlwx? ;+rfng ug{ yfn] . d'ns ' e/Lg} >lds ;Fu7gsf] ls|oflzntfdf pNn]vgLo j[lå eof] . o"lgog u7g ug]{ qmddf ljleGg >lds ;Fu7gx? jLrsf] k|lt:kwf{n] k|lti7fg:t/df c;xh kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gfsf ;fy} sfg"g / ljlwsf] kfngf uf}0f ljifo aGg k'Uof] . o:tf k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f k|lti7fg:t/df ;–;fgf ljifodf klg >d ljjfb l;h{gf / ljjfb ;dfwfgdf ;d:of em]Ng' k¥of] .

>d P]g sfg"g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf /f]huf/bftf / 6]8« o"lgog aLr ePsf] o; lsl;dsf] 5nkmn / b'O{ kIf jLr ePsf] ;xdltnfO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o :t/df klg ;/fxgf ul/Psf] 5 .

@)^@÷)^# b]lv )^&÷)^* sf] cjlwdf >d ljjfb / x8\tfnsf] ;+Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[lå ePsf] b]lvG5 . x8\tfn / jGbsf ;fy} ;–;fgf ljjfbx?n] >d ;DaGw cl:y/ / sdhf]/ jGg k'Uof] . o; cjlwdf >d ;DaGw t/n /x]klg >ldssf ;+u7g / /f]huf/ bftf ;+u7gsf k|ltlglw aLr ePsf y'k}| jftf{, 5nkmn cf}krfl/s Pjd\ cgf}krfl/s j}7sn] >d ;DaGwnfO{ ;xL lbzflt/ pGd"v u/fpg] tkm{ 7"nf] k|of; eof] . o;}sf] dxTk"0f{ s8Lsf] ?kdf @)^& r}q !) ut] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 nufot /f]huf/bftf ;+u7g / 6]8« o"lgog dxf;+3 jLr !! a'b] ;Demf}tf eof] . of] ;Demf}tfsf] d"Vo p2]Zo cfk;L ;+jfb / 5nkmnjf6 >d ;DjGwdf /x]sf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg' tyf ;xsfo{ / ;dembf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 ;'dw'/ ;DaGw ljsf; u/L lbuf] cf}Bf]lus zflGtsf] nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' g} xf] .

cf}Bf]lus ;DaGwsf] rrf{ ubf{ cem} klg g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw k|f/lDes cj:yfd} 5 . ;'dw'/, e/kbf]{ Pjd\ ;xof]ufTds ;DaGw ljsf;sf nflu cem} ug{ kg]{ w]/} s'/fx? 5g\ . ;DaGwnfO{ jlnof] agfpg o;sf kIfx?sf] ;f]r / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpg h?/L x'G5 . cfk;L ljZjf; / ;xsfo{sf] hudf ;DaGwnfO{ pEofpg ;j} kIfsf] c7f]6 / k|lta4tf rflxG5 .

kl5Nnf jif{x?df >d ;DaGwdf s]xL ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . vf; u/L bf]>f] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg kl5 g]kfnsf] >d ;DaGw ;xhtflt/ pDd"v x'b} uPsf] ;+st] b]lvPsf] 5 . >d ljjfbsf] ;+Vof 36\b} uPsf] kfO{G5 . ljlw / sfg"g;Ddt jftf{ / 5nkmnjf6 ljjfbsf ;dfwfg vf]Hg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfaf6 cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw lgb]l{ zt x'b} uPsf] nIf0fx? b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . >d If]qsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ub}{ >d If]qsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu >d P]gsf] ;fy} ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL P]gsf ljw]osx? ;+;bdf k]z ePsdf 5g\ . oL P]gx? d:of}bf

xfnsf jif{x?df s]Gb«Lo :t/df cf}Bf]lus ;DaGwsf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx? /f]huf/bftf / 6]8« o"lgog aLr ;xsfo{ / ;dembf/L ljsf; eO{ /x]sf] ePklg k|lti7fg :t/df /f]huf/ bftf / sfdbf/ Pjd\ 6]8« o"lgog aLr cfk;L ;+jfb ;dembf/L ljsf;jf6 ljjfbsf] zflGt k"0f{ ;dfwfg vf]Hg]tkm{ yf]/} dfq k|of; ePsf] b]lvG5 . ; ;fgf ljifonfO{ lnP/ ljjfb nlDjg] / x8\tfn Pjd\ tfnfjGbLsf] cj:yf;Dd k'Ug] k|jl[ Q cem} sfod 5 .

cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw ljsf;sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;+:yfut k|of;sf] ?kdf /f]huf/bftfsf] ;+u7g g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 – /f]huf/ bftf kl/ifb\af6 eP u/]sf sfo{qmd / o;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg x]g{' kb{5 . /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb d"ns ' df cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw ;'wf/sf] nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 lqmoflzn /xL cfPsf] 5 . ;'dw'/ cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos gLlt lgdf{0f Pjd\ P]g sfg"gsf] ;'wf/sf ;fy} 6]8« o"lgog;“usf] ;Dks{ lj:tf/ / ;xsfo{df hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] 5 . kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf] ljsf;af6 lbuf] cf}Bf]lus zflGt / alnof] ;DaGw k|jå{gtkm{ /f]huf/bftf kl/ifbaf6 eO{ /x]sf k|of;n] d'ns ' df c;n cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw k|jå{gdf 7"nf] d2t k'us ] f] 5 .

137

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3M #$ jif{sf] ;+:d/0f /fd]Zj/ cfrfo{, k"j{ lgb]z { s sldl6sf ;b:o klg x'g' x'G5 . d}n] oxf“ dxf;+3sf cu|hx?sf] gfd pxf“x?sf] dxf;+3sf] :yfkgf, ljsf; lj:tf/, ;'bl[ 9s/0f Pj+ dxf;+3 k|ltsf] Tofu, nug, lgi7f, sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf, cg'ej, bIftf Pj+ sfd k|ltsf] sb/sf sf/0f lng} kb{5 . oL clj:d/0fLo If0fx? klg x'g\ . ;j{ k|yd tL k|dv ' s]xL If0fx? d oxf“ pNn]v ug{ rfxfG5' M–

lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf :yflkt g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 -tTsflng ;+3_ sf] ;xfos t[tLosf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 ljlwjt ?kdf 5gf}6 eO{ d}n] @)#@ ;fn df3 ! ut] b]lv :yfoL ;]jfdf k|jz ] u/L bzf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef -tTsflng clwj]zg_ cl3 b]lvg} dxf;+3sf] x/ ultljlwdf ;+nUg / x/ ultljlwnfO{ lgofNb} cfPsf] lyPF . @)^^ ;fn ebf} ! ut] af6 #$ jif{sf] cljl5Gg ;]jf kZrft lgb]z { s kbaf6 cjsf; lnO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf dxf;+3sf] %) cf}+ jflif{sf] T;j cyf{t :j0f{ hoGtL dgfpg nfu]sf] o; ;'vb cj;/df dxf;+3df sfo{ ubf{sf] s]xL cg'ej kl:sg] cj;/ dnfO{ k|fKt ePsf]df d dxf;+3 k|lt cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxfG5' . dxf;+3sf] ;]jfdf k|jz ] ug'{ cl3 g]kfn ;/sf/ -tTsflng >L % sf] ;/sf/_ sf] :yfoL ;]jfdf /fhkq cg+lst rt'y{ b]lv låtLo >]0fL;Dd ^ jif{ ;]jf k"/f u/L :gfts :t/ cWoog ub}s { f] cj:yfdf d dxf;+3df k|jz ] u/]sf] lyP“ . d dxf;+3sf] ;]jfdf k|jz ] ubf{ dxf;+3 ;lrjfno lvrfkf]v/L l:yt dL/f xf]dsf] Ps kmnf6 cyf{t ;–;fgf % j6f sf]7fdf hDdf & hgf sd{rf/Laf6 ;+rflnt lyof] . kl5 @)#( ;fndf lqk'/Z] j/ / To;kl5 l6=Pg=l6= lalN8· tLgs'g] x'Fb} @)%@ ;fn b]lv cfw'lgs k"jf{wf/o'Qm 6]s' l:yt xfnsf] cfkmg} ejgdf ;~rfng eO{ cfPsf] xf] . d dxf;+3sf] ;]jfdf k|jz ] ubf{ >L xl/ k|;fb lu/L cWoIf, lgjt{dfg cWoIf >L h'4 axfb'/ >]i7 / >L /fh axfb'/ lrkfn' dxf;lrj -lgjf{lrt_ x'g' x'GYof] . >L >]i7 / >L lrkfn' dxf;+3 :yfkgfsfnsf] P8xs 138

dxf;+3sf] ;]jfdf k|jz ] u/]sf] !) dlxgfdfg} ;xfos :t/ låtLodf d]/f] kbf]Gglt eof] . dxf ;lrj >L lrkfn' dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf k|jz ] u/] kl5 Xofª\u/df sf]6 em'08fP/ Psbd sl6a4tfsf ;fy sfd ug'{ x'GYof] . dGqfnosf ;lrj b]lv dfly n]Vg] kqx?, ;/sf/df hfg] of]hgf, gLlt tyf sfg"gL ;'emfj, k|ltlqmof cflb pxfF cfkm}+ d:of}bf ug'{ x'GYof] . g]kfnL efiff / 6fOlk+u Psbd} z'4 tyf lgod k"js { dflh{g 5f]l8Psf] x'g' kb{Yof] . gLlt lgod k|lt cl8u / lg8/ x'gx' G' Yof] . sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf, bIftf / l;k ljsf;sf nflu k|fT] ;flxt ug'x{ G' Yof] . cWoIf >L kz'klt lul/df klg To:t} aflg lyof] . pxf“ y/ lul/sf] k5fl8 æl/Æ X:j n]Vg'xG' Yof] .

@= dnfO{ Pp6f ;Demgf cfp“b5 . d dxf;+3df uPsf] Ps jif{ gk'Ub} ;lrjfnosf] sfdn] Ps lbgsf] nflu xjfO{ hxfhdf jL/u~h uP/ cfpg dxf;lrj >L lrkfn'n] ;f]Wg' eof] . d}n] xjfO{ hxfhdf kfOn} g6]ss ] f] sf/0f klg /x/dfg} d~h'/ ul/ xfn+] / d uP+ . lgb]z { g cg';f/ cWoIf >L xl/ k|;fb lu/Lsf] jL/u~h l:yt 3/df k'u+] . To;a]nf pxfF ToxL+ x'gx' G' Yof] . ;lrjfno ;DaGwL sfd ;DkGg u/]+ . tTkZrft klxnf] k6s jL/u~h uPsf] yfxf kfP/ pxf“n] dnfO{ l/S;fdf jL/u~h– /S;f}n 3'dfP/ Nofpg cfkmgf] sfdbf/ nfO{ c/fpg' eof] . pgn] klg 6'l/i6 ufO8 h:t} ;a} atfpFb} /]Nj] :6]zg ;Dd 3'dfP/ NofP . a]ns ' f /fd|} vfglkg eof] . ef]lnkN6 d sf7df08f}+ kms{g nfUbf cWoIf Ho"n] l;d/f Po/kf]6{ ;Dd ufl8df k'¥ofpg k7fpg' eof] / lx8\g] a]nfdf dnfO{ æcfrfo{ hL kfs]6 vr{ 5 ls 5}g < elg ;f]Wg' eof] . d}n] 5 xh'/ eg]+ / ljbf eP“ . of] cToGt pbfx/0fLo zbf;otf xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 .

#= lqrGb| SofDk;sf] a]ns ' fsf] lzk\m6df k|dv ' ljifo cy{zf:q lnO{ cWoog u/L @)#% ;fndf :gfts :t/ plQ0f{ u/] kZrft dnfO{ ;f]xL ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ cWoog ug]{ OR5f hfUof] t/ To; a]nf lq=lj=lj= sLlt{k/' df lbjf sIff dfq lyof] . hflu/ ljgf dnfO{ cWoog ;Dej lyPg / dxf;+3sf] ;]jf 5fl8 k|fOe]6 kmd{lt/ ljxfg–a]ns ' f sfd ul/ cWoog ug{] c7f]6 u/L dxf;lrj lrkfn'Ho"nfO{ oL s'/f eg]+ . pxf“n] cfkmgf] sfd Eofpg] u/L cWoog ug{ k7fpg] u/L cWoIf :t/af6 g} lg0f{o u/fpg kxn ug'{ eof], tTsfnLg cWoIf >L OGb| eQm >]i7n] klg ;xh} :jLsf/ ug'{ eof] . $= cf}Bf]lus tYofÍx?sf ;fy} ljleGg d'ns ' x?;“usf] b]zut (Country wise) / j:t'ut (Commodity wise) tYofÍx? ;+sng u/L cfjZostf cg';f/sf Statistical Profile agfpg] sfo{ dxf;+3df d af6g} k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . h'g cfh cem kl/dflh{t / lj:t[t ?ksf] dxf;+3sf] dxŒjk"0f{ lgoldt k|sfzg x'g k'us ] f] 5 . %= :gftsf]Q/ cWoogsf] qmddf @)#% ;fnsf] cGtlt/ /fli6«o ljsf; ;]jf (NDS) sf] !) dlxg] sfo{qmdsf nflu sf7df8f}+ pkTosf aflx/ hfg dxf;+3df ljbf lng' kg]{ eof] . tTsflng sd{rf/L lgodfjnL cg';f/ @ jif{ ;Dd rf}yfO{ tnadf cWoog ljbf lbg ;Sg] lgod lyof] . dnfO{ ;f] cg';f/ !) dlxgf ljbf :jLs[t eof] t/ @)#^ ;fnsf] hgdt ;+ux| sf] 3f]if0ffsf sf/0f $ dlxgfdf kmls{P/ dxf;+3sf] sfd ;'? u/]+ . ;f] sf nflu tTsflng dxf;lrj -lgjf{lrt_ >L dfwjd0fL /fhe08f/L / tTsflng ;x;lrj k|dv ' >L xl/x/ ;'jb] Lsf] of]ubfg :d/0fLo 5 . tTkZrft pQm ;x'lnotsf] bkmfg} sd{rf/L lgodfjnLaf6 x6fOof] . ^= :gftsf]Q/ bf]>f] jif{sf] cWoog ;lsg} nfu]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)#& df ;xfos låtLoaf6 ;f]em} ;xfos ;lrj -clws[t :t/_ df d]/f] kbf]Gglt eof] . d cem pT;flxt eP“ . dxf;+3df cg';GwfgfTds sfo{x? klg To;} a]nfaf6 k|f/De ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{ Ifdtf, bIftf / nugzLntfaf6 k|efljt x'g' ePsf tTsflng kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;Nnfxsf/

>L gGbnfn hf]zL g} d]/f] ;f] k|ultsf] sf/s x'g' x'GYof] . o;/L d qmdzM kbf]GgtL x'b“ } @)%(÷#÷@$ b]lv lgb]z { s eO{ sfo{ ub}{ cfP“ .

&= @)$# ;fndf tTsfnLg /fhgLlts Joj:yf cg'?k kGrfot /ht hoGtLsf] a]nf sf7df8f}d+ f dxf;+3åf/f a[xt cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL cfof]hgf ul/of] . o;avt sfd Hofb} rfkfrfk lyof] . @)#* ;fndf :gftsf]Q/ ;lsg' cl3 b]lvg} n]vgdf dnfO{ lgs} ?rL / nug a9\g yfn]sf] lyof] . lg/Gt/ ?kdf tTsflng /fli6«o b}lgs nufot cfly{s If]qsf ;a}h;f] ;+:yfut kq klqsf tyf :dfl/sf cflbdf n]v (Article) k|sflzt x'g yfNof] . dnfO{ cToGt pT;fx a9\b} uof] . *= dxf;+3df ljz]ifu/L k|;] tyf k|sfzg ;DaGwL sfd ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] sf/0f @)$! ;fn ;fpg b]lv Ps jif{ ;Dd dxf;+3af6 cWoog ljbf lnO{ æuf]/vfkq /fli6«o b}lgsÆ df k|lzIffyL{ pk ;Dkfbs eO{ kqsfl/tfsf] 1fg xfFl;n ug]{ cj;/ ;d]t k|fKt u/]+ . o;df cWoIf >L kz'klt lul/n] k|fT] ;flxt ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . (= d @)$# ;fndf la/fdL k/+] cWoIf >L kz'klt lul/ x'gx' G' Yof] . pxf“n] d]/f] kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ dxf;+3df af]nfO{ k7fP/ 3/ kl/jf/ / pkrf/sf] l:ylt a'em\g' eO{ æcfjZos k/] ljb]z} nu]/ eP klg pkrf/ ug'{ k5{, To;sf] nflu dxf;+3sf] lgod cg';f/ ;+ej geP klg s]xL pkfo u/f}n+ f, lrGtf gug'{ xf]nf, pkrf/ /fd|f] ;+u ug'{ xf]nf, ljz]s eP/ ^ dlxgf kl5 cfP klg pxf“sf] :yfg ;'/lIft /xG5Æ eGg' eP5 . o;af6 d]/f] kl/jf/nfO{ 7"nf] /fxt / zfGtjgf ldNof] . l5§} d]/f] :jf:Yo l7s eO{ sfo{ ;Dxfn]+ . !)= dxf;+3sf] /ht hoGtL ;dfkgsf cj;/df @)$* ;fndf æg]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf kRrL; jif{Æ gfds :dfl/sf k|sflzt ug{] sfo{sf nflu tTsflng pkfWoIf >L x'nf; rGb| uf]N5fsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ;Dkfbs d08nsf] ;b:o ;lrjsf] x}l;otn] sfd ubf{ lgs} r'gf}ltk"0f{ cj:yf /x] klg dnfO{ dxf;+3 ;DaGwdf cem a9L 1fg xf“l;n ug]{ cj;/ ldn]sf] / 5f]6f] ;dodf klg ;f] sfd ;DkGg ug]{ :jtGq / k|/] 0fbfoL jftfj/0f d'VotM tTsfnLg cWoIf >L dx]znfn k|wfg, pkfWoIf

>L uf]N5f / dxf;lrj >L hubLz k|;fb cu|jfn -lgjf{lrt_ n] agfOlbg' ePsf]n] d ;kmntfk"js { ;f] sfd ;DkGg ug{ ;kmn ePsf] lyPF . >L cu|jfnn] dnfO{ cf}Bf]lus >d (Industrial Labour) ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw (Ph.D.) ug{ ;d]t ;'emfj lbg' ePsf] lyof] t/ :jf:Yosf sf/0f d}n] To; a]nf ;f] ug{ ;lsg .

!!= klxnf] k6s ljb]z hfg] qmddf c:6«l] nofsf] d]njf]gd{ f cfof]lht æ6«8] 8]en]kd]G6 ;]ldgf/Æ df @)$* ;fndf efu lng 5gf]6 ePsf] lyPF . hfg'cl3 tTsflng pkfWoIf >L ljgf]b s'df/ rf}w/Ln] eGg' ePsf] s'/f tfh} 5 . p“xfn] æP /fd]Zj/hL tkfO{+ c:6«l] nof hfFb} x'g' x'G5, 8n/ arfpg' k5{, vfhfsf] nflu rfp rfp lnP/ hfgf];\ d k7fO lbG5'Æ eGg' eof] / k7fO lbg' eof] klg . To;n] dnfO{ 7"n} sfd u¥of]

!$= g]kfn ;/sf/sf k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj >L bfdf]b/ k|;fb uf}tdn] lj=;+= @)%)–%@ sf] cjlwdf dxf;+3df ;Nnfxsf/ df lgo'Qm eO{ sfo{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . dxf;+3sf] ;'bl[ 9s/0f, ;]jf tyf ;Dks{ lj:tf/ Pj+ k|efjsf/Ltf a9fpg pxfFaf6 klg dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg ePsf] lyof] .

!@= ;jf/L ;fwgsf] gfddf dxf;+3nfO{ 6f]o6f sDkgLsf] ;xof]udf k|fKt Pp6f sf/ cWoIfsf] nflu lyof] / klxnf] k6s cWoIfsf] lk=P=nfO{ dfl;s tnaaf6 ls:tfaGbLdf ltg] ul/ df]6/;fOsn ;'ljwf lbPsf] lyof] . ;lrjfnosf] sfd ;d]t a9\b} hfg'sf ;fy} dnfO{ 3/af6 cfjt hfjt ug{ sl7g eO/x]sf] lyof] . lgodn] a]ns ' f clkm;af6 lg:sg] ;dosf] lglZrt} x'bg} Yof] . @)$( ;fnsf] s'/f xf] >L dx]znfn k|wfg cWoIf x'gx' G' Yof] . k|;] tyf k|sf;g ;ldltsf ;efklt >L cfgGb/fh d'NdLsf] kxndf d}n] klg ls:tf aGbL ;x'lnotdf df]6/;fOsn ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]+ . To;a]nf of] 7"n} pknlAw lyof] . ;ldlt ;efklt x'b“ f / kl5 cWoIf x“bf klg >L cfgGb /fh d'NdL lhNnf e|d0fsf] a]nfdf ;dfrf/ cfkm} d:of}bf ul/ NofP/ lbg' x'GYof] / o;af6 ;dfrf/ ;Dk|i] f0fdf ;xh klg x'GYof] . !#= cWoIf >L ljgf]b s'df/ rf}w/Lsf] sfo{sfndf l6Pgl6 lalN8·, tLgs'g] df @)%)–%! df ;lrjfno ;+rfng x'b“ f :yfgfefjn] rf/ hgfsf] 6]an' hf]8/] al; sfd ug'{ kb{Yof] . dxf;+3df g]kfnL dfl;s k|sfzg æpBf]u jfl0fHo klqsfÆ dfq k|sflzt eO cfPsf]df ;f]nfO{ kl/dfh{g ul/ æg]pjfdxf;+3 ;dfrf/Æ / c+uh ]| Ldf News & News tyf kl/dflh{t ?kdf Directory of Members ;d]t ;f]lx a]nf b]lv k|sflzt ug{ nfluPsf] lyof] . o:tf] a;fOdf n]vg tyf ;Dkfbgsf] sfd ug{

dnfO{ ;xh ePg / d}n] zf]lN6 xf]6ndf cfof]lht Pp6f /fqL ef]hsf] df}sf kf/]/ pxf“nfO{ eg]M ædnfO{ sfd ug{ cK7]/f] k¥of], 5'§} sf]7f ldnfpg kfP x'GYof]Æ ta pxf“n] t'?Gt} tTsflng dxf lgb]z { snfO{ æP alb| hL /fd]Zj/hLnfO{ 6]ss ' f] ejgdf ;/] kl5 5'§} sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ul/ lbg' xf]nf x}Æ eGg' eof] / Tof] eof] klg .

!%= dxf;+3sf cWoIf >L k|lbk s'df/ >]i7sf] sfo{sfndf dxf;+3df @% jif{ ;]jf k"/f u/]sf]df dxf;+3sf] Oltxf;df klxnf] kN6 dnfO{ tTsflng k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnfaf6 sb/ :j?k k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . >L >]i7 o:tf k'/:sf/ tyf k|df0fkq / æpBf]u jfl0fHo lbj;Æ sf k|0f]tf klg x'gx' G' 5 . ;f] lbj;af6 pBf]u Joj;fo If]qsf] 5'§} klxrfgsf ;fy} /fli6«o :t/df ;f] lbj; dgfpg] 3f]if0ff x'g k'us ] f] 5 . !^= @)%@ ;fndf >L kb\d Hof]lt cWoIf x'g' ePkl5 k|z ] tyf k|sf;g ;ldlt lg/Gt/ ;Dks{df / cem k|efjsf/L x'gk' g]{ ;do cfof] . sfof{no ;do afx]s uf]bfj/L -d]/f] lgjf;_ ;Dd 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{ g} lyPg . df]afOn t b'ne { } lyof] . s]jn df6{;\ l;:6dsf] 6]lnkmf]g lglZrt sfof{no / ;fj{hlgs a'ydf 6f9f dfq lyof] . o;} qmddf cWoIf >L Hof]lt;“usf] ;Nnfxdf ;f] ;ldlt ;efklt >L gL/ ljqmd zfxsf] cys k|of; / dxflgb]z { s >L alb| k|;fb cf]emf ;d]tsf] ;xof]udf @)%# ;fndf d]/f] lgjf;df 6]lnkmf]g h8fg eof] . 6]lnkmf]g lgsf;f / h8fgsf nflu >L zfxn] g]kfn b"/ ;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf dxfk|jGws / If]qLo k|jGwssf] sfof{nodf dnfO{ cfkm}F lnP/ uO{ pbf/tf k|s6 ug'e { Psf] lyof] . of] To;a]nf w]/} 7"nf] pknAwL lyof] . 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf kZrft dnfO{ rf}la;} 306f dxf;+3sf] ;Dks{df /xg / lg/Gt/ x'g] æaGbÆ / ljbfsf] a]nf ;d]t ;lrjfnosf] sfd ug{ ;xh ePsf] lyof] !&= dxf;+3åf/f klxnf] k6s @)%^ ;fndf æpBf]u jfl0fHo lbj;Æ sf cj;/ 139

df :dfl/sf k|sflzt ug]{ qmddf dnfO{ 7"n} ;d:of cfOk¥of] . /fte/ 5kfOsf] qmddf k|;] sf] q'l6n] tTsflng /fhfsf] ;Gb]zsf] kfgf k5fl8 k|wfgdGqLsf] z'esfdgf 5flkb} u/]sf] b]lvof] . /flt !@M)) alh;s]sf] lyof] . To;a]nf /fhfsf] ;Gb]z k5fl8 vfnL g} /fVg] k|rng lyof] . dnfO{ km;fb k¥of] . d}n] 5fKg /f]Sg eg]+ / uf]/vfkq /fli6«o b}lgssf k"j{ k|wfg ;Dkfbs >L uf]sn' kf]v/]n;“u 6]lnkmf]gdf ;Nnfx lnP“ . k|sfzg ;ldltsf ;Nnfxsf/ Pjd\ dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf >L cfgGb/fh d'NdL -kf]v/f_, ;+of]hs Pjd\ tTsflng pkfWoIf >L /lj eQm >]i7 / dxflgb]z{ s >L ab|L k|;fb cf]emf;+u ;d]t 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f u/]+ . /flt @M)) alhxfNof] / k5fl8 5flkPsf kfgf x6fO csf]{ 5kfO{ ul/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/of] . ;dodf g} sfd klg k"/f eof] .

!*= b]zdf @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g, pbfl/s/0f tyf /fhgLlts åGbsf] k|f/De ;+u} dxf;+3sf] sfd tLa|tfsf] ;fy a9\b} hfFbf cWoIf >L /lj eQm >]i7, >L ljgf]b axfb'/ >]i7, >L rl08/fh 9sfn / >L s'z s'df/ hf]lzaf6 pxfFx?sf] kfnfdf lg/Gt/ ;Dks{df /xg lgb]z { g x'GYof] . t'?Gt} n]vg tof/ ug'{ kYof{] . n]vg sfo{df dnfO{ ;f]v klg lyof] . d]/f] n]vg sfo{ k|lt pxf“x? ;Gtf]if JoQm ug'x{ G' Yof] / d k|fT] ;flxt klg x'Gy] . ljB't nf]8;]l8·sf] ;dodf ;d]t /flt ca]/ ;Dd d / Ps hgf sDKo'6/ ck/]6/ dfq a;]/ sfd k"/f ug'{ kYof]{ . jf:tjdf @)%)–%@ b]lv pHofnf]df 3/ hfg] eGg] dnfO{ cg'ej} ePg . w]/} /flt / crfgs æaGbÆ x'b“ f 6]ss ' f] Pp6f nhdf af; a;]/ klg sfd ul/of] . !(= @)^! ;fn lt/sf] s'/f xf], dxf;+3sf] :yfO{ ;]jfaf6 cjsf; lnO{ s/f/df a:g] ljrf/ ul/ tTsflng cWoIf >L ljgf]b axfb'/ >]i7 tyf To;kl5 cfpg' x'g] cWoIf cyf{t\ tTsflng k|yd pkfWoIf >L rl08/fh 9sfn;“u lo s'/f /fv]+ . pxf“x? cToGt} l/;fpg' eof] / dfGg' ePg . cGTodf d}n] d]/f] cg]sg 3/fol; ;d:ofsf] e'ldsf af“w] kl5 pxf“x?n] cGoq ghfg] / dxf;+3s} ;]jfdf /lx/xg] xf] eg] dfq :jLsf/ ug]{ t/ Ps xftn] s/f/ ;]jfsf] lgo'QmL / csf]{ xftn] /flhgfdf :jLs[t ug]{ ul/ d]/f] cfu|x :jLsf/ ug'{ eof] . @)= lj=;+= @)^$ ;fnsf] s'/f xf], d 5f]/Lsf] 3/ a'9flgns07 hf“b} lyP“ ljk/Lt 140

lbzfaf6 cfp“b} ug'e { Psf tTsflng al/i7 pkfWoIf >L ;'/h a}Bn] ufl8 /f]s/] } af]nfpg' eO{ ;f]wk'5 ul/ ;b\efj k|s6 ug'{ eof] . d cg'ul| xt eP“ .

dxf;+3 :yfkgfsf] klxnf] bzs ;Dd klg & hgf sd{rf/L, ?= ## nfvsf] ah]6 / !÷! j6f 6fOk/fO6/ tyf lnyf] d]l;g, Ps nfOg 6]lnkmf]g, Psdfq dfl;s÷kflIfs k|sfzg, ;jf/L ;fwg / k':tsfno ljxLg tyf em08} @!= dxf;+3af6 lj=;+= @)^^ ;fndf d}n] t];f| ] bzs ;Dd klg axfnd} ;lrjfno ePsf] k"0f{ ?kdf cjsf; lnPsf] s]lx ;do df @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g eO{ kl5 cyf{t\ >L ;"/h j}B cWoIfdf pbf/ cy{tGqsf] cjnDag;+u} dxf;+3sf] sfd cfpg' cl3 dnfO{ pxf“n] af]nfP/ / bfo/f lj:tf/ x'gs ' f] ;fy} k|efjsf/Ltf dxf;+3df k"gM lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . dxf;+3sf] / dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf Pjd\ g]kfn ;+u7gfTds lj:tf/, ;'b9[ Ls/0f, /fli6«o tyf pBf]u kl/ifb\ (CNI) sf cWoIf cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw / ;Dks{ lj:tf/, lghL >L ljgf]b rf}w/Ln] kl/;+3df lgo'Qm eO{ If]qsf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| aGb} /fli6«o cfly{s ljsf;sf] g]tT[ j ug]{ b"/ b[li6 tyf g]kfnL sfd ug{ cfu|x ug'e { Psf] lyof] . To;} Joj;fonfO{ ljZjJoflk ?kdf k|lt:klw{ u/L dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIfx? >L ljgf]b agfpg ;3fpg] h'g p2]Zon] cl3 a9]sf] 5 axfb'/ >]i7 tyf >L rl08/fh 9sfnn] dnfO{ ljleGg sfdsf] cj;/ h'6fO lbg' of] l:yltdf k'¥ofpg dxf;+3 :yfkgf sfnsf ePsf] lyof] t/ d sf/0fj; hfg ;lsg . P8xs sldl6sf ;b:o b]lv k"j{ kbflwsf/L Pjd\ cu|hx?sf] cys k|oTgaf6 g} ;Dej To;}n] klg dnfO{ dxf;+3sf k"j{ ePsf] xf] . ;fy} ;f] sfo{df ;3fpg k"j{ kbflwsf/L Pjd\ dxflgb]z { sx? k|lt cToGt 7"nf] cf:yf / dxf;+3sf] sfd k|lt sd{rf/Lx?sf] klg 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] d}n] uf}/j 5 . To;sf nflu pxf“x? k|lt d cg'ej u/]sf] 5' . cfef/L 5' . dxf;+3sf ultljlwnfO{ /fli6«o lxt Pjd\ dxf;+3sf] gLlt ljkl/t x'g glbg tyf @@= dxf;+3sf] P8xs sldl6sf ;b:o, k"j{ cWoIf Pjd\ tTsflng lgj{tdfg cWoIf k|zf;lgs ?kdf k|efjsf/L agfpg dxflgb]z { ssf] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] >L h'4 axfb'/ >]i7 ;lxt !# hgf x'G5 . o; sfo{df dxf;+3sf k"j{ dxf–;lrj cWoIf / >L /fh axfb'/ lrkfn' b]lv { s_ >L /fh axfb'/ lrkfn', >L ab|L k|;fb cf]emf ;Ddsf dxf–;lrj -dxflgb]z >L gGbnfn hf]zL, >L hubLz k|;fb cu|jfn -dxf–lgb]z { s_ ;“u d}n] k"/} sfo{sfn b]lv >L alb| k|;fb cf]emf ;Ddsf ;a}sf] sfd ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/]+ . pxf“x? ;a} dxf;+3sf] ;+u7gfTds ;'bl[ 9s/0fsf ct'ngLo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;]jf k|jfx ;lxt ;du| ljsf; ;f“Rr} eGg] xf] eg] dxf;+3n] Jofkf/ tyf lj:tf/df bQlrQ g} kfP“ . sd{rf/Lsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / k|j4{g, pBf]u Joj;fo of]Uotf, bIftf / OdfGbfl/tfsf] pxf“x? nufot cfly{s If]q;Fu ;DaGwLt gLlt ;a}af6 sb/} x'GYof] / sfddf k|fT] ;flxt lgdf{0f, /fli6«o cGt/fli6«o ;xof]u, ;dGjo klg ug'{ x'GYof] . / lj:tf/, lghL tyf ;/sf/L If]qnfO{ cBfjlws ;"rgf tYofÍ hfgsf/L pknAw, lo ;a j[QfGt pNn]v ug's { f] sf/0f ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/L k|lt dxf;+3sf cWoIf ;'dw'/ cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw lj:tf/, j:t' / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f, cfk"lt{ / ljt/0f, nufot kbflwsf/L Pjd\ ;lrjfno k|dv ' ;+:yfut ;fdflhs bfloTj, pTkfbg / lgof{t, cyf{t dxflgb]z { sdf ePsf] dfof ddtf / Jojxf/ Pjd\ ;b\u0' fsf] ememNsf] cfO/xgfn] k|zf;lgs r':ttfsf ;fy} e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f dfq geO{ ;/sf/nfO{ g} kf/blz{ / :jR5 xf] . To:tf ;b\u0' fx?n] s'g} klg ;+u7gnfO{ alnof] / k|efjsf/L agfpg cToGt} dxŒjk"0f{ agfpg ;d]t ;3fpg ;Sb5 . o;sf nflu dxf;+3df c7f]6, nuglzntf, sfo{zl} ndf e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . r':ttf / OdfGbfl/tf x'gs ' f ;fy} /fhg}lts bfpk]r / Ps n] csf{sf] v'§f tfGg] k|jl[ t d dxf;+3df k|jz ] ubf{ æpBf]u jfl0fHo b]lv ;hu x'g' cToGt} h?/L 5 . ;+3Æ sf] af/]df cfd hgtfdf hfgsf/L g} lyPg / ;/sf/n] klg Tolt 7"nf] dfGotf cGtdf dxf;+3sf] :j0f{ jif{sf] o; dxfg /fv]h:tf] nfUb}gYof] . dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj cj;/df dxf;+3 tyf dxf;+3 kl/jf/sf] / cGt/fli6«o ;Dks{ klg Tolt w]/} lyPg . dxf;+3sf ultljlwx? klg sd} lyP t/ sfd pQ/f]Q/ k|ult / ;kmntfsf] nflu xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' . ub}{ hfFbf dxf;+3 /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o :t/df dxŒjk"0f{ ;+:yf x'g k'us ] f] 5 . sfo{df Jofkstf cfPsf] 5 . cfjZos ;fwg, ;|ft] / hgzlQm qmdzM a9\b} 5 .

dxf;+3df lg/Gt/ rf/ bzs dfwj d'NdL, ;xfos lgb]z { s lgsfodf k]z ug]{ yfngL ulPsf] lyof] . lghL If]qsf tkm{af6 tof/ ul/Psf] ;'emfjx?nfO{ ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;d]t ;dfj]z ub{Yof] . ;+3sf] lqmofsnfk a9\b} uPsfn] :yfg cefjn] @)#( ;fn c;f/df lqk'/Z] j/l:yt gGbnfn hf]zLsf]] 3/ lnO{ sfof{no ;~rfng ul/of] . ;~rf/sf] ;fwgdf k|f/Dedf PsnfOg kmf]gaf6 w]/} jif{;Dd k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . Toltj]nf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf jflx/, ljb]zdf l;w} ;Dks{ x'b+ g} Yof] / b'/ ;~rf/df a's u/]/ nfOg ldnfO{ lbPkl5 dfq ;Dks{ x'GYof] . d'ns ' e/df s]xL ljsl;t lhNnfdf dfq ;Lldt 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf x'b+ f lhNnf;+u+ sf] ;Dks{sf] ;fwg cfsfzjf0fL jf x'nfs dfkm{t lr7Lg} lyof], Toltj]nf ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ lgs} 7"nf] ;d:of lyof] .

cflbnfO{ ;+sng u/L cfjZos k/]sf] avt pknJw x'g] u/L Joj:yfkg u/]sf] lyP+ . pBf]uL Joj;foLx?nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] nflu tyf gof++ Joj;fo :yfkgfsf] nflu rflxg] Jofkfl/s ;"rgf, hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] o'lg8f] kl/of]hgf cGt/ut :yfkgf ul/ 8LcfO{on" fO{ cfw'lgs k':tsfnosf] nflu rflxg] kmlg{r/ nufotsf] ;fdfgx? kl/of]hgf af6 vl/b ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm o'lg6df klxnfsf k':tsx? / yk k':tssf] nflu ljleGg d'ns ' df kqfrf/u/L k|fKt k':ts klqsfx? Jojl:yt ?kdf /flvof] . o;n] ubf{ pBf]uL Joj;foL, cg';Gwfgstf{, ljBfyL{ lbgfg'lbg a9\g yfn] .

pQm OsfO dWo]sf] Ps 8s'dG] 6]zg tyf OGkm/d]zg OsfO{df a;L sfo{ug]{ df}sf kfPsf] lyP+ . Tolta]nf 8LcfOo"sf] k|dv ' sf] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 -tTsflng ?kdf k':tsfno la1 ;'>L Go"G6 ldG6 ;+3_ sf tTsflng cWoIf= xl/k|;fb lu/Lsf] x'gx' G' Yof] . pQm OsfO{df kl5 >L ldlynf sfo{sfn @)#@ b]lv @)#% ;fn lyof] . dxf;+3sf] cfkm\g} ejg gx'b“ f ;lrjfno Ps >]i7, ?b| cof{n / ;fg'sfhL pk|t] L ;d]t e} cj}tlgs dxf;lrj /fhjxfb'/ lrkfn' 7fp+af6 csf]{ 7fp+df ;b}{ hfg' k/]sf]n] w]/} xfdLn] Team sf] ?kdf sfo{ u/]sf lyof}+ . x'gx' G' Yof] . lj=;+ @)## ;fndf d k|jz ] u/]sf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+ @)$% 8LcfOo"df b}lgs ?kdf u/]sf] sfo{ nua'sdf lyP+ . Tolt a]nf dxf;+3df sd{rf/L hDdfhDdL ;fndf hUuf vl/b ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm * hgf lyP . dxf;+3sf] !) cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f hUufdf df]lxofgL ;DjGwL d'2f k/]kl5 To;sf] r9fO{ dfl;s ?kdf o'lg8f] kl/of]hgf ] f d'Vofnodf k7fpg] ul/GYof] . ;efsf] tof/L e}/x]sf] lyof] . sfof{no ;do jfl/;gfdf dnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] sl/j #÷$ dfkm{t h]ge ljxfg !! jh] b]lv ;f+em ^ jh];Dd ePklg jif{;Dd d'2f em]Ng' k/]sf] Tof] If0f d]/f nflu pQm kl/of]hgfdf sfof{no ;do ljxfg !)M%% ah] b]lv ;f“em ^M)% -;f] ;dodf /ftL cj]/;Dd a:g' kb{Yof]] . dxf;+3sf cToGt :d/0fLo 5 . cGttM d'2f ul//xg' kbflwsf/Lx? / cGo Joj;foLx? ;f“emdf eGbf d]nldnfk ug{' g} pko'Qm b]lv dxf;+3sf pkl:yt e};Sg' kg]{ Joj:yf lyof]_ ;Dd lyof] . lj=;+ @)%) b]lv @)%! ;fn sflt{s;Dd dxf;+3 -tTsflng ;+3_ df cfpg'xG' Yof] . tTsflng cWoIf >L dx]znfn k|wfg dxf;+3 tLgs'g] l:yt l6=Pg=l6 ejgdf jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] sfo{qmd r'gfjL aif{ nufotsf] kxndf df]lxx?;+u ldnfkq ul/ ;~rfng ul/of] . lj=;+ @)%@ ;fn a}zfv $ lbg / c? a]nf # lbg] x'g] ub{Yof] . hUuf ;DjGwL d'2f 6'u+ f] nfu]sf] lyof] . b]lv dxf;+3sf] gof+ ejgsf] ;d'b3\ f6g kZrft klxnf] k6s 8LcfOo" ;f/L Jojl:yt d k|jz ] x'b+ f ;+3sf] ;lrjfno lvrfkf]v/L lj=;+ @)$* ;fndf dxf;+3nfO{ ;'bl[ 9s/0f l:yt dL/fxf]ddf lyof] . k"j{ cWoIf tyf a9L ;]jf d'ns agfpg o'lg8f] o'Pg8LkL ?kdf cfw'lgs k':tsfnosf] ?kdf :yfkgf h'4jxfb'/ >]i7sf] 3/sf] Ps tNnf -km\nfo6_ kl/of]hgfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . ;f] kl/of]hgf ePsf] lyof] . kl5 dxf;+3sf] gof+ Joj:yf af6 sfof{no ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{ cGt/ut cfly{s tyf sfg"gL cWoog OsfO{, cg';f/ 8LcfOo"sf] 7fp+df cd]l/sL ;/sf/ ;ldltsf] a}7sb]lv ;j} j}7sx? cWoIfs} b]zsf ljleGg pBf]uL Joj;foLx?nfO{ Jofkf/ sf] ;xof]udf Innovation Hub :yfkgf e} ;Grfng e}/x]sf] 5 . sf]7faf6} ;~rfng x'GYof] . af+sL cj}tlgs Joj;fo ;DjGwL hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] dxf;lrj, ;lrj, k|sfzg zfvf, k|zf;g / lahg]z k':tsfno -8LcfOo"_ tyf lgsf;L n]vfzfvf / jf/bnLdf ;fgf] lsrg lyof] . k|a4{g tyf cf}Bf]lus OsfO{ :yfkgf ePsf] o'lg8f] o'Pg8LkL kl/of]hgfsf ;L6LP kl/of] lyof] . ;f] # j6f OsfOsf] nflu lqk'/Z] j/ Tolta]nfb]lvg} dxf;+3n] d'ns ' sf ljleGg 6]sl' :yt 3/ ef8fdf lnO{ ;~rfng ul/Psf] hgfsf lrkm 6]SgLsn P8efOh/ >L lsdOg efux?df If]qLo:t/sf uf]i7Lx? ;+rfng u/]/ lyof] . ljz]iful/ k':tsfno Joj:yfkgdf d]/f] h'g / d lhNnf gu/ pjf;+3x?nfO{ s;/L lghL If]qsf ;'emfjx? ;+sng ug{ yfn]sf] ljz]if bvn ePsf sf/0f dxf;+3df 8LcfOo' ;'bl[ 9s/0f tyf a9L ;]jf d'ns agfpg lyof] . tLg} ;'emfjx?sf cfwf/df dxf;+3n] Joj:yfkg Pj+ ;+rfng ug{ d}n] lgs} d]xgtsf ;lsG5 eGg] cWoogsf] nflu klZrddf /x]sf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?, nlntk'/ tyf eQmk'/ cfkm\gf] /0fgLlt ;d]t tof/ kfb{Yof] . ;fy sfd u/]sf] lyP . pjf;+3sf] ;d]t cjnf]sg ul/ pQm ;+3sf @)#^.#& ;fnlt/ klZrdf~rn If]qLo:t/sf] kbflwsf/Lx?;“u 5nkmn sfo{qmd cfof]hgf uf]i7L kf]v/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] d dxf;+3sf] cnfjf kf6g ;+oQ ' m SofDk;df ;xof]udf kf]v/fdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ljxflg l;km6df k':tsfnodf kf6{ 6fOd sfd ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm uf]i7Lsf nflu dxf;+3af6 klxnf] k6s ub{y+] . pQm sfdsf]] cg'ejn] ubf{ dxf;+3sf] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] #& cf}+ Ps xKtf cuf8L tTsflng ;lrj >L xl/x/ ljleGg sf]7f, /\ofs, 3/f{, :6f]/df 5l/P/ ;'jb] L / d uPsf lyof}+ . uf]i7Ldf p7]sf lghL /x]sf] sl/j @%))–@^)) j6f k':ts, ljleGg jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 sfo{qmd :jLs[t eP cg'?k hfkfg, sf]l/of, yfOn}08 h:tf If]qsf ;'emfjx? g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt d'ns ' sf] ljlhg]z 8fO/]S6/L, kqklqsf 141

b]zdf ;kmntfk"js { ;+rfng e}/x]sf] Ps ufp“ Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmdnfO{ dxf;+3n] klg g]kfnsf] ul/jL Go"lgs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpgsf nflu x" fd|f] ufp“sf] cfkm\g} pTkfbg sfo{qmdsf] gd"gf cWoogsf nflu dxf;+3sf k|ltlglwd08naf6 ljleGg k6s yfOn}08sf] ljleGg If]qsf] cf]6f]k sfo{qmdsf] cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm e|d0fsf] nflu cfjZos ;dGjo ug]{ df}sf d}n] kfPsf] lyP“ . tL e|d0faf6 yfONof08n] cf]ef]kdf xfl;n u/]sf] ;kmntfsf] /fd|f;] u+ cWoog tyf cg'ej xfl;n ug]{ df}sf lhNnf gu/ pjf;+3sf cWoIfHo"x?, k|ltlglwx? ;d]t dnfO{ ldNg uof] .

;jf]T{ s[i6 /x]sf] 5 . lhNnf÷ gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] :yfg cfh pRr aGg uPsf] 5 / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf x/]s sfo{qmddf :yfgLo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] :yfg ;a} eGbf dfly /x]sf] d}n] kfPsf] 5' . o;n] xfdLnfO{ lgs} uf}/jsf] ?kdf lng' kb{5 . dxf;+3sf] pBf]u jfl0fHo kl/ifbdf /lx lhNnf tyf gu/:t/Lo pjf;+3x? ;]jf d'ns -Service Oriented_ ;'b9[ Ls/0f, ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu lhNnf÷gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? gof“ kbflwsf/Lx?, ;b:ox?, sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu cjnf]sg e|d0f, Planning Workshop, Chamber Management Training, PPP nufot ljleGg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf, lhNnf÷gu/ pjf;+3x?sf] Upgradation, District Profile, cGo k|sfzg b]zsf ljleGg bnx?n] aGb x8tfnsf] j]nf dxf;+3n] rflng] s'gk} lg sfo{qmdsf] nflu lhNnf tyf gu/:t/Lo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?;+u cfjZos ;dGjosf] nflu sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5' . To;}ul/ dxf;+3sf] j:t'ut kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfno ;d]t lj=;+ @)&@ ;fn kf}if b]lv x]b{} cfPsf] 5' .

lj=;+ @)%* ;fnlt/ lhNnf÷gu/ kl/ifb\ / lj=;+ @)^% ;fnb]lv pBf]u jfl0fHo kl/ifbsf] ?kdf /xg uof] . @)^@ ;fn b]lv lhNnf÷gu/ kl/ifbdf /xL sfo{ ug]{ df}sf dnfO{ ldNof] . vf;ul/ ;b:o lhNnf÷gu/ pjf;+3x?;+u k|ToIf ;Dks{df /x]/ sfd ug]{ df}sf dnfO{ ldNof] / xfn;Dd klg ;f]xL zfvfdf /x]/ sfo{ ub}5 { ' . dxf;+3sf] k|dv ' c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf lhNnf÷gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf x/]s ;'vb'Mvdf d]/f] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 . d}n] sfd k|f/De ubf{ lj=;+= #)## ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ dxf;+3df /x]/ cToGt Go"g ef}lts ;+/rgfx? /x]sf pBf]u sfd ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] / pQm cjlwdf jfl0fHo ;+3x? cfh ;Ifd / ;jn aGb}} dnfO{ cGoq ;]jfsf] nflu cfu|x ePtfklg uPsf] b]Vg kfpbf cfkm"nfO{ cToGt v'zL ;fg} pd]/b]lv o; ;+:yf;+u hf]l8Psfn] cGoq nfUb5 . dxf;+3sf] ljBdfg ljwfgn] hfg] ?lrg} ePg, d cfkm'nfO{ o; ;+:yfdf lhNnf÷gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?nfO{ cem al; sfo{ug{ kfPsf]df lgs} efUodfgL dxz'; ;jn / ;Ifd kfb}{ n}hfg] d]/f] ljZjf; 5 . ub{5' . $) jif{;Dd dxf;+3sf] ;+nUgtfdf cfh clwsf+z pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] d}n] w]/} ptf/ r9fjsf] dx;'; u/]sf] 5' . cfkm\g} ejg, k|efjsf/L ;lrjfno /x]sf] 5 . dxf;+3sf] ljleGg sl7g cj:yfb]vL ljlzi6 pgLx?n] ;DalGwt lhNnfdf lbg] ;]jf cj:yf ;d]t d}n] cg'ej ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf]

5' . /fli6«o :t/df :yfkgf ePsf] dxf;+3n] clxn] cGt/fli6«o 5lj agfpg ;kmn ePsf] df cToGt v'zLsf] cg'el' t x'G5 . d]/f] lhjgsf ;'gf}nf jif{x? dxf;+3df g} ljtfP“ . o;df d ue{ u5{,' lsgsL d}n] w]/} s'/f l;Sg] tyf hfGg] cj;/ kfP“ . /fi6«sf k|dv ' tyf ;/sf/sf k|dv ' JolQmTjx?;+u e]6g\ ,] ;d:ofsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg], b]zsf] clwsf+z lhNnfdf hfg] tyf pQm lhNnfx?sf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf cWoIf, kbflwsf/L, sfo{;ldlt Pj+ Joj;foLx?;+u e]6g\ ] tyf pxf“x?sf] cg'ej tyf ;Dd:ofsf] af/]df hfgsf/L xf“l;n ug]{ ljleGg sfo{qmdx? Ufg]{ cj;/ kfP“ . To;}ul/ ljleGg k6s cGt/fli6«o e|d0f ug]{ cj;/ ;d]t kfP“ . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIfHo"x? xl/k|;fb lu/L, OGb|eQm >]i7, kz'klt lu/L, dx]z nfn k|wfg, ljgf]b s'df/ rf}w/L, kb\d Hof]lt, cfgGb/fh d'NdL, k|bLk s'df/ >]i7, /ljeQm >]i7, ljgf]b jxfb'/ >]i7, r08L/fh 9sfn, s'zs'df/ hf]zL, ;'/h j}B, k|bLkh+u kf08] Pj+ jt{dfg cWoIf >L kz'klt d'/f/sf;+u k|ToIf Pj+ ck|ToIf ?kdf sfd ug{] cj;/ kfPsf] 5' of] d]/f] uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] . pxf“x?sf] ;kmn g]tT[ jaf6} dxf;+3 of] cj:yfdf k'us ] f] 5 . o; lsl;dsf] r]Dj/ cleofgdf ;j} cWoIfHo"x?, kbflwsf/Lx?, sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:ox? Pj+ pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf ljleGg JolQmTjx? Pj+ dxf;+3sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf Pj+ d]xgtsf;fy sfo{ ubf{sf] kl/0ffd :j?k dxf;+3 /fli6«o cGt//fli6«o :t/df :yflkt x'g ;kmn ePsf] xf] . cfkm\gf] hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{ jif{x? ljtfPsf] dxf;+3;+usf] cflTdotf cToGt pT;fxk|b 5 . dxf;+3 d]/f] hLjgsf] Ps lx:;f ag]sf] 5 . clxn] xfdL dxf;+3sf] %) cf}+ :j0f{ jif{ dgfO{ /x]sf 5f},+ o; k[i7e"lddf /x]/ dxf;+3nfO{ lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9fpg cfkm\gf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd lg/Gt/ nflukl//x]+ . xfd|f >4]o cu|hx?sf] ct'nlgo d]xg] tsf sf/0f dxf;+3 cfhsf] :yfg;Dd cfpg ;kmn ePsf] d]/f] cg'ej 5 . :j0f{ jif{sf] cj;/df cfufdL lbg dxf;+3sf] rrf{ lzv/df k'Ug ;sf];\ . cGt/fli6«o 5lj cem a[xt/ aGb} hfcf];\ . ;bfem}+ /fi6«sf] cfly{s ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg ;kmnxf];\ . d]/f] z'esfdgf

142

cu|hx?sf] ;+3if{af6 pbfPsf] dxf;+3 M cfh d'n'ss} k|ltli7t ;+:yf ljb'/rGb| nfld5fg], ;xfos lgb]z { s pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9, kf]v/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, :ofª\hf lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, a'6jn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, l;4fy{gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 / jfun'ª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿ u/L !# j6f ;+:yfks ;b:oaf6 yfngL ePsf] dxf;+3sf] oltv]/ d'ns ' sf &% lhNnfdf !)% j6f lhNnf÷gu/:t/Lo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿, g]kfnsf k|dv ' cfly{s If]qx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ (( j6f j:t'ut ;+3x¿, ldq /fi6«x¿ / g]kfnaLrsf] cfly{s Jofkfl/s ;DaGw lj:tf/sf If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ @) j6f lå/fli6«o pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿ / * ;o ^# j6f ;b:o /x]sf] o; dxf;+3n] % nfveGbf a9L cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ Jofj;flos PsfOsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . o;sf] g]kfn ;/sf/ kl5sf] bf];f| ] 7"nf] ;~hfn /x]sf] 5 . kf“r bzseGbf cln cufl8 cyf{t\ lj=;+= @)@@ k';df sf7df8f}d+ f ;DkGg æk|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lusÆ ;Dd]ngaf6 aLhf/f]k0f ePsf] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 cfh d'ns ' sf] lghLIf]qsf] Psdfq k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5.

dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno

kf“r cfgf b'O{ k};fsf] If]qkmndf lgdf{0f ePsf] xfnsf] ejgsf] s"n If]qkmn @) xhf/ ^ ;o %% ju{km'6 5 . o; ejgdf ljleGg sfof{no sIfx¿sf] cnfjf ljhg]z nfOa|/] L, (Innovation Hub) tflnd sIf, !% b]lv !%) hgf;Dd Ifdtfsf ;'l' awf ;DkGg a}7s sIfx¿ 5g\ . To;a]nf s/Lj ?= @ s/f]8 %) nfvsf] nfutdf lgdf{0f ePsf] dxf;+3sf] xfnsf] ejg a9bf] lqmofsnfkn] cfh cfP/ ck'u e}/fv]sf] cfef; x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

dxf;+3sf] hgzlQm

dxf;+3sf] k|f/Desfnb]lv g} w]/} jif{;Dd ;+3sf] dxf;lrj /xg' ePsf /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn'n] ;+3sf] Joj:yfkg ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pxf+n] Ps k6s pkfWoIf e};s]/ klg csf]{ cjlwdf k'gM dxf;lrjsf] kb ;DxfNg' eof] . dxf;+3 -tTsfnLg ;+3_ :yfkgf ;DjGwdf cfd hgtf ;dIf hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;f] ;DjGwdf tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdfu|L /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 k|;f/0f ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . :yfkgf sfndf @÷# hgf sd{rf/Laf6 ;lrjfnosf] sfd k|f/De ul/Psf] dxf;+3df lj=;+ @)## c;f/df * hgf sd{rf/L lyP . @)#^—#& ;fn lt/ ;b:otf z'Ns ;d]t gp7\gfn] sd{rf/Lsf] tnj ;dodf v'jfpg ljleGg ;Ifd ;b:ox¿ Pjd\ kbflwsf/Lx¿ Pjd\ sf=;= ;b:ox¿af6 rGbf / ;fk6L ;d]t lnO{ sfd rnfpg' k/]sf] k'/fgf kbflwsf/L Pjd\ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cg'ej 5 . yf]/} hgzlQmaf6 ;lrjfnosf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd ug{' kg]{ lyof] . ;f] ;dodf ;lrjfno ;'b9[ ug]{ qmdsf] yfngL u/L sd{rf/L lgodfjnLdf tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

:yfkgfsfn lj=;+ @)@@ b]lv h'4;8sl:yt g]kfn a}s + lnld6]8sf] Pp6f sf]7faf6 k|f/De ul/Psf] dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno lj=;+ @)@% ;Dd ;f]xL 7fp“af6 ;~rfng /xg uof]] . To;kl5 lj=;+ @)@^ b]lv @)#( h]7;Dd lvrfkf]v/Ll:yt dL/f xf]dsf] Pp6f km\Nof6df cWoIfsf] / a}7s sf]7f, cj}tlgs dxf;lrj, lj=;+ @)@@ k'; !!–!$ ut];Dd g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{åf/f sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ;lrj, k|sfzg zfvf, k|zf;g / n]vfzfvf k|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngdf tyf ;fgf] lsrgdf ;Lldt lyof] . lj=;+ @)#( c;f/b]lv @)%) c;f]h;Dd lqk'/Z] j/df @ hDdf ePsf b]zel/sf pBdL Jofkf/Ln] j6f ejgdf Pp6fdf ;lrjfno / csf]d{ f /fli6«o:t/sf] ;+3Lo ;+:yfsf] cfjZostf UNDP/UNIDO Project ;~rfng ul/Psf] dx;'; u/L g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo -tTsfnLg lyof] . lj=;+ @)%) sflt{sb]lv @)%! ;+3_ dxf;+3 :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . r}q;Dd 6LPg6L lalN8ª tLgs'gd] f axfndf a;L cg]sg ;d:ofsf afah'b cfkm\gf sfo{x¿ dxf;+3n] tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ pBf]u ;Dkfbg ub{} cfPsf]df lj;+ @)%@ j}zfvb]lv jfl0fHo dGqfnoaf6 lj=;+ @)@#÷#÷^ df rf/tn] cfkm\g} ;'ljwf;DkGg ejgdf ;~rfng lj=;+ @)#) sf] bzs;Dd klg k|zf;lgs, c:yfoL :jLs[lt k|fKt u¥of] . kl5 lj=;+ 6fOlk+u, n]vf tyf ljleGg ;ldltsf eO{ cfPsf] 5 . @)@%÷!@÷@* df /fli6«o lgb]z { g P]g @)!* sfo{x¿sf nflu 5'§f5'§} sd{rf/L gePsf] cGtu{t /fli6«o:t/sf] ;:yfsf ¿kdf dxf;+3 ;lrjfno ejgsf nflu hUuf k|flKt cj:yfaf6 ;~rfng eO{ cfPsf] dxf;+3sf] tTsfnLg u[x k~rfot dGqfnoaf6 :yfoL ug]b{ l] v ejg lgdf{0fsf] sfd ug];{ Dd k'/f ug{ xfn ;'ljwf;DkGg ;Ifd ;lrjfno / cf– :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL ;Dd]ngsf] cfkmgf] If]qdf bIf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ . To; avtsf cWoIf Pjd\ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ljleGg lhNnfdf :yflkt ljleGg cf/f]x cj/f]x kf/ ub}{ clxn] cfkm\g} 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . dxf;+3sf ;b:o pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿sf] lqmofsnfknfO{ 6]sl" :yt ;'ljwf ;DkGg ejgaf6 ;lrjfno Pjd\ g]kfnsf] cfly{s If]q;+u ;DalGwt ;dGjofTds ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg' dxf;+3sf] ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . hUuf ;+rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . xfnsf] ejg k5f8L d'Vo sfo{ If]q lyof] . yk hUuf ;d]t hf]8g\ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . k|flKtkl5 ePsf] :jfldTjsf] ljjfb klg emfkf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, emfkf pBf]u ;+3, sfg'gL pkrf/ / ljleGg dxfg'efjx¿sf] dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnonfO{ cfhsf] cj:yfdf ;xof]udf jftf{åf/f ;dfwfg ul/Psf lyP . df]/ª Jofkf/ ;+3, ;'g;/L pBf]u jfl0fHo Nofpg ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;+3Lo cf}Bf]lus ljsf; dxf;+3sf] ejgsf] lznfGof; lj=;+ @)%) ;+3, ;Kt/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, hgsk'/ ;+ u 7g -o" l g8f] _ sf] 7"n} ;xof]u /x\of] . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{, kmfu'g & ut] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . b'O{ /f]kgL

143

o"lg8f]sf] ;xof]udf dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno ;'b9[ Ls/0f cGt/ut sd{rf/LnfO{ tfnLd lbg], dxf;+3sf] ;"rgf k|nv ] nfO{ cBfjlws /fVg], dxf;+3df ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug],{ ;b:ox¿sf] u'gf;f, ;"rgfx¿sf] ;+sng ug],{ ;'gj' fO{ ug],{ dxf;+3sf ljleGg kqklqsf, k':ts cflb k|sfzg x'g,] dxf;+3sf] /fli6«o ÷cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/sf] qmd a9\g yfNof] . tTkZrft dxf;+3sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/ x'g k'Uof], cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u dfkm{t dxf;+3 leq ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfngdf cfP . ;du|df dxf;+3nfO{ cfhsf] cj:yf;Dd NofO{ k'¥ofpg To; kl/of]hgfsf] 7"nf] ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . oltv]/ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf dxf;+3sf] a9\bf] ljZj;gLotf, dxf;+3n] rfNg] k|efjsf/L sbd tyf ;/sf/n] lghLIf]qdfly ub}{ uPsf] ljZjf;sf sf/0f dxf;+3sf] 5ftfleq cfpg rfxg]x¿sf] ;+Vof lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] ;+:yfut ;'b9[ Ls/0fsf ;fy} ljBdfg ljwfgdf ;d]t ;+zf]wg u/L dxf;+3df cfa4 x'g rfxg]x¿sf nflu ;d]6g\ ' kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

;fdflhs If]q;“u ;DalGwt pRr:t/Lo kl/ifb\, ;ldlt Pjd\ cGo lgsfox¿df dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] Joj:yf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul7t s/La ^ bh{geGbf a9L ljleGg ;ldlt, kl/ifb\, af]8{ Pjd\ ;/sf/L ;+3÷;+:yfx¿df dxf;+3sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o ;Dks{ lj:tf/

dxf;+3n] /fli6«o dfq geO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/df ;d]t lgs} 7"nf] km8\sf] dfl/;s]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus k|j4{gnufot låkIfLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf] l;nl;nfdf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3÷;+:yfx¿sf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug],{ låkIfLo ;Demf}tf ug]{ tyf ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]h { :tf sfo{;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3+ sf lgsfob]lv cGo k|ltli7t cGt/f{li6«o ;+3÷;+:yfx¿;“u dxf;+3sf] ;b:otf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7gb]lv sl/a Ps bh{g cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s d~rdf dxf;+3sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 . dxf;+3 ljZjsf ;a} /fli6«o:t/sf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf jfl0fHo ;+3 (ICC), ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBdx¿sf] ljZj ;+u7g (WASME), ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿sf] && ;d"x (G77) cGtu{t /fli6«o:t/sf pjf;+3x¿sf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf] ;b:o eO{ cfPsf] 5 .

ljsf; lgdf{0fsf lbzfdf dxf;+3 d'ns ' leq ;/sf/sf] Ps alnof] ;fem]bf/sf ¿kdf sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;d]t dxf;+3k|lt lgs} 7"nf] ljZjf; / e/f];f a9\b} uPsf] 5 . dxf;+3 oltv]/ lghLIf]qsf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ /fli6«o To;}u/L dxf;+3n] ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3+ Lo cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf ljsf; ;+u7g (UNIDO), Plzof k|zfGt nflu ;/sf/sf] Ps ljZjfl;nf] ;fem]bf/ If]qsf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] kl/;+3 ;d]t x'g k'us ] f] 5 . (CACCI) cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g (ILO), ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3+ Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng cGt/f{li6«o ;+3÷;+:yfx¿n] klg dxf;+3nfO{ ÷Jofkf/ tyf eG;f/;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf g]kfnsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L ;+:yfsf (UNCTAD/GATT), ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3+ Lo ljsf; ¿kdf lnO{ pgLx¿sf x/]s e|d0f tyf sfo{qmd (UNDP), PlzofnL pTkfbsTj e]63f6df ;d]t dxf;+3nfO{ pRr dxŒj lb“b} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug'c { ufl8 dxf;+3;“u ljz]if /fo;Nnfx Pjd\ k/fdz{ lng] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ eg] w]/h } ;f] sfo{qmdx¿ dxf;+3;“usf] ;fem]bf/Ld} ;~rfng e} cfPsf 5g\ . k|f/Dedf ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqaf6 pBf]uL Jofkf/Lk|lt ul/g] x]kfx Jojxf/af6 cflht eP/ pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿sf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf nflu :yfkgf ePsf] dxf;+3 oltv]/ g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] ;+jfxs, lghLIf]qsf] kof{o Pjd\ ;/sf/sf] Ps ljZjfl;nf] ;xof]uL aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . dxf;+3sf] e"ldsf / ultljlwx¿sf] dxŒjnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL g]kfn ;/sf/n] pBf]u, jfl0fHo nufot cfly{s tyf 144

;+u7g (APO), blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g ;fs{ (SAARC) ;“u glhssf] ;DaGw :yflkt u/L ;xof]u Pjd\ ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg Pjd\ ;xsfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . dxf;+3n] l5d]sL d'ns ' x¿;“usf] cfly{s ;DaGw lj:tf/ / To;sf] lbuf]kgfsf nflu ljz]if Wofg lb“b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf lgld{t j:t'x¿sf] ef/tdf ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|jz ] lbg] ;lGwsf nflu dxf;+3 / p;sf] ;dsIfL ef/tLo pBf]u kl/;+3 -;LcfO{cfO{_sf] ;+oQ ' m kxnsf] ljz]if e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} cfkmgf] lrlgof“ ;dsIfL;“u ldn]/ g]kfn rLg cfly{s ;DaGw lj:tf/df dxf;+3n] pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oltdfq geO{ dxf;+3n] b]zsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo nufot cGo cfly{s tyf k|fljlws If]qsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} låkIfLo Jofkf/, nufgL, cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u lj:tf/ Pjd\ ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg / cfk;L ;xof]u lj:tf/sf nflu ljZjsf ljleGg b]zsf tLg bh{g eGbf a9L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3÷dxf;+3;“u ;Demf}tf Pjd\ ;xdltkqdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 tL b]z;“u g]kfnsf] cfly{s, Jofj;flos ;DaGw lj:tf/, låkIfLo Jofkf/, nufgL tyf k|ljlw cfsif{0fdf ;d]t ;3fp k'Ug uPsf] 5.

dxf;+3 lghLIf]qsf] cf:yf / e/f];fsf] s]Gb|

oltv]/ dxf;+3n] xfl;n ub}{ uPsf] ;kmntf tyf o;sf] lj:tf/;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbO{ ;+:yfut ;'b9[ Ls/0f ug'k{ g]{ ;'emfj o;df cfa4 pBdL Joj;foLx¿sf] 5 . d'ns ' df cfPsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;“u} o;n] cfkm\gf] ljwfgdf ;dofg'sn" ;+zf]wg u/L cfk"mnfO{ cu|ufdL ;+:yfsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/fO;s]sf]

5 . pBf]u Joj;fo If]qsf] bfo/faf6 cem cufl8 a9L dxf;+3 oltv]/ ;+:yfut ;fdflhs bfloTj, ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k cfkm\gf ultljlwx¿ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] cj:yfdf dxf;+3sf] sfo{ If]q lgs} km/flsnf] aGg uPsf] 5 . dxf;+3 cfh s]jn lghLIf]qsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;+:yfsf ¿kdf dfq :yflkt geO{ cfd hgtfsf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg] Ps ;zQm ;+:yf aGb} uPsf] 5.

k'¥ofof] eg] /fhwfgLsf] e[s6' Ld08kdf SofDkg} v8f ul/ hgtfnfO{ /fxt ljt/0f u/\of] . dxf;+3n] hgtfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] of] ljZjf;nfO{ arfO{ /fVg cem a9L cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy sfo{ ug'k{ g]{ r'gf}tL ylkPsf] dxf;+3nfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNb} cfPsf lj1x¿sf] 5 .

r]Da/ n

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 /fli6«o lgb]z { g P]g–@)!* cGtu{t btf{ ePsf] ;+:yf xf] eg] hgtfsf] b'Mv ;'vsf] ;xof]uL M o;sf ;b:ox¿ lhNnf÷gu/÷j:t'ut÷ g]kfndf /fhgLlts Joj:yf cl:y/ x'g hf“bf lå/fli6«o pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿ ;+3÷;+:yf cfd g]kfnLn] dxf;+3 / o;sf] ;+/rgfdfly btf{ P]gcGtu{t btf{ ePsf 5g\ . b]z ;+3Lo lgs} 7"nf] cf:yf / ljZjf; u/]sf 5g\ . cfd tyf k|fGtLo ;+/rgflt/ pGd'v ePsf] g]kfnL hgtfsf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ dxf;+3n] cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L dxf;+3n] cfkmgf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;S5 / dxf;+3n] hgtfsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ To;cg'¿k kfg{, cfkmgf ;b:onfO{ ;'vb'Mvdf ;fy lbg ;S5 eGg];Ddsf] ljZjf; ;dfg'sn" kl/rfng ug{, b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ klg dxf;+3n] cfh{g u/L ;s]sf] 5 . ljutdf klg ;+3Lo tyf k|fGtLo ;+;fwgsf] pRrtd vf;u/L ljleGg kIfaf6 hgtfsf] efjgf k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/df ljsl;t ug{, x/ If]qdf ljk/Lt sfo{ ul/“bf dxf;+3n] hgtfsf] kIfdf ;dfj]zL, hg;xeflutfk"0f{ tyf kf/bzL{ / cfjfh p7fp“bf dxf;+3dfly pgLx¿sf] cf:yf :jtGq b[li6sf]0f cjnDag ug{df hf]8 lb“b} / ljZjf; a9\g uPsf] lyof] . åGåsfndf cfPsf] qmddf dxf;+3sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ePsf aGbx8tfnaf6 hgtfx¿sf] r'nf] kl/jlt{t Joj:yfcg'¿k cl3 a9fpg lghL aNg g;Sg] cj:yfdf klg dxf;+3n] cfk\mgf] If]qnfO{ Pstfa4 agfO/fVg / ;+3x¿sf] ;~hfn kl/rfng u/L cfk'lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ sfg'gL ;DaGw kl/eflift ug{ ær]Da/ nÆ rfn" /fVg] sfd u/]af6 dxf;+3k|lt cfd th'd{ f ug'k{ g]{ vf“rf] 5 . ær]Da/ nÆ th'd{ f hgtfsf] ljZjf; lgs} dfyL k'u' s ] f] lyof] . ug{ ;s]sf] v08df g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo zflGt;'/Iff dfgjclwsf/ / k];f Joj;fo dxf;+3sf] ;+3Lo :j¿k c¿ k|efjsf/L x'g ug]{ :jtGqtfsf kIfdf / hgtfnfO{ ;f:tL uO{ o;sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;+u7gfTds k|efj lbg] aGbx8tfnaf6 d'ns ' nfO{ arfpg a9\g uO{ o;af6 ;du|df dxf;+3sf] ul/df dxf;+3n] rfn]sf] k|of;af6 cfdhgtf;“usf] / dxŒj cem a9\g hfg] ljZjf; cfd ;DaGw cem k|uf9 aGg uPsf] 5 . ljleGg pBdLx¿df 5 . k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf jvt dxf;+3n] cfkm"nfO{ cu|:yfgdf /fv]/ sfd u/]sf] 5 . af9L :j0f{ jif{ dgfO{ /x+bf klx/f]df k/]sf hgtfsf] p4f/df xf]; jf cu|hx¿n] Tolta]nfsf] kl/l:ylt;“u h'em\b} e'sDkaf6 cfkm\gf] 3f/jf; u'dfPsf hgtf :yfkgf u/]sf] dxf;+3 ¿kL j[If cfh d'ns ' sf] ;b}j pgLx?sf ;fydf /x\of] . ut jif{ uPsf] lghLIf]qsf] Psdfq ;+3Lo k|ltlglwd'ns dxfs'Dksf j]nf dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] ;+hfn ;+:yf ePsf] 5 . Tolta]nfsf] zf;g Joj:yf dfkm{t k|efljt lhNnfx?df k|ToIf ;xof]u rnfpg]n] cfkmgf] ljrf/wf/f dfq af]Sg] juL{o

;+u7gsf] ¿kdf rnfpg vf]Hbf cu|hx¿sf] b"/b[li6 / a'l4dfgLn] ubf{ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3-xfnsf] dxf;+3_ cfh cfkm\gf] :jtGq / ljlzi6 klxrfg agfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL dfGotfcg'¿k cfh klg dxf;+3nfO{ /fhgLlts k|efjaf6 d'Qm /fvL ;zQm, k|efjsf/L, lghLIf]qsf] s]Gb| laGb', pbf/ / ahf/d'vL cy{ Joj:yfsf] w/f]x/ agfO/fVg cu|hx¿n] ;ts{ u/fO/fVg' ePsf] 5 . cu|hx¿n] kl;gf aufP/ x'sf{Psf] of] ;+:yfsf] Voflt cfh :jb]z ljb]z ;a}df k'us ] f] kfp“bf uj{n] 5ftL km'Ng] u/]sf] atfpg'xG' 5, cu|hx¿ . pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿sf] ;+3nfO{ vf;u/L /fhgLlts cf:yf af]ss ] f juL{o ;+u7gx¿s} >]0fLdf lgb]l{ zt x'g lbPsf] eP o;sf] cf}lrTo g} g/xg] dfGotf cu|hx¿sf] lyof] . cfkmg} :jtGq cjwf/0ff /fvL u7g ePsf] ;+3nfO{ ;'b9[ / ;lqmo agfpg] sfddf cu|hx¿n] Tolta]nf ;lqmo ¿kdf sfd ubf{sf] kl/0ffd g} dxf;+3 cfh sl/j % nfveGbf a9L g]kfnL Jofj;foLx?sf] g]tT[ jstf{ x'g ;kmn ePsf] 5, cGt/f{li6«o ;dsfnLg ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xofqL tyf cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfox¿sf] alnof] ;Nnfxsf/ . lghLIf]qsf] Pstfaf6dfq} d'ns ' sf] pBf]u Joj;fonufot ;du| cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df lghLIf]qsf] alnof] pkl:ylt x'g' ;S5 . lghLIf]qsf] g]tT[ jstf{ dxf;+3 dfq x'g ;Sg] wf/0ff cu|hx¿sf] 5 . s;}n] lgtfGt JolQmut :jfy{af6 ljrlnt eO{ cGoq df]l8P klg pk|fGtdf kZrfQfk eO{ dxf;+3sf] 5fxf/Ld} cfpg] ljZjf; cu|hx¿sf] 5 . dxf;+3 lghLIf]qsf] zlQm xf], an xf] . dxf;+3n] d'ns ' leq pBf]u Joj;fosf hNnfaNbf ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ bafa lbg ;/sf/df æk|;] / u|k' Æsf ¿kdf sfd ug'k{ 5{ . dxf;+3 olta]nf &% lhNnfd} k'us ] f] 5 . k|To]s lhNnfdf s]s:tf ;Defjgf tyf r'gf}tL Pjd\ ;d:of 5g\ ltgLx¿sf] cWoog u/L ;f]xLcg';f/sf] of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd n}hfg ljz]if s]lGb|t x'gk' 5{, o;f] ePdf dxf;+3sf] zlQm cem a9L alnof] x'g] ljZjf; cu|hx¿sf] 5 . cu|hx?n] eGb} cfpg' ePsf]– ædxf;+3sf] g]tT[ j lng rfxg]n] dxf;+3af6 s] lng] eg]/ xf]Og dxf;+3nfO{ s] lbg ;S5' eg]/ cfPdf dxf;+3 of] eGbf lgs} alnof] x'g' ;S5Æ . :j0f{ jif{ dgfO/x]sf] dxf;+3nfO{ xf+Sg cfpg] efjL g]tT[ jx?sf nflu cfhsf] ;Gb{edf of] egfO{ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ / dggLo 5 .

145

dxf;+3 / ;/sf/sf] kl/k'/s ;DaGw ;bf sfod /xf];\ :joDe'/fd hf]zL, k"j{ ;lrj ;+sfodf cWofkg klg uy]{ . b]z ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ePsf]n] d}n] dxf;+3df k|jz ] u/]sf] lyP . Tof] ;dodf ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] ;DaGw k|uf9 lyPg . ha;Dd ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] ;DaGw k|uf9 / kl/k'/s x'b“ g} ta;Dd /fi6« ;d'Ggt x'g ;Sb}g . ;+:yfut ;DaGw / Joj;flos ;DaGw ;'b9[ lyPg t/ clxn] /fd|f] x'b“ } uPsf] 5, of] /fd|f] xf] /fi6« tyf ;+:yf b'as } f] nflu .

lj=;+= @)@& ;fndf tTsflng cWoIf >L kz'klt lu/L tyf dxf;lrj /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn'sf] sfo{sfndf cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] ?kdf d}n] tTsflng g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3-xfn dxf;+3_df ;]jf k|jz ] u/]sf] lyP“ . Tof] ;dodf lqrGb| SofDk;df Joj:yfkg

146

dxf;+3sf] bfo/f Toltw]/} km/flsnf] lyPg . cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw klg ef/t;+u dfq l;ldt lyof] . xfn dxf;+3sf] ;DaGw lgs} w]/} lj:tf/ ePsf] kfPsf] 5' . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf cl3 a9L/xsf] 5 . ;fs{ tyf cGo /fi6«x? aLr, j:t'ut tyf If]qut ?kdf ;DaGw ;d]t lj:tf/ e}/x]sf] kfPsf] 5', h'g lgs} ;sf/fTds / :jfutof]Uo 5 . Toltj]nf ;lrjfnoklg /fd|f;] u+ :jt:km't{ ;+rfng x'g] cj:yf lyPg, Joj;flostf (Professionalism) sf] lgs} sld lyof] .

kbflwsf/Lsf] OR5f tyf rfxgf cg';f/ ;lrjfno ;+rfng x'GYof] . cg';Gwfg clws[taf6 ;]jfdf k|jz ] u/]sf] ePtf klg Joj:yfkg If]qdf cu|;/ /x“b} pk;lrj / kl5 sfo{afxs ;lrje} ;lrjfnosf] k|dv ' eP/ s]lx jif{ sfd u/]+ . qmlds ?kdf cfkm\gf] Joj;flos If]qdf ljz]if1sf] zLk ltvfg]{ b[li6n] pT;flxt ly+P, To; aLrdf 9fsfl:yt o"Pg8LkLdf sfo{qmd clws[te} ;]jfug]{ cj;/ kfP“ . To;kl5 tTsflng cWoIf >L OGb| eQm >]i7sf] sfo{sfndf @)#% ;fndf dxf;+3sf] ;]jfaf6 cjsf; lnP“ . dxf;+3n] %) jif{ kf/ u/]sf] hfgsf/L kfp“bf xlif{t 5' . k|fOe]6 ;]S6/sf] ;bf lgs6 /xg] JolQm ePsf] lx;fjn] klg d ;b}j lghL If]qsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ rfxfG5' . clgolGqt tyf cj}w Jofkf/ Joj;fo lgoGq0fdf dxf;+3n] ;b}j e"ldsf lgjf{x u/f]; . dxf;+3sf] ;f+u7lgs Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} dxf;+3n] :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf ;d]t Ps lj1 ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;sf]; eGg] d]/f] rfxgf 5 . dxf;+3 / ;/sf/sf] kl/k'/s ;DaGw ;bf sfod /xf];\ d]/f] oxL z'esfdgf .

pBf]u jfl0fHo klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs x'“bfsf] ;+:d/0f / k/fdz{sf] hf/L qmd lx/0onfn >]i7, k"j{ ;Dkfbs ;fy} g]=p=jf=;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf j;]/ sfdubf{ d}n] tkfO{x? ;a}af6 h] hlt ;x'lnot, ;'ljwf / ;b\efjgf kfPsf] 5' To;k|lt d ;w}+ C0fL /xg]5' elg s[t1tf JoQm u/]sf] /x]5' . To;}jn] f lq=lj=lj=af6 :gftsf]Q/ k/LIffsf] tof/Ldf nfu]+ / pQL0f{ eP“ . -#_ @)@%÷!@÷@^ df ;+3sf ;lrj s'df/ bf;n] cWoIfHo"af6 d]/f] /flhgfdf wGojfb ;lxt :jLs[t u/]sf] Joxf]/f kqdf pNn]v 5 .

lghL If]qsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsf] krf;f}+ jflif{ssf]T;jsf] pknIodf æ:j0f{jif{ :dfl/sfÆ k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf]n,] d}n ;+3sf] d'vkq æpBf]u jfl0fHo klqsfÆdf @)@$–@)@% ;fndf ;Dkfbs eO{ sfd u/]sf] a]nfsf] ;+:d/0f n]vsf] ?kdf k|sfzg ug{ cg'/f]w kq cfPkl5 k'/fgf] ;+jGw / of]ubfg lj;]s { f] /x]g5 elg v'zL eO{ n]v n]Vg] tofl/sf nflu d]/f] k'/fgf] clen]v 3/sf] k':tsfnodf vf]Hg yfn]+ . tLgj6f ;DalGwt kqx? k]mnfk¥of] . -!_ @)@%÷!!÷!@ sfldl6df ;+3sf tTsflng ;lrj >L s'df/ bf;n] dnfO{ pRr:tl/o cWoog jf sfd ug]{ df}sf k|fKt xf];\ elg n]vs ] f] l;kmfl/; kq, h;df d}n] pBf]u jfl0fHo klqsfdf ;Dkfbssf] x}l;otn] sfdub}{ cfPsf] pNn]v ub} æpxf k|rf/ If]qdf vf; ul/ kqsfl/tflt/ klxNo} b]lv cle?lr /fVg] / cg'ej k|fKt ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] xf] . pRr:tl/o cWoog jf sfdug]{ df}sf pxf“nfO{ k|fKt ePdf clxn];Ddsf] cle?lr / cg'ejnfO{ cem j9L ljsl;t ug{ ;Sg'xg' 5 ] Æ elg ;sf/fTds ?kdf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] lyof] . -@_ @)@%÷!@÷@% df d}n] g]=p=jf= ;+3sf tTsflng cWoIf ;dIf ;f] ;+3sf] d'vkqsf] ;Dkfbs kbaf6 /flhgfdf k]z u/]sf] lyP . h;df æ;Dkfbs kbaf6 d]/f] JolQmut j]km' ;{lbsf] sf/0f vf;ul/ cWoogsf] lgldQ @)@% ;fn r}q d;fGt;Ddsf] lbgb]lv cjsf; u|x0f ug{ kfp+Æ elg n]vs ] f] /x]5' .

-$_ @)&#÷!)÷@$ df g]=p=jf= dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf k'u/] ;+:d/0f n]Vg ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L vf]hLubf{ k':tsfnoaf6 @)@% ;fn kf}if / df3sf] pBf]u jfl0fHo klqsfx? k]mnf kf/]/ x]bf{ tL c+sx?sf] cu| k[i7df ;Dkfbsåo j]b/fhkGt / lx/0onfn >]i7 elg 5fk]sf] kfP . To; a]nfsf] ;]jfsf] Tof] 7f]; k|df0f /x]5 . d}n] ;Dkfbssf] ?kdf To; j]nf sfd ubf{ cGt/fli6«o kqfrf/af6 ;dfrf/ / l6Kk0fL n]Vg ldNg] ;fdfu|L tof/ kfg],{ To;j]nf ef/tl;t gof+ Jofkf/ ;GwLaf/] jftf{ x'b“ fsf ;Gbe{x? s]nfP/ n]Vg] sfd uy]{ . g]kfnL efiffsf Jofs/0f / cGo g]kfnL ;|ft] sf ;fdfu|Lx? ;Dkfbgsf sfddf csf]{ ;Dkfbg j]b/fh kGtHo"n] of]ubfg ug'x{ G' Yof] . xfdLx? b'Os { f jLr k/:k/ ;'dw'/ ;DjGw lyof] / ldn]/ ;+oQ ' m ?kdf sfd ub{Yof}+ . To;a]nf ;+3sf] cWoIf h'4axfb'/ >]i7 x'gx' G' Yof] . pxfn]g} dnfO{ lgo'lQm lbnfpg] / d]/f] sfddf a]nfavt lgb]z { g / k/fdz{ lbg'xG' Yof] . pBf]klt / Jofkf/Lx?sf] jlu{olxt x]g{] t/ /fli6«o lxtnfO{ ;jf]k{ /L dfg]/ n]Vg' elg d"n lgb]z { g lbg'ePsf] d}n] ;Dem]sf] 5' . ljb]zL nufgL / ljb]zL Jofkf/LnfO{ :jfut ubf{ub}{ klg pxf+n] /fli6«o k"h “ Lklt / :jb]zL Jofkfl/nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg' elg hf]8 lbg'xG' Yof] . e"–kl/j]li7t d'ns ' sf] kf/jxg xs lgjf{w ?kdf k|fKt x'gk' 5{, Jofkf/ eg] kf/l:kl/s nfedf cfwfl/t x'G5 elg cWoIf h'4axfb'/ >]i7n] To;j]nf ;ef ;Dd]ngx?df jf]Ng] / n]Vg], cGtjftf{ lbg] ug'x{ G' Yof] . pxf+sf] k':ts æljt]sf rf/jif{ lt/ kms]/{ x]bfÆ k9]kl5 pxf+sf] pQm b[li6sf]0f k|i6 a'lemG5 . pQm

k':tsdf xfdLn] 5fk]sf pxf+sf jQmJo / n]vx? klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] d'vkqdf sfd ubf{ / To;kl5 klg g]kfnsf jl/i7 pBf]uklt / Jofkfl/x?l;t ;Dks{ / ;+uthf/L /fVbf d h:tf snd lhjLnfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] ;d:of / ljz]iftf a'‰g / n]Vg ;3fp k'us ] f] lyof] . kmn:j?k d]/f] hLjgsf] kxnf] k|sflzt k':ts æg]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg ;d:ofÆ @)@^ ;fndf g} k|sflzt ePsf] ;uf}/j pNn]v u5'{ . d]/f] k'/fgf] cg'ejnfO{ dWogh/ ul/ g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{n] sl/j # jif{ k|;] ;Nnfxsf/sf ?kdf d]/f] ;]jf lnPsf] / @)$& ;fndf dsjfgk'/af6 k|ltlglw ;efdf lgjf{lrt ePkl5 dfq r]Da/sf] k|;] ;Nnfxsf/af6 /flhgfdf u/]sf] lyP . ;+;bdf pBf]u jfl0fHo If]q jf/] af]Ng'kbf{ d}n] jl/i7 pBf]uklt / Jofkf/Lx?sf] j]nfjvt k/fdz{ / ;'emfj lng] pxf+x?n] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] gLlt lgdf{0f / ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ ;f+;bx?af6 x'g ;Sg] af/] cgf}krfl/s k/fdz{ ug'x{ G' Yof] . d}n] ?;L dxf;+3df g]kfnsf] /fhb't eP/ h+Fbf r]Dj/ / dxf;+3n] cf}krfl/s ?kdf cGt/lqmof ul/ ;Nnfx ;'emfj dnfO{ lbPsf] lyof] . d}n] ?;df dxf;+3sf] pRr:tl/o k|ltlglwd08nsf] e|d0f u/fpg ;3fPsf] lyP . d]/f] u[x lhNnf dsjfgk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{ r'Nx} lgDtf ul/ @% hgfnfO{ ?;sf] e|d0f u/fPsf] /f]rs s'/f klg pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' . xfn d}n] ;lqmo /fhgLltaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ul/ ;dosf] ;b'kof]u ug{ k':tsx? n]Vg] sfddf lg/Gt/ ?kdf nflu/x]sf] 5' . To; sfdsf nflu ;d]t pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf jl/i7x? l;t cGt/lqmof ug]{ qmd 6'6fPsf] 5}g / eljiodf klg hf/L /fVg]5' . cGtdf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] :j0f{ hoGtLsf] ;'vb\ pknIfdf ;+:yfsf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf nflu xflb{s z'eI] of JoQm ub{5' .

147

dxf;+3df /x“bfsf] d]/f] cg'ejM pQd nfv], k"j{ jl/i7 clws[t

lj=;+= @)## ;fndf k"j{ cWoIF xl/k|;fb lu/Lsf] sfo{sfndf d}n] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3df ;]jf k|jz ] u/]sf] ly+P . Tof] ;dodf

sfof{no dL/f xf]ddf $ j6f sf]7fx?df l;ldt lyof] . sfd ug]{ dflg; sd lyP . s]lx jif{ kl5 sfof{no gGbnfn hf]zLsf] 3/ lqk'/Z] j/df ;¥of] . Toxf“ s]lx jif{ sfof{no /x\of] / Toxf“af6 klg sfof{no ;/]/ l6=Pg=l6= ejg tLgs'gd] f ;¥of] . slta]nf sfd ug]{ Jojl:yt lyPg . k"j{ cWoIf dx]znfn k|wfgHo"sf] sfo{sfnaf6 sfdug]{ Joj:yf /fd|f] x'g yfNof] . sd{rf/L a9\g yfn] . sfd a9\g yfNof] . pxf“sf] kfnf b]lv g} cWoIfsf] sfo{qmd klg Jojl:yt aGg yfNof] . cWoIfsf] k;{gn Pl;:6]G6 ePsf] sf/0f sfof{nodf w]/} ;do lbg'kb{Yof], ljz]if ul/ ;/sf/sf] ah]6 ;'efj k]z ug]{ ;dotfsf, cWoIf ;lxt dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n aflx/ e|d0fdf hf“bf a9L k|;] / x'GYof] . ljxfg ;a]/b} l] v /ftL;Dd klg sfd ug'k{ b{Yof] . clkm;df w]/} ;do lbg'kg]{ ePsf]n] cfkm\gf] cWoognfO{ eg] w]/} cufl8 a9fpg ;lsg . cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] ;a} eGbf a9L phf{zLn ;do dxf;+3df g} a]ltt eof] .

tyfkL, hflu/] cjlwdf cfkm"n] w]/} s'/fx? l;Sg tyf hfGg] df}sf kfPsf]df v'zL nfU5 . :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL 7"nf JolQmTjx?sf] cfudg x'GYof] pxf“x?;+u lrghfgsf] cj;/ ldNof] . cWoIf;+u ;w};+ u+ } x'b“ f ljb]zL kfx'gfx?;+u klg e]6g\ ] ;do ldNof] . dxf;+3df -tTsflng ;+3_ 6fOlk:6 eP/ k|jz ] u/]/ jl/i7 clws[t kbaf6 lgjt{dfg cWoIf ;'/h j}BHo"sf] sfo{sfndf ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf] ly+P . cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] #^ jif{ dxf;+3df a]ltt u/]+ . cfkm\gf] ;]jf cjlwsf] ;a} ;do cWoIfsf] lghL ;lrjsf] ?kdf /x]/ sfd u/]+ . cfkm"n] hLjgsf] nfdf] ;do vr]s { f] ;+:yfsf] /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o :t/df gfd rn]sf] ;'Gbf cToGt} v'zL nfU5 . dxf;+3sf] ul/df lbgfg'lbg a9\b} hfcf]; . :j0f{ jif{sf] pknIodf pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub{5' .

dxf;+3n] u/]sf] k|ult b]Vbf uj{n] 5ftL km"N5M t'n;L axfb'/ nfv] ->]i7_

d lj=;+= @)@^ ;fnlt/ dxf;+3df k|jz ] u/]sf] xf] . Toltj]nf dxf;+3sf] cWoIfdf >L h'4 axfb'/ >]i7 x'gx' G' Yof] . d}n] hDdf * sIff ;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sf] 5' . dxf;+3df k|jz ] ug'{ cl3 d g]kfn ;/sf/df lyP“ . tTsflng dfn c8\8fdf hflu/ lyof] d]/f] t/ kl5 cfkm'nfO{ sf7\df8f+} aflx/

148

v6fPsfn] /flhgfdf lbP/ dxf;+3df k|jz ] u/]sf] x'“ .

k|ltdlxgf hDdf ?= !@) tnj lyof] h'g kl5 5f]8b\ f dfl;s tna ?=$,))).– k'us ] f] lyof] .

d ;]jf k|jz ] ubf{ hDdf % hgfhlt sd{rf/Lx? x'gx' G' Yof] . d}n] 5f]8b\ f dxf;+3sf ^# hgf sd{rf/Lx? k'us ] f lyP . dxf;+3sf ;a} k"j{ cWoIfHo"x?sf] sfo{sfn /fd|f] ePtf klg k"j{ cWoIF dx]znfn k|wfgHo"sf] sfo{sfndf dxf;+3 ;lrjfno ljsf;df lgs} w]/} sfdx? eP . dxf;+3df sd{rf/L lgodfjnL cfof] . tt\kZrft\ sd{rf/LnfO{ /fd|f] ;]jf ;'ljwf lbg yflnof] .

Ps;do dxf;+3df ;|ft] sf] lgs} sld lyof] . s'g} ;do sd{rf/LnfO{ tna v'jfpg ;d]t ;d:of ePsf]n] kbflwsf/Lx?sf] JolQmut sDkgLaf6 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ bz}s + f] tna v'jfPsf] cg'ej ;d]t 5 . Tolt a]nf cfkm\gf] dxf;+3sf] :yfoL ejg gx'b+ f clkm; 3/L3/L ;/L/xg' kb{Yof] . ef}ltsk"jf{wf/ klg Tolt ;DkGg lyPg . clxn] dxf;+3n] cfkm\g} ejg clg hUuf hf]8s ] f] b]Vbf cfkm'nfO{ lgs} v'zL nfUb5 . cfkm"n] sfd u/]sf] cfkm\gf hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{ phf{jfg ;do vr{ u/]sf] sfof{non] lg/Gt/ k|ult u/]sf] b]Vg kfp“bf 5ftL uj{n] km'n/] cfp“5 .

Tolta]nf sfdsf] nf]8 lgs} sd lyof] . ;fOsn r9]/ lr¶L af8\g] sfd x'GYof] . d}n] lrof ksfpg] sfdaf6 ;]jf z'?u/]sf] x'+ . d]/f] sfdsf] pRr d'Nof+sg ul/ ;+:yfn] cfkm"nfO{ To; aLrdf tLg k6s a9'jf u/\of] . k'j{ cWoIf dx]znfn k|wfgHo"sf] sfo{sfndf d x]8 lkogaf6 ;xfosdf a9'jf eP / hflu/ 5f]8g\ ] ;dodf sfof{no ;xfos;Dd eP . h;n] dnfO{ lgs} v'zL agfof] . Tolta]nfdf ;/sf/sf] eGbf dxf;+3sf] g} tna a9L lyof] . d}n] dxf;+3df k|jz ] ubf{

%) j;Gt kf/ u/L;s]sf] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf ;d]t VoftL a9\b} ePsf] ;'Gg kfp“bf cfkm'nfO{ uj{sf] dxz'; x'g] u/]sf] 5 . clxn] dxf;+3 ;a}7fp“df k'us ] f] 5 eGbf cfkm'n] sfd u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] gfd, 5jL c? pRr x'b“ } uPsf] lg/Gt/ x]g{] rfxgf 5 . :j0f{ jif{sf cj;/df dxf;+3sf nflu d]/f] oxL z'esfdgf .

cfkm\gf] hLjgsf ;'gf}nf jif{x? latfPsf] ;+:yfsf] ;w+} dfof x'G5M /fd dxh{g, k"j{ x]8 lkog, g]pjfdxf;+3 hf]zLHo"sf] sfo{sfndf ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf] x'+ . hDdf dfl;s ?= !@% tnjaf6 ;]jf ;'? u/] sf] kl5 hflu/ 5f]8g\ ] j]nfdf dfl;s ?=^))).– ;Dd k'Uof] .

kl5Nnf] ;do d}n] #^ aif{ dxf;+3df ;]jf u/] . lkogaf6 ;]jf k|jz ] u/]sf] 5f]8b\ f x]8 lkog eP/ lg:s] . d]/f] lzIff ;fdfGo n]vk9dfq xf] . lj=;+= @)#) ;fndf, tTsflng cWoIf kz'klt lul/Ho"sf] sfo{sfndf dxf;+3df ;]jfdf k|jz ] u/]sf] x'“ . z'?z'?df sfd Tolt gePklg kl5 sfdsf] lgs} rfk a9\of] . d}n] pd]/ xbaGbLsf sf/0f @)^^ ;fndf tTsflng cWoIF >L s'zs'df/

cfkm';u“ cem} klg sfd ug]{ hf]z hf“u/ 5 t/ pd]/sf sf/0fn] hflu/ 5f]8g\ ' k/\of] . d}n] dxf;+3sf] hflu/ 5f]8b\ f cfPsf] /sdaf6 c? ;fyL;“u ldn]/ s]lx ;do hUufsf] sf/f]af/ u/“] . clxn] d cfkm\gf] b}lgs lbg rof{ 3/kl/jf/;“u j;]/ latfp“b} cfPsf] 5' . cfkm\gf ljutnfO{ ;Dembf, s'g} s'g} ;do t sfdsf] rfk olt;Dd x'GYof] ls slt;do t /fte/L sfd u/]/ 5n{· /ft ljtfPsf] klg ;Demgf tfh} 5 . ;fyLefO{x?;+u /ftel/ sfd u/\of] vfof] /dfOnf] u/\of] hlt;'s} ufx|f] sfd klg cfkm"n] ;fyLx?sf] ;xof]udf ;lhn} ;DkGg u/]sf] lyP .

sfdnfO{ ;dod} k'/ofpg ;kmn eP . slxn] sf“xL lr7L ;DalGwt 7fp“df gk'Ug] u'gf;fx? cfpg yfn] . s'g} s'g} ;do t o:tf u'gf;fsf sf/0f kbflwsf/LHo"x?;“u ;d]t rsf{rsL{ kb{Yof] t/ kl5 lr7L nfg] ;fyLn] ;DalGwt 7fp“df lr7L a'emfP/ cfPsf] lg:;f k|df0f Nofpg yfn] kl5 To:tf ;d:ofx? lj:tf/} x6\b} uP .

d]/f cfkm\gf hLjgsf phf{jfg ;do dxf;+3d} vr{ u/] . sfdsf] nf]8 cToflws x'b+ f Toltj]nf sfof{noaf6 Go"gtd ;'ljwf ;d]t lbg sGh":ofO{ ubf{sf j]nfdf eg] kL8f klg x'GYof] . c? ;fyLx?sf] t'ngfdf d cln x|i[ 6k'i6 clg sfd klg kSsf ug]{ ToxL sf/0fn] slxn] sfxL t Ps} lbg klg lrl7 lnP/ !)÷!% k6s;Dd aflx/ hfg' kg]{ . To:tf] a]nfdf sfof{non] Ps sk lrof vfg] yk ;'ljwf glb+bf eg] lgs} lrQ b'VYof] . s] ug'{ h] ePgL sfd ug{ eg]/ hflu/ vfPkl5 cfkm\gf] x]8 lkog x'b“ f lrl7kq ljt/0fsf sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L cfkm\g} sf+wdf cfpg] . clxn] h:tf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug}{ k/of] . s'lg s] eG5g lg sDKo'6/af6 lr7L k7fpg ldNg]nfO{ Tolt j]nf To;sf] Tolt rng lyPg . cfkm'n] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] ;'gf}nf jif{x? latfPsf] ;+:yfsf] ;w+} dfof x'G5 . To;sf] kmf]6f] skLsf] klg ;'ljwf lyPg . /fte/L ;b}a pGgtL k|utLsf] rfxgf d]/f] klg 5 . lnyf] d]lzg rnfof], lr7Lsf] rfªsfrfª lgsfNof] To;nfO{ pHofnf] ePkl5 7fp“7fp“df :j0f{ jif{sf] cj;/df dxf;+3n] lg/Gt/ pGgtL k|ult ub}{ hfcf];\ eGg] d]/f] rfxgf 5 . k'/o\ fpg] lhDd]jf/L sDtL r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyPg t}klg ;fyLefO{x?sf] ;xof]uaf6 d}n] tL ;a}

149

150

kl/R5]b–ª ;d;fdlos n]v //rgfx?

151

ljsf;sf] ;“3f/df d'n's 8f= afa'/fd e6\6/fO{, k"j{ k|wfgdGqL Pj+ ;+of]hs, gof“ zlQm g]kfn

g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] 5 bzs k"/f ePsf] 5 . @)!# ;fndf klxnf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf z'? ePkl5 clxn] xfdL rf}wf}+ of]hgf;Dd cfO{ku' s ] f 5f}+ t/ olt nfdf] cjlw;Dd klg pT;fxhgs k|ult eg] x'g ;s]g . xfdL To;a]nf ;+;f/s} u/La d'ns ' dWo]df lyof},+ clxn] klg p:t} 5f}+ . cyf{t\ xfd|f of]hgf d'ns ' / hgtfnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg c;kmn eP . xfd|f] k|ltJolQm cfo &)) 8n/sf] cf;kf; 5, h'g Hofb} sd xf] . ljutsf s}of}+ bzsdf g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] b/ @ b]lv % k|ltztsf] aLrdf /x\of] . cfly{s cfwf/ sd / ljsf;sf] ult ;':t x'b“ f xfdL kl5 k/]sf xf}+ . To;}n] ca xfdLn] ljutsf]

' ljsf;df kl5 kg's {[ f s]xL d'Vo c;kmntfsf] ;'Id ljZn]if0f u/L sdLsdhf]/L d'ns sf/0fx? 5g\ . klxnf] sf/0f cnf]stflGqs ;Rofp“b} hfg] k|oTg yfNg'k5{ . /fhgLlts k|0ffnL xf] . /fhgLlts k|0ffnL ljsf;d'vL tyf k|hftflGqs gx'Fbf uPsf] 5 g]kfnn] a'em]/ x}g, vf;u/L bf];f| ] ljZjo'4 bzsdf d'ns ' n] ljsf;sf] lbzfdf km8\sf] kl5sf] ;dfhjfbL cEof;nfO{ k5\ofp“b} dfg{ g;s]sf] xf] . bf];f| ,] s'g} klg b]z cfkm}df of]hgf cfof]usf] :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] . { L eP/ klg ;dfhjfbL ;f]leot ?;sf] lgolGqt cy{tGqsf] dfq ;Lldt eP/ jf cGtd'v cEof;af6 k|efljt g]kfnh:tf cNkljsl;t ljsl;t x'g ;Sb}g . xfdL ef/t / rLg h:tf 7"nf cy{tGqsf] aLrdf /x]/ klg d'ns ' n] To;sf] yfngL u/]sf x'g\ . csf{tkm{ klZrdL k"FhLafbL d'ns ' df klg /fHon] ahf/ pgLx?sf] ljsf;;Fu ult ldnfpg ;s]gf}+ . df x:tIf]k ug]{ lsl;dsf] gLltsf] k|efj a9L Toxf“ eO/x]sf] ljsf;af6 nfe lng ;s]gf}+ . /x]sf] lyof] . ToxL cEof;sf] gSsn u/] klg b'O{ l5d]sL aLr k'nsf] sfd ug{ g;Sbf xfd|f] cy{tGq Pstkm{ dfq 9lNsg k'Uof] . t];f| ] g]kfndf of]hgf cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf sf/0f k/Dk/fut tyf lgjf{xd'vL s[lif xf] . clxn];Dd klg b]lvg ;s]sf] 5}g . To;n] cy{tGqdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg lbg g;Sbf g]kfn clxn] >d lgof{t ug]{ d'ns ' df bl/g d'ns ' sf] /fHok|0ffnL g} nf]stflGqs x'g k'us ] f] 5 . s[lifaf6 lj:yflkt ePsf] >d g;s]sfn] klg g]kfndf ljsf;n] ck]lIft ult lng g;s]sf] xf] . t/, of] aLrdf xfdLn] ljb]lzg afWo ePsf] xf] . Tof] >dzlQmnfO{ d'ns ' d} /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L sfddf nufpg nf]stGqsf nflu ;+3if{ u/\of}+ / ;+3Lo g;Sbf klg g]kfnsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfpg nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf k'us ] f 5f},+ hgtf ;r]t g;s]sf] xf] . ag]sf 5g\ . hglgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fkl5 d'ns ' ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] rf}yf], d'ns ' df k"h “ L lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf gofF r/0fdf k|jz ] u/]sf] 5+ . ljZjsf] pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; ug]{ ;+:s[lt ljsf; x'g cEof;n] klg s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] cfly{s klg ;s]g . o'jfx?df ls ljb]z hfg] ls t cfwf/ / /fhgLlts pknJwL ;+/rgfaLr ulx/f] ;DaGw x'G5 . olb /fhgLlts ;+/rgf hflu/ vfg] k|jl[ Q a9]/ uof] . Tof] klg geP /fhgLlt ug],{ kb jf ;Qfdf k'Ug] / zlQmsf] cnf]stflGqs eof], ;+sL0f{ /x\of] eg] To;n] cfly{s cfwf/ jf ljsf;nfO{ c;/ kfl//x]sf] b'?kof]u ug]d{ f s]lGb|t x'g k'Uof] . pBf]u Joj;fo klg Aofkf/ s]lGb|t x'gk'Uof], pBf]uL x'G5 . k|hftGqdf cfdhgtf ljsf;df Joj;foL ljb]zL ;fdfg cfoft u/L a]Rg] / ;xefuL x'g] ;+efjgf a9\5 h;\n] ljsf;nfO{ sldzgaf6 cfkm\gf] cfly{s Joj:yfkg ug]t{ km{ yk ult k|bfg u5{ . Wofg lbg yfn] . kl5Nnf] ;do zx/Ls/0fn] ult ln+bf w]/} dfG5] hUuf lsga]rh:tf sfo{df nfUg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf k|jl[ Qn] k"h “ L lgdf{0f tyf d'ns ' sf] cfly{s pGgltdf s'g} of]ubfg lb+bg} g\ . ;f/df eGbf g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus qmflGt x'g} ;s]g . To;f] x'gs ' f] k|dv ' sf/0f /fHon] To:tf sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L gLlt tyf sfg"g Nofpg ;s]g . pBdzLntfsf] ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf aGb} ag]gg\ . ca xfdL b]znfO{ s;/L kl/jt{g ug],{ s;/L ljsf;sf] dfu{df n}hfg] eGg] lbzftkm{ s]lGb|t ePsf 5f}+ . clxn] xfdL cNkljsl;t cj:yfdf 5f}+ . ca dWodljsl;t x'b“ } pRrljsl;t d'ns ' aGgsf nflu cfjZos cfly{s p8fg s;/L z'? ug]{ < To;sf] dfu{lrq agfpg' k5{ . g]kfnn] cfkm\g} ;Gbe{df ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt agfpg' k5{ . @)@# ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn d'ns ' df n}hfg] nIo lng' k5{ . To;sf nflu k|ltJolQm cfo

152

bf]Aa/ ug]{ / cGo ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ nIo lng' k5{ h;sf nflu b'O{ c+ssf] cfly{s j[l4 cfjZos k5{ . k"jf{wf/ tyf cGo If]qdf 7"nf] nufgL geO{ d'ns ' n] b'O{ c+ssf] j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g . xfd|f] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #%–$) k|ltzt ljsf; lgdf{0fdf vr{ ug'k{ 5{ . xfn xfd|f] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg @# va{ ?k}ofFsf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5, To;sf] cy{ em08} !) va{ ?k}ofF ljsf; sfo{df nufpg' k5{ . t/, xfdL To;f] ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ . To;sf nflu /fHo, lghL If]q, ljk|i] f0f, ljb]zL nufgL tyf cg'bfg s] slt vr{ ug]{ eGg] jf s;/L nufgL h'6fpg] eGg]tkm{ klg kof{Kt Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . z'?sf] cj:yfdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/df 7"nf] nufgL gu/L cfly{s j[l4nfO{ an k'Ub}g . lxdfn kxf8 t/fO{ tyf k"j{ klZrd hf]8g\ ] ;8s ;~hfn To;sf nflu klxnf] k|fyldstf xf] . kxf8 / t/fO{df k"j{ klZrd b|t' dfu{ clg sf]zL, s0ff{nL / u08sLdf pQ/ blIf0f hf]8g\ ] sf]l/8f]/nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg'k5{ . ;Fu;Fu} k|To]s ufp“kflnsf / gu/kflnsf afx|} dlxgf uf8L rNg;Sg] klSs ;8sn] hf]l8Psf] x'gk' 5{ . bf];f| ] If]q pmhf{ xf] . hnljB't, ;f}on{ ufot If]qdf nufgL u/L cfjZos tyf lgof{tof]Uo pmhf{ pTkfbg ug'k{ 5{ . To;f] ubf{ xfdL sfa{g/lxt :jR5 pmhf{sf] k|of]unfO{ k|fT] ;fxg k'U5 . t];f| ] ;+efjgfsf] If]q ko{6g xf] . n'lDagL, kz'klt h:tf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf tyf c;+Vo k|fs[lts cfsif{0f ePsfn] 7"nf cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn tyf xf]6n nufot ko{6g k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ xf] eg] w]/} ko{6s cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 . d t s] eG5' eg] ;ft} k|bz ] df If]qLo ljdfg:yn / x/]s ufp“ tyf gu/kflnsfdf Po/l:6«ksf] ljsf; ug'k{ 5{ . To;sf ;fy;fy} lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf klg lj:tf/} nufgL a9fp“b} hfg' k5{ . k/Dk/fut lzIffn] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos

hgzlQm l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb}g To;}n] ljb]zL Vofltk|fKt ljZjljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg / lzIf0f z}nL leq\ofpg' k5{ . 7"nf / cfw'lgs c:ktfn ljsf; u/L :jf:Yo ko{6gsf] ;+efjgf klg a9fpg ;lsG5 . xfjfkfgL / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] sf/0fn] s[lif xfd|f] 7"nf] ;+efjgfsf] If]q xf] . pRr d"Nosf pTkfbg tyf hl8a'6Lnufot s[lifhGo kbfy{ tyf cUof{lgs v]tLdf s]lGb|t x'g ;Sg] xf] eg] Tof] xfd|f nflu t'ngfTds nfesf] If]q x'g ;S5 . 7"nf] hg;+Vof s[lifdf ;+nUg /x]sfn] s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f lagf ljsl;t g]kfnsf] cfwf/ aGb}g . s[lifdf cNem]sf] hgzlQmnfO{ cf}Bf]lus / ;]jf If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f gu/L b]zsf] ljsf; x'Fb}g . t/, To;sf nflu pko'Qm of]hgf cfjZos 5 . ;fgf / demf}nf pBf]u To;sf nflu klxnf] ljsNk aGg ;S5, ef/t / rLgsf] Eofn' r]g;Fu hf]l8P/ pBf]u vf]Ng ;Sg] xf] eg] t To;n] emg} 7"nf] kmfObf lbg ;S5 . 7"nf ax'/f{li6«o sDkgLsf] Knf06 g]kfndf /fv]/ ef/t / rLgtkm{ lgof{t ug]{ /0fgLlt agfpg' k5{ . To;df lrlgof“ sDkgLn] ef/t / ef/tLo sDkgLn] lrgtkm{ lgof{t u/]/ kmfObf lng ;S5g\ . To;}n] d}n] g]kfnnfO{ ef/t / rLgaLrsf] Pp6f ultzLn k'nsf] ?kdf lrq0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5' . o;cg';f/ xfdL cufl8 a9\g ;Sof}“ eg] xfdLn] g]kfnnfO{ cfufdL ;ft jif{ leq cNkljsl;t af6 ljsl;t d'ns ' df n}hfg / ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf k|ltJolQm cfo clxn]sf] eGbf rf/ u'0ff a9fP/ dWod cfo ePsf] b]z aGg ;S5f}+ . ;fy}, !% jif{;Dd b'O{ c+ssf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ ;S5f}“ .

If]qsf] x'G5 eg] ;/sf/sf] ;xfos e"ldsf x'G5 . /fHon] 7"nf7"nf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug'k{ 5{ . ;8s, /]n ;~hfn, ljdfg:yn, hnljB't nufot k"jf{wf/ tyf lzIff / :jf:Yo h:tf ;fdflhs If]qdf /fHosf] nufgL x'gk' 5{ . ;a}nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff :jf:Yo k'/o\ fpg] lhDdf /fHosf] xf] . To;}n] oL If]qdf d'Vo e"ldsf /fHo / ;xfos e"ldsf lghL If]qsf] x'G5 eg] oL afx]ssf ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf lghL If]qsf] d'Vo of]ubfg /xg' k5{ . To;df pBf]u, s[lif, ;]jf, ko{6g cflb k|dv ' 5g\ . xfd|f] lghL If]q nufgLsf nflu ;Ifd gePsf If]q tyf kl/of]hgfdf ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofO{ ;+oQ ' m nufgLsf pBf]u :yfkgf ug'k{ 5{ . clxn]sf] ljZjdf x/]s b]zn] cfkm\gf] /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ afx\o k|efjaf6 hf]ufpg k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ To;}n] g]kfndf klg ljb]zL nufgL NofpFbf :jb]zL sDkgL jf hgtfsf] klg z]o/ /xg] dfkb08 agfpg'k5{ . To;f] ug{ ;s]df xfd|f] lghL If]qsf] klg Ifdtf ljsf; x'G5 . of] ;“u;“u} k"h “ L kl/rfngdf klg Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ . /fHosf] art a9fpg' k5{ . clxn] xfd|f] pkef]u a9L 5, hDdf % k|ltzt dfq hf]luG5 . art a9fP;Fu} ljb]zaf6 C0f lng] tyf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L df]8ndf kl/of]hgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt lng' k5{ . xfdLn] ef/t / rLg b'js } f] :jfy{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg] xf] eg] b'j} d'ns ' af6 ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu ;+sL0f{ /fhgLlt ;f]r Tofu]/ cl3 a9\g' k5{ .

To;sf nflu /fHo / lghL If]qn] ;Gt'lnt e"ldsf v]Ng' k5{ . g]kfndf /fHo / lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf k|i6 gx'Fbf klg ;d:of cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s k|ultdf d'Vo e"ldsf lghL

153

cfjZostf cfly{s Ph]08fsf] 8f=/fdz/0f dxt ul/jL pNn]Vo dfqfdf 36\of] . g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ dfly p7\of] . g]kfnLsf] cf}ift cfo' a9\of], dft[ tyf afn d[To'b/ 36\of] . k|z:t k"i6\ofO{+ 5g, lx+;fTds åGå / /fhgLlts cl:y/tfaf6 u'lh|g' gk/]sf] eP g]kfnn] klg cGo ;fs{ d'ns ' x?sf] xf/fxf/Ldf ;lhn};u“ cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] lyof] . g]kfnL hgtfsf rfxgfx? w]/} xb;Dd k"/f ug{ ;SYof}+ .

gLltut kl/jt{g / ;'wf/

g]kfn cfPsf ljb]zLx?;“u e]6 x'b“ f cS;/ eGg] u5{g, æafx| aif{ lx+;fTds åGådf km“;s ] f] / /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] g]kfn sxfnLnfUbf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] xf]nf eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] . t/ g]kfnn] cfly{s ;fdflhs If]qdf /fd|f] k|ult kf] u/]sf] /x]5 . ljk/Lt kl/l:yltsf aLr o:tf] k|ult s;/L ;Dej eof] <Æ gsf/fTds u|GyLnfO{ ;lqmo agfP/ ;f]Rg yfNof}+ eg] k"jf{ux| L aGg ;S5f}+ . t/ w/ftnLo oyfy{tfdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] pgLx?sf] of] k|Zg :jfefljs nfU5 . k|lts"n kl/l:yltsf aLr xfdLn] o; cjlwdf xfl;n u/]sf pknlAwx? lgZro g} ;Gtf]ifhgs 5g\ . lj ;+ @)$^ sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] ;fxl;s lg0f{o u/L cy{tGqdf ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ u¥of] h;sf sf/0f lx+;fTds åGå / /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsfaLr klg g]kfnn] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf 7"nf] k|ult xfl;n ug{ ;Sof] . ;+sr' gdf /x]sf] cy{tGqdf pbf/ cfly{s gLlt cg'?k cfly{s ;'wf/sf] cleofg z'? u/L lghLIf]q, u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf, ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos If]qnfO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ultljlwx?df k|fT] ;flxt ul/of] . :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ v'nf ul/of] . ljb]zL ;xfotfnfO{ ;d'lrt 9+un] kl/rfng ul/of] . kl/0ffd:j?k cfly{s ultljlwx?df lj:tf/ cfof] . cy{tGqsf] cfsf/ a9\of], /fh:j c;"nL pNn]Vo dfqfdf a9\g ;Sof] / ;|ft] kl/rfngdf k/lge{/tf 36\of] . :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL a9\of] / /f]huf/L l;h{gf eof] . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;8s, ;~rf/ nufotsf ljsf;sf sfdx? ufp“ ufp“;Dd k'u] . 154

lj;+ @)$^ sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g cl3;Dd klg g]kfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf hh{/ lyof] eGg] tYo oxf“ pNn]v ul//xg'kb}g{ . lj:tfl/t cfly{s gLltsf sf/0f clws t/ntf, c;Gt'lnt Jofkf/, pRr d'bf| :kmLltsf sf/0f cy{tGq cl:y/ lyof] . csf]l{ t/ /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 hgtfsf pn{bf cfsf+Iffx? k"/f ug]{ bfloTj xfdLdf lyof] . of] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;fwg / ;|ft] k|r/" dfqfdf kl/rfng u/L pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug'k{ g]{ / hgtfsf tL rfxgfx? ;Daf]wg ug'k{ g]{ r'gf}tL ;fd'Gg]sf] kxf8em} v8f lyof] . o;sf nflu tTsflng ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] k"/} tfut nufO{ sfd z'? u¥of] . gofF of]hgf cfof]u u7g eof] / d nufot cfof]usf] gofF 6Ldn] tLg dlxgfleqdf cf7f} of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ffkq tof/ u¥of] . /fHos]lGb|t g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ u/L cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ cleofgsf] k|f/De ul/of] . d'ns ' sf] ljsf; cleofgdf ;/sf/L dfq ge} u}/;/sf/L, lghLIf]q tyf :yfgLo tx ;d]tsf] ;fwg, ;|ft] , zLk, Ifdtf, l;h{glzntf ;a}nfO{ ;b'kof]u ug]{ gLlt lnOof] . pbf/ cfly{s gLlt cjnDjg u/L lghL If]qnfO{ a9fjf lbOof] . lghLIf]qn] v'nf / :jtGq?kdf sfd ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ pBf]u Joj;fosf x/]s If]qdf nfO;]G;/fhsf] cGTo ul/of] . bf]xf]/f] d'bf| ljlgdo b/ k|0ffnLsf] cGTo u/L rfn' vftfdf ljb]zL d'bf| nfO{ kl/jTo{tf ul/of] . /fHosf] Psflwsf/ ePsf sltko cfly{s ultljlwx?df ljb]zL / lghLIf]qsf] nufgL v'nf ul/of] . pBf]u, Jofkf/, ko{6g, ljb]zL ljlgdo, a}l+ sª, k'h “ L ahf/, s/ /fh:j, phf{ hnljB't nufot cy{tGqsf x/]s If]qdf v'nf ahf/d"vL cfly{s gLlt ckgfO{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug]{ gLlt lnOof] . sRrf kbfy{ gkfP/ pBf]u rnfpg wf} wf} kl//x]sf a]nf af]nsaf]nsf] 7]Ss]bf/L k|yfsf] cGTo u/L s]xL gsf/fTds ;"rLsf a:t'afx]s cfoftdf cf]hLPn k|yfsf] z'?jft ul/of] . cf7f}+ of]hgfdf lnlkj4 u/L ;/sf/sf] jflif{s gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / jflif{s

ah]6dfkm{t ;'wf/sf tL sfo{qmdx?nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg z'? ul/of] . gLltnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cg'sn" sf P]g lgodx?sf] th'd{ f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . gLltut kl/jt{gsf] kl/0ffd:j?k :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL pNn] Vodfqfdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sof] / lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]tT[ jdf k|f/De ul/Psf] cfly{s ;'wf/sf z'?sf aif{x?df ^.& k|ltzt;Ddsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n eof] . cfly{s ;'wf/ / cfly{s pknlAwsf lx;fjn] @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5sf] of] cjlw g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf nflu Pp6f :j0f{sfnsf] ?kdf /Xof] . t/ To;kl5 lqz+s' ;+;b, cNkdtsf] ;/sf/, / fhgLlts cl:y/tf, sltko bnaLr cfly{s gLltdf b]lvPsf] c:ki6tf / lx+;fTds åGån] pu|?k lng yfn]kl5 cfly{s j[l4b/n] klS8Psf] of] ult /f]lsof] . tyflk lj;+ @)$* kl5 /flvPsf] cfly{s ;'wf/sf] of] dhj"t hu xNnfpg sl7g eof] . ;fj{hlgs vktsf nflu h:tf];s ' } efif0fafhL / b:tfj]hsf gf/fdf h];s ' } s'/f n]lvPklg ;Qfdf uPkl5 l9nf]rfF8f] ;a} bnx?n] o; gLltnfO{ cg'z/0f u/] . sf+u;]| n] ;/sf/sf] g]tT[ j ;DxfNg] cj;/ kfpgf;fy z'? ul/Psf tL gLlt lgodx?nfO{ k'gM sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . oxLsf/0f xfdL lx+;fTds åGå / /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf aLr klg cflys ;fdflhs If]qdf pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;kmn eof}“ .

cfly{s ;fdflhs If]qsf pknlAw

lj;+ @)$* df z'? ul/Psf] of] j[xQ/ cfly{s pbfl/s/0fsf] gLlt nfu" ePkl5 ;fdflhs If]q / ;dfhk|ltsf] bfloTjnfO{ lal;{of] eGg] w]/n} fO{ e|d klg 5 . t/ oyfy{ s] xf] eg] lk5l8Psf] au{nfO{ d"nwf/df Nofpg]u/L cf7f}+ of]hgfdf s'n ;/sf/L vr{dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L /sd ;fdflhs If]qdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs vr{ k|0ffnLdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;/sf/sf] nufgL k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / ;fdflhs If]qdf s]lGb|t ul/of] . of] z'?cftnfO{ kl5Nnf aif{x?df cGo ;/sf/x?n] klg lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]n] cfh oL pknlAwx? xfl;n x'g ;s]sf x'g . ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;df of] Pp6f 7"nf] km8\sf] g} lyof] . cf7f}+ of]hgfdf ;fdflhs If]qdf #!=% k|ltzt, s[lif, l;+rfO{ / agdf @%=& k|ltzt, ljB'tdf @)=( k|ltzt, oftfoft / ;~rf/ df !&=& k|ltzt, pBf]u / vfgLdf @ k|ltzt / Jofkf/ tyf ko{6gdf !=# k|ltzt nufgLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;ftf} of]hgfsf] t'ngfdf ljz]ifu/L ;fdflhs ;]jf, oftfoft / ;~rf/ tyf ljB'tdf pNn]vgLo?kdf nufgL j[l4 ul/of] . pBf]u If]qdf lghLIf]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg / :yflkt

? !@ ca{ lyof] . ah]6df ;|ft] sf] Joj:yf ug'k{ bf{ ljb]zL ;xof]udflysf] lge{/tf em08} #^ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . clxn] ;/sf/sf] jflif{s /fh:j em08} ^ ;o ca{sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'us ] f] 5 eg] j}bl] zs ;xfotfdflysf] lge{/tf 36]/ !* k|ltztdf cfOk'us ] f] 5 . lghL If]qnfO{ a9fjf lbP/ cfly{s ultljlw a9fOPsf] / s/ k|zf;gdf ul/Psf] ;'wf/sf] ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof lj= ;+ glthf xf] of] . cfly{s ultljlwx? a9\bf @)$* df em08} %) k|ltzt /x]sf]df clxn] lghLIf]qsf] ljsf; eof], ;/sf/nfO{ /fh:j sl/j @! k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 . k|ltJolQm cfDbfgLdf a9f]Q/L eP/ @$) cd]l/sL 8n/ klg a9L cfof] . o;}sf/0f xfdLn] ufp“ ufp“df ljsf;sf sfdx? n}hfg ;Sof}+ . af6 clxn] &^^ cd]l/sL 8n/ k'us ] f] 5 . dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB't cfof]hgf / cfly{s If]qsf ;fy} ;fdflhs If]qdf klg l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf h:tf 7"nf cfof]hgfx? 7"nf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g b]lvPsf 5g . cfkm\g} vr{df cufl8 a9fpg ;Dej ePsf] la ;+ @)$* df #(=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] g]kfnL 5. hgtfsf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt a9]/ clxn] sl/a &) k|ltzt k'us ] f] 5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] cf}ift cfo' a9]/ %$ aif{af6 &! aif{ k'us ] f] 5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / ;'wf/sf] cefj To:t} afn tyf dft[ d[To'b/ klg pNn]Vo lj;+ @)%@ kl5 /fhgLlt cl:y/ aGof] . dfqfdf 36]sf] 5 . :jR5 vfg]kfgLdf kx'r“ k6sk6s ;/sf/ kl/jt{g e}/xg] u/]sf]n] lj:tf/ $) k|ltztaf6 *) k|ltzt k'us ] f], /fhgLlts bnsf] d'Vo wGbf g} ;/sf/ lzIff tyf :jf:Yo k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / kl/jt{g aGg uof] . o;n] k|zf;goGqdf ;]jfnfO{ ufp“ ufp“;Dd lj:tf/ ul/Psf]n] cl:y/tf Nofof] / /fHosf ;+oGqx? sdhf]/ o:tf] ;'wf/ b]lvPsf] xf] . o"Pg8LkLsf] dfgj x'g yfn] . cfly{s Ph]08fn] k|fyldstf kfpg ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)!) n] lzIff / :jf:Yo ;s]g / xfdLn] cfly{s If]qdf nlIot h:tf If]qdf rdTsfl/s ?kdf k|ult ug]{ pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;s]gf}+ . afx|aif]{ lx+;fTds ljZjsf tLg d'ns ' df g]kfnnfO{ klg ;dfj]z åGån] cy{tGqnfO{ cem g/fd|f] rf]6 k'¥ofof] . u/]sf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL nIodWo]sf lzIff / cufl8 al9;s]sf xfd|f sbdx? cj?4 eP . :jf:Yo If]qsf oL b'O{ pknlAwsf nflu ^@.^# sf] cfGbf]ngkl5 /fhgLlts ;d:of g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o k'/:sf/ ;d]t kfPsf] 5 . lsgf/f nfu] klg /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] /f]u lgsf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / clxn] klg aif}l{ kR5] csf]{ s'/f, lghL If]qnfO{ cufl8 a9fPkl5 ;/sf/ kl/jt{g e}/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ^@.^# /fHo sdhf]/ eof] eGg] e|d klg w]/n} fO{ 5 . kl5sf] o; cjlwdf klg gf}j6f ;/sf/ vf;df lghL If]qnfO{ a9fjf lb+bf /fHo e};s]sf 5g . lx+;fTds åGå ;lsPklg sdhf]/ x'g] xf]Og, a? cem alnof] x'G5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf cem} klg cfly{s ljsf; lj ;+ @)$* ;fndf aflif{s /fh:j c;"nL / ;d[l4sf] k|dv ' afwssf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ug{ ;/sf/L nufgL sd ug]{ gLlt cg'?k pBf]u If]qsf] nflu sd ;|ft] sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . pRr lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug],{ ul/jL lgjf/0f / If]qLo c;Gt'ng 36fpg] pQm of]hgfsf d'Vo tLg p2]Zo /x]sf lyP .

;/sf/ kl/jt{g x'gf;fy sd{rf/Lx? tyf cfof]hgf k|dv ' x?sf] ;?jf, a9'jf, :yfgfGt/0f e}/xg] u/]sf] 5 . sfd ug]n{ fO{, Ifdtf ePsfnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg]eGbf cfkm\gf] kf6L{sf] cyjf cfkm" glhssf] dfG5]nfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{ k|jl[ Q df}nfp“b} uPsf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf] d'2f s]jn gf/fdf ;Lldt /Xof] . lbg k|ltlbg /fHosf dxTjk"0f{ c+ux? bnut\ /fhgLltsf] rk]6fdf kg{ yfn] . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfly{s ultljlwx? lj:tf/ x'g ;Sb}gg\ / o:tf] cj:yf pTkGg ul/g' eg]sf] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfk|ltsf] a]OdfgL xf] . /fhgLlts bnsf lhDd]jf/ g]tfx?n] cj lghL tyf kf6L{ut lxtnfO{ eGbf b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdf sfd ug}k{ 5{ . of]Uotf / Ifdtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ x/]s g]tT[ j txdf :yflkt ug}k{ 5{ . d'ns ' / hgtfsf] j[xQ/ lxtsf nflu ;fxl;s / s7f]/ lg0f{o ug}k{ 5{ .

cjsf] d'Vo Ph]08f cfly{s

;+;f/sf x/]s d'ns ' n] cfly{s Ph]08fnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g / ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ul//x]sf 5g . r'gfjL d'2f cyjf cGo d'ns ' ;Fusf] ;DjGwnfO{ ;d]t cfly{s Ph]08fsf] s;Ldf /fv]/ x]g{ yflnPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg ljsf; / k|ultk|ltsf] tLa| hgrfxgf k"/f ug{sf nflu cfly{s Ph]08fnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfd ug{ l9nfO{ e};s]sf] 5 . ;sf/fTds kIf s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ljleGg lsl;dsf cfGbf]ng / lx+;f ub}{ pQm af6f] 7Ls gePsf] dx;"; u/L ;a} bnx? d"nwf/sf] /fhgLltdf kmls{;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/aflx/ /x“bf h];s ' } h:tf];s ' } s'/f af]nk] lg n]vk] lg ;/sf/df uPkl5 k5\ofpg] cfly{s bz{g / sfof{Gjog ug]{ cfly{s gLltdf vf;} leGgtf 5}g . sf+u;]| sf] ;/sf/n] lj;+ @)$* ;fndf z'? u/]sf] pbf/ cfly{s gLltaf6 sf]xL klg kl5 gx6]klg pgLx?sf lqmofsnfk / sltko cleJolQmn] o; gLltnfO{ /fd|/L cfTd;ft u/]sf] b]lvb}g . t/ ljZje/ c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] o; gLltnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cg'sn" agfO{ sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg'kg]{ / lghLIf]qnfO{ cem cg'sn" jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L sfd ug{ lbg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . lghL :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL k'FhLnfO{ cfslif{t gu/L ;'v} 5}g . s7f]/ d]xgt gu/L s'gk} lg d'ns ' n] pRr k|ult xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ eGg] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"js { dgg ug{' h?/L 5 . cfly{s ljsf;df ;+sL0f{ bnLo /fhgLlt gug]{ xf] eg] ;d[l4 6f9fsf] s'/f klg xf]Og . o;sfnflu cfly{s Ph]08fnfO{ ;a}n] pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVg'k5{ . cem eGg] xf] eg] cfly{s Ph]08fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;Sg] / ljsf;jfbL ;f]r ePsf] g]tT[ j clxn]sf] k|an cfjZostf xf] .

155

cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ;'/G] b| kf08], k"j{ cy{dGqL kf“r ;b:ox¿, Ps ;b:o–;lrj /xg] tyf kb]g ;b:odf d'Vo ;lrj / cy{ ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf eof] . To;kl5 g]kfndf lj=;+= @)^@–^# df ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 klg To;sf] ;+/rgfdf vf;} kl/jt{g ePg . o;/L x]bf{ of]hgf cfof]usf] Oltxf;n] ^ bzs k"/f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ^ bzs k"/f x'b“ f clxn] !$ cf}+ of]hgf rln/x]sf] 5 . aLrdf s]xL of]hgfx? lq–jifL{o of]hgf nfu" eP eg] w]/} k~rjifL{o of]hgf g} nfu' ePsf 5g\ .

of]hgf cfof]usf] :yfkgfnfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;'¿jft ug]{ pb]Zo;lxt lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] :yfkgf;“u} g]kfnsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . xfdLn] Oltxf; x]g{] xf] eg] lj=;+= @)!$ ;fndf of]hgf d08n P]g, @)!$ cg'¿k of]hgf d08n u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . tTsfnLg ;dodf ToxL d08nnfO{ of]hgf th{d' f ug]{ sfdsf] cltl/Qm ljleGg lsl;dsf] sfo{sf/L clwsf/x¿ klg lbOPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n] ax'bnLo k|hftGq vf/]hL u/L k~rfotL Joj:yf ;'? u/]kl5 To;sf] 9f“rfdf klg s]xL kl/jt{g eof] . pgs} cWoIftfdf Ps /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf eof] . Tolta]nf kl/ifb\nfO{ lgs} zlQmzfnL agfOPsf] lyof] . To;sf lg0f{ox¿ dlGqkl/ifbsf lg0f{o ;/x dfGo x'g] Joj:yf lyof] . lj=;+= @)!( ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\ lj36g u/L ;f]xL gfdn] gofF s]Gb|Lo ;+u7gsf] Joj:yf u/L o;sf] cWoIftf dlGqkl/ifb\sf cWoIfn] ug]{ / ;a} dGqLx¿ kb]g ;b:o x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . w]/} ptf/–r9fj;lxt lj=;+= @)$# ;fn df3 ! ut] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;+u7gdf ;fdfGo x]/km]/ eP klg lj+ ;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 d'ns ' df k'gg{:yflkt ax'bnLo k|hftGq / ;+jw} flgs /fhtGqsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g / ;+u7gdf km]l/ s]xL kl/jt{g eof] . lj=;+= @)$* efb| @! ut] ul7t /fli6«o of]hgf cfof] udf k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf Ps pkfWoIf, 156

cem eGg] xf] eg] )$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{g cl3 /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u h;/L rn]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 / cem eGg] xf] eg] @)^@–^# df ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 t of]hgf cfof]u Tolt kmª\;gn x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;+/rgf agfpg], ;dodf of]hgf th'd{ f ug]{ h:tf s'/fdf klg of] Tolt ;lqmo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;sf] k|efj g]kfnsf] cfly{s If]q, pBf]u–Joj;fodf klg k/]sf] 5 . o;s} sf/0f cfly{s If]qsf] d]?b08sf ?kdf lrlgPsf pBf]u–Joj;fon] ;d]t cfkm"nfO{ cfzfltt\ ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

km8\sf] dfg{ ;kmn eP . t/, xfdL hxf“sf] ToxL“ eGbf klg cem kl5–kl5 kb}{ uof}+ . o;sf] sf/0f s]–xf] < xfdLn] ;dLIff ug'k{ g]{ ePsf] 5 . lxhf] eGbf cfh emg\–emg\ r'gf}tLx? ylkb}+ uPsf 5g\ . xfdLn] tL ljifodf klg uDeL/ x'gk' g]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . cj;/ s]–x'g\ < vf]lh ug'k{ g]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . cGt/fli6«o ahf/n] xfd|f s] a:t' vf]hs ] f] 5 . s] a:t' ljlqm ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ljifodf klg xfdLn] uDeL/ eP/ ;dLIff ug'k{ g]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . lxhf] xfdLn] s'g a:t' laqmL ug{ ;s]sf lyof}+ . ca s'g a:t' laqmL ug{ ;S5f}F < o;sf] klg vf]hL ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . clxn] ;do km/s ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] lxhf]sf a:t' laqmL ug]{ cj:yf 5 ls 5}g < of] ljifodf klg ;dLIff ug'k{ g]{ ePsf] 5 .

Tolt dfq xf]Og ;a} If]qdf xft xfn]/ clxn] ;Dej 5}g . xfdLn] To;/L ljZjahf/;“u k|ltikwf{ klg ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . g]kfnsf] ;Defjgf s]–df 5 < xfdLn] To;sf] vf]hL ug'k{ 5{ . Pu|f] O08i6«Ldf g]kfnsf] ;Defjgf 5 eg] lj=;+= @)$^ ;fndf k~rfot 9Nof] . To;kl5 To;df xft xfNg'k5{ . g]kfndf /fhgLlts ?kdf lgs} ptf/– clxn] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] r9fjx? b]vf k/] . oxL aLrdf u0ftGq c/fhstfk"0f{ ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o:tf] :yfkgf eof] . ;+ljwfg hf/L eof] . b]z cj:yfsf] cGTosf nflu ;/sf/n] d'ns ' e/L ;+3Lotfdf k|jz ] u/\of] . ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kfltssf d'4fx? k]lrnf aGb} uP . o:tf] g} sf/vfgf hf]gsf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg'k5{ . ;/sf/n] cjwf/0ffd} …sf/vfgf hf]gdf ;bGe{df xfdLn] ljutdf s]–eof] < ljutdf s'g} klg j:tL a:g gkfpg] Joj:yf ug'k{ 5{ . lnPsf cfly{s gLltx? slt 7Ls lyP, slt 7Ls lyPgg\ < oL ;a} ljifodf ;dLIff ug'k{ g]{ olb s;}n] ToxfF j:tL k|bi' f0f eof], c;'/lIft eof}+ eg]/ j:tL a;fNg], sf/vfgf aGb ug]{ ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] clxn] cfly{s ;+jl[ 4sf s'/f ul/x]sf 5f}+ . o;sf nflu klg ljutsf] h:tf k|of; u5{g\ eg] ;/sf/n] g} b08 lbg] Joj:yf ug'k{ 5{ . o; ;DjlGw gLlt g} agfP/ ;dLIff cfjZos 5 . ljutdf s'g ljGb'df ;/sf/ cl3 a9\g] xf] eg] pBf]uL–Joj;foLdf s] u/]sf] eP /fd|f] x'g] lyof] / s] gu/]sf] klg pBf]u ;~rfng ug]{ cfTdan a9\g] 5 . eP /fd|f] x'g] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf] klg ;dLIff pBf]uL–Joj;foLx?n] klg ;/sf/nfO{ of] cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu cfly{s If]qsf] ljifodf ;xof]u ug'k{ 5{ . d]?b08sf ?kdf lrlgPsf] pBf]u–Joj;fo If]qsf] 5ftf ;+u7g pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] k"jf{wf/s} ;Gbe{df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] klg klg kxn ug'{ cfjZos 5 . casf] cfly{s casf !) jf !% jif{df pBf]u ;~rfngsf gLlt s] < casf lbgdf cf}Bf]lus If]qnfO{ nflu s]–s:tf k"jf{wf/ rflxG5 < of] s'/fsf] s'g lbzfdf cl3 a9fpg'k5{ < eGg] h:tf Vofn u/]/ ;sf/n] kjf{wf/ ljsf;df klg s'/fdf klg Wofg hfg h?/L 5 . hf]8 lbg'k5{ . To;df klg Joj;foLx?n] ;xof]u ug'k{ 5{ . xfdLn] Oltxf; g} x]g{] xf] eg] s'g} ;do g]kfnaf6 un}Frf lgs} 7"nf] dfqfdf lgof{t ahf/ eg]sf] g} hg;+Vof xf] . Tolt dfq x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . clxn] Tof] xfd|} sf/0fn] xf]Og, zx/x? ljsf;sf Ol~hg x'g\ . To;}n] ;+s6df k/]sf] 5 . xfdL Psa]nf ef/t / ;/sf/n] zx/sf] of]hgf Nofpg'k5{ . rLg h:t} Nofst ePsf b]z lyof}F . oxf“sf ' e/L slt j6f zx/sf] cfjZos 5 . pBf]u–Joj;fosf] Nost tL b]zsf] h:t}–h:t} d'ns lyof] . of] cjwLdf rLg / ef/tn] g} ;"rgf, To;sf] cg'udg u/]/ Jojl:yt zx/ a;fNg] of]hgf klg ;/sf/n] agfpg'k5{ . ca xfdL k|ljlw;“u} cfly{s If]qdf klg g;f]rs ] f]

k'/fgf] 9f“rfaf6 xf]Og gof“ 9f“rfaf6 cl3 a9\gk' 5{ . To;sf nflu ;/sf/n] casf kf“r jf bz aif{df slt j6f gof“ zx/ lgdf{0f ug]{ < of] af/]df klg ;f]Rg'k5{ . zx/Ls/0f x'g] ljlTts} pkef]u klg a9]/ hfG5 . Tof] eof] eg] xfdLn] cfGtl/s pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg yfN5f}+ . o;sf nflu ;/sf/ / Joj;foL aLr ;xsfo{ cfjZos x'G5 . aGb–x8\tfn h:tf s'/fn] klg pBf]u–Joj;fo rf}k6 aGg] u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk klxnfsf] t'ngfdf aGb–x8\tfndf sdL cfPsf] 5 . slxNo} klg pBf]u, sn–sf/vfgf aGb gug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{sf nflu klg pBf]uL– Joj;foL / ;/sf/aLr ;xsfo{ cfjZos 5 . dhb'/x?n] plrt Hofnf / plrt ;'ljwf kfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf gx'Gh]n aGb–x8tfn sd ug{ ;lsGg . To;sf nflu pBf]uL–Joj;foLn] Wofg lbg'k5{ . To;sf nflu pBf]uL– Joj;foL ;'ljwf yKg], Hofnf a9fpg] ug'k{ 5{ . of] pBf]uL–Joj;foL / dhb'/sf] ;xdltdf eof] eg] w]/} xb;Dd ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5 . :jb]zdf hgzlQmsf] cefj 5 . nfvf}+ hgzlQm ljb]z knfPg ePsf] 5 . pgLx?nfO{ g} plrt Hofn / ;'ljwf lbg] jtfj/0f aGg] xf] eg] pgLx? ljb]z hfg] 5}gg\ . Tof];u“ } hgzlQmsf] cefj klg :jtM x6]/ hfg]5 .

clxn] o'/f]k–cd]l/sf k'us ] f] hg;zlQmnfO{ kmsf{pg] xf]Og oxL ePsf] To:tf] hgzlQmnfO{ /f]Sg] dfq} xf] eg] klg w]/} ug{ ;lsG5 . cem dn]l;of, vf8L d'ns ' df >d a]Rg uPsf o'jfnfO{ kmsf{pg] xf] eg] klg xfdLn] Toxf“sf] h:tf] ljsf; ug{ ;S5f}F . vf8L, d]nl] ;of agfPsf] g]kfnsf o'jfn] xf] . jL;b]lv tL; xhf/;Dd tna g]kfndf pBf]u, sn– sf/vfgfdf x'g] xf] eg] nfvf}+ o'jf 3/sf] eft vfP/ :jb]zsf] /f]huf/L ug]5 { g\ . ;'/Iffsf] gLlt ;/sf/n] agfpg] xf] eg] pBf]u, sn– sf/vfgfn] klg 9'Ss;“u /f]huf/L lbg ;S5g\ .

clxn] u'08fubL{ ug],{ rGbf c;'Ng] JolQmx?sf sf/0f klg pBf]uL–Joj;foLn] 9'S;Fu sfd ug{ kf{sf 5}gg\ . sltko 7fpFdf /fhgLltsf] rGbf xf]nf, sltko 7fpFdf kqsf/sf] rGbfsf] s'/f xf]nf cem sltko 7fp“df k|x/Lsf] rGbfsf] s'/f xf]nf . ;/sfn] oL ;a} 7fp“df rGbf p7fpg] / u'08fub}{ ug]{ s'/fsf] cGTosf nflu sbk rfNg'k5{ . To;f] eof] eg] cg'lrt nufgL ug]{ s'/faf6 Jojf;oLx? hf]luG5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ 9'S;Fusf sfd ug]{ pT;fx k}bf x'G5 . o:tfvfn] u}x| cfly{s bafaaf6 Joj;foLnfO{ d'lQm lbg ;/sf/n] sbd rfNg'k5{ . of] ;u}F xfdLn] ca skf]/{ 6] k|0ffnLdf hfg h?/L 5 . o;f] eof] eg] To;sf nflu ;/sf/sf] klg e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGq cem\ ;+Dj[4 eP/ hfg]5 / x'G5 . To;sf nflu ;/sf/n] s]xL ug{ ;S5 . kf/blz{tf klg a9]/ hfg] 5 . rNt], rnft] ;a}nfO{ nlIft ug{ g;lsPnf . t/, Ps–8]9 of]hgf agfP/ hfg] xf] eg] xfdL st} klg k'Ug ;Sb}gf}+ . nfv tna lbg ;Sg] xf] eg] sf]l/of jf hfkfg hfg] ghzlQmnfO{ g]kfnd} /f]Sg ;lsG5 . b'O{ nfv;Dd lbg ;Sg] xf] eg] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f o'/f]k–cd]l/sf hfg] hgzlQmnfO{ /f]Sg ax'bnLo Joj:yf cfPkl5 xfdLn] klg ;lsG5 . jL;–tL;–rfln;b]lv krf; pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|of]u u/\of}{ . t/, Tof] xfdLn] xhf/;Ddsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] vf8L c?sf] gSsn dfq u/]sf 5f}“ . xfdLn] / dn]l;of hfg] hgzlQmnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/L, gLlh / ;xsf/Lsf] tLg vDa]

cy{gLltnfO{ klg cfTd;fy ub}{ cfPsf 5f}“ . o;nfO{ sltko Joj;foLn] of] t sDo'lgi6sf] gLlt xf] eg]em}“ u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . o;df s;}n] klg ;z+lst jf lrlGtt x'g' kg]{ d b]lVbg . pbfx/0fs} ?kdf lng] xf] eg] ;a} eGbf x]lkPsf] If]q;Dd gLlh If]q k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . bz, jL; xhf/ C0f lng]x?sf] kx'r“ df clxn] klg a}ªs \ k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . Tof] clxn] klg ;xsf/Ls} kx'r“ df 5 . To;}n] a}ªs \ n] d]/f] ;a} ahf/ ;xsf/Ln] vfof] eg]/ cflTtg' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . otf ;xsf/Ln] klg d a}ªs \ n] ug]{ sfd u5'{ eg]/ xf}l;g] cj:yf klg 5}g . sltkonfO{ ;xsf/Lsf] cfGbf]ngsf] cjwf/0f sDo'lgi6x?sf] xf] eGg] e|d 5 . Tof] unt xf] . ljb]zsf] cg'ej x]g{] xf] eg] klg To:tf] 5}g . of] k"h “ LjfbL cfGbf]ngsf] Ps cª\u xf] . sf+u;]| s} tkm{af6 k6s–k6s cy{dGqL aGg' ePsf 8fS6/ /fdz/0f dxtn] klg klxnf–klxnf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] ;a} ahf/nfO{ 7Ls kf5{ eGg'xG' Yof] . lxhf]cfh Tof] eGg 5f8\g' ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] clxn] pbf/Ls/0f ahf/Ls/0fsf] cf}hf/ xf] eGg 5f8\g' ePsf] 5 . clxn] d}n] eGg] of] ;a} s'/fsf] cf}hf/ xf]Og eGg] u/]sf] pbfx/0f;“u pxf“ klg ;xdt x'gx' G' 5 .

cGTodf

o:tf] ;Gbe{df pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] hg' 9+un] Oltxf;sf] ;dLIff u/]/ k':ts k|sfzg ug]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf] 5 . of] Oltxf; s]nfpg] / ;dLIff ug]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] klg xf] . @))& ;fnkl5sf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, o;n] pBf]u–Joj;fodf kf/]sf] k|efj, lnPsf cfly{s gLlt, pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;+3n] u/]sf sfdsf] ;dLIff h:tf ljifosf] klg a:t'lgi7 ;dLIff x'g] d}n] cfzf lnPsf] 5' . of] cfkm}d“ f pbfx/0fLo sfd xf] .

157

cfly{s ;d[l4sf cfwf/ jif{dfg k'g, k"j{ cy{dGqL jif{;Dd cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjdfk{mt\ ;/sf/ abNg kfO“bg} . Ps k6s cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj btf{ ePkl5 Ps jif{;Dd csf]{ cljZjf; k|:tfj btf{ ug}{ kfO“bg} . lgjf{rg x'g] jif{df klg cljZjf; k|:tfj btf{ ug{ kfOFb}g . ca ^–^ dlxgfdf jf x/]s jif{ ;/sf/ abNg] cj:yf /x“bg} . s'g} kf6Lsf] ax'dt cfpnf jf u7aGwg aGnf / To;n] :yfloTj b]nf eGg] Psflt/ 5Fb}5 . xfdLn] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / zf;sLo :j?kdfkm{t g} /fhgLlts :yfloTj lbg] k|oTg u/]sf 5f}+ . /fhgLlts g]tT[ jn] klg ca d'ns ' df /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng k'/f eof], xfdL cfly{s ;+dl[ 4tkm{ pGd'v x'gk' 5{ eGg] ax; rnfpg yfn]sf] 5 . of] csf]{ ;sf/fTds kf6f] xf] . o;n] klg /fhgLlts ;+3if{dfq x'g] t/ :yfloTj gx'g] lxhf]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ xn ug{ ;xof]u u5{ / cfly{s ljsf; Pjd\ nufgLsf] g]kfndf & bzs nfdf] /fhgLlts ;+3if{ rNof] . d"n ?kdf /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng ;kmn jftfj/0f agfpg d2t k'U5 . bf];f| ,] gLltut ?kn] lxhf]sf] lbgdf lgjf{xd'lv cy{tGqdf eOs]sf] 5 . ca cfly{s ljsfsf nflu lyof}+ . cfkm\gf] pTkfbgeGbf klg aflx/af6 pko'Qm jftfj/0f ag]sf] 5 . lgZro klg /fhgLltnfO{ :yfloTj lbg]s/' f cem} af“sL 5, cfoft u/]/ dfu wfGg] cj:yfdf lyof}+ . { f] t/ cfwf/e"t /fhgLlts k|Zg xn ePsf] 5 . nfvf}+ o'jfnfO{ b]zdf /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug's ;f6f] d'ns ' aflx/ sfddf k7fP/ pgLx?n] ca k|Zg cfly{s ljsf; / ;+dl[ 4s} xf] . clxn] lj:tf/} ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf] Ph]08f k7fPsf] /]ld6\ofG;af6 b]z rnfpg] cj:yfdf lyof}+ . ca of] abNg'k5{ . ca xfdL;“u ePsf] cfly{s ljsf;df s]lGb|t x'F\ b} uPsf] 5 . k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwg, hgzlQm, snf ;f+:s[lt ;fdflhs hLjgdf klg cy{tGq, ljsf;, k'jf{wf/ / ;+dl[ 4sf ljifon] k|fyldstf kfp“b} h:tf ;a} lsl;dsf ;fwgsf] k|of]u xfdLn] ;+dl[ 4sf nflu s]lGb|t ug'k{ 5{ . ;|ft] ;fwg uPsf] 5 . cfd hgtfsf] aLrdf klg ca t / hgzlQmsf] bLuf] pkof]u ug]{ ;xL gLlt ;d[l4 cfjZos 5 eGg] efjgf hfu]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf b'O{ l5d]sL d'ns ' cfly{s ?kdf w]/} agfpg' k5{ . To;df xfdLn] lghL If]qnfO{ cl3 nufP/ /fhsLo / ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ cl3 al9;s]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/n] 7"nf] km8\sf] klg ;fy;fy} /fv]/ hfg'k5{ . xfd|f] g]kfnL dfl/;s]sf] 5 . xfdL /fhgLlts ;+3if{df @–# k':tf g} nlu;Sof}+ . ca cfly{s ljsf; ;dfhsf] rl/q / w/ftnnfO{ x]bf{ of] ;Dej 5 eGg] nfU5 . / ;d[l4sf nflu n8\gk' 5{ eGg] r]tgf cfd dflg;df hfu]sf] 5 . of] c;fWo} pT;fxhgs lghL If]q hfg g;Sg] jf p;n] cu'jfO ug{ s'/f xf] . s]xL g]tf, s]xL sfo{stf{ / s]xL g;Sg] If]qdf /fhsLo If]qn] s]xL hf]lvd gLlt lgdf{tfn] dfq} a'em]/ b]zdf cfly{s ;+dl[ 4 xfl;n ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu lnP/ ePklg hfg'k5{ / hgtfnfO{ ;]jf lbg'k5{ . k'jf{wf/sf cfwf/ agfpg' k5{ . cleofgfTds 9+un] sfd ug'k{ 5{ . o;df lghL If]q 8/fpg' kb}g{ , ;/sf/ hlxn] klg ;xof]lu g} x'G5 . To;kl5 lghL If]qn] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu /fhgLlts hxfF t'ngfTds ?kdf k|lt:klw{ Ifdtf jf :yfloTj ;+efjgf 5, To; If]qdf nufgL u5{ . lghL cfly{s ;+dl[ 4 ax;sf] ljifo t xf] . t/ s;/L x'G5 < s]n] /f]ls/x]sf] 5 < s'g gLltn] If]qn] vf]Hg] hlxn] klg gfkmf g} xf] . To;sf] a]u/ lghL If]q hfg ;Sb}g . t/, gfkmfsf /f]Sof], s'g g]tT[ jn] /f]Sof], s'g ;+/rgfn] cltl/Qm pgLx?;fd' s]xL ;fdflhs bfloTjx? /f]Sof], xfd|f] r"gf}lt s] xf] < of] s'/fsf] klg x'G5g\ . h;/L klg gfkmf jf h'g ?kdf lgSof}n{ gu/L ;+dl[ 4sf] OR5fdfq} /fv]/ klg gfkmf eGg] 9+uaf6 x'b“ g} . k|sl[ tnfO{ x'b“ g} . lxhf] xfdLn] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g t h;/L klg bf]xg ug]{ eGg] klg xf]Og . u¥of}+ . t/, To;n] /fhgLlts :yfloTj lbg kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ngnfO{ klg x]gk{' 5{ . ;dfhsf] ;s]g . ca xfdLn] ;+ljwfgdf ;'wfl/Psf] cfjZostf Psflt/ 5, lghL If]qn] ;+;bLo Joj:yf cGt/ut To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg h;/L klg gfkmf cz"Ng] af6f] vf]Hg' klg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5f}+ . lgjf{rg ePsf] b'O{ 158

x'b“' g} . xfdLn] bLuf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs bfloTjsf] kl/kfngf ug'k{ 5{ . lghL If]qn] hf]lvd lnP/ nufgL u5{, /f]huf/L ;[hgf u5{, /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ dha't agfp“5 eg] To:tf] nufgLdf p;n] s]xL gfkmf klg lnP/ hfG5 . /fHon] lghL If]qsf] To:tf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|j4{g ug'k{ 5{ . ;/sf/n] ub}{ klg cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] cy{tGqsf] t];f| ] vDaf ;xsf/L xf] . h;n] ;fgf k"h “ L, Go"g >d, ;fgf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx? hDdf u5{ . ;fd'lxs k|oTgaf6 pTkfbgsf nflu ;fOh]an OsfO{ agfp“5, To;nfO{ xfdLn] cGoyf lng' x“bg} . xfdL lgjf{xd'lv cy{tGqaf6 clnslt Joj;fod'lv, clnslt pBdzLn cy{tGqlt/sf] af6f] df cl3 a9]sf 5f}+ . Hofb} ;fgf] kl/df0fdf 5l/P/ /x]sf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?nfO{ Pslqt ug]{ k|of; xfdLn] ul//x]sf 5f}+ . o;n] cfd ?kdf ;+dl[ 4sf] lj:tf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . 7"nf, demf}nf / ;fgf pBf]usf] ;Gt'ng eg] h:t} 7"nf, demf}nf / ;fgf k"h “ Lsf] ;Gt'ng ug{ ;xsf/Ln] ;xof]u u5{ . bIf hgzQmL, dWod hgzQmL / cw{bIf hgzQmL / cbIf hgzQmLsf] ;dfg / ;Gt'lnt pkof]u u/]/ dfq} xfdLn] vfh]sf] ;+dl[ 4 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdL;“u ePsf ;fwg;|ft] , hgzlQm / ;+efJotfsf] ;dl:6ut pkof]u ug'k{ 5{ .

nufgLsf] jftfj/0f

gof“ ;+ljwfg ag]sf] 5 . gof“ ;+/rgf tof/ ePsf] 5 . To;cg';f/ ;d[l4nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ lsl;dsf gLltlgod / sfg"gx? agfpg' kg]{ 5 . s]xL sfg"gx? alg;s]sf 5g\ s]xL aGg] k|lqmofdf 5g\ . s]xL tof/Ld} 5g\ . To;df ;/sf/n] ult a9fof] eg] l5§} gLltut k'jf{wf/ tof/ x'G5 . ljz]if cfly{s If]q, cf}Bf]lus If]qsf k|:tfjx? ul/Psf 5g\ . nufgL gLlt, cf}Bf]lus gLltx? ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 . xfd|f] cfGtl/s nufgLdfq geO{ afx\o nufgL, afx\o k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/f klg 5 . afx\o ;fwg;|ft] sf] plrt kl/rfnglagf xfdLn] tLj| cfly{s ljsf; xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . ljutsf] cf+s8fx? x]bf{ g]kfnLx?sf] art k|aQ [ L eg]sf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5 . @@ va{ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg ePsf] d'ns ' df !) k|ltzt art ubf{ @ va{eGbf s]xL a9Ldfq} x'G5 . t/, xfdLnfO{ a'9L u08sL hnljB't\ cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;f9] # va{ ?k}ofF rflxG5 . To;sf/0f ;a} g]kfnLn] Ps jif{e/Ldf art u/]sf] k'/} k};fn] Pp6f cfof]hgf klg agfpg k'Ub}g . To;sf/0f xfdLn] cGt/f{li6«o lghL nufgLstf{nfO{ nufgL ug{ k|fT] ;flxt u5f},{+

j}bl] zs C0f / ;xfotfx? lnG5f}+ / nufgLsf] kl/k'/0f u5f}{+ . afx\o nufgLsf] klg xfdL;“u ljsNk 5}g . To;sf/0f b]zleqsf] nufgL jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ug]{ / g]kfnL nufgLstf{sf] dgf]an a9]kl5 afx\o nufgL lelqg yfN5g\ . of] g} g]kfnsf] ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ xf] .

nufgLsf If]qut k|fyldstf

s'g If]qdf nufgL ug]{ eGg]df ;a} /fhgLlts bn / gLlt lgdf{tfsf] k|fyldstfdf s[lif, ko{6g / hn;|ft] 5 . k'jf{wf/sf If]qdf klg xfdL k|fyldstfk'js { hfg;S5f}+ eg]/ gLltut dfu{bz{g lbOPsf] 5 . l56f] / w]/} ;+Vofdf /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ eg]sf] s[lif g} xf] . clxn] klg g]kfnsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ hg;+Vof s[lifd} lge{/ 5 . o;df clnslt pBdzLntf a9fpg], Joj;flostf leq\ofpg] ljQLs} bzf}n+ fv dflg; Ps};fy :j/f]huf/ / /f]huf/ aGg ;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . bf];f| ,] xfdL;“u kof{ko{6gsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf 5 . h}ljs ljljwtf, xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtf, ;Gt'lnt tfkqmd, kj{tLo >[vnf / ef}nf]lus ljljwtfn] xfdLnfO{ wgL agfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] b]z wfld{s ko{6gsf nflu klg cfsif{s 5 . kz'klt, n'lDagL, d'lQmgfy, hgsk'/h:tf wfld{s ko{6gsf k'jf{wf/ 5g\ . To:t} ! ;o @% eGbf a9L hfthftLsf e]ifj'zf, efiff ;+:s[lt, snf 5g\ . of] ;f+:s[lts ko{6gsf nflu /fd|f] cfwf/ xf] . ;fgf] e"uf]ndf klg xfd|f] ef}uf]lns Pjd\ kof{j/0fLo ljljwtfn] :jf:Yo, lzIff / v]n ko{6gnfO{ k|a4{g ug{;S5f}+ . ko{6gn] xfd|f y'k|} cbIf hgzlQmnfO{ Ps;fy /f]huf/ jf :j/f]huf/ agfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 .

lgof{t\ ug]{ cj:yf ;d]t ag]sf] 5 . o;df klg b'O{ lsl;dsf leGg ljrf/ -:s"n ckm y6_ 5g\ . Pp6f pmhf{ lgof{t\ ug]{ / csf]{ pmhf{sf] cfGtl/s vkt a9fP/ c? pTkfbgx? lgof{t ug]{ eGg] 5 . oL b'a} ug{ ;Dej 5 . xfdLn] @)$^ sf] kl/jt{gkl5 x]g{] xf] eg] olt w]/} k'jf{wf/x? ag]sf 5g\ . ljt]sf] tLg bzsdf ;of}+ u'0ff a9L af6f], k'n, ljBfno, sn]h, ljZjljBfno, c:ktfn alg;s]sf 5g\ . ;du| ;d[l4sf nflu cfwf/ aGb} uPsf] 5 .

;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] ;d[l4

xfdLn] pTkfbg jf ljsf;sf] s'/f ubf{ / nfesf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ klg Wofg lbg'k5{ . hnljB't,\ s]xL pBf]u / c? Joj;fodf klg To;sf] ;'?\ jft eO;s]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ;fgf] cfsf/d} ePklg :jldTjdf ;xeflutf u/fOPsf] 5 . o:tf] cEof;n] Tof] pBf]u jf Joj;fok|lt :yfgLo ;d'bfon] ckgTj dx;'; u5{ . To;sf] ;+/If0f u5{ . 7"nf] hg;+Vofn] ckgTj dx;'; u¥of] eg] ToxL ;d'bfo g} cfof]hgfsf] ;+/Ifs aG5 / ToxL ;d'bfo pTkfbgsf] ahf/ klg aG5 . o;sf nflu xfdLn] ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L -kLkLkL_ cawf/0ff Nofof}+ . clxn] c? ljleGg df]8n] x? eg]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] u'bL s'/f] eg]sf] lghL If]q jf ;/sf/ h;n] nufgL u/] klg :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / ;fem]bf/L x'b“ f of]hgf jf Joj;fo ljsf;sf nflu ;xh jftfj/0f aG5 . o;}n] cfh ;dfg ljt/0f, ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;f]Rg'kg]{ x'G5 .

cfh lsg dflg;x? ;8sdf a;]/ 9'u+ f xfG5g\ eg] pgLx? a]/f]huf/ 5g\ . s'g} 7fpFdf gof“ pBf]u cfpg nfUof] eg] :yfgLon] ldn]/ t];f| ] s'/f hn;|ft] g} xf] . o;df klg pmhf{df la/f]w u5{g\ . Tof] lsg eg] ToxfFsf] k|fs[lts xfdLn] nufgL a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . ef/t;“u ;|ft] of pBdnfO{ ;Lldt dfG5]n] kl/rfng pmhf{ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf klg eO;s]sf] 5 . c? ug]{ / gfkmf lnP/ hfg] u5{g\ . clxn] hgtf ;Defjgfsf] vf]lhdf klg ;/sf/ h'6s ] f] 5 . ;r]t ePsf 5g\ . pgLx?n] slt gfkmf k|fKt To;n] xfd|f] cfGtl/s cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k'lt{ ePsf] 5 eGg] b]V5g\ . d'gfkmfsf] lx:;f ug]{ ljB't\ pTkfbg eP;s]kl5 klg aflx/ :yflgojf;Ln] gkfpbf :yfgLodf pBf]uk|ltsf]

gsf/fTds efjgf a9\g yfN5 . To;n] ljb|f] x lgDTofp“5 . cGttM km]/L ul/aLd} ws]lng] cj:yf aG5 . s'g} pBf]u Joj;fog} l6Sg g;Sg] cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 . To;sf/0f hgpQ/bfloTj, ;fdflhs bfloTjsf] kl/kfngf ug]{ / nfesf] ljt/0fdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{' cfjZos 5 . nufgL u/]kl5 To;af6 Psflt/ s/ cfp“5 . Tof] s/sf] k};fn] ToxL ;d'bfosf nflu af6f], k'n, c:ktfn, lzIffno agfpg ;lsG5 . csf]l{ t/ pBf]udf /f]huf/L xf];\ jf ;]o/ :jfldTj xf];\ s'g} g s'g} ?kn] :yfgLosf] ;xeflutf / d'gfkmfsf] ljt/0f ug]{ xf] eg] ;fdflhs Gofo ;lxtsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fn] u/La / wgLaLrsf] vf8n sd u5{ / ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 .

lghL If]qnfO{ ;'emfj

lghL If]qn] ;/sf/;Fu :j:y k|lt:kwf{sf nflu jftf/0f agfOlbg';\ eGg], nufgLsf] jftfj/0f agfOlbg';\ eGg] / ;“u;“u} gLltut Pjd\ k|zf;lgs ;+/If0f klg vf]Hg] k|aQ [ L TofUg'k5{ . l;l08s]6, sf6]l{ nª h:tf Psflwsf/sf] cGTo x'gk' 5{ . To;n] ;du| pBdzLntfnfO{ sdhf]/ kf5{ . 7"nf lgdf{0f cfof]hgfsf] 7]Ssf cfx\jfg x“bf s ju{sf lgdf{0f Joj;fo hDdf eP/ efua08f ug]{ xf] eg] csf]{ l5g}{ kfpFb}g . a}s + x? ldn]/ Aofhb/df ldn]dtf] ug],{ c? u|fxs ;]jfsf ;jfndf sltko ljifodf ldn]dtf] ug],{ oftfoft Joj;foLn] ofq'nfO{ a9L ;'ljwf lbg' stf xf] stf l;l08s]6 u/]sf] 5 . clwsf+z Joj;foLn] ldn]dtf]df sfd u/]sf 5g\ . h;/L x'G5, c?nfO{ k|jz ] glbg], cfkm"n] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / Joj;flos OGgf]e;] g klg gug]{ clg h;/L x'G5 w]/} gfkmf sdfpg] ug'{ x'Fb}g . :j:y k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f Joj;foL cfkm}n+ ] tof/ ug'k{ 5{ . gfkmf eP;Dd k'/} gfkmf cfkm"n] lng], s]xL u/L 3f6f jf cK7]/f] k¥of], ;/sf/n] ;xof]u ug'k{ 5{ eGg] k|aQ [ L unt xf] . ;d:ofdf ;/sf/n] x]l/lbg], gfkmf cfkm"n] vfg] xf] eg] h;n] klg ug]{ lyof] . Joj;fo cfkm}d+ f hf]lvd klg xf] / snf klg xf] . hf]lvd axg ug{ lghL If]q tof/ x'gk' 5{ . gLltut jf k|zf;gLs ?kn] rnv]n u/]/ cfkm\gf] cg'sn' agfpg] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ /f]lsg' k5{ . k|0ffnLn] sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' k5{ . Tof] sfddf lghL If]qn] ;xof]u ug'k{ 5{ . /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs g]tT[ jnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ cln cfkm}n+ ] u'gf;f] ug]{ k|aQ [ L /fd|f] xf]Og . lghL If]qn] nufgL / Joj;flos jftfj/0f, gLltut :ki6tf, :j:y k|lt:kwf{, ahf/df :jtGq kx'r“ h:tf kf/bzL{ Joj:yfx?sf] vf]hL ug'k{ 5{ . dof{lbt Joj;foL aGg tof/ x'gk' 5{ . 159

b]znfO{ ;'s'nu'08] cy{tGqaf6 dfly p7fp“ 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL, k"j{ k//fi6« tyf cy{dGqL

bzsf}b+ l] v ljleGg /fhgLlts ptf/r9fj ;lxt g]kfn cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'us ] f] 5 . /fhgLlts kl/jt{g / k|fKtLx? w]/} ePklg b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; c;fWo} ;':t ultdf lxl8/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(*) b]lv () ;Dd $ bzdnj ( sf] b/df k'us ] f] cfly{s j[l4b/ ;g\ !(() b]lv @))! ;Dd $ bzdnj ! b/ df /x\of] . åGåkl5 zflGt k'g:yfkgf;“u} j[l4b/ -kL; l8le8]06_ dfly p7\g' kg]{ xf], ;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fdfGotM olt j[l4nfO{ klg /fd|} dfGg ;lsG5 . b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sL /fi6« ef/t / rLgsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnsf] j[l4b/ Hofb} sd 5 . olx tl/sfn] hfg] xf] eg] csf]{ rf}lj; jif{df g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4 # xhf/ sf] xf/fxf/L k'Ubf ef/tsf] !@ xhf/ k'lu;Sg] 5 . Tof] a]nf xfd|f] b'O{ b]zaLrsf cfDbfgLsf] cGt/ olt w]/} al9;s]sf] x'G5 ls To;n] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cl:tTjd} k|ZglrGx v8f ug]{ l:ylt cfpF5 . g]kfnnfO{ olb :jtGq / ;DkGg /fi6« agfpg] xf] eg] b]zsf] j[l4b/ sd;]sd & b]lv * k|ltzt gk'¥ofO{ ;'v 5}g . xfn eO/x]sf] xfd|f] j[l4sf] u'0f:t/ klg Psbd} sd 5 . ePsf] j[l4 klg /f]huf/Ld'ns 5}g . dflg; s[lifaf6 aflx/ lg:sg jfWo 5g\ . t/ ;fdfGotof cfly{s ljsf; jf ?kfGt/0fsf qmddf s[lifaf6 lg:s]sf dflg;x? nfO6 pBf]u, k|f;] l] ;ª, lgof{td'ns pBf]udf ;+nUg -PAha{_ x'g' kg]{ xf] . rLgdf s[lif If]qaf6} cfPsf dflg; lgof{td'ns pBf]udf /f]huf/ eP . g]kfndf Tof] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pTkfbgd'ns pBf]usf] of]ubfg sl/a !) jif{ cuf8L /fli6«o cfodf !) k|ltzt lyof] eg] clxn] 36]/ em08} ;f9] % k|ltztdf 5 . o;sf] dtnj s[lifaf6 aflx/ lg:s]sf dflg;n] pBf]udf /f]huf/L kfp“bg} g\ . /f]huf/L gkfPkl5 Tof] hgzlQm j}bl] zs 160

/f]huf/Ldf hfg afWo ePsf 5g\ . Tof] hgzlQmn] s[lifaf6 aflxl/P/ zx/L If]qd} /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\, la8Dagf tL g]kfndf geP/ cGo b]zdf 5g\ . Tof] /f]huf/L klg Ps lsl;dn] bf; sfdbf/sf] ?kdf 5g\ . @)÷@% xhf/sf nflu d?e'lddf kl;gf r'xfpg afWo 5g\ . ToxfFsf] cfDbfgLaf6 g]kfnsf] a}s + , /fh:j, ;/sf/ rn]sf] 5 . o;/L /]ld6\ofG;af6 dfq afFRg] b]z pGgtLzLn ePsf] pbfx/0f sxL 5}g . s]xL ;dosf nflu /]ld6\ofG;nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, To;/L cfPsf] k"FhLnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|0ffnLleq vf;u/L pTkfbgzLn pBf]u, lgof{td'ns pBf]udf cfwf/lznf lgdf{0fdf, ko{6g, hnljB'tdf nufP/ g]kfnL >dsf] pTkfbsTj a9fP/ nfg ;s]sf] eP Tof] /]ld6\ofG;sf] ;b'kof]u x'g ;SYof] xf]nf . t/ w]/} /]ld6\ofG; pkef]udf vr{ ePsf] 5 . Ps lsl;dn] Tof] klg cfjZos g} lyof] . w]/} dflg; clxn] /]ld6\ofG;s} sf/0f ul/aLsf] /]vfaf6 dfly p7]sf 5g\ . s]xL xb;Dd lzIffdf, 3/hUufdf v/Lbdf vr{ ePsf] 5 . t/ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf vr{ ug{ ;s]sf] eP c/asf] d?e'ldaf6 cfPsf] kl;gfsf] d"Non] bL3{sflng nfe ;DalGwt hgtf / /fi6« b'j} nfeflGjt x'g ;Sy] .

pkef]u / /fh:j rnfpg] / To;}nfO{ ljsf; eg]/ /dfpg] ;f]r xfaL ePsf] 5 . o;n] /fHo c:yfO{ ?kdf t rln/xnf t/ bLuf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ eg] aGg ;Sb}g . w]/} cl3 g]kfndf pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] xf] . t/ oxf“ k|0ffnLsf] ;b'kof]ueGbf b'?kof]u a9]sf] b]lvG5 . d]/f] cy{dGqLsf] sfo{sfndf g]kfndf b'O{ cf]6fdfq a}s + lyP . Tof] a]nf dfG5]sf] egfO{ aflx/sf] a}s + Nofpg lbof] eg] xfd|f] /fli6«o a}s + x? d5{g\ eGg] lyof] . To;nfO{ xfdLn] cl:jsf/ u¥of}+ / eGof},+ aflx/sf] a}s + t Nofpg] t/ aflx/sf a}s + sf] PsltxfO{, g]kfnsf k|j4{ssf] PsltxfO{, g]kfnsf ;]o/ ahf/df klg nu]/ cfd hgtfnfO{ klg ;]o/ xf]N8/ agfP/ n}hfg] elgof] . To;/L NofOg] a}s + df tLg lsl;dsf] :jfldTj x'g] -y|L Og jfg¬_ ljb]zL a}s + , :jb]zL k|j4{s / g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;d]t :jfldTj x'g] u/L z'? ul/of] . clxn] g]kfnsf] a}l+ sª If]q cGo If]qeGbf w]/} ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . clxn]sf a}s + df g]kfnsf] k|ljlw, l;k olt a9]/ uPsf] 5 ls oxfFsf a}s + /;{x? cGo b]zdf klg k/fdz{bftfsf ?kdf k'us ] f 5g\ .

To;}n] pbf/Ls/0fn] k|lt:kwf{ lnP/ cfp“5 eg] To;sf] pkof]lutf 5 . t/ g]kfnsf] xsdf pbf/Ls/0fsf] gfddf e|i6frf/s/0f g]kfnsf] zx/L If]q x]g{] xf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ lgs} dfly p7]h:tf] b]lvP klg of] rdswds eof] . oxf“ k|lt:kwf{ cfPg . pbf/Ls/0fsf] gfddf skf]/{ z ] gx? s't vfP/ a]Rg] sfd eof] . Ps lsl;dn] vf]qmf] 5 . of] ;'sn' u'08f z}nLsf] 5 . Tof] s:tf] eg] aflx/ 6fOlkml6ª k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ sfd ePg . To;n] ubf{ h'g;'s} If]qdf klg g]kfndf eP/ lx8\of 5, 3/leq uof] eg] a:g] ;'sn' afx]s s]xL 5}g . g]kfnsf] cy{tGq clxn] sf6]n{ tGq rNof] . oftfoft If]q, xjfO{hxfhsf] efp tf]Sg]bl] v a}s + sf] Aofh lgwf{/0f;Dddf ;'sn' u'08] cy{tGq ePsf] 5 . ;'k/dfs]6{ sf6] l { nª x' g yfNof] . sf6]l{ nªaf6 x'g] klg 5 . ;a}n] uf8L r9]s} 5g\, 6«flkms hfd ljs[ltsf] af]em hgtfdf k¥of] / Pp6f ;fgf] klg 5 . o;/L x]bf{ cfw'lgstfsf s]xL lrGxx? klg 5g\ . t/, jf:tljs ?kdf xfd|f] ;d"x dfq wgL x'g] l:yltsf] ;[hgf eof] . cy{tGq rflxF vf]qmf] 5 . vf]qmf] of] dfg]df ls k|l| t:kwf{lagfsf] pbf/Ls/0fn] b]z sxL k'Ub}g . To;nfO{ g]kfnsf zf;sju{n] ;fy lbP . xfd|f] s[lifn] ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g . s[lifsf] bf];f| ,] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gfddf /fHosf h'g pTkfbsTj a9]sf] 5}g . o; If]qdf xfdL c? ;DklQsf] a]rlavg eof], Tof] ;j{;fwf/0f b]zx?eGbf w]/} k5f8L kg{ yfln;s]sf 5f}+ . hgtfnfO{ lbOPg . s't vfP/ b'?kof]u u/L s'g} a]nf wfg, rfdn lgof{t ug]{ xfd|f] b]z a]rlavg eof] eGg] JofKt 5 . cWoogx?n] clxn] vfBfGgdf k|foM cfoftd} lge{/ x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . clxn] xfd|f rfdn b]vfPsf] 5 . pbfx/0f:j?k, d cy{dGqL x“bf pbf/Ls/0fs} gfddf ;+:yfgx?sf] ldnx? aflx/af6 NofPsf] rfdn Kofs]lhª ug{df v'lDrPsf 5g\ . of] lgs} b'Mvb cj:yf ljqmLljt/0f ul/of] t/ Tof] ;]o/ dfs]6{ dfkm{t\ ;a}nfO{ lbg] k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ vf]lhof] . t/, xf] . clxn] ;of}+ wfgldn aGb ePsf 5g\ . dnfO{ ljleGg sf/0fn] nfu" ug{ lbOPg . s[lif k|zf]wg pBf]ux? aGb ePsf 5g\ . oL oBkL, cy{dGqfnodfkm{t\ g]kfn aLdf ;+:yfgdf If]qdf ePsf /f]huf/L gfz x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . /]ld6\ofG;sf] sf/0f ;]jf If]q s]xL km:6fPsf] eg] pbf/Ls/0f nfu" ul/of] . @)$@ ;fndf 5 . t/ of] If]qn] dfq} /f]huf/L wfGg ;s]sf] klxnf]k6s ;]o/dfs]6{ dfkm{t aLdf ;+:yfgsf] 5}g . To;}n] g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] df]8n] !% lsQf ;]o/ ljqmL ul/of] . clxn] vf]qmf] ?v h:tf] 5 . g]kfnsf o'jfnfO{ aflx/ ;+:yfgsf] ;]o/ d"No olt psfnf] nfu]sf] 5 ls !)÷!@ xhf/ ?k}of“ k'us ] f] 5 . k7fpg], ltlgx?n] NofPsf] /]ld6\ofG;af6

g]kfndf s]xL JolQmx?nfO{ dfq df]6f] kfg]{ lx;fan] pbf/Ls/0f eof] . Tof] pbf/Ls/0f u/]sf pBf]ux? klg km:6fpg'sf] ;f6f] lanfP/ uP . h:tf], x]6f}8f sk8f pBf]u, uf]/vsfnL /a/ pBf]u, afF;af/L 5fnfh'Qf sf/vfgf, hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf oL pbf/Ls/0fs} gfddf ;lsP .

/f]huf/L klg a9\Yof] . t/, s[lif, pBf]u / /f]huf/LnfO{ hf]8g\ ] k|oTg cfh;Dd klg g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . oL ;fdfGo s'/f x'g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] s[lif, pBf]u dGqfnox? aLr ;dGjo u/]/ cuf8L hfg ;Sof] eg] /fd|f] x'g] s'/f xf] .

g]kfndf ax'/f{li6«o sDkgL 8fa/n] hl8a'6L k|zf]wg pBf]u rnfPsf] 5 . of] Pp6f cToflws gfkmf sdfpg] pBf]u xf] . csf]{ xfd|f] h:tf] s[lifdf cfwfl/t b]znfO{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ug{ oL b'O{ If]qnfO{ ghf]l8sg b]zsf] sDkgLn] oxfF cfP/ cs't gfkmf ;+ej 5}g . s[lifnfO{ pBf]u;Fu hf]8g\ ;s]dfq sdfpg ;Sg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hl8a'6L k|zf]wg sDkgLn] rflxF lsg 6f6 kN6]/ a:g' kg]{ < b'j} If]qsf] bLuf] ljsf; x'g ;S5 . h:tf], lsg eg] ToxfF s't vfg] k|jl[ Q 5 . l;+xb/af/ r'/f]6 pBf]usf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy{ :jb]zd} pTkfbg ug{ ;"lt{ ljsf; sDkgL v8f a}Bvfgf ;w}+ 6f6 eP/ a:g' kg]{ l:yltsf] sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 < g]kfndf oltsf hl8a'6L 5g\ . ul/of] . o;sf nflu 7"N7"nf uf]bfd, k|zf]wg pTkfbg ug]{ k|z:t ;+efjgf klg 5 . t/ Tof] s]Gb| v8f ul/of] . ;"lt{sf] s[lif kIf / sDkgLn] 8fa/h:tf] x'g lsg g;Sg] < pBf]usf] pTkfbgnfO{ hf]8g\ ] sfd eof] . /fhgLlts tj/ b]lvPsf] of] ;+:sf/n] kl5 pbf/Ls/0fsf gfddf ePsf pBf]u / ;"lt{ v]tL b'j} aGb eP . cflv/ r'/f]6 lkpg /fHonfO{ h;/L klg cfkm\gf] :jfy{sf lglDt bf]xg ug{ kfOG5 eGg] k|jl[ Q xfaL x'g' /fi6«sf dflg;n] 5f]8s ] f 5}gg\ . t/ Tof] If]qsf] nflu b'ef{Uo xf] . o;/L g]kfnsf] ;|ft] ;fwgsf] Jofj;flos ultg} aGb eof] . To:t}, x]6f+8} f bf]xg ePsf] 5 . eGbfv]/L s'g} klg skf]/{ 6] sk8f pBf]usf nflu rflxg] skf; pTkfbg If]qsf] ;kmntfsf] dfkb08 /fVg g]kfn ug{ af“sd] f skf; ljsf; sDkgL v8f u/]/ ;/sf/ tof/ 5}g . Tof] /fVg] ljlQs} s[ifsnfO{ skf; nufpg pT;flxt ul/of] . ;+:yfx?nfO{ elt{sG] b| agfpg kfOPg, hyfeflj Toxf“ pTkflbt skf; kfls:tfgaf6 cfoft x'g] eGbf u'0f:t/Lo lyof] eGg] l/kf]6{ lyof] . /fVg / x6fpg kfOPg . gfkmf ul/Gh]n To;/L skf;;lxt wfuf] / sk8f klg g]kfnd} lemSg kfOPg . oxfF t dGqL x'g] ljlQs} cfkm\gf] dfG5] elt{ ug{ yfNg' k5{ . sDkgL pTkfbg ug{ nIon] sfd x'Fb} lyof] . pBf]u} hxfF uP klg dtnj 5}g . o;sf] pbf/x0f aGb ePkl5 ;a} ;lsP . eGg'sf] dtna hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . pTkfbg pBf]u klg aGb eP, ;fy} To;;“u hf]l8Psf s[lif;DaGwnfO{ klg tf]l8of] . o;/L d n]vf ;ldltdf x'Fbf pQm sf/vfgf 6f6 b]znfO{ c¬–cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ug]{ s'/fdf g]kfn kN6]/ uO;Sof], t/ sf/vfgfsf nflu rflxg] ;/sf/n] sbd a9fof] . Tof] sbd clxn] klg eGb} s/f]8f}+ ?k}ofFsf] r'/f]6 agfpg] s]ldsn lsg]/ /fVy] . r'/f]6 pTkfbg x'g] 5f]l8;s]kl5 cf]/fnf] lbzfd} hf/L 5 . s]ldsn lsg lsGg] < eg]/ k|Zg ubf{ s]ldsn lsGbf kmfObf x'G5 eGg] hjfkm cfp“Yof] . lrtjg kf]N6«L kmfd{sf] 7"nf] cf}Bf]lus If]q To;kl5sf hf] dGqL eof] p;n] s]ldsn xf] . Toxf“ s'v/' fsf] bfgfsf pBf]ux? 5g\ . lsg]/ /fVYof] . dw]zL kf6L{af6 klg w]/} hgf bfgf agfpg ds}, e6df; / kLgf rflxG5 . dGqL x'ge ' Psf] lyof] . pxfFx?n] klg cfkm\gf] lrtjg / cf;kf;sf If]qdf s[lifsf nflu If]qdf ePsf] Toqf] 7"nf] pBf]u k'gM ;~rfng k|z:t e'ld 5 . t/, ToxfFsf s[ifsnfO{ sRrf kbfy{ pTkfbgdf clek|l] /t ug's { f ;f6f] ug],{ /f]huf/L a9fpg]lt/ slxNo} kxn u/]sf] b]lvPg . o;/L x]bf{ g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt ds} / e6df; klg cGo b]zaf6 NofOG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s[lif dGqfno, ljefu 5g\ . hgtfk|lt cg'Q/bfoL 5 . Psk6s ;Qfdf oL lgsfon] slDtdf tL pBf]usf nflu rflxg] uO;s]kl5 h] u/]klg x'G5 eGg] ;f]r xfaL 5 . ds} / e6df; pTkfbg ug{ s[ifsnfO{ ;xof]u hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL, lhDd]jf/ 5}g . o:tf] / k|l] /t ug'{ kg]{ xf] . To:t}, s]xL jif{cl3;Dd /fhgLlts ;+:sf/n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGq Wj:t eP/ uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] un}r+ f ljleGg b]zdf dfu lyof] . caf}+{ ?k}ofFsf] lgof{t x'G5 . t/, To;sf nflu lghL If]q cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ PsfO{ rflxg] s]xL k|ltzt ePklg pmg g]kfns} xf] . of] If]qnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg] xf] eg] lxdfnL If]qdf pTkfbg ug{ ;s] s] x'G5 < k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'k{ 5{ . k|lt:kwf{ ToxfFsf ls;fgnfO{ cg'bfg lbP/ ePklg lagfsf] lghL If]q Psflwsf/df kl/0ft x'G5 . pTkfbg u/fpg] xf] eg] e]8f, Rofª\uf| kfng To:tf] x'g uof] eg] lghL If]qsf] Psflwsf/ u/] ax'dv ' L kmfObf x'g] lyof] . Go"lhNof08df ;/sf/L Psflwsf/eGbf klg zf]if0fo'Qm x'G5 . x'G5 eg] oxfF lsg gx'g] < oxf“ pTkfbg x'g g]kfndf jf:tjdf eGg] xf] lghL If]qsf] w]/} ;s] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df hfg] d"Nosf] s]xL s'/fdf Psflwsf/ 5 . OGwg cfoftdf c+z oxf“sf ls;fgn] kfpFy] . tL If]qsf ;/sf/L If]qsf] klg Psflwsf/ 5 . lghL hgtfsf] klg hLjg:t/ p7\Yof] xf]nf . Toxf“

If]qnfO{ cfpg} lbOPsf] 5}g . oftfoftsf] If]qdf lghL If]qn] l;08Ls]6 nfu" u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/, cbfnt b'j} lgsfon] Psflwsf/ /fVg kfOg] 5}g elg/x]sf] 5 . t/, Toxf“ emg Psflwsf/ a9\bf] 5 . eGbfv]/L of] Psflwsf/ tf]8g\ ] ;+oGq, sfg"g ha;Dd /fd|/L nfu" x'b“ g} g\ . of] hlxn] klg r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /xG5 . oxf“dfq xf]Og ljsl;t b]zx?df klg Psflwsf/n] 7"nf] ;d:of NofPsf] 5 . t/ Toxf“ rflx“ s'g} Pp6f If]qdf s'g} Pp6f ;d"x jf sDkgLn] lglZrt tx gf3\of] eg] Tof] Psflwsf/ tf]8g\ ' k5{ eGg] 5 . k|lt:kwf{ eGg] s'/f :jtM cfpg] geO{ To;sf nflu ;/sf/n] w]/} ldlxg]t ug'k{ 5{ . Tof] k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] k|jl[ Q xfdLsxf“ 5}g . To;k|lt lghL If]qsf] klg ?rL 5}g . lsgeg] k|lt:kwf{n] p;nfO{ kmfObf 5}g . l;l08s]6af6 g]tfx?nfO{ cfDbfgL cfO/x]sf] 5 eg] Toxf“ lsg k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] sfg"g Nofpg] < ;/sf/L k|zf;g, ;/sf/sf /fhgLlt1 / lghL If]qsf] lqkIfLo u7aGwg -nf}x u7aGwg_ x'G5 h;n] cy{tGqnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg /f]S5 . h;af6 s't vfg] ;+/rgf v8f x'G5 . h;nfO{ d gj ;fdfGtjfb eGg ?rfp“5' . g]kfndf clxn] k"l“ hjfb 5}g . o;nfO{ tf]8g\ 7"nf] /fhLlts k|ltj4tf, b[li6sf]0f / g]tT[ j rflxG5, h'g ePsf g]tf clxn] sf]xL 5}g . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 Pp6f 5ftf ;+u7g elgPklg of] 7"nf Jofkf/Lx?sf] ;+:yf h:tf] nfU5 . o;n] ;fgf Jofkf/L, k|lt:kwf{sf] af/]df k|efjsf/L 9+un] slxNo} af]ns ] f] h:tf] nfUb}g . g]kfndf /f]huf/L a9fpg, tL ;;fgf pBdLsf] lxtdf klg cfjfh p7fpg' kg]{ xf] . Pp6f e};+ L kfn]/ 8]/L b'w k'¥ofpg] jf l3p lgsfn]/ ljqmL ug],{ rf/ cf]6f d]lzg /fv]/ n'uf l;pg] klg pBdL xf] . t/ dxf;+3n] tL ;fgf pBdL, Jofkf/Lsf] lxtdf vf;} x]/s ] f] h:tf] nfUb}g . dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, k|lt:kwf{dv ' L cy{tGq x'g' k5{ eg]/ dxf;+3n] cfjfh p7fPsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . To;}n] of] klg 7"n7"nf Jofkf/Lx?sf] :jfy{ dfq x]g{] hdftdf t kl/0ft eO/x]sf] 5}g < To;af/] pxf“x?n] lrGtf ug'{ k5{ .

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Nepal’s Geographic Location and Opportunities for Prosperity Jagadish C. Pokharel, Ph. D. Former Vice Chairman National Planning Commission

In 2006/7, we were planning the first three year interim plan (the 11th plan) of the country, immediately after the comprehensive peace agreement with the Maoist rebels, amidst euphoria

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about redefining some of the past images of the country. We thought it was the right time to break some of the mental barrier and we had carried over a long time. We further thought it was appropriate time to come up with new vision and direction for country’s future; and that new development thinking was required and possible. “Naya Nepal” was the buzz-wordat the time in the political side and this had to reflect in the development side as well. In this positive and progressive environment, NPC then engaged its members, academia, and think-tank, organizations to come up with an image that was inspiring enough to brake the prevailing barrier and truly reflect “New Nepal”. After quite a long debate we concluded that “prosperous” “modern” and “just” Nepal reflected the “New Nepal” from

development point of view. This new conceptualization effort at National Planning Commission, NPC, helped us think diverse possibilities, new dimensions so far our relationship with our neighbors. We saw new enthusiasm and willingness to reach out to neighbors to participate and benefit from their growth. We had the opportunity to explore all possibilities of reaching out across the border and across various actors: state, non-state, private and public sector. We could think of new connectivity. We could identify possibility of physical movement of people and plan for faster growth in number of tourists from both neighbors especially from China. Nepal had the best-case scenario to exploit the geographic situation of being placed between two big countries, India and China.

Clearly, Nepal’s position between the two giants of Asia has been the most talked about and probably most important national concern that has affected Nepali mindset. This has impacted Nepal’s political, economic, strategic and other thinking. Nepal’s development thinking has been reflected as “yam between two rocks”, ever since the unifier late king Prithwi Narayan Shah first visualized this country in that

form. Since then every child from the beginning of his schooling learns and internalizes this phrase and continues throughout his adult life and professional career without thinking twice about it. This image of our country as a a suppressed country, helplessly squeezed between two powers, always fearful of big neighbors, and its own security, is rooted in the minds of every Nepali ever since their elementary

schooling. Such perception and image might have been a normal state in the formation days of this nation however, this has seriously limited our vision and capacity to use possibility of reaching out to the two neighbors and growing with them in the new context. The challenge for us has been to change this historical perception by changing some of the underlying conditions for this perception.

Our geographic position and our relationship with our neighbors and global community had to be reimagined and come up with new framework as well. We debated and identified the factors that constrained our national thinking beyond what it appear to be. We came to conclusion that the longest lasting image of “Nepal

Dui Dhunga Bich Ko Tarul Ho” had to be redefined and reformulated. This image of yam, strategically important, automatically put barriers in our thinking. We had to change the rock and yam analogy and come up with a new image, more positive and optimistic connotation for the development of the country. It

had to reflect the new political and social contextand address the prospective restructured state. After long intellectual and substantive debate we concluded that the phrase could be replaced with the concept that “Nepal is a beautiful country situated between two large friendly countries who are growing very fast”.

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to outside world was not going to happen. So our first priority was to enhance people’s movement and exposure to the outside world. Extended transportation network and telecommunication access, were key.

Interestingly, this statement, as we expected, immediately created a positive vibration within the Planning Commission ministries and intellectuals outside government. The private sector felt most comfortable with this definition. This, at least in our thinking, helped change image of ‘yam squeezed and barely growing’ to a new image of a “beautiful” environment and “friendly neighbors with the possibility to exploit the developmental spills from both countries. As we moved along similar statements

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came out from several national political leaders as well. They called Nepal a “sandwich”, “land link” “a bridge”, all indicating the desire and need for new definition and image of Nepal’s geographic location. Of course, we were aware that the feelings and statements alone were not going to make things happen. Our investment had to be strategically targeted to break the bottleneck and barriers imposed by the geographic location and terrain. Without such investment, movement of people, goods, and exposure

Therefore, we decided to make telephone access to all Nepali people both entrepreneur and consumer. Similarly, we increased road network both highways and local, to make movement possible. We also increased investment and provided positive environment for private sector to provide telephone services both land line and mobile all over the country. These two networks significantly enhanced our capacity to increase our internal access and the same across border. In particular, the access and use of mobile phone has increased phenomenally over the past decade. The communication has enabled people and goods to be linked with people and market across border. Given that nearly 4 million Nepali youth are living

abroad, the development of telephonic connectivity has significantly changed our ability to remain connected and updated, something that we could not think of few decades back. Geography in this case is no longer a barrier. Lately,this perspective of Nepal being other than yam has increased national realization to break these barriers and begin thinking beyond the obvious physical barriers. The recent efforts and bilateral trade and other agreements between neighbors especially, to extend roads, train links, communication link on all sides of the country has helped redefine the image. These efforts have more visible impact in the Nepal’s position vis a vis geographically controlled northern neighbor, China. We are aware that Nepal’s geographic location presents

constraints as well as opportunities for Nepal’s development and prosperity. We have to over come the challenges and maximize and use the opportunities. Over six decades of effort accelerated over the past 2 decades, to break geographic barriers to take maximum advantage of location has produced some results. Nepal’s trade with China, India and over seas has increased significantly. Nepali people are in almost all major countries of the five continents. Millions have moved back and forth for work, education and other purposes. Millions of Nepali are now connected across Globe through internet. Within Nepal all every one is connected through internet and telephone services. Transport network has expanded to almost all the regional and local units of government and service centers. The country is physically and mentally

connected to move as a unit and maximize locational advantage. The evolution of global institutions, international norms, internationally accepted rules and conventions this long established image built on fear, suspicions, animosity, suspicions, mistrust, conspiracy and secrecy should wane and go away. Clearly, the generation that we expect to push this country to a higher level of modernization and prosperity should be freed from these burdens. They should be encouraged to trust rules they make and build on modern values and opportunities. The geopolitical imperatives should not keep us from moving ahead with the economic and social development. Opportunities emerging from this changing canvas should be understood and utilized by the private sector and citizens at large. 165

;d[l4sf] cfwf/ ;+3Lotf bLk]Gb|axfb'/ If]qL, k"j" { pkfWoIf, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u clwsf/n] hgtfnfO{ ;fj{ef}d agfPsf] cg'et" x'G5 ls s'g} kbflwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 k|bQ clwsf/n] clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpnf < To:t} ;fdYo{ / klxrfgdf cfwfl/t ljljw kIfsf cfwf/df lglZrt ul/g] k|bz ] / lgtfGt ef}uf]lns cfwf/df ljefhg ul/Psf] ljsf; If]qaf6 ljljw ;+:s[lt, >f]t / ;fwg ePsf] d'ns ' df hgtfn] ckgTj cg'ej ug{ ;Snfg < lgZrog} o; ljifodf dtP]Sotf gx'g ;Snf, ;+l3otfn] nlIft u/]sf s'/f s] x'g t <

;d[l4sf] cjwf/0ff

;d[l4, cfly{s ljsf; eGbf lgtfGt lj:t[t zAbfjnL xf] . cefj c;dfgtf, lje]bnfO{ ;dfj];L cfly{s ljsf;n] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Snf t/ ;d[l4sf] cGto{nfO{ ;d]6g ;Qm}g . ef}lts pknlAwåf/f dfgljo cfjZostf kl/k"lt{df Jojwfg gx'g' / k|To]s gful/sn] cfkm\gf ;a} sfg"gL ultljlwaf6 cfTd ;Gt'li6 cg'et" ug{ ;Sg' ;d[l4sf] kl/rfos xf] . /fHosf ;j} ultljlwdf :jtGqtf k"js { ;xeflutf h'6fO{ k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmnsf] pkof]udf k|To]s gful/sn] cg'et" ug]{ ;f]rg} ;d[l4 xf] . o; cy{df k|To]s gful/ssf a}olQms ;f]r, cf:yf / sd{ -sfo{_ af6 lg:sg] glthfnfO{ ;x> l:jsfl/ ;Gt'i7 /xg ;Sg' ;d[l4sf] csf]{ u'0f dfGg ;lsG5 . ef}lts pTkltsf] r/d r'lndf k'u/] dfq jf j}/fUosf] l:yltaf6 OR5f cfsf+Iff s'l07t kfg]{ h:tf b'j} clt/+lht ;f]r ;d[l4sf sf/s aGg ;Qm}gg . JolQmsf] Ifdtf, s[ofzLntf / lg/Gt/ ;sf/fTds k|ltkmnsf lglDt nflukg]{ oTg ;d[l4sf] af6f] xf] . o; cfn]vdf g]kfnn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] zf;lso k4lt–;+l3otf s;/L ;d[l4sf] Bf]ts xf] eGg] ljifoj:t' p7fg ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

zf;lso bfo/f

;+l3otf, clwsf/ cfwf/e"t OsfO{;Dd lgIf]lkt ug]{ zf;sLo k|0ffnL xf] . g]kfndf s]Gb|, k|bz ] / :yfgLo tx ul/ gful/ssf b}lgs hLjgdf k|efjkfg]{ clwsf/sf] af“8kmf“8 ;+ljwfgaf6} x'g] ub{5 . ljs]lGb|s/0fg} kof{Kt ePsf], ljutdf ljeflht ul/Psf kf“r ljsf; If]q clt pko'Qm eGg] ljrf/ klg ;fj{hlgs x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . a'em\gk' g]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] ;+ljwfgn] g} lgIf]lkt u/]sf] 166

s]Gb|, k|bz ] / :yfgLo lgsfosf clwsf/ ;':ki6 ls6fg ul/g' / tL clwsf/sf] pkof]udf ;DalGwt OsfO{ k"0f{ :jtGq x'g' Pp6f k|dv ' u'0f xf] . :yfgLo txs} pbfx/0f lnp“ . ;DalGwt If]qdf k|fKt x'g] ;|ft] / ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]udf :yfgLojf;Lsf] xs, clwsf/ :yflkt ug'{ / clwstd kmfO{bf lng s;/L ;lsG5 eGg] lg0f{osf] cleef/f lgxLt ul/g' ;+l3otfn] k|bfg u/]sf] k|dv ' u'0f xf] . PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnLaf6 x'ss {] f xfdLnfO{ :yfgLo lgsfon] olt 7"nf] lg0f{o / ljj]s s;/L k|of]u unf{g eGg] cNk;f]r knfpg] ub{5 . sfof{Gjogsf r/0fdf k'uk] l5 ;f] k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfeaf6 gLlt lgdf{tf / lg0f{ostf{x? lblIft x'b} hfg], sdL sdhf]/L ;'wfb}{ hfg] / kl/dflh{t ug]{ qmd hfl/ /flvg' kb{5 . :jfoQtfsf] of] a'l6n] :yfgLo txdf sfd ug{ phf{zLn / ;d'bfok|lt k|lta4 agfpg klg d2t ub{5 .

ljlQo nufotsf ;|ft] sf] a08f

gful/saf6 s/ p7fpg' /fHo ;+rfngsf] d'Vo s8L xf] . pBd Joj;fosf] k|j4{gsf nflu zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h'g /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . ljlQo ;|ft] df s/ k|dv ' tTj ePsfn] ;+l3otfsf ljleGg txdf clwsf/ lglZrt ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf s]Gb|n] cfos/ d"No clea[l4 s/ / eG;f/ c;'N5 . cGtM z'Ns s]Gb| / k|bz ] df b'jn} ] p7fpg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . of] Joj:yf nfu' ug{ sl7g kg{ ;Qm5 . :yfgLo rl/qsf s/x? ;jf/L s/, ;]jf ;DalGwt s/ k|bz ] / :yfgLotxdf lgwf{/0f / c;'nL ug{ Joj:yf 5 . /fh:j p7lt;“u} /fHon] lbg] ;]jfdf klg ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ;Ldf ;'/Iff, s'6g}lts ;DaGw, d'bf| lg:sf;g, rng rlNtdf Nofpg] k|so[ f ;j} s]Gb|df lglxt x'G5g\ eg] :yfgLo txaf6 lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ /fHosf sfd sDklg btf{, pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ljlw k|so[ fdf nfUg] z'Ns h:tf s'/f k|bz ] df /flvPsf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 klg ;]jf lbOP jfkt lnOg] z'Nssf] lgwf{/0f, c;'nL / pkof]udf k"0f{ clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

ah]6 ljlgof]hg, ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf sfddf k"0f{ :jtGqtf x'g] ePsfn] k|bz ] x? :jflwg cy{tGq / /fli6«o ljsf; gLltaf6 cnu /xg ;Qm5g\ t < To;f] xf]Og . Pp6f k|bz ] ;du| ;fj{ef}d d'ns ' sf] Pp6f c+z xf] . hlt;'s} ;DkGg eP klg cfTdlge{/ / ;Gt'li6 x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xGg . ah]6s} lx;fan] klg k|bz ] nfO{ ck'u ePsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 cg';f/sf] ljlQo ;|ft] s]Gb|af6 pknAw x'G5 . s'g k|bz ] nfO{ slt k|bfg ug]{ eGg] kIf ljlQo cfof]u u7g ePkl5 ;f] cfof]unfO{ ;+;bn] lbPsf] sfof{bz ] df cfwfl/t z'qdf e/ kb{5 . ;|ft] / ;fwgsf] cefj cg'et" ug]{ dfgljo :jefjaf6 p|Gd'Qm x'g lglZrt z'qx? tof/ ul/G5 h'g ;fdYo{df cfwfl/t tTjx?sf] afx'Notfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o; lx;fjn] k|bz ] x? :jfoQ x'b“ f x“b' } klg Ps csf{kl| t cGt/lge{/ klg x'G5g\ . hn;|ft] o;sf] 68\sf/f] pkdf xf] . Pp6f k|bz ] af6 aUb} uPsf] glb csf];{ Dd k'Ubf dflyNnf] jf tNnf] t6Lo nfesf ljifodf lkpg]kfgL, l;+rfO{, ljB't pTkfbg Pjd dgf]/~hgfTds ultljlwdf cfk;L ;dGjosf] cfjZostf kb{5 . pBf]u :yfkgfsf] csf]{ pbfx/0f aGg ;Qm5 . glhs /x]sf b'O{ k|bz ] dWo] Psdf :yflkt pBf]un] l;h{gf u/]sf] k|bi' f0fsf] k|efjaf/] cGo k|bz ] x?df ;lxi0f'tf, ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5 . pBf]unfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sRrf kbfy{ tof/Lj:t'sf] ahf/Ls/0f h:tf ofjt kIfdf k|bz ] x? ;xsfo{df h'6g\ } kb{5 . b'O{ :jtGq /fi6«n] h:t} Jojxf/ u/]df cGt/lge{/tf ljyf]lng] dfq xf]Og ;+l3otfsf] dd{df rf]6 klg k'Ub5 . k|bz ] df ljefhg ePkl5 cfkm\gf] e"uf]ndf k|fKt ;|ft] / ;fwgsf] pknlAw d"ns pkof]u u/L ;dsIfL k|bz ] x? eGbf cJjn s;/L aGg] eGg] k|lt:kwf{ klg hf/L /xG5 . s]lGb|st[ clwsf/nfO{ cfwf/e"t OsfO{;Dd k'¥ofpg'sf] clei6 klg k|bz ] jf;LnfO{ cGo k|bz ] sf gful/sn] eGbf ef}lts, dgf]j1} flgs / ;fdflhs kIfx?df pknlAwd"ns agfpg] :j:Yo k|lt:kwf{sf] klg bfloTj k|bz ] jf;Ldf cfp5 . k|bz ] leqsf ;|ft] / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, jfx\oIf]qaf6 nfebfoL 9+un] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf / ;f]af6 pTkflbt jf l;lh{t j:t' / ;]jfsf] jhfl/s/0f lzk / bIftfk"0f{ oTg b]vfpg] lhDd]jf/L af]w k|To]s k|bz ] jf;Lsf] x'g cfp“5 .

w/ftnLo oyfy{

/fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf] Pp6f p2]Zo gful/ssf] hghLjgdf ;'wf/ ub}{ ;d[l4sf] af6f]df n}hfg'

xf] . s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnn] hgtfsf] clxt u5'{ eGb}g t/, ljleGg ju{, ;d'x, e]luo, hftLo alu{s/0fdf k/]sf hgtfsf] cfsf+Iff Aojxf/df cg'jfb ug{ ;Ifd klg x'bg}“ . ;+3Lotfsf ljifodf g]kfnsf] hg cfGbf]ngdf sfo{;l" r -Ph]08f_ df gePsf] eGg] klg ul/G5 . k/Dk/fut z}nL / k'/fg} rngnfO{ sfod /fVg] xf] eg] cu|ufdL ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf s;l/ x'g ;Qm5, zf;sLo k4lt /x]sf sdhf]/L x6fP/ ;dfhsf x/]s tx / tKsfsf JolQm ;d"xnfO{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{ / pknAw ;fwgaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] pknlAwsf] 5gf}6df clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg' ;+3Lotfsf] Pp6f tTj xf] . t/ cfkm"df lglxt /x]sf] clwsf/ cfwf/e"t txdf k'Ubf dgf]j1} flgs c;+Gt'li6 / sfof{Gjogdf cljZjf; sfod /xg' ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf c8\rg cfhsf] oyfy{ xf] . ;fdYo{ / klxrfgdf cfwfl/t k|bz] sf] e"uf]nsf] rogn] oyfl:yltdf rNb} cfPsf] ef}uf]lns ;dfj]l;tfo'Qm k|fb]lzs ljefhgsf] cefj bL3{sflng ?kn] /fHo ljv08gsf] sf/s 7fGg] unt wf/0ff /x]sf] oyfy{ klg ljBdfg 5 . lrGtsn] cfkm"nfO{ h'g cfwf/n] kmfO{bf k'U5 ;f]lxsf]0faf6 dfq x]g{] Psnsf6] k|al[ Q klg ;+l3otf k|lt ul/g] l6Kk0fLsf] hNbf]aNbf] oyfy{ xf] . of] lx;fjn] ;+3Lotf dglrGt] em]fnL ePsf] 5 / zlQmsf] v]nsf] d}bfg klg aGg k'us ] f] 5 . xfn sfod ul/Psf ;ft k|bz ] dWo] k|bz ] gDa/ kf“rdf k|:tfj ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg cf–cfkm\g} 9+uaf6 AofVof ul/g] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . cjsf lbgdf k|bz ] gDa/ kfFrdf k|:tfljt ;+zf]wg jdf]lhd kl/jt{g ePdf jf oyfl:yltdf /x] klg k|bz ] jf;L ljeflht x'g] / cGo k|bz ] nfO{ klg kf7 l;sfpg] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g] csf]{ oyfy{ xf] . /fhg}lts zlQmsf] emNsf] k|bz ] sf] l;df+sgdf

k|li6G5 . ;'b/' klZrdsf afx'No ePsf yf? hftLsf] xslxt / emfkf, ;'g;/L nufotsf k"js { f ef}uf]lns If]q klxrfgsf cfwf/df ablng' kg]{ eP klg sfo{;l" rdf cfPg . t/ k|bz ] gDa/ kfFrdf k|bz ] jf;Lsf] dfu klg xf]Og, ;+zf]wg dfu ug]{ k|fb]lzs bnx? klg ;Gt'i6 5}gg eGg] oyfy{ xf] eg] ;+zf]wgsf] k|of]hg s] xf]nf < lgZro klg ;+zf]wg k|:tfjn] ;/sf/ kl/jt{gsf a]nf ul/Psf] k|lta4tf k'/fug]{ sfd dfq x'g5 ] eg] cGoq cfjZos x'bf“ x“b' } klg kl/jt{gdf j]vj/ x'g' /fhg}lts zlQm s]Gb|sf] x7 xf] eGg] oyfy{ klg pb3fl6t ePsf] 5 .

c;Dej lqj]0fL / qmde+utf

;+l3otfsf cfwf/zLnfdf ;fdYo{ klxrfg / cfbz{ tLg tTjx? kb{5g\ . cfly{s, k|fs[lts / ef}lts ;fdYo{sf] cf+sng ul/ ;+l3otfsf cfwf/ lglZrt ul/G5 . To;}ul/ ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs cflb klxrfg emNsg] ul/ ;LdfÍgsf] vfsf sf]l/G5 . To;}ul/ Pp6f k|bz ] sf lglDt cGo s'/fx? uf}0f 7fGg] t6:y emNsg] ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ cfbz{jfbL dfGotfklg cl3 ;fg]{ ul/G5 . pQm tLg tTj Psfk;df Ps;fy cl:tTjdf /xg ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g . Ps k|sf/n] eGg] xf] eg] pQm tTjx? Ps csf{sf k|lt:klw{ ljifo klg x'g . of] l:yltdf ;+l3otfsf] l;df+sgsf] cfwf/ cfly{s ;d[l4sf lglDt cg'sn' x'gu] /L rog x'g' cfjZos 5 . ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] @!=^ k|ltzt hg;+Vof, 3f]lift ah]6sf] sfof{Gjogdf c;kmntf, /fhg}lts cl:y/tfsf] cleJolQmsf ?kdf l56f] ;/sf/ kl/jt{gn] cfly{s nIox? k'/f x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . hg;+VosLo nfesf ?kdf /x]sf] o'jf zlQm

j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf /dfpg] k|jl[ Qdf kl/jt{g Nofpg g;s] pTkfbg a[l4, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; klg ;+ej b]lvb}g . dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ljsf; ub}{ k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] u'0ffTds a[l4 / ;'zf;g k|a4{gdf hf]8 lbO{ k|To]s gful/sn] :jtGq?kn] k]zf /f]Hg] / pBd Joj;fo ;+rfngåf/f k"0f{ /f]hufl/ / cfo a[l4 ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug{ /fhg}lts lg0f{o k|so[ fdf ;l/s u/fpg ;s] cfly{s a[l4 x'g ;Sg] 5 . ;dGoflos cfwf/df d'ns ' sf pknlAwnfO{ ljt/0f k4ltdf 9fNg cfjZos 5 h;sf sf/0f gful/sn] cflTds ;Gt'li6sf ;fy pgGgosf lbzfdf :j:km"t{ ?kdf cu|;/ x'g k|fT] ;fxg ldNg] 5 .

lgisif{

;d[l4sf lbzfdf cfkm\gf ultljlw lgb]l{ zt ug'{ dfgljo clei6 xf] . d'ns ' sf] zf;sLo k4ltn] ;f] s'/f lglZrt u5{ . k|To]s gful/sn] cfly{s, /fhg}lts ultljlwdf ;xeflutf h'6fO{ cfkm\gf] Ifdtfsf] pkof]uåf/f k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ ;+l3otfn] k|bfg ug{ ;Qm5 . cf–cfkm\g} 9+un] a'em\g] ul/Psf] ;+l3otfaf/] /fhg}lts a[Q ljeflht x'g' /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og . s]Gb|, k|bz ] / :yfgLo lgsfoaLr clwsf/ / st{Josf] :ki6 wf/ 5'6o\ fO{ cf–cfkm\gf] k|bz ] sf] b't| pGgltsf nflu cGt/lge{/tf, k|lt:kwf{ h:tf kIfdf ;sf/fTds ;f]r ;lxt cl3 a9] ;d[l4 c;+ej 5}g . s]lGb|st[ k4ltsf] cEof;af6 u'hL| Psf] cfly{s /fhg}lts k4ltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g NofO{ pTkfbg a[l4, ;dGoflos ljt/0f k4lt ljsl;t u/L JolQmn] cfkm\ gf] Ifdtf cg';f/ /fHonfO{ of]ubfg lbg;Sg] aftfj/0f zf;sLo ljleGg txdf aGg ;s] ;+3Lotf g]kfnsf] ;d[l4sf] bx|f] cfwf/ aGg ;Sg]5 .

167

cfly{s ljsf;sf gLltut r'gf}tL 8f= o'j/fh vltj8f, k'j{ pkfWoIf, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, k'j{ ueg{/, g]kfn /fi6« a}s + ug]{ k|rng 5 . @)^% ;fndf ;+;f]wgdf k7fOPsf] a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g @)&# ;fndf dfq kf; eof] . bfdf;fxL P]g, ;xsf/L P]g nufot bh{gf} P]gx? cem} kfl/t x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . sfg"g lgdf{0fnfO{ cleofgs} ?kdf cl3 a9fpg' k5{ . xfdL;“u gLltsf] cefj 5}g, w]/} /fd|f / kof{Kt gLltx? 5g\ . tL gLlt sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' k|dv ' ;d:of xf] . tL dWo] klg cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu k|dv ' @÷# j6f gLlt cTofjZos b]lvG5 .

!= gLltut ljifox?M

cfly{s ljsf; ljleGGf sf/sx?af6 k|efljt x'G5 . To;df ;fwg, ;|ft] , zf;sLo / sfof{Gjogsf] e"ldsfeGbf dfly gLltut kIf /xg] g} eof] . o;sf/0f pko'Qm cfly{s gLltx? cfly{s ljsf;sf k"j{ ;t{ x'g . gLlt alg;s]kl5 To;sf] P]g ag]/ sfof{Gjogdf cfpg' k5{, gLlt dfq ag]/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfg'g gx'Gh]n To;sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . xfdLn] agfPsf lgs} /fd|f w]/} gLltx? To; cg'?ksf] P]g gaGbf TolQs} ylGsPsf 5g\, sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf 5}g . xfdLn] e"pkof]u gLlt agfPsf] w]/} eof], P]g gx'b“ f sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus gLlt agfPsf] w]/} jif{ kl5dfq cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cfof] . j}bl] zs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL gLlt ag] klg cem} P]g aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf w]/} pbfx/0fx? 5g\ h;n] d'ns ' sf] cfly{s ljsf;df k|ToIf k|efj kfb}{ cfPsf 5g\ . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef b]lv bf];f| ] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] aLr;Dd bh{gf} sfg'gx? k|lqmofdf /x]sf 5g\ . sl/a # bh{g hlt cfly{s If]qsf sfg"gx? k|lqmofdf /fv]/ ;+ljwfg agfOPsf] xf] . ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 d'ns ' df cfly{s ljsf;n] ult n]nf eGGf] ck]Iff ;lxt ;a}n] w}o{ u/]/} a:of} . bf];f| ] ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 @ jif{ leq} ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 cGo P]gx? kf; x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . o;n] s]xL cfzf hufPsf] 5 . t/, tL sfg'gx? kf; x'b} hf“bf plrt k|fyldsLs/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;a} eGbf a9L dxTjsf] s'g xf] < s'g sfg"g kf; gx'bf cfly{s ljsf; k|ToIf k|jflxt ePsf] 5 < nufot kIf x]l/Psf] 5}g . h'g sfg"g tof/ 5, ljjfb /lxt 5, ToxL klxn] kf; 168

;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] Pp6f gLlt ag]sf] 5, t/ Tof] kof{Kt 5}g . k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ w]/} kIf To;df ;dfj]; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;DefJotf, ;fwg;|ft] Joj:yfkg, hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f nufotsf kIf ;d]6g\ sf nflu ;f];u+ ;DalGwt P]gnfO{ Jojl:yt / kl/dfh{g ug'k{ 5{ h'g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pBf]ux?nfO{ ljz]if ?kdf k"jf{wf/ ;]jf lbg] p2]Zon] ljz]if cfly{s If]q P]g NofPsf] xf] . Tof] klg plrt 9+un] cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljb]zL nufgL / ljlgod k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt / cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg ljb]z nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL P]g w]/} cl3 ;+;f]wg k|:tfj ul/Psf] xf], Tof] cem} kfl/t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . tf]lsPsf] ;+:yfut If]qdf k|lqmof k'¥ofP/ g]kfnLn] ljb]zdf nufgL u5{ / Toxf“sf] sdfO{ :jb]z leœofp5 eg] To;nfO{ cg'dlt lbg'k5{, rf]//] aflx/ nufgL ug'k{ g]{ clxn]sf] cj:yfnfO{ cGTo ub}{ To;nfO{ ;+:yfut ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff cg'?k ljb]zL ljlgdo P]gnfO{ klg s]xL v'sn' f] agfpg vf]hs ] f] xf] . o:t}, Joj;fo 5f]8g\ ] jf sDkgL aGb ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n agfpg bfdf;fxL P]g agfpg nfluPsf] xf] h'g cem} k|lqmofd} 5 .

sfof{Gjog u/fpg ;Sg] Pp6f csf]{ ljz]if P]g -;'k/ PS6_ ckl/xfo{ b]lvPsf] 5 . nufgL af]8{ cg';f/ cl3 a9fOPsf 7"nf cfof]hgfdf jgsf] ;d:of -?v sf6\g kfOPg_, hUUff cl3u|x0fsf] ;d:of -kl/of]hgfsf] hUuf xbaGbL eGbf a9L eof] jf hUufsf] clws d"Nof+sg eof]_, aftfj/0f d'Nof+sgdf w]/} ;do nfUof], :yfgLosf] cj/f]w eGg] nufotsf ljleGg ;d:ofx? 7"nf kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . tL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu jg P]g, hUUff k|flKt P]g, e"dL P]g, aftfj/0f P]g, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, ljb]zL ljlgod P]g, tyf cGo If]qut nufotsf bh{gf} P]gx? aLrdf ;dGjo x'gk' 5{ . x/]s lgsfon] cfkm\gf] If]qut ;+/If0f ug]{ / cfkm\gf] lgodsf] /Iffug]{ sfd u5{g\ . t/, Joj;fo k|j4{gsf nflu ;xof]uL sfd x'g pgLx?af6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sltko Joj;fosf nflu jg pkof]u ubf{ cGo :yfgdf pQm If]qkmn a/fa/sf] hUufdf j[Iff/f]k0f u/L jg agfOlbg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . hasL of] pQm cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo / ljz]if1tf ljkl/t x'G5 . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf Tof] Tolt Jojxfl/s klg x'bg}“ .

;du|df cGt/;/sf/L lgsfoaLr ;dGjosf] cefj / P]gx? aflemg' clxn]sf] k|dv ' ;d:of xf] . vf; u/L 7"nf cfof]hgfx?df b]lvPsf To:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ d of]hgf cfof]udf /x“bf cy{ dGqfno / k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf] cu|;/tfdf Pp6f 5'§} P]gsf] d:of}bf u/]sf lyof} . s]xL 7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfsf] zL3| sfof{Gjogsf nflu ag]sf] P]g gfd lbOPsf] pQm P]gsf] d:of}bfsf] sfd cl3 a9]sf]df clxn] Tof] Tolt cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;g;]6 n sf] ?kdf /x]sf]o; P]gsf] p2]Zo lglZrt /sd eGbf 7"nf / sdsf cfof]hgfx? lglZrt cjlwdf ljgf cj/f]w lgdf{0f x'g ;sf]; eGGf] lyof] . 7"nf] cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cGo P]g afws ePdf tL P]gnfO{ gof“ agfpg] P]gn] lgb]l{ zt cfly{s ljsf;sf d'Vo r'gf}lt gLlt ug]{ 5 eGg] p2]Zon] pQm P]gsf] d:of}bf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] ;d:of x'g . xfdLn] ljb]zL nufgL k|j4{gsf gLlt agfpFbf Psåf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] c? P]gx?nfO{ ;'k/;]6 u/]/} hfg vf]lhPsf] lyof] . af:tadf s]xL jif{ k|0ffnL agfpg] eGb} cfPsf 5f} t/ Tof] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g j? e"dL, jg, jftfj/0f, :yfgLo xfdLn] To;f] ug'k{ 5{ / o;sf/0f clxn] To:tf] { f] jfl;Gbfsf clwsf/ h:tf ;j} s'/fx? jx'åf/ P]g ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . clxn] nufgL af]8s a}7sdf ;a} dGqfnosf k|ltlglwx? cfp“5g\ . af6} xnub}{ hfg' kg]{ ePsf 5g\ . cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8,{ nufgL af]8{ nufotsf lgsfox?n] a}7sdf ;a}n] x'G5 eg]/ hfG5g . t/, kl5 Psåf/ k|0ffnLjf6 sfd ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg . of] xfd|f] P]gn] jf lgodn] lbb}g eg]/ sfd cl3 a9fpFb}gg . 7"nf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGGf lgsfoaLr l56f] ;dGjo x'g] ls t alnof] ;+oGq x'gk' 5{, b]lvg] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;a}nfO{ gb]l{ zt ug]{ ;'k/ P]g Nofpg'k5{ . Psåf/ k|0ffnLdfkm{t xf]Og eg] ;a}nfO{ lgb]l{ zt ug]{ / afWosf/L

cfof]hgfsf] zL3| lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] eg] To:tf] P]g cTofjZos x'G5 .

@= lghL If]qsf] IfdtfM

cfly{s ljsf;sf] s'/f ubf{ lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf af/] klg rrf{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . lghL If]qsf] IfdtfnfO{ ljQLo / sfof{Gjogsf kf6f u/L b'O{ ?kdf x]gk{' 5{ . cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu d'Vo afxs xf] lghL If]q . cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu s'n nufgLsf] 3l6df ^) k|ltzt lghL If]qaf6} ck]Iff ul/G5 . To;sf nflu jflif{s em08} $÷% va{ ?k}of“ lghL If]qn] nufgL ug'k{ 5{ . Tof] 7'nf] /sd xf] . d'ns ' sf] s'n art d'l:snn] jflif{s sl/a # va{ ?k}of“ dfq x'G5 . o;sf/0f Tolt w]/} /sd :jb]zaf6 dfq h'6g\ ;Sb}g . 7"nf] k"h “" L / k|ljlwsf nflu afXo If]qsf] e/ kg'k{ 5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf afx\o If]qaf6 cfpg ;Sg] ;DefJo nufgL /sd slt xf] < Tof] kl/rfng ug]{ Ifdtf d'ns ' ;“u 5 ls 5}g < Tof] klxrfg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . afx\o k'h “ Lsf nflu ljZj;lgotf rflxG5 . clxn] ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o If]qnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg ;s]sf] 5}g eGb} cfPsf 5f} . To:tf] ljZjf; lghL If]qn] lbg ;S5 sL ;Sb}g To;df klg ljrf/ ug'k{ 5{ . clxn] lghL If]qn] klg Tof] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnL;+u ;fem]bf/L ug{ ;lsb}g eg]/ b'Mv dgfpm ug]{ w]/} ljb]zL ;fem]bf/ e]6s ] f] 5' d}n] . of] klg b'Mvsf] kf6f] xf] . o;sf/0f d'ns ' sf] ljQLo Ifdtf slt xf] Tof] klxrfg u/L cfjZos yk /sd afx\o If]qaf6 h'6fpg'k5{ . To;sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg ;Sg'k5{ . !)= a}s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;+u“ ;fwg;|ft] 5 . t/, bL3{sflng k|sl[ tsf] ;|ft] 5}g . /]ld6\ofG; ;d]t u/L jflif{s sl/a yk @÷# va{ ?k}of“ a}s + dfkm{t art ;+sng eP klg Tof] ;a} cNksflng k|sl[ tsf] xf] . s'n lgIf]ksf] sl/a %) b]lv %% k|ltzt art vftfdf x'G5 eg] s]xL /sd sn Psfp06df x'G5 . yf]/} /sd dfq d'2lt lgIf]kdf x'G5 . To;dWo] klg clwsf+z Ps jif]{ d'2tL lgIf]kdf /xG5 . o;sf/0f bL3{sfnLg nufgLsf nflu pko'Qm 7"nf] k'h “ L a}s + x?;“u 5}g . k'h “ Lahf/af6 z]o/ k'h “ L ;+sng u/f}+ eGbf klg clwsf+z sDkgLx? ;]o/ ahf/df ;"rLs[t x'g rfxb}gg . xfdLsxf“ jflif{s #%÷$) ca{ ?k}of“ d'gfkmf ug]{ sDkgLx? klg k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 5g\ . pgLx? klAns sDkgLdf hfg] cf“6g} ub}g{ g . lglZrt / sdeGbf w]/} d'gfkmf ug]{ sDkgL klAns sDkgLsf] ?kdf hfg'k5{ eGg] afWosf/L Joj:yf klg 5}g . klAns sDkgLdf uPkl5 s/ nufot ljleGg 5'6 kfOG5 eg]/ tL sDkgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;lsPsf] klg 5}g . To;f] x'gfn] sDkgLx? klAnsdf uP/ kmfOgflG;ª ug{ grfxg], nufgLsf nflu a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] d'v tfSg] / hf]lvd

a}s + nfO{ kG5fpg vf]H5g\ . a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] klg nfut pBf]uL Joj;foLnfO{ kG5fP/ cfkm' ;'/lIft x'g rfxG5g . of] bf]xf]/Ldf pBf]uL Joj;foL / ljQLo ;+:yf 5g\ . kl/0ffd k'h “ L kl/rfngdf ;d:of 5 . lghL If]qsf] kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog Ifdtfdf klg ;d:of b]lvG5 . oxf“ lgHfL If]qsf] Ifdtfdf k|Zg p7fpg vf]lhPsf] xf]Og . x]6f}8+ f s'nv ] fgL ;'?ªdfu{ nufot cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0fsf] sfd z'? ePsf] w]/} jif{ eO;Sbf klg cem} cfof]hgf cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/n] ah]6 vr{ ug{ ;s]g eg]/ k|Zg pl7/x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] tnj eQf af“8g\ ] / sfof{nosf] ;fdfu|L lsGg] afx]s ;a} sfd lghL If]qaf6 u/fp“5 . 7]Ssfk§f ;a} lghL If]q;“u x'G5 . lghL If]q;“u 7]Ssfk§f ;Demf}tf ePsf vaf}{ ?k}of“ a/fa/sf cfof]hgfx? 5g\ . tL cfof]hgfx? lsg ;dod} ;DkGGf x'g ;Sb}gg\ < k"jk{ lZrd /fhdfu{sf] @) ld6/sf] k'n agfpg xfd|f 7]sb] f/x?nfO{ ^ jif{sf] ;do nfU5 . o;n] lghL If]qdf ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of /x]sf] k|dfl0ft u5{ .

l;k / k|ljlwaf6 lgdf{0fsf cfof]hgf cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 . lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Lsf] cefj, u'0f:t/sf] sdL / 7]Ssfk6\6fdf ldnf]dtf] -l;l08s]6_ klg 8/nfUbf] ;d:ofsf ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . o:tf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;/sf/ / lghL If]q b'a} nfUg'k5{ .

%=Joj;flos cfsif{0f

Joj;flos cfsif{0f bL3{sflng k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgf lgdf{0f / cf}Bf]lus If]qdf geP/ l56f] gfkmf x'g] cNksflns k|sl[ tsf Joj;fodf 5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf afxsx? klg Totf nfUg'kg]c { j:yf cfPsf] 5 . pBf]u vf]Nbf ;+/rgf x|f; x“b' } hfg], gfkmfdf clglZrttf cfpg], dhb"/ cfGbf]ng ef]Ug' kg]{ nufot sf/0f pBf]u 5f]8/] Jofkf/df hfg] k|jl[ t xfaL ePsf] 5 . Jofkf/eGbf pBf]unfO{ a9L k|fT] ;fxg x'g] vfnsf gLlt klg agfpg ;lsPg . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kfP kZrft xfdLn] Jofkf/nfO{ c? pbf/Ls/0f ub}{ cfof}+ . cy{tGq qmdzM Jofkf/df cfwfl/t aGof] . pTkfbgd'ns j:t'sf] cfoft ePsf] eP klg d'No clej[l4 dfkm{t cfly{s j[l4 x'GYof] . t/ Jofkfl/s If]qdf plrt d"No clej[l4 x'g Psflt/ af6f]3f6f] nufot k"jf{wf/ gx“b' f ;s]g . km]/L sl/a * b]lv @) k|ltzt;Dd nfut a9\of] eg]/ pBf]uL Joj;foLx?n] eGb} dfq d"Noclej[l4 x'g] pBf]ux?af6 g]kfnn] cfPsf 5g\ . csf]l{ t/ tLg} lghL If]qsf] Ps w]/} nfe lng g;s]sf] lttf] cg'ej klg xfd|f] kIf -lgdf{0f Joj;foL_ n] ;dodf lgdf{0f 5 . olt d"Noj[l4 klg ljz'4 >d ahf/af6 ;DkGg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . pks/0fsf] ;d:of klg cfPsf] xf] oBkL tL pBf]ux?df klg w]/} 68\sf/} b]lvG5 . o:tf ljljw ;d:of ;dfwfg sfdbf/x? ljb]zL 5g\ . ljleGg sf/0fn] ug{ lghL If]qn] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf clej[l4 pBf]ux?df ljb]zL sfdbf/ /fVg] k|rng 5 . ug'k{ 5{ . To;sf nflu HjfOG6 e]~r/ -;+oQ ' m 6«8] o'lgogsf] cfGbf]ng / k"/f ug{ g;Sg] nufgL_ df lgdf{0f pks/0f lnhdf lbg] dfu t]:of{pg] k|rng klg csf]{ ;d:of xf] . sDkgL :yfkgfdf hfg klg ;lsG5 . pgLx?nfO{ kG5fpg vf]Hbf klg ljb]zL sfdbf/sf] pkof]u cfslif{t ePsf] xf] . ljutdf d'ns ' df cf}Bf]lus Ifdtf ePg eg]/ ljb]zaf6 k'h “ L / k|ljlw leœofOPsf] xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf pBf]udf klg gof“ k|ljlw, To;}u/L lgdf{0fdf klg ljb]zL l;k / k|ljlw l;k / ;fwgdfkm{t d'gfkmf a9fpg] eGbf klg leœofpg'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . of] gug]{ xf] eg] bIf Hofnf sd lbP/ d'gfkmf a9fpg] k|jl[ t xfaL hgzlQm ljsf; / cGo Ifdtf ljsf;sf aGof] . ToxL >lds ÷sd{rf/LnfO{ gof“ l;k nflu klg lghL If]q cl3 a9\gk' 5{ . ;dod} / k|ljlw lbof] eg] p;sf] pTkfbsTj a9\5 . lgdf{0f ;DkGg gug],{ c08/ ljl8ª ul/lbg], t/ >ldssf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ s'g} kxn ljleGg lsl;dsf dfu t]:of{pg] nufot sfd gug]{ clg pTkfbg Ifdtf ePg / ;f]xL lghL If]qn] klg ug'{ x“b' g} . ulNt ug]n{ fO{ b08 sf/0f Hofnf a9fpg ;lsPg eGg] < of] klg / /fd|f] ug]n{ fO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ k|4ltsf] ljsf; Gofok"0f{ ePg . sd Hofnfsf] sf/0fn] lghL If]qdf klg x'gk' 5{ . ;/sf/nfO{ dfq cf}Bf]lus aftfj/0f lju|G5 . o;sf nflu gof“ bf]if b]vfpg] sfd dfq ug'{ ePg . lghL k|ljlw / l;k leœofP/ pTkfbsTj a9fpg If]q;“u klg hjfkmb]xLtf x'gk' 5{ . kxn ug'k{ 5{ . To;sf nflu sfdbf/sf] tfnLd / Ifdtf clej[l4 klg ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . $= l;k, k|ljlw / Joj;flostfsf] ;d:of gof“ k|ljlwsf] ;d:of klg cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;g\ !(*) kl5 clwsf+z pBf]ux? g]kfn csf]{ afws xf] . oltj]nf d'ns ' df bIf ef/t aLrsf] eG;f/ / ljlgdo k|0ffnLdf hgzlQm cefj 5 . w]/} o'jfx? ljb]lzPsf /x]sf] cGt/af6 nfe p7fpg] p2]Zon] dfq 5g\ . d'ns ' sf] cfjZostf tL hgzlQmnfO{ v'ns ] f x'g . ToxL eP/ w]/} d'No clej[l4 klg :jb]z lkmtf{ af]nfpg ;lsG5 . ljb]zdf gx'Fbf klg tL pBf]ux? ;~rfngdf cfP/ /x]/ w]/} g]kfnLn] 7"nf cfof]hgf lgdf{0fdf gfkmf sdfPsf lyP . t/ To:tf] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . ltgLx?sf] l;k / cf}Bf]luls/0faf6 s]xL x'gj] fnf lyPg . IfdtfnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L gof“ tL pBf]ux? cf}Bf]lulss/0fsf ljs[lt dfq 169

lyP . ef/tdf pbf/Ls/0fn] ult lngf;fy tL pBf]u clxn] ?U0f eP . o:tf pBf]ux?sf] d[To'nfO{ d}n] k|fs[lts eGb} cfPsf] 5' . ^= lgof{t k|fT] ;fxg / cfoft k|lt:yfkg gLlt cf}Bf]lus/0f ;DaGwL gLltdf klg kl/dfh{g h?/L 5 . dflh{g lng] -sdfpg]_ lsl;dsf] eGbf klg t'ngfTds nfesf If]q klxrfg u/L cl3 a9\gk' 5{ . cfh;Dd xfdLn] lgof{t k|fT] ;fxg dfq eGb} cfPsf 5f+} . cfoft k|lt:yfkg ;'Gg klg rfx]sf 5}gf+} . o;nfO{ k|flrg / k'/fg} 9/f{sf] cf}Bf]lus gLlt 7fGg] k|rng xfdLsxf“ /xof] . t/, kl5NNff] ;dodf cfoft k|lt:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff l7s xf] eg]/ a'em\g yflnPsf] 5 . olQ a'em\g klg xfdLnfO{ w]/} ;do nfUof] . To;sf/0f klg cf}Bf]lus/0fdf d'ns ' w]/} kl5 k¥of] . l;d]G6 pBf]udf ;8s lbg] eGf]kl5 dfq klg w]/} pBf]ux? v'ns ] f x'g . cflv/ k'jf{wf/ ePkl5 pBf]ux? v'Nbf /x]5g gL < o;sf/0f casf] nufgL lgof{t k|j4{g;“u} cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug]{ pBf]ux?df s]lGb|t x'gk' 5{ . 7"nf pBf]u l;ldt x'G5g\ . clwsf+z pBf]ux? ;fgf tyf demf}nf x'G5g\ . o;sf/0f ;fgf / demf}nf vfnsf pBf]ux?nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug'k{ 5{ . xfdL;“u pknAw k|fs[lts ;fwg;|ft] klg ljs]lGb|t 5g\ . To;}n] k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng x'g] u/L :yfgLo ;fwg ;|ft] pkof]u x'g] vfnsf pBf]ux?nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug'k{ 5{ . o:tf pBf]ux? >dk|wfg x'G5g . o;sf/0f :yfgLo txdf tL pBf]ux? a9L nfebfos x'G5g . To:tf pBf]ux?df ;xsf/L / lghL nufgL lj:tf/ ug'k{ 5{ .

&= cGj]if0f÷cg';Gwfgsf] sdL

cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cg';Gwfgsf] cefj 5 . cg';Gwfg s;n] ug]{ xf] < Joj;foL eG5g, xfdLn] ;/sf/nfO{ s/ lt5f},{ ;f]xL sf/0f cg';Gwfgsf] sfd ;/sf/sf] xf] . t/, ;/sf/af6 dfq Tof] ;Dej x'bg} . pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg ug'k{ g]{ cfwf/ e"t" cfjZostf, gljgtd vf]h cfljisf/

170

nufotsf nflu cg';Gwfg cfjZos k5{ . o:tf] sfd cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgsf] ;xof]udf z}lIfs k|lti7fgx?n] ug]{ xf] . xfdLsxf Tof] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . x/]s d'ns ' df o:tf cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ z}lIfs k|lti7fgx?n] g} u5{g\ . xfd|f z}lIfs k|lti7fgx?n] To;f] ug{ ;s]gg . o;}sf/0f pTkfbg;“u lzIffnfO{ hf]8g\ ;lsPg . o;sf/0f lghL If]qsf z}lIfs k|lti7fgx?n] klg cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx?;“u ;dGjo u/]/ cWoog cg';Gwfg / gljgtd vf]h ug'k{ 5{ . cGj]if0f / cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf lghL If]qn] klg kof{Kt nufgL ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/n] emg} u/]s} 5}g . xfdL;“u s[lif k|fljlws lzIffnox? 5g\ . tL klg k"0f{ ?kdf Jojxfl/s x'g ;s]sf 5}gg . Kf|of]ufTds 1fg lag} xfdLn] wdfwd s[lif k|fljlwsx? pTkfbg ul//x]sf 5f}+ . o:tf] lzIffsf] s'g} cy{ x'bg} . o;sf/0f cf}Bf]lu– s/0f;“u ;dGjog u/L k|fljlws lzIffnox? vf]lng'k5{ . cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx?;“u ;dGjo u/]/dfq k|fljlws k|lti7fgx? :yfkgf ug'k{ 5{ . ef]nL Tof] ubf{ ljZjljBfnonfO{ cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;/sf/n] cg'bfg tyf 5'6 klg lbg ;S5 . lghL If]qn] vr{ u/]sf] 5 eg] p;n] klg vr{ n]vfª\sg ug{ / s/ 5'6 kfpg'k5{ . k|ljlw ljgf cf}Bf]lus ?kfGt/0f x'b“ g} . k|ljlwdf xfdLn] nufgL ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf+} . casf] cfly{s ljsf; pBf]u÷pTkfbg;“u hf]8g\ ] vfnsf] x'gk' 5{ . s[lif eGbf aflx/ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf vf]Hg'k5{ . ;du|df cf}Bf]lus ?kfGt/0fsf nflu ;/sf/ lghL If]q ldn]/ cl3 a9\gk' 5{ . ;a} If]qdf ;dfg tj/n] ljsf; u/f} eGbf To;leq klg a9L dxTjsf If]q klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ . tL If]qdWo] ko{6g Ps dxTjk"0f{ If]qsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

*=ko{6g

lgs6 eljiod} blIf0f Pl;ofd} g]kfn cfsif{s ko{6lso uGQJo aGg] ;Defjgf 5 . cfufdL !% aif{df ef/t / rLgdf u/L sl/a ! ca{ eGbf j9L dflg; dWod jlu{o

aGb} 5g\ . ;f] cjlwdf c? /fi6«sf dflg;sf] k|ltJolQm cfDbfgL klg a9\b} hfG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf k|fs[lts ;'Gb/e"dL g]kfn /fd|f] ko{6lso uGtJo aGg ;S5 . ko{6g To:tf] If]q xf] hxf“ hfteft, wd{ / ef}uf]lns l;dfn] 5'bg} . ;fgf 7fp“df klg w]/} ko{6sLo Joj;fo rnfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf Tof] ;Defjgf 5 . xfdLn] hlt w]/} ;d:of 5g\ eg] klg ljZj ahf/df lj:tf/ x'b} uPsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw, oftfoft k|0ffnL, dflg;sf] a9\bf] vr{ ug]{ k|jl[ t nufotsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] ko{6sLo ;DefJotf klg a9\b} hfG5 . ha dflg; cfly{s ?kn] ;+d4[ aG5 ta k|sl[ t;“u glhs x'g rfxG5'' . k|sl[ tsf] cg'kd pkxf/ xfdL lbg ;S5f}+ . ko{6g cToGt >d ;wg ->d a9L pkof]u x'g_] x'G5 . ko{6lso If]qx? d'ns ' e/ 5l/P/ /x]sf] x'gfn] cfosf] k'gl{ jt/0f x'G5 eg] cj;/x? klg af“8kmf“6 x'G5g . o;sf/0f ko{6g ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'k5{ . kl5NNff] ;dodf xf]6n] tyf /]i6'/i] 6df /fd|f] nufgL ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;~rflnt xf]6n] x?n] sl/a @) nfv dflg;x?nfO{ ;]jf lbg;S5g\ eGg] cf;osf ;dfrf/x? cfO/x]sf 5g\ . of] cToGt ;sf/fTds kIf xf] . o:tf] nufgL cem} a9fpb} hfg'k5{ . ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/n] cfosf] ljt/0f x'g,] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ a9\g] / lbuf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'U5 . t/, o:tf] ljsf; aftfj/0fd}qL, ;f+:s[ltd}qL, ;fdflhsd}qL x'gs ' f ;fy} cfly{s ?kdf Gofo k'0f{ x'g] vfnsf] x'gk' 5{ .

(= cGTodf

cfly{s ljsf;sf k|dv ' r'gf}lt eg]s} gLltx? k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' tyf ;/sf/ / lghL If]q b'ad} f hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cefj xf] . o;sf/0f b'a} kIfn] gLlt sfof{Gjog Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ hfg'sf ;fy} hjfkmb]xLtfsf] klg ljsf; ug'k{ 5{ . g]kfndf cfly{s ljsf;sf] y'k}| ;Defjgfx? 5g\ . xfd|f] b'O{ l5d]sL /fi6« ef/t / rLgaf6 xfdLn] w]/} kmfObf lng ;S5f}+ . g]kfn tL b'O{ /fi6«aLrsf] ;femf Jofkf/Ls s]Gb| aGg] ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf/0f ca aGg] k"jf{wf/x? ef/t / rLgnfO{ hf]8g\ ] vfnsf x'gk' 5{ . kl5NNff] ;dodf of]hgfdf k/]sf /fhdfu{x? g]kfn ef/tsf] l;dfgf;“u hf]8g\ ] vfnsf 5g\ . xfdL t ef/t / rLgsf nflu d'lUnª x'g] xf] . h;/L d'lUnª lrtjg / kf]v/fsf] ofqfdf dfu{:y Joj;flos s]Gb| ag]sf] 5, To;}u/L, g]kfn klg rLg / ef/tsf] ;femf Jofkfl/s s]Gb| aGg ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnn] Joj;fodf w]/} d"No clej[l4 u/L ;]jf lbg ;Sg] 5 . /, ;du|df b|t' / bLuf] cfly{s ljsf; x'g5 ] . -s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t_

pbf/ cy{ ;+/rgfdf k|j]z ug'{cl3M lghL If]q / ;/sf/L If]qsf] cGt/lqmof 8f= ljdnk|;fb sf]O/fnf, k"j{ d'Vo ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o afl0fHo a}s + :j:y cj:yfdf lyPgg\ . /fhgLlts k|efjdf k/]sf] shf{sf] sf/0fn] p7\g} g;Sg] eg]/ juL{st[ ul/Psf] C0fx? s'n k'h “ Lsf] $# k|ltzteGbf a9L k'lu;s]sfn] tL a}s + x? w/fzfoL x'g] cj:yfdf lyP . o;sf/0f tL a}s + sf] ck|efjsf/Ltfsf] Jooef/ pkef]Qmfx?df k/]sf] lyof] . shf{ lng'kbf{ @% k|ltzt;Ddsf] Jofhb/ / lgIf]kdf /fVbf !@ b]lv !% k|ltzt;Ddsf] Aofhb/sf sf/0fn] nufgLdf ;+sr' g cfPsf] / dx+uf] k};f -d"No_ sf] sf/0fn] nufgL ug{ nufgLstf{df lxlRsrfx6 b]lvPsf] lyof] .

nfdf] ;do;Dd /fHo lgolGqt cy{ Joj:Yffaf6 ;~rflng xfd|f] d'ns ' n] Oltxf;sf] s'g} sfnv08df klg ;Ddflgt cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg . ljleGg vfnsf em}em0em6x?n] cy{tGqleq pNn]Vo ljsNkx? lbg ;s]sf lyPgg\ . /fHosf] ef}lts cfwf/lznfddf nufgL Go"g /x]sf] lyof] . To:t}, ;fdflhs cj:yf klg sdhf]/ lyof] . lzIff, :jf:Yodf ;j{;fwf/0fs]f kx'r“ sdhf]/ / ul/aL / a]/f]huf/L a9]sf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'b} hf“bf cy{tGq gfh's cj:yfdf lyof] . lghL If]qsf] klg ck]lIft 9ª\usf] ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . s]xL If]qx? cToflws ;+/If0fsf sf/0fn] km:6fPsf h:tf b]lvP klg ltgn] bLuf] 9+un] cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] lyPg . of] hl6n kl/l:ylt ;g\ !(*) sf] dWodf b]vfk¥of] . ta cy{tGq cufl8 a9\gg} g;Sg] cj:yfdf b]lvof] . klxnf] sf/0f d'nt 5fof ljlgdob/sf sf/0fn] ahf/ ljs[t x'g yfn]sf] cj:yf lyof] . g]kfn /fi6« a}s + sf] ;6xLb/ eGbf ljb]zL d'bf| sf] ljz]ifu/L cd]l/sL 8n/sf] ahf/df vl/b ljqmL c9fO{ u'0ffb]lv tLg u'0ff;Dd x'g yfn]sfn] jf:tljs xfd|f] d'bf| sf] ;6xLb/ slt x'g] xf] eGg] ljifo lgSof}n{ ug{ ufx|f] eO;s]sf] / ahf/ ljs[t x“b' } uPsf] cj:yf lyof] . bf];f| ,] ljQLo l/k|z ] gsf] bafasf] cj:yf lyof] . ;/sf/4f/f ;~rflnt tLgcf]6f a}s + x?dWo] @ cf]6f a}s + g]kfn a}s + lnld6]8 /

d'bf| sf]ifsf] bjfan] dfq xfdLn] ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg vf]hs ] f] xf] t < ca bjfa t 5“b} lyof] . tTsfnLg /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf] sf/0f of] bjfan] /fhgLlts Joj:yf dflyg} k|lts'n c;/ kfg{ ;S5 eg]/ o;nfO{ slQn] xfd|f] ;fj{ef}ldstf dfly cGt/f{li6«o x:tIf]ksf] ?kdf klg u|x0f u/] .

tyfkL cy{tGqsf] jf:tljstf rfxL s] lyof] eg] @))* ;fnb]lvsf] cEof;af6 xfdLn] Go"gtd k"jf{wf/ klg lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]gf}+ . lzIff / :jf:Yosf] If]qdf ck]lIft pknAwL xfl;n ug{ ;s]gf}+ . cfly{s j[l4b/ Go"g /x\of] . To;kl5 cy{tGqdf ;+/rgfut ;d:ofx? b]lvP . Toltv]/ b]lvPsf] t];f| ] ;d:of ljQ 3f6f of] oyfy{tfnfO{ ljZj a}s + / cGt/f{li6«o d'bf| -lkm:sn 8]lkml;6_ xf] . ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL gx]/L cGwfw'Gw /fhgLlts 9+un] vr{ sf]ifn] eg]klg geg]klg xfdLn] s'g} g s'g} u/]sf] x'gfn] ljQ 3f6f s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] ?kdf ;Daf]wg ug'k{ g]{ lyof] . lsgls To; cjlwdf Tof] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf ag]sf] lyof] . sl/a ( k|ltzt k'lu;s]sf] cj:Yff lyof] . To;n] ahf/df dx+uL l;h{gf u/]sf] / dx+uL ca k|Zg p7\5 s;/L / s'g laGb'af6 cfly{s @) k|ltzteGbf dfly k'us ] f] lyof] . o;sf] k|ToIf c;/ ul/a hgtfdf kl//x]sf] lyof] . ;'wf/x? ;'?cft ug]{ < o;sf] ;fy} cy{tGqsf] ;fy} ul/a hgtfsf] cj:yf rflx ;fx|} gfh's ;+/rgfut ;'wf/x? ubf{ s;/L cy{tGqsf d'ne't dfGotfx? / rl/qx?nfO{ sfod} lyof] . /fVg] / o;n] cy{tGqdf cg'sn' k|efj k/]sf] k|Tofe't ug]{ d'n ljifo aGg k'Uof] . o;/L rf}y+ f] sf/0f, xfd|f hlt klg ;fj{hlgs g]kfndf klxnf]k6s ;g\ !(*% kl5 ;+/rgfut ;+:yfgx? lyP . tL ;a} ?U0f / k/hLla ;dfof]hgsf] gfddf eGg'xf]; jf cGo h'g;'s} ag]sf lyP . ;/sf/L nufgLsf] Go"gtd gfd lbg'xf];,\ ;Dk"0f{ cfly{s ;'wf/sf] qmd ;'? k|ltkmn klg glbg] cem pN6} gf]S;fgLdf kg]{ u/]sf lyP . o;sf] sf/0f ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/ ePsf] xf] . To;n] Pp6f ;fljssf] cy{ ;+/rgf / cy{tGqsf] 9frfdf Aofks kl/jt{g ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf nufgL ul//xg'kg]{ Nofof] . ahf/ cg'sn' ljlgdob/ tf]lsof] . k|ltkmnsf] ?kdf s]xL klg gkfpg] cj:yf a}s + x?nfO{ ljQLo :jfoQtf lbOof] . v'Nnf lyof] . o;n] cy{tGqdf 7"nf] af]emsf] ?kdf lsl;dn] cfofo lgof{tnfO{ ;lhnf] agfOof] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? /x]sf lyP . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf ;/sf/ klg Hofb} sdhf]/ lyof] . o;sf] ;fy} cy{tGqsf cGo ljifox?, h'g ;f“3/' f] 3]/fdf lyP / cy{tGq /fHosf] cfly{s j[l4b/ # k|ltzt klg gfUb}gYof] . gLltsf sf/0fn] yf]/} ljsNk lgdf{0f u/]sf] oL ;du| sf/0fx?n] ubf{ ;"b/' eljio;Dd klg g]kfnsf] oxL cy{Joj:yfn] xfd|f] d'ns ' nfO{ cy{tGqdf cln a9L ljsNk v'nf ug]{ k|of; eof] . l6sfp5 eGg] s'/fdf z+sf x'g yfNof] . w]/} sf]0fx?af6 oL k|Zgx? p7] . To;f] x'b“ f v]/L g]kfnsf] ;fljssf] /fHo lgolGqt cy{Joj:yfaf6 alx{udg ;g\ !**% ToxL ;dodf ljZj a}s + / cGt/f{li6«o d'bf| b]lv ePsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . t/, Tof] cfly{s sf]ifn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ eg] ls g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf ;+/rgfut ;d:of 5 . of] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ nfdf] ;do;Dd l6Sg ;s]g . o;sf ljleGg sf/0fdWo] tTsfn g]kfn ef/t aLrsf] ;d:of lg/fs/0f gu/] jf ;+/rgfut Jofkf/df k/]sf] k|lts'n c;/ / ef/t ;/sf/n] ;d:ofnfO{ x6fpg g;s] hlt;'s} k|of; u/] klg g]kfnsf] cy{tGq pef] -dfly_ hfb}g . Toltv]/ nufPsf] gfsfaGbLsf] sf/0fn] tL ;'wf/x?nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|jGw x'gk' g]{ o;sf] ;fy} g]kfnnfO{ a}bl] zs ;xfotfaf6 lyof] . To;f] x'g ;s]g . / ;'wf/x? tby{ ck]lIft glthf k|fKt ug{ ;lsb}g . o;n] ;/sf/df Ps k|sf/sf] bjfa l;h{gf u¥of] . h:tf b]lvP . o;sf] ;fy} sltko ;'wf/ ;fy}, ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hgsf sfo{qmdx? cl3 x?nfO{ /f]Sg'kg]{ cj:yf klg cfof] . tTsfnLg kl/l:ylt cg';f/ cy{;/+ rgfdf cg';f/ s'g} a9fpg ;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf] bjfa k¥of] . ca 7f“pdf /fHosf] k|jz ] / s'g} 7fpdf /fHo s] k|Zg p7\of] eg] ljZj a}s + / cGt/fli6«o 171

lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf cl3 a9\gk' g]{ kl/ l:ylt lgdf{0f eof] . cy{tGq -cy{ Joj:yf_ To; cj:yfdf Ps lsl;dn] j0f{zs + / aGg k'Uof] . lsgls /fHo lgolGqt cy{ Joj:yf klg xf]Og, ahf/d"vL cy{ Joj:yf klg gePsf] cj:Yffdf k'luof] . vfnL tTsfnLg ;donfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ lx;fan] To;a]nfsf] cy{ Joj:yf tby{df rNof] .

oyfy{tfx?, oL ;a} sf/0fx?n] ubf{ ;fljssf] /fHo lgolGqt cy{ Joj:yfaf6 pbf/ ;+/rgf -cy{ Joj:yf_ df k|jz ] ug'{ jf~5lgo dfq xf]Og, clgjfo{ h:t} eof] .

t/ cy{ /fhgLltdf x]gk'{ g]{ d'n kIf s] xf] eg] jftfj/0f slQsf] cg'sn' x'G5 gof“ cy{ Joj:yfdf k|jz ] ug{ / gof“ cy{ Joj:yfdf k|jz ] ubf{v/] Lsf] ;+qmd0f cy{tGqsf] nflu slQsf] af]lemnf] x'G5 . Tof] x]g{' h?/L lyof] . ;g\ !(() df g]kfndf ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] o:tf sf/0fx?n] klg xfd|f] ;+qmd0fnfO{ s]xL k'g:{ yfkgf eof] . Ps lsl;dsf] hf“u/ / ] f] / g]kfnL cy{tGq k"0f{ ?kn] pT;fx b]lvof] . To;}an] f g]kfnsf] cy{ Joj:yf nDafpg vf]hs tof/ geO;s]sf] cj:yf lyof] . klg ;fljssf] 9/f{af6 rNg ;Sb}g . gof“ 9ª\un] ;f]Rg'k5{, kf/Dkl/s /fHo lgolGqt cy{ Joj:yfsf] ;fª\nf]nfO{ l5gfn]/ cfw'lgs To;a]nfdf /fhgLlts bnx?sf dfGotf klg yl/yl/sf lyP . ax'dtdf cfPsf] g]kfnL pbf/afblt/ k|jz ] ug'k{ 5{ eGg] dfGotf klg k|an x'b} cfof] . ;fy}, cy{ Joj:yfsf] ljsNk sf+u;]| leq ;dfhafbsf] wªwªL lyof] . bf];f| ] 7"nf] bn Pdfn] lyof] / p;sf] l;4fGtn] g} vf]Hg] a]nf eO;s]sf] x'gfn] ;g\ !(() sf] ;+/If0fafbL / /fHo lgolGqt cy{ Joj:yfsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gnfO{ gof“ cy{ Joj:yfsf] lx;fan] klg Tof] ;donfO{ ;'vb ;'?cft eGbf kIfw/ lyof] . c? bnx? klg /fHosf] cy{tGqdf ks8 x'gk' 5{, /fHo lgoGq0f g} xf] x'G5 . eGg] wf/0ff lyof] . Psflt/ ;fj{hlgs If]q To;a]nf ljZj a}s + / cGt/f{li6«o d'bf| sf]ifsf] / /fHosf …PS6/x?sf] wf/0ff o:tf] lyof] eg] csf]l{ t/ lghL If]q klg s]xL yf]/} dfq} ;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf k|:tfjx? 6'lª\u;s]sf gof“ cy{ ;+/rgfsf] kIfdf lyP . /fHoaf6 lyPgg\ . ljZj a}s + / cGt/f{li6«o d'bf| cToflws ;+/If0f kfP/ 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} sf]ifaf6 ;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf ljifodf bjfa lyof] . pgLx? klg gof“ ;+:s/0fdf lj:tfl/t sdfpg]x? pbf/ cy{ Joj:yf jf v'nf cy{ Joj:yfsf kIfkftL lyPgg\ . pgLx? hlxn] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf] sfo{of]hgfdf cfP . o;/L x]bf{v/] L lj:tfl/t ;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf] klg 8/fO/xGy] . k|lt:kwf{sf] cy{tGqdf xfdLn] b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sL ef/t / rLg;“u sfo{of]hgf ;fljssf] lgb{nLo Joj:yfaf6 u'0f:t/ / d"Nodf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;s]gf“} jf ax'bnLo Joj:yfdf k|jz ] / xfd|f cy{tGqsf

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u/]gf}“ eg] g]kfnsf] cy{ Joj:yf emg w/f;foL x'G5 . To;f] ePsfn] o;nfO{ pbf/ cy{ Joj:yfdf n}hfg' x'bg} . nu]klg lj:tf/} qmdz n}hfg'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff lghL If]qsf] klg k|an /x]sf] lyof] . t/, Tolt x'bfx'b} klg cy{tGqsf] jf:tljstfrfxL s] lyof] eg] xfdLn] ljQLo If]qdf ;'wf/ ug}k{ g]{ lyof] . w]/} /sd cg'Tkfbs If]qdf uPsf] cj:yf lyof] . ;/sf/L 3f6f 7"nf] lyof] / o;nfO{ cfkm\gf] cfo:tfn] slxNo} klg k"lt{ ug{;Sg] cj:yf lyPg\ . ;/sf/ sl/a sl/a lgliqmo, sfd gug]{ h:t} lyof] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df ;'wf/ gu/L gx'g] cj:yf lyof] . To;a]nfdf clnslt v'sn' f] / lghL If]qnfO{ ;+jfxs agfP/ Nofpg] / k|lt:kwL{ cy{tGqsf] ;+/rgfsf] tfTsfnLs cj:yfdf ljsNk lyPg . ljsNk gePkl5 olt w]/} /fHosf PS6/ -/fhgLlts bnx?_ / lghL If]qn] lj/f]w ubf{ub}{ klg pbf/ ;+/rgfdf k|jz ] ug'{ g]kfnsf] afWotf aGof] . km]/L /fHo lgolGqt cy{ Joj:yfd} /xg' eg]sf] g]kfnL cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ e8\vfnf]df xfNg] afx]s c? ljsNk lyPg . o;sf/0f klg Hofb} ;f]r/] , ljrf/]/ g]kfnn] Pp6f 7"nf] cf“6 u/]/} pbf/ cy{ Joj:yfdf k|jz ] u/]sf] xf] . o;sf ;+efljt hf]lvdx? Tolt w]/} klxrfg ePsf klg xf]Ogg\ . hlt hf]lvdx? cfOk5{g . To;nfO{ Aoxf]b}{ hfg] eGg] ;+sNksf ;fy g]kfnn] ;fljsb]lvsf] /fHo lgolGqt cy{ ;+/rgfaf6 cfw'lgs cy{ ;+/rgfdf km8\sf] dfg]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf] xf] .

tfTsflns kl/l:yltdf /fhgLlts ;dy{g h'6fpg ufx|f] klg lyof] . t/, Pp6f c7f]6sf] ;fy lx8]sfn] gof“ cy{ ;+/rgfdf hfg ;Dej eof] . Toltv]/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] g]tT[ jstf{ / cy{ dGqLnfO{ ljz]if wGoafb klg lbg'k5{ . pxfx?n] h'g k|ltj4tf ug'e { of], To;nfO{ k"/f u/]/ 5f8\ge ' of] . /fhgLlts ;dy{g h'6fpg ufx|f] lyof] . w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfnL hgdfg;df h/f] uf8]/ al;;s]sf] /fHo lgolGqt cy{ ;+/rgfaf6 d'Qm x'g xfd|f] kf/Dkfl/s dfgl;stfn] lbO/x]sf] lyPg . t/ klg cfly{s oyfy{tf a]Un} lyof] . Tof] leGg oyfy{tfnfO{ cfTd;fy ubf{ xfdL ;fljssf] ;+/rgfaf6 d'Qm x'g h?/L lyof] . h;/L cGo d'ns ' x?df ;fljssf] /fHo lgolGqt cy{ Joj:yfaf6 alxu{dgsf] k|lqmof ;'? eof] . xfdLn] klg ltg} If]qx? /f]hs ] f xf} . xfdLn] a}lª\sª / cfly{s gLltsf dfWodaf6 alxu{dgsf] k|lqmof yfn]sf xf}+ . rfn' vftfsf] k/jTo{tfnfO{ v'nf ug],{ a}s + tyf ljQLo If]qx?df nufgL v'nf ug]{ / cfo:tf cg';f/ sf] vr{ ug]{ u/L ljQ 3f6fnfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfg], ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ :jfoQtf lbg] / pgLx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfwf/af6 ;/sf/n] nufgL ug]{ / ;/sf/L If]qnfO{ ;fljssf] lgoGqsaf6 ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf n}hfgsf] nflu pgLx?nfO{ k'gc { led'lvs/0f u/fpg] / lghL If]qd}qL agfpg] eof] . o:tf r'gf}tLnfO{ /sf/n] u|x0f u/]/ cfGtl/s ;'wf/ yfNof] . ;'wf/sf] csf]{ kIf lghL If]qdf eg] b'O{ lsl;dsf] ljrf/ b]lvof] . pbf/ ;+/rgfdf lgof{t cfofodf pbf/tf x'g] / ahf/d'vL Joj:yfn] Jofkf/Lx? ;dy{gdf b]lvP . ;+/If0f kfPsf ;fljsb]lvsf pBf]ukltx? lj/f]wdf b]lvP . Tof] cGt/4G4 lyof] . To;}u/L, h'g lsl;daf6 ;fljssf] s't p7fpg] k|0ffnLaf6 gf]s/zfxL /fhgLlts dflg;x? / Jofkfl/sf] Ps lsl;dsf] u7aGwg / s]xL l;ldt JolQmn]

dfq nfe kfPsf] cj:yfaf6 nfenfO{ lj:tf/} ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg] r'gf}ltdf ;fljsb]lv nfe lnPsf dflg;x? :jefljs ?kdf lj/f]wdf uP . t/ klg pbf/afbn] o;n] ;du|df ;a}sf] lxt u5{ eGg] ;Gb]z k|eflxt ub}{ o;nfO{ a[l4 ug'k{ g]{ r'gf}lt lyof] . o;sf/0f pbf/afbnfO{ :jLsfg{ lghL If]qnfO{ klg !÷@ jif{ nfu]sf] xf] . cem} klg s]xL dflg;x?df wf/0ff b]lvG5 ls pbf/afbn] lghL If]qsf] ljsf; / ;+jfxssf] ?kdf cl3 a9fp5 eGg] :joM lghL If]qnfO{ kTof/ 5}g . ;/sf/ ;/sf/ h:tf] ePg, lghL If]q klg lghL If]q h:tf] ePg . To;}n] lghL If]q ;+/If0f vf]lh/xg] / ;/sf/ ;+/If0faf6 d'Qm x'g] kl/l:ylt 5 . t/, s]xL ljifodf lghL If]qn] ;xof]u uof]{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s/sf b/x? 36fOof] . bfo/f a9fpglt/ nfluof] . eG;f/sf b/aGbLx? 36] . h;n] ubf{ rf]/L lgsf;Ldf sdL eof] / eG;f/ klg a9L p7\g yfNof] . Jofkf/sf] If]qdf nfu]sfn] ;xh cg'ej klg ug{ yfn] . o;n] s]xL kmfObf / s]xL a]kmfObf klg eof] . t/, ;du| pBf]u, Jofkf/ / d'ns ' sf] ljsf;nfO{ x]ge {' Gbf cd's cfkm\gf] pBf]unfO{ x]ga{] f6 lj/f]w ePklg tL lj/f]wsf :j/x? lj:tf/} dTy/ eP .

Aoj:yfsf d"n d]?b08dfly g} k|xf/ ug{ ;'? u¥of] . o;sf] sf/0f pbf/afbn] h'g glthf lghLIf]qdf k|jflxt ug'k{ Yof]{ . Tof] glthf ;g\ !(($ kl5 lbg ;s]g . sltn] o;nfO{ l9nf] -:nf] 8fpg_ eG5g, d t o;nfO{ :yug -xN6_ g} ePsf] eG5' . clg dflg;x? ha glthf b]Vb}gg\ clg eGg yfN5g . of] pbf/afbn] ubf{ lau|s ] f] xf] . jf:tadf pbf/afbnfO{ xfdLn] cufl8 a9fpg} ;s]sf 5}gf} . o;sf] ;'wf/nfO{ tfls{s lgZsif{df k'¥ofPkl5 kf] of] l7s xf] jf xf]Og eGg ;lsG5 . xfdLn] ;'wf/sf] qmdnfO{ g} /f]Sof}+ clg pbf/afb ubf{ o:tf] jf To:tf] ePg eGg ldNb}g . uNtL t /fHosf] xf] . /fHon] cTofjZos ;'wf/x? ub}{ lghL If]qnfO{ ljZjf; u/]/ cl3 a9fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf lyof] . t/, /fHo sdhf]/ b]lvof] .

To;sf/0f pbf/afbn] glthf glbPsf] xf]Og, o;sf] k|of]ug} /fHon] ;g\ !((% kl5 ;xL 9·n] u/]g . clxn] b]lvPsf] ;a} ;+/rgfut / sfo{dn" s ;d:ofx? 5g tL /fHolgld{t ;d:of x'g . ca nufgLsf] s'/f ubf{ lghL If]qn] hlxn] klg x]g{] eg]sf] ;'/Iff / gfkmf xf] . /fHon] lghL If]qnfO{ ;'/Iff / gfkmfsf] k|Tofe't ug'k{ 5{ . cfly{s lx;fan] kmfObf x'G5 . t/ ljQLo lx;fan] lghL If]qn] nufgL ug{ ;Sb}g eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf /fHon] ;x'lnot pbf/afb g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf xfdLn] cfTd;fy k|bfg ug'k{ 5{ . clxn] t s:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf u/]kl5sf ;'?cflt jif{x?df /fd|f] k|ult xfl;n ePsf] 5 eg] /fHon] lghL If]qnfO{ / lghL If]qn] /fHonfO{ ljZjf; gug]{ cj:yf 5 . eof] . cfly{s j[l4b/ bf]Aa/ x'g yfNof] . clg kv{ / x]/ sf] cj:yfdf /lx/x]sf] 5 . ;]jfsf If]qx? sNkgf ug{ g;lsg] u/L lj:tf/ eP . cfly{s ;'wf/ klg lta| ultdf ca o;/L kv{ / x]/ sf] cj:yfdf /lx/xg'xb' g} . nufgL ug]{ lbg Nofpg}k5{ . g]kfnL cy{tGq eof] . t/ ;g\ !((#÷($ kl5 g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf Pp6f o:tf] /f]u k:of] . Tof] /f]u sdhf]/ eP/ uPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ :j:y t agfpg' g} 5 . o;nfO{ :j:y agfpg lghL cBkL ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . tL xg' cl:y/tf, If]q / ;/sf/ ldn]/ ca gof“ ;'wf/sf] gLltut ljrng . cl:y/tf eGbf klg gLltut ljrng eO/x]sf] 5 . of] /f]u ulDe/ sfo{of]hgf;lxt cfof] eg] ;g\ !(() sf] ;'wf/sf] ;fy{stf x'G5 . 5 . To:t}, csf]{ /fhgLlts bnut :jfy{ xfjL eof] . /fhgLlts bnut :jfy{n] cy{

173

;+3Lotf / lghL If]q /fd]Zj/ vgfn, k"j{ cy{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ /fHoaf6 csf]{ /fHodf ;fdfg cf];f/ k;f/ ubf{ cn OlG8of k|ld6 kfPsf] 6«s rflxG5 . Pp6f /fHosf] dfq :jLs[lt kfPsf] 6«sn] ;fdfg af]s/] csf]{ /fHodf hfg gkfpg] Joj:yf cem} klg 5 . Pp6f /fHosf] pTkfbg csf]{ /fHodf nu]/ laqmL ug{ vf]Hbf s/ p7fP/ dfq k|jz ] lbOG5 . Pp6f b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf cfoft lgof{t ubf{ h'g lsl;dsf] k|zf;sLo cj/f]w x'G5, ef/tdf /fHo /fHoaLr oxL cj/f]w 5 . o;n] Joj;foLsf] nfut a9fPsf] 5 .

d'ns ' df Joj;flos jftfj/0f aGg'k' 5{ . pBf]u Joj;fo lagfcj/f]w ;~rfng x'gk' 5{ . cfkm'n] u/]sf] nufgLsf] ;'/lIft x'gk' 5{, nufgL u/]kl5 gfkmf sdfpg kfpg'k5{ eGg] lghL If]qsf] dfu xf] . g]kfn ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hf“b} 5 . ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf klg lgjf{w ?kdf pBf]u Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ jftfj/0f x'gk' 5{ . PsfTds /fHonfO{ ;+3Lo :j?kdf nu]/ :yflgo txdf clwsf/ ;lxtsf] k|fb]zLs ;+/rgfdf hf“bf k|bz ] x?n] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|of] ubf{ Joj;flos ultljlw, cfly{s ultljlw, pBf]uwGbfdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg'{ x'b“ g} . ljZjsf] pbfx/0f x]bf{ ci6«l] nof, cd]l/sf h:tf sltko d'ns ' /fHox? ufleP/ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uPsf 5g\ . klxnf cnu–cnu /fHo lyP, kl5 hf]l8P/ ;+3Lo d'ns ' ag] . sltko d'ns ' PsfTds /fHoaf6 ljeflht eP/ ;+3Lo :j?kdf uPsf] b]lvG5 . ef/t, blIf0f clk|msf PsfTds /fHoaf6 ljeflht eP/ ;+3Lo :j?kdf uPsf x'g \ . sltko d'ns ' df Ps k|bz ] af6 csf]{ k|bz ] df ;fdfg 9'jfgL ubf{ aLrdf s/ nufpg] k|yf 5 . ;dfg 9'jfgL jf sf/f]af/df x/]s /fHosf] cf–cfkm\g} sfg'g agfOPsf] 5 . sltko d'ns ' df lgjf{w 9'jfgLsf] ;'ljwf 5 . ci6«l] nof / cd]l/sfn] ;fdfg cf];f/ k;f/ ubf{ ljleGg 7fpFdf cj/f]w u/]/ s/ p7fp“bg} g\ . s/ p7fpg] ljlw Pp6} agfP/ ;xh} ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug{ lbPsf 5g\ . vf;u/L /fHox? ufleP/ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uPsf d'ns ' df Jofkf/ ubf{ sltko cj/f]w 5}gg\ . l5d]sL d'ns ' ef/tdf Pp6f /fHoaf6 csf]{ /fHodf ;xh} 9'jfgL ug{ ;lsb}g . Ps 174

Joj;flos ;xhtf cfjZos ef/tsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf b]vs ] f g]kfnL Joj;foL klg ;'?sf] ;dodf 8/fPsf lyP . /fhgLlts j[Qdf klg :joQ zf;g / ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ ;lxtsf] k|fb]lzs ;+/rgf x'gk' 5{ eGg] dfu pl7/x]sf] lyof] . k|To]s k|bz ] cfkm\gf] ljlw, k|so[ fdf hfg], s/sf b/x? klg cnu–cnu ug],{ Pp6f /fHodf Joj;fo ul//x]sf] JolQmn] csf]{ /fHodf uP/ Joj;fo ug]{ gkfpg] xf]sL eGg] cfz+sf lyof] . g]kfnnfO{ ax'n ;+:s[lt Ps /fi6«, ax'n ;+:s[lt Ps cy{tGqsf] lbzfdf n}hfg'k5{ . ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ;a}sf] klxrfgsf] sb/ u/]klg cy{tGq r}+ Ps x'gk' 5{ . cy{tGqnfO{ Psfsf/ ug'k{ 5{ . Pp6f JolQmn] g]kfne/ hxfF;'s} klg ;DkQL vl/b ug{, laqmL ug{, Joj;fo ug{, Pp6f /fHodf pTkfbg u/]sf] ;fdfg csf]{ /fHodf nu]/ laqmL ug{ s'g} cj/f]w x'g' x'Fb}g . lghL If]qsf] dfu klg oxL xf] . Ps /fHoaf6 csf]{ /fHodf ;fdfg cf];f/ k;f/df aGb]h nufpg], Joj;fo ug{ glbg], s/sf b/x? klg km/s km/s u/]df ;+3Lotf ;~rfngdf klg cK7\of/f] kg]{ b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|bz ] Psdf pBf]u rnfp“bf s'g} klg s/ nfUb}g . t/, k|bz ] kf“rdf ;f]xL pBf]u rnfp“bf pRr b/sf] s/ nfU5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pBf]u rnfpg] JolQmn] :jefljs ?kdf k|bz ] Ps rog u5{ . s/ a9L nufpg] k|bz ] df pBf]u :yfkgf x'Fb}gg\ . pBf]u k|lti7fgsf k|wfg sfof{no klg sd s/ nfUg] 7fpFdf s]lGb|Lt x'G5g\ . a:t'sf] pTkfbg sd s/ nfUg] k|bz ] df a9L x'G5, ;f] j:t' a9L s/ nfUg] k|bz ] df nu]/ laqmL ug]{ cj:yf cfp“5 . olb k|bz ] k|bz ] df s/sf] b/ km/s ePdf Joj;flos ultljlw sd s/ nfUg] k|bz ] df a9L x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|bz ] tLgsf] l;Gw'nLdf vfgf vfPsf] slQ klg s/ nfUb}g . t/, k|bz ] b'Os { f] alb{jf;df uP/

vfgf vfFbf @@ k|ltzt s/ nfU5 eg] dflg; alb{jf;af6 l;Gw'nLtkm{ nfU5g\ . w]/} ;fyLx? ldn]/ vfg' k/]df, ef]h et]/ ug'{ k/]df l;Gw'nL /f]hfO{df k5{ . ;xh ?kdf Ps 7fp“af6 csf]{ 7fpFdf Jofkf/ ug{ g;lsg] a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] klg To:tf] 7fpFdf Jofkf/ a9\5, h'g 7fpFdf s/ sd x'G5 .

;dfg s/ k|0ffnL

o;}n] s/sf b/x? ;s];Dd ;dfg x'gk' 5{ . lghL If]q w]/h } ;f] s/x? s]Gb| ;/sf/n] p7fP/ ljQ cfof]un] lg0f{o u/]cg'?k k|bz ] x?df ljt/0f ug]{ ljlwdf hfg'k5{ eGg] 5 . t/, /fhgLlts j[Qdf :joQtf / :j;f;g ;lxtsf] k|bz ] eGg] cfjfh p7]sf] 5 . cfly{s ?kdf ;DkGg geO{ d]/f] :joQtf, d]/f] :j;f;g eGg] x'Fb}g . cfly{s ?kdf :jtGq x'g cfly{s ;|ft] klg x'gk' ¥of], cfly{s ;|ft] /fhZj g} xf] . olb k|bz ] sf] /fhZj p7fpg] clwsf/ 5}g eg] :joQtf / :j;fzg sfuhdf dfq l;ldt /xG5 . o;}n] cfly{s clwsf/ a9L s]Gb|df /fVg' x'b“ g} , k|bz ] df /xg'k5{ . :yflgo ;/sf/ k|bz ] cGtu{t x'gk' 5{ eGg] dfu 5 . /fhZjsf] clwsf/ a9L k|bz ] df /flvPdf Joj;flos ultljlw ;xh ?kn] cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}gg\ . d'ns ' df nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f x'Fb}g . aflx/sf] nufgL lelqg] s'/} 5f8f},+ g]kfnL pBf]uklt g} k'h “ L knfog ug{ yfN5g\ . o;n] d'ns ' nfO{ nfe x'Fb}g . /f]huf/L ;[hgf x'bg} . nufgL ug{ klg aflx/ hfg'kg],{ /f]huf/L vf]Hg klg aflx/ hfg'kg]{ cj:yf /xG5 . k'h “ L / >d aflx/ hfg' ulDe/ ljifo xf] . o;y{ clwsf/ afF8kmfF8df s]Gb| / k|bz ] sf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg'k5{ . ;Gt'ng o:tf] x'gk' ¥of], h;n] dn'sdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f agfpg ;sf]; \ . lghL If]qnfO{ nlhli6s, ahf/, hgzlQm, sRrf kbfy{ nufotsf lx;fan] h'g 7fp“df Joj;fo ubf{ pko'Qm x'G5 ToxLF Joj;fo ug{ lbg'k5{ . s/sf] b/sf sf/0f cf/la6«fh x'G5 . d"No cf/la6«fh ;+;f/e/ hxf“ klg x'G5 . olb s/sf] b/ km/s ePdf s/ cf/la6«fh x'G5 . lj/f6gu/df l:6n jf l;d]G6 pTkfbg ubf{ cGtMz'Ns @% k|ltzt nfU5, e}/xjfdf l:6n / l;d]G6df cGtMz'Ns g} nfUb}g eg] ;a} pBf]uL e}/xjf ;g{ yfN5g . s/sf] ef/ sd ug{ k|wfg sfof{no ;fg],{ sf/vfgf ;fg],{ Joj;fo ;fg]{ x'G5 . o;f] ePdf a9L s/ nufpg] k|bz ] df cGofo x'G5 . o;n] Toxf“sf] cfly{s ;d[l4 klg x'b“ g} .

h;sf] cf/la6«fh jf ;§fahf/L x'g] ;Dejgf /xG5, o:tf] s/x? s]Gb| ;/sf/n] p7fpg] k|aGw ldnfpg'k5{ . of] gu/] lghL If]qn] ;xh tl/sfn] pBd Joj;fo ug{ ;Sb}g . p cGof}ndf kl//xG5 . lj/f6gu/df s/ dx+uf] eof] eg]/ e}/xjf ;fnf{, olb e}/xjfdf s/ a9]/ lj/f6gu/df 36]df pBf]u Joj;fo ;fg{ cK7\of/f] k5{ . pBf]u Joj;fo otfptf ;fl//xg ;Dej klg x'Fb}g . o;n] k|bz ] k|bz ] aLr c:j:y k|lt;kwf{ a9g ;S5, ;a} k|bz ] n] s/ z'Go agfP /fhZj ;+sng x“bg} . o:tf] s/ s]Gb| ;/sf/n] p7fP/ ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f jf cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ug'k{ 5{ .

;Gt'lnt ljsf;

;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf cfly{s ultljlw ;xh tl/sfn] lj:tf/ ug{ lbg'k5{ . cfly{s tyf k|fs[lts ;|ft] df sdhf]/ /x]sf k|bz ] df s]Gb| ;/sf/n] a9L Wofg lbg'k5{ . k|bz ] x?sf] ;dfg'kflts ;d[l4df /fHo ;hu /xg'k5{ . ;/;tL{ x]bf{ & gDa/ k|bz ] clxn] sdhf]/ b]lvG5, ef]nLsf] wgL k|bz ] xf] . lsgsL Toxf“ ckf/ hn;Dkbf 5 . s]Gb| ;/sf/n] ePsf] ;|ft] ;fwgsf] pkof]udf nufgL ul/lbg' k5{ . sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf ePsf k|bz ] df s]Gb| ;/sf/n] p7fPsf] /fhZjsf] a9L lx:;f lbg'k5{ . k|bz] @ df hn / ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf sd 5 . of] k|bz ] vfBGgsf nflu k|Voft 5 . vfBGgdf wgL eP/ dfq ;d[l4 x'b“ g} .

s[lifaf6} ;d[l4 x'g] eP clxn] xfd|f] k|ltJolQm cfDbfgL w]/} x'gk' Yof] { . s[lifsf] ;Ldf 5, lta| cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ xf] eg] pBf]u tyf ;]jf Joj;fo km:6fpg'k5{ . g]kfndf k|fb]zLs ;+/rgfsf] dfu lsg p7\of] eGbf ;Gt'lnt ljsf; x'g ;s]g . s]xL If]qx? Hofb} ljsl;t eP, s]xL If]qdf ljsf;} x'g ;s]g . o;nfO{ ;RrfP/ ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ug{ clwsf/ ;lxtsf] k|fb]zLs ;+/rgf dfu ul/Psf] xf] . clwsf/ ;lxtsf] k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfdf uP/ klg ;Gt'lnt cfly{s ljsf; ePg eg] ;+3Lotf klg ;kmn ePsf] 7xl/“bg} . ;Gt'lnt cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu s]Gb| ;/sf/n] ultnf] ;"rs agfP/ k|bz ] nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f ug'k{ 5{ .

ljgf /f]stf]s 9'jfgL

clxn] klg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] sltko cj:yfdf clwsf/ kfP/ jf clwsf/ gx'Fbf gx'Fb} klg clwsf/ ;[hgf u/]/ 7fp“ 7fp“df 9f6 /fVg], a]l/o/ /fVg], r'u+ L s/, sjf8L s/ nufotsf] ljleGg gfp“af6 s/ p7fO/x]sf] kfOG5 . Pp6f cWoogdf b]lvPsf] lyof], s~rgk'/sf] l;dfgf agjf;faf6 5'6s ] f] 6«s rGb|u9L;Dd cfOk'Ubf $@ 7fp“df /f]lsP/ r'u+ L s/ ltg'k{ /]sf] lyof] . o;dfly ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf eft[ ;+u7g, Joj;flos ;+u7g klg lqmoflzn b]lvG5g\ .

o:tf] cj/f]wn] 9'jfgL / Joj;fosf] nfut a9fp“5 . d'ns ' ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uO;s]kl5 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cj/f]w lagf oftfoftsf] k|aGw ul/g'k5{ . olb Pp6f k|bz ] df s'g} klg lsl;dsf] :yflgo s/ 5}g, csf]{ k|bz ] df 5 eg] ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 s/ ;+sng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . h;/L ePklg 9'jfgL cj/f]w x'g' x“bg} . gq cfly{s ultljlw lj:tf/ x“bg} . Joj;foLsf] nfut klg a9fp“5 . ;dodf 9'jfgL geP pkef]Qmf klg dsf{df k5{g \ . Joj;foLx? ljsNk vf]Hg wfN5g\ . o;n] ;+3LotfnfO{ cK7\of/f]df kfg{ ;S5 . cfd dflg;sf] rfxfgf ;+3Lotf xf]Og, pgLx?sf] rfxfgf ;d[l4 xf] . cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu PsfTds ;f;g Joj:yf eGbf ;+3Lotf a]z x'G5 ls eg]/ ;+3Lotfsf] kIfdf dt lbPsf x'g \ . ;+3Lotfn] ;d[l4sf] dfu k'/f ug{ ;s]g eg] dflg;n] ;+3Lotf lj?4 klg qmfGtL ug{ ;S5g\ .

;DklQsf] clwsf/

lghL If]qsf nflu ;DklQsf] clwsf/ csf]{ ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . ljutdf ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/df w]/} k|Zg p7\of] . lghL If]qn] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tL oxL xf] eGg]

175

u5{g \ . 4G4sfndf lghL If]qsf] w]/} hUuf tyf pBf]u sAhf ul/of] . sltko pBf]udf sfo{stf /flvof] . clxn] klg sltko pBf]u sfo{stf{sf] cfjf; u[x ag]sf] 5g\ . rln/x]sf pBf]ux? aGb eP/ ylGsPsf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;do clwsf+z /fhgLlts bnn] ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/df ;s/fTds cfZjf;g lbPsf 5g\ . To;}n] clxn] Tolt s'/f p7]sf] 5}g .

lghL If]qdf of] 8/ cem} oyfjt 5 . ;ft k|bz ] sf] gfd hfthflt jf s;}sf] ;Dj]bgf;“u uf“;/] /flvof] eg] xfd|f] pl7af; x'g] xf]sL, Joj;fo ug{ glbOg] xf]sL, Joj;fo hkmt x'g] xf]sL eGg] 8/ 5 . xfdLn] of] e'n slxNn} ug'{ x“bg} . o;n] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf Nofof}+ eGg] efif0f ug]{ ;Gt'i6L t Nofpnf . t/, To;n] k|bz ] sf] ljsf; emg sd x'G5 .

s;}n] a'4L, ljj]s k|of]u u/]/ ;xL tl/sfn] ;DklQ cfh{g u5{ eg] ef]u rng ug]{ clwsf/ klg p;}sf] xf] . p;n] ;DkQL ef]urng klg ug{ ;S5, s;}nfO{ lgMz'Ns klg lbg ;Snf . lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ p;}sf] x'G5 . kmnfgf]n] w]/} sdfof], a9L ;DkQL /fVof] eg]/ ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bn jf s;}n] klg sAhf u/]df lg/f;f pTkGg x'G5 . s;}sf] OR5f x'G5, cl;ldt ;DkQL sdfpg] . km]/L p;n] sdfPsf] ;DkQL lr/ sfn;Dd klg k|of]u ug]{ xf]Og . To;sf] nfe ;dfhn] klg kfp“5 .

:jR5 k|lt:kwf{

t/, sltko /fhgLlts bn / dflg;df o:tf] ;f]rfO{ 5}g . s;}n] a9L ;DkQL sdfPdf zf]if0f g} u/]/ sdfPsf] xf], sAhf ug'k{ 5{ eGg] efjgf 5 . lghL If]q b'O{ jif{cl3;Dd ;DklQdfly clwsf/ x'gk' 5{ eg]/ s/fO /xGYof] . clxn] Psfw afx]s ;a} bnx? ;DkQdfly clwsf/ ePg eg] Joj;flos ultljlw cufl8 a9\bg} g, Joj;flos ultljlw gePdf cfly{s ;d[l4sf] rfxfgf klg k'/f x“bg} g\ eGg] dx;'; ul/;s]sf 5g\ . Pp6f pBdLsf] wgL x'g] rfxgfn] /f]huf/L ;[hgf x'G5 eGg] a'em]sf 5g\ . t/ klg lghL If]q cem} ;z+lst 5 .

lghL If]qn] cfkm} ug{ ;Sg] eP ;d[4 d'ns ' cd]l/sfdf uYof]{ xf]nf gL . 8f]gfN8 6«Dkn] cd]l/sLnfO{ cfkm\gf] d'ns ' df nufgL u/]gf},+ ;a} pTkfbgsf] sfd rLg tyf d]lS;sf]df ug{ yflnof] . /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ klg rLg / dfgljo k'FhL / k|fs[lt ;Dkbfsf] ;xL ;+of]hg d]lS;sf]df uof] . ltdLx?n] unt u¥of] eGg] gf/f nufP/ c]dl] /sfdf /fi6«kltdf lahoL u/]/ s'g k|bz ] df s'g If]qdf hf]8 lbP lta| eP . ;a}sf lgDtL cd]l/sf t :jKg ultn] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ nfUg'k5{ . cd]l/sfn] x/]s /fHodf cf–cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] ;+;f/ xf] . :jKg ;+;f/sf] dfG5]n] klg lsg rLg / d]lS;sf]df nufgL u¥of] < bIftf k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . s'g} /fHo Pp6f lsgsL ToxfF nufgLsf] jftfj/0f 5 . hxf“ If]qdf cAan 5, s'g} /fHo csf]{ If]qdf /fd|f] jftfj/0f 5, nufgL ToxLF hfG5 . cAan 5 . g]kfndf klg ;Dejgf x]//] ;/sf/n] klg s]xL gug],{ :yflgon] klg s]xL ljsf;df nfUg'k5{ . x/]s k|bz ] df Ps÷Ps gug]{ clg lghL If]q xfd|fd] f cfPg eg]/ lyd agfP/ cufl8 a9\gk' 5{ . s/fpg] ldNb}g . lghL If]qnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ lgoldt lah'nL cfk"lt{ rflxG5 . bIf g]kfndf @ gDa/ k|bz ] vfBGgdf cAan dhb'/ pTkfbgdf nufgL ug'k{ 5{ . cf}Bf]lus xf]nf . % gDa/ k|bz ] cfWoflTds ko{6gsf] Joj;flos k|lti7fgdf dhb'/ x8tfn ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf x'gk' 5{ . dhb'/, dflns / k|bz ] aGg ;Snf . & gDa/ k|bz ] xfO8«f] /fhwfgL aGg ;S5 . ljB't;Fu cfl>t 7"nf ;/sf/ lqkIfLo a}7sn] ;d:of ;dwfg ug'k{ 5{ . o:tf dfux? k'/f ePdf lghL If]q pBf]ux? tfGg ;Snf . c? k|bz ] df Ps÷Ps vfnsf] lyd 8]enk ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} k|bz ] n] Toxf“ hfG5 . gq hxfF sfd ug{ ;xh 5, hfG5 . cfkm\gf] nufgL hf]lvddf /fv]/ Pp6f vf; If]qdf s]Gb|Lt x'G5f}+ eG5 eg] s]Gb| ToxL“ lghL If]qn] ;dfh;]jf unf{ eg]/ ;f]Rg x'b“ g} . ;/sf/n] klg k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/lbg'k5{ . sDtLdf cfkm\gf] nufgL t g8'af]; \ . sltko k"jf{wf/ k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf aflx/ x'g ;S5g\ . sltko k"jf{wf/ Ps d'gfkmf cfh{g ug'{ unt xf]Og . sltko k|bz] af6 csf]{ k|bz] df uf“l;Psf] klg x'g ;S5 . Joj;fodf zt\ k|ltzt;Dd klg gfkmf ug'k{ g]x{ G' 5 . lsgsL sltko Joj;fo s'g} sfnv08kl5 x/fP/ hfg] x'GG5g\ . Joj;foLn] dlN6df]8n oftfoft sltko a:t'df Pp6faf6 gfkmf u/]/ csf]{ ;dfg'kflts / ;d'lrt lx;fjn] ;a} k|bz ] sf] ljsf; x'gsf nflu k|bz ] k|bz ] aLr b|t' ultsf] a:t'af6 eO/x]sf] 3f6f kl/k"lt{ ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . Joj;foLsf] of] Joyf s;}n] klg a'em]sf] oftfoft ;Dks{ clgjfo{ zt{ xf] . k|fb]lzs x'b“ g} . sltko Joj;foL v/fa klg xf]nfg\, ;+/rgfdf uPsf #^ d'ns ' dWo] h'g d'ns ' df k|bz ] k|bz ] aLrsf] oftfot ;DaGw dlN6df]8n ;a} c;n eGg ;lsb}g . To;f] t /fhgLltdf 5, ToxfF ;+3Lotf Hofb} /fd|f;] Fu rn]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L v/fa 5g\, sd{rf/Ldf emg a9L v/fa 5g\, kqsf/ plQs} v/fa 5g\ . ;8s, /]Nj], xjfO{ / hn oftfoftsf] /fd|f] k|aGw 5 . ;fdfg ;xh tl/sfn] cf];f/

klxrfgn] lghL If]q ;z+lst

xfdLn] klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf elg/x]sf 5f} + . klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotfdf sltko 7fp“df hfthftLsf] gfd klg lbg] k|oTg eO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] klg lghL If]qnfO{ cem} ;z+lst agfPsf] 5 . du//ftdf du/n] afx]s c?n] u/]sf] Joj;fo sAhf u5f}+{ eGnfg\ . wf?jfg, tfD;flnª If]qdf c?n] Joj;fo ug{ gkfpnfg\ . sltko k|bz ] df afx'g If]qL zf]ifs x'g,\ oLgnfO{ nufgL ug{ lb“bg} f}+ eGnfg, kxf8Lofn] dw]zdf nufgL ug{ gkfpg], dw]zLn] kxf8df nufgL ug{ gkfpg] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . nufgLdf o:tf] lgif]w eof] eg] /fd|f] x'b“ g} . s]xL u/L o:tf] k|jl[ Qsf] ljsf; eof] eg] ;+3Lotf oyfy{df ljs[lt x'g] 5 . hfltotf / klxrfgsf] gfddf o:tf] ljs[lt lgDTofpg x'b“ g} . clxn] klg sf:sLsf] 3fGb|s ' df aflx/sf] dfG5]n] hUuf vl/b ug{ kfp“bg} . eQmk'/sf] sltko 7fp“df o:t} cj:yf 5 .

176

;+3Lo :j?kdf k|To]s k|bz ] sf] ;d'lrt / :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds ljsf;sf] af6f]df hfg'k5{ . x/]s k|bz ] df ;a} ;fdfYo{ x'b“ g} . Pp6f k|bz ] df Pp6f ;Dejgf 5, csf]{ k|bz ] df cs}{ ;Dejgf 5 . k|bz ] wgL x'g] eg]sf] k|fs[lt ;Dejgfn] dfq klg xf]Og . k|fs[lts ;|ft] n] wgL x'g] ePdf nfOa]l/of, ;'8fg, sDaf]l8of hfkfgeGbf wgL x'gk' Yof] { . hfkfgdf k|fs[lt ;Dkbf slQ 5}g . dfgljo k'FhL h'g b]zdf a9L 5, Tof] b]zdf k|fs[lt ;Dkbf geP klg ljsf; ePsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu blIf0f sf]l/ofnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . pQ/ sf]l/ofdf k|fs[lt ;Dkbf 5, dfgljo k'FhL 5}g, blIf0f sf]l/ofdf k|fs[lt ;Dkbf sd 5, t/ dfgljo k'FhL pRr :t/sf] x'b“ f lta| cfly{s ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 .

k;f/ ug{ ;lsg] ePkl5 pBf]u vf]Ng cK7\of/f] g} kb}g{ . cd]l/sfdf ;a}lt/ oftfoft k|aGw /fd|f] 5, ef/tdf l7sl7s} 5 . rLg dlN6df]8n oftfoft ePsf] d'ns ' xf] . rLgdf Ps 7fpFdf pBf]u vf]ns ] f 5g\, csf]{ 7fpFaf6 sRrf kbfy{ Nofp“5g\ . bIf hgzQmL zx/df s]lGb|t x'g] ePsfn] pBf]uwGbf klg Tot} s]lGb|t ePsf] b]lvG5 . clxn] xl:k6n 7"nf] pBf]u eO;s]sf] 5 . ef/tdf w]/} dflg; d]l8sn ko{6ssf] ?kdf hfG5g\ . of] klg Jofkf/ g} eof] . lbNnL, r]GgfO{, a}U+ nf]/df /fd|f c:ktfn / 8fS6/ 5g\ . ;a} pkrf/ ug{ ToxL“ hfG5g\ .

nfesf cfwf/df lg0f{o

lghL If]qn] nfesf] cfwf/df lg0f{o u5{ . lghL If]qn] lg0f{o ug{ nfe l;h{gf ul/lbg] /fHo / ;d'bfon] xf] . /fHo / ;d'bfo lgbfP/ a:g], nfe ;[hgf gul/lbg], clg lghL :jfyL{ eof], xfd|f] 7fp“df nufgL u/]g eGg' unt xf] . lghL If]qn] kmnfgf] 7fp“df xfdL o:tf] ug{ rflx/x]sf 5f},+ jftfj/0f agfOlbg';\ eg]/ kxn ug]d{ fq xf] . lghL If]qn] c? s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g .

;+:yfut cfly{s ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf efjL sfo{lbzf e/t a= yfkf, k"j{ pBF]u ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ k'¥ofpg'df of] ;+:yfsf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . oL ;du| ;sf/fTds sfo{ x'Fbf x'Fb} klg g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ce}m w]/} sfd ug'{ af“sL g} 5 . o; qmddf o; ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf ce}m ckl/xfo{ / dxTjk"0f{ /lx/xg]5 .

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] cfk\mgf] :yfkgfsf] :j0f{ hoGtL dgfO{ /x]sf] 5 . krf; jif{ cl3 lghL If]qsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt o; ;+:yfn] cfk\mgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lvg} d'ns ' df cf}Bf]lus Pj+ Jofkf/ ljsf;sf] If]qdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] xf] . lghL If]qsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf o;n] ;/sf/, Joj;flos -lghL_ If]q / cGo ;+:yfx¿ aLr ;DaGw–;]ts ' f] ?kdf klg sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . lgjf{xd'vL s[lif k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t tTsfnLg cy{ Joj:yfsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] nflu /fHokIf;Fu sf“wdf sf“w ldnfO{ o; ;+:yfn] ub}{ cfPsf] ;xsfo{sf kmn:j¿k cfh d'ns ' sf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, ;]jf nufot If]qn] pNn]vgLo km8\sf] dfl/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf ;du| ljsf;sf nflu gLlt lgdf{0f, sfg"gL Joj:yf, ah]6 lgdf{0f, ;+:yfut ;'wf/ nufot ;a} If]qdf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] ;+nUgtf /xL k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]u Pj+ ;xsfo{sf nflu g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] ;/fxgf ul/cfPsf] 5 . dxf;+3 :yfkgfb]lv cfhsf lbg;Dddf d'ns ' df k6s–k6s /fhg}lts kl/jt{gx¿ eP . Pskl5 csf]{ /fhg}lts k|0ffnL cfP . km/s–km/s l;4fGt, km/s–km/s dfGotf, km/s–km/s sfo{zn} L Pj+ g]tT[ jsf aLr ;DaGw agfP/ sfo{ ul//xg' lghL If]qsf] nflu cjZog} sl7gfO{ k¥of] xf]nf . t/ slxNo} ljrng geO{ d'ns ' sf] cy{ Joj:yf / pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/df ;xefuL eO{ cfh ljZjJofkL d'nwf/df NofO{

b]zdf ce}m /fhg}lts ;+qmd0f ;dfKt eO{ ;s]sf] 5}g . gof“ ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] 5 . t/ ;a} kIfn] :jLsf/ ul/g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgn] d'ns ' sf] PsfTds tyf s]lGb|st[ zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 . ;+3Lotf cfk}mdf g]kfn / g]kfnLsf nflu gf}nf] / gJoxf]/s ] f] zf;g k|0ffnL xf] . ;+3, k|bz ] / :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yf x'gs ' f ;fy} ;j} txnfO{ sfg"gL, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . oL Joj:yf sfof{Gjog x'Fbf :jefjtM d'ns ' sf] pBf]u, Jofkf/ / jhf/ k|0ffnLdf klg s]xL g s]xL k|efj kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lnO{ ;xh sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg lghL If]qsf] k|ltlglwd"ns 5ftf ;+u7gn] e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] Psflt/ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gsf] clwgdf /lx ;DklQ cfh{g ug],{ ef]u ug],{ j]rljvg ug],{ Joj;flos nfe k|fKt ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ clwsf/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]l{ t/ ;j} k|sf/sf lje]b / pTkL8gsf] cGTo ub}{ cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhjfbk|lt k|ltj4 zf;g Joj:yf cjnDag ug]{ eg]sf] 5 . oL cfk}mdf ax'cfoflds k|fjwfgx¿sf] ;dGjofTds sfof{Gjog u/L d'ns ' sf] cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;d[l4sf] af6f]df n}hfg dxf;+3 ;bfe}m+ ;lqmo /xg' cfjZos 5 . o;}u/L ;+ljwfgn] k|To]s >ldsnfO{ plrt >d cEof;, plrt kfl/>lds, sfg"g adf]lhd 6«8] o'lgog vf]Ng], ;xefuL x'g,] ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug]{ h:tf clwsf/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf /f]huf/bftf / >ldsaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;f}xfb{k0" f{ agfpg ce}m sfo{ ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostf /x]s} cj:yfdf oL ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf yk hl6ntf cfpg glbO{ ;sf/fTds / ;f}xfb{tfsf nflu dxf;+3n] cu|ufdL Pj+ ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf v]Ng' cfjZos 5 .

Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs / pkef]Qmfn] u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|fKt ug]{ gePdf Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug]{ xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . /fHo / d'ns ' sf] ;du| cy{Joj:yfsf] Ifdtfsf] kl/lwleq /lx oL xs k|rngdf Nofpg' cfk}mdf r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 . o; cj:yfdf dxf;+3n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u / ;Nnfx k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . oL ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfgx¿sf cnfjf d'ns ' sf] cy{ Joj:yf cfk}m“ lynlynf] cj:yfdf 5 . @)&@ j}zfvsf] e'sDk / To;kl5sf] gfsfjGbLn] ubf{ g]kfn clxn] blIf0f Plzofd} ;j}eGbf sd cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{ d'ns ' ag]sf] 5 . e'sDkaf6 kLl8t hgtfsf] ljlNnaf7 5 . e'sDkkl5sf] p4f/ tyf /fxtdf dxf;+3n] v]ns ] f] e"ldsf ;/fxgLo lyof] . o;}u/L k'glgdf{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf r/0fdf klg s] s:tf] ;sf/fTds / ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Ng ;lsg] x'G5 ;dod} ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . g]kfnsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]q ce}m aGb, x8tfn, rGbf cft+s, l9nf;':tL, clgoldttf / e|i6frf/sf] kL8f Joxf]l//x]sf] 5 . o:tf ljs[lt, lj;+ult lj¿4 kLl8tsf] Psn k|oTg / cfjfh dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . o;sf lj¿4 ;fd"lxs / k|efjsf/L cfjfhsf] cfjZostf 5 . o;sf] cu'jfO{ dxf;+3n]g} ug'{ kb{5 . g]kfn ljZj cy{Joj:yfsf] Pp6f ;xofqL xf] . cfk\mgf] cfly{s ;'wf/sf ;fy} ljZj cfly{s k|0ffnLaf6 oyf;+ej kmfObf lng g]kfnn] k|oTg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g, jhf/d'vL cfly{s k|0ffnL / cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo Pj+ åLkIfLo ;GwL ;Demf}tf cg'?kdf cfk'mnfO{ :yflkt ub}{ ;'wf/f]Gd'v cj:yfdf kl/rflnt u/]sf] 5 . oL ;du| k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjog / ;dli6ut cfly{s ;'wf/df ;d]t dxf;+3 ;xofqL /lxcfPsf] 5 . :jR5, ;d[4 Pj+ nf]stflGqs g]kfn ;a} g]kfnLsf] rfxgf xf] . log} rfxgf k'/f ug{ ;/sf/ / lghLIf]q ;d]tn] ;sf/fTds / k|efjsf/L sfo{x¿ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . clxn] klg 7"nf] ;+Vofdf g]kfnL gful/s ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL si6s/ hLjg–ofkg ul//x]sf 5g\ . ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf gful/snfO{ d"n cfly{s k|jfxdf ;d]6g\ ;lsPg eg] cGo ;'wf/sf k|oTgx¿ klg lg/y{s x'G5 . t;y{, o;tk{m klg lghL If]qn] cfk\mgf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj ;DemL Jojxf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] gful/snfO{ ;fdflhs 177

sdhf]/ k|b]z 8f= dbg bfxfn, cy{jLb nflu s'g ;/sf/sf nflu s'gs'g If]q, h:t} hnljB't, e"l" d, jgh+un, pBf]u wGbf cflb, tf]Sg] eGg] af/] :ki6 x'g' k5{ . ;+3Lo ;+ljwfgn] s]Gb|, k|bz ] / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf If]qx? tf]ss ] f] 5 . Toxf“ sltko s'/f ;femf 5g\ eg] sltko If]qdf s]Gb| / k|bz ] jf k|bz ] / :yflgo lgsfo b'an} fO{ clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . To:tf If]qx?df b'a} ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf jf clwsf/ s] slt x'g] eGg] s'/fsf] af“8kmf“8 clxn] g} :ki6 ul/Pg eg] kl5 åGå lglDtg ;S5 .

g]kfn ;ft k|bz ] sf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf k|jz ] ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efn] *% k|ltzteGbf a9L dtn] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg kfl/t u/]sf] xf] . t/fO{ s]lGb|t s]xL bnn] la/f]w u/] klg To;df kl/jt{t x'g] ;+efjgf sd 5 . t/, xfnsf] ;+3Lo vfsfdf eg] d]/f] ljdlt 5 . dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] cfly{s ;+efJotfsf] ljz]if cWoog u/L k|bz ] lgdf{0f ug'k{ Yof]{ . lxdfn / kxf8df ko{6g, hn;|ft] , h}ljs ljljwtf / s[lifdf gub]afnL tyf hl8a'6Lsf] pRr ;+efjgf 5 eg] t/fO{df k"jf{wf/ /fd|f] 5, pAhfp e"ld 5, pBf]uwGbf tyf snsf/vfgf klg t/fOd} 5g\ eg] ljsf;sf] b/ klg lta| 5 . oL ;a} ;+efjgfnfO{ PsLs[t?kdf ;Daf]wgu/L ;xeflutfd"ns k|bz ] lgdf{0f x'gk' Yof]{ t/ To;f] x'g ;s]g . To;n] k|bz ] sf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] k|Tofe'lt ug{ ;SYof] . t/, k|bz ] gDa/ b'O{ afx]s cGo k|bz ] sf] xsdf eg] w]/y} f]/} dfqfdf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] ;+ld>0f ul/Psf] 5 . cem} klg k|bz ] sf] ;+Vof w]/} eof] . g]kfnsf] xsdf kf“r jf Tof] eGbf sd k|bz ] pko'Qm xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . ;ft k|bz ] sf] of] ;+/rgfn] d'ns ' sf] ljsf; ;d[l4df s;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofpnf Tof] ax;sf] csf]{ kf6f] xf] . t/ ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf nflu tLg j6f geO gx'g] s'/f 5g\ . klxnf] xf], ;+3LotfnfO{ :yflkt / Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu gLlt tyf sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f . cfDbfgLsf ;|ft] h:t} /fhZj, cfos/ nufotdf s]Gb|, k|bz ] / :yfgLosf] e'ldsf s] x'g] eGg] s'/f oxf“ dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfp“5 . k|bz ] nfO{ s'g s'g zLif{sdf s/ p7fpg lbg] / :yfgLo lgsfosfnflu afFsL /fhZjsf If]q s] s] x'g;S5g eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof{n] ug'{ h?/L 5 . bf];f| ,] s]Gb|n] k|fGt / :yfgLo lgsfo;“u ;fwg / ;|ft] sf] af“8kmf“6 s;/L ug]{ eGg] xf] . To;sf 178

t];f| ,] s]Gb|n] jflif{s ah]6 tyf of]hgf th'd{ f ubf{ :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ slt lbg] eGg] s'/f xf] . cGo ;+3Lo d'ns ' x?sf] cEof; x]bf{ s]Gb|n] k|fGt tyf :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ s'n ah]6sf] #) k|ltzt;Dd cg'bfgsf] ?kdf lbPsf] kfOG5 . pgLx?sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ Tof] /sd vr{ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF klg ;/sf/n] cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 ;+3Lo 9fFrfdf tof/ ug{ nflu/x]sf] 5 . d'ns ' ;+3Lotfdf uO;s]sf] 5 t/ klg ;+ljwfg k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfufdL ah]6n] To; lbzfdf s]xL of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . d'ns ' sf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg @@$( ca{ ?k}of“sf] 5 . To;nfO{ ljefhg ug]{ xf] eg] k|lt k|bz ] cf};tdf #@) ca{ ?k}of“ kg{ cfp“5 . ca Tolt ;fgf] cy{tGq ePsf k|bz ] sf nflu kof{Kt cfly{s ;|ft] h'6fpg ufx|f] 5 . To;df klg g]kfnsf] clwsf+z cfly{s ultljlwx? k|bz ] gDa/ # / @ df s]lGb|t 5g\ . /fhwfgL sf7df8f};+ d]t ePsf] k|bz ] # n] d"No clej[l4s/ tyf cfos/df;a}eGbf 7"nf] of]ubfg lbG5 eg] em08} cfwfh;f] cfly{s ultljlwx? o;} If]qdf x'G5g\ . TolQ dfq xf]Og, a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yf klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / To; jl/kl/sf gf} lhNnfdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] g]kfn/fi6« a}s + sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] k|ltJolQm cfo klg Hofb} sd 5 &^^ cd]l/sL 8n/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5 . blIf0f Plzofd} g]kfn ckmuflg:tfg;Fu} ;a}eGbf sd k|ltJolQm cfo x'g] d'ns ' sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . e'6fgsf] k|ltJolQm cfo @ xhf/ # ;o 8n/eGbf dfly k'us ] f] 5 eg] ef/t / a+unfb]z klg g]kfn eGbf w]/} dfly 5g\ . xfdL eg] jiff}s +{ f] k|of;sf afah'b k|ltJolQm cfodf ;'wf/ ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . oL ;a} tYof+sn] g]kfnsf] ;+3Lotfsf nflu kl/b[io ;xh gePsf] k|i6 kf5{g\ . k|bz ] cfly{s ?kn] ;Ifd ePg jf s]Gb|df a9L lge{/ eof] eg] To;n] k/hLljsf] sfd u5{ cyf{t p;sf ;a} ljsf; lgdf{0f dfq xf]Og ;/sf/ tyf sd{rf/L ;+oGq rnfpgsf nflu klg s]Gb|n] lg/Gt/ ah]6 tyf cGo ;|ft] ;fwg h'6fOlbg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . To:t} vfnsf] cj:yf l;h{gf eP/ sltko ;+3Lo d'ns ' jf:tljs?kn] ;+3Lo aGg ;s]sf 5|g} g\ .

Olyof]lkofdf w]/} k|bz ] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ clxn] sltko k|bz ] sf] *% k|ltzt;Dd vr{ s]Gb| ;/sf/n] Joxf]g{' kg]{ l:ylt cfPsf] 5 . k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfdf d]/f] l;4fGt s] xf] eg] k|bz ] nfO{ cfly{s?kdf ;+efJo / bLuf] agfpg' k5{ . cfly{s ;+efJotf, hg;+Vof tyf ;fwfg / ;|ft] nfO{ x]//] ;ft k|bz ] nfO{ s;/L ;Ifd agfpg] eGg] af/]df Wofg lbg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf] l;4fGtn] klg k|bz ] df ;fwg / ;|ft] , /f]huf/L l;h{gf, pTkfbg clej[l4, hn;|ft] , kof{ko{tg, vfgL / jgk}bfj/sf] l:yltnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ eG5 . xfd|f k|bz ] xr'jfsf] e/df l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 . t/, To;af6 k5fl8 kms{g] l:ylt klg 5}g . To;}n] cfly{s ljsf;sf] l;4fGtsf] b[li6sf]0fn] k|bz ] sf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf nflu of]hgf agfpg' k5{ . tL k|bz ] nfO{ bLuf] agfpg' kg]{ 7"nf] r'gf}lt xfd|f ;fd' 5 . To;sf nflu gbLgfnf, h}ljs ljljwtf, s[lif, pBf]u, ko{6g / hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ agfp“b} of]hgf th'd{ f ug'k{ 5{ . k|bz ] nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg} k5{ . hxf“;Dd ;fwg;|ft] h'6fpg] ;jfn 5, w]/} ;+3Lo d'ns ' df cfos/, cGtM z'Ns tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ s]Gb|df 5 eg] ;DklQ s/, ;jf/L s/, dfnkf]t / 3/ axfn s/ :yfgLo lgsfosf] lhDdfdf lbOPsf] 5 . hn;|ft] , h+unnufot k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] cfDbfgLdf ;fem]bf/L ul/Psf] 5 . of] :yflkt dfGotf klg xf] . g]kfnsf] xsdf klg oxL dfGotf nfu" x'G5 . o; af/]df sltko s'/fx? t :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g cGtu{t o;cl3 klg cEof; eO;s]sf 5g\ . t/, dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] cEof; h];s ' } eP klg To;n] ;a}eGbf tNnf] txsf hgtfnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg' k5{, pgLx?sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . cfly{s ;d[l4 g} klxrfg / ;fdYo{sf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . clxn];Dd ;+3Lotfsf ;DaGwdf hlt klg ax; ePsf 5g\, lt gfdf+sg / ;Ldfs+gdf s]lGb|t 5g\ . s;}n] klg ;fdYo{ tyf ;d[l4sf] af/]df ljrf/ k'¥ofPsf] jf ax; u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . rfx] dw]; xf]; jf kxf8 xf];, u/LaL p:t} 5, e]befj jf 5'jf5't p:t} 5 . dx“uLsf] b/ pRr 5 h;n] Go"g cfo ePsf ju{nfO{ dx“uLsf] r/d df/ k/]sf] 5 . To;df sd} Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . kof{Kt /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ha;Dd cfly{s ultljlwx? a9\bg} g\, /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'Fb}g / /f]huf/L ljgf cfly{s pkfh{g tyf ;dfhsf] ljsf; ck]lIft ultdf cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}g . clxn] l;h{gf ePsf k|bz ] / ca aGg] :yfgLo lgsfon] o:tf ljifonfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg u5{g, To;n] cfufdL ljsf;sf] lbzf lgwf{/0f ug]5 { .

ATTRACTING FDI: WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE? Radhesh Pant, Former CEO, IBN

(PDA) with the developers. In order to build capacity, we need to import those capacities in the beginning. Nationalistic slogans like Nepal should build everything, will not work. If that were to work, we could have seen many hydropower, infrastructures such as road, tunnel and bridge projects to have completed by now. Because all we have done so far is talk without any substantial action over the last four decades or so.

There is enormous investment potential in Nepal for both domestic and foreign investors. Abundant natural resources, diverse landscape fit for agriculture and tourism, and huge hydropower and clean energy prospects are keys to attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Nepal. Moreover, getting entry to two of the world's largestand growing markets – India and China with products and services can augment FDI to enormous height. Therefore, from industry standpoint, Nepal has multiple advantages. However, we need to make sure that right infrastructure is in place including round the clock power which will help develop effective value chain of the products and services. In order to do all this, we should first have the capacity to execute and implement projects.

Many countries like Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea focused on FDI to build their infrastructures in the sixties and seventies. These FDIs were critical in not only funding the projects but they also enhanced the domestic capacity of individual countries to execute and implement the projects. Therefore, we need to first develop our internal capacity to execute the projects. We need to welcome investors from Japan, European Union, Canada, USA, China, India and many other countries who are willing to invest in Nepal. We need to diversify our investment portfolio geographically. That will allow us to remain stronger geopolitically. Once we start diversifying our portfolio, we will be stronger in our negotiation

efforts. Building capacity means making policies which are comparatively better than other countries since we have to compete for every investment. No one is going to come to invest in Nepal just because they loved the country. Those who love Nepal will come for one or two weeks, spend one or two thousand dollars and go back. We need to look at what facilities other countries are providing to the investors. It doesn't work when we want to fulfill only our demands or wishes from projects. We need to think about what exactly an investor is looking for, what we are providing to them and we have to change our policies, delivery mechanism, expectations accordingly. The problem in Nepal is there is no ownership of any development project. Has the government fulfilled its commitments it pledged for such projects? The answer is negative. We need to change the people's view towards investment. They need to understand that the projects will come to us after the concession period in good condition, and they can go on for hundred years. We need good monitoring and regulating institutions. Then only, the execution of the projects

Financial resources is not problem for Nepal. As I always say, money – whether government, private, foreign or bilateral – will always flow where there is an opportunity. The critical areas where we need to work are building capacity of the country to do large infrastructure projects and the capacity to understand the implications and executionof the concession agreement or Project Development Agreement

179

will be successful and timely. Investors are the same around the world. They will not invest until their requirements are fulfilled. So, we need to change the way we do business and try to understand where they are coming from. We need to internalize that the investors are our partners and together we are going to build a prosperous Nepal. We have to change the way of we deliver our services. There are 30-40 ministries and agencies that investors have to deal with for various approvals for their investments. Cambodia and other countries provide investment approval in a few days whereas it takes about six months for the same approval in Nepal. In such a discouraging situation, would you invest in Nepal or Cambodia? Until and unless we make ourselves better than other countries, things will not improve. Our job is to make sure that good companies come to Nepal, and for that there should be simple and stable processes. Policies and laws should not change when governments change, period. Basically, our delivery mechanism needs to be reformed in a way that it could provide approvals quickly. Timely approvals and investment security are prime concerns of the investors. Therefore, the government has to take these risks. Any project delays are not losses for investors but also for Nepal. Similarly, in order to provide investment security, Nepal has to take political force majeure

180

risks associated with the project which the developer does not have the capacity or capability. Lack of ownership and accountability are also key areas where the government needs to focus. I would like to cite an example: when the government signed agreement with Sutlej Jal Vidyut Nigam of India for Arun III in 2008, it committed to provide three pieces of land which were to be provided within eight weeks from the time of signing the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). It took over eight years and hundreds of days of effort for it to happen. The problem is who is accountable â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Land Reform, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development, Chief District Officer in the district, Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers or somebody else? We love to criticize the project, its development process and developers rather than getting it done. What we don't understand is one day delay in the project not only affects the developers but also the country. Arun III project would pay roughly Rs. 6 crores of revenues to the GON every day after completion of the project. So, who is the loser here? Isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t Nepal losing millions of rupees every day because of the delay? So, who is accountable? If Arun Hydropower Project was built in the 1990s, Nepal would have build hydroelectricity projects of more than

10,000 megawatt capacity. There would have been a crowding effect. If we can perform well and do what we need to do, more investors will come here. But there are experts who, without understanding the implications of the project handling and capacity of the government, are suggesting that so and so projects should be developed by Nepal itself. I don't take it as a good recommendation as the government changes in every nine months and the priority also changes with the government. One government will say that the project would be built by Nepal, another will say that they are awarding it to another party, and the third government would scrap previous agreement and will invite another party. Development should not be a subject of joke. Right investors will never come here if such situation prevails. Investors look for stability and predictability. Nepal needs huge investment in infrastructure in order to graduate the country from the Least Developed Country (LDC) to the developing one and be a middle-income country by 2030. For this to happen, disruptive and innovate changes need to take place in the delivery mechanism of the government which will only be possible through dynamic leadership and sustained democratic politics.

g]kfnsf] zflGt / ;d[l4df u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL cleofgsf] e"ldsf 8f= pk]Gb| dxtf], ;+:yfks cWoIf, u}/ cfjf;Lo ;+3, g]kfn

u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL cleofgsf] Ps ;lqmo cleoGtfsf] ?kdf sl/a 8]9 bzssf] ;+nUgtf / pknlAwnfO{ s]xL zAbdf JoQm ug{' d]/f nflu c;+ej s'/f xf] . t/ hxf“ uPklg g]kfnL bfh'efO lbbLalxgLx¿n] h'g :g]x, ;Ddfg / pT;fxsf ;fy xfd|f] cleofgnfO{ :jfut ug{' eof], Tof] g} of] cleofgaf6 xfdLn] kfPsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pknlAw xf] eGbf cTo'lQm x'Fb}g . cfh ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;a} e]nf, hd36sf] d'Vo ljifo g} g]kfnsf] zflGt / ;d[l4 ePsf] 5 . /, Tof] k|lqmofdf s;/L ;lqmotfk"js { ;+nUg x'g] eGg] lrGtgdf xfdLn] pNn]vgLo ;do vr{ ug]{ u/]sf 5f}+ . ljZjdf 5l/P/ /x]sf g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df Tof] ;fgf] pknlAw xf]Og .

pRrf/0f ub}{ xfdLn] klg ;g\ @))# df ljZjel/ 5l/P/ /x]sf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?sf] ;'v, b'Mv, v'zL / kL8fnfO{ af“8g\ ] ;femf rf}tf/L agfpg] h'g ;kgf b]vs ] f lyof},+ Tof] xfdLn] ;f]r] eGbf ce"tk"j{ ultdf ;fsf/ eof] . ;+;f/el/sf g]kfnLn] u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3nfO{ cfk\mg} 3/sf] ?kdf cfTd;ft ul/;s]sf] b]Vbf xfd|f] d]xgtsf k|lt uj{af]w x'G5 . ;g\ @))! lt/ d:sf]df d nufot led pbf;, hLjf nfld5fg] cflb ;fyLx¿n] g]kfnsf] zflGt / ;d[l4sf nflu ;+;f/el/sf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ Pp6} ;+hfndf cfj4 ug{ ;s] s:tf] xf]nf eGg] c;Dej h:tf] nfUg] ;kgf b]vs ] f lyof}+ . t/ u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLsf] ljZjJofkL ;+hfn agfO 5f8\g] h'g c7f]6 uof},+{ Tof] ;fsf/ eP/ cfh &# b]zdf km}lnPsf g]kfnLnfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kd} Pstfj4 ul/;s]sf] 5 . cyf{t, hxf“hxf“ pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf g]kfnL 5g\, Toxf“Toxf“ u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3sf] pkl:ylt 5 . xfdL uf}/j ug{ ;S5f}+ ls ;+ejtM ;+;f/sf] cGo s'gk} lg 8fo:kf]/f;“u xfd|f] h:tf] ljZjJofkL ljzfn ;+u7g 5}g . o;n] xfd|f] ;+u7gsf] dxTj, ul/df, Ifdtf / kx'r“ nfO{ O+lut u5{ .

;+;f/sf k|fo ;a} ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns ' af6 7"nf] ;+Vofdf cfk|jf;g ePsf] 5 . tL dWo] w]/} d'nb]z g} kmls{G5g\ xf]nf, t/ hf] ljb]zd} :yflkt eP ltgn] ;kmn 8fof:kf]/fx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/sf sof}+ b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ultzLn agfO /xg log} gof“ 8fof:kf]/fx¿sf] lgs} 7"nf] of]ubfg 5 . xfdLnfO{ yfx} 5, cj;/sf] vf]lhdf ljb]lzg] k|jl[ Q hlt a9\b5 } , plt g} ;+;f/el/ cf–cfk\mgf dft[el" dnfO{ ;d[4 / ;'b9[ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] u}/cfjf;Lo gful/sx¿sf] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;+hfn aGg] k|lqmof klg Jofks x'b“ } uPsf]5 . ljZjJofkL of] 6«G] 8af6 ;+;f/el/ 5l/P/ /x]sf] g]kfnL ;d'bfodfq c5'tf] /xg ;Sb}g lyof] .

u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3 s'g} 5ftf ;+u7g xf]Og . of] ljb]zdf a:g] ;a} ju{, hflt, wd{, ln·, ;d'bfosf g]kfnLsf] ;'vb'Mv ;f6\g] ;femf rf}tf/L xf] . xfdLn] o;n] ;femf ;+:yf agfpg] Odfgbf/ k|of; u/]sf]n] g} of] olt rf8}+ ;a} g]kfnLsf] x[bodf :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] xf] . g]kfnsf] zflGt / ;d[l4df cfk\mgf] Ifdtf cg';f/sf] of]ubfg lbg] d'ns ' k|ltsf] lhDd]af/L af]w u/fpg] efjgf af]ss ] f] cleofg ePsf]n] of] o;/L g} km}lng] 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; lyof] . p2]Zo kljq 5 eg] ;xof]uL xft a9\b} hfG5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] of] ultnf] pbfx/0f xf] . d'Vo s'/f xfd|f] ;femf ;kgfaf6 larlnt ePgf}+ eg] of] cToGt ;kmn x'g5 ] . ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds ?kdf a9\bf] u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;d'bfosf aLrdf ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f agfOlbP/ ;+3n] xfdLnfO{ Ps csf{sf] ;[hgzLntfaf6 l;Sg] df}sf lbPsf] 5 . o;/L u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL cleofgn] xfd|f] pBdzLntf, 1fg / u'0ffTds a[l4df ;d]t 7"nf] of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 klg Ps bzs cl3 u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3sf] :yfkgf xfdL / d'ns ' b'as } f nflu Pp6f nfesf/L ;fy{s kxn lyof] eGg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5.

‘g]kfnLsf nflu g]kfnL’ eGg] kljq dGqsf]

xfdLn] w]/} pknlAwx? xfl;n u/]klg

dft[el" ddf cem} w]/} sfd ug{ af“sL 5 . g]kfn ljut s]xL bzs b]lv lg/Gt/ cGof]n / ;+s6sf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf d'ns ' leq xfdLk|ltsf] ck]Iff emg\ a9\g' :jefljs xf] . sd{el" ddf klg xfdL h;/L :yflkt x'gk' g]{ xf], To;sf nflu ;+3if{/t g}+ 5f}+ . t/ rfxFbfrfxFb} klg ck]Iff cg'?k ;a} sfd x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg]/ xtf; g} x'gk' g]{ l:ylt eg] 5}g, lsgls u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL cleofg Pp6f lg/Gt/ ofqf ePsf]n] o;sf pknlAwx? qmdzM a9\b} hfg]5g\ . ;+;f/el/sf ;a} g]kfnLx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] pGgltsf nflu emg\emg\ uf]na4 ub}{ n}hfg ;lsPdf g]kfnsf] cfly{s ?kfGt/0f ;xh / rf“8f] x'g] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 . u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;d'bfosf Ifdtf / ;|ft] x? ;Lldt / 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] PSnfPSn} dfq k|of; ul//xg] xf] eg] To;af6 ck]lIft kl/0ffd k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . t/ xfd|f ljljw IfdtfnfO{ Pslqt u/]/, ;d]6/] cufl8 a9\g] xf] eg] ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds b'j} 9·n] al9/x]sf] 8fof:kf]/fsf] ;+ul7t zlQm cToGt 7"nf] / k|efjzfnL x'g ;S5 . d"ntM ToxL efjgf / p2]Zoaf6 k|l] /t eP/ g} ljZjJofkL u}/cfjf;Lo cleofg rnfOPsf] xf] . g]kfn h:tf] k|sl[ tsf] pkxf/nfO{ ljZj ahf/df xfdLn] k|fd] f]6 ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . xfd|f] hn;|ft] / ko{6g pBf]un] h'g k|sf/sf] k|ult ug{' kYof{,] To;sf] Ps c+z klg x'g ;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf /fd|f cfly{s gLltx? agfOPsf] 5 t/ ltgsf] cfjZos k|jw{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . kmn:j?k j}bl] zs ;xof]u / nufgLdf cfzftLt ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . s'g} klg b]zsf] ;jf{lws 7"nf] ;d:of eg] s} u/LaL, clzIff / a]/f]huf/L xf] . o;sf] ;dfwfg cfly{s nufgLaf6 dfq ;Dej 5 . cfh g]kfnsf hn;|ft] , lzIff, :jf:Yo, ko{6g, s[ifL cflb If]qdf nufgL u/]/ /fd|f] k|ltkmn lng ;Sg] k|;:t ;Defjgf 5 . o;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] dfq xfd|f] ul/aL, clzIff / a]/f]huf/Laf6 pGd'lQm kfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf If]qdf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;d'bfon] v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsf lgs} 7"nf] 5 . y'k}| ;Lldttfsf afah'b g]kfnL ;d'bfon] g]kfndf nufgL ug]{ h'g pT;fx b]vfPsf] 5 To;nfO{ d lgs} 7"nf] s'/f dfG5' . xfd|f of]ubfg, nufgL, lzksf] x:tfGt/0f cflb ;doqmddf a9\b} hfg] cjZoDefjL 5, t/ cfh} klg u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?n] d'ns ' sf] hn;|ft] , ldl8of, 181

b"/;+rf/, lzIff, :jf:y, ko{6g, a}l+ sª cflb If]qdf b]lvg] u/L pNn]vgLo nufgL ul/;s]sf 5g\ . hxf“ a;] klg u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL eg]sf g]kfnsf cj}tflgs b"t x'g\ . g]kfnnfO{ ltgn] h'g :t/df k|df]6 ug{ ;S5g\, Tof] ;/sf/sf] 7"nf] nufgLn] klg ;Dej 5}g . ltgn] lkk'n 6' lkk'n ;DjGwsf] lj:tf/ b]lv 7"nf 7"nf nufgLstf{nfO{ g]kfn lnP/ cfpg ;S5g\ . w]/} b]zaf6 To:tf] k|of; x“b' } uPsf] b]lvG5 . u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL nufgLstf{sf] b]vfl;sL ltgsf ljb]zL ldqx?df klg g]kfnsf nufgL ug]{ cfTdljZjf; knfpg] /x]5 . d]/f] JolQmut cg'ejn] ToxL eG5 . g]kfn ;DjGwL /fhg}lts e|dnfO{ lrg{ klg u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;d'bfosf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 .

dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xf] . oBlk, Ps k6ssf] g]kfnL ;w}s + f] g]kfnL /xg] gful/stfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] cfsf+IffnfO{ xfdL lgEg lbg] 5}gf}+ . dft[el" ddf xfd|f] of]ubfg a9\b} hf“bf, xfd|f] cfjZostf k|dfl0ft x'Fb} hfFbf af“sL /x]sf o:tf ljifosf] klg cjZo ;Daf]wg x'g] g} 5 .

c? 8fof:k/fn] y'k}| kL9Lsf] k|of; kl5 dfq kfPsf y'k}| clwsf/ / dfGotf xfdLn] 5f]6} cjlwdf kfpg'df u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL cleofgsf] ;jfl{w\ s 7"nf] of]ubfg 5 . of] rfgr'g] pknlJw xf]Og . c;+Vo dflg;sf] ;tt\ k|of; lagf g of] ;+u7g olt ljzfn / ;kmn x'g] lyof], g t oL pknlAw k|fKt x'g] lyP . g]kfnsf] g]tT[ j ju{, ;ef;b, Jo'/f] qm];L, pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, ldl8of, a[xt\ gful/s ;dfh nufot ;a}sf] xfdLk|lt xflb{s ;xfg'el" t / d'ns ' sf] ljsf;df ;xofqL agfpg] pTs6 clenfiff 5 . pxf“x? ;a}sf] ljZjsf c¿ u}/cfjf;Lo gful/sx¿n] bzsf}+ ;+3if{ u/]/ k|fKt u/]sf clwsf/ xfdLn] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ lagf xfd|f pknlAwx¿ ;+ej x'g] lyPg . 5f]6} cjlwdf kfPsf 5f}+ . g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;+3aLrsf] Ps bzs nfdf] ;f}xfb{k0" f{ ;xsfo{ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jbfoL / ;+jfbn] xfd|f] ;d'bfosf ljleGg d'2fx? e"ldsfdf /xg' ePsf ljgf]b axfb'/ >]i7, qmdzM xn x'b“ } uPsf 5g\ . Pgcf/Pg af]8,{ nufgL af]8,{ k|wfgdGqLsf] cfly{s ;Nnfxsf/ rl08/fh 9sfn, s'zs'df/ hf]zL, ;'/h j}B, kz'klt d'/f/sf h:tf ;d'boL cWoIfx¿ kl/ifb h:tf pRr:t/Lo ;ldltdf u}/ nufot ;d:t dxf;+3 kl/jf/sf] ;xof]u / cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3sf kbflwsf/Lsf] ;xeflutf ca :jefljs k/Dk/f alg;s]sf] ;xfg'el" t gePsf] eP zfob u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL cleofgn] of] prfO{ xfl;n ug]{ lyPg . 5, h;n] g]kfnleq xfd|f] :jLsfo{tf / xfdLn] h] ;f]r/] ;+;f/el/sf g]kfnLnfO{ ckl/xfo{tf a9]sf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 . k//fi6« ;+ul7t ub}{ lyof},+ Tof] pxfFx¿n] a'‰g' ePsf] dGqfnodf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL dxfzfvf lyof] / ToxL cg';f/ g]kfnleq xfd|f] :yfkgf x'g' uj{sf] s'/f xf] . hf/L ePsf] Ph]08fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg sl6a4 eP/ ;+ljwfgdf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL gful/stf nfUg' eof] . pxf“x¿ ;a}sf k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf /xg] k|fjwfg xfd|f] cleofgsf] ;jf{lws

182

JoQm ub}{ d ldq ;'/h j}Bsf] of]ubfgsf] ljz]if :d/0f ug{ rfxG5' . pxf“n] pkfWoIf x'b“ f b]lvg} dxf;+3leqsf] u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ljefunfO{ g]tT[ j lbP/ 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{' ePsf] 5 . ljZjel/ 5l/P/ /x]sf g]kfnLx¿sf] x[bodf /x]sf] g]kfnnfO{ xfd|} hLjgsfndf ;d[¢ agfP/} 5f8\g' k5{ eGg] efjgf Pj+ To;nfO{ k'/f ug{ ul/Psf ;xsfo{, pT;fx / ;dk{0f g} u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL cleofgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] zlQm xf] . d'ns ' s7Lg ;+qmd0fdf 5 . b]z ljb]zsf g]kfnLn] xft]dfnf] u/]/ cufl8 ga9] ca xfd|f] b]zsf] ljsf; / ;d[l4 emg\ emg\ s7Lg x'Fb} hfg] lglZrt h:t} 5 . g]kfndf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f 5}g eg]/ ljb]zLn] eGg] xf] xfdLn] xf]Og . jftfj/0f gePs} a]ndf t xf] lg xfdLn] dft[el" dk|ltsf] st{Jo k|bz{g ug]{ . oxfF ;a} /fd|f] 5 eg] t cGo ljb]zL cfOxfN5g\ lg nufgL ug{ . To;a]nf xfdL g} rflxg] x'Fb}g . d ;w}+ ;fyLx?nfO{ eG5' clxn] g} xf] tkfO{n] bfloTjaf]w u/]/ g]kfndf cfkm"n] ;s]sf] nufgL ug]{ . dnfO{ v'zL 5 ls of] efjgf 8fof:kf]/fdf lgs} k|v/ ?kn] :yflkt x'b“ 5 } . of] u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL cleofgsf] d"n dGq g]kfnLsf nflu g]kfnL nfO{ ulx/f] ta/n] cfTd;ft u/]/ emg\ b[9tf / ;dk{0fsf ;fy cl3 a9\g] a]nf xf] . xfd|f] c7f]6 x'gk' 5{ clxn] geP slxn], d}n] gu/] s;n] < xfd|f] of] c7f]6nfO{ ;fy / ;xof]u lbP/ ;fsf/ t'Nofpg] sfddf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] ljutdf em}+ ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng]5 eGg]df xfdLnfO{ lsl~rt ;+bx] 5}g .

kmnf]c/ xf]O{g, ca O{gf]e]l6e agf} 8f= k'is/ ah|frfo{, k"j" { cWoIf, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u gePsf]n] slt aGb e};s] . Tolta]nf ;~rfng ePsf xfd|f ;a} Joa;fo ;/sf/sf] tTsflng ;'lawfn] Joj;foLs x'g] df}sf kfP t/ xfdLn] xfdLsxfF gSsn ug]{ k|rng xfjL x'bf xfd|f Joj;fo Ogf]el] 6e x'g ;s]gg\ . h;n] Joj;foLs 6«g] nfO{ dfly p7fpg ;S5 . ;g !(%( df ltAat rfO{gfn] lnO;s]kl5 bnfO{nfdf ef/ttkm{ efu] . Tolta]nf;Dd pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfndf gof“ Jojf;osf] /f8L kfvL afx]s g]kfndf s'g} lrhsf] ;'?' ePsf] xfn ;~rflnt ;kmn sfo{qmd eg]sf] n3' pBd lasf; sfo{qmd -d]8k] _ xf] . Joj;foLs z'?jft ePsf] lyPg . Tolta]nf gof“ / Ogf]el] 6e sfd d]8k] df s]xL b]lvPsf] g]kfn cfPsf z/0ffyL{n] lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflu agfPsf tL ;fdfgx? lab]zLn] 5 . xfdLsxf“ g]tT[ j Ifdtf Psbd} sdhf]/ 5 . xfd|f pTkfbgsf] nfut Psbd pRr 5 . lsGgyfn] . z/0ffyL{sf] gSsn ub}{ ubf{ g]kfnsf] x:tsnf If]qsf] pTkfbg / ahf/sf] o:tf s'/faf/] cWoog g} x'g ;s]gg\ . 6«g] z'? ePsf] kfOG5 . clxn] xfd|f] Jofkf/sf] 6«g] al9 gSsn ug]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . To;df s]xL gSsn ug]{ kl/kf6L af}l4s ;DklQsf] r]tgfsf] cefjn] xfdL lgSs} k5L k/]sf 5f} . afbndf rfFbLsf] 3]/f b]lvPsf] 5 . clxn] 7'nf 3/fgfx?n] Jofkf/ 8fOel;{lkms];g o:t} cWoogsf nflu Tolt 7'nf] ;d:of xf]Og{ . { g\ . o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf clxn]sf] ca:yfdf ef}lts ?kd} ToxL+ k'Ug' k5{ 9+un] z'? ub}5 gof“ / gjLg ;f]r /fv]/ Joj;fo ug]{ xf] eg] eGg] h?/L 5}g . xfdLn] k|lalwnfO{ cfTd;fy lng ;lsG5 . u/]sf 5f“} . aflx/sf] ahf/nfO{ z'Id ?kn] d'No, Ifdtf / Jojxf/df Wofg lbg' k5{ . gLltut cEof; cWoog ul/g' k5{ . cgnfO{g cWoog ug{ k|lalwsf] If]qdf s]xL gofF Joj;fosf] gof“ Joj;fosf] nflu ;/sf/L ;'ljwfsf] ] kQf nufpg' ;+efjgf b]lvPklg cGo If]qdf gaLg laifosf] klg ;lsG5 . dfs]6{ ln+sh pkof]u t cleGg g} x'g cfp“5 . OltxfF;nfO{ clxn] s f] 7' n f] r' g f} t L xf] . cWoog cg' ; Gwfg vf]hL ug]{ k|rng vf;} 5}g . ;fdfGo ?kdf x]g{] xf] eg] pTkfbgd'vL cy{tGq tTsflng lagf gSsn ug] { k| r ngn] ubf{ xfdLn] ca;/ eGg' kbf{ xfdL slxn] klg Ogf]el] 6e ePgf+} . /fhf dx]Gb|n] Pp6f ;fgf] gLlt NofP/ x' b “ fx“ b ' k } lg nfe lng ;s] s f 5} g f} . hltklg kmnf]c/ dfq} ag]sf 5f} . of] ;lbof}bl] v g} Joj;foLs 6«g] sf] 8fO{e;Llkms];g u/] . t/ gof“ If] q x?sf] la:tf/ ePsf] 5 ;/;tL{ x] b f{ rn]sf] k|rng xf] . kl5Nnf] ;do gof“ tl/sf /fhf dx]Gb|n] dgfª eg]sf] ;f/} k5f8L k/]sf] af6 sfd ug]{ eg]/ :yflkt ePsf Jojf;fox? cWoog cg';Gwfg lag} la:tf/ ePsf 5g\ . klg sfnfGt/df k'/fg} z}lndf kmls{P . xfdL g]kfnLx?df ahf/Ls/0fsf] ;+efAotf cWoog xf] eg]/ %)) ?k}of“sf] ;fdfg Nofpg 5'6 lbg] gLlt NofP . aflx/af6 cfoft ul/g] ;fdfgdf ug]{ k|rng g} 5}g . To;}sf] kl/0ffd:j?k ;le{;x? Eofn' P8 ug]{ s'/fdf lqmPl6e % ;o al9 Nofpg lbg] ;'ljwf;“u]} xfd|f] 6«l] 8ª ] f] sfk]6{ If]q clxn] @ 5f}+ . h;df dfOqmf] OG6/k|g] ;{x? cln cufl8 cyfx ;+efjgf af]ss Joj;fo km:6fof] . Tolx leml6u'06fsf] lgx'df ;o dfq} sfod 5g\ . ufd] G { 6sf] cj:yf p:t} b]lvPsf 5g\ . g]kfn ;fgf] d'ns ' xf] xfdLsxf“ cfPsf] gLltut ;'ljwfn] g]kfndf wdfwd 5 . ;+ e fjgf x' b fx' b } klg klZdgfdf klg Tolx Joj;foLs z'?jft x'b5 } . hxf“ ahf/ 5 ;fdfg lelqg yfn] . Tof] ;'ljwf dgfªdf ;d:of bf] x f] l /Psf] 5 . g' 8 N; egf} Pp6f Toxf“ gof“ gof“ dfs]6{ x? :yflkt ePsf 5g\ . l;ldt ePg . To;sf] k|efj b]ze/ cfof] . sDkgL rNof] eg] / w] / } sDkgLx? v' N g] k| r ng t/ a[xt ?kn] ahf/x? la:tf/ x'g g;Sg'sf lgSs} al9 5 . kmnf]c/x? c;fWo} al9 cfpg] h;n] gLlh If]q cfs{lift eof] / pBf]ux? k5f8L xfdL Ogf]el] 6e gx'gg' } xf] . clxn]sf] ylkg yfn] . ha @) sf] bzsdf ;/sf/n] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] r'gf}tL eg]sf] sxf“ Uofk 5 Tof] t/ gof“ ;f]r / gof“ 9+un] cfpg] lahg]zx? cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf]] z'?jft u¥of] clg /fli6«o cToGt} Go"g b]lvPsf 5g\ . To;}n] xfdL ca kQf nufP/ cl3 a9\g' xf] . rfx] gLltut cGt/fli6«o :t/af6} lghL sDkgLx? cfpg kmnf]c/ xf]Og{ Ogf]el] 6e x'g' h?/L 5 . ?kdf xf];, rfx] pTkfbgsf] If]qdf xf]; jf yfn] . t/ l7s Toltg} a]nf lghL nufgLdf ko{6g k|ljlwsf] If]qdf xf]; . cuf{lgs lgsf;Lsf] cyfx ;+efjgf ;lxt sfk]6{ pBf]u Joj;foLs z' ? jft;“ u } glagtfsf] vf] h L kmfld{ª klg x'g ;S5 gof“ k|f8] S6df klg x'g cfPsf] xf]] . ;/sf/sf] ;fgf] r]Ghn] 7'nf] ef/tdf ePsf] cf} B f] l us qmflGtkl5 z' ? ;S5 . xfdL laZjAofkLs/0fdf k|jz ] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;S5 eGg] pbfx/0f ePsf] cf} B f] l usLs/0fsf] lasf; Oltxf; ul/;s]sf 5f} . ;/sf/n] cg';Gwfgsf nflu l;d]G6nfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/sf] Pp6f af]ss ] f] la/f6gu/ h'6ldnaf6 cf}krfl/stf Tolt dxTj glbPsf] xf]Og{ w]/} cl3 lqe'jg ;fgf] ;'lawfn] xfdL l;d]G6df cfTdlge{/ x'g kfPsf] 5 . c+uh ]| x?n] ;f/} ufx|f] agfPkl5 laZj laBfnodf v'ns ] f] Pp6f cg';Gwfg s]Gb|n] w]/} laifosf] vf]h cg';Gwfg u/]sf] 5 ef/tdf nfnsf eGg] 7fpFaf6 qmflGt eof] . yfln;s]sf 5f} . s;}sf] gh/df gk/]sf] of] If]q ;/sf/sf] ToxL Pp6f ;'lawfn] afxo efu]/ g]kfn cfpbf sxfF vf]Ng] / cfkm' t/ k'/fg} z}lndf x'bfF To;sf] k|ltkmn k|fKt nufgL ;d]t cfs{if0fsf] s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 . ;' / lIft x' g ] eGg] d f Wofg s] l Gb| t eof] . Toltg} x'g g;s]sf] xf] . Unf]an Kofs]lhª h:tf o:tf] ;'ljwfn] gLltut ?kd} s]xL k|of; a] n f g] k fndf la/f6gu/ h' 6 dLnsf] pbo cfaZostfx?sf]] lasf; ePsf] 5 . lbuf] ePsf] kfOG5 . eof] . pBf] u Joj;fox? t xfdLn] vf] N of} t/ lasf;sf] nflu ;/sf/sf] gLltn] w]/} of]ubfg s] s;/L eGg] k| f : ] k] S 6 yfxf x' g ;s] g . u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ah]6 k|0ffnLdf klg ;d:of cj/f]waf6 kf7 l;sf“} Tolt g} a]nfb]lv lghL sDkgLx? vf]Ng] / 5 . k'/fgf sfo{qmddf ah]6 dfu ubf{ sxL Joj;foLs vf]Ng] elgPtfklg xfd|f] gLlh If]q Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf nflu gLltut st}af6 ca/f]w x'bg} t/ gofF sfo{qmdsf cj/f]wx?sf] klg Tolts} dxTj x'G5 . tL klg :yflkt x'g ;s]g . @))& ;fn;Dd ^$ nflu s;}n] ah]6 dfu u/]sf] 5 eg] w]/} cj/f]wn] ubf{ ;/sf/n] lbg] ;x'lnotnfO{ 7fp“df s]/sf/ ug]{ ;d:of 5 . ;a}eGbf 7"n" f] j6f sDkgL cfPsf lyP t/ gof“ cfofd s'/f l;:6d xf] . clxn] xfd|f] pTkfbg sd 5 . Olkml;PG;L a9fpg' k5{ . sxL sxL 8'Oª { lahg]zsf] s'/f 5 . l/sf]ugfO{hz ] gsf] s'/f 5 . tflndx? kl/dfh{g ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

183

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;xL ?kdf pkof]u ug{ g;s]sf] ;f“rf] xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu af]g; ef}r/sf] ljifo 5 . ;/sf/n] ;'lawf lbg] gfp“df df6f] ;d]t lgof{t ug{ lbof] To;df ld;o'h ePsf] 5 . csf]{ s'/f xfn k|rlnt lgsf;L hGo a:t'df gub cg'bfgsf] s'/f 5 . Tof] gLlh If]qnfO{ k|fT] ;flxt ug{ NofO{Psf] ;'ljwf lyof] t/ h'g 7fpFdf rflxg] xf] Tof] lglZrt ;dosf] / clg aGb ug'{ kg]{ lyof] Tof] ePg . g pTkfbg a9\of] g t To;n] lgsf;L a9fpg ;Sof] . o:tf cj/f]wx?af6 kf7 l;Sg' ckl/xfo{ 5 .

plrt gLltsf] vf“rf]

clxn] 7"n" f 7"n" f skf]/{ 6] 3/fgfx?df klg gof“ gof“ of]ª OG6/k]g| ;{x? cfPsf 5g\ . ljb]zL nufgL :jb]zL nufgL ;d]t la:tf/ x'b5 } . k|lalw x:tfGt/0fsf] k|f;] ;] df xfdL Psbd} sdhf]/ 5f} . /fHonfO{ xfgL x'g] 7'nf gLltut laifoafx]s cGo ;jfndf gLltut ;'wf/df xfdL nlrnf] x'gk' 5{ . laZjAofkLs/0fdf k|jz ] ul/;s]sf xfdLn] cfjZostf cg';f/ gLltdf kl/jt{g ug'{ h?/L 5 . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf of] l;Dkn k|lqmof xf] . k|fk] / kf]ln;L Nofof] eg] To;n] sfd ug{ ;S5 . gof“ Joj;fosf] vf]hL clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . Pp6f ;fgf] gLltut kl/jt{gn] ubf{ w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 . eG;f/ 5'6sf] laifodf xf]; jf cGo laifodf ;Defljt laifoj:t'nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ k|fT] ;flxt ug'{ clxn] sf] cfjZostf klg xf] . clxn]sf] o'jf k':tfn] kl/jt{g rfxfG5 . cWoog gu/L a:g] k|rng eGbf cWoog u/]/ c;/x? kQf nufP/ gLltut kl/jt{g ckl/xfo{ 5 . Aofl/c/ x6fpg] ;jfndf ;/sf/n] ;a}eGbf klxn] pBf]unfO{ x]g{] gh/df kl/jt{g ug'{ h?/L 5 . pBf]usf] k|lqmofdf x]/fO{ b]lvg} 6ofS; b]lv x/]s s'/fdf pBf]unfO{ x]g{] gh/ unt 5 . 184

of] cj/f]w x6fp“b} k5{ . csf]{ s'/f xfdLn] 8'Oª lahg]znfO{ cfTd;fy ug{ ;s]gf} . g]kfndf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf 5 t/ sfd ug]{ jftfa/0f /fd|f+ ] 5 . ca/f]w x6fpg] / ;x'lnot lbg ;lsof] eg] g]kfndf Jofkf/ km:6fpF5 . ;“u;“u} xfdLn] 8ANo"l6cf]sf] ;b:otf lnPkl5 hlt kmfO{bf lng' kg]{ lyof] kmfO{bf lng ;s]gf} . v'n' f ahf/ cy{tGqnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]kl5 klg xfdL ef/teGbf cGo d'ns ' df hfg g;Sg' xfd|} sdhf]/L xf] . d'No, ahf/ / SjfnL6Ldf xfdLn] Wofg lbg} k5{ cGoyf xfdL k|lt:kwL{ x'g ;Sb}gf“} eGg] s'/fnfO{ lghL If]q ;/sf/ ;a}n] a'em\g' h?/L 5.

Xo"dg l/;f];{ sf] vf]hL

xfdL olta]nf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf 5f} . b'Mvsf] s'/f 7"n" f 7"n" f kl/of]hgfsf nflu dhb'/x? aflxaf6 Nofpg' kg]{ afWotf 5 . bIf dhb'/ xfdLsxfF 5b} 5}gg\ eGbf klg x'G5 . o;tkm{ ;/sf/ gLlh If]q b'an} ] Wofg lbPsf] kfO{bg} . t/ g]kfndf ;fgf demf}nfsf nflu bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ 7fp“ hlQklg 5g\ . h'4 zdz]/n] g} NofPsf lyP . t/ ;do cg'sn' kl/at{g x'g g;Sbf To:tf tflnds]Gb|sf] klg cf}lrTo b]lvPsf] 5}g . ef/taf6 jf cGo 7fp“af6 k|lzIffyL{sf ?kdf cfp“5g\ . tLg}nfO{ xfdLn] ca;/ lbG5f} h;n] lbuf] ?kdf cg';Gwfgsf] sfd cl3 a9]sf] kfO{bg} . To;}n] Tof] k|sf/sf] Xo"dg l/;f];{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . k|ljlw eof] eg] g k|lt:kwL{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu gLlh If]q / ;/sf/ ldn]/ ug{ ;S5 . Eofn' P8 ug{ ;S5 . 5f]6f] ;dodsf nflu lbO{g] tflndx? nfebfoL 5}gg\ . xfdLsxf“ cf}Bf]lus If]qdf bIf

;/sf/ gLlh If]qsf] ;xsfo{ h?/L clxn] ;/sf/ egf} of lghL If]q, Psn] csf]n{ fO{ bf]if lbg] sfd e}/x]sf] 5 ;/sf/n] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ xf], sfd ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f ljutsf cg'ejn] b]vfO{;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] b'a} ldn]/ ;a}eGbf klxn] O{gf]el] 6e x'g' h?/L 5 . ;/sf/ kf]ln;Ldf O{gf]el] 6e x'g] xf] c? ;a} ug]{ lghL If]qn] g} xf] . cg';Gwfgsf] nflu xfdLsxfF l;:6d g} 5}g . lghL If]qdf nfdf] 6d{ k|f:] k]S6Le tl/sfn] Nofpg' k5{ eGg] s'/f cfPsf] 5, dfs]6{ ln+sh ] sf] s'/f 5 . xfdLsxf“ ahf/sf] ;DefJotf cWoog ug]{ k|rng 5}g . o;df ;/sf/n] jf lghL If]qn] Ps csf{nfO{ bf]if lbg' unt xf] . To;}n] ;/sf/ / lghL If]qaLr ;xsfo{ x'g' h?/L 5.

gljgtfsf nflu plrt cg';Gwfg

;a}eGbf klxn] ahf/sf]] cWoog ug'{ k5{ . ahf/ ePkl5 ;x'lnotsf] s'/f cfp“5 . cfjZostf cg';f/sf] gLltut kl/;'rssf] ljsf; ug'{ klg Tolts} ;fGble{s s'/f xf] . To;sf nflu cGt/fli6«o:t/af6} cWoog ul/g' k5{ . cfjZos k/]df t'?Gt} gLltx? kl/at{g ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . h;n] gof“ lahg]z km:6fpg ;S5g\ . xfdLsxf“ gLlt g} cfp68]68] e};s]ss ] f x'G5g\, h;n] ;'lawf kfpg] ePklg lng ;lsb}g . gLltut x8N;n] ubf{ hlxn] klg gofF gofF Joj;fo ;+s6df kl//x]sf] x'G5 . Ogf]e6] Le eg]sf]g} ToxL xf] . cfO{lkcf] Kof6]G6 /fO{6df Psbd} ;/nLs/0f ug{k5{ lghL If]qn] l/;{rdf vr{ ug'{ k5{ . Pp6} j:t' ;w}e/L pTkfbg u/]/ k|lt:kwL{ e}b+ g} . 5f]6f] ;dodf dfq} k};f sdfpg] eGg] x“b' g} . bLuf] ljsf;sf] nflu Wofg lbg' k5{ . ;]jf g} xfd|f] alnof] ;'rs xf] eg] ;]jfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg ;lsG5 t/ To;df klg t gofF kg rflxof] lg . dx+uf] 5 eg] ;:tf] s;/L agfpg] eg]/ Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . ;fRr}g} pTkfbg x'g] a:t' / k|lt:kwL{ a:t' h] 5g\, To;sf nflu kf]ln;Lx? Nofpg' k5{ . To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/L :t/af6} pRr:t/Lo cg'udg x'g' h?/L 5 . df]lg6l/ªsf] s'/f cfpg] lalQs} xfdLsxfF s/K;gsf] s'/f cfp“5 . To;nfO{ t sG6«fn] ug}k{ 5{ . h;n] kl/jt{g -lj lg8 6' r]Gr, lj x]e 6' r]Gh, jL Sofg 8' r]Gh_ sf] l;4fGt nfu' ug{ ;lsG5 .

Towards Rapid Economic Transformation in Nepal – from Asian Experience Kenichi Yokoyama, Country Director, ADB Nepal in many countries and will remain so for several decades. Countries with rapid EST have seen(i) fast increase in productivity (output per labor and land), (ii) adoption of new technologies (e.g., high-yielding varieties), and (iii) shifting from traditional to high-value products such as livestock, and fruits and vegetables. These were accompanied with extension of transport networks and national value chains, leading to EST within the sector itself, and opening the door for associated manufacturing development such as food and agroprocessing.

Nepal has seen remarkable social development over the past decades,as shown by rapidly reduced poverty and improved Human Development Index. But the country has lagged behind on economic front, growing 4.0% per annum on average over the last decade. The economy needs to grow by 8% per annum for its per capita income to reach middle income country status by 2022. This requires rapid economic structural transformation (EST), meaning shifting of economic resources and activities from low-value to high-value addition within and across sectors, to havelarge competitive industries that can generate much higher and stable growth in production and employment. Since 1970, Asia has grown much faster than any other developing region. Several economies have seen a very rapid growth, which was underpinned by remarkable EST. In this short paper, I intend to draw some lessons relevant to accelerating Nepal’s EST, based on ADB’s 2013 study, for possible discussion among our counterparts in FNCCI and wider stakeholders.

1. Low and middle income economies cannot neglect agriculture.

Agriculture is still the largest employer

While these changes are also observed in Nepal, much more rapid transformation is needed, by (i) augmenting strategic provision of irrigation, seeds and fertilizer, establishing a virtuous circle of progressive yield increase and subsidy reduction; (ii) reforming extension services delivered following the command of elected local bodies and farmer groups; (iii) enhancing programs for promoting high-value products and market chains with quality; and (vi) extending and sustaining necessary infrastructure such as core district roads, irrigation, and marketing facilities. These should be guided by strategic programming and implementation of the Agriculture Development Strategy. This also requires strong monitoring and enforcement mechanism to hold all the implementing agencies accountable to the delivery of programs and services. 2. Manufacturing

remains important and industrialization cannot be bypassed. Historical records indicate that having a significant manufacturing sector is a prerequisite to go throughmiddle income and reach high income country. Manufactures using primary products and labor are entry points for any low-income country dependent on agriculture. They provide opportunities to their industrial capital to grow in scale,

entrepreneurship, and competitiveness. Manufacturing will also start to draw R&D, and high quality services such as business, legal, ICT, logistics, and finance. Advancement to higher income status will then require capacity to master technical progress, link firms to global value chains, and move up the value ladder. In Nepal, the share of manufacturing sector dropped from 9.0% to 5.5% of GDP between 2001 and 2016, compared with 18% attained in many high income economies. The sector is affected by political instability, power shortages, high cost of transport, and difficult labor relations. On the other hand, significant opportunities exist to rebuild the industries with labor intensive sub-sectors that are now growing and can replace imported products (such as agro-processing, foot ware, pharmaceuticals, cement, etc.), while building competitiveness and moving up the value ladder. The improving power supply over the next years can also serve as impetus, along with the government’s recent efforts to enact supporting legislations on industrial enterprises, special economic zones, PPP, labor and social securities, which need to be expedited. Nevertheless, sufficient systems and capacities need to be set up to implement and enforce these new promotional and regulatory frameworks particularly for priority subsectors. Concerted efforts to rapidly expand latent (potentially competitive) industries could also be considered. 3. Service Sector matters at all levels of development, and its productivity growth is linked with urbanization and intertwining of modern industries.

Over the path of EST, the composition and growth in services sector shift from traditional services (which also disguise unemployment) to higher productivity sub-sectors such as transport, financial, trading, and renting services, which are

185

often complementary to industrialization. The process is also accompanied with substantial urbanization. In fact, effective urbanization is found as one of the most important enablers of EST, which fosters the growth of high-productivity activities (in services as well as manufacturing) that benefit from agglomeration and scale economies. Service sector accounts for highest share (54%) of Nepalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s GDP and its growth is driven by sub-sectors of low value addition induced by increased remittances and associated consumption met by imports. Urban infrastructure development lags far behind the pace of fastgrowth in urban population, which implies tripling of urban people in 30 years requiring five times more space. This calls for (i) advancing long-term integrated planning of urban facilities in many cities while preserving their heritage and environment, and (ii) substantially increasingurban investments (from less than 1% of GDP at present to 3% or more), including integrating emerging industrial zones and towns. Nepal is also competitivein tourism and has high potentials for ICT and business services, which could be promoted with focused support, including promotion of foreign partnerships that can derive know-how and managerial skills while extending critical networks to attract high-end service recipients.

Basic 4.

education and quality of education are key for industrialization and upgrading.

Education matters for developing new industries that can compete internationally. The analysis of Asian experience indicates that good quality basic education has a significantly positive effect, providing a sound basis for having a workforce capable of facilitating industrialization and diversification. As such, achieving due learning outcome in basic education is very important for low-income countries. Governments need to consider providing high quality basic education, and ensuring industries leading EST will provide jobs that support continuous learning to their employees. While Nepal has achieved high enrollment at primary and lower

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secondary schools, this is still to bear outcome-level results. Only about 15% of 16-year-old age group acquired school leaving certificates. This is far insufficient to support industrialization. Renewed serious efforts are called for, to substantially enhance the education achievements by improving the content and quality of education, teacher quality and management systems, and outreach in higher education. The recently approved School Sector Development Plan has included many policy measures and instruments towards this end, and should be launched while ensuring that the systemic change process is really taking place.

5. Government interventions to address market failures and reforms will be important to expedite ESP. In pursuit of ESP, public sector intervention is required to remedy market failures such as insufficient infrastructure and education, information and coordination problems, or externalities. Individual countries may also pursue country-specific packages of policies to promote their competitive industries, as is done in many advanced economies. For example, direct intervention in selected sectors and promotion through specific measures (such as tax incentives,special invitation and protection extended to renowned first-class foreign investors/ entrepreneurs, etc.) can help expedite EST, although they need to be carefully sequenced and timed, while ensuring that any problems such as rent seeking are properly controlled. 8. In the context of Nepal, there is a critical need to address the serious infrastructure constraints by enhancing infrastructure investments from 4-4.5% of GDP at present to 8-12%, while improving the business environment (stated in 2. above) and building human capital (stated in 4. above). Addressing infrastructure bottleneck calls for enhanced efforts for (i) ensuring timely budget and project approval and fund release; (ii) building substantial stock of investment ready projects; (iii) improving procurement by further streamlining and applying higher disciplines for controlling high risks with sound eligibility criteria

of bidders and stringent technical evaluation; (iv) ensuring due contractor performance with stringent time, cost, and quality control while attracting foreign contractors to fillcapacity gaps for larger-sized and technically complex projects; (v) strengthening overall project management, and (vi) ensuring accurate reporting, monitoring, and enforcement systems that can hold the implementing agencies accountable.

In order to drive the process of meaningful EST and accelerating income and employment growth in a most effective manner, the government of Nepal through National Planning Commission has started to prepare a long term economic vision, strategy, and roadmap. This is highly commendable. They may set out clear goals and strategy for the future, and short- to medium-term reform actions and programs to achieve the goals in key result areas. We think that a vision document will proactively pursue agriculture transformation and industrialization (with massive job creation), infrastructure and human capital development, deeper integration with the neighboring economies, legal and regulatory reforms, capacity building of sector institutions, and transparent and accountable monitoring and enforcement systems.

cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gL tyf gLltut kIfx? clwjQmf, lza l/hfn ug]{ u/fpg] eGg] cfwf/ v8f ug{ ljBdfg sfg"gx?sf] ;'wf/ tyf s]xL gof“ sfg"gx?sf] xfd|f] b]zsf] kl/k|Iodf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj tyf gLltut cjwf/0ff dfq cf}w+ f]lus lgdf{0f cfjZos 5 . o;af6 dfq g]kfndf cf}w+ f]lus ljsf; x'g ;Qm5 . lghL ;|ft] sf] ljsf;sf] afws /x]sf] 5}g . /fHo ;+oGqnfO{ pBf]u ;~rfngsf] ;xhstf{ tyf ;+oGq agfpg kl/rfng, tyf Joj;flos lg0f{osf] ;DaGwdf /fHon] x:tIf]k gu/L ahf/sf] lgodnfO{ g;Sg' g} xfd|f] d'n ;d:of xf] . g]kfndf clxn];Dd klg /fHo ;+oGq ;+rfngsf] lhDdf 5f]l8 lbg] / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] k|of]u tyf k|zf;gdf /fHo ;Qfsf] k|of]usf] j:t'lgi6 lnPsf JolQmx?df pBf]u, pBf]uL / pBf]u cfwf/ tyf lgodx?sf] k"j{ lgwf{/0faf6 dfq ;~rfngsf] ;xhstf{sf] lhDd]jf/L lng] pko'Qm sfg"gL tyf gLltut jftfj/0f l;h{gf dfgl;stf (mind set) ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fHo ;+oGq ;+rfngsf] lhDdf lng] g]qT[ j x'g ;Qm5 . ;a} s'/f s'l;{df hf]l8g'sf] ;fy} { sfd ug{ rfxg]n] b'Mv kfpg] / ju{ nufot sd{rf/LtGqn] clxn];Dd cfkm'nfO{ OdfGbf/Lk"js a]OdfgL ug]s { f] sfd aGg] jftfj/0fdf cf}B+ f]lus hgtfsf] zf;ssf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g] k|jl[ Q / ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf 5}g . sfd ug]{ s'/f ldn] cfr/0fdf kl/jt{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pBf]u, Ps 306fdf x'g] sfd s'/f gldn] jf ldnfpg pBf]uL / pBf]u ;~rfng k|ltsf] of] c;xh, ghfg] jf g;s] dlxgf} wfpbf klg ;f] sfd k|lts'n tyf pbflzg dfgl;stf g} g;lsg] ;d:of kx'Fr gx'g] pBf]uLx?n] ef]us ] } (negative/ apathetic mind set) g} g]kfnsf] s' / f xf] . ;+ a w } flgs lgsfo xf] ; jf 8« f Oleª pBf]lus ljsf;sf] d'n ;d:of xf] . pBf]usf] ljsf; / o;sf] ;~rfngsf] k|jw{gsf] k"jf{wf/ nfO;]G; lbg] sfo{no ;a}sf] sfo{ z}nL ;fdfGo JolQmsf] nflu c;xh / b'MvbfoL g} /x]sf] 5 . g} oxL dfglzstfsf] kl/jt{g xf] . olx dfgl;stfsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ Jojxf/df ckgfpg] b'a} cf“vf gb]Vg]n] ;jf/L rfns k|df0f kq kfPsf / kx'Frsf] lghL Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg]n] /fhlglts sl6j4tfsf] cefjdf cf}w+ f]lus ljsf; tyf o;sf] k|jw{gsf] gfddf agfOPsf k|df0fkq kfpg] g;Sg] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ePs} 5g\ . of]Uotf / Ifdtf eGbf k};f / kx'r“ sf] gLltx? / o;df cfwfl/t sfg"gx?n] s'/f lg0ff{os x'g] kl/l:ytLsf] ;dflKt geO{ Jojxfl/s w/ftnnfO{ cem};Dd 5'g ;Sg] g]kfndf cf}B+ f]lus ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ v8f x'g l:ytL /x]sf] kfO{bg} . ;Qm}g . of] l:ytL s;/L ;dfKt ug]{ eGg] g} @= pBd / pBdzLntfsf] k"jf{wf/x? 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ljifo /x]sf] 5 . @=! l;rfO{, af6f] / lah'nL h:tf #= cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / sfg"gL ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?n] dfq pBf]u tyf o;sf] ;~rfngsf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/l;nf x'g] xf]Og . k"jf{wf/x?M #=! cf}B+ f]lus ljsf;sf sfg"gL nfe xfgLsf] cfwf/df ;+rfng x'gk' g]{ cfly{s k" jf{wf/x?sf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ ;Dj4 tyf cf}Bf]lus sf/f]af/sf] ;+rfngdf /fHosf] sfg" gx?nfO{ b'O{ ;d'xdf ljefhg ul/ x]g{' kb{5 . e"ldsf s:tf] x'g] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f g} klxnf] ;d'xdf cfly{s tyf cf}Bf]lus sf/f] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] d"n k"jf{wf/ xf] . /fHo af/;+u ;DaGwLt ;fdfGo sfg"gx? kb{5g\ eg] cfkm}n] g} pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ lgtLn] sfd bf];f| ] ;d'xdf oL pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf, ;+rfng gu/]sf pbfx/0fx? xfd|f] cfkm\g} b]z / cGo /fi6«sf] cg'eaaf6 :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5 . pBf]u tyf o:tf pBf]ux? ;+rfng ug]{ pBf]uLx?nfO{ lbOg] ljz]if ;+/If0f tyf ;'ljwf lbg] sfg"gx? tyf pBdzLntfsf] ljsf;sf] ;xhstf{ tyf kb{5g\ . lgodgug]{ ;+:yf (regulatory/oversight institution) sf] ?kdf /fHo ;+rfng oGqsf] k|of]uaf6 dfq cf}B+ f]lus ljsf; ePsf] s'/fsf] #=@ klxnf] ;d"xsf sfg"gx?sf] ;"rL lgs} nfdf] 5 . of] ;"rLdf kg]{ sfg"gx? dWo] s]xL pbfx/0f ljslzt b]zx?n] lbO/x]sf 5g\ . clxn] 5g tfklg logLx?nfO{ pBf]u d}qL @=@ /fHo ;+rfng ;+oGqnfO{ of] e"ldsf agfpg Jofks ;'wf/ ug'k{ g]{ ePsf] 5 . oL dWo] slt sfg"gx? PsklIfo 5g\ eg] slt cg'sn' agfpg ljBdfg gLlt tyf sfg"gL jftfj/0fdf ;d]t cfd'n kl/jt{g ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . sfg"gx? lghL ;|ft] kl/rfng tyf Joj;flos lg0f{osf] k|so[ fdf /fHo lgoGq0fsf] l;4fGtdf xfd|f] b]zsf ljBdfg sfg"gx?n] gLlh If]qsf] cfwfl/t 5g\ . lghL If]qsf cfly{s ;|ft] , ;|ft] sf] kl/rfng tyf cGo Joj;flos ;fwg tyf ;DkQLx?sf] kl/rfng tyf k|of]usf lg0f{osf] ;DaGwdf /fHosf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df :j?kx?df s]xL kl/jt{g cfPsf 5g . c?sf] :ki6 klxrfg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg . s'g} pBf]u hUuf nfdf] ;dosf] nflu jxfndf -%) jif{ jf Joj;fosf] ;+rfngsf] ;DaGwdf /fHo ;+rfng ;+oGqn] Ps lgods (regulator) tyf jf ;f] eGbf a9L_ df lnO{ ;f] hUufdf ljljw pBf]ux? tyf cfjf;sf] nflu pko'Qm ejgx? ;xhstf{ (facilitator) sf] e"ldsfsf] kfngf

!= pk]lIft cfBf]lus If]q M

æPp6f dflg; hGdbf k|lt JolQm cfo 36L ul/jL a9\g] t/ cGo hLljt wg;DktL -hgfj/_ ylkbf cfly{s :t/df j[l4 eO{ k|lt JolQm cfo a9\g] .Æ of] kTofpg g;lsg] jf:tljstfn] g]kfn / of] h:t} cfly{s ?kdf lk5l8Psf ljZjsf w]/} b]zx?nfO{ ;tfPsf] 5 . of] s:tf] lj8Djgf Pp6f dflg; hGdbf ul/jL a9\g] t/ Pp6f kz' hGdbf wg a9\g] . of] jf:tljstfn] ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos cfwf/e't >f]t kl/rfngsf] ;d:of dfq bzf{pb}g, o;n] dfgj >d ;fwg (human resource) sf] pkxf; klg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] sf/0fx? cg]s x'g ;Qm5g\ t/klg d"n ?kdf lgDg ltg k|sf/sf] ;d:ofx?nfO{ g} cfly{s pGglt tyf cf}B+ f]lus ljsf;sf afws dflgG5g\ M s_ pBf]u ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos cfwf/e't ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] sdL v_ sfg"gL tyf lgtLut c:ki6tf, / u_ pBf]u ;~rfngdf k|lts'n dgl:yltsf] /fHo ;+oGq . oL tLg j6} ;d:ofx? Ps csf];{ u+ hf]l8Psf 5g\ . pk/f]Qm k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf;sf] nflu cfly{s ;|ft] / ;fwg dfq ckl/xfo{ xf]Og eGg] s'/f g]kfn / o:t} cGo u/Lj b]zx?sf] cg'ejn] l;4 ul/ ;s]sf] 5 . lgtL eGbf g]tfn] u/]sf] zf;gaf6 x'g] ;d:ofn] ;tfOPsf oL ul/a b]zn] zf;sx? / logsf ;Nnfxsf/ (Broker) x? lbg k|lt lbg wgL x'b} hfg] t/ b]z / hgtf eg] emg emg u/Lj x'b} hfg] ;d:ofdf km;]sf 5g\ . of] ;d:of g} at{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] cf}B+ f]lus ljsf;sf] afws tTj xf] eGg] s'/fdf b'Od{ t 5}g .

187

agfpgsf] nflu w]/} 7"nf] nufgL x'g yfn]sf] Ps bzs lalt;s]sf] 5 . sfg"gx?n] ;do ;fk]If cf}B+ f]lus ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]t6]sf] 5}g / ;dfhsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ xfd|f] sfg"gx? ljsf; x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . Joj;flos sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL ljjfbx? 6'Uofpg] k|efjsf/L ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug{ af“sL 5 / pBf]uL Joj;foLx? aLr l;h{gf x'g] 6«i6 / 6«i6L ;DaGwL x}l;otsf ljljw kIfx?sf] af/]df klg sfg"g aGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ahf/d'vL cy{ Joj:yfsf] d'n cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] :jR5 k|lt:kwf{sf] k|jw{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] nflu cfjZos bfdf;fxL ;DaGwL sfg"g ;'wf/sf] cfj:ostf /x]sf] 5 . afl0fHo If]qsf] ;Gbe{df x]g{] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] cbfntn] ljb]zdf Dofb tfd]n ug]{ sfg"g / xfd|f] b]zsf cbfntsf km};nfx? ljb]zdf rng rnfpg] sfg"gsf lgdf{0f klg TolQs} cfjZos eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf cf}B+ f]lus ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos sfg"gL jftfj/0f tyf k"jf{wf/x? l;h{gf ug{sf] nflu agfpg kg]{ gof“ sfg"g tyf ljBdfg sfg"gdf ul/g' kg]{ ;'wf/sf] ;"rL w]/} nfdf] /x]sf] 5 .

pBf]u / @ s/f]8;Dd l:y/ Ho]yf ePsf] demf}nf pBf]udf ljb]zL C0f tyf z]o/ nufgLdf k|ltaGw ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cy{df pBf]ux?nfO{ ;fgf, demf}nf jf 7"nf pBf]usf] ?kdf ljefhg ug's { f] s]xL k|of]hg lyof] . t/ pQm @)$( sf] P]gdf @)%@ ;fndf klxnf] ;+zf]wg ePkl5 ljb]zL nufgLsf k|ltjGw nufpg] cfwf/x?df kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . of] kl/jt{g cg';f/ vf; k|sl[ tsf Joj;fodf 3/]n' pBf]u jfx]s cGo ;fgf 7"nf ;a} pBf]udf ljb]zL nufgL x'g ;Qm5 . o; cy{df n3' / 3/]n' pBf]u afx]s cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)&# df ul/Psf] ;fgf, demf}nf tyf 7'nf pBf]usf] kl/efiffsf] s'g} k|of]hg g} 5}g . g]kfndf k"FhL nufgLsf] jf l:y/ h]yfsf] cfwf/df pBf]usf] jlu{s/0f ubf{ 7"nf pBf]unfO{ Ps ;d"x / oL afx]ssf pBf]unfO{ csf]{ ;d"xdf /fvL s]jn b'O{ ;d"xdf dfq ljefhg u/] x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fgf jf demf}nf pBf]udf leGgtf ug{k' g]{ cj:yf klg b]lvb}g .

$= ljBdfg sfg"g / pBf]u Jofj;fox? $=! s'gk} lg pBf]u Aofj;fo ;~rfngsf

$=# @)!* ;fn b]lv g]kfnsf] sfg"gdf ljleGg :t/sf pBf]ux?sf] kl/efiff ug]{ qmd z'? ePsf] xf] . of] P]gdf pBf]u btf{sf] k|so[ fdf 5'6 lbg], ljb]zL nufgLdf k|ltjGw nufpg] jf s]xL xb;Dd s/ /fh:jdf 5'6 lbg] sfo{df oxL jlu{s/0fnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . t/ pBf]ux?sf] jlu{s/0f ubf{ s'g} ;dodf k"h “ L nufgLsf] /sdnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 eg] slxn] l:y/ ;DklQsf] d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . pBf]u Joj;fo ;DaGwL P]g @)!* n] pBf]ux?nfO{ 3/]n' tyf u|fld0f pBf]u, demf}nf pBf]u / 7"nf pBf]u u/L tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L pBf]usf] kl/efiff u/]sf] tyf of] P]g cGt/ut 3/]n' tyf u|fld0f pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ btf{ ug{k' g]{ / oL pBf]udf ljb]zL nufgL x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] demf}nf pBf]udf g]kfnL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] / 7"nf] pBf]udf ljb]zL nufgL x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf lyof] . @)#) ;fndf cfPsf] pBf]u ;DaGwL P]gdf l:y/ ;DkQLdf ul/Psf] nufgLsf] cfwf/df pBf]usf] kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( n] klg l:y/ ;DklQdf ul/Psf] nufgLsf] cfwf/df pBf]usf] kl/efiff ul/Psf] lyof] . of] P]gn] pBf]usf] k|sl[ t cg';f/ pBf]ux?nfO{ ljleGg ;ft ju{df ljefhg u/]sf] lyof] .

$=@ ;dli6ut ?kdf /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] lglt leq pBf]u / pBf]uLx?sf] l:ytL s] x'g] eGg] af/]df :ki6 gLlt /x]sf] 5}g . ;d'Rrf pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ slt ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ < n3' / 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ s;/L k|fT] ;fxLt ug]{ < ;fgf / demf}n+ f :t/sf pBf]ux?nfO{ s;/L lsg 7"nf pBf]uaf6 cnu ug]{ < s:tf pBf]unfO{ ;fgf jf demf}nf pBd dfGg] / s:tfnfO{ 7'nf < o;sf cfwf/x? s] x'g\ < pBf]ux?nfO{ s:tf] ;'ljwf / ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ < ;fgf / demf}n+ f pBf]ux?df ljb]zL nufgL ug{ lbg] jf glbg] < o:t} gLltut k|Zgx?sf] cfwf/df cf}B+ f]lus ljsf;sf sfo{gLlt to ug{ ;lsG5 .

xfn nfu' /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)&# sf] bkmf !% df pBf]usf] jlu{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . h;df 3/ / hUuf afx]s a9Ldf % nfv ?k}of ;Ddsf] l:y/ k'h + L /x]sf] n3' pBf]u, k/Dk/fut ;Lk / k|ljlwdf cfwf/Lt t/ k'h + L gtf]lsPsf] 3/]n' pBf]u, !) s/f]8;Dd l:y/ h]yf ePsf pBf]unfO{ ;fgf pBf]u, !) s/f]8 eGbf a9L @% s/f]8;Dd l:y/ Ho]yf ePsf] pBf]unfO{ demf}nf pBf]u / @% s/f]8 eGbf a9L :yL/ h]yf ePsf] pBf]unfO{ 7'nf pBf]usf] kl/efiffdf /fv]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} phf{dn' s pBf]u, s[lif{ tyf agk}bfjf/df cfwf/Lt pBf]u, lgdf{0f pBf]u, lgof{dn' s pBf]u h:tf pBf]ux? /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt pBf]usf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 eg] >d d"nsf :yfgLo snf / ;+:s[tL;+u ;Da4 vf; zLk / :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t pBf]unfO{ 3/]n' pBf]u elgPsf] 5 . o:tf 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ cfos/, ljqmLs/ / cGtz'Nsdf 5'6 lbOPsf] 5 . t/ phf{dn' s, pTkfbgd'ns / cltcljsl;t If]q jf sd ljsl;t If]qdf :yflkt pBf]unfO{ nfUg] s/sf] xsdf zt{ ;xLtsf] 5'6' lbPsf] 5 . ?U0f pBf]usf] klxrfg ul/ ;x'lnot lbg] Aofj:yf / cf}B+ f]lus ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe'tL lbg' kg]{ Jofj:yf $=^ cf}B+ f]lus ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df x]gk'{ g]{ cf}B+ f]lus Aofj;of P]g @)&# sf ;sf/fTds s]xL dxTjk"0f{ kIf 5g\ . klxnf], ;'ljwf, ;x'lnot / ;+/If0fsf] klxrfg . s:tf kIf x'g . pBf]unfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f, k|fT] ;fxg / ;'ljwf $=$ ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f lbg] / s:tfnfO{ glbg] . ljBdfg sfg"g tyf P]g, @)$( df klxnf] ;+zf]wg x'g' k"j{ ;fgf lgtLx? o; ljifodf :ki6 5}g . O6 jf dx

nfuL l;k, cy{ / ahf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ePdf dfq kl/l:ytLdf kl/jt{g x'g ;Qm5 . ;/sf/n] :ofp v]tLsf] k|rf/ u/\of] ls;fgn] :ofp kmnfpg yfn] t/ ;/sf/n] :ofpnfO{ ahf/;Dd k'/o\ fpg ;s]g . sltko 7fp“df :ofp s'x/] uof] eGg] ;'lgG5 . t/ xfdL lrg / ef/tsf kxf8L e]udf kmn]sf :ofp vfg o2kL afWo /x]sf 5f}+ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ls;fgx?n] :ofpsf] ?v sf6]/ bfp/f afNg yfNg' s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f x'bg} . ;/sf/n] pGgt hftsf] ufO{ e};Lsf] k|rf/ u/\of] . ls;fgn] b'wsf] pTkfbg a9fP t/ b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfgn] s'g} ;dodf xKtfdf @ lbg Milk holiday nufPsf] lyof] . of] :ofpsf] ?v sf6\g] ;d:of / milk holiday h:tf pbfx/0fx? g} ;fgf pBf]uLx?sf ;d:of x'g ;Qm5g\ .

188

$=% ;fgf, demf}nf jf 7"nf ;a} pBf]ux?n] cf–cfkm\gf] 7f“paf6 b]zsf] cy{tGqdf ;3fp k'/o\ fPs} x'G5g\ . t/ :yfgLo k“h " L tyf zLksf] kl/rfng tyf :yfgLo /f]huf/Lsf] j[l4 tyf :yfgLo pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; tyf k|jw{gsf] nflu vf; k|sf/sf pBf]ux?nfO{ ljz]if k|fT] ;fxg, ;'ljwf tyf ;+/If0f k|bfg ug'{ pko'Qm x'g ;Qm5 . o; cy{df x]g{] xf] eg] ;+/If0f / ;'ljwfsf] p2]Zosf] nflu pBf]ux?nfO{ s]jn ljz]if pBf]u / ;fdfGo pBf]u egL b'O{ ;d"xdf dfq ljefhg u/] klg x'g] b]lvG5 . cf}w+ f]lus ljsf;sf] nflu s:tf pBf]ux?nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf, ;+/If0f / k|fT] ;fxgsf] nflu 5gf}6 ug]{ eGg] ljifodf s]xL ;do otf 5nkmn e}/x]sf] kfO{G5 . ljBdfg P]gsf Joj:yfx? x]bf{ vf; u/L phf{, s[lif tyf kz'kfng / o;df cfwfl/t ;fgf pBf]ux? / ^ ;o eGbf a9L g]kfnL gful/snfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] / clt cljsl;t, cljslzt jf cNk ljsl;t If]qdf :yfkLt pTkfbgd'ns pBf]ux?n] s]xL xb;Dd cfos/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] Joj:yf cfos/ P]g @)%* sf] bkmf !! df ul/Psf] 5 . pBf]ux?nfO{ cfos/ ;'ljwf lbg] / glbg] s'/f k6s k6s km]/abn eO{/xG5 . t/ o; ;DaGwdf :ki6 gLlt / cfwf/sf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s:tf pBf]ux?nfO{ s/sf] ;'ljwf lbg] / s;nfO{ glbg] eGg] s'/f bL3{sflng gLlt Nofpg rflxg] dfkb08 tf]Sg cf}w+ f]lus Aofj;fo P]g @)&# n] ;d]t ;s]sf] 5}g .

pTkfbg ug]n{ ] kfpg] ;'ljwf tyf ;+/If0f sDKo"6/sf] k|fu] f| d jf ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; ug]n{ ] lsg gkfpg] < o:t} cGo k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm xfd|f sfg"g / gLltdf 5}gg\ . bf];f| ] kIf, o;/L ljz]if ;+/If0f, k|fT] ;fxg / ;'ljwfsf] nflu 5flgPsf pBf]ux?nfO{ lbOg] ;+:yfkgf, Joj:yfkg / k|;f;lgs 5'6 / ;'ljwfsf] bfo/fsf] lgwf{/0f . t];f| ] kIf xf], l;ldt bfloTjsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g' . $=& ljz]if ;'ljwf / ;+/If0fsf] nflu 5flgPsf pBf]ux?nfO{ ;/n btf{sf] k|so[ faf6 l;ldt bfloTj / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ;'ljwf tyf dfGotf k|bfg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . l;ldt bfloTj / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] dfGotf tyf ;'ljwf sDkgL P]g cGt/ut btf{ ePsf sDkgL afx]s cGo ;+:yfx?n] klg k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . h:t} ;xsf/L P]g @)$* cg';f/ ul7t ;+:yfx?n] ;Lldt bfloTjsf] tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] dfGotf / ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf 5g . logLx?sf] ;+:yfkgf k|so[ f klg sDkgL btf{ ug]{ k|so[ f eGbf ;/n / 5f]6s/L g} /x]sf] 5 . jf:tadf x]g{] xf] eg] o:t} ;'ljwf ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]u ;+rfng ug]x{ ?nfO{ klg k|bfg ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . ;+:yfut btf{ / pBf]u btf{ 5'66\ f 5'66\ } ug's { f] ;6\6f Pp6} btf{n] b'a} sfd x'g] / s'g} Ps JolQmsf] dfq nufgL x'g] ePdf k|fOe]6 kmd{ btf{ x'g] k|so[ f cg';f/ ;Lldt bfloTj / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] dfGotf kfpg] u/L ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]u btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf x'g cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

%= cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nfuL sfg"gL tyf Goflos k"jf{wf/x?M %=! cfly{s ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf] cfwf/

:tDe eg]sf] sfg"gL /fHosf] :yfkgf / Joj;flos dfGotf xf] . :yfoL ?kdf sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] :yfkgf lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ xf] . sfg"gsf] zf;gnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf Ps cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf dflgPsf] 5 tfklg Jojxf/df zf;g / ;Qfdf x'gx] ?sf] lghL :jfy{sf] nflu g} /fHosf] tLgj6} c+ux?M Gofokflnsf -cbfnt_, sfo{kflnsf -;/sf/ / sd{rf/LtGq_ / Aoa:yflksf -;F;b_ ;+rflnt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . cfh ;+sd| 0fsfnsf] gfdaf6 t emg lghL :jfy{ / e|i6«frf/n] otL 7'nf] k|;o kfO{/x]sf] 5 To;sf] cfFs8f lgsfNg} g;Sg] l:ytLdf /x]sf] 5 . o;} sf/0fn] sfg"g ;+ut 9+un] nufgL u/L s'g} pBd ug{ rfxg] JolQmsf] nflu g]kfn k|fyldstfsf] :yfg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . bIf / of]Uo dflg;af6 b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ kf/bzL{ / hgd'vL agfpg] t stf xf] ;Qfsf] glhs ePkl5 h:tf];s ' } gfnfos, j]js'km tyf :jf7 JolQm klg clt of]Uo / bIf alg pRr:t/sf] ;/sf/L kb kfO{ lgd'vf hgtfdfly zf;g ug]{ tyf e|i6frf/ ug]{ nfO;]G; k|fKt ub{5 . kmn:j?k Pp6f klg pBf]u gePsf] JolQm pBf]u klt ag]/

;/sf/L 6f]nLdf ljb]z e|d0f ub{5, Ps hgfnfO{ klg /f]huf/ lbg g;Sg] JolQmnfO{ ;/sf/n] /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb\df lgo'Qm ub{5, a}s + sf] C0f a'emfpg g;s]/ sfnf];r" Ldf k/]sf JolQmn] jfl0fHo a}s + x? :yfkgf / ;+rfng ug]{ cg'dlt kfp5g\, cy{zf:qsf] æcÆ ghfGg] JolQm cfly{s ;Nnfxsf/ jg]sf] x'G5, sfg"g Joj;fosf] æsÆ tyf k]zfut g}ltstf tyf ;bfrf/sf] ;DaGwdf ækÆ klg ghfg] sf] JolQmn] PSs}rf]6L cbfntsf] Gofolwzsf] hfuL/ kfpg] x}l;ot /fVb5 . ;/sf/sf] v'nc ] fd rfs8L dfq ug]{ / ;+lawfgsf] dd{ cg';f/ sfd ug{ g;Sg] tyf ghfGg] AolQm ;af]R{ r h:tf] u/Ldfdo lgsfo -;+lawfgsf] ;+/Ifs tyf k'0f{–Gofo k|bfg ug]_{ sf] Gofolw; jf pRr cbfntsf] Gofolw; aGg] df}sf kfp“5 . o:tf y'k}| pbfx/0fx? xfd|f] ;fd' 5n{· g} 5g\ . %=@ ;/;/tL] x]bf{ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] kof{Kttf tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;n] dfq b]zsf] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf kof{Kt cfwf/x? x}g /x]5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm lgDg tLgj6f s'/fx?nfO{ klg cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 M -s_ cfly{s tyf Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ sf l;nl;nfdf ;Da4 kIfx? aLr :yfkgf x'g] Jofkfl/s ;DjGwnfO{ kl/eflift tyf lgoldt ug]{ sfg"gx?sf] th'd{ f, -v_ cfly{s sf/f]jf/;+u ;DaGwLt ljjfbx? ;dfwfg ug]{ k|efjsf/L tyf lg:kIf Goflos lgsfo jf ;+oGq tyf -u_ cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] ljifo;+u ;Da4 sfg"gsf ljifodf tfnLd k|fKt / bIf hgzlQm . g]kfndf cfly{s nufgL tyf sf/f]af/sf] sfd vt/fk'0f{ x'gs ' f] ;fy} vlr{nf] 5 / cfly{s ljsf;sf] nfuL rflxg] cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] sfg"gx?sf] klg cefj 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 g} 5 . o;sf] k5f8L lgDg sf/0fx? 5g\ M i) bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj ePsf]n] cbfnt jf GofoLs lgsfosf] km};nf tyf sfd sf/jfxL laZn]if0fo'Qm, kf/bzL{ / 7f]; ?kdf cfPsf x'bg} g\ , ii) pBd tyf Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ ug{sf] nflu cfjZos ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L ckof{Kt x'gsf] ;fy} vlr{nf /x]sf 5g, iv) s'gk} lg gful/s jf AolQmsf] ;Dklt ;DaGwL clwsf/x? ;'/lIft /x]sf 5}gg, v) ljBdfg P]g sfg"g ck"0f{, k|efjlxg tyf a:t'k/s 5}gg\ / vi) jt{dfg ca:yfdf b]zdf ckf/ bzL{ e|i6frf/ clt Jofks /

sxfnLnfUbf] ca:yfdf 5 .

%=# cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k¢tLn] ubf{ cGo b]zx?;“u g]kfnsf] ;DaGw ;/sf/L :t/df eGbf lghL] :t/df cem Jofks ?kdf lbg k|ltlbg j9L/x]sf] 5 . lghL If]qsf] ;DaGw / ;Dks{ s} sf/0f s]xL l5d]sL b]z jfx]s ljZjsf cGo w]/} ljsl;t b]zsf ;/sf/, ;+ul7t ;+:yfx? / JolQmx?sf] g]kfn / g]kfnLx?k|lt ;b\efj /x]sf] 5 t/ xfd|f] b]zsf] sfg"gL tyf Gofo Joj:yf clt cljslzt ePsf] sf/0fn] sfg"g ;+ut Joj;fo ug{ rfxg] pBdLx? cgfjZos vr{sf] df/df kg]{ cj:yfsf] ;[hgf eO/x]sf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf; / nufgL k|lt hgljZjf; hufpg xfdLn] cfly{s ljsf;;+u ;DalGwt lgs} w]/} gof“ sfg"g jgfpg' kb{5 / xfn ljBdfg s]xL sfg"gx?df Jofks ;'wf/ ug's { f] ;fy} pBf]u tyf Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/;+u ;DalGwt ljjfbx?nfO{ oyf;So rf8f] lgK6f/f u/L lkl8t kIfnfO{ k|efjsf/L pkrf/ k|fKt x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg clt cfjZos e} ;s]sf] 5 .

^= cfly{s ljsf;sf] k'jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ yk gof“ sfg"gsf] lgdf{0fM sfg"gL ?kdf ;+/lIft / ;Daw{g ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq b]zdf nufgL lelqg] / cfGt/Ls ?kdf ;d]t nufgL ug]{ jftfa/0f agL cyf]k{ fh{gsf cfwf/ :tDex? tof/ x'g ;S5g\ . nufgL ug{sf] nfuL cfTd laZjf;sf] ;fy} ul/Psf] nufgL ;'/IfLt x'g' clt cfaZos 5 . g]kfndf nfu' e} /x]sf sfg"gsf s]xL Aoj:yfn] nufgLnfO{ s;/L kl/rfng ug]{ / Aoal:yt ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf dfq s]lGb|t /x] klg nufgL ;'/IfLt ug]{ / nufgLstf{sf] xLt cg'sn' sf] sfg"gsf] cefa /xL/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;a} If]q ;d]6g\ ] of] If]qsf] nfuL cfaZos kg]{ tyf sfg"gL zf;gsf] k"jf{wf/ / pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{ lgDg ljifodf yk P]gx? agfpg' kg]{ caZostf /x]sf] s'/f kfO{Psf] 5M i) cfly{s k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;DaGwL P]g, ii) cfGtl/s jf lab]zL nufgL k'0f{ ;'/IfLt ug]{ P]g, iii) ljb]zdf /x]sf] JolQmsf] gfddf Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n ug]{ P]g, iv) lab]zdf ePsf km};nf tyf cfb]zx? sfof{Gjog ug]{ P]g, v) Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/;+u ;DaGwLt If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6g\ aGg] 6«i6 (trust) P]g, vi) Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf lbOg] clVtof/L (power of attorney) P]g, vii) Jofkfl/s k|sl[ tsf tyf cGo lnvtx? k|dfl0ft ug]{ clVtof/L ;DalGw P]g, 189

viii) ;DklQ ;DaGwL xs x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ P]g, ix) cfGtl/s sf/f]af/nfO{ lgolGqt / kf/bzL{ agfpg] P]g, X) cfly{s / Aofj;foLs If]qdf c;n zf;g / tflnd ;~rfng ;DalGw P]g, O{TofbL .

hgzQmL / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; blIf0f Pl;ofnL /fi6«x?sf] t'ngfdf klg clt sdhf]/ / lk5l8Psf] 5 . ;/sf/L :t/df cfpg] 5fqj[l4x? OlGhlgol/ª tyf d]l8sn If]qdf g} l;ldt 5g\ . sfg"g If]qdf cfpg] s]xL 5fqj[lQ klg k|foM ;a} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] tflnddf dfq ;Lldt ePsf] 5 . afl0fHo If]qdf 5fqa[tL k|fo ;'Go cj:yfdf & cfly{s tyf Jofkfl/s k|sl[ tsf /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L 5fqj[lQdf tfnLd lnP/ ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yf cfPsf AolQmx?sf] tflnd klg 7Ls 7fp“df cfly{s tyf Jofkfl/s k|jm[ ltsf ljjfbx? k|of]u ePsf] 5}g . w]/} a'em]df cfkm'eGbf w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd /xL /x]df o; If]qsf cuf8L a9\g] 8/n] tfnLd cg'sn" sf] sfd nufgLstf{x?df pT;fx sd x'g] ca:yf cfp5 . lbO{g] ul/b}g / tfnLddf k7fpbf klg lghn] o; If]qdf x'g] u/]sf ljjfbx?sf] k|efjsf/L ul/ cfPsf] sfd / tflnd kl5 ug]{ sfdsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ / kL8Lt kIfx? l56f] /fxt kfpg] n]vfhf]vf gx'g] ePsf]n] o; If]qsf] ;/sf/L ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] k'0f{ ljsfz geP;Dd 5fqj[lQsf] tflndn] o; If]qsf] Joj;flos cfly{s ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ ;lsb}g . bIftfdf vf;} k|efa kf/]sf] b]lvb}g . afl0fHo ljafbsf] ;dfwfgnfO{ ;/n / cfw'lgs 9+un] If]qsf] bIf hgzlQm ljsf; ug{ ;j{ky| d ;dfwfg ePdf cfly{s ?kdf Iflt g} ePklg cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] :t/nfO{ Wofg lbg clt Ao:t /xg'kg]{ cfly{s ljsfzsf] nfuL cfjZos 5 . lzIff ;DaGwL ljBdfg ;+/rgfx? nufgL ug]{ of] If]qn] ;do art ePsf] klg cJojxfl/s / k|efjlxg g} /x]sf 5g\ . sf/0fn] s]xL /fxt kfPsf] dxz'; ug]{ u/] z}lIfs v'/fs lbg]nfO{ xflh/ hgfP k'Ub5 sf] cGt/fli6«o If]qn] canDag ug]{ u/]sf / tna kfSb5,, sIffdf guP klg x'G5 . pkfosf] cfwf/df xfdLn] kfPsf 5f}+ . ;do laBfyL{nfO{ s]xL s'/f hfg' a'em' eGg] 5}g, / ca:yfnfO{ larf/ u/L o:tf k|st[ Lsf kf;;Dd eP k'U5 . z}lIfs nufgL s] eO{ ljafbx?sf] ;dfwfgsf] nfuL pko'Qm z}nL, /x]sf] 5 -;b'kof]u jf b'?kof]u_ x]g{] jf k¢tL tyf sfo{lawLx? canDag ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . laZn]if0f ug]{ ;+oGqn] ;xL 9+udf sfd ug{ k|efasf/L pkrf/ lagfsf] lajfb ;dfwfgsf] ;Sb}g . Joj;fod"ns cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] pkfo klg lg/y{s aGg] u/]sf k|z:t k|df0fx? dfWodaf6 dfq Aofj;foLs Ifdtfsf] j[l4 df}hb' /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] nflu lgDg lnlvt x'G5 . ;/sf/L If]qdf x]g{] xf] eg] ;]jfsfnLg tLgj6f sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 M tfnLdsf] cj;/ g]kfndf 5}g s;}n] ;]jfsfnLg -s_ cfly{s tyf Jofkfl/s tfnLddf rf;f] /fv] klg pgLx?nfO{ cj;/ k|sl[ tsf ck/fwx?sf] 5fgljg tyf >f]t / ;fwg k|fKt 5}g . afl0fHo If]qsf tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|efjsf/L ;]n ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfodf o:t}sf] x}sd v8f ug],{ o;sf] nflu klg pko'Qm rNg] ePsfn] ;]jfdf /xbf 1fg j[l4 / k]zfut sfg"gsf] Aoa:yf u/L cfaZos Ifdtf a9fpg rfxg] l;ldt JolQmx? klg ;+oq agfpg' kb{5 . pk]lIft /x]sf 5g . -v_ cfly{s tyf Jofkl/s ljjfbx? x]g{] (= ;+If]kdf jf/]df 5'§} cfw'lgs k|aw[ Lo'Qm / (=! b]zdf sfg"gsf] zf;g / :yfoL bIf ljz]if cbfnt jf afl0fHo ;/sf/ geP;Dd cfly{s lasf;sf] k'af{wf/x? O{hnf;\ tyf 6«fOj'gn v8f ug]{ . tof/ x'g ;Sb}gg\ . of]eGbf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/ -u_ cfly{s tyf Jofkfl/s ljjfbx? ;dfwfg ug]{ j}slNks pkfox?sf] eg]sf] /fHo ;+oGq ;+rfng ug]{ g]tT[ j ju{ / sd{rf/LtGqsf] ;sf/fTds dfgl;stf klg ljsf;df ;/sf/L :t/af6} xf] . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu kof{Kt tbf?stf b]vfpg] . o;sf] nflu ;xhstf{sf] ;d]t Aofj:yf ug]{ / sfg"gL k"jf{wf/x? 5}gg\, tfnLd k|fKt / bIf dWo:ytf ;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ hgzlQmsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . pBf]u Jofkf/ ;+:yfut / kf/bzL{ ?kdf ljsf; ubf{ sfg"gL Joj:yf / Goflos kl/kf6Lsf] ;+/If0f kfOG5 eGg] s'/fdf sfg"g cg';f/ k]zf ug{] tyf u/fpg] . / Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ rfxg] pBdLn] ljZjf; *= cfly{s ljsf; / hgzlQm M ug]{ cj:yf b]vf k/]sf] 5}g . s'g} pBdLx?n] cfly{s ljsf;df bIf hgzlQmsf] e"ldsf clt ;/sf/L :t/af6 s'g} lgsf;f jf :jLs[lt jf dxTjk"0f{ x'gfn] o;sf] nfuL Joj;flos tfnLd clen]v k|fKt ug{k' bf{ ;Qfwf/L tyf log}sf k|fKt hgzlQm x'g' ck/Lxfo{ 5 . cfd ?kdf x] nfps]nfO{ v';L kfg{kg]{ jfWotf ePsf]n] g]{ xf]eg] OGhLlgol/ª, n]vf Joj;fo, d]l8sn, Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ / nufgLsf] nfuL x'g] sfg"gL cflbsf] t'ngfdf afl0fHo If]qsf] bIf k|f/lDes vr{ Hofb} g} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sfg"gsf hgzlQm w]/} lk5l8Psf] 5 . g]kfndf ;/sf/L zf;gdf sfd ug{ cEo:t lab]zL JolQm :t/df /x]sf x'g jf lghL I]fqdf /x]sf x'g bIf / lgsfonfO{ g]kfndf nufgL ug{ / pBd 190

Joj;fo ug]{ cf“6, ;fx; / rf;f] 5}g . of] b]zdf ha;Dd sfg"gn] zf;g u/]sf] kfO{bg} ta;Dd cfly{s If]qdf s'g} ;'wf/ / o;sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k'jf{wf/x? tof/ x'g ;Sb}g . pBf]u, Aofj;foL / pBdzLntfsf] ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ sl6a4 ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] cefjdf jf:tljs cy{sf] Aofj;foLs ljsf; x'g ;Qm}g . g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] ;d:of eg]sf] olx dfgl;stf (mind set) sf] kl/jt{g g} xf] . (=@ xfd|f] b]zsf] sfg"g, lgod tyf gLltx?df pBf]u (industry), pBd (enterprise) / pBdL (enterpreneur) aLr s] ;dfgtf / s] c;dfgtf 5 eGg] s'/fsf] 7"nf] cndn 5 . pBf]u jf Aofj;fo eg]sf] s]jn pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u dfq xf] eGg] ;f]rfO{df xfd|f sfg"gx? tyf gLltx? ag]sf 5g\ . zfob o;}n] xf]nf xfdL sxf“ Aofj;foLs ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfoft lgof{tsf] sfd / c?n] pTkfbg u/]sf] ;]jf jf j:t' ljqmL ug]{ v'bf| jf yf]s ljqm]tf (Treading Business) afx]s ;a} Joj;fonfO{ pBdsf] kl/efiff leq /fv]df lju|g] s'/f s]xL 5}g . :yfgLo ;fwg / >f]tsf] kl/rfng tyf /f]huf/Lsf] b[li6af6 dxTjk"0f{ b]lvPsf vf; k|sl[ tsf pBdx?nfO{ ljz]if pBdx?sf] ?kdf 5gf}6 u/L o:tf ljz]if pBdx?nfO{ ljleGg ;x'lnot, ;'ljwf / ;+/If0f lbg] u/L k|i6 lglt / sfg"g agfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu cf}w+ f]lus k|sl[ tnfO{ klg cfwf/ lng' pko'Qm x'G5 . (=# b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfwf/e"t sfg"gL k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf ljleGg ljsl;t sfg"gx? lgdf{0fsf] cfjZos ePsfn] sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f tyf ;'wf/df klg k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 . ;fdfGo P]gx?sf] cltl/Qm ljz]if ;+/If0f, ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnotsf] nflu 5gf}6 ul/Psf pBdx?sf] ;+rfng :yfkgf tyf btf{df ;/ntf Nofpg / logLx?nfO{ ;+ul7t ;+:yf tyf l;ldt bfloTjsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;+/lIft pBd ;DaGwL ljz]if P]g Nofpg pko'Qm b]lvG5 . pBdLx?n] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:ofx?sf] ;"rL w]/} nfdf] x'g ;Qm5 . t/klg Joj;fo z'?ug{ cfjZos k"h “ Lsf] C0f k|fKt ug]{ ;d:of, pTkfbgx?sf] ahf/ / ljt/0fsf] ;d:of / k|fljlws ;Nnfx tyf ;]jf pknAw gx'g] ;d:of sfg"gL ;d:of eGbf klg uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf ;d:ofx? 5g\ . (=# pTkfbgd'ns xf];\ jf ;]jfd'ns jf cGo k|st[ Lsf pBf]ux?sf] ljsf;, ;+jw{g, btf{ tyf o:tf pBf]u / pBf]u Aofj;foLx?sf] ;d:of / cGo ljljw kIfsf af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{sf] nflu pBf]u dGqfno tyf pBf]u ljefudf Ps 5'66\ } OsfO{sf] u7g ul/ tTsfn sfo{ ;"? ug{ ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

Joj;flos ;kmntf;“u} ;fdflhs bfloTj aL/]Gb| a:g]t, k|jGw lgb]z { s, a'4 Po/ tf]lsPsf] afx]s h'g cltl/Qm ;]jf–;'ljwf k|fKt u5{g,\ To;nfO{ klg ;fdflhs bfloTjsf] Pp6f kf6f]sf ?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sDkgLn] x/]s b'O÷{ b'O{ jif{df sd{rf/Lsf] tnj eQfdf l/Eo" u5{ . Tof] sDkgL P]g / >d P]gdf tf]lsPsf] 5}g .

!% jif{ lg/Gt/ gfkmfdf

cª\uh ]| L Sofn]08/ cg';f/ !! cS6f]j/ !((& df Pp6f hxfhaf6 ;]jf k|f/De u/]sf] a'4 Po/ ;+rfngsf] b'O{ bzs k'us ] f] 5 . clxn] sDkgL;“u ( j6f hxfh 5g\ . a'4 Po/ cfGtl/stkm{ 6«ªs \ ?6df p8fg ;]jf lbO/x]sf] 5 . a'4n] h'g If]qdf p8fg ul//x]sf] 5 To;sf] ahf/ lx:;f &% k|ltzteGbf dfly k'¥ofpg] nIo;lxt xfdL sfd ul//x]sf 5f}+ .

b'O÷{ b'O{ jif{df sd{rf/Lsf] tna–eQf d"Nofª\sg ug's { f] dtna sDkgLsf] cfly{s cj:yf cg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] cfly{s cj:yf klg ToxL cg'kftdf a9\gk' 5{ eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf 5 . To;nfO{ kl/eflift ubf{ klg of] ;fdflhs bfloTjcGtu{t k5{ . To;afx] s sd{rf/LnfO{ P]gdf tf]lsPeGbf afx]s :jf:y, lzIff tyf j[lQ–ljsf;sf ljljw kIfdf nufgL ul/G5 . Tof] klg ;fdflhs bfloTj cGtu{ts} Ps sfo{qmd xf] . lsgsL xfdL klxnf cfkm\g} 3/sf] r'nf] aNg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfdf ljZjf; u5f}{+ . To;sf/0f a'4 Po/n] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf–;'ljwfdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;Demf}tf ub}g{ .

s/ ltg'{ klg ;fdflhs bfloTj

;+;f/df ;a} b]zsf] zf;g k4lt s/af6 ;~rfng x'gk' 5{ . /fi6 of ;dfhsf] /fh:jsf] ;|ft] s/ g} xf] . t/, g]kfn Pp6f o:tf] d'ns ' xf], h;sf] zf;g k4tL s/eGbf a9L cg'bfg / C0faf6 ;Grfng x'G5 . t/, jfo';j] f sDkgL z'? u/]sf] @) jif{sf] cjlwdf cfwf/e"t ?kdf x]bf{ /fHosf] vr{ ;Grfng of ;du|df /fHo ;Grfng s/af6} x'gk' 5{ . a'4 Po/ kl5Nnf] !% jif{ lg/Gt/ gfkmfdf ' leq ;Grflnt pBf]uwGbfb] 5 . of] cfkm}df Pp6f sLlt{dfg xf] . g]kfndf s/ /fHon] d'ns dfq xf]Og, ;+;f/e/ gful/s p8\8og pBf]u lv cfly{s pkfh{g ug]{ ;a} If]qaf6 p7fp“5 . ha sDkgLsf] cfly{s ultljlw j[l4 x'G5, pBf]u lgs} rnfodfg / cl:y/ dflgG5 . d'gfkmf sdfpg yfN5, To;kl5 s/ ltg'k{ 5{ . xfdL ;]jf k|f/De u/]sf] klxnf] % jif{dfq gfkmfdf hfg ;s]sf lyPgf}+ . lsgsL To;a]nf o;/L s/ ltbf{ klg sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] ;dfhk|ltsf] bfloTj k'/f u/]sf] dflgG5 . xfdLn] a|f08Go" hxfhaf6 ;]jf z'? u/]sf lyof}+ . lt hxfh dxª'u\ f] d"Nosf lyP . Pp6f sdfPsf] s]xL c+z ;dfhnfO{ !* l;6o'Qm hxfhnfO{ ^)÷&) s/f]8 sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;kmntfaf6 ;dfhdf ?k}of“;Dd kg]{ uYof]{ . k|lti7f sdfPsf] x'G5 . Tof] k|lti7f / p;sf] cfly{s cj:yf alnof] x'b} uPkl5 p;n] ;kmntfsf] z'q a'4 Po/ kf/bzL{ Joj;fodf ljZjf; /fV5 . hxf“af6 ljh]gz kfO/x]sf] 5, Tof] ;dfhdf ' xfdL ;Dk"0f{ lgod–sfg"g cg';f/ ;Grfngdf s]xL pTs[i6 sfd ug'k{ 5{ . s]xL gd'gfd'ns sfo{ ug' k { 5{ . s' g } klg lx;fjn] Tof] ;dfhnfO{ 5f}+ . Tof] rfx], cfly{s lgod xf];\ of of]ubfg ug'k{ 5{ . h;n] ubf{ Tof] sDkgLsf] k|fljlws ?kdf x'gk' g]{ dfkb08 . cyjf ;kmntfdf cem Ps v'8l\ snf yKg ;lhnf] ;Grfngsf bf}/fg kfngf ug'{ x/]s lgod kfngf ug{ a'4 Po/ r'ss ] f] 5}g . ;f]xL sf/0f xf]; eGg] x]tn' ] ;fdflhs bfloTj k'/f ug'k{ g]{ xfdL ofq'sf] ljZjf; lhTg ;kmn ePsf xf}+ . x'G5 . h'g sDkgL cfly{s lx;fjn] ;an x'G5 cyf{tM h'g sDkgLn] ;dfhaf6 s]xL kmfObf lnPsf] 5 eg] p;n] sdfPsf] s]xL c+z sDkgLleqaf6} ;fdflhs bfloTj s'g} klg sDkgL ;dfhk|lt cfkm\gf] bfloTj k'/f ug]{ xf] ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu vr{ ug]{ ;+;f/s} eg] To;sf] z'?jft sDkgL leqaf6} ug'{ k5{ . k|rng xf] . a'4 Po/df clxn] s/Lj * ;o sd{rf/L ;fdflhs sfdaf6} emlNsof] g]tT[ jsf] v'aL sfo{/t 5g\ . pgLx?n] g]kfnsf] >d P]gdf

;fdflhs bfloTj ;dfGotof b'O{ k|sf/af6 k'/f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg sDkgL clxn] h'g cj:yfdf k'us ] f] 5, To; sDkgLsf] g]tT[ jsf] ;kmntf p;n] u/]sf ;fdflhs sfddfkm{t klg emNsg' k5{ . k};f dfq lbg] xf]Og . p;n] cfkm'df /x]sf] g]tT[ j ug]{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ ;fdflhs ultljlwdfkm{t c?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . tfsL p;sf] ;kmntfsf s]xL z'q p;n] u/]sf sfdaf6 aflx/ b]lvof]; . csf]t{ km{ ;fdflhs ultljlw ug{ cfly{s 6]jf clgjfo{ zt{ xf] . s]xL sfd z'? ug{ cfly{s ;|ft] aLgf ;+ej 5}g . k"jfwF{/ lgdf{0fb]lv ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/e"t tof/Lsf nflu klg cfly{s ;|ft] cfjZos k5{ . ;LP;cf/sf] ljifodf ;+;f/df vf; Ps} k|sf/sf] P]g–lgod x'bg} . sDkgLn] ;dfhsf] s'g If]qdf s;/L of]ubfg ug{ ;S5 eGg] Pp6} k|sf/sf] z'q alg;s]sf] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljhg]z :s"nx?sf] kf7\oqmddf klg ;LP;cf/af/] Tolt 7"nf] ljifo ;dfj]z 5}g . pTkfbg / g]tT[ j ljsf;df nlIft a'4 Po/ ;fdflhs bfloTj sfo{qmddfkm{t ;dfhaf6 ;jn g]tT[ jsf] vf]hLdf a'4 Po/ lqmoflzn 5 . xfdLn] ;dfhdf s]xL af“8/] cfkm\gf] bfloTj k'/f ug'e { Gbf pTkfbglzn If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfd ul//x]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] k|fyldstfdf s[lif 5 . h;/L a'4 Po/sf] ;kmntfdf Pp6f ;kmn g]tT[ j ;xefuL 5, To;} u/L xfdLn] ;Grfng ug]{ ;fdflhs ultljlwdf klg ToxL g]tT[ j k|lt:yfkg ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . a'4 Po/ ;Grfngdf h'g vl6Psf] 5, ;f]xL g]tT[ j clxn] ;fdflhs bfloTjsf sfo{qmddf klg ;xeflu ePsf] 5 . o; v6fO{nfO{ k};fdf t'ngf ug{ ;lsb}g . xfdLn] h'g ;f]r“ , nIo, ;do, ldx]gt, of]hgf / sfo{ljlw ;dfhsf nflu vr{ u/]sf 5F}+ . o;nfO{ /sddf u0fgf ug{ ;lsb}g . a'4 Po/df k|jGw lgb]z { ssf] x}l;otdf d tnj vfG5', af]g; vfG5', ;]jf–;'ljwf k|fKt u5'{ . t/, xfdLn] s[lif If]qdf u/]sf s'g} klg sfdaf6 d}n] Ps k};f klg kfp“lbg . pN6f] Toxf t xfdLn] nufgL ul//x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] ;fdflhs sfdsf nflu lbPsf] k|of; / o;df ePsf] k|ToIf cfly{s nufgLsf] lx;fa ubf{ ;LcP;cf/sf] Eofn' :jfefljs ?kdf a9\g hfG5 . ;fdflhs bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{ eg]sf] k};f of s'g} lhG;L ;fdu|L af8\g' dfq xf]Og, To;n] ;dfhsf] pGgtLsf nflu s]xL of]ubfg 191

dw]ifL / y?x6sf] ax';ª\Vos hg;+Vof a;f] af; u5{ . of] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo a;f]af; ug]{ If]q xf], h;nfO{ xfdL l;dfGts[t klg eGg ;S5f}+ . a'4 Po/n] of] cfof]hgf b'O{ jif{leq glthf b]lvg] :t/df k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o; If]qsf] sfo{qmd ;kmn eof] eg] o;nfO d'ns ' sf cGo If]qdf klg lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

;LP;cf/sf] ax'cfoflds kIf

ug'k{ 5{ . k};f af8\g] sDkgLsf] g]kfndf sdL 5}g . lsgsL oxf“ ljn u]6;\ sf] klg k};f cfO/x]sf] 5 . t/, To;n] ;dfhdf s] kl/0ffd lbO/x]sf] 5 eGg] ;jfn dxTjk"0f{ 5.

s[lif qmfGtLsf] ;kgf

xfdLn] clxn] ;'g;/L / df]/ªdf ;fdflhs bfloTjcGtu{t ;Grflnt Joj;flos s[lifsf ljljw ultljlwdf s]lGb|t u/]sf 5f}+ . oL sfo{qmd Pp6f df]8nsf ?kdf cuf8L a9]sf 5g\ . s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f ub}{ pTkflbt vfB ;fdu|L :jb]zd} k|zf]wg u/L oxL g} vkt ug]{ of] ljwL clxn] kl/If0f sfo{qmdsf ?kdf ;Grfngdf 5 . of] sfo{qmd ;kmn eof] eg] o;nfO{ b]ze/ la:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . of] gd'gf sfo{qmdnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ s[lif If]qdf nfu' ug{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf xfdLn] b]vs ] f 5f}+ . xfdLn] Toxf 7"nf] g]tT[ jbfoL ;f]r / nIonfO{ sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf 5f}+ . o;af6 s]jn Ps ufp“sf] dfq geO{ g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qdf Pp6f j|mfGtL Nofpg] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 .

gful/ssf] ;xefuLtfaf6} pTs[i6 kl/0ffd ;LP;cf/sf] ;kmntfdf gful/ssf] k|ToIf hg;xeflutf cfjZos 5 . cem xfd|f] ;dfhnfO{ of] s'/fsf] vfrf] 5, tkfO{ o;df nufgL ul/lbg'xf]; eg]/ sDkgLx?df k|:tfj jftfj/0f aGof] eg] sDkgLx?nfO{ cem a9L ;xh x'G5 . lsgsL o:tf] k/Dk/f a;fNg ;lsof] eg] xfd|f] s/Lj cfwf sfd ;xh x'G5 . g]kfndf gub /sd of s]xL lhG;L ;fdfg af8]/ ;fdflhs bfloTj k'/f ug]{ sDkgLeGbf pTkfbgd'ns ' If]qdf nufgL u/]/ To;af6 ;dfhsf] pGgtLdf nfu]sf sDkgLnfO{ ;dfhs} nflu jflif{s %) nfv nufgL a'4 k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . Po/n] ;dfhsf] lxt / pGgtLsf nflu nufgL u/]sf] gubnfO{ d 7"nf] /sd dflGbg . xfdLn] g]kfndf h'g k|sf/sf] ;fdflhs bfloTjsf] kl5Nnf] !) jif{df s[lifsf] Joj;flos/0fsf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . To;n] ;dfhnfO{ k/hLaL nflu s/Lj $ of % s/f]8 ?k}of“ nufgL agfp“5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfn] dflg;nfO{ ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . d]/f] lx;fjn] of] 7"nf] /sd sfd ug{eGbf dfUg] x'g l;sfPsf] 5 . xf]Og . jif{df %) nfv ?k}of“ a'4 Po/n] ug]{ ;f]xLsf/0f xfd|f] lbdfu g} k/lhaL alg;s]sf] ;LP;cf/sf lx;fjn] vf; 7"nf] /sd xf]Og . 5 . xfdL To;af6 aflx/ lg:sg' k5{ . t/, Toxf h'g k|sf/sf] lehg lbg vf]lhPsf] kl/lhjL ;f]rn] ;dfhdf s]xL kl/jt{t 5, Tof] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf] ;d:ofsf] Nofpg] u/L sfd u/f}+ eGg] dflg;nfO{ ;fx|} Kofs]h pkfo lgsfNg lgs} ;xof]uL aGg]5 . ck\7of/f] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . rfx] Tof] wfg v]tL xf]; of h'gf/ jf klZrdsf] cb'jf / df5fsf] s'/f u/f},+ oL xfdLn] h;nfO{ k};f lbG5f},+ p;n] To;af6 ;a}df Joj;foLs/0fsf] ljsf; ug{ of] cfkm\gf] cfly{s :t/ pGgtLsf] hu a;fcf];\ sfo{qmd ;xof]uL aGg]5 . pQm sfo{qmdsf] / cem k|ultdf nfUg vr{ u/f]; eGg] xfd|f] Joj:yfkg, ;km\6j]o/, xf8{jo] /, ;xeflutf, dfGotf xf] . ;fy} p;sf] g]tT[ j ljsf;, k|ljlw h8fg / o;sf] pkof]u, hUuf wgL Joj:yfsLo ;Lk ljsf; u/f]; eGg] ;f]r o;sf] kf6{g/ aGg], ;Lk xfdLn] l;sfpg] xfdLn] lnPsf 5f}+ . Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] l;k nIo / sfo{ljlw /x]sf] 5 . o:tf ultljlwn] ha;Dd gful/s:t/;Dd k'Ub}g, To;a]nf;Dd dflg;nfO{ k/hLjL xf]Og, cem sfd ug]{ g]kfnL ;dfh dfly p7\g] cj:yf 5}g . lsgsL xf};nf ldln/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn lk5l8g'sf] d"Vo sf/0f g} Joj:yfksLo l;ksf] cefjn] xf] . xfdLn] clxn] df]/ª / ;'g;/Ldf sfo{qmd s]lGb|t ug's [ f] dtna of] d]/f] If]q xf] . oxf“ 192

vf; Ps sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] Joj;fodfkm{t k|ToIf ?kdf ;dfhdf kf/]sf] k|efjn] cGo If]qsf] ljsf; x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ klg ;fdflhs bfloTj k'/f u/]sf] dfGg' k5{ . a'4 Po/n] kf]v/f cGt//fli6«o ljdfg:yn ag]kl5 Toxf“af6 cGt//fli6«o p8fgsf] of]hgf agfO/x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] of] of]hgf agfO/x“bf kf]v/fsf ko{6g pBdLdf a'4 Po/n] xf]6n] vf]N5, 6«fen Ph]G;L vf]N5 of ko{6gsf cGo k|8S6sf] ljsf; unf{ / cfPsf ;a} ko{6s cfkm}n] Joj:yfkg unf{ ls eGg] lrGtf ePsf] d}n] kfP . t/, a'4 Po/ of p;sf] :jfldTjdf kf]v/f cf;kf;df clxn];Dd hUuf v/Lb ljlqm ePsf] 5}g . o;sf] dtnj xfd|f] Pp6f dfq nIo kf]v/faf6 cGt//fli6«o p8fg ug]{ xf] . xf]6n] c? pBdLn] g} vf]Ng'k5{, t/, o;sf nflu ;fd'lxs ;xeflutfsf sfo{qmd eg] ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ca kf]v/faf6 b}lgs @ b]lv # xhf/ ko{6ssf] cfjthfjt x'g yfNf] eg] ko{6gsf] k'gkl/efiff cfjZos kg]5 { . xfdL zfxl;s ko{6gsf] k|8S6dfq xf]Og sL nSh/L ko{6gsf k|8S6 leqfpg]tkm{ klg nfUg' k5{ . o;sf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{qmdsf] ljsNk 5}g . xfdLn] dfq xf]6n] vf]n/] kf]v/fdf slt ko{6snfO{ ;]jf lbg ;S5f}+ < To;sf/0f xfdLn] kf]v/fdf xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfng u/L Toxfsf] xf]6n] / ko{6g Joj;fo km:6fpg] u/L ko{6s NofOlbP eg] To;nfO{ klg t ;fdflhs bfloTj dfGg' k5{ . To;sf/0f ;fdflhs bfloTjsf nflu vf; If]q eGg] x“b' g} .

OR5fzlQm g} dxTjk"0f{

g]kfn ;fgf] 5, o;nfO{ OR5f zlQm eof] eg] lgs} l56f] kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o; cleofgdf Joj;flos If]qsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0| f{ x'G5 . pgLx?n] ;~rfng ug]{ Joj;flos ;fdflhs bfloTjsf sfo{qmdnfO{ ca sfo{ljlw agfP/ Jojl:yt ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . s'g} klg pBf]u wGbf of Joj;fo ;~rfng x'g' eg]sf] To;sf] g]tT[ jn] ;kmntfk"js { sfd ug{ ;Sg' xf] . p;sf] of] ;kmntfnfO{ ;fdflhs ultljlwdfkm{t ;dfhdf k|lt:yflkt ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' k5{ . gq of] ;dfhsf] pTyfg ug{ ;do nfU5 .

s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0fdf lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9\b} s[lif pBd s]Gb| k|lbk dxh{g, k|dv ' sfo{sf/L lgb]z { s, s[lif pBd s]Gb|, g]pjfdxf;+3 pBd s]Gb|n] Joj;foLs/0f, Joj;fo ljsf;, d'No >[v + nf, d'No clej[l4 Pj+ k|j4{g sfo{df pNn]vgLo e"ldsf v]ns ] f] 5 . @)%( cflZjgb]lv s]Gb|n] cfkm\gf] b'/b[li6 -lehg_ / kl/nIo -ld;g_ df s]xL kl/j{tg NofO{ lghL If]qsf s[lif pBdL÷Joj;foLx?sf] k|ltlglwTj ub} s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cfkm\gf kl/dflh{t sfo{qmdx? cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 .

b"/b[li6

(Vision)

/fli6«o:t/df ;an, ;zQm, lbuf] / gLlh If]q lgb]l{ zt pRr cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg k¥'ofpg ;Sg] s[lif pBf]u÷Joj;fox?sf] :yfkgf ug]]{ .

kl/nIo cy{tGqsf] d'Vo d]?b08 g} s[lif ePsf] xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf sl/a &) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] d'Vo cfwf/ klg s[lif g} xf] . s'n hg;+Vofsf] sl/a ^^ k|ltzt /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf o;} If]qaf6 ePsf] tYof+saf6 k|i6 x'G5 . s[lif If]qsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf sl/a ## k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ s[ifsx? / s[lif Joj;fodf nfu]sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] k|lt:kwf{Tds Pj+ t'ngfTds nfe xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] s[lif j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg, k|j4{g, ahf/Ls/0f, d'No clej[l4 tyf ahf/ Joj:yfkg h:tf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x?df hf]8 lbg' cfhsf] k|dv ' cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f cfw'lgs k|ljlw, oflGqs/0f, ;"rgf pknJwtf, ;/f]sf/jfnfdf cfPsf] r]tgf, pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] a9\bf] pkof]u tyf lghL If]qsf] ;d]t cu'jfO{df ahf/d'vL s[lif sfo{qmdx? Nofpg ;xof]u ldNg] ul/ o;nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfof{Gjog ug{ plrt sfo{ljlw, lgb]l{ zsf, gLlt, lgodfjnL tof/ ug{sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k}/jL ug{ ;s]sf] v08df dfq s[ifs, ;/f]sf/jfnf / Joj;foLsf] cfo cfh{g a9g uO{ d"ns " sf] cfly{s k|ult x'gs ' f] ;fy} ul/aL 36fpg d2t k'Ug hfg]5 .

kl/ro

s[lif pBd s]Gb| -AEC_ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] s[lifIf]q;+u ;DalGwt PsfOsf] ?kdf la=;+ @)$* ;fn efb| dlxgfdf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 / g]kfnl:yt cd]l/sg ;xof]u lgof]u -o'=P;=P8÷g]kfn / g]kfn ;/sf/ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno aLr cfk;L eO{ :yfkgf ePsf] xf]] . laut @$ aif{df s[lif

(Mission)

pRr d'Nosf s[lif j:t'x?sf] cfGtl/s ahf/df lalqm kl/df0f / d'Nodf j[l4 u/fpg lghL If]q lgb]l{ zt ahf/d'vL s[lif pBf]u÷Joj;fox?sf] lj:tf/ tyf ;'b9[ Ls/0f ug]{ .

s]Gb|n] u/]sf] k|dv ' ultljlwx?

gLltut k}/jL tyf gLltut ;Nnfx– ;'emfj÷cWoog, pRr d'Nosf ;fy} lgof{t of]Uo s[lif hGo j:t'x?sf] ahf/ tyf dfu ljZn]if0f Jofkf/ d]nf÷k|bz{gL tyf gof“ s[lif Joj;fosf] nflu ;]jf÷6]jf4f/f Jofkf/÷Joj;fosf] ljsf;df ;xof]u, s[lif;+u ;DalGwt Jofkf/ tyf j:t'ut ;+3x?sf] ;'b9[ Ls/0fsf nflu tL ;+3x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; P+j lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{x?df ;xof]u, s[lifdf cfwfl/t Joj;flos kl/of]hgfx? -l:sd÷k|fh ] S] 6_ tof/ ug{df ;xof]u, s[lif Joj;fo tyf s[lif ahf/ ;DjGwL ;"rgf–;]jf k|jfx ug],{ / g]kfn ;/sf/;+usf] ;xsfo{df sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ .

k}/jL tyf ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . s[lif pBd s]Gb|n] l4/fli6«o s[lif Joj;fosf] ;Gb{edf cfO{ kg]{ ljljw d'2fx?sf] ;dfwfgsf] lglDt klg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf k}/jLdf ;xof]u ub} cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g -World Trade df k|jz ] u/] kZrft\ gof“ k|sf/sf] Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft x'g] kl/k|Iodf s]Gb|n] g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfgx?df ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g tyf o; cGt{utsf] s[lif ;Demf}tf ;DaGwdf r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf u/L xfd|f s[lif Joj;foL tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?df o;af6 kg{ hfg] c;/, r'gf}tL tyf cj;/x?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fy}, s]Gb|n] j:t'– ljz]ifsf] pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg ug]{ ;/f]sf/ jfnfx?nfO{ ;d]t ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf æs[lif j:t'sf] z'4tf sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tfÆ tyf Jofkf/sf] k|fljlws /f]sfj6 ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfÆ sf] k|fjwfgx? tyf tL k|fjwfg cGt{ut ul/g' kg]{ tof/Lx?sf af/]df ;d]t hfgsf/Ld'ns sfo{qmdx? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

Organization (WTO_

lgof{t of]Uo ;Defjgf /x]sf s]xL s[lif j:t'x?sf] klxrfg u/L tL j:t'x?sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] cf+sng ug{sf lgldQ dWoklZrd tyf klZrd g]kfnsf k|dv ' pTkfbgx? h:t} h8Lj'6L, aLplahg, a]df};dL t/sf/L, cb'jf, dx, skmL h:tf a9L d'No k|fKt x'g] s[lif j:t'x?sf] af/]df lj:t[t k|lt:kwf{ Ifdtf ;DalGw cWoogx? s[lif pBd s]Gb|n] ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .

Joj;foLs lx;fan] ;Defjgf /x]sf cf}iflwhGo tyf ;'ulGwt jg:kltx?sf] lj:t[t cWoog ;DkGg ul/ oL jg:ktLx?nfO{ k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df auL{s/0f klg ul/Psf] 5 . oL ljljw s[lif Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt cWoog–;j]I{ f0f tyf k|ltj]bgx? s]Gb|sf] ;'rgf e08f/0fdf /flv ;DalGwt g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3÷s[lif Joj;foLx?nfO{ ;';l" rt ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t s]Gb|n] pBd s]Gb|sf k|dv ' e"ldsfM ub} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ;fd'lxs k|sf/sf g]kfndf s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f, Joj;fo s[lif Joj;fo ;DalGw d'2fx?nfO{ cWoog k|j4{gsf] nflu cfjZos gLltut k}/jL -Policy Advocy_ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|n] g]kfn tyf ljZn]if0f u/L ltgsf] plrt ;dfwfgsf] ;/sf/ dfkm{t nfu' ul/Psf ljleGg s[lif;+u lgldQ ;DalGwt ;/f]/sf/jfnfx? ;dIf s[lif ;DalGwt /fli6«o s[lif gLlt, s[lif oflGqs/0f pBd s]Gb|n] ;'rgf ;+kI]| f0f tyf k}/jL ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ub{} cfPsf] 5 . gLlt, s[lif s/f/gfdf gLlt, /fli6«o lrof gLlt, u}/sfi7 jg k}bjf/ gLlt, skmL gLlt s[lif Joj;fosf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{g ug{sf cflb h:tf ljljw gLlt–lgod tyf nflu cfk\mgf] :yfkgfsfn b]lvg} s]Gb|n] s[lif lgb]l{ zsfx? lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ;lqmo 193

Jofkf/ d]nf, ljleGg lhNnf pjf;+3n] cfof]hgf ug]{ s[lif tyf Jofkf/ d]nfdf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|bz { gL, k|rf/, k|;f/ cflbsf] cfof]hgf ug{ ;xof]u ug],{ tL d]nfx?df s[ifs, Joj;foL, ;/f]sf/jfnf cflbnfO{ ;xefuL x'gsf nflu ;xof]u÷k|l] /t ug]{ sfo{ klg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 tyf gu/÷lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] cfof]hgf ug]{ sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf hgfpg'sf ;fy} cGo ;/f]sf/ jfnfx?nfO{ ;xeflutf hgfpg k|fljlws nufot cGo ;xof]ux? s]Gb|n] pknJw u/fp“b} cfPsf] 5 . s[lif pBd s]Gb|sf k|dv ' ultljlwx? dWo] ahf/ ;"rgf ;]jf klg Ps xf] . g]kfnsf #% k|dv ' ahf/x? / ef/tLo ahf/x?af6 t/sf/L, kmnkm"n / d;nfhGo j:t'x?sf] yf]s d'No ;'rL ;+sng, ;+ki]| f0f / k|jfx ug]{ sfo{ b}lgs ?kdf ub} cfO/x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|sf] j]j;fO{6 www.agripricenepal.com af6 klg yf]s d'No ;'rL k|jfx ug],{ 6]lnkmf]g dfkm{t Notice Board ;]jf, SMS ahf/ d'No ;'rL ;DalGw ;'rgf k|jfx ub} cfO/x]sf] / df]jfO{ndf æKrishi Udyam BazarÆ Pk\; k|of]u ul/ s[lif j:t'x?sf] ljj/0f x]g{] ;Sg] Joj:yf s]Gb|n] ldnfO{Psf] 5 . o;af6 s[ifs, Joj;foL, ;/f]sf/jfnx?nfO{ s'g j:t' s'g :yfgdf s] slt d'Nodf lalqm ljt/0f eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] af/] k"0f{ hfgsf/L k|fKt eO{ j:t'x?sf] k|j4{g tyf ahf/Ls/0f eO{ s[ifsn] plrt d'No k|fKt ug]{ ck]Iff+ /flvPsf] 5 .

!= Ps ufp“ Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmdM

194

(OVOP)

lhNnfsf] df}lns klxrfg ePsf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg tyf k|j4{g ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf Ps ufp+ Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd cfly{s aif{ @)^#÷^$ sf] ah6 aQmJo dfkm{t 3f]if0ff u/L sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] xf] . klxnf] r/0f @)^$÷@)^*, bf]>f] r/0f @)^*÷^( x'b} t];] f| ] r/0f @)&#÷&$ af6 xfn;Dd lg/Gt/ ?kdf sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . xfn #^ j:t' ;lxt ^& lhNnfx?df (! gu/÷lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 dfkm{t sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5. Ps ufp“ Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfly{s aif{ @)^*÷^( b]lv @)&@÷&# ;Dd % aif{df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 hDdf ah]6 ?= @! s/f8 @# nfv &% xhf/ :jLs[t eO{ lgsf;fsf] cfwf/df hDdf vr{ ?= !* s/f]8 *@ nfv (( xhf/ ePsf] lyof] . :yfgLo ;d'bfon] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t' ljsf; -Product Development_ ul/ ;f]sf] d'No clej[l4 -Value Addition_ u/]/ cfkmg} :yfg ljz]ifsf] 5'§} klxrfg x'gu] l/ u'0f:t/o'Qm j:t'x?sf] cfGtl/s / jfxo ahf/df ;d]t k|j4{g ug]{ k|dv ' p2]Zosf ;fy s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3÷s[lif pBd s]Gb|sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :t/df /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug],{ :yfgLo j:t'sf] klxrfg ug],{] u'0f:t/Lo tyf Joj;foLs pTkfbg ug],{ d'No clej[l4 ug],{ a|fl08ª ;lxt Jofkf/ ug],{ cfoftnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug],{ lgof{tnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ / cfly{s j[l4tkm{ Wofg lbg] p2]Zosf ;fy sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf]df xfn;Dd sfo{qmdsf] pknlAw ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf]

kfOPsf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd !!# uf=lj=; df ;+rfng eO{ &*^% x]S6/ If]qkmndf lj:tf/ ePsf]df @#% s[ifs ;d'x tyf %@)) s[ifsx? nfeflGjt ePsf]df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf #^ k|ltzt /x]sf] / !) j6f ;xsf/Lx?;“u ;dGjo ul/ sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . pBdzLntf ljsf;sf] ;Gb{edf sfo{qmdn] !(% ;fgf 3/]n' pBdLx? tof/ ul/ @# xhf/ d]6+ pTkfbg ul/ s'n ? !=@^ cj{sf] sf/f]jf/ ug{ ;kmn ePsf] tyf %!* d]6+ sf] d'No clej[l4 ul/ ? !=^! s/f]8 d"Nosf] ljlqm ljt/0f ePsf] . sfo{qmdn] %( j6f ljleGg tflnd -s[ifs ;xsf/Lsf k|ltlglw, pBdL, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;3sf sd{rf/L_ ;+rfng u/]sf] h;dWo] ! xhf/ ( ;o &@ hgf k'?if / * ;o %% hgf dlxnf nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&@ df o; s[lif pBd s]Gb|af6 k|:tfj ePsf] gof“ lhNnfsf sfo{qmdx?df emfkf -bds_ df df5f, df]/ª -lj/f6gu/, ;'Gb/b'nf/L, pnf{jf/L_ df5f ;'kf/L, s]/f / Rofp, ;'g;/L -O{g?jf_ s]/f, l;/xf - l;/xf, ldr]o{ f_ df df5f tyf cf+k, pbok'/ -s6f/L_ df cb'jf, dxf]Q/L -uf}zfnf, dl6xfgL_ df cf+k tyf dvgf, ;nf{xLdf lnrL tyf cf+k, l;Gw'nLdf e'Os6x/, /fd]5fkdf cn}rL, bf]nvfdf cfn', eQmk'/df nK;L, wflbªdf skmL, af/fdf df5f, k;f{df s]/f, lrtjgsf] -v}/gL_df df5f, sf:sL -n]vgfy_ df s[lif ko{6g, :ofªhf -k'tnLahf/_ ;'Gtnf, :ofªhf -jflnª_ cb'jf, slknj:t' -rGbf}6f, s[i0fgu/, tf}lnxjf_ df t/sf/L, cf+k, df5f / s]/f gjnk/f;L -u}8fsf]6_ df lnrL, ?kGb] xL -l;4fy{gu/, ltnf]Qdf_ df df5f / t/sf/L, u'NdLdf skmL, d':tfªdf tfhf t/sf/L, bfª -b]pv'/L_ df lnrL, Ko"7fgdf cf]v/, d'ud' f s[lif ko{6g, af+s] -sf]xnk'/_ df t/sf/L, alb{of -/fhfk'/_ df df5f, ;'vt{] df s[lif ko{6g, hfh/sf]6df dx, s} nfnL -l6sfk'/_ df df5f / s]/f / c5fddf cfn' /x]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 pQm sfo{qmd l:js[lt eO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ? @ s/f]8 %! nfv %) xhf/ lalgof]hgsf] qmddf /x]sf]5 . To;}ul/ k'/fgf] lhNnfx? emfkfdf ;'kf/L, O{nfddf lsjL, tfKn]hª ' cn}rL, kf+ry/df csj/] v';f{gL, ;'g;/L -w/fg_ df a];f/, ef]hk'/df ;'Gtnf, wgs'6fdf afv|fkfng, t]xy'ddf afv|fkfng, ;Kt/Ldf cf+k, l;/ xf-nxfg_ cf+k, pbok'/ -ufO{3f6_ afv|fkfng, vf6fªdf cfn', dxf]Q/L -hn]Zj/_ df cf+k, sfe|] 8]/L, sfe|] -w'lnv]n_ s[lif ko{6g, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, skmL, lrtjgdf s]/f, dsjfgk'/df lsjL, uf]/vfdf s[lif ko{6g, nDh'ªdf u|fdL0f ko{6g, tgx'd+ f uf]ne]8f, dgfªdf :ofp, gjnk/f;Ldf Kofh, ?kGb]xL

-a'6jn_ df 8]/L, kfNkfdf cb'jf, afUn'ªdf nf]Qf, DofUbLdf l6d'/, kj{tdf nK;L, bfª -t'N;Lk'/_ df afv|fkfng, /f]Nkfdf cNnf], ?s'ddf cb'jf, ;Nof+gdf cb'jf, 8f]Nkfdf l;dL, x'Dnfdf Osf] 6'l/hd, h'Dnfdf l;dL, sflnsf]6df df;L{wfg, af+s] -g]kfnuGh_ df d;'/f], b}nv ] df ;'Gtnf, 8f]6Ldf h/fOnf] af;dtL rfdn, aemfªdf h}tg' , afh'/f h}tg' , s+rgk'/df s]/f, 88]Nw'/f, a}t8Ldf dx, bfr'n{ f ;'Gtnf sfo{qmdsf] nflu $ s/f8 ^ nfv lgsf;f x'g] k|lqmodfdf /x]sf] 5 . Ps lhNnf Ps pTkfbg -ODOP_ sfo{qmd M g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) b]lv yk Ps lhNnf Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd cjwf/0ff cg'?k ljleGg lhNnfx?df pBf]u :yfkgfsf] sfo{ ug]{ ul/ ah]6 lalgof]hg ePsf] . cfly{s aif{ @)&@÷&# b]lv xfn ;Dd lg/Gt/ ?kdf s[lif ljsf; dGqfno / g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3÷s[lif pBd s]Gb|;u+ sf] ;xsfo{df s[lif If]qsf] cfw'lgs/0f, Joj;foLs/0f, pBf]u :yfkgf, ;+rfng / ahf/Ls/0f sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;Gt'lnt cfly{s ljsf; P+j /f]huf/L ;[hgf ub} ul/jL lgjf/0f ug]{ nIosf ;fy xfn !$ j:t' tyf @! lhNnfx?df sDkgL btf{ u/L pBf]u :yfkgfsf] sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . Ps lhNnf Ps pTkfbg-ODOP_ sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfly{s aif{ @)^(÷&) b]lv @)&@÷&# ;Dd % aif{df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 hDdf ah]6 ?=#& s/f]8 ^) nfv %) xhf/ :jLs[lt eO{ lgsf;fsf] cfwf/df vr{ ?=@@ s/f]8 $% nfv !) xhf/df l;Gw'nLdf h';, wflbªdf s]rck tyf t/sf/L u|l] 8ª Kofs]lhª, Ko"7fgdf t/sf/L aLp k|zf]wg, c3f{vf+rLdf dx, cf]vn9ª\ufdf lr/fOtf] k|zf]wg, af/fdf 8]/L, /f}tx6df df5f tyf df5fsf] bfgf, /;'jfdf /]Gjf] 6«fp6 df5fsf] bfgf k|zf]wg, emfkf ;'kf/L k|zf]wg, g'jfsf]6 /]Gjf] 6«fp6 df5f bfgf, s}nfnL vfBGg k|zf]wg, :ofªhf -jflnª_ cb'jf k|zf]wg pBf]ux? :yfkgfsf nflu vr{ ul/Psf] / pBf]usf] ejg ;DkGg eO{ d]lzg h8fg ug]{ sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 .

lDes sfo{ cufl8 a9L /x]sf] 5 . cfufdL cf=j= df ejg tyf d]lzg vl/b ug]{ nIosf ;fy sfo{ cufl8 a9L/x]sf] 5 .

hfh/sf]6, ;Nof+g, b}nv ] , sflnsf]6, h'Dnf / c5fddf of] cfof]hgf xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷&# df ljleGg gu/ ÷lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] cfltYotfdf lhNnfx?df ;+rfngdf /x]sf] Ps ufp“ Ps pTkfbg tyf Ps lhNnf Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmdsf] ;ldIff tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd qmdzM d]rLsf] eb|k/' df, sf]zLsf] O{6xl/df, ;u/dfyfsf] ;Nn]/L, ;f]nv ' D' a'df, hgsk'/sf] hgsk'/df, gf/fo0fLsf] lrtjgdf, afudtLsf] w'lnv]ndf, u08sLsf] bdf}nLdf, wf}nflu/Lsf] afUn'ªdf, ;]tL / dxfsfnLsf] s+rgk'/ dx]Gb|gu/df, n'lDagLsf] u'NdL /];ª ' df, e]/L / /fKtLsf] g]kfnuGhdf / s0ff{nLsf] d'us ' f] /f/fdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

dWoklZdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfx?sf] ul/jL lgjf/0f, hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug'{ o; cfof]hgfsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf ul/j hgtf, ljz]if ul/ dlxnf tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'xx?nfO{ pRr d'No s[lif j:t' / u}/sfi7 jg k}bjf/ tyf h8Lj'6L hGo j:t'x?sf] -d'No >[ªvnf;lxt_ ahf/ kx'r“ k'¥ofP/ a9L cfDbfgL tyf /f]huf/L cj;/ a9fpg'sf] ;fy} ahf/sf] dfu / cj;/ cg';f/ gLlh s[lif Joj;foLx?;+u ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df Joj;fo rnfpg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug'{ cfof]hgfsf] d'n p2]Zo /x]sf 5 .

@= pRr d'No s[lif j:t' ljsf; cfof]hgf #= pRr kxf8 s[lif Joj;fo tyf -HVAP_ s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu cGt/fli6«o lhljsf] kfh{g ;'wf/-HIMALI_ cfof]hgfM

sf]if cyf{t

International Fund For Agriculture Development (IFAD) sf]

C0f tyf cg'bfg ;xof]udf ;+rfng ePsf] cfof] hgf xf] . % h'nfO{ @)!) df g]kfn ;/sf/ / cfOkmf8 jLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf eO{ ;+rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . cfly{s aif{ @)^&÷^* af6 ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . ^ aif{ ;Dd sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf /xg] 5 . s[lif ljsf; dGqfno of] cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s ;+:yf xf] . lgb/Nof08; ljsf; lgof]u-SNV Nepal_ / g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3÷s[lif pBd s]Gb|-FNCCI AEC_ of] cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g . l5Gr'–hfh/sf]6, ;'vt{] –b}nv ] ,/ ;'vt{] –h'Dnf -s0ff{nL nf]sdfu{_ ;8s–v08 cf;kf;sf & lhNnfx? qmdzM ;'vt{] ,

g]kfnsf pRr kxf8L lhNnfx?df afnL, kz'kfng / hl8a'6L pTkfbgsf] k|r/' ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ dWogh/ / flv ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / cnu xfjfkfgLn] ubf{ oL lhNnfx?df x'g ;Sg] ljz]if pTkfbgx? + nf -Value -Niche Proudcts_ sf] d'No–>[v Chain_ ljsf; ul/ :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] cfo:t/df j[l4 ug]{ / lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon] pRr kxf8 s[lif Joj;fo tyf hLljsf] kfh{g ;'wf/ cfof]hgf -lxdfnL_ ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}ssf] cfly{s cg'bfgdf ;+rflnt of] cfof]hgf g] kfn ;/sf/ tyf a}s + aLr @& h'g, @)!! -@)^* c;f/ !#_ df ;Demf}tf eO{ ! cS6'j/ @)!! b]lv #! cS6'j/ @)!& ;Dd ;+rfngdf /xg] 5 .

cfly{s aif{ @)&#÷&$ df ;+vj' f;efdf cn}rL g;{/L, ;f]nv ' D' a'df cn}rL g;{/L, alb{of -u'nl/of_ df5f tyf df5fbfgf, bf]nvfdf s[lif ko{6g, /Tggu/ -lrtjg_ df5f tyf df5fbfgf, dsjfgk'/df cb'jf k|zf]wg, gjnk/f;Ldf s[lif ko{6g, nDh'ªdf s[lif ko{6g, bfªdf dx k|zf]wg, vf]6fªdf cb'jf k|zf]wg, ;'g;/L -O{6x/L_ df df5f tyf df5f bfgf / ?kGb]xL -a'6an_ df vfBGg k|zf] wg pBf]usf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ?= ^ s/f]8 $) nfv ah]6 l:js[lt eO{ Joj;foLs of]hgfsf] cfwf/df k|:tfljt lhNnfx?df k|f/ 195

pRr kxf8L lhNnfsf] afl;Gbfx?sf] cfo j[l4 ug]{ / hLljsf]kfh{gdf lbuf] ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;+vj' f;ef, ;f]nv ' D' a', bf]nvf, /;'jf, dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf,d'u,' h'Dnf / x'Dnf ul/ !) lhNnfx?df cfof]hgf nfu"" eO/x]sf] 5 .

;dfKtL ;Dddf !& xhf/ *)) ;o 3/w'/L s[ifsx? k|ToIf ?kdf nfeflGjt x'g] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . & xhf/ %)) x]S6/ hdLgdf t/sf/L, kmnkm"n,d;nf, nufotsf pRr d'No s[lif j:t'af6 sl/j ! s/f]8 #% nfv ?k}of“ cfDbfgL ug]{ nIo ;d]t cfof]hgfn] lnPsf] 5 .

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3÷s[lif pBd s]Gb|n] afwf tyf c;'ljwfx? x6fO{ s[lif pTkfbg, Jofkf/ tyf ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu jftfj/0f >[hgf ug{ tyf sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg sfof{no -Project Management Office (PMO_ sf] s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g ug{ rflng] $= ;fgf tyf demf}nf s[ifs cfo:t/ j[l4 k|of;x?nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;fem]bf/x?;+u -Raising Income of Small and Medium %= ls;fgsf] nflu pGgt aLp÷ljhg sfo{qmd ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{ ub{5 . pBdzLntfsf] :t/Lotf tyf Joj;foLs cj;/x?sf] -KUBK_ cGt/fli6«o sf] if International Farmers Project (RISMFP_ kl/of]hgfM klxrfgsf nflu s]Gb|n] kl/of]hgf ;fem]bf/;+u Fund For Agriculture Development ;fgf tyf demf}nf s[ifs cfo:t/ j[l4 lgs6df /x]/ sfd ub{5 . klxrfg ul/Psf (IFAD) n] klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf u'NdL cfof]hgf -RISMFP_ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}saf6 pkef]Qmfx? -Beneficiaries_ nfO{ nufgL tyf c3f{ v f+ r L / dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt cg'bfg /sdaf6 If] q sf ?s' d , /f] N kf, tyf Ko' 7 fg lhNnfx?df 4f/sf] pkof]u u/L ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf cfof]hgf ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . !$ h'g @)!! æls;fgsf] nflu pGgt aLpm÷lahg sfo{ q mdÆ nflu s] Gb|n] ;Nof+g, Ko'7fg, /f]Nkf, ?s'd, b]lv #) h'g @)!* ;Dd ;+rfng /xg] c3f{ v f+ r L / u'NdL ^ j6f lhNnfx?df KUBK ISFP_ nfu' ug{ l8;]Da/ @, @)!@ cfof]hgf g]kfnsf] dWo / ;'b/' klZrdf~rn gu/÷lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? dfkm{t df g] k fn ;/sf/;+ u ;Demf} t f eO cfof] h gf ljsf; If]qsf !) lhNnfx? af+s,] alb{of, ;' l jwf pknJw ul//x]sf 5g . s]Gb|n] :yfgLo ;+ r fngdf /x] s f] 5 . ;fem] b f/Lsf] d' V o bfª, ;'vt{] , b}nv ] , s}nfnL, 88]Nw'/f, 8f]6L, pBdzLntf tyf ;+:yfut ljsf; k|j4{g p2] Z o Joj;fo ;+ r fng ug] { jftfj/0fsf] a}t8L / bfr'n{ fdf cfof]hgf nfu' eO/x]sf] ug{ s f nflu pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+3x?af6 lj:tf/ tyf a[ l 4 dfkm{ t g] k fn pBf] u jfl0fHo 5. dxf;+3÷s[lif pBd s]Gb|n] s[lif If]qdf xfl;n Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jf tyf ahf/ ljsf; ;]jf k|bfg ug's { f ;fy} /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf lhNnf u/]sf] Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jf -Business cfof]hgfsf] d'Vo sfo{sf/L lgsfosf] ?kdf txdf s[ l if Joj;fo a[l4 u/L Jojl:yt ug]{ Development Service (BDS) sf] g]kfn ;/sf/ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno /x]sf] 5 sfo{ ;d] t ul//x]sf 5g\ . s]Gb|n] ls;fgx?sf] IfdtfnfO{ lhNnf :t/sf ;+ : yfx?df k' ¥ ofpg' eg] s[lif ljefu, g]kfn /fi6« a+s } / g]kfn s[ l if tyf kz' hGo pTkfbgsf nflu Joj;fosf] xf] . pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3÷s[lif pBd s]Gb| kmjf{ 8 tyf Jofsjf8{ ;DaGw /fVg ;xof]u sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf k' o fpgsf ;fy} k' g M vl/b ;Demf}tf -Buy ;+ : yfut ljsf; lqmofsnfkx?n] :yfgLo 5g\ . tyf lhNnf:t/sf ;+:yfx?nfO{ Joj;fosf] back) k|jGwsf] Joj:yf ug]{ Ps sfof{Gjog Jofsjf8{ tyf kmjf{8 ;DaGw -Backward Ph]G;Lsf] ?kdf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] cfof]hgfn] pRr d'Nosf s[lif j:t' pTkfbg 5. and Forward Linkages_ :yfkgf ug{ tyf d'No >[ªv | nf ljsf;df s[ifs / s[lif an k' ¥ ofpg] 5 . Joj;fo ljsf; ;] j f / pBdLnfO{ ;xof]u ub} s/f/–v]tLsf] ;+:yfut ^= g]kfn Plss[t Jofkf/ /0fgLlt sfo{qmd s[lif ahf/ ;'rgf ;]jf -AMIS_ n] ;fgf ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] 5 . cfof]hgfn] ls;fgx?sf] hLljsfdf a9f]Q/L Nofpgsf -Nepal Trade Integration Strategy nlªs ;r]tgfsf] ljsf; / hnjfo' ;fy} :yfgLo pBdzLntf ljsf; tyf ahf/ ] fndf cfoft k|lt:yfkg u/L (NTIS_ g]k kl/j{tgsf nflu ;dfof]hgfsf ljsNk / k| T ofe" l t ug] { /fli6« o kxnnfO{ o; sfo{ q mdn] lgof{ t k| j 4{ g ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/ /0fgLlt k|of]udf Nofpg] 5 . cfof]hgfsf] 7f]; ?k lbg]5 . jfl0fHo dGqfno cGt{ut Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb| -Trade and Export Promotional Center (TEPC_ / g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3÷s[lif pBd s]Gb|n] nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf cjwf/0ffdf ljleGg lhNnfx?df ljutdf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] xfn ljleGg ;DefJotf ePsf] lhNnfx?df sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn Plss[t Jofkf/ /0fgLlt sfo{qmd (Nepal Trade Integration Strategy(NTIS)

ljleGg gu/÷lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 dfkm{t u'0f:tl/o cb'jf ljt/0f, ;'/lIft e08f/0f / cn+r} Lsf] cfw'lgs e§L lgdf{0f sfo{x? gu/÷lhNnf pjf;+3n] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L, kf/lb{z / kl/0ffdd'vL b]lvPsf] n] g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo dGqfno cGt{ut Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb|;u+ ;xsfo{ ul/ eljiodf cGo lhNnfx?df ;d]t sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ug]{ s]Gb|sf] efjL of]hgf /x]sf] 5 .

196

kl/R5]b–r ;~rf/sdL{sf] cf“vfdfM dxf;+3

197

198

;d[4 g]kfnsf] nflu ;lqmo lghLIf]qsf] cfjZostfM Oltxf; / jt{dfg s'a/] rfln;], jl/i7 ;+rf/sdL{

rfn' !$cf}+ cfjlws of]hgfn] nufgL cfjZostfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lghL If]qnfO{ 7"nf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . o; of]hgf cjlwdf cfjZos 7flgPsf] @$ va{ @% ca{ ?k}o+ f“ s'n nufgL dWo] sl/a %% k|ltzt nufgL lghL If]qaf6 cfzf ul/Psf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] hgfPsf] 5 . cyf{t, g]kfnsf] ljsf;df ca lghL If]qsf] nufgLsf] lx:;f cfwfeGbf al9 rflxg] s'/f aNn ;/sf/n] dx;'; u/]sf] 5 .

To;afx]s efif0fdf hlt;'s} pbf/jfbL jf lghLIf]qk|l] d b]lvg] r]i6f u/]klg ax'dt /fhgLlts bnsf] nflu lghLIf]q ls t pgLx?sf cj}w sdfO{ Aoj:yfkg ug]{ dfWod x'g\ ls t cfkmgf sfo{stf{ kfNg] dfWod dfq x'g\ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

/fhe08f/L, uf]kfndfg >]i7, s'df/dl0f bLlIft, u]xG] b|bj] kf7s tyf sdndl0f bLlIfth:tf s]lx pT;flx tyf b'/b[li6 ePsf ;r]t pBf]uL Aofkf/Ln] g]kfndf pBf]u jfl0fHosf] k|j4{g ug{ b]vs ] f] ;kgfsf] k|f?k b]lvg klg @)$^ ;fn;Dd s'g{' k¥of] .

g]kfnsf pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf ;+nUg pBdL tyf Jofkf/Lx¿sf] k]zfut xslxt ;+/If0f Pj+ pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ;+ul7t ePsf] %) cf}+ jif{df klg /fhgLlts bnn] cem} lghL If]qsf] ;fGble{stf tyf dxTj a'em]sf 5}gg\ eg] lj=;+ @)@@ ;fndf cj:yf s:tf] lyof] xf]nf ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljut %) jif{df g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] s]lGb|o sfof{no 6]sg" lhs}af6 jfUdltdf w]/} kfgL alu;s]sf] 5 .t/, @)@@ ;fn k'; !! b]lv !$ ut];Dd sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]lht Pjd\ tTsflng /fhf dx]Gb|af6 pb\3fl6t k|yd jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] ;+3Lo ;+:yfsf ¿kdf lj ;+ @)@@ ;fn k'; !$ ut] :yfkgf x'b“ f o;sf] hDdf @$ j6f dfq ;b:o lyP . cfh b]zel/ cfk\mgf] zfvf;+hfn lj:tf/ u/]/ ;/sf/kl5sf] bf];f| ] 7"nf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf ePsf] dxf;+3sf] nflu cfk\mgf] :yfkgfsf] :j0f{ hoGtL dgfO/x“bf klg cem} ;/sf/ tyf /fhgLlts bn;+u cf:j:t x'g;Sg] jftfj/0f alg;s]sf] 5}g .

x'g t g]kfndf lghL If]q ljsf;sf nflu l56km'6 k|of; t];f| ] k~rjifL{o of]hgfb]lv g} gePsf] xf]Og . t/ k~rfotsf] s]lGb|st[ tyf lgb]l{ zt zf;g Joj:yfdf lghLIf]q Tolt pT;fxL?kdf cufl8 a9\g] jftfj/0f eg] lyPg . t/, k+rfotL Aoj:yfsf] clGtdlt/ cfOk/]sf] ;+s6sf sf/0f tTsflng ;/sf/n] lj:tf/} cy{tGqnfO{ lgolGqt?kdf pbf/:j?k lbg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/n] t g]kfnL cy{tGqnfO{ pbf/:j?k lbg cu|ufdL sbdx? g} cl3 ;f¥of] . h;sf sf/0f pbf/jfbL cy{tGq c+ufNb} ;/sf/sf] dfq e"ldsf ge} ljsf;df ax'kfq k|0ffnLsf] /0fgLlt g]kfnn] ckgfof] . To;kl5dfq} lghL If]qn] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ tyf cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg ug]{ k|tIo cj;/ kfPsf] xf] .

5.2 4.1

4.2

3.1 1.9

1965- 74

1975-84

1985 -941

t/, g]kfndf ;/sf/ tyf tTsflng /fhsLo / sfo{sf/L g]tT[ jnfO{ lghLIf]qsf] cfjZostf tyf ckl/xfo{tf a'em\g eg] l;+u} Ps ztfAbL g} nfUof] . cem} klg ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf] a'emfO{df lghLIf]q eg]sf] cfkmgf] bnsf] clwj]zg, r'gfj jf bnsf cGo sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfjZos k};f h'6fOlbg] dfWoddfq} xf] .

995-2004

2005- 14

tTsflng cj:yfdf g]kfndf pBf]uwGbf ;'? ug'{ tyf lj:tf/ ug'{ eg]sf] zf;g ;Qf;+u glhs /x]sf tyf s]lx k/Dk/fut Aofkf/L 3/fgf afx]ssf nflu ;+ej lyPg . zf;sLodfq geP/ cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts?kdf g} /fHodf lgoGq0fd'lv Aoj:yf /x]sf] tTsflng cj:yfdf nf]sgfy hf]zL, h'4 axfb'/ >]i7, OGb|eQm >]i7, /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn', uf]kfn

o;} kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f cf7f}+ of]hgfn] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf vf; If]qdf dfq l;ldt u/L lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] ;Lk, Ifdtf / ;+efjgfnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ ljleGg sfo{qmd cl3 ;f¥of] . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] sf/0f ;/sf/ vf; If]qdf dfq s]lGb|t /xg], ;/sf/sf] cfsf/eGbf e"ldsf k|efjsf/L kfg]{ / cy{tGqdf If]qut?kdf Ifdtfcg'?ksf] e"ldsf lbg] lng] jftfj/0f tof/ eof] . o; of]hgfn] cy{tGqnfO{ rnfodfg agfpg lghLIf]qnfO{ g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf k|bfg ug]t{ km{ hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . h;sf nfuL ;/sf/n] lghLIf]qn] nufgLsf nflu cj/f]w 7fg]sf sltko sfg'g, k|lqmof / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf pgLx?sf] efjgfcg'?k kl/jt{g Pjd\ kl/dfh{g klg u¥of] . lghLIf]q k|j4{gsf nflu afws 7flgPsf gLlt tyf sfg'g ;'wf/ u/L ;/n / nufgL d}qL agfOof] . tTsflng cfly{s ;'wf/sf] sf/0f tyf To;af6 xf}l;Psf] lghLIf]qsf] ;lqmotfs} sf/0f g]kfnn] pQm bzsdf cf}ifb\df %=@ k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . pbf/Ls/0fs} qmddf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf lghL If]qsf] k|j4{s Pjd\ pTk|/] ssf ?kdfdfq ;Lldt ul/Psf] tyf cy{tGqdf ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtfsf] xb 36fOPsf] sf/0f klg lj ;+ @)$! b]lv @)%) ;Ddsf] Ps bzssf] cf}ifb\ cfly{s a[l4b/ xfn;Dds} pRr cyf{t %=@ k|ltzt ePsf] xf] . lghLIf]qaf6 x'g] nufgLdf s/ tyf e+;f/ ;x'l' not k|bfg ul/Psf] sf/0f klg lghLIf]q pT;flxt eP/ wdfwd pBf]u vf]Ng 199

yfn] . pBf]u ljefusf] tYof+s cg';f/ @)$^–$& ;fn;Dd g]kfndf $* pBf]udfq btf{ /x]sf]df To;sf] ;+Vof @% jif{df sl/a !#^ u'0ff al9 cyf{t @)&@, &# ;Dddf ^,%@$ pBf]u btf{ ePsf 5g\ . ;fy}, @)$^–$& ;fn;Dd g]kfndf /x]sf] $* pBf]un] !),$#@ /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/]sf]df xfn ^,%@$ pBf]un] To;sf] %) u'gf al9 cyf{t %@!*!# /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ . o;cjlwdf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg klg lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof] . ljz]iftM ;]jf Joj;fon] pBf]usf] ?k lnP/ xfn ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg s'n cy{tGqdf cfwfeGbf al9 /x]sf] 5 . oL pknlAwsf sf/0f s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf u}/s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg pNn]Vo ?kdf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . t/, @)%@ ;fndf ;'? ePsf] dfcf]jfbL åGbn] g]kfndf /fhgLlts cl:y/t lgDTofof] . o;n] lghLIf]qnfO{ lg?T;flxtdfq u/]g g]kfnsf o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ 7'nf] ;+Vofdf a}bl] ;s /f]huf/L tkm{ ws]Nof] . ;DklQ tyf cfly{s lqmofsnfk sf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t eP . g]kfnsf] cj:yf sl/a sl/a g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] :yfkgfsfns} ;]/f]km]/f]lt/ em}+ aGof] . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] :yfkgfsfnsf] ;]/f]km]/f] cyf{t @)@! ;fnb]lv @)#) sf] Ps bzsdf g]kfnsf] cf}ifb\ cfly{s a[l4b/ !=( k|ltzt lyof] eg] cfly{s v'nfkg cufl8sf] @)#! b]lv @)$) ;fn;Ddsf] Ps bzsdf cf}ift cfly{s a[l4b/ #=! k|ltztdfq /x]sf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] tYof+sn] b]vfp“5 . 4G4n] l:ylt s:tf];Dd eof] eg] lj:tf/} ;an x'b} uPsf] lghLIf]qsf] pkl:ytL g} ;+s6df kg]{ xf] ls eg]em}+ eof] . k+rfotsfnsf] nfdf] ;do g]kfndf /fhgLlts:yfloTj lyof] . pBf]u snsf/vfgf klg v'ns ] f lyP . k|yd of]hgfn] pBf]ux¿sf] b'¿xcj:yf, lgof{tof]Uo j:t'sf] cefj, ltAat;“usf] Jofkf/ vl:sP/ ef/t;“usf] cTolws lge{/tf pNn]v ub}{ Jofkf/ ljljlws/0f ug{ ef/ttkm{sf !& j6f gfsf / ltAatlt/sf b'Oj{ 6f gfsfsf] k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ ug]s { fo{qmd k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . t/, ;/sf/n] pBf]u rnfp“bf lghLIf]qsf] h:tf] k|lt:klw{ gx'g] / s'zn tyf r':t Joj:yfkg gx'g] ePsf]n] oL ;+:yfx? cfkm} r/d 3f6fdf rln/x]sf lyP . ;/sf/n] cfkm} k~rfotsfnd} bf];f| ] / t];f| ] of]hgf cjlwdf klg ¿; / rLg ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf, cfk\mg} g]tT[ j / :jfldTjdf lrgL, r'/f]6, 5fnf h'Qf, OF6f, l;d]G6, s[lif cf}hf/ sf/vfgf klg vf]ns ] f] xf] . bf];f| ] of]hgfb]lv g} cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿ lgdf{0f ePsf x'g\ . o;}qmddf lghL If]qn] klg ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]ux¿ vf]Ng yfn]sf x'g\ . t/, k"jf{wf/sf] sdL, ;;fgf pBf]u vf]Ng klg cg'dlt lng'kg],{ jf:tljs pBdLnfO{ ;xh ?kdf shf{ k|fKt x'g g;Sg' / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|ltikwL{ x'g cfjZos k|ljlwdfly ;xh kx'r“ gx'gfsf] sf/0fn] @)$^ ;fn;Dd pBf]usf] j[l4 b/ ;':t lyof] . To;dfly @)#) ;fndf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg !* k|ltztn] 36\of] . 200

@)$@ ;fndf Hofb} Go"g ;/b/ j[l4sf] t'ngfdf @$ k|ltztsf] pRr b/n] a9\of] . h;sf sf/0fn] tTsflng zf;sju{nfO{ cy{tGq s]lx v'sn' f] kfg{ bjfj k¥of] . t}klg ;/sf/n] pBf]u rnfPsf tyf /fhgLlts :yfloTj ePsf] k+rfot sfndf eGbf @)$& ;fnkl5 tLg jif{df &! k|ltztn] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg a9]sf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 @)%(, @)^% / @)^^ df ;fdfGo

sfnv08df eg] pbf/Ls/0f g} v/fa lyof] / xfnsf ahf/sf ljs[lt ;a} g} pbf/Ls/0fsf sf/0f xf] ls eGg] e|d klg ;h{gf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . lghLIf]qdf 5Bd Joj;foL tyf Aofkf/Lx? k|az ] u/]sf 5g\ h;n] lghLIf]qsf] gfddf ljleGg Joj;flos ultljlw c+ufn]/ lghL If]qnfO{ abgfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .

5.2 4.1

4.2

3.1 1.9

2021 -302

031-40

2041 -50

lu/fj6 eof], t/ ;du|df ;/b/ j[l4 b/ @)$^ ;fn cl3sf] eGbf sd /x]g . o:t}, lghLIf]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf ;]jf If]qsf] jflif{s j[l4b/ @)$^ ;fn kl5 lg/Gt/ sfod /Xof] . @)$^ ;fndf ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg ## k|ltzt / pTkfbgzLn pBf]usf] %=&% k|ltzt lyof] . To;kl5 ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmlds ?kdf a9\b} uP/ @)&! df %! k|ltzt k'us ] f] 5 . lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf pTkfbgzLn pBf]usf] of]ubfg @)%# ;fndf ;a}eGbf pRr laGb' (=^^ k|ltzt k'us ] f] lyof] . t/, @)%@ ;fndf dfcf]jfbL 4G4 ;'? ePkl5 @)%# ;fnaf6 cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg lj:tf/} cf]/fn] nfUg] qmd ;'? eof] . o;/L qmlsd?kdf cf]/fnf] nfUg] qmdddf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg xfn cy{tGqdf ^ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldfq /x]sf] 5 . Ps bzssf] 4G4sf sf/0f pBf]u Aoj;fodf aGb cj/f]w l;h{gf u/]/ cf}Bf]lusLs/0f tkm{ al9/x]sf] g]kfnnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] pgLx?s} efiffdf elgg] bnfn k'l“ hjfb ljsf; ug]{ af6f] lt/ ws]Nof] . dfcf]jfbLåf/f l;lh{t >d ;d:of tyf cfk"lt{hGo cj/f]w tyf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, r/d nf]8;]l8ªsf afjh"b klg ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf lghLIf]qsf] ;xeflutfsf sf/0f pBf]usf] lx:;f @)$^ ;fn cl3sf] s'g} klg jif{eGbf xfn sd 5}g . @)$^ ;fnkl5sf] cfly{s ;'wf/n] r/d 4G4af6 u'lh|Psf] g]kfnsf] cy{tGq xfn;Dd t}l/g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lusLs/0f tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nfuL /fhgLlts l:y/tfn] dfq cfly{s k|ult gx'g] /x]5 eGg] pbfx/0f @)@@ ;fnb]lv @)$% ;fn;Dd ef]lu;s]sf] g]kfnsf] lghL If]qn] o;} sfnv08df lj:tf/} /fhgLlts l:y/tf afx]s gLltut l:y/tf klg rflxg] a'emg\ yfNof] . t/, k|hftGqsf] k'ga{xfnLkZrft\ d'ns ' n] clVtof/ u/]sf] pbf/ cy{gLltaf6 cy{tGqdf w]/} ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd xft nfu]klg kl5Nnf

2051- 60

2061 -70

cfly{s?kdf v'nf jftfj/0fsf sf/0f :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLstf{x? cfslif{t eP t/ alnof] lgofds lgsfosf] cefjdf nufgLstf{;u+ } tTsfn kmfObf lng] hdft klg lghLIf]qsf] gfddf lelqPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu lghLIf]q Psh'6 eP/ k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0f agfpg tyf z'l4s/0f ug{ cfjZos e} ;s]sf]5 . /fhg}lts cl:y/tf, bzs nfdf] åGå / :jod\ lghLIf]qsf] ;+:yfut ;+:s[lt alnof] ge};s]sf]n] ] l;lG8s]6 ug],{ sf6]l{ nª ug]{ tyf v'nf ahf/ tyf gLlhIf]qsf] gfddf u}/ k|lt:kwL{ tyf cAoj;flos sfd ug]x{ ?sf] hdftsf] af]nafnf a9\b} uP sfnfGt/df lghLIf]q abgfd x'g] / pbf/ cy{tGqsf lj/f]wLx? ;an eP/ lgolGqt cy{Joj:yflt/ g} nfUg] xf] ls eGg] klg s]xL z+sf a9\g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . lghLIf]qn] cfkm}leq cfP/ ahf/sf] lgod gdfGg] u}/ Joj;flos ultljlw u/L cfk\mg} If]qnfO{ abgfd ug]{ 7'nf] hdftnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ g;Sbf ;du| lghLIf]qs} dfq abgfd ePg gful/ssf] lbdfudf ;d]t lghLIf]qsf] unt tl:j/ agfpg d2t u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] lghL If]qn] pbf/Ls/0fn] b]zdf NofPsf] kl/jt{g tyf ePsf ljsf;qmdnfO{ k|rfl/t ub}{ cfkm"klg ;an aGb} hfg'kg]{ l:ytL l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . pbf/Ls/0fs} sf/0f g]kfndf a+l} sª, ;~rf/ / ;"rgf k|ljlw, lzIff, :j:Yo nufotsf If]qdf lghL If]qsf] bl/nf] pkl:ylt /x]sf]dfq xf]Og gful/sn] ;xh tyf k|lt:kwL{ d'Nodf ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . @)$^ ;fncl3 Psdfq ;/sf/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg xfn lghLIf]qsf] cfudgkl5 k|lt:kwL{ sDkgL ag]sf] 5 . PsnfOg kmf]g lngsf nflu *–!) jif{ k|tLIff ;"rLdf /xg afWo /x]sf g]kfnL clxn] lghLIf]qsf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosx? Pg;]n, :kfO; g]kfn, o'l6Pn,

:of6nfO{6 6]lnkmf]g nufotsf ^ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfosx?dfkm{t k|lt:kwf{Tds?kdf ;]jf k|jfx ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;+rf/ If]qdf klg ljleGg lghLIf]qsf kqklqsf, cgnfOg, 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], PkmPd nufotsf ljB'tLo k|;f/0f dfWodn] ;fdflhs ;~hfnLs/0fdfkm{t dfgj ljsf; / ;fdflhs k'h “ L lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] oLgn] r]tgf lj:tf/dfkm{t pQ/bfoL tyf kl/0ffdd'lv gful/s zf;g tyf ;'zf;gsf] nflu of]ubfg klg k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . To:t}, lghLIf]qsf] alnof] pkl:ylt /x]sf] csf]{ If]q a}lsª If]qn] gful/snfO{ ljQLo kx'r“ tyf pBdzLntf k|a4{g ug{ 7'nf] d4t ul//x]sf] 5 . p4dzLntf k|jw{g ug{ ljQ ahf/sf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 . hlt;'s} 1fg / v'aL ePklg Joj;fo ug{ k'h “ L pknAw x'g ;s]g eg] To:tf] v'aLsf] Jofj;flos pkof]u x'g ;Sb}g . @)$^ ;fn cl3sf] t'ngfdf a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 dfq xf]Og u|fdL0f

g;Sg'df k|dv ' tM /fhg}lts cl:y/tf, >dsf] ult/f]w Pjd\ ljB't\ ;+s6 /x]sf] bfaL u/]tfklg gLltut cl:y/tf tyf ;/sf/sf] b]zsf pBf]unfO{ k|a4{g ug{eGbf cfoftdf al9 g} pbf/ gLltsf sf/0f klg lghL If]q xfnsf lbgdf cf}Bf]luseGbf Aofkfl/s ultljwL al9 /dfO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/ tyf /fhgLlts bnsf] bf]if t 5b} 5, t/ cy{tGqdf b]vfk/]sf] cfoftd'vL rl/qsf] ljsf;df Pp6f d'Vo lx:;]bf/L tyf bf]if lghL If]qnfO{ klg hfG5 . lghLIf]qsf] ;lqmof ;xeflutfsf] sf/0f @)$& ;fnb]lv @)%* ;fn;Dd d'ns ' sf] ljb]zL d'bf| sf] k|dv ' ;|ft] lgof{t lyof] . To;kl5sf] 7"nf] ;|ft] sf ?kdf ko{6g cfDbfgL x'g k'us ] f] lyof] . t/, @)%( ;fnb]lv eg] ljk|i] f0faf6 k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgL bf];f| ] 7'nf] ;|ft] aGg k'us ] f] 5 . ;dli6ut ?kdf x]bf{ lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfsf] sf/0f cy{tGqdf qmlds ?kdf ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g klg x'b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . @)$^ ;fnkl5sf jif{df ;]jf If]q /f]huf/L l;h{gf / pTkfbg j[l4sf] ;+afxs lyof] . t/, g]kfnsf]

To;}n] klg cfkm'leq /x]sf] cj;/jfbL lrGtg af]ss ] fx?nfO{ lghLIf]qn] klxrfg ul/ cfkm'nfO{ z'l4s/0f u/]/ cy{tGqdf cfkmgf] e"ldsf a9fpg] / cy{tGqsf] ldof]sf] ?kdf pEofpg] k|oTg ug{ cem} cfjZos 5 . ;+;f/df lghL If]qsf] ljsf; dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;qmd;+u} ePsf] xf] . t/ g]kfnsf] xsdf lghL If]qsf] ;fGble{stfnfO{ ;w} uf}0f ?kdf x]l/of] . g]kfnsf] x/]s /fhgLlts kl/jt{gdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;fIfLdfq /flvg] k/Dk/fn] klg lghL If]qsf] cfkmgf] ;zQm e'ldsf gePsf] xf] ls eGg] klg Psyl/ ljåfgsf] ts{ 5 . o:t}, @! va{ s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbg -hL8LkL_sf] cfsf/ ePsf] g]kfndf ;/sf/n] Aojl:yt?kdf cfo Aoosf] lx;fa lstfa cyf{t ah]6 k|:t't x'g yfn]sf] ^% jif{df xfn rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 &) cf}+ ah]6 xf] . ah]6 klg cfly{s P]g g} ePsf]n] To;n] s;/L b]zsf] cy{tGq rnfodfg agfpg d2t ub{5, Tof] lghLIf]qsf] rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] .

700 606 600 500

373

400

213

100

135

410 371

301

300 200

466

446

436

242

147

227 159 112

110

145

139

109

258

242

279

177

146 107

120

If]qdf n3'–ljQsf] pkl:ylt klg a9]sf] 5 . t/ cem} klg Psbd} k5f8L k/]sf] / cfk\mgf] s'g} ;DklQ gePsf] ju{nfO{ ljQLo kx'r“ ;xh 5}g . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f tyf cfly{s :jtGqtfsf] d'ndd{ eg]sf] sf7df8f}s + f] o'jfn] em}+ ;Kt/Lsf] Ps o'jfn] klg cfk\mgf] p4dzLntf k|jw{g ug{ ljQ ahf/sf] ;xh kx“r' kfpg' kb{5 . o:t}, kl5Nnf ;dodf cy{tGqdf of]ubfg lbg] csf]{ If]q xjfO{ oftfoft klg xf] . d'ns ' n] lnPsf] v'nf cfsfz gLltsf sf/0f xfn bh{gf} lghLIf]qsf ljdfg ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx? k|lt:kwf{Tds?kdf :t/Lo ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . lghL If]qn] ;/sf/L If]qn] eGbf t'ngfTds ?kdf k'h “ Lsf] lskmfotL kl/rfng tyf :km't{ tyf s'zn Aoj:yfkg ug]{ x'gfn] b]zsf] ;du| ;fdflhs, cfly{s ljsf;df lghL If]qn] lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfwf/ to ub{5 . t/, lghL If]qn] cfly{s ljsf;df cem} cfkmgf] e"ldsf a9fpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . lghLIf]qn] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg / k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf nufgL a9fpg

%( jif]{ of]hgfa4 cfly{s ljsf;sf] Oltxf;df lghLIf]qsf] ;an pkl:ytL sl/a sl/a @% jif{sf] dfq} 5 . To;}n] klg g]kfn cem} clt sd ljsl;t b]zsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/Lsf] cefjdf ul/aL / a]/f]huf/Ln] clwsf+z g]kfnL cem} klg a}bl] ;s /f]huf/Ldf hfg afWo 5g\ . k|To]s bzsdf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g / ?kfGt/0f ePh:t} cfly{s ?kfGt/0f eO{ cfly{s ultljlw a9\g g;s]sf]n] nufgL a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . of]hgf cfof]usf cg';f/ xfn hnljB't\ pTkfbg * ;o !* d]ufjf6, k|;f/0f nfO{g @ xhf/ ^ ;o $) lsdL, l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf k'us ] f] !# nfv ^* xhf/ ^ ;o !& x]S6/, sfnf]kq ;8s !! xhf/ ( ;o #) lsdL, u|fe]n ;8s !! xhf/ % ;o *% lsdL, kSsLk'n Psxhf/ *@) / cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn Pp6fdfq /x]sf] 5 . o:t}, g]kfnsf] jflif{s k"jf{wf/ vr{ s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] sl/a rf/ k|ltztdfq /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf x]bf{ kof{Kt dfqfdf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug{ lghLIf]q;“u xft]dfnf] ug's { f] ljsNk ;/sf/;“u 5}g .

lj=;+= @))* ;fndf tTsfnLg cy{dGqL ;"j0f{ ;Dz]/n] ;+;b;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] % s/f]8 @% nfv @( xhf/ ?k}of“ ah]6df k|If]lkt /fh:j # s/f]8 ^ nfv !( xhf/ ?k}ofdfq /flvPsf] lyof] . t/ rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6n] % va{ @% ca{ ?k}of“eGbf a9L /fh:jsf] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . h'g lghLIf]qsf] ;lqmo of]ubfg lagf ;+ej 5}g . cy{tGqdf % va{eGbf al9sf] /fh:jsf] of]ubfg ug]{ lghLIf]qn] /fh:j 5'6 h:tf ;;fgf s'/fdf clNemg'eGbf cfk\mgf] nufgLsf] sfg"gL tyf /fhgLlts ;'/Iff tyf pBf]u Aoj;fo lj:tf/ ug{ ;xhx'g] gLltut ;'wf/ ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ bjfj lbg' kb{5 . lsgls lghL If]q km:6fof] cfly{s lqmofsnfk a9\of] eg]dfq /fh:j klg a9\5 . /fh:j a9\g' eg]sf] ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs tyf 7'nf k"jf{wf/df cfkm} nufgL ug{ ;Ifd x'g' xf], b]z cfTdlge{/ x'g] af6f]df nfUg' xf] . cfTdlge{/ x'g' eg]sf] g} b]z ;d[l4sf] af6f]df nlDsg' xf] . h'g lghLIf]qsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf ljgf ;+ej 5}g .

201

;fdflhs sfddf klg cu| 0 fL dxf;+ 3 ljk]Gb| sfsL{, sf/f]jf/ b}lgs jfl0fHo dxf;+3 g]kfn /fHosf pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf ;+nUg pBdL tyf Jofkf/Lx¿sf] k]zfut xslxt ;+/If0f Pjd\ pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] :yflkt ;a}eGbf a[xt ;~hfn ePsf] ;+u7g xf] . of] lj=;+= @)@@ ;fn k'; !! b]lv !$ ut];Dd sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]lht Pjd\ tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|af6 ;d'b3\ fl6t …k|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] ;+3Lo ;+:yfsf ¿kdf lj= ;+ @)@@ ;fn k'; !$ ut] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . :yfkgfsfndf o;sf @$ j6f dfq ;b:o lyP . :yfkgfsfndf o;n] g]kfnsf] pBf]u jfl0fHosf] k|j4{g ug{s ' f] ;fy} g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] j}bl] zs Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf klg sfd ug]{ elgPsf] lyof] . o:t}, o;n] cGo d'ns ' sf pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3x¿;“u ;Dks{ u/L sfd ug]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf] lyof] .

sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf ;b:o ;'/h j}Bsf] ;+of]hsTjdf pQm k|of]hgsf nflu ul7t g] pjfdxf;+3–/fxt ;+sng Pj+ ljt/0f ;ldltn] %) nfv a/fa/sf] /fxt ;+sng ug]{ nIo /fv]sf]df nIo k"/f ePsf] Oltxf; 5 . af9Lklx/f] h:tf] k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf kl/ sof+} dflg;sf] d[To' x'gs ' f] ;fy} b'O{ nfv eGbf a9L JolQmx? lj:yflkt ePsf lyP . o:tf] ljklQdfk/]sfx?nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg dxf;+3n] b]vfPsf] k|lta4tf g} ;x|fgLo dflgPsf] lyof] .

k|fs[lts k|sf]k 36]sf] sl/a Ps dlxgf lalt;Sbf klg ;a} Joj:yf ldnfO{ /fxt ljt/0fdf l9nfO{ ePkl5 dxf;+3 :j:k"mt{ ?kdf cl3 a9]sf] lyof] . dxf;+3n] tTsfn} cyf{t ut ;fpgsf] bf]>f] ;ftfb]lv g} af“s] lhNnfaf6 ljt/0f sfo{ k|f/De ul/;s]sf] lghL If]q :jefj}n] gfkmfd"vL x'G5 . Jofkf/ lyof] . dxf;+3sf] /]s8{cg';f/ af“s] / Joj;foaf6 k|fKt gfkmfaf6} hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ s}nfnLdf ;f] ;xof]u g]kfnu~h pBf]u / Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] u/fpg] jfl0fHo ;+3 / s}nfnL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] dxf;+3n] ug]{ ;fdflhs sfd d'ntM b'O{ ePsfn] gfkmfd"vL x'gn' fO{ c:jefljs ?kdf ;dGjo / ;fyL gfds u}x;| /sf/L ;fdflhs k|sf/df s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 . klxnf] af9L lng klg ldNb}g . cfhsf] ;+;f/df gfkmf klx/f], e"sDkh:tf gfsfaGbLsf a]nf dxf;+3 ;+:yf Pj+ o"nG] ; :s"n dfkm{t ljt/0f ul/Psf] laxLg Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] kl/sNkgf klg lyof] . o:t}, af9L kLl8tx?nfO{ tTsfn / o; dftxtsf lhNnf tyf gu/ pBf]u ul/+bg} / ug'{ klg x'Fb}g . csf]t{ km{ Jofkf/ dfgjLo ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] dxf;+3åf/f jfl0fHo ;+3x? / sltko a:t'ut ;+3x?n] Joj;fodf nfu]sf] JolQm cfk\mgf] Jofkf/ cGgk"0{ f kf]i6 / b lxdfnog 6fO{D; /fli6«o of]hgfj4 / :j:km"t{ ?kdf cfly{s ;xof]u k|j4{gsf cltl/Qm ;dfh;]jfdf nfUg] u/]sf] b}lgs;“usf] ;xsfo{ / ;DalGwt lhNnf pBf]u ;+sng ub}{ cfPsf] 5g\ . o;/L cfk\mgf kfOG5 . g]kfndf klg of] k|rngdf 5 . ;b:ox?af6 ;+slnt ;xof]udWo] sltko cfkm}+ jfl0fHo ;+3 tyf :yfgLo c:ktfn, :jf:Yo JolQmut ?kdf Jofkf/ Joj;fo;Fu} ;dfh ;+:yf Pj+ /]8qm;sf] ;xof]udf klxnf] r/0fdf k|sf]k:yn;Dd k'u/] tyf sltko cj:yfdf ;]jfdf nfUg] / ;dfh;]jfnfO{ klg ;+:yfut afFs], k;f{, l;/xfnufotsf lhNnfx?df k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sf]ifdf hDdf ?kd} cl3 a9fpg] qmd ;'? eO;s]sf] 5 . lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo lzlj/ ;+rfng u/]sf] lyof] . ul/Psf pbfx/0fx? kfOG5g\ . o:t}, bf];f| –] lghL If]qsf] 5ftf ;+u7g ePsf] x}l;otn] To;kl5sf lbgdf dxf;+3n] /fxt ;xof]u dxf;+3n] lgoldt tflnsf adf]lhd klg g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] klg o:tf Pj+ ;fdu|L ljt/0fsf nflu kLl8t If]qnfO{ ;fdflhs sfdsf] g]tT[ j a]nfavt ln+b} cfPsf] ;fdflhs sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg bft[ $ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ;DalGwt lhNnfsf lgsfox?;“usf] ;xsfo{df ljkGg tyf kfOG5 . ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ ;Lkd'ns tflnd k|bfg dxf;+3sf ;b:o lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 dxf;+3sf] d"n p2]Zo eg]s} lghL If]qsf] xs ug]{ / o;df :yfgLo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3dfkm{t tyf To; If]qsf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:o ;d]tsf] ;dGjo / lhDd]jf/Ldf ljt/0f clwsf/df k}/jL ug]b{ l] v ;/sf/nfO{ cfly{s ;xhLs/0fsf] sfd dxf;+3s} cu'jfO{df x'b“ } u/]sf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ s}nfnL, alb{of, If]qsf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] g} xf] . cfPsf] kfOG5 . afFs], slknj:t', ?kGb]xL, gjnk/f;L, k;f{, o;y{, dxf;+3 ;fFrf] cy{df /fHosf] cj}tlgs af/f, /f}tx6, ;nf{xL / dxf]Q/Ldf ;+slnt k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf a]nfdf dxf;+3n] cfk\mgf ly+s 6Øf+s g} xf] eGbf km/s kb}g{ . ;b:ox?nfO{ Jofkf/ Joj;foeGbf Ps sbd /fxt ;fdu|L tyf gub /sd ljt/0f ul/Psf] /fHosf ljleGg c+ux?dWo] kfrf}+ cu+sf dfly p7]/ ;dfh;]jfsf] efjgfn] ;lqmo /xg lyof] . ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] lghL If]q / To;sf] klg h;/L clek|l] /t ub}{ cfPsf] 5, lgZro g} of] g]tT[ j ug]{ dxf;+3 ePsfn] o;sf] bfloTj dxf;+3n] af9L klx/f]sf 36gfdf o;/L ;xof]u k|zz + gLo sfo{ xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu @)^^ Jofj;flos If]qdf dfq} ;Lldt 5 eg]/ ;fpgdf d'ns ' sf ljleGg If]qdf uPsf] af9L u/]sf w]/} g} pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . af9Lklx/f] a'lemg' cfkm}d+ f Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . o;y{, eGbf klg 7"nf] ljgf;sf/L 36gf @)&@ klx/f] kLl8tx?sf] /fxt Pj+ p4f/sf ;fdflhs sfd klg dxf;+3sf] Ps clgjfo{ j}zfv !@ sf] e"sDkkl5 klg dxf;+3sf] bfloTjsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . sltko cj:yfdf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;fdflhs sfdsf] rrf{ ul/Pg eg] cGofo dxf;+3n] o;sf] g]tT[ j lnPsf] 5 eg] sltko dxf;+3n] tTsfn} 5'§} /fxt sf]if v8f u/L x'G5 . dxf;+3sf ;b:ox? cyf{t l;+uf] lghL cj:yfdf dxf;+3sf o:tf ultljlwx? 5fof“df ;xof]usf nflu cfXjfg u/]sf] lyof] . If]q g} k|ToIf k|efljt ePsf] / cfk\mgf] h;cg'?k ;xof]u /sd Pj+ /fxt ;fdu|Lx? k/]sf] kfOG5 . Joj;fo dfq ge} ef}lts z/L/ g} hf]ufpg h'6fO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{df dxf;+3 cfkm}+ g} sl7g ePsf a]nf lghL If]qn] 36gf:yndf ;lqmo b]lvPsf] 5 . dxf;+3sf tTsfnLg P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld x]g{] xf] eg] g]kfn pBf]u 202

vl6P/ h] h;/L sfd u/]sf] 5, lgZro g} of] lgs} ;x|fgLo klg 5 . o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;d} dfgjLotfsf] cg'kd pbfx/0fsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;df dxf;+3sf] sfo{sf/L0fL ;ldlt dfq ge} lhNnf tyf gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?n] u/]sf] ;xof]u P]ltxfl;s xf] eGbf klg km/s kb}g{ . dxf;+3n] ;dfh geP Joj;fo sxf“ ug]{ eGg] dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ sf7df8f}s + f] e[s6' Ld08kdf kfn 6f“u/] /fxt ;fdu|L ljt/0f u/]sf] lyof] . dxf;+3sf] sfo{jfxs cWoIfsf] e"ldsfdf /xg'ePsf kz'klt d'/f/sfn] Tolta]nf xfdLn] Joj;fo ug]{ oxL ;dfhdf xf], To;}n] ;dfhnfO{ ljkt\ k/]sf] a]nf ;a}n] ;Sbf] ug]{ xf]elg/x“bf cfd ;j{;fwf/0f ;d]tn] dxf;+3nfO{ wGoafb lbPsf lyP . ;fwf/0f hgtfdfq xf]Og g]kfnL ;dfhsf k9]nv ] s ] f ljåfg ju{n] klg lghL If]qnfO{ gfkmfd'lv dfq} b]Vg] u/]sf a]nf Tof] sfo{ eg] cg'kd g} lyof] . o;n] lghL If]qk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f abNg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] b]lvof] . pgLx¿ ;dfhsf nflu l;Gsf] ef“Rb}gg\ eGg] cf/f]k Tolta]nf d]l6of] eg] ;du|df g]kfnsf] lghL If]q ;dfh tyf b]znfO{ k/]sf] a]nf kl5 x6\g ;Sb}g eGg] :ki6 kf¥of] . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] ck/];g l/lnkm dfkm{t cGo ljleGg ;+:yf / OR5's Joj;foL tyf JolQmnfO{ ;+of]hg u/]/ ;dli6ut ?kdf ;+:yfut kxn u/]sf] lyof] . h;n] ljgf;sf/L e"sDksf kLl8tnfO{ ;xof]u tyf /fxt ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] lyof] . PkmPg;L;LcfO{ ck/];g l/lnkm g]kfnn] sf7df8f}s + f] e[s6' Ld08kaf6 /fxt ;fdu|L ljt/0f;Fu} b]ze/ sxf“ s] s:tf] ;xfotf cfj:os 5, To;nfO{ km];a's tyf 6\jL6/ h:tf l8lh6n dfWodaf6 ;+sng u/]/ ;x[boL tyf ;xof]u ug{ rfxg] dflg; jf ;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ sfd ;d]t ul//x]sf] lyof] . /fxt ;fdu|L Ps} 7fp“df gbf]xf]l/of];\ / s'g} tj/af6 gSsn gxf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] ;+:yfn] :yfgLo lgsfo / JolQm;“u dxf;+3n] u/]sf] Tof] a]nfsf] ;xsfo{ ;/sf/ / cGo ;+3;+:yfsf] eb|uf]n Joj:yfkgeGbf lgs} ;Gt'lnt b]lvPsf] lyof] . dxf;+3s} ;dGjodf Tolta]nf cfjZos /fxt ;fdu|L / hgzlQm kl/rfng eO/x]sf] lyof] . ;xsfo{ ug]{ l/lnkm g]kfnn] ;]lna|6] L / cGo dflg;af6 ;xof]u ;+sng u/]sf] lyof] eg] ;/sf/af6 klg pNn]Vo ;xof]u lyof] . ;/sf/sf] cg'dltdf l/lnkm g]kfnn] 5'§} a}s + PsfpG6 vf]n/] ;xh ¿kdf vfBfGg tyf /fxt ljt/0f ug{ ;xh xf]; eg]/ b'Oh { gf clwsf/L klg lgo'Qm u/]sf] lyof] .

PkmPg;L;LcfO{ ck/];g l/lnkm g]kfnn] cTofjZos b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t', cf}iflw / ;]lg6fOh/sf ;fy} ;of}+ ;+Vofdf :jf:Yo tyf :joD;]jsnfO{ sf7df8f}l+ eq tyf aflx/sf e"sDk k|efljt If]qdf kl/rfng u/]sf] lyof] . h;cGtu{t ck/];g l/lnkm g]kfndf ljleGg o'lg6;lxt ^ j6f cGt/f{li6«o 6f]nL kl/rflnt lyP eg] l/lnkmn] /fxt sfo{sf nflu kf“rj6f k|fljlws 6f]nL ljleGg 7fp“df k7fPsf] lyof] / kf“rj6f PDa'nG] ; klg rf}aL;} 3G6fsf nflu v6fPsf] lyof] . dxf;+3s} cu'jfOdf ;+:yfn] sf7df8f}l+ eq / j/k/sf !@ If]qdf vfg]kfgLsf] z'4tf agfO/fVg :joD;]jsnfO{ kl/rfng u/]sf] lyof] . dxfdf/L gkm}lnof];\ eg]/ /fxtsf] ;fy;fy} :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfOnfO{ klg d'Vo p2]Zo agfPsf] atfOPsf] lyof] . o:t}, ;/sf/;“usf] ;xsfo{df / lghL If]qsf ;+3;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf cf}iflw, rfprfp, rfdn, cf6f, lj:s'6 tyf lrp/f nufot ljleGg cfj:os ;fdfu|L afF8]sf] lyof] . dxf;+3 cfkm}n+ ] klg lqkfn, 6\jfOn]6 / ;f]nf/ aQL klg h8fg u/]sf] lyof] . dxf;+3n] lqkfn tyf cTofjZos vfg]s/' f, kfgL tyf cf}iflwsf] cfjZostfnfO{ lghL If]qsf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd ;xof]u ul//x]sf] hgfPsf] lyof] . dxf;+3sf] cu'jfO k|sf]kGo 36gfdf dfq l;ldt 5}g . d'ns ' sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf nflu ePsf cfGbf]ngdf dxf;+3sf] e"ldsf ;Fw} t6:y /Xof] t/ o:tf cfGbf]ngaf6 l;lh{t dfgjLo ;d:ofdf eg] dxf;+3 slxNo} r'k a;]g . @)$^ sf] ax'bnk|flKtsf] cfGbf]ng xf];\ jf @)^@÷^# sf] bf];f| ] hgcfGbf]ng g} lsg gxf];,\ dxf;+3 /fhgLlts ?kdf kIf jf ljkIfdf plePsf] kfO“bg} . t/, dxf;+3n] cfGbf]ngsf/L jf k|x/L b'jn} fO{ dfgjLo ?kdf ;xof]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;y{, dxf;+3 lghL If]qsf] /]8qm; g} xf] eGbf km/s kg]{ cj:yf eg] 5}g . dxf;+3 dftxtsf lhNnf tyf gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?n] o;/L ;xof]u u/]sf y'k}| pbfx/0f 5g\ . o:tf sfdx?sf] slt k|rf/ x'G5 / slt x'b“ g} Tof] eg] cnu kf6f] xf] . /fhgLlts 36gfqmdn] l;lh{t dfgjLo ;d:ofsf a]nf dxf;+3sf] e"ldsf emg} k|zz + gLo 5 . o;nfO{ klg dxf;+3sf] ;fdflhs sfdsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . ljz]iftM tTsfnLg PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] clglZrtsfnLg cfd x8tfnn] l;lh{t ;d:ofsf a]nfdf a;Gtk'/df ul/Psf] zflGt ;efsf] ckf/ ;kmntf dxf;+3sf] Oltxf; :j0f{ cIf/n] n]vfpg] sfo{ x'g\ eGbf

cTo'lQm x'b“ g} . @)^& j}zfv @$ df ePsf] pQm ;efdf dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jnfO{ g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;Pzg, g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{, zflGt / nf]stGqsf nflu k]zfut ;+hfn -kfk8_, g]kfn lkPr8L Pzf]l;Pzg, KofA;g, Pg= KofA;g, nf]stflGqs u}/ ;/sf/L dxf;+3, g]kfn lzIfs ;+3, g]kfn lrlsT;s ;+3, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3, dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+3 ;+:yf, nufot g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g / k]zfut Pj+ a'l4hLjLn] ;fy lbPsf lyP . zflGt ;Demf}tf / ;+ljwfgnfO{ s]Gb| efudf /fvL x/]s ;d:of jftf{åf/f ;dfwfg ug{ / dfgj clwsf/ xggsf ;a} 36gf tTsfn /f]Sg' kg]{ cfjZostf dx;"; u/L pQm e]nf / ;ef ul/Psf] lyof] . o:t}, ;+3Lotf;DjlGw dfu /fVb} ljleGg ;d"xaf6 nuftf/ eO/x]sf] aGbsf] lj/f]wdf dxf;+3n] @)^( df /fhwfgLdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] j[xb /fli6«o ;b\efj ;ef klg csf]{ pbfx/0f xf] . aGbsf qmddf ;fdflhs ;b\efj vnaNofpg] ultljlw ;d]t x'g yfn]sfn] /fli6«o ;b\efj ;efsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . zflGt / ;b\efj / ;d[l4k|lt k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ub}{ låk k|Hjlnt u/f}+ eGg] d'n gf/f ;lxt ePsf] e]nfdf ;xefuLx?n] ;]tf] sldh, l6 ;6{ nufO{ /fli6«o em08f / d}gjlQ xftdf af]ss ] f lyP . dxf;+3 / :yfgLo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] cu'jfOdf o;/L d'ns ' sf ljleGg If]qx?df ;fdflhs sfdx? eO/x]sf 5g\ . sltko o:tf sfdx? ;'if'Kt 9+un] eO/x]sf 5g\ eg] sltkon] ldl8ofdf :yfg kfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . d"ntM k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf a]nf dxf;+3sf] cu'jfO{df x'g] /fxt ;+sngsf] sfdk|lt kLl8tx?n] dfq ge} ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;d]t cfzfsf] gh/n] x]g{ yfn]sf 5g\ . dxf;+3n] ca o:tf ultlalwnfO{ k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k /fxt sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ug]d{ f dfq ;Lldt g/fvL cfk\mgf] a[xt\ ;~hfndfkm{t d'ns ' e/ km}nfpg'kg]{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . dxf;+3d} klg sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt ;b:osf] g]tT[ jdf ;fdflhs ;]jf kmf]/d /x]sf] 5 . dxf;+3sf % k|dv ' kmf]/d dWo] of] Ps xf] t/ o;sf ultlalwx? eg] cToGt ;':t 5g\ . o;}n] casf lbgdf ;fdflhs sfdnfO{ dxf;+3n] cem k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ lgoldt tflnsf cg';f/ / e}k/L cfpg] sfdsf nflu lglZrt sf]if;d]t :yfkgf ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . dxf;+3sf] cfDbfgLsf] lglZrt k|ltzt ;f] sf]ifdf /fv]/ s'g} a]nf e}k/L ?kdf ug'k{ g]{ vr{ o;} sf]ifdfkm{t ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg' plrt x'g] b]lvG5 .

203

g]kfndf kLkLkL df]8]n gj/fh rfln;], ;+rf/sdL{, Go"h 6\jfG6L kmf]/ Rofgn cufl8 a9\g] jftfj/0f kfof] .

cfhsf] cfw'lgs ljZjdf ;/sf/ cfkm}n] ;a} sfd ug{ ;Sb}g / ;+ej klg 5}g . laZjdf cfh ;/sf/ ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf cu|;/ x“b' } uPsf] 5 . /fHosf] s]xL cfwf/e"t laifox? afx]s ljsf;, k'jf{wf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo, dfgjLo ;]jfx?df cfh lghL If]qsf] kx'r“ / pkl:ylt lgs} afSnf] eO;s]sf] 5 . ;/sf/ PSn}n] ;j} sfd ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] klg laZjdf lghL If]qsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9\b} uPsf] xf] . ljsf; lgdf{0f, s[lif,;8s, k"jf{wf/, oftfoft, ko{6g, ;~rf/, :jf:Yo tyf lzIff If]qdf lghL If]qn] 7"nf km8\sf] df/]sf] 5 . /fHo lgolGqt cy{ Joj:yfaf6 dfq d'ns ' df lghL If]qsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ;+ej gePsf] x'gfn] g]kfnL ;dfh v'nf / pbf/ cy{Joj:yfsf] gLlt tkm{ cu|;/ eO/x]sf] lyof] . s]xL l;ldt / 6f7faf7fx?sf xftdf d'ns ' sf] cy{tGqsf] 8f8'kGo' /x]s ] f] lyof] . g]kfnsf] lghL If]q nufgLsf] gof“ jftfj/0f / v'nf ;dfhsf] vf]hLdf /x]sf] j]nf g]kfndf ;g !(() sf] bzs b]lv z'? ePsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDjg eP;+u} lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] cjnDjg u/]sf] v'nf cy{tGq / pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLltn] sfg"gL / ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] cj;/ kfP kl5 g]kfndf lghL If]qsf] ljsf;n] lgs} 7'nf] km8\sf] df/]sf] xf] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzs kl5 ;/sf/n] lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/n] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag u/] nuQ} d'ns ' df gof“ cf}Bf]lus gLlt, k|ToIf a}bl] zs nufgL gLlt, cf}Bf]lus Aoj;fo P]g nufotsf bh+g{ f} cfly{s tyf nufgL ;DalGw gLltx?sf] th'd{ f eP kl5 g]kfndf lghL If]q 204

pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] :yfkgf ePsf] krf; jif{sf] Oltxf;df ;/sf/n] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . cy{dGqfnon] ah]6 lgdf{0f ubf{ xf]; of pBf]u dGqfnon] gof“ cf}Bf]lus gLlt lgod lgdf{0f ubf{ xf]; s'g} gofF jfl0fHo gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ jfl0fHo dGqfno jf phf{ tyf oftfoft ef}lts dGqfnon] gLlh If]qsf] ;xsfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ g]kfndf xfn;Dd ePsf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L kLkLkLsf] k|of; k|efjsf/L ePsf] b]lvb}g . ;/sf/ / lghL If]qaLr k|efjsf/L ;Demf}tf x'g g;Sg', ;/sf/ / lghL If]q aLrcfk;df :ki6tf gx'gs ' f] sf/0fn] ubf{ of] df]8n k|efjsf/L x'g g;]ss ] f] ljZn]if0f lj1x?sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;g\ !(() sf] bzs kl5 ljsf; ePsf] lghL If]qsf] ;~rf/ ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf / Aoj;flos kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ klg lghL If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;fy{s agfpg dxTjk'0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf b'O{ l5d]sL d'ns ' x? ef/t / rLgn] klAns k|fOe]6 kf6{g+ /l;ksf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ lgs} cl3 a9fO{;s]sf] kl/j]zdf g]kfnn] klg ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L-kLkLkL_sf] cjwf/0ffaf6 cfly{s ljsf;sf] w]/} sfdx? ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . cfh ljZjJofkL ?kdf g} nf]slk|o ljsf;sf] df]8n] ag]sf] kLkLkL] df]8n] nfO{ Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L agfpg g]kfndf ;/sf/ / lghL If]q aLr w]/} sfdx? ug{ af“sL 5g . t/ g]kfndf eg] o;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog eg] s]xL ;;fgf sfddf jfx]s j[xb ?kdf x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g . d'ns ' sf] s'g} klg ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;d[l4, k'jf{wf/ tyf ;]jf If]qsf] ljsf;df ;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs lghL If]qsf] ;xsfo{sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ canDjg ul/of] . ljsf;sf] nflu of] df]8n] laZjdf pQd dflgPsf] 5 . d'ns ' sf] lghL If]qsf] 5ftf ;+u7g g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L / d'ns ' df lghL If]q] sf] pkl:yltnfO{ alnof] ?kdf k|:t't ub} cfPsf] 5 . ;g !(() sf] bzs kl5 ;/sf/n] lghL If]qnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf ;xefuL u/fpg yfn]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] ljsf; lgdf{0f b]lv d'ns ' sf] laleGg cfly{s ljsf;df ;fem]bf/Lsf] ?kdf cl3 a9fPsf] cg'ej k"j{ cy{dGqL 8f= /fdz/0f dxtsf] 5 .

k'j{ cy{dGqL 8f /fdz/0f dxt g]kfndf ;a} sfd ;/sf/ PSn}n] ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ l;ldt agfP/ lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf / ljsf;nfO{ la:tf/ ug{ g]kfndf kLkLkLsf] cjwf/0ff z'? ePsf] cg'ej ;'gfpg' x'G5 . of] lghLs/0f / pbf/Ls/0fsf] ljsl;t ?k /x]sf] dxtsf] egfO{ 5 . g]kfndf cem} klg lghL If]qnfO{ nufgL / cfly{s ljsf;df cfTdlaZjf;sf] ;fy nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . kLkLkL df]8n] sf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ ;kmn agfpg dGqfnout /x]sf] cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . k'j{ cy{dGqL e/tdf]xg clwsf/Ln] cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] nflu kLkLkLsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos ePsf] atfpg' x'G5 . cy{tGqdf ;j}n] dxz'; ug]{ vfnsf] ljsf;sf] kmn tyf kl/0ffd k'¥ofpgsf] nflu ;+:yfut tyf gLltut txsf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ egfO{ k"j{ cy{dGqL clwsf/Lsf] 5 . d'ns ' df ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L gLlt @)&@ cfPsf] 5 . of] gLltn] d'ns ' df cfly{s a[l4nfO{ lbuf] ?kdf xfl;n ug{ cfjZos ;fj{hlgs k'jf{wf/ ;+/rgf tyf ;]jfx? h:t} ;8s, k'n, ljdfg:yn, cTofw'lgs ;~rf/ ;fwg, vfg]kfgL, l;+rfO{, laB't, /]ndfu{, s]jnsf/,/f]kj] nufotsf k'jf{wf/sf] ljsf; clgjfo{ x'G5 . k'jf{wf/ ;]jfx?sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfngdf cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg ;|ft] x?sf] t'ngfdf /fHosf]ifaf6 ljlgof]hg x'g] ;fwg ;|ft] Go"g x'g] ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df lghL If]qdf pknAw ;fwg ;|ft] , l;k tyf k|ljlwnfO{ d'ns ' sf] ljsf; sfo{df cfs{lift u/L ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] ;DklQ / ;]jfsf] ;~rfng sd vlr{nf], k|efjsf/L / ljZj;gLo agfpg ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] gLltdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pkk|wfg tyf cy{dGqL s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f d'ns ' sf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;/sf/, lghL If]qsf] ;fy} hgtfsf] ;xsfo{af6 ;+ej ePsf] atfpg' x'G5 . /fHosf] tLg vDa] cy{ gLlt ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ffaf6 ljsf; / ;d[l4 xfl;n x'g ;S5 . ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L gLlt

cfP kl5 d'ns ' sf] cy{ Joj:yf ;Gt'lnt tl/sfaf6 cl3 a9\g ;S5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f, k'jf{wf/sf] If]qdf ;/sf/, lghL If]q / hgtfsf] ;xeflutfaf6 ul/Psf] ljsf; lbuf] / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g] ljZjf; cy{dGqL dx/fsf] 5 .

;+:yfx?n] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg' kg]{ cg'ej pxf“sf] 5 .

kl5Nnf] ;do ;8s k"jf{wf/, hn;|ft] , s[lif nufotsf If]qx?df lklklk df]8n] af6 sfd z[?' x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o; tkm{ ;/sf/n] k|efjsf/L ?ksf sfd ug]{ ;f]r agfPsf] cy{ pBf]u dGqL gljGb|/fh hf]zLn] pBf]u ;lrj zfGt/fh ;'jb] Lsf] egfO{ 5 . ;/sf/n] dGqfnon] kLkLkLsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|fyldstf kLkLkLsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ lbPsf] atfpg' eof] . cfly{s ljsf; / kLkLkLsf] gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lghL ;d[l4sf] nflu lghL If]qsf] nufgL cfslif{t If]qnfO{ ljZjf;df lnP/ sfd u/]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;/sf/ / ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] ;xof]uL ;lrj ;'jb] Lsf] 5 . :j0f{ jif{ dgfO/xsf] e"ldsf cfjZos ePsf] egfO{ pBf]u dGqLsf] lghL If]qsf] 5ftf ;+:yf dxf;+3 cfufdL 5 . pBf]u dGqfno / dxf;+3 aLrsf] lbgdf cem a9L ;zQm 9+uaf6 cufl8 ;xsfo{af6 d'ns ' leq pBf]u Joj;fo a9\gd] f cfkm' ljZj:t /x]sf] pxf“n] atfpg'xb“' } ljsf;n] d"t?{ k kfpg] ljZjf; pxf+sf] 5 . ;/sf/ lghL If]qsf] ;xsfo{df ;lrj g]kfn OGe]i6d]06 ;ld6n] g]kfndf :jb]zL ;'jb] Ln] hf]8lbg'eof] . nufgLstf{x? ;+efjgf / cj;/sf] vf]hLdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ pBf]u dGqfnosf ;lrj z+s/ k|;fb ;'/lIft ug{ pBf]u dGqfno / dftxtsf sf]O/fnfn] dGqfnon] lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL ljefu tyf sfof{nox? tof/ /x]sf] wf/0ff u/fP/ nufgL tyf cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ;DalGw dGqL hf]zLsf] 5 . lg0f{ox? lng] u/]sf] cg'ej ;'gfpg' eof] . lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf / pBdzLntfsf] jfl0fHo dGqL /f]dL uf}rg ysfnLn] ljsf;sf] nflu pBf]u dGqfnon] g]kfn jfl0fHo dGqfnon] lghL If]qsf] ;xsfo{ / pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3;“u ;xsfo{ u/]/ lghL ;xeflutfdf dfq dGqfnon] lg0f{o ug]{ u/]sf] If]qsf] efjgf / dxTjnfO{ ;d]6g\ ] u/]sf] cg'ej ;'gpg' eof] . pBdL Joj;foLnfO{ cg'ej ;lrj sf]O/fnfnfO{ 5 . g]kfn pBf]u pBf]u Jofkf/ ug{ ;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0f jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf ;d:of tyf dfux?nfO{ ug{ nufgLdf ;xhtf Nofpgsf] nflu jfl0fHo ;d]t cfTd;ft\ ug]{ u/]sf] x'bf“ dGqfnon] dGqfnon] lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf lg0f{o pBf]u If]qsf] ;d:ofnfO{ Wofg lbPsf] pxf“ ug]{ u/]sf] egfO{ dGqL uf}rgsf] 5 . pxf“n] atfpg' x'G5 ;/sf/ dxf;+3 aLrsf] ;xsfo{ cfufdL lbgdf dxf;+3;“u cem a9L ;xsfo{ cfufdL lbgdf cem a9\b} hfg] ljZjf; ;lrj x'g] ;d]t k|lta4tf hgfpg' eof] . sf]O/fnfn] JoQm ug'e { of] . cy{dGqfnosf jl/i7 cfly{s ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= k'0o k|;fb /]UdLn] kLkLkLnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;/sf/n] lhNNff txsf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?;+u ;xsfo{ u/]/ sfd u/]sf] x'bfF of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cem a9L ;fy{s agfpg lghL If]qsf ;a} ;+:yfx? ;lqmo / lhDd]jf/k"0f{ x'g' kg]{ cg'ej ;'gfpg'eof] . /fHosf] tLg vDj] cy{ gLlt cg'?k klg of] cjwf/0ff a9L pko'Qm /x]sf] x'bf“ ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] cy{ dGqfnosf ;Nnfxsf/ /]UdLsf] egfO{ 5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] sfof{Gjog txdf pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqfnosf] dxTjk'0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg cem} klg dGqfnox? aLr ;dGjosf] cefj / lghL If]qnfO{ ljZjf;df lng ;Sg' 7"nf] r'gf}tL /x]sf] k'j{ jfl0fHo ;lrj k'?iff]Qd cf]emfsf] egfO 5 . kLkLkLsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ / ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu PkmPg;L;LcfO{ h:tf

g]kfn r]Dj/ ckm sd;{sf k'j{ cWoIf dx]znfn cu|jfnn] d'ns ' n] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag u/] kl5 z'? ePsf] klAns k|fOe]6 kf6{g/;Lksf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ kl/0ffdbfoL agfpg cem} w]/} afFsL /x]sf] cg'ej ;'gfpg'xF' G5 . g]kfnn] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] d'4fx?nfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] ;xsfo{ cfjZos x'G5 . To;sf] nflu ;xsfo{ / ;xcl:tTjdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'g ;Sof] eg] klAns k|fOe]6 kf6{g/;Lk ;fy{s aGg ;Sg] wf/0ff pBdL tyf cy{zf:qL dx]z cu|jfnsf] 5 .

5}g . gfkmf eP lghL If]qsf] / 3f6f eP ;/sf/sf] eGg] ;f]r /x]sf sf/0fn] ubf{ klg klAns k|fOe]6 kf6{g/l;k ;kmn x'g g;]s ] f] wf/0ff pxf“sf] 5 . ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;f]Gd[v ' /fi6«df ?kfGt/0f ug]{ nIo xfl;n ug{ k'jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf;df ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf nufgL / Joj:yfkg a9fpg' ;/sf/ / lghL If]q b'js } f] r'gf}tL /x]sf]] 5 . s]Gb| b]lv lhNnfsf] tNnf] tx ;Dd x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f / cfly{s ljsf;df kLkLkLsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg h?/L 5 . la/f6gu/ h'6 ldN;, uf]/vsfnL /j/ pBf]u, lxdfn l;d]06, cf]l/o08 DofUgf;fO8 sDkgL, g]kfn d]6n sDkgL nufotsf pBf]ux?df kLkLkL df]8naf6 sfd eof] . t/ Aojxf/df ;kmn x'g ;s]g . ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs zx/L k'jf{wf/sf] ?kdf sf7df8f}sf] gofF a; kfs{nfO{ sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf dfkm{t kLkLkLsf] df]8n] af6 sfd ug{ vf]h] klg Tof] Aojl:yt / k|efjsf/L df]8n] aGg ;s]g . ;/sf/n] w/fgsf] t/sf/L ahf/ xf];\ of, sf7df8f+s } f] sflndf6L t/sf/L ahf/, la/f6gu/sf] t/sf/L ahf/ / g]kfnu~hsf] df;' ahf/ klg ;f]xL df]8naf6 ;~rfng ul/Psf] ePtf klg To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . x]6f}8f ;'?ª dfu{ klg csf]{ ;kmn x'g g;s]sf] pbfx/0f xf] . ljZjdf kLkLkLsf a]Unf a]Un} df]8n] x? 5g . g]kfndf s'g df]8n] a9L k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL x'g ;S5 eGg] laifodf ;/sf/ / lghL If]q aLr cfk;df u[xsfo{ / cg';Gwfg x'g cfjZos 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghL If]qsf] nufgL cfs{lift ug{ of] df]8nnfO{ hf]8 lbP klg lsg xfn;Dd ePsf k|of;x? ;fy{s aGg ;s]gg t < of] k|Zgn] ;/sf/, bft[ lgsfo / :jod\ lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t Ps lsl;dsf] bafa lbO/x]sf] 5 .

;/sf/ / lghL If]q aLr b'O{ klIfo ;t{, k|fjwfg, clwsf/ / st{Ao tyf bfloTj :ki6 x'g g;Sg' / k|efjsf/L ;Demf}tf x'g g;Sbf of]] cjwf/0ff ;kmn x'g g;s]sf] cg'ej k'j{ cy{;lrj /fd]Zj/ vgfnsf] 5 . ;/sf/ / lghL If]q aLr gfkmf 3f6f slt Aoxf]g{] / s;n] Aoxfg]{ eGg] s'/f klg k|i6 x'g ;s]sf] 205

uf]/vfkqdf dxf;+3sf] klxnf] ;dfrf/ e]if/fh a]Naf;], uf]/vfkq b}lgs

klxnf] k6s k|sflzt t:jL/ klg cfly{s sf]0faf6} uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg ofqf z'¿ u/]sf] sl/a tLg bzskl5 !(*$ ;fn j}zfv !# ut] ;f]daf/ t];f| ] k]hsf] t];f| ] / rf}y+ f] sndsf] aLrdf ljljw cGt/ut klxnf] k6s k|sflzt t:aL/n] klg ;f]xL s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft ub{5 . cfk\mgf skf;sf au+r} fdf >L rGb| sfdw]g' rvf{¢f/f wfuf] sflt/x]sL jL/u~hsL ;"od{ lt >]i7gL SofK;g n]lvPsf] t:aL/n] clxn] ;/sf/n] e6\ofp“b} cfPsf] cfTdlge{/ cy{tGq / :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] b'/' b[li6nO{ k|i6\ofp“5 .

dg'iosf] 7"nf] ;fgf] x'g' lgod x}g, hf] pBf]uL x'G5, pxL cjZo 7"nf] x'G5 cl3b]lv cfh;Dd c¿ klg hlt 7"nf eofsf 5g\ pBf]un} ] ePsf 5g\ . of] k|zu+ d'ns ' df Ps ;o rf/ jif{ nfdf] /f0ff zf;gsf aLrdf k|sfzg z'ef/De u/]sf] uf]/vfkqsf] klxnf] c+sdf k|sflzt Pl86/sf] /fo -;DkfbsLo_ sf] c+z xf] . tTsfnLg ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj / p;s} lgoGq0fdf z'¿ ePsf] klqsfdf ;/sf/s} u'0fufg / ehgsf zAbaf6 z'¿ x'gk' g]{ t/ uf]/vfkqsf] klxnf] c+snfO{ g} ljZn]if0f ubf{ o:tf] st} b]Vg kfOb}g . klxnf] c+sd} ;DkfbssLodfkm{t 1fg, pBf]u / pBdzLntfsf] dxTj bzf{pb“ } klqsfsf] dfWodaf6 hgtfnfO{ pBf]u, pTkfbg / pBdzLntftkm{ k|l] /t ug{ ;lsg] cfzo JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . Ps ;o !& cf}+ jif{df k|jz] ug{ nfu]sf] uf]/vfkq /fhgLlts Oltxf;sf] b[li6sf]0fn]dfq geO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s / cGo If]qsf] ;Gbe{df lhp“bf] ;fIfLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . Uff]/vfkqdf ;dfrf/bftfx¿sf] cnUu} Joj:yf lyPg . ;/sf/L sfof{no / ;DalGwt JolQmx¿åf/f k|fKt hfgsf/Ls} cfwf/df ;dfrf/ 5flkGYof] . ljz]ifu/L clw/fHosf ljleGg :yfgdf /x]sf x'nfs c8\8fx¿af6 uf]/vfkqn] ;dfrf/ k|fKt ug]{ ub{Yof] . x'nfs c8\8fx¿nfO{ uf]/vfkqn] v]ltkftL;DaGwL hfgsf/L, dfgjLo cle¿rLsf s'/f, ahf/efp, pBf]u, hg:jf:Yo, hgu'gf;f], rf8kj{, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, a;fO–;/fO, ;fdflhs 36gf cflb ;dfrf/hGo ljifodf n]lv k7fpg ;fj{hlgs cg'/f]w k|sflzt u/]sf] / tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] klg cfk\mgf dftxtsf c8\8fx¿nfO{ uf]/vfkqsf nflu To:tf ;dfrf/hGo ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fpg lgb]z{ g lbOPsf] kfOG5 .

206

uf]/vfkqsf] klxnf] c+sdf dxTjk"0f{ Pj+ /f]rs ;fdu|Lsf ;fy;fy} ahf/ efp zLif{sdf sf7df8f}s + f] ahf/df df;L{ rfdn, tf}nL rfdn, wfg, df;, g'g, t]n / 3\os ' f] d"No tyf Ko'7fg, l;Gw'nL, bf]nvfsf] ahf/df wfgsf] d"No;"rL lbOPsf] 5 eg] afun'ª, ef]hk'/ / a'6jnsf] gfd ;"rLdf pNn]v 5 t/ d"No lbOPsf] 5}g . pQm d"No ;"rLcg';f/ Toltv]/ sf7df8f}s + f] ahf/df Ps ¿lkoFfdf df;L{ rfdn Ps kfyL ;ft dfgf kf“r d'7L kfOg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} aDaO{ ;'grf“bLsf] ahf/ b/ egL ;'grf“bLsf] d"No lbOPsf] kfOG5 eg] clGtd k[i7df uf]/vfkqsf] cfk\mg} lj1fkg klg 5flkPsf] 5 . uf]/vfkq ;a}sf nflu Ps g};lu{s cfjZostf g} eO;s]sf] 5 / cfufdL lbgx¿df klg o; k|sf/sf] ;f]rnfO{ sfod g} /fVg' cfjZos 5 . o;df k|sflzt x'b“ } cfPsf va/n] d'ns ' sf] lghL If]q / cfly{s ;/f]sf/nfO{ klg p7fp“b} cfPsf] 5 . k|sfzg k|f/Deb]lv g} xfn;Dd uf]/vfkqn] hgtf / ;/sf/aLrdf dfq} xf]Og Jofkf/L / pkef]Qmf, pBf]uL / dhb'/aLr klg k'nsf] ¿kdf pEofO cfk\mgf] bfloTj k'/f cfk\mgf] If]qaf6 ;Sbf] k|of; ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . d'Vo ;dfrf/b]lv ;–;fgf ;dfrf/, n]v, ;DkfbsLo tyf l6Kk0fLdfkm{t k|fyldstfsf ;fy lghL If]q÷pBf]uwGbfsf] :yfkgf, ljsf; / lj:tf/÷eG;f/ / cGtMz'Ns÷s[lif ljsf;÷cf}Bf]lus hfu/0f÷/fh:j÷vfBfGg pTkfbg÷vfgL pBf]u÷ko{6gnufotsf ljifodf ;Dk|i] f0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . d'ns ' sf] cfly{s ljsf;, ;d[l¢, cfTdlge{/tf, Jofkf/3f6f sd ug]{ ljifodf uf]/vfkqsf x/]s c+sn] s]xL g s]xL ;d]6b\ } cfPsf] 5 . d'ns ' sf] wg Jofkf/df /x]sf] /x]5 . o'/f]kdf klg h'g d'ns ' sf] Jofkf/ a9\b} hfG5 wg klg a9\b} uofsf] b]lvG5 . ljrf/ ug'x{ f]; lg !) jif{cl3 hfkfgsf] gfd} ;'lgGgYof] . ca ToxL d'ns ' n] Jofkf/df Wofg lbPsf] x'gfn] a8L 7"nf] klg ToxL d'ns ' ulgof] . ljBfsf] k|rf/ a9\b} 5 . t/ ckm;f]; 5 ls xfd|f] d'ns ' sf] dg Jofkf/df d'ns ' wgL xf]nf cfkm' a;]sf zx/df slt dflg; a]sfddf ef]sn] dl//x]sf 5g\, c¿ slt s]xL

pBf]u gkfO{ csf{sf sdf/fsdf/L eP/ b'Mv kfP/ hGd latfPsf 5g\ Tof] a]nfsf uf]/vfkqdf 5flkPsf ;DkfbsLosf c+z x'g oL . lj=;+= @)@% ;fn ;fpg !@ ut]sf] zlgaf/Lo ljz]ifª\sdf cfly{s k[i7e"lddf h'Dnf gfds n]v b'O{ k]hdf 5flkPsf] 5 eg] ;f]xL ljz]iffª\sdf ljsf;f]Gd'v g]kfndf a}l+ sª gfds n]v klg 5flkPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)## ;ft df3 @@ ut]sf] ;DkfbsLo ko{6gsf] pBf]usf] ljsf;sf nflu lzif{sdf n]lvPsf] 5 eg] lj=;+= @)#@ ;fn k'; !& ut]sf] ;DkfbsLodf pBf]uwGbf / Jofkf/Lju{ zLif{sdf n]lvPsf] 5 . o:t} x:tsnfsf] ljsf;, g]kfndf 3/]n' pBf]usf] dxTj / ljsf;, skf; v]tL / /fli6«o kf]zfs, eG;f/ / cGtz'Nsdf sdL, pBf]uwGbf / Jofkf/Lju{, g]kfndf vfgL pBf]u Joj;fonufotsf zLif{sdf ;DkfbsLo / d"n n]v 5flkPsf 5g\ eg] d'V' o tyf ;xfos ;dfrf/x¿df klg cfly{s If]q s]Gb|df /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;/;/tL x]bf{ uf]/vfkqsf z'¿b]lv bzsf}+ k'/fgf c+sx¿df d'ns ' sf] cy{tGq / cfly{s If]qd} s]lGb|t /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .

;Rrf cfly{s kqsfl/tf

clxn] cfly{s kqsfl/tfsf] klxnf] / clgjfo{ zt{ eg]s} d'ns ' sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] Ph]08fnfO{ :yflkt u/fpg tyf To;sf nflu hgdt lgdf{0f ug{' xf] . cfly{s ;ª\s6af6 cy{tGqnfO{ arfpg cfly{s If]qdf ldzg kqsfl/tf cfjZos 5 . s'g} ;d"xk|lt k"jf{ux| L geO{ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ d2t x'g] lsl;dsf] cfly{s kqsfl/tfsf] lg/Gt/tf cfjZos 5 . clxn];Dd d'ns ' df s]xL ;~rf/dfWod k"jf{ux| L lsl;dsf ;d"xn] ;~rfng ePsf] kfOP klg cfly{s kqsfl/tfdf eg] clxn];Dd To;sf] c;/ eg] k/]sf] kfO“bg} . cfly{s kqsfl/tfn] x/]s cfly{s If]qsf ;Defjgf, ;d:of, r'gf}tL / ;'emfjx¿ phfu/ u5{ . u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg, :j:y k|lt:kwf{ ;[hgf, cfjZos gLlt tyf sfg"g lgdf{0f / k|rf/k|;f/ u/fpg cfly{s kqsfl/tfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . ;f“Rr} eGg] xf] eg] o;n] d'ns ' sf] cfly{s a[l4df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . nufgL leq\ofpg, k|j¢{g Pjd\ ;+/If0f ug{ klg cfly{s kqsfl/tfsf] cfjZostf 5 . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;d[l4, /f]huf/L k|j¢{g, nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f, e|i6frf/ tyf sfnf]ahf/L lgoGq0fh:tf ljifonfO{ cfly{s kqsfl/tfsf] s]Gb|df /fVg'k5{ elgG5 t/ Ps ztfAbL cufl8 g} uf]/vfkqn] of] lbzfdf cfkm'nfO{ k|:t't ul/;s]sf] o;sf k'/fgf k|sfzgx¿af6 x]g{ ;lsG5 .

uf]/vfkq / dxf;+3

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 g]kfn /fHosf pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf ;+nUg pBdL tyf Jofkf/Lx¿sf] k]zfut xslxt ;+/If0f Pjd\ pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] dxf;+3sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . of] ;+3 lj=;+= @)@@ ;fn k'; !! b]lv !$ ut];Dd

sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]lht Pjd\ /fhf dx]Gb|af6 ;d'b3\ fl6t k|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qsf] ;+3Lo ;+:yfsf ¿kdf lj ;+ @)@@ ;fn k'; !$ ut] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . dxf;+3sf] Oltxf;d} klxnf]k6s uf]/vfkqsf] lj ;+ @)@@ ;fn k'; !@ k|sflzt c+sdf klxnf] k[i6d} jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ng …>L % af6 jfl0fHo– cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g, ;Dd]ng pBf]u jfl0fHosf] ljsf;df ;xfos x'g] cfzf zLif{sdf d'Vo ;dfrf/sf] ¿kdf k|fyldstf kfPsf] lyof] eg] ;f]xL k[i7df pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqL g/]Gb|k;| fb l/hfnsf] ;Dd]ngdf ;Daf]wg;lxtsf] cfk\mg} ;fwgdf cf}Bf]lus cfwf/ tof/ kfg'{ nfek|b, ljsf; ;fdu|L :jo+ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|fyldstf zLif{sf] ;dfrf/nfO{ klxnf] k[i7d} Pª\s/df k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] bf];f| ] lbgsf] ;dfrf/ klg lj ;+ @)@@ ;fn k'; !# k|sflzt c+sdf klxnf] k[i7d} >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lghL If]qsf] nufgLdf e/f];f, pBf]u Pj+ Jofkf/Lx¿df b]z ljsf;sf] uxg lhDd]jf/L zLif{sdf d'Vo ;dfrf/sf ¿kdf k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] . oL] dfq} xf]Og uf]/vfkqsf x/]s c+snfO{ x]bf{ lghL If]q, ;d[¢ cy{tGq, cf}Bf]lus/0f,

lgof{tnufotsf s'/fdf pRr k|fyldstf lbOPsf] kfOG5 olt;DdsL uf]/vfkqs} zlgjf/Lo kl/lzi6fª\sdf klg d"n n]v / ;xfos n]vsf ¿kdf a9Ldfqfdf o:tf ;fdu|Ln] k|>o kfpg] ub{y ] . g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus/0f Ps emns, g]kfndf pBf]usf] a9\bf] ¿k, 3/]n' l;Nksnfsf ;fdfg o'/f]k–cd]l/sf k7fOg], g]kfnL lzNksnfdf ljZjsf] a9\bf] cle¿rL, jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngnufotsf zLif{sx¿df Tof] a]nfdf n]v tyf ;dfrf/ k|sflzt x'g] ub{y ] . ;Dk"0f{ lghL If]qsf] ;+3Lo k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] dxf;+3n] g]kfnsf] pBf]u jfl0fHosf] k|j¢{g ug{s ' f] ;fy} g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] j}bl] zs Jofkf/ k|j¢{gdf klg sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;n] cGo d'ns ' sf pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3x¿;“u ;Dks{ u/L sfd ug]{ ub{5 . Go"g cfly{s a[l4b/ / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] sdL, Jofkf/ 3f6f, r/d pmhf{ ;+s6, ljsf;sf] c;dfg ljt/0f, sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/, lau|bf] ;dflhs k"jf{wf/, sdhf]/ zf;g Joj:yf, lgof{t k|j¢{g tyf cfoft k|lt:yfkg, lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, d'ns ' leq b]lvPsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, gLltut cl:y/tfsf sf/0f d'ns ' leq nufgLsf] jftfj/0f lalu|Psf], pBf]u

Joj;fo / Joj;foLx¿sf] lgjf{w ¿kn] Joj;fo ug]{ clwsf/, d'ns ' sf] sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf h:t s'/fdf jsfnt ub}{ :yfkgfsf] krf;f}+ jif{df k'us ] f] dxf;+3s} wf/nfO{ uf]/vfkqn] Ps bzsb]lv 8f]¥ofp“b} cfPsf] xf] . /fhgLlts kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] kl/k|I] fdf ca b]zsf] d'Vo sfo{ef/ eg]sf] tLa| cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf ;fy;fy} Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Joj:yf klg ePsf]df dxf;+3n] hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . Ps ztfAbLeGbf a9L ;do o:t}–o:t} s'/fdf ljleGg l;h{gfnfO{ kf7s;dIf k:s“b} cfPsf] uf]/vfkqn] dxf;+3af6 ug]{ ul/Psf x/]s lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|sfzg klg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

s] lyof] k|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] ;dfrf/df

k|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] klxnf] lbgsf] ;dfrf/df >L % af6 jfl0fHo– cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g zLif{s tyf ;Dd]ng pBf]u jfl0fHosf] ljsf;df ;xfos x'g] cfzf pkzLif{sdf 5flkPsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] klxnf] lbg / bf];f| ] lbgdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/x¿ o:tf /x]sf lyP .

k|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] klxnf] lbgsf] ultljlw af/]df uf]/vfkqsf] klxnf] k[i7df k|sflzt d'Vo ;dfrf/

>L % af6 jfl0fHo–cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g

;Dd]ng pBf]u jfl0fHosf] ljsf;df ;xfos x'g] cfzf -xfd|f ;Djfbbftfåf/f_ sf7df8f},+ kf}if !! ut] . >L % dxf/fhlw/fh ;/sf/sf afx'nLaf6 cfh Ps ;df/f]xsf aLr :yfgLo vfgL ljefu ejg n}grf}/df k|yd jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g ;DkGg eof] . cfhsf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf >L % dflxnf clw/fhs'df/ lxdfno, >L % clw/fhs'df/ 1fg]Gb| ty >L % sfG5f clwsf/ s'df/ wL/]Gb klg ;jf/L xf]OaS;]sf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngdf g]kfn clw/fHosf ljleGg efuaf6 csf{ *% hgf k|ltlglw / $( hgf ko{jI] fsx¿n] efu lnPsf 5g\ . /]l8o] g]kfnsf snfsf/x¿¢f/f :jfut ufg ul/Pkl5 >L % df pb\3f6g ul/aS;g lalGt ug'e { Gbf klxn] g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sdz{sf ;efklt >L tf]sgfy hf]zLn] ;Dd]ngsf] p2]Zo atfpFb} g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sdz{¢f/f cfof]lht o; k|yd jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngdf ;/sf/x¿sf] :jfut ug{ kfPsf]df uf}/jflGjt ePsf] 5 eGg] pb\uf/ k|s6 ug'e { of] . xfd|f] pBf]u afNofj:yfdf 5 / jfl0fHosf] ljsf; lagf b]zsf] k|ult x'g ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fsf] pNn]v ug]{ >L hf]zLn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] k|To]s lhNnfdf r]Da/ ckm O08li6«h h:tf ;+:yfsf] cfjZostfsf] ;+st] klg ug{e ' of] . >L hf]zLn] cfk\mgf] :jfut efif0fsf] qmddf b]zsf ;a} efux¿sf k|ltlglw ePsf] of] ;Dd]ngn] cfk\mgf] :yfgLo /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o ;a} ;d:ofx¿df /rgfTds / pbf/ b[li6 lnP/ ljrf/ ljdz{ u/L Jojxfl/s / 7f]; ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't u/L /fli6«o lgdf{0fsf] kljq sfo{df of]ubfg lbg ;kmn x'g] 5 eGg] cfzf / ljZjf; klg k|s6 ug'e { of] . ;df/f]xdf k|wfgGofflw; >L eujlt k|;fb l;+x, /fli6«o k~rfotsf cWoIf >L /fh]Zj/ b]jsf]6f, dGqLkl/ifbsf pkfWoIf >L sLlt{lglw llji6, pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqL >L gu]Gb|k;| fb l/hfn / cGo dGqLx¿, /fl6«o k~rfotsf pkfWoIf >L g/]Gb| s'df/ k|wfg, :yfgLO s"6g}lts clwsf/Lx¿, pRrkb:t sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;fy} gu/sf u0odfGo JolQmx¿sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . ;Dd]ng rf/ lbg;Dd x'g] ePsf] 5 . ;Dd]ngn] cfh pBf]u / jfl0fHo df b]vfkg{ cfO/x]sf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿df /fli6«o tyf c~rn:t/Lo b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn] if0f u/L ;'emfjx¿ tof/ kf/]/ ;Dd]ngdf k]z ug{ leGb} b'O{ pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo pk;ldltx¿sf] u7g u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ul7t pBf]u pk;ldltdf !$ hgf ;b:ox¿ x'gx' G' 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm g]kfn clw/fHoJofkL Ps ;+:y v8f ug{ ;Dd]ngsf] p2]Zo cg'¿k d:of}bf ljwfg tof/ ug{ csf]{ pk–;ldltsf[ klg u7g ul/Psf] 5 h;df ( hgf ;b:ox¿ x'gx' G' 5 . 207

k|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] klxnf] lbgsf] ultljlw af/]df uf]/vfkqsf] klxnf] k[i7df k|sflzt d'Vo ;dfrf/

cfk\mg} ;fwgdf cf}Bf]lus cfwf/ tof/ kfg'{ nfek|b

ljsf; ;fdu|L :jo+ pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|fyldstf -xfd|f ;Djfbbftfåf/f_ sf7df8f},+ kf}if !! ut] . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] pTkfbg a9fO{ pkef]Uo j:t'sf] cfoft 36fpg] pBf]u, ljsf; ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug]{ / lgof{t a9fpg] pBf]unfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . b]zleq vkt x'g ;Sg], ljsf; tyf lgdf{0fsf nlu cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]ux¿ tkm{ a9L Wofg lbg' /fli6«o / b'a} b[li6sf]0faf6 nfebfos b]lvG5 . pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqL >L g/]Gb|k;| fb l/hfnn] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cf}Bf]lus Pj+ Jofkfl/s gLltsf] pNn]v ub}{ eGg'eof] –)!& ;fn otf ;/sf/n]====tyf Jofkf/af/] cfk\mgf]====gLlt hgtf ;dIf /fv]sf] ====;a}nfO{ ljlbt ePsf] s'/f===pxf“n] eGg'eof]–cf}Bf]lus===/Iff ;DaGwL pBf]u afx]s ====pBf]u ug{ u}/ ;/sf/L ==nO{ 5'65 \ . t/ u}/ ;/sf/L====dfq Ps ;fgf] s'/fsf] ljrf/ k'¥ofO lbg'k/]sf] 5–Tof] s] eg] xfdLn] xfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; qmddf z}zj sfndf 5f}+ . To;sf/0f pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{ ;s];Dd cfk\mg} b]zsf] sRrf dfn dfq pkef]u ug]{ pBf]u vf]Ng' /fli6«o lxtsf] b[li6sf]0fn] a9L nfebos x'g5 ] . ;fy} pxfFn] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] pTkfbg a9fO{ pkef]Uo j:t'sf] cfoft 36fpg] pBf]u, ljsf; ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]u / lgof{t a9fpg] pBf]unfO{ klg ljz]if k|fyldstf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ lgof{t a9fpg] pBf]ueGbf xfn xfdLn] cfk\mg} b]zsf] sRrf kbfy{ pkof]u ug],{ b]zleq} vkt x'g ;Sg] tyf ljsf; tyf lgdf{0fsf nflu cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]ux¿tkm{ a9L Wofg lbg' /fli6«o / j}olQms b'a} b[li6sf]0faf6 nfebfos b]lvG5 eGg] klg atfpg'eof] . pQm s'/f pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo dGqL >L gu]Gb| k|;fb l/hfnn] cfh jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ eGg'ePsf] xf] . xfd|f] Jofkf/ Ps} b]z;“u dfq ;Lldt /fVg' nfebfos gePsf]n] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] Jofkf/sf] If]qdf b]zut / j:t'ut ljleGgtf Nofpg c7f]6 u/]sf] 5 eGg] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cf}Bf]lus Pj+ Jofkf/ gLlt af/] pNn]v ub}{ >L l/hfnn] eGg'eof] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] b]zsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf a9\bf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cGo b]z rLg, ef/t, kfls:tfg, cd]l/sf, o'uf]:nfleof / ¿; cflb;Fu klg Jofkf/ ;lGw u/]sf] 5 . >L l/hfnn] eGg'eof] ;}¢flGts k[i7e"ldf cfh pBf]u tyf Jofkf/nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] clef/f hlt ;/sf/df 5 TolQs} clef/f / pQ/bfloTj k|To]s g]kfnLdf klg 5, lsgeg] xfd|f] k~rfotL k|hftflGqs kl/kf6Ldf cf:yf / ljZjf; /fVg] g]kfnL>L % dxf/fhlw/fh ;/sf/sf] g]tT[ jdf k~rfotL k|hftGqnfO{ c+ufn]/ cl3 a9\b} 5f}+ h'g Joj:yfsf df}lns ljz]iftf xf] . of]hgfj¢ cfly{s ljsf; . h;df k|To]s g]kfnnfO{ pBf]u ug]{ xs}{ 5 . Jofkf/ ug]{ 5'6 5 . cfh b]vf k/]sf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] nx/nfO{ ;'lgof]lht / ;';u+ l7t ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg Pp6f ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] s'/fsf] rrf{ ub}{ >L l/hfnn] o; k|sf/sf] cf}Bf]lus ;+u7gsf] /fli6«o pTyfgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g5 ] eGg] ljZjf; JoQm ug'e { of] . pxf“n] eGg'eof] olb xfdLn] OdfGbf/L b]vfpg ;s]gf}+ eg] xfdL ;bfsf nflu kl5 kg]{ 5f}+ . sltko b]zx¿n] cfk\mgf] cfy{s, k|fljlws tyf z}lIfs ;xof]u lbg] OR5f /fv]sf 5g eGg] s'/fsf] pNn]v ub}{ >L l/hfnn] eGg'eof] xfn} u7g ul/g] xfd|f] of] pBf]uklt / Jofkf/Lx¿sf] ;+:yfdfkm{t xfdLn] ljZjnfO{ xfd|f] hfFu/, ;Lk tyf ;fwgsf] kl/ro lbg' 5 / cl3a9\g' 5 . ;df/f]xsf] cGtdf g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sdz{sf ;]qm]6/L >L /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn'n] wGojfb 1fkg ub}{ eGg'eof] o; ;Dd]ngdf ljleGg /fhb"tfjf;sf jfl0fHo ;Nnfxsf/x¿åf/f ;Daf]wg u/fpg] sfo{qmd 5 . k|yd jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ug{ tgdgn] of]ubfg lbg'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+:yf tyf JolQmnfO{ >L lrkfn'hLn] wGojfb 1fkg ug'e { of] .

k|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] bf];f| ] lbgsf] ultljlw af/]df uf]/vfkqsf] klxnf] k[i7df k|sflzt d'Vo ;dfrf/

>L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lghL If]qsf] nufgLdf e/f];f

pBf]uklt Pj+ Jofkf/Lx¿df b]z ljsf;sf] uxg lhDd]jf/L -xfd|f ;Djfbbftfåf/f_ sf7df8f},+ kf}if !@ ut] . k|yd /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus tyf jfl0fHo ;Dd]ngsf] bf];f| ] lbg cfh ljleGg jQmfx¿n] b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus/0fdf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] klg dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'eof] . To; cj;/df af]Ng'xb“' } /fli6«o k~rfotsf ;b:o tyf jfl0fHo ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf cWoIf >L g/]Gb|gfy jf:tf]nfn] pBf]u v8f u/]/ cfk\mgf] cfjZostf k'/f u/L cfk\mgf] b]zdf o;} kl//x]sf j:t'af6 cGt/b]zLo Jofkf/ cfk\mgf] kIfdf /fVg x/ k|oTg ug'{ g} cfh k|To]s pBf]uklt / Jofkf/Lsf] Ps dfq nIo x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 eGg'eof] . pxf“n] cem lbgr/ lbg a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostf Dofgdf /fv]/ lgsf;L k|7f/Ldf ;Gt'ng Nofpg ;lqmo gePdf b]zsf] Jofkf/sf] l:ytL Hofb} lrGtfhgs x'g] s'/fdf pBf]ukltx¿sf] Wofg cfs[i6 ug'e { of] . cy{;lrj 8f= dfwj k|;fb kGtn] eGg'eof]–cfhsf] ljsf;f]Gd'v cj:yfdf xfdLn] klg c¿ b]zx¿sf] cg'ej / xfd|f] cfhsf] cj:yf k/Dk/f tyf cfjZostfx¿ x]/L u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] lhDd]jf/L a'‰g' k/]sf] 5 .

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kl/R5]bâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;5 BEST WISHES

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Best Wishes from Development Partners FNCCI takes pride of its glorious history as the biggest private sector organization. Its steps are not only limited towards creating networks with the private sector businesses across the country, but is also equally mindful to push the limits to reach towards the development sector for the effective delivery of its responsibilities. As the apex business body, it has been able to create, nurture and sustain relationship with a number of development organizations be it for initiating different private sector friendly projects or to help organize and institutionalize country’s labor sector or to ensure business friendly environment or to lobby for the advanced private and investment sector supportive legal framework from the government. The list goes on. With its relentless efforts towards working in collaboration with different development organizations, FNCCI has established itself as a good partner for ensuring better results. The relationship between the International Labor Organization (ILO) has been getting dipper and stronger since the

day these two entered collaboration. FNCCI as a key constituent of ILO has been continuously working together for last 50 years in a range of activities. The efforts made in collaborative manner to promote industrial relations, workplace cooperation, social dialogue including policy and legal reforms have been crucial to improve labor market governance in Nepal. Following the restoration of democracy in 1990, labor relations took a new shift in Nepal. Sound Industrial relations in changing context was a big challenge then. FNCCI and ILO worked together to overcome those issues by establishing a constant

partnership for improvement.

of the ILO,” comments the ILO official.

The collaboration between FNCCI and ILO for labor market governance, gender mainstreaming, formalizing informal economy, occupational health and safety, vocational education and skill development training, fighting against child labor, among others have been very important initiatives over this period. Similarly, inclusive growth, socioeconomic transformation and creating jobs in Nepal are also key areas where FNCCI and ILO have been working together. Business growth and economic development have no option but to tackle significant challenges of unemployment and underemployment in the country. Labor relations both at national level and at factory level have improved over these years. National level consensus on Labor and Social Security Acts are visible evidences of this. It was made possible only because of the constant dialogue between the government and the FNCCI under the direct support of ILO. Formulation of National Employment Policy (NEP) including other relevant plans and programs are essential policy interventions. At the same time, the fixation of remuneration of laborers across the country and the subsequent positive impact on the industrial productivity has also been another significant area of FNCCI and ILO partnership.

ILO congratulates FNCCI for its 50 years of establishment and for being a great milestone for socio-economic transformation and adds that FNCCI ILO partnership will contribute more in realizing decent work for all in Nepal.

Commenting on the FNCCI and ILO partnership, the ILO official says that ILO has a strong partnership and collaboration with FNCCI not only in the past but also need to remain constructive engagement for realizing 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development through promoting industrial peace and socioeconomic transformation. “Employment generation improved working conditions and inclusive economic growth will be key areas of our engagement in future. FNCCI as the largest network of Nepalese business community and employers’ organizations in the country is and will always be the valued constituent

UN Habitat has been another significant working partner of FNCCI. FNCCI has

been working to implement Green Homes-Promoting Sustainable Housing in Nepal for last two and half years as an implementing partner of UN Habitat. Supporting the UN Habitat realize some of its objectives and ensure project implementation, FNCCI had been a key implementing partner to coordinate and collaborate with sustainable housing promoters especially small and medium enterprises (SMEs). According to UN Habitat officials, FNCCI also played a major role in linking up the SMEs with banks and financial institutions (BFIs) to interact and promote sustainable housing products and services and in its marketing opportunity in Nepal. FNCCI also provided its valuable inputs on strengthening supply chain and sustainable housing and create green jobs focusing on urban poor especially for youth and women. UN Habitat also recognizes the FNCCI’s involvement as one of the members in coordination committee of the project directly and in providing suggestions for project review and monitoring. The apex business body also supported to develop green building guideline and has been responsible to take responsibility after the project period. "FNCCI is a leading organization for all the entrepreneurs of Nepal and

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it is only one body which can sustain the sustainable business of the country and facilitate and motivate SMEs who involved in this business,” says an official from UN Habitat. Similarly, the relationship of FNCCI with ICIMOD is getting stronger and stronger

since the day these two organizations entered into collaboration. According to Naina Shakya, Partnership and Private Sector Specialist of Strategic Cooperation Unit at International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) says that FNCCI and ICIMOD have been collaborating closely for the past five years and that her organization’s partnerships with the private sector is very important as a means to support ICIMOD’s vision and mission for sustainable mountain development, and to enhance its impact on mountain communities by including private sector actors. According to her, ICIMOD understands that private sector plays a key role in realizing the huge potential for sustainable economic growth and resilience in ICIMOD’s regional member countries like Nepal. “FNCCI and ICIMOD have been mainly engaged in sharing of information and knowledge; participating in each other’s conferences and workshops as resource persons; being involved in several of FNCCI’s trade fares to showcase ICIMOD’s activities; and expanding and networking,” Shakya added. Commenting further she said that the private sector plays a pivotal role in realizing the huge potential for socio-economic growth while private sector actors like FNCCI can create greater impact in the mountain communities and help enhance their livelihoods by developing value-chains, market linkages and access to finance for mountain products and services. “As a knowledge institution, ICIMOD can contribute its expertise to the private sector to help progress business development opportunities,” she continues, “The knowledge generated through research can be translated into 212

sustainable business solutions.” FNCCI recognizes ICIMOD as a resource center, raising awareness and educating private sector entities about the larger environmental challenges and impacts of climate change on their businesses. ICIMOD is well positioned to provide critical information on business risks, such as climate change impact on various sectors. FNCCI and ICIMOD believe that both the institutions need to explore areas of mutual interests and focus efforts on specific meaningful activities. “ICIMOD would very much like FNCCI to ramp up efforts to strengthen the cooperation to make a significant difference that would benefit the mountain people of Nepal. Under the collaboration, one major activity was undertaken in 2012 where FNCCI and ICIMOD jointly held a workshop on “Innovative Mountain Partnership Approach for Commerce and Trade in Nepal,” with an objective to bring together leaders of the private sector from FNCCI and experts from ICIMOD to discuss activities of common interests that links private sector activities to sustainable mountain development in Nepal. ICIMOD similarly, has contributed to the resource center of FNCCI by providing its research findings and outreach materials on topics related to climate change, water and air, ecosystem services and geospatial themes.

Japan based development agency has dispatched three of its senior volunteers who are working at the Agro Enterprise Center (AEC) of FNCCI Head Office and several other districts covered by One Village One Product (OVOP) while JICA volunteers have also been mobilized in the field of Farmers’ Cooperative. JICA and FNCCI also have worked jointly for the State Building Program. “JICA Nepal Office congratulates FNCCI on its 50 years of establishment and wishes more success in days ahead,” says the JICA, “Looking forward to new collaborations in future for a prosperous Nepal.” FNCCI has also been working with Asian Development Bank (ADB). According to Anjan Panday, Senior Programs Officer at ADB, ADB has had a partnership with FNCCI since long as a leading private sector umbrella organization, to seek its views on various aspects of Nepal's development, such as enabling policies and environment for private sector investments. “All these consultations have led to informed decision making on our part, including in our policy dialogues with the government, for which we thank the FNCCI,” Panday says. As a project-specific partnership, the FNCCI Agro Enterprise Center has been an implementing partner under two ADB projects, Raising Incomes of Small and

Expressing her best regards, Shakya says, “Congratulations on the 50 years anniversary of FNCCI for the contribution to the business community and development of Nepal. We look forward to fostering closer working relationship with FNCCI in the very near future.” FNCCI has also been working in closely with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Nepal Office. The

Medium Farmers Project, since 2010, and the High Mountain Agribusiness and Livelihood Improvement Project, since 2011. ADB feels that its relationship with FNCCI has been deepening over the years, for the Bank recognizes the increasingly critical role of private sector to promote investments in industries as well as infrastructure to expedite economic growth with job creation.

ADB closely coordinated with FNCCI for the successful organization of Nepal Economic Summit 2014. Shedding light on the same issue, Panday adds that formal discussions with FNCCI and its officials have been the main platform of engagement. “Our Country Director has been regularly meeting with FNCCI President and key representatives on various development related issues in public and private sectors,” he adds. As regards to the major areas of collaboration, the two organizations hold regular dialogues on private sector investments, necessary directions of energy sector reforms, as well as enabling environment for private sector investments, among others. ADB, wishing FNCCI to further advance its role in driving private sector's contribution for Nepal's development, says that by furthering a healthy business environment in the country, coupled with entrepreneurship and innovation, the FNCCI can stand as a key player in Nepal's development. “We hope it would be nice if FNCCI can strengthen contributions to advising and advocating necessary changes in policies, laws and regulations, and institutional systems to promote private sector industrial development that holds a key for the country to move up to the economic value ladder. We wish it all the success in its endeavors,” Panday states. In the same manner, IFAD, FNCCI’s another working partner, has been collaborating with FNCCI’s AEC through the projects financed by IFAD. According

to IFAD officials, a loose collaboration started between AEC and Western Uplands Poverty Alleviation Project (WUPAP) in 2004 and the main thrust of the collaboration was to acquire price information of various NTFP/MAPs on a regular basis. “A more formal collaboration started from December

2009 for the implementation of High Value Agriculture Project in Hill and Mountain Areas (HVAP) where AEC was entrusted as an implementing partner,” informs Bashu Aryal, Country Programme Officer of IFAD, “This collaboration with AEC with IFAD financed project was further expanded to Improved Seeds for Farmers Programme (ISFP) from August 2013 while there is also a plan to further this partnership with Rural Enterprises and Remittances Project – SAMRIDDHI in 2017.” He also further informed that the collaboration with WUPAP was only price information dissemination and for other projects, AEC is an implementing partner mainly to facilitate the businessto-enterprise linkages and nurture buyback agreements for the produce. This collaboration is producing intended results with HVAP whereas results are still to surface under ISFP. IFAD acknowledges FNCCI of being biggest organization of the private sector in Nepal with a country-wide network and praises for being able to protect the interest of the business community. At the same time, GIZ has also been

another vibrant partner of FNCCI. The German based organization with its implementing partner for chamber capacity development, sequagGmbH, has collaborated with Chamber of Commerce and Industries of Palpa, Makwanpur, Chitwan, Rupandehi (Butwal), Surkhet and Kailali from 2009 to 2011. Later, GIZ through INCLUDE programme has collaborated with FNCCI from mid-2009 to March 2016, with Kailali CCI, Surkhet CCI, Dang CCI, Pyuthan CCI and Tikapur CCI from 2012 – 2015, and with Nepalgunj CCI from Nov 2013 to July 2015. GIZ sources inform that the collaborative relationship between the two institutions over the years has been more constructive and fruitful demonstrating tangible results, for instance,

coordination and cooperation of FNCCI with their respective sub-organizations at local level has enhanced knowledge on taxation system of Nepal and database management system has been established in the Chambers. Officials at the GIZ also say that GIZ’s partnership with FNCCI and their local structures has been much focused towards job creation, income generation of disadvantaged groups and for creating an enabling environment for an inclusive economic development of the country while institutional capacity enhancement, like website development, installation of Management Information System (MIS), development of training manual on ‘Chamber management’, orientation on ‘Public-Private-Cooperative Consultation (PPCC) Manual,’ improve cooperation with district CCIs, delivery of market oriented services, etc. has also been another significant areas of cooperation. Recognizing its contribution since its establishment GIZ congratulates FNCCI and wish all the best for future. FNCCI has also been working with Department for International Development (DFID) through one of its

project named Samarth-Nepal Market Development Program (NMDP). Such is the nature of the collaboration that FNCCI sits in the steering committee of Samarth-NMDP as Mr. Pradeep Maharjan, Executive Director of AEC has been representing FNCCI in SamarthNMDP’s steering committee meetings. As a member of the project steering committee, FNCCI has been playing a critical role in steering the project activities. Samarth-NMDP recognizes FNCCI as one of our most valued and key advisors in its project and says that without its continued support and engagement in the project activities, it would not be as successful as has been.

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kl/R5]bâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;h ;fGble{s n]v /rgfx?M ;fef/

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g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] :yfkgf / ljsf;M Ps ;+:d/0f kz'klt lul/, k"j{ cWoIf k|lta4tfsf cefj, e|i6frf/n] ;+:yfut ?kdf ln+b} cfPsf], 9fs 5fk ug]{ k|al[ Q /fhg}lts Pj+ k|zf;lgs IF]qdf a9\b} uPsf], tL IF]qdf OdfGbfl/tf, nugzLntf, :ki6tf, ;dGjo cflbsf] cefj a9\b} uPsf] / log} sf/0fn] b]zsf] cy{tGq kmi6fpg g;s]sf] dxz"; u/] + . cfkm\gf] sfo{sfndf ljleGg :d/0fx? dWo] s]xL 36gfnfO{ d}n] clj:d/0fLo ?kdf klg lnPsf] 5' . o:tf gsf/fTds k|al[ Qn] ubf{ b]z cfly{s b[li6n] vf]qmf] x'g] l:ylt b]Vbf dnfO{ ;fx|} b'Mv nfUbYof] . oBlk ;fj{hlgs ?kdf oL s'/f p7fpg] lxDdt To; a]nf s;}sf] lyPg . ;+3sf dFWodaf6 xfdLn] k6s k6s oL s'/f dfly l6sf l6Kk0fL ;+3 :yfkgfsf] k|of;nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ u/]tf klg To;sf] s'g} jf:tf ul/+bg} Yof] . lghL IF]qsf] k|of;n] dfq /fli6«o :t/df g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 :yfkgf ug{ sl7gfO{ o;} aLr /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] klxnf] a}7ssf] clGtd lbg –lj=;+= @)@( ;fn kmfu'g kb{Yof] xf]nf . t/ ;+3 :yfkgfdf >L % sf] !* ut]_ cfof]lht Ps ;df/f]xdf >L % ;/sf/ ;d]tsf] ;xof]u /x]sf] lyof] . t;y{ dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/sf] ;d'kl:yltdf d}n] ;+:yfks ;b:osf] x}l;otn] g]kfn pBf]u /fli6«o :t/df g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo jfl0fHo ;+3 :yfkgfdf d}n] vf; 7"nf] sl7gfO{ b]zdf e|i6frf/n] ;+:yfut ?k lnO{;s]sf] / ;+3 :yfkgf x'g' cl3 sf7df8f}d+ f g]kfn of] lgd"n{ gkf/] b]zsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg] s'/f r]Da/ ckm sd;{ tyf cGo sltko lhNnfdf k/]sf] dx;'; ul/g . JoQm u/]sf] lyP . kl5 o;}nfO{ cg'z/0f lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x? sfo{/t lyP . u/]/ c?n] klg e|i6frf/n] ;+:yfut ?k b] z df pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+ 3 x? gePsf] To;a]nf g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{n] sl/a lnPsf] s'/fnfO{ rrf{ kl/rrf{ ub}{ cfPsf avtdf pBf] u L Jofkf/Lx?sf] Pp6f ;+ u l7t /fli6«o :t/sf] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] lyP / 5g\ . o:t} lj=;+= @)#) ;fndf cfjfh x' g ;s] s f] lyPg / pgLx?n] ?kdf s]xL xb;Dd sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] lyof] . ;+3sf] cWoIFsf] x}l;otn] d / ;+3sf sfo{ cfkm\gf] lghL :t/df JolQmut tj/n] dfq d cfk}m+ n] klg hgsk'/ Jofkf/ ;+3sf] ;dLltsf ;b:ox?n] ;fd"lxs ?kdf >L % ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug'{ kb{Yof] . o;n] ubf{ k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd{;sf] dxf/fhflw/fh ;dIF b]zsf] pBf]u Jofkf/ sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf /xL sfo{ u/]sf] lyP . ;fd"lxs ;+:yfsf] cefjdf w]/} g} sl7gfO{ nufot cGo cy{tGqsf ;DaGwdf a:t'l:ylt dxz"; eO{/x]sf] lyof] . To;} sf/0fn] klg t/ g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{ /fli6«o:t/sf] hfx]/ ug]{ df}sf kfPsf lyof} + . o; a]nf xf] ;+ 3 x?sf] :yfkgfsfn eGbf klxn] b] z sf] ;+3 gePsf]n] ;a} lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 b]zdf ux“s " f] cefj eO{ d}bf ldn nufot pBf] u / jfl0fHo Tolt kmi6fpg ;s] s f] ;+:yf Pj+ /fi6«sf ;Dk"0f{ pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?sf] lj:s' 6 , a] s/L cflb pBf]ux?sf] ;~rfngdf lyPg . pBf] u / jfl0fHo ljsf;sf] Oltxf; aLrdf ;fdGh:otf Pj+ Pstf Nofpg'sf] 7" n f] sl7gfO{ k/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] tTsflng x] g { ] xf] eg] jf:tjdf ;+ 3 x? :yfkgf ePsf] ;fy} ;';u+ l7t eO{ sfo{ ug]{ tk{m sbd rfNg a:t'l:ylt hfx]/ ug]{ qmddf of] ;d;fdlos sfnb]lv g} ljsf; x'b+ } cfPsf] d}n] cg'ej ;lsPsf] lyPg . h;n] ubf{ /fi6«sf ;Dk"0f{ ;d:of klg >L % df hfx]/ ug'{ xfd|f] st{Jo u/]sf] 5' . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] :yfkgf pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?sf] ;d:of, cfjfh, lyof] / xfdLn] hfx]/ u¥of} + . o;} aLr Toxf“ / ;~rfngaf6 >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ gLlt cfJxfg, sbd, dfu, xs lxtsf] 7f]; ?kdf pkl:yt /xg' ePsf] tTsflng s[lif dGqLn] lgwf{/0f ug{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{df klg k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 pBf]uL b]zdf kof{Kt ux"“ pknJw 5 egL xfd|f] 7" n f] d2t ldn] s f] d} n ] dxz" ; u/] s f] 5' . Jofkf/Lx?sf] w]/} dfu tyf k|of;sf] ;kmn egfO{nfO{ >L % sf] cufl8 k|ltjfb ug'{ t;y{ oL ;+ 3 x?fO{ cem a9L ;' b 9 [ ug{ ;s] s f] ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . o;n] ubf{ ePsf] lyof] . o;af6 d}n] of] cg'ej u/]+ v08df b] z sf] pBf] u / jfl0fHo IF] q sf] /fli6«o :t/df pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 gePsf] ls b]zsf] ;jf]R{ r lgsfodf tYo s'/f k'Ug} ljsf;df a9fjf ldNg ;Sb5 . cj:yfdf b]zsf] pBf]u Jofkf/ k|a4{gdf glbO{ 9fs 5f]k u/L e|i6frf/nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg pBf]uL Jofkf/L ;d"bfonfO{ dfq geO{ >L lbg] k|jl[ Qn] g} b]zsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo nufot g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ klg lgs} sl7gfO{ k/]sf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]g . :yfkgfsfnb]lv d lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;+3sf] dxz"; eO{/x]sf] lyof] . ;fy} cGo b]zx?df lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg /x“b+ } cfPsf] / e}m g]kfndf klg ljleGg lhNnfdf :yflkt ;+3sf] jt{dfg l:ylt ;DaGwdf d s] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?, a:t'ut ;+3x? / cGo ;f}efUoj; b]zsf pBf]uL tyf Jofkf/Lx?sf] eGg rfxG5' eg] :yfkgf sfnsf] eGbf ;+3 ;xof] u af6 g] k fn pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+ 3 sf] cf}Bf]lus Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgx?nfO{ ;d]6L clxn] w] / } g} ;';u+ l7t / ljsl;t eO{ ;s]sf] cWoIF kbdf @ sfo{ s fn ;d] t u/L !) ;+3Lo ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ;dGjofTds 9+uaf6 d} n ] cg' e j u/] sf] 5' . t/ o;}df dfq ;Gtf]if jif{ ; Dd ;] j f ug] { df} s f klg dnfO{ pknJw /fli6«o :t/df sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ clt lng] 7fp+ 5}g . ;+3sf] ;'wf/ / a[l4sf] qmd cfjZos eO{ /x]sf] lyof] . o;}n] g]kfn r]Da/ ePsf] lyof] . ;+3sf] cWoIF kbdf /xL cem lg/Gt/ hf/L /xg] 5 . ;fy} casf] ckm sd{sf] cfof]hgfdf lj=;+= @)@@ ;fn k'; sfo{ ubf{ d}n] b]zsf] ljsf; k|lt /fhg}lts !! b]lv !$ ut];Dd sf7df8f}d+ f /fi6«JofkL k|yd jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ng ul/of] . o; ;Dd]ngn] /fli6«o :t/df ;+3Lo ;+:yf :yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] / g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 :yfkgf eof] . o; ;+3n] k|f/Dedf clw/fHoe/sf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?nfO{ ;d]6g\ g;s]tf klg kl5 cfP/ clw/fHoe/sf ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, a:t'ut ;+3x? / cf}Bf]lus, Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgx?nfO{ ;d]6g\ ;kmn ePsf] 5 / ;+3 qmdzM ;zQm Pj+ ;d[4 x“b' } cfPsf] 5 / ;+3 cem ;zQm x'b} hfg' cfjZos 5 .

216

k|hftflGqs jftfj/0fdf ;+3n] cem ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Snf eGg] ljZjf; d}n] lnPsf] 5' . pBf]u jfl0fHo nufot cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;+3nfO{ cem ;zQm / ;'b9[ ub}{ hfg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]vs ] f] 5' . pBf]u jfl0fHo b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 ePsf]n] o;sf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{gdf ;+3n] e"ldsf v]Ng' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] klg ;xof]u Pj+ ;dy{gsf] h?/L 5 . ;+3n] pBf]u jfl0fHo nufot s[lif pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] nflu cWoog / cg';Gwfg tk{m klg sbd rfNg' kb{5 / ;+3af6 ePsf cg';Gwfg ;'emfjx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 ;lqmotf b]vfOg' cfjZos 5 . b]zdf cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] #÷$ bzssf] k|of; ePtf klg ce}m s[lifdf cfl>t hgzlQmnfO{ pBf]u tk{m pGd'v ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;fy} clwsf+; b}lgs cfjZostfsf a:t'x?sf] nflu cfoftdf g} e/ kg'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . o;}n] o; k|sf/sf] l:yltsf] cGt ug{ ;+3n] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u / ;Nnfx pknJw u/fO{ cg'sn" cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f b]z leq Nofpgdf ;3fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;fy} cfhsf] k|hftflGqs o'udf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 / >d ;+u7gx? (Trade Unions) aLr lg/Gt/ ;Dks{ / ;xof]u sfod u/L ljrf/sf] cfbfg k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . o;af6 ;+3sf] lqmofsnfkdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg klg 7"nf] d2t ldNb5 . To:t} g]pjf;+3 /fli6«o :t/sf] ;+3 ePtf klg cem sltko lhNnfdf ;+3 :yfkgf ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . To; tk{m klg ;lqmo k|of; x'g' h?/L 5 . ;fy} g]pjf;+3sf] ;+u7gfTds 9f“rfdf klg ;dosf] dfu / abln+bf] kl/l:ylt cg';f/ s]xL kl/jt{g ug'{ knf{ . o;} ;Gbe{df ;+u7gfTds ?kdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g Nofpg' knf{ / s] Jojxfl/s kIF 5g\ egL cWoog ug{ s]xL ;do cl3 sfo{ ;ldltsf] a}7sn] d]/f] ;+of]hsTjdf Ps ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . dnfO{ cfzf Pj+ ljZjf; 5 ls ;f] ;d"xn] ;f] af/]df 7f]; / Jojxfl/s ;'emfj lgs6 eljiodf ;+3nfO{ lbg] 5 . k|:t't ;'emfj sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] v08df ;+3 lgZro klg cem alnof] / ;+ul7t x'g ;Sb5 . b]zsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo nufot cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] nflu g]pjf;+3 / >L % sf] ;/sf/ b'js } f] ;lqmo e"ldsf /xg' clt cfjZos 5 . o; sf/0fn] g} ;+3 / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] aLrsf] ;DaGw Ps

csf]{ lgsfonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ 6]jf lbg] Ps kl/k"/ssf] e"ldsf lgefpg] vfnsf] x'g' kg]{ d cfjZos 7fGb5' . t;y{ ;+3 / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf aLrdf cfk;L ljZjf;, ;b\efjgf ldnh'n / cfk;L ;xof]u lnO{ Ps csf]n{ fO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf clt h?/L 5 . g]pjf;+3n] clxn] Pp6f 7"nf] af]6 j[IFsf ?kdf wf/0f ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;b:o ;+Vof klg w]/} a9L ;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] slxn] sx+L ;+3n] ;a}nfO{ Ps} ;'qdf afw\g lgs} k|of; klg ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . ;+3sf ;fd' cg]sg d;:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ tfklg tL ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{df ;+3 tTk/ x'g5 ] eGg] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . ;+3sf sdhf]/Lx? d}n] s] b]vs ] f] 5' eg] g]pjf;+3 Pp6f /fli6«o :t/sf] ;+:yf xf], o; ;+:yfsf d'Vo p2]Zo b]zsf] pBf]u jfl0fHosf] ljsf; jf a[l4 u/L b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' xf] . t;y{ ;+3n] s'g} klg JolQmut :jfy{ jf lxt ;f]Rg' x'b+ g} . t/ xfdL dg'iosf] Pp6f sdhf]/L ePsf]n] slxn]sfxL lglxt / JolQmut :jfy{, ;Lldt :jfy{, jf ljrf/nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg vf]Hb5f}+ hf] ls ;+:yfut ?kdf o;f] ug'{ /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og . ;+3 /fli6«o :t/sf] ePsf] x'gfn] JolQmut geO{ ;dli6ut ?kdf ;a} ;dfhnfO{ x]//] / /fli6«o lxtnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L sfo{ ubf{ ;+3nfO{ slxn] sf“xL w]/} sl7gfO{ klg kg{ cfp“b5 . tyflk oL ;d:of clwsf+z ?kdf t ;+3n] ;dfwfg ug{ ;s]sf] 5 .

tyf cGo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ NofO{ oL ;+3x?nfO{ ;'b9[ kfg{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] pBf]u Jofkf/ IF]qaf6 gu/kflnsf jf cGo ;+:yfnfO{ z'Ns p7fpg] clwsf/ lbP e}m ;f]xL cg';f/ ;+3n] cfk\mg} pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?;+u o; IF]qs} ;+:yfnfO{ z'Ns p7fpg] clwsf/ lbP e}m ;f]xL cg';f/ ;+3n] cfkm\g} pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?;+u o; IF]qs} ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu s]xL z'Ns p7fpg] :jLs[lt >L % sf] ;/sf/;+u dfu ub}{ cfPsf]df cem;Dd ;f] :jLs[lt ;+3n] kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ca cfPsf] k|hftflGqs ;/sf/n] ;+3sf] cfjfh jf dfu dfly s]xL Wofg b]nf / ;+3sf] cfly{s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xf]nf eGg] dnfO{ cfzf Pj+ ljZjf; 5 .

hxf“;Dd d}n] dx;"; u/]sf] 5' ls g]pjf;+3nfO{ cem ;lqmo agfpg] ;DaGwdf ;fyLx? sfo{ ;ldltdf cfpg jf kb k|fKt ug{sf nflu w]/} ;lqmo /xG5g\ . t/ lgjF{rgsfn ;lsP kl5 jf kb k|fKt ul/;s] kl5 sltko ;b:ox? lg:s[o ePsf] d}n] cg'ej u/]sf] 5' . h; h;n] ;+3nfO{ ;lqmo ?kdf ;xof]u ul//xg' ePsf] 5 tL ;b:ox?n] klg cem a9L ;lqmotfsf ;fy ;+3nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ d}n] dx;"; u/]sf] 5' . ;lqmo ?kdf ;xof]u gul//xg' ePsf ;b:ox?n] klg kbdf jf ;+3sf] sfo{ ;ldltdf cfPkl5 cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L lgefpg pxf“x?n] klg ;lqmo ?kdf sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . lsgsL ;+3 eg]sf] ;a}sf] ;femf xf] . cWoIF jf dxf;lran] dfq ;+3sf] sfo{ ;~rfng >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u gkfPsf] ug{ ;Sg] xf]Og . lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo v08df g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] ;lqmo ;+3x?n] klg s]Gb| -g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb}g . To;}n] >L % sf] ;+3_ nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;do ;dodf ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u ;+3nfO{ clt cfjZos cfkm\gf cd"No /fo ;'emfjx? lbP/, ;+3df 5 . ;+3sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{df >L cfkm\gf k|ltlglwx? a/fa/ k7fP/ ;+3sf] % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|dv ' e"ldsf /xg] lqmofsnfkdf cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 . ePsf]n] k|foMh;f] ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx? >L % sf] s]Gb|Lo ;+3sf] hu tyf xfn v'§f g} lhNnf ;/sf/;“u ;DalGwt /xg] x'G5g\ . t;y{ >L ;+3x? x'g . lhNnf pBf]u jlf0fHo ;+3x? % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u geO{ ;+3n] cfkm\gf] ;lqmo gePdf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 p2]Zo cg'?k ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . klg ;lqmo x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ lhNnf pBf]u g]pjfdxf;+3 nufot lhNnf / a:t'ut pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 nufot a:t'ut ;+3 Pzf]l;P6 jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] klg cfly{s l:ylt /fd|f] ;b:ox?n] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{ 5}g . o;} sf/0fn] klg ;+3x?n] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo j/fDa/ 3r3Rofpg' jf ;hu u/fpg' cg'?ksf sfo{x? Jofks ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos 5 eg] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] ;ls/x]sf] 5}gg\ . cfly{s ;|ft] sf] cefjdf klg cfkm\gf ;a} ;b:o ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;+3x?sf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf 7"nf] sl7gfO{ a/fa/ 3r3Rofpg' / plrt lgb]z { g ;/ kl//x]sf] 5 . pBf]u Jofkf/ IF]qsf] ;+:yfut ;Nnfx lbg' clt h?/L 5 . ljsf; / ;'bl[ 9s/0fsf nflu :yfoL cfly{s >f]tsf] cefjdf lgs} g} afwf cj/f]wx? ;fef/M /ht hoGtL :dfl/sf, pTkGg eO{/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] g]kfn pBf]u g]=p=jf=dxf;+3 jfl0fHo ;+3n] w]/} jif{ cl3 b]lv cfkm\gf]

217

d]/f] ;Demgfdf xl/k|;fb lu/L, k"j{ cWoIf lgjf{x u/]sf ;sf/fTds e"ldsf tyf a]nf—a]nfdf >L % sf] ;/sf/ / dxf;+3nfO{{ ;+3sf] tkm{af6 pknAw u/fPsf] ;'emfj ;Nnfxx?nfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ ;Dk"0f{ pBf]uL Jofkf/L ;fyLx?n] dnfO{ @)#@ ;fndf dxf;+3sf] ul/dfdo cWoIf kbdf lgjf{lrt u/] .

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] k"j{ cWoIfsf] gftfn] cfkm"n] dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ j u|x0f u/]sf] a]nf ;fyLx?sf] ;xof]un] eP u/]sf sfdx?af/] y'k}| ;Demgfx? 5g\, h;nfO{ lnlka4 u/L ;+:d/0fx? n]Vg dnfO{ ufx|f] eO{ /fv]sf] 5 . @)@@ ;fndf sf7df8f}d+ f ePsf] k|yd pBf]u jfl0fHo ;Dd]ngaf6 g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] hGd ePkl5 o;n] pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?sf] xs lxt tyf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{} cfPsf] 5 . dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnosf nflu cfk\mgf] ejg hUuf cflb s]xL gePsf] avt ;+3n] lqk'/Z] j/df 3/axfndf ->L gGbnfn hf]zLHo"sf] 3/_ lnO{ aiff}{ sfd u¥of] . qmdzM dxf;+3sf] sfddf klg tLa|tf cfO{ pQm 3/ sf]7f ;f“3/' f] ePsf sf/0fn] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;]jf lbg ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . To;sf/0fn] dxf;+3sf] 5'§} ejgsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos hUuf h'6fpg tyf ejg lgdf{0f ug{df xfdLn] To;a]nfb]lv g} ;f]r /fvL ejg lgdf{0fsf of]hgfx? agfPsf lyof}+ / rGbf, ;xof]ux? ;+sng ug{] sfd ePsf] lyof] . cfh dxf;+3sf] cfk\mg} ejgsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 / >L % a8fdxf/fgL ;/sf/sf] afx'nLaf6 pQm ejgsf] ;d'b3\ f6g ;DkGg ug{] uf}/j k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;n] pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx/sf] w/f]x/sf] ?kdf sfd ug{] ljZjf; k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf]df dnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf 5 . jL/u+h pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] cWoIFsf] x]l;otn] o; IF]qdf cjl:yt pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] ljsf; Pj+ k|a4{g tyf pBf]u] L Jofkf/Lx?sf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{] lbzfdf 218

o;/L pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?sf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;jf{R] r ;+:yfsf] cWoIF ePkl5 d}n] d'Vo ?kdf dxf;+3sf] ;+u7gfTds ljsf; tyf pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] :yfkgf / k|a4{g ug{' kg{] cfjZostf dx;'; u/]/ dxf;+3 cGtu{t ljleGg ;ldlt, pk;ldlt u7g u/L o;sf] sfo{IF]q Jofks / lj:tf/ u/] + . d'ns ' df ev{/—ev{/ pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] :yfkgfdf a[l4 e}/x]sf] avtdf o;nfO{ cem ult k|bfg ug{] p2]Zon] xfdLn] u7g u/]sf] ;ldltdf s]xL jl/i7 pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ ;lDdlnt u/fP/ b]zJofkL ?kdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cf}Bf]lus Jofkf/ gLltaf/] hfgsf/L u/fPsf lyof} + . :yfgLo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:yltdf ;+rfng ul/Psf] pQm cleofgn] d'ns ' df ;fgf, demf}nf nufot b'O{ rf/ j6f 7"nf pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf u/fpgdf 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] lyof] eg] csf{t] km{ dxf;+3n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfjsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] !) a'b“ ] sfo{qmdsf] lgdf{0f ug{df ;d]t k|z:t dfu{bz{g u/fPsf] lyof] . o;/L pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?af6 cfPsf] ;'emfjnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]/ dxf;+3n] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] ;f] sfo{qmd /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus gLltdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . >L % sf] ;lqmo g]tT[ jdf ;+rfng e}/x]sf] tTsfnLg Joj:yfdf pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] l:yltaf/] dlGqkl/ifb\sf cnfjf ;/sf/nfO{ klg cjut u/fpg] ub{Yof} + . >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/;“u k6s—k6s x'g] bz{g e]6sf] cj/df pBf]u / Jofkf/s]f cj:f/ af/] hfgsf/L tyf To;df cfjZos ;'wf/sf nlu ;'emfj ;Nnfx 6qm\ofpg] ub{Yof}+ / xfdLn] k|:t't u/]sf ;'emfjx? >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cf}Bf]lus Jofkf/ gLltdf w]/} xb;Dd ;dfj]z klg ug{] u/]sf] b]lvGYof] . ;fy} cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu x'g] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cWoog e|d0f 6f]nLdf pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?sf] klg ;lqmo k|ltlglwTj x'g] c;n kl/kfl6 /x]sf] lyof] . dxf;+3sf] dxTj / cf}lrToaf/] k6s—k6s >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fP/ b'j} kIfaLr cfk;L ;xof]u / ;dGjoaf6 dfq d'ns ' sf]

cy{tGq pTkfbgd"ns, :jfjnDaL / ;Ifd x'g ;Sg] s'/f hfgsf/L u/fpg] u/]sf lyof} + . xfdL aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cem ;zQm / ;an t'Nofpg] lbzfdf >L % sf] ;d'kl:yltdf dlGqkl/ifb\ / dxf;+3sf k|ltlglwaLr x'g] k6s—k6ssf] e]63f6 tyf 5nkmn sfo{qmdn] pBf]u / Jofkf/ If]qsf] k|a4{gdf pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] ub{Yof] . h;sf] kmn:j?k jfl0fHo / kf/jxgh:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;GwL ubf{ ;d]t dxf;+3sf] ;Nnfx lng] ul/GYof] / xfd|f] ;NnfxnfO{ w]/} xb;Dd ;/sf/n] cfk\mgf] sfo{gLltdf ;dfj]z klg ug{] ub{Yof] . g]kfn /fi6« a}s + af]8{ ;b:o ePsf] a]nf g]kfnL / ef/tLo d'bf| aLrsf] ;6xL b/ slt sfod ug{] eGg] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ a}7sdf efu lng] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . /fi6« a}s + sf] af]8n{ ] lglZrt u/]sf] ;x6L b/ Soflag]6n] x]//] kf; ug{' kg{] k|Fjwfg lyof] . To; avt af]8s { f ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox?n] ef=?= !)) sf] d"No !)^ af6 36fP/ !#% /fVg' kg{] ;'emfj lbPsf]df d}n] o;/L Ps} k6s cjd"Nog ubf{ d'ns ' df ;+s6 pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] ?=!#% sf] ;§f !$% ubf{ a]z x'g] ljrf/ k|:t't u/]sf] lyP“ . h'g dfGo ePg t/ klg cfkm" PSn}n] ?= !$% sf] b/ g} x'gk5{ eg]/ n]v +] . ;f}efUojz d}n] g} tf]s ] s ] f] b/ Sofljg]6n] :jLsf/ u¥of] . o; k|sf/ a}l+ s· k|j4{g ;ldltsf] ;b:otfsf] gftfn] a}ls· If]qsf] ljsf; tyf a}ls· gLlt ;do ;fk]If agfpg' kg{t] km{ d}n] k6s— k6s ljleGg ;'emfjx? k|:t't u/]sf] lyP“ . PgcfO8L;Lsf] af]8{ ;b:osf] x}l;otn] pBf]u / Jofkf/ If]qsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; ug{ Pp6f 5'§} Industrial Services Centre sf] :yfkgf x'g' kg{] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf] lyP“, h;n] Project Making, Market Survey, Feasibility Study h:tf sfd ug{sf cltl/Qm Latest technology sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg{] ck]IFf lyof] . o;af6 d'ns ' df cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t?{ k lbg ;Sg]5 eGg] s'/f ;'emfjsf] ?kdf JoQm u/]sf] lyP“ . o;/L Psflt/ pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] ljsf; ug{k' g{] lyof] eg] csf{l] t/ ax';V+ os g]kfnL hgtf s[lifdf cfl>t ePsf]n] s[lif If]qsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; ug{k' g{] bfloTj klg dxf;+3sf] lyof] . d}n] JolQmut ta/af6 Forest / Agriculture nfO{ k|fyldstf If]qleq /fVg' kg{] ;Nnfx k|bfg ug{s ' f ;fy} /fli6«o s[lif gLltsf] lgdf{0f u/]/ k/Dk/fut ?kdf e}/x]sf] s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] ;§f s'g If]qdf s:tf] s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf 5, To;sf] klxrfg u/L tbg'?ksf] sfo{ u/] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; x'gsf ;fy} /fli6«o

cy{tGq klg ;sf/fTds lbzftkm{ pGd'v x'g] k|:tfj k]z u/]sf] lyP“ . dxf;+3n] b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df pBf]u, jfl0fHo, cf}Bf]uLs/0f, Jofkf/ ljljlws/0f, /fh:j kl/rfng, >d P]g, lgod, cf}Bf]lus gLlt, Jofkf/ gLlt nufot pBf]u Jofkf/ ;DaGwL lgod sfg"g th{d' f ug{df d2t ug{sf] ;fy} >d ;DaGw x]g{ /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb\sf] u7g kZrft\ cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw ;'dw'/ u/L /f]huf/bftfsf] lxtdf klg o;n]

/fd|f] sfd ub{} cfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o cfly{s kl/;"rsx?n] xfd|f] cfly{s l:ylt v:sb} hfg' / k|ltJolQm cfo emg\—emg\ sd x'b“ } hfgfn] ;du| b]zsf] cfly{s l:ylt hh{/ x'g uPsf]df xfdL lrlGtt 5f} + . b]zsf] ljBdfg P]g lgod, sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf kfngf gePsf] sf/0f ljb]zL nufgL k|jflxt x'g g;sL pBf]u wGbfx? aGb x'b+ } hfgfn] xfd|f] l:ylt cem bogLo agg k'us ] f] 5 . o;tkm{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;do d} ;'wf/ gu/] d'ns ' sf] eljio s] xf]nf s;}n] eGg ;Sb}g .

d]/f] ljrf/df g]kfnsf] efjL >d ;DaGwdf sf] l;4fGtnfO{ k|ltkfbg ul/g' cfjZos 5 . o;f] ePdf pBf]udf cg'zf;g / ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod eO{ pBf]uwGbf ;'rf? ?kn] ;+rfng x'g ;Sg] / pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 eO{ pBf]u / /fi6«sf] ljsf; ;Dej x'g5 ] .

No work, No pay

;fef/M pBf]u jfl0fHo lbj; :dfl/sf, @)%^

dxf;+ 3 df /x“ b fsf cg' e jM OGb|eQm >]i7, k"j{ cWoIf /fhf;“u klxnf]k6s e]6g\ kfPsf] . xfdLn] w]/} s'/f /fVg ;s]gf+ } . ;/sf/ ca k|hftGq cfof] . xfdL klg b]zdf Jofkf/Lx¿sf] Ps ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{ OR5's 5f}+ dfq elgof] . /fhfaf6 ;+lIfKtdf xfdLn] xfd|} b]zsf 7"nf Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{ lrGg ;s]gf}+ eGg] b'Mv dgfp eof] . c¿ w]/} s'/f ug]{ / xfdLn] xfd|f] egfO d'Qm¿kn] /fVg ;Sg] dfxf}n Tolta]nf lyPg . tTkZrft\ @))( ;fndf æjl0fs\ d08nÆ g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{sf ¿kdf :yfkgf eof] . lgs} ;Lldt Jofkf/ lyof] . hgtfsf] rfxgf klg ;Lldt g} lyof] . g]kfndf a]nfot, hfkfg, hd{gL nufotsf b]zx¿af6 ;fdfg lemsfP/ a]Rg] sfd x'GYof] eg] 3/]n' tfgx¿sf pTkfbgsf] rng lgs} lyof] . :jb]zleqsf] Jofkf/ klg lgs} ;fgf] lyof] . xfdLx¿ ef/tLo ahf/df g} a9L lge{/ lyof} + . Tolta]nf xfd|f] cfly{s sf/f]af/df klg ef/t g} xfjL lyof] . kl5 lghLIf]qaf6 xfdLn] d'ns ' leq s]Gb|Lo a}s + sf] :yfkgfsf nflu ;'emfj /fVof+} / /fi6« a}s + :yfkgf x'g k'Uof] .

k|f/Deb]lv g} pBf]u Joj;fodf nfu]sf], To; avt pBf]u Joj;fosf] bfo/f klg lgs} ;fgf] ePsf] / ;d"xdf ldn]/ b]zsf], pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf;, cfly{s ljsf;, lghLIf]qsf] xslxt ;+/If0f ug]{ lx;fan] s]xL ;fyL;lxt r]Da/ cleofgdf nfluof] . lj:tf/} g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{sf] sfo{sfl/0fL of] If]qg} cfkm\gf] sd{el" d aGg uof] . Tolta]nf ;ldltdf lj=;+= @)@) lt/b]lv lhNnfl:yt g]kfndf ev{/ k|hftGqsf] pbo ePsf] lyof] . @))& ;fnb]lv k|hftGqsf] lqmofzLn nx/ cfof] . ;+3÷;+:yfx¿ vf]Ng] r]tgf hgtfx¿df cfO/x]sf] lyof] . pBdL Jofkf/Lx¿df cfk\mgf] klg Pp6f ;+:yf :yfkgf ug]{ ;f]r cfof] . ev{/ g]kfn kms]s { f tTsfnLg /fhf >L % lqe'jgnfO{ æjl0fs\ d08nÆ gfd lbP/ xfdL s]xL Jofkf/Lx¿n] bz{g e]6 u¥of} + . xfdLn] pBf]uL Jofkf/Lsf] ;+:yfsf] kl/sNkgf u/L sfo{ cufl8 t a9fof+} t/ To;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg xfdLn] lgs} d]xgt ug'k{ ¥of] . ;+3sf] ljwfg s:tf] x'g,] s;/L tof/ ug],{ s] gfd /fVg] eGg]df xfdL lgs} cGof}ndf k¥of}+ / kl5 n08g r]Da/ ckm sd;{sf] ljwfg dufP/ xfd|f] ljwfg tof/ u¥of+ } . ;f] sfo{df :juL{o /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn'sf] cys of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . pxf“sf] of]ubfgnfO{ lghLIf]qn] slxNo} e'Ng] 5}g .

s]xL jfl0fHo ;+3sf k|ltlglwnfO{ klg cfdGq0f u/L a}7s a:Yof} + . ;f]xL a}7ssf] rfxgfcg';f/ ;+3Lo ;+:yfsf] cfjZostfsf] dx;'; u/L g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 -xfn dxf;+3_ :yfkgf eof] . pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx¿sf] ;+3Lo ;+:yfsf ¿kdf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 -xfn dxf;+3_sf] :yfkgf ug{sf sf/0fx¿nfO{ a'b“ fut ¿kdf eGbf– ef/tnufot cGo b]zsf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿sf] ljsf; lj:tf/ b]v/] , r]Da/ cleofgnfO{ a9fO{ lhNnf÷lhNnfx¿df klg ;+3x¿ :yfkgf u/fO{ lghLIf]qsf] cfjfhnfO{ alnof] agfpg, b]zsf] cfly{s, cf}Bf]lus ljsf;, lghLIf]qsf] xslxt ;+/If0fdf Jofks ;lqmotf Nofpg . @)@@ ;fn k'; !! b]lv !$ ut];Dd sf7df8f}s + f] n}grf}/df vfgL ljefusf] xndf k|yd pBf]u jfl0fHo ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ul/of] . ;Dd]ngsf] nflu cfly{s cleef/f g]kfn a}s + ln=sf tkm{af6 / ;lrjfno ;~rfng Joj:yf g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgudaf6 ldnfOPsf] lyof] . c¿ ;a}h;f] sfd g]kfn r]Da/sf] ;lqmotf / k|zf;gaf6

219

e} tTsfnLg /fhf >L % dx]Gb|af6 ;d'b3\ f6g ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 :yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{o eO{ r]Da/sf] tTsfnLg ;efklt :j= nf]sgfy hf]zLsf] cWoIftfdf s]xL lhNnf k|ltlglwx¿;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] P8xs sld6L u7g eof] . pQm P8xs sld6Ldf :j= /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn'sf] ;lqmotfdf ;+3sf] ljwfg tof/ ul/of] . To;avt g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 :yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{o t eof] t/ ;+3nfO{ juL{o ;+u7gx¿;/x g} lgb]l{ zt ug{ kfpg] s]xL ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Laf6 juL{o ;+u7gsf] ¿k lbg vf]lhPsf] cfef; xfdLx¿n] kfof} + . pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿sf] ;+3nfO{ olb juL{o ;+u7gx¿s} >]0fLdf btf{ / lgb]l{ zt x'g] xf] eg] o;sf] cf}lrTo g} g/xg] xfd|f] dfGotf lyof] . cfk\mg} :jtGq cjwf/0ff /fvL u7g ePsf] ;+3nfO{ ;'b9[ / ;lqmo agfpg] sfddf xfdL ;+nUg eof+ } . of] lghLIf]qsf] ;+u7g ePsfn] s'g} /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] dg;foaf6 rNg lbg' x“b' g} eGg]df xfdL :ki6 lyof} + . d g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3df @)#% b]lv @)#* ;Dd cWoIf eP . pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx¿n] ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df wfp“bfwfp“bf cflht x'g,] dxf;+3df nfdf] ;do a;]/ 5nkmn u/L ;/sf/nfO{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu lbPsf] ;'emfj / dfux¿ Pshgf clws[tn] yGSofP/ /fvL lbg] k|jl[ Q lyof] .

220

lghLIf]qdf l9nf;':tLsf] :yfg x'b“ g} Yof] . ;dosf] dfucg';f/ b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus, cfly{s ljsf; x'g g;s] l5d]sL /fi6«x¿sf] bf“hf]df xfdL lgs} k5fl8 kg{ ;S5f}+ eGg] ;+:yfsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ xfdL ;lqmo e}/xGYof} + . ;f]xLcg'¿k ;+:yfsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ xfdL rfNYof} + . ;f]xL dfGotfcg'¿k M s/ k|zf;g / s/ clws[tx¿sf] bafad} lg0f{o ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] lj/f]w u¥of} + . pBf]u Joj;fonufot cfly{s If]qsf] zL3| ljsf;df b]vf k/]sf l9nf;':tLsf] xfdLn] hf]8bf/ ¿kdf lj/f]w u¥of} + . of]hgf cfof]uaf6 tof/ ul/Psf of]hgfx¿ nIocg';f/ sfd e}/x]sf] 5÷5}g eGg]df xfdLx¿ lgu/fgL /fVbYof}+ / ;f]xLcg';f/ bafa lbg] u¥of} + . g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lguddf lghLIf]qsf] tkm{af6 ;~rfns ;ldltdf /x]sf avt dnfO{ ljb]z e|d0f ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df ljleGg d'ns ' sf pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿;“u r]Da/x¿df 5nkmn e]63f6af6 lghLIf]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf ljsf;sf] k|lqmof tLj| cufl8 al9/x]sf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df xfd|f] b]zsf] k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf klg of] gLlt ;dfj]z e} cfpg'kg]{ ljifo tTsfnLg ;/sf/nfO{ cjut u/fpg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;'emfj lbO/xGYof} + . To;}u/L d]/} kfnfdf ljleGg 7fp“df pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿nfO{ e]nfu/fO{ If]qut 5nkmn rnfpg] sfo{sf] yfngL eof] . ;f]

qmddf klZrdf~rn / k"jf{~rn If]qsf pBf]u jl0fHo ;+3x¿sf] 5'§f5'§} ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u/L If]qut / ljifout ;d:ofsf af/]df Jofks 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . h'g 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df dxf;+3nfO{ /0fgLltx¿ tof/ ug{ lgs} ;3fp k'us ] f] lyof] . dxf;+3sf] sfo{zn} Ldf Tof] avtsf] eGbf w]/} km/s ePsf] d}n] kfPsf] 5' . xfn lhNnf tyf gu/:t/Lo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿sf] ;+Vof (@ k'lu;s]sf] 5 . *÷!) hgf sd{rf/L /x]sf Tolta]nfsf] dxf;+3 clxn] em08} ! ;o sd{rf/Lx¿af6 ;~rflnt 5 .;a} pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿ j:t'ut ;+3x¿sf] cfcfk\mg} dxŒj 5, tfklg g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 ;+3x¿sf] ;+3 ePsf] x'b“ f dxf;+3nfO{ ;'b9[ agfO{ o;sf] sfo{If]q cem} Jofks ug{ ;a} ;+3÷;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u lg/Gt/ cfjZos 5 . To:t} dxf;+3sf] cfjfh cfh ;/sf/;lxt ;a} lhDd]jf/ lgsfo;Ddn] ;'g/] To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug];{ Ddsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . dxf;+3 l;+uf] lghLIf]qsf] k|ltlglw ;+:yf xf] . ;/sf/nfO{ xfd|f] ;+oQ ' m zlQm b]vfpg ;Sg'k5{ . lghLIf]qsf cfjfhnfO{ ;'Gg ;Sg] jftfj/0f dxf;+3n] agfpg ;Sg'k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf dxf;+3n] ;a}nfO{ g]tT[ j lbP/ lgle{s ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o;tkm{ dxf;+3nfO{ ;kmntf ldNb} hfcf];\ d]/f] sfdgf 5 . ;fef/M PkmPg;L;LcfO{ lahg]z hg{n

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ljqmd ;+jt\ @)@)÷@! ;fnlt/ g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{sf cWoIF >L nf]sgfy hf]zL, >L h'4axfb"/ >]i7, >L /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn'x?sf aLr /fli6«o:t/sf] pBf]u jfl0fHo dx;+3 :yfkgf ug{a] f/] 5nkmn x“b' f d}n] klg ;do;dodf rrf{df efu lng] ub{y +] . >L hf]zLn] dnfO{ w]/} dfof ug{x' G' Yof] / ;do;dodf ;/;Nnfx / ;xof]usf nflu r]Da/df af]nfpg] ug{x' G' Yof] . >L lrkfn'n] l5d]sL d'ns ' x?sf /fli6«o:t/sf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf sfo{qmdx?df efu lnO{ k|FKt ug{e ' Psf] cg'ej / tL ;+3sf ljwfgx?sf] cWoog kZrft\ g]kfn pBF]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] kl/sNkgf / ljwfg tof/ ug{] sfd eof] . lj=;+ @)@@ ;fndf n}grf}/l:yt vfgL

cfh dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfno lgs} alnof] eO;s]sf] 5, t/ l5d]sL d'ns ' sf ;dsIfL dxf;+3sf] t'ngfdf cem} klg w]/} km8\sf] dfg{' h?/L 5 .

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;g\ !(%! sf] qmflGtn] hxf+lgof zf;gsf] cGTo / k|hftGqsf] pbo eof] . Jofkf/L ju{df cfkm\gf] xs / clwsf/sf] hfu/0f x'g yfNof] . ;dfhsf r]tgzLn hg dxfhg x'g \ . ;ft;fn cl3 Jofkf/ / pGgfO;f}+ ztflAbsf] z'?df g]kfn pBf]usf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ ;/sf/L c+u g} / g]kfnsf] af6f] u/L ltAat, rLg, dWo lyPg . dxf/fh / /fgLx?sf cfdf]b k|df]bsf Plzofdf Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug{ c+uh ]| x? a:t'x? v/Lb ug{ l;+xb/af/df lhG;L c8\8f Nfnflot eP . k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf] pBf]u / jfl0fHo gLltnfO{ ;+/IF0f ug{ To; avtsf] v8f lyof] . kl5 o; c8\8fsf] Ph]G;Lsf] g]kfnn] x/ ;Dej sf]lz; u¥of] . c+uh ]| x?sf] ?kdf snsQfdf afO· Ph]G;L lyof] . o;}n] klg 6S;f/nfO{ rflxg] wft', tSdfnfO{ pn{bf] zlQm;+u hg/n led;]g yfkfn] o'4 rflxg] ;'g rf+bL, aL/ c:ktfnnfO{ rflxg] afx]s csf]{ ljsNk b]vg] g\ . rLgn] ;}lgs cf}iflw, kf]i6 clkm;nfO{ rflxg] kf]i6 :6fDk ;xfotf lbg] cfZjf;g lbof] t/ Tof] k"/f 5kfpg] cflb sfd ug{ yfNof] . g]kfnL ?lkof+ ePg . kGhfj s]z/L /0fhLt l;+xn] klg c+uh ]| x?;+u n8fO{sf] k|m06 vf]Ng] jrg lbPsf eGbf rf+bL ;:tf] lyof] . To;tfsf hxflgof zf;gsf rfs8Lbf/nfO{ r“fbL k}7f/L u/L lyP, t/ lghn] klg c+uh ]| ;+u o'4 u/]gg\ . dxf/fi6«sf k/]jfx?af6 klg s'g} ;xof]u k|fKt 6S;f/df ?k}of“ 5fKg lbg] ub{y ] . ePg . k|m] Grx?n] tf]k, aGb's, jf?b / o:t} hg/n led;]g yfkfsf] ktg / h+u xltof/x? agfpg ;xfotf u/] . o"/f]ksf] & axfb'/sf] cfudgkl5 g]kfnsf]] s'l6/ pBf]u jif]{ c+uh ]| ;+usf] n8fO{df k|m] Grx?sf] k/fho x|F;f]Gd'v eO{ ;s]sf] lyof] . bf]>F] dxfo'4 eof], k|mfG;af6 yk ;}lgs ;xfotf k|fKt x'g -;g\ !(#(—!($%_ df g]kfn cfjZos ;s]g . k|m] Grx? g]kfnLsf b'Mvsf ;fyL x'g \ . a:t'x?sf] lgldQ ef/tsf] sf/vfgdf pTkfbg x'g] a:t'x?df lge{/ x'g k'uL ;s]sf] lyof] . c+uh ]| x?n] g]kfnLx?nfO{ 3'8+ f 6]sfO{ o'4sf] sf/0fn] To; avtsf] ef/t ;/sf/n] 5f8] . ;g\ !*!^ df ;'uf}nL ;lGw eof] . 222

j:t'sf] ljt/0f / 9'jfgLdf lgoGq0f u¥of] . g]kfnsf] lgldQ sf]6f -kl/dfl0fsL lgoGq0f_ tf]lsof] . oxL sf]6fsf a:t'x? k}7f/L u/fpg lhG;L c8\8fsf] ;fy;fy} c? ;Lldt ;fdfg ;KnfO{ ug]{ zfvf v'Nof] . sf]6fsf a:t'x? cfjZostf cg';f/ k|bfg gx'g] / ljt/0f Joj:yfsf] s'g} cfwf/ gx'gfn] d"No eGbf w]/} a9L d'gfkmfdf laqmL ljt/0f x'g] ub{Yof] . ;Lldt zfvfn] cfk\mg} a:t'x? k}7f/L ug]{ xf]Og ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ a9L sldzg lbg] Jofkf/Lx?n] g} k/ld6 kfpy] . o;/L Jofkf/Lx? k|zf;gd'lv aGb} uP . :j:y k|lt:kwf{df ljZjf; ug{ / pT;fxsf] efjgf (Self Enterprises Spirit) Jofkf/Lx?df nf]k x'b“ } uof] . g]kfnaf6 ef/t lgsf;L x'g] a:t'x?df vfBfGg, bnxg, t]n] xg, sf7, hl8a"6L, kf6, 5fnf cflb ck|zf]lwt a:t'x? g} lyP . ef=?= / kfp08 :6ln{usf] v'Nnf ;6xL x'g] x'gfn] ;d'bk| f/af6 a:t'x? k}7f/L ug'{ kb}g{ Yof] . g]kfndf vkt ePsf a:t'x? ;d]tsf] g]kfnL pkef]Qmfx?n] ef/tsf] snsQf kf]6d{ f ltg'{ kg]{ eG;f/ b:t'/ ef/tLo ;/x g} ltg]{ ub{y ] . ef/tdf pTkfbg ePsf cGtMz'Ns nfUg] dfnx? ef/tLox?n] vkt u/] ;/x g]kfnL pkef]Qmfx?n] klg s/ ltb{y,] k}7f/L ub{y ] . g]kfn Ps} lbgdf u/Lj ePsf] xf]Og . ;/sf/sf] s'g} b]zdf klg cfkm\gf] b]zdf vkt x'g] a:t' afx]s cfkm\gf] b]zsf] af6f] eO{ cGoq hfg] a:t'x?df eG;f/ jf cGtMz'Ns jf laqmL s/ nfUg] Joj:yf x'b“ g} / 5}g klg . ;g\ !(@# sf] ;lGwn] klg ef/tsf snsf/vfgfdf pTkfbg x'g] / cGtMz'Ns nfUg] a:t'x?df eG;f/ dxz"n gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o lgsf;L k}7f/L ug]{ k|lqmofsf] 1fg, /fHo zf;gaf6 hfgsf/L lbOb}gYof] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb]zL ;/sf/;+u u/]sf] ;lGw ;Demf}tf uf]Ko /flvGYof] . ljsf;sf] ult z"Go ePsf] cj:yfdf lj1fg / k|ljlw k}7f/L ug]{ h?/t g} lyPg . lj1fg /f]P/ db{5 eGby] . cfdf]b k|df]bsf a:t'x? hgtfsf] lgldQ v/Lb ug]{ cj:yf g} lyPg . lagf d]xgtaf6 k|fKt wgsf] vr{ zf;s jif{sf] lgldQ s'g} dxTj g} lyPg . d'bf| k|rngsf] b[li6n] g]kfn ef/tLo d'bf| k|rng If]q lyof] . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / o;sf] k"j{ klZrd @ g+= IF]q;Dd dfq g]kfnL ?k}of+sf] k|rng lyof] . t/fO{ / leqL dWob]zdf dfndf]t ;d]t ef=?= df g} c;"n ul/GYof] . ;Dat @)!$ ;fndf g]= ?= df g} dfnkf]t c;"n ug]{ Joa:yf ul/of] .

d'bf| lalgdo ug]{ u/fpg] gLlt lyPg . O{Gb| rf]ssf s]xL ;fx"dxfhgx?sf] ldlndtf]df / dfu / k|bfosf] cfwf/df ef=?= g]=?= sf] lalgod b/ tf]lsGYof] . >4]o g]tf ;'j0f{ zDz]/ h=j=/f n] Ps ;o ef=?= sf] g]=?= !^) tf]lslbg' eof] . To;kl5 ahfl/of efpdf ef=?= / g]=?= sf] v/Lb laqmL ljlgdo b/ :jtM sfod eof] . o;/L /fi6«nfO{ g]kfnL ?k}ofsf] l:y/tf ;'j0f{ zDz]/n] lbg' ePsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg dWo] Ps xf] . of] @)@# ;fn;Dd sfod /x\of] . g]kfn /fi6« a}s + @)!@ ;fndf v8f x'g' eGbf klxn] xf8{ s/]G;Lsf] g]kfndf vftf lyPg . ;g\ !($& df ef/t / kfls:tfg b'O{ ;fj{ef}d :jtGq /fi6«sf] ?kdf v8f eP . xfnsf] a+unfb]z k"jL{ kfls:tfg aGof] . of] 36gfn] g]kfnsf] lgsf;L k}7/L Jofkf/df k|lts"n k|efj k¥of] . kfls:tfgaf6 ckmuflg:tfg;Ddsf] g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ /f]lsof] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu O{nfd lhNnf lnp+ . To; avtsf] O{nfd jfl0fHosf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;DkGg lhNnf xf] . Tofxf“sf] cfwf/e"t pTkfbg cfn' xf] . O{nfdaf6 k"jL{ kfls:tfgdf cfn" lgsf;L x'g aGb eof] . k"jL{ kfls:tfgdf k|r08 udL{ x'gfn] cfn'sf] aLp Toxf+ ;~ro x'b+ g} . k/fk"js { fn b]lv a+ufndf cfn' O{nfdaf6 g} lgsf;L x'g] ub{Yof] . ca cfn' lgsf;L /f]lsP/ s[ifssf] af/Ldf g} s'lxg yfNof] . ef/t kfls:tfg b'O{ /fi6« ePkl5 g]kfnsf] cy{ Joj:yfdf s:tf] c;/ k¥of] . cem cWoog x'g af“sL 5 . t/ g]kfnsf] lgldQ k"j{ klZrd kfls:tfg tyf ckmuflg:tfgaf6 a:t'sf] cfbfg k|bfg /f]lsof] . g]kfnL kf6sf] eg] ef/tsf] klZrd a+ufndf klxn] b]lvg} ahf/ lyof] . bf]>f] dxfo'4sf] ;dflKtkl5 j:t'x?df nufOPsf] lgoGq0f k'ms'jf eof], t/ g]kfnsf k|zf;s / k|zf;g;+u ;DaGw ePsf Jofkf/Lsf] lgldQ of] k|yf sfod g} /xL /x\of] . :jtGq ef/tn] ;d'bk| f/ d'ns ' sf d'bf| x?nfO{ xf8{ s/]G;L 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o;sf] k|ToIF c;/ g]kfnnfO{ k¥of] . To; avt g]kfnsf] cfk\mg} xf8{s/]G;L vftf lyPg . la|l6z uf]vf{n] sdfPsf] xf8{s/]G;L klg l/he{ a}s + ckm Ol08ofdf hDdf x'g] uYof{ ] . l/he{ a}s + n] ef=?= / kfp08 :6ln+usf] pgLx?n] tf]ss ] f] lalgdo b/df uf]vf{ cfdL{n] ef=?= df k]G;g kfpg] eof] . g]kfnn] ;d'bk| f/sf b]zaf6 k}7f/L ubf{ k//fi6« dGqfno dfk{mt ef/t ;/sf/;+u O{hfht kq lng' kg]{ eof] . Ps k6s ;g\ !(^) df >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wdf ef/t ;/sf/n] ;d'bk| f/sf b]zx?af6 dfn;fdfg k}7f/L ug{ ef=?= #* nfv a/fa/sf] ljb]zL d'bf| ;6xL k/ld6 lbPsf] lyof] . ef/t :jtGq /fi6«sf] ?kdf v8f x'b+ 5 } eGg]

;"rgf la|l6z ;/sf/n] To; avtsf] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf lyP . ef/t :jtGq ePkl5 pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo IF]qdf kg]{ k|efjsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ pkfosf] k"j{ tof/L s]xL klg ePg . ;g\ !($^ df g]kfndf kfl/jfl/s zf;gsf] cGTo / k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zon] snsQfdf g]kfnL sf+u;]| sf] hGd eof] . ef/tsf] :jtGqtf ;+uf| dsf] k|efj g]kfnL o"jfx?df kl/;s]sf] lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ Plzofdf cfPsf] :jtGqtf / k|hftGqsf] nx/ g]kfnL o"jfx?sf] pT;fx / k|/] 0ffsf] ;|ft] aGof] . tfklg /f0ffx? cfkm\gf] hxflgof zf;gnfO{ s;/L arfpg] eGg] k|oTgdf nflu /x] . x/ t/xn] lbNnLnfO{ v'zL kfg{ /f0ffx? nfu] . rLgdf ePsf] qmlGtsf] k|efjaf6 g]kfnnfO{ s;/L ;+/IF0f ug]{ eGg] k|oTgsf] vf]hLdf ;/bf/ jNne efO{ k6]n / g]x? nfu]sf lyP . To;tfsf 8'Jg nfu]sf] hxflgof zf;gnfO{ k/fns} eP klg ;xf/f rflxPsf] lyof] .

cGtMz'Ns P]gdf Joj:yf 5 . t/ 6\ofl/km cg';f/ nfu]sf] eG;f/ z'Ns / cGtMz'Ns tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k"/f ePdf / g]kfndf vkt ePsf] k|df0f ePdf >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lkmtf{ lbg] Joj:yf 5 . o;/L g]kfnsf] eG;f/ b/jGbL / cGtMz'Ns eGbf w]/} u'0ff a9L cfo >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] eof] . o;af6 pkef]Qmfx? lg;xfo eP . Jofkf/Lx?n] tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof cg';f/ ef/tdf pTkflbt a:t'x? k}7f/L u/]df k}7f/L eG;f/ lbg gkg]{ eof] . g]kfnn] eG;f/ b/jGbL sfod ubf{ ef/tsf] t'ngfdf c? b]zaf6 k}7f/L u/]sf] a:t'df a9L eG;f/ b:t'/ nufpg' kg]{ afWotf eof] . ef/tdf lgsf;L x'g] ;fwf/0ftof ef/tLo pBf]ux?nfO{ rflxg] sRrf kbfy{ dfq lyP . To;}n] ef/t ;/sf/n] g]kfnaf6 lgsf;L x'g] a:t'x?df eG;f/ glng] ;x'lnot lbPsf] lyof] .

pQm ;lGw kqx?df x:tfIf/ u/]/ kms{g' ePsf df]xg zDz]/ sf7df8f};+ Dd cfO{ k'Ug] rfx] la|l6z ;/sf/nfO{ xf];\ jf :jtGq ef/t ;dosf] w}o{ { lng ;Sg' ePg . snsQfdf g]kfnL sf+u;]| df nfu]sf JolQmx?sf] ;DklQ ;/sf/nfO{ sdhf]/ g]kfn dfq ef/tsf] hkmt ug]{ cfb]z eLdk]mbLaf6} lbg yfNg' k|efjdf /fVg ;lsG5 eGg] unt wf/0ff eof] . k|hftflGqs larf/wf/f /fVg] o'jfx? nfu]sf] lyof] . y'lgg yflnP . sf7df8f}a+ f6 aflx/ hfg / aflx/af6 sf7df8f}+ cfpg To;avt /fxbfgL c+uh ]| x?n] j}wflgs /fhf >L % nfO{ dfg]/ hxflgof zf;gnfO{ jf:tljs ;/sf/sf] ?kdf rflxGYof] . t/, lr;fkfgL u9L blIf0fL IF]qdf cfjt hfjt ug{ /fxbfgLsf] cfjZostf dfGotf lbPsf lyP . o;/L u}x| ;+aw} flgs lyPg . g]kfnL sf+u;]| df nfu]sf JolQmx? ;/sf/ v8f u/L /fv] . !)$ jif{;Dd g]kfnnfO{ /fhg}lts ?kdf cl:y/ / cfly{s g]kfnL l;dfgfdf cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ u/]df s8f lgu/fgL /fVg u9L, uf}8+ f uf]Zjf/fnfO{ cfb]z ?kdf sdhf]/ /fi6«sf] ?kdf kl/0ft ug]{ eof] . c+uh ]| x?n] ef/tnfO{ :jtGqtf dfq lbPgg\ pklgj]zjfbsf] lnu];L bIf k|zf;s klg lbPsf lyP . kfls:tfgn] bIf k|zf;s kfpg ;f] ;lGw u/]sf] & dlxgfdf g} hxflgof ;/sf/ w/fzfoL eof] . @))( ;fndf ;s]g . g]x?hL /fhg}lts larf/df :jtGq eP klg l5d]sLx?;+usf] ;DaGwdf Tolt bIf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj u/fpg] zt{df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg nfu" ePsf] lyof] . r'gfjaf6 cfPsf] k|zf;s lyPgg\ / cfO{=l;=P;= clkm;/x?n] hg ljZjf; k|fKt ;/sf/ g} ;jn / l:y/ g} gLlt lgdf{0f ug{df ;3fpby] . o;/L ;/sf/ x'G5 . t/ hg ljZjf; k|fKt ;/sf/ k|hftGq k|d] L Plzofs} Ps dxfg g]tf g]x?n] klg pklgj]zsf] 5fof+af6 cfk"mnfO{ d'Qm /fVg x'g glbg /fhb/jf/ / lbNnL b/jf/sf] ldlneut if8oGq x'g yfNof] . dxfg dfgj ;s]gg\ . ljZj]Zj/sf] cys kl/>dn] !% ;fndf ;+ljwfg /fhfaf6} lbg] / ;+;bsf] lgldQ ;g\ !(%) df df]xg zDz]/ lbNnL uP zflGt r'gfj u/fpg] 3f]if0ff eof] . / d}qL ;lGw eof] . g]kfnLx? o; ;lGwnfO{ cfkm\gf] 3f“6Ldf e'ml08Psf] kf;f] ;DemG5g\ . ;g\ !(%) sf] jfl0fHo ;lGw !(%$ df dfq jfl0fHo / kf/jxg ;lGw eof] . of] nfu" eof] . $ jif{;Dd ef/t jflx/af6 jfl0fHo ;lGwn] g]kfn ef/tsf] Psflwsf/ k}7f/L ePsf] eG;f/ z'Ns / ef/tdf ahf/ IF]q x'g uof] . ;d'bk| f/sf b]zx?af6 pTkfbg ePsf] cGtMz'Ns b'j} s/ g]kfnL g]kfnsf] lgldQ k}7f/L ePsf ;fdfgx? hgtfn] ef/t ;/sf/nfO{ lt/] . ;g\ !(%$ ;]G;/ ug]{ / ef/tsf] 6\ol/km cg';f/ eG;f/ z'Ns nufpg] Joj:yf eof] . ef/tLo df cGtMz'Ns lkmtf{ ug]{ k|lqmof k"/f eof] t/ ef/taf6 k}7f/L x'g] ;Dk"0f{ k}7f/Lsf] snsf/vfgfx?df pTkfbg ePsf a:t'x?df yf]/} k|ltzt dfq Jofkf/Lx?sf] sdhf]/Ln] nfUg] cGtMz'Ns g]kfn lgsf;Ldf klg nfUg] P=cf/=jg= kmd{af6 cfpg] eof] . eof] . t/ ef/tsf] cGtMz'Ns P]g cg';f/ ef/tdf pTkfbg eP/ ef/tdf g} vkt ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq cGtMz'Ns nfUb}g eGg] ;g\ !(^) df hg ljZjf; cfwfl/t la=lk= 223

sf]O/{ fnfsf] g]tT[ jdf ;/sf/ lyof] . To; jif{ jfl0fHo tyf kf/jxg ;lGw eof] . g]kfn / ef/t aLrsf] ;f}hGotfdf cfwfl/t cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] cfh cl3 ag]sf ;a} ;lGwx? dWo] ;jf]T{ s[i6 ;lGw oxL lyof] . b'ef{Uoj; ;lGw ePsf] s]xL dlxgf kl5 g} k|hftflGqs ;/sf/sf] xTof ul/of] . To;kl5 k+rfotL ;/sf/ hgtfdf yf]kl/of] . k+rfotL ;/sf;+u klg ef/tLo ;/sf/ ;Gt'i6 ePg . To; avt sf7df8f}+ sf]bf/L /fhdfu{ aGof] . cj g]kfnsf] pQ/L l5d]sL;“u klg cfjfudgsf] af6f] v'Nof] .

sf+u;]| ;+u c;Gt'i6 eP . ;fdlGtx?sf] cf8df /fhf dx]Gb|af6 b'ef{Uo k"0f{ /fhg}lts b'36{ gf 36fOPsf] xf] . o; kl/l:ytsf] c;/ hUuf wgLx?nfO{ df]xLx?n] jfln a'emfpg 5f8] . hxfgLof zf;ssf kl/jf/ / lghsf efO{ef/bf/x?n] hDdf u/]sf ;'g rf+bL d"Nojfg Hjfxf/ftx? laqmL ug{ yfn] . rLg / ?;af6 sf/vfgfx? lgdf{0fsf] lgldQ :yfgLo vr{ Joxf]g{ pkef]Uo ;fdfgx? k}7f/L eP . xhf/f}s + f] ;+Vofdf ef/taf6 6'l/i6x? cfjt hfjt ug]{ :yfg g]kfn xf] . tL 6'l/i6x?n] s]xL ;fdfg v/Lb u/] . oL 36gfn] ef=?= sf] ;+lrtLdf a[l4 x'g yfNof] .

e"6fg / g]kfn dfq xf] . cGt/f{li6«o dof{bfsf] nflu g]kfnn] ef/t ;/sf/nfO{ cg'/f]w u/]df, d ljZjf; u5{,' ef/tn] x:tfIF/ ug]{ 5 . Tof] sGe]G;gdf x:tfIF/ eof] eg] vfnL kf/jxg ;DaGwL k|lqmofTds s'/fdf n]6/ ckm PS;r]Gh u/] k'Ug] 5 . ef/tn] Tof] sGe]G;gdf x:tfIF/ gu/];Dd g]kfn—ef/tsf] 4}w ;DaGw uf8f ldqtfdf cfwfl/t x'g] 5}g .

xfd|F dxfhgx? ;Dk"0f{ /fHonfO{ /fli6«o b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{ la;{G5g\ . oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] sdLn] ubf{ o;/L la;]s { f] xf]nf eGg] 7fGb5' . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f /fhg}lts IF]q h:t} jfl0fHo IF]q klg c;+ul7t ;g\ !(^@ df ef/t—rLg aLr ;Ldf ;DaGwL t'NofO{of] . Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ :dun/, s/ rf]/, lvrnf]n] o'4sf] ?k lnof] . ef/tdf o'4sf] pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ 7Ug] cflb bf]if dflg;x? vt/f ePsf]n] g]kfnL sf+u;]| n] k|hftGq ;g\ !(^^ sf] ^ h"gdf ef/t ;/sf/n] nufp+5g\ . s]xL k|ltzt o:tf Jofkf/Lx? k'gj{xfnLsf] lgldQ rnfPsf] ;+3if{ /f]Sg' klg ;dfhdf gePsf xf]Ogg\ . ;dfhsf] k¥of] . !(^@ df g]kfnn] kfls:tfg;+u Jofkf/ ef=?= !$ k|ltztsf b/n] cad"Nog u¥of] . x/ IF]qdf ck/fwLx? x'G5g\ . t/ s]xL cy{ dGqfnosf] 3'Dg] s';L{df cGwf] lj4fg / kf/jxg ;lGw u¥of] . klZrddf jfuf / JolQmx?sf] sf/0fn] ;Dk"0f{ k]zfnfO{ bf]if k"jd{ f /flwsfk'/af6 /]Nj] kf/jxg ug]{ of]hgf a;]sf lyP . g]kfndf s[lif / cf}Bf]lus 7fGg' ;fdGtL k|zf;gsf] cjz]if xf] . dsf{ kg]{ rnfOof] . ef/tn] gsf/fTds ;xof]u u¥of] . qmflGt eP/ lgsf;L a9\of] . o;n] ef=?= dxfhgn] lhNnfdf p; dfly k/]sf cGofoaf6 sf] ef/L ;+ro a[l4 x'g uof] eGg] e|d cGwf] ;kmfO{ lng ;Sb}g . lhNnfaf6 s]Gb|df ph'/ ;g\ !(^% df sflZd/sf] d'2fnfO{ lnP/ lj4fgnfO{ x'g uof] . :jo+ la4fg x'gfn k+r sflng cy{ dGqLx? tfndf tfn ldnfP/ u/] klg s]Gb|n] lhNNffdf cfkm\g} c8\8faf6 ef/t kfls:tfgsf] k]m/L o'4 eof] . >Ldg 36gfsf] k|ltj]bg a'em\g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;}n] gf/fo0f g]kfnsf] lgldQ ef/tsf] /fhb"t x'g' gfRg yfn] . ef/tsf] eGbf g]kfnsf] cy{ ;/sf/L kIF afx]ssf] cfkm\g} ;jn ;+u7g Joj:yf ;'b9[ 5 eGg] tL lj4fgn] k|df0f x'GYof] . jxf“ lj4fg / :jo+d ufGwLjfbL g]tf ePdf sd;] sd s]Gb|df ;IFd k|ltlglwTj u/L cfTd ;Gt'li6 lng k'gd"N{ of+sg u/] . x'g' x'GYof] . /fhfnfO{ v'zL kfg]{ jxf+df v'jL x'g ;Sb5 . dxfhgsf] s]Gb|df ;IFd k|ltlglw cj ef=?= / g]=?= sf] ljlgdo b/ a/fa/ lyof] . jfxf+ /fhfnfO{ æg/f0ff+r g/lwoÆ ePdf pBf]u Jofkf/df k|zf;gsf] x:tIF]k eof] . dx+uLsf] sf/0fn] ck|zf]lwt sRrf eGb} cf/tL :ofpnL klg ug'{ x'GYof] . sf]zL tyf Hofblt sd x'G5 . o; kl/k|I] fdf g]kfn gbL 3f+6L of]hgf ;fljsdf (( jif{af6 a9fP/ kbfy{ klg ef/t lgsf;L x'g aGb eof] . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ :yfg ef/taf6 ;'g / c? pkef]usf ;fdfgx? $ jif{;Ddsf] ;do nDafO{of] . lnh ;lGw 5 . oxL ;+3sf] :yfkgfn] dxfhgsf] cfTd + df (( jif{ eGbf a9L ;dosf lgldQ cGt/f{li6«o 7"nf] dfqfdf k}7f/L x'g yfNof] . /fi6« a}s ;Ddfgsf] hu a;fNof] . dxfhgx?sf] lk/dsf{ ef=?= sf] ;+lrtL jfln{gsf] kvf{n eGbf sfg"gn] sfg"gL dfGotf g} x'b+ g} . ;'/IFf x6fpg g]tT[ jsf] hGd ePkl5 lhNnf lhNnfdf rf“8} 9Nof] .g]kfnL ?k}of+ dfq k|rng x'g] ;DaGwdf klg ;g\ !(^% df uf]Ko ;lGw jfl0fHo jf pBf]u jf oftfoft cflb ;+u7g ePsf] /x]5 . g]kfnsf] lgldQ kf/jxg ;lGw b]z x'g cfof] . /0f axfb'/ zfxsf kfnf v8f x'g] nx/ rNg yfNof] . cj pBf]u hLjg d/0fsf] k|Zg xf] . (( jif{;Ddsf] nflu b]lv ;j{Zjdf cfPsf ef=?= d"n 9'sl' 6af6 jfl0fHo ;+3sf] k|efj ;Lldt bfo/faf6 lemlsof] . ca cjd"Nog avt avtdf x'g g]kfnsf] jfl0fHonfO{ :yfoLTj lbg kf/jxg /fi6«JofkL ?kdf lj:tf/ x'g yfNof] . yfNof] . To;sf] k|efj cem klg af“sL 5 . ;lGw eg] ePg . g]=?= nfO{ arfpg ut jif{ z+t k|wfgdGqL pBf]u jfl0fHo ljsf; v'Nnf ;dfhdf s[i0f k|;fb e§/fOHo"n] ef/t ;/sf/nfO{ ;g\ !(^^ df OlGb/f ufGwLsf] dfq ;Dej x'G5 . ;/sf/af6 lgb]l{ zt cg'/f]w u/]/ :6f08 afO{ q]ml86 lng' k/]sf] /fhsLo e|d0f eof] . jxf“sf] e|d0f To; pBf]u Jofkf/ /fi6«sf] lgldQ :j:ys/ x'g} avtsf] k+rfotL ;/sf/nfO{ cfZj:t u/fpg] lyof] . ;Sb}g . ;/sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < xfd|f bfh' p2]Zoaf6 ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5 . efO{ / lbbL alxgL g} x'g \ . xfd|F] ;dfhdf @)) jif{;Dd b/jf/Lof if8oGqdf ;fdGtL ;+:sf/n] lk/f]ns ] f] 5 . tna kfpg] latfPsf] c:yL/ g]kfnn] cfly{s IF]qdf ;fdGtx?sf] cfo ;|ft] hUuf hdLg g} sd{rf/L OdfGbf/ / ;/sf/sf] ljZjf;sf] cfTdlge{/tfsf] af6f]df lx+8g\ ] sNkgf;Dd xf] . ;fdlGt zf]if0fn] ubf{ s[ifsx?n] hUuf x'g] cf}+ :jtGq JolQmx? ljZjf; gkfpg] x'G5 . hdLgaf6 pTkfbg a9fP/ s[ifsx?nfO{ kmfObf klg ug{ ;s]g . ljZj ahf/df ef/t e"ld ;fdflhs s';:+ sf/n] ;/sf/ / ;+ke | h " gtfsf eP/ k'Ug' kg]{ ;d:of k|lt Wofg uPg . gx'g,] nufgL geP pTkfbg ga9\g,] pTkfbg ;a} ljZjf;sf] ;+s6 kl//x]sf] x'G5 . ca t la|l6z pklgj]zsf] ;do xf]; of :jtq a9] hUuf wgLnfO{ a9L aemfpg' kg]{ l:ylt v'Nnf ;dfh lgdf{0f eO{;s]sf] x'gfn] pBf]u ef/t, g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k'Ug] lyof] . /fi6«sf] cfwf/e"t pTkfbg s[lif xf], jfl0fHosf] lgldQ ;a} 9f]sf v'nL ;s]sf 3f+6L ef/t e"lddf 5 eGg] laifodf dxTj s[lif pTkfbg ga9] b]zsf] ljsf; ug{ ;fwg 5g\ . v'Nnf ahf/ Joj:yfdf ljleGg d'ns ' sf] lbPsf] b]lvPg . h]ge ] f sGe]G;gdf ef/tn] gx'g] ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sf+u;]| n] æh:sf] pTkfbg / nfut;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;xL u/]sf] 5 . t/ kf/jxg kfpg] g]kfnn] hf]t p;sf] kf]tÆ eGg] gf/f lbP/ r'gfj x:tfIF/ u¥of]] jf u/]g hfgsf/L n]vsnfO{ lht]sf] lyof] . la=lk= sf]O/{ fnfsf] ;/sf/n] ;g\ !(%) b]lv otf blIF0f k"j{ ePg . To:t} !(^% sf] ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;+3sf] ljtf{ pGd'ng u¥of] . hldGbf/L k|yf vf/]h Plzofdf ljZjJofkL dxTjsf 36gfx? kf/jxg sGe]G;g ePsf] lyof] . To;df u¥of] . cfos/ tyf zx/L 3/ hUuf s/ 36] . xªsª, l;+ufk'/, hfkfg, tfO{jfg, g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . t/ ef/tn] nfu" u¥of] . /fHo /hf}6f pGd'ng u¥of] . blIF0f sf]l/of cflb d'ns ' x?n] pBf]u tyf u/]sf] 5}g . ef/taf6 kf/jxg kfpg] b]z oL k|ultzLn sbdx?n] ;fdGtx? g]kfnL 224

/ To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug{sf] lgldQ ;ldlt u7g ug]{ u/L lbNnL ;/sf/;+u ;Demf}tf eof] . o;kl5 Jofkf/ / kf/jxgsf] laifodf ^÷^ dlxgfdf 5nkmn x'g] ub{Yof] . ;lGwsf wf/fx?sf] JofVof cf—cfk\mgf] 9+uaf6 x'g] ub{Yof] . tfklg ;lGw sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ult x'g yfNof] . oL ;lGw kqdf s] ljifodf s:tf] ;Demf}tf eof] eGg] laifodf hfgsf/ L;Dd lng xfd|f Jofkf/Lx?n] rf;f] lnPsf] b]lvGgYof] . Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg laifonfO{ lnP/ b'O{ ;/sf/sf] aLr dfq 6]G;g\ a9\g' cf}lrTo k"0f{ sfo{ xf]Og{ . Jofkf/ / sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] lgldQ r]Da/ pBf]usf] k"0f{ ;+rfng ug]{ Ph]G;L t Jofkf/L ckm sd;{ Jofkf/Lx?sf] ;+u7gsf] ?kdf g} x'g \ . Jofkf/L s} dsf{ / lghx?n] ug{ @))( ;fndf :yfkgf eof] . o;sf] bfo/f ;Lldt lyof] . ;du| /fi6«sf] ?kdf pBf]u tyf ;Sg] Free Entrepreneurship df k/]sf afwf c8\rg k'msfpg] dfWod Jofkf/L Jofkf/sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ ;+3sf] ;+u7g g} xf] . o:tf] klg kl/l:ylt b]lvof] cefj v8\lsof] . pQ/ jf blIF0f l5d]sL b]zx? / cGt//f{li6«o lIflthsf] t]>F] b]z;+u Jofkf/Lx?n] ef/tLo b"tfjf;df uP/ cfkm\gf] ;d:of JolQmut ?kdf ;'Nemfpy] t/ >L Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug'{ u/fpg' lyof] . kf/jxg Joj:yf ;'bl[ 9s/0f ug'{ kg]{ lyof] . g]kfnsf / % sf] ;/sf/sf] jfl0fHo k|zf;g lgl:qmo l5d]sL b]zsf Jo"/f]qmfof6;sf ;dy{sn] dfq eP/ a:g' kb{Yof] . oL kl/jGbn] ubf{ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 -g]pjf;+3_ sf] dxTj / b'O{ b]zsf] Jofkf/ ljsf; x'g ;Dej x'b“ g} . cfjZostf To; avtsf] jfl0fHo k|zf;gnfO{ clt v8\lsof] . sf7df8f}+ r]Da/ ckm sd;{ ;g\ !(^) sf] jfl0fHo tyf kf/jxg ;lGw b'j} ;/sf/sf] ;b\efjgfaf6 sfof{Gjog cfk"mnfO{ g} k"0f{ b]VbYof] . a8f] d'l:snn] ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«sf pBf]ukltx? / dxfhgx?sf] ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ef/t g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} ;lGw ;+3Lo :j?k lbg] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostfsf] kqx? t]>f] Ph]G;Laf6 sfof{Gjog u/fpg ljZjf; lbnfpg ;lsof] . ptf >L % sf] k|foM ;Dej x'b+ g} . ldqtfsf] efjgfdf cf+r ;/sf/ Jofkf/L / pBf]ukltsf] ;+u7g eP/ cfof] eg] ;lGw kqx? s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+3Lo :j?kdf v8f ePsf] x]g{ rfx+bG} Yof] . t < ;s];Dd ;lGw ug]{ /fi6«x?sf] aLr cf+r o:tf] cGof]n / c;fdGh:o l:ylt lyof] . cfpg] kl/l:ylt g} >[hgf x'g' x'b+ g} . ;+o+ f]ujz b'a} IF]qn] c;fdGh:o ?kdf eP klg g]pjf;+3sf] ljwfg d:of}bf u/fOof] Jofkf/L Jofkf/Lx?sf] aLr l5d]sL / btf{ ;DalGw :jLs[lt ;/sf/L :t/af6 b]zx?;+u jf t]>f] d'ns ' ;+u klg ;DaGw lbof] . of] :jLs[ltsf] lg0f{o lbg] dflyNnf] eO{ /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} b]zsf] Jofkf/ ultdf tx xf]Og sd{rf/Lsf] pkNnf] tx;Dd dfq ;/sf/n] cj/f]w v8f u¥of] eg] tL b]zsf ;Lldt lyof] . r]Da/ ckm sd;{n] cfk\mg} dxfhgx?n] g} ;/sf/nfO{ bjfj lbg yfNb5g\ . k|f/Dedf g]kfndf OdfGbf/, ;IFd, ;+u7g v8f ug{ klg cfly{s nfrf/L b]vfof] . To; avtsf] jfl0fHo ljefusf lgb]z { s Jofkf/ ;+3sf] cefj /x\of] / pBf]u jf g]zgn 6«l] 8Ë lnld6]8sf] klg PShLSo"l6e a}l+ s· tyf s/ Joj:yf laifodf ;/sf/n] :jR5Gb lg0f{o ug{ yfNof] . o:n] ubf{ Jofkf/ 8fO/]S6/ lyof] . g]=6«=] ln= tk{maf6 ?= @%,))). sf] cg'bfg cfly{s ;xof]u lbnfOof] k]zfdf 7"nf 7"nf pynk'ynx? eP t/ + sf] dxfhgx? c;xfo lyP . o:tf lqmofsnfknfO{ lghs} cg'/f]wdf To; avtdf g]kfn a}s ] /n] ?= @),))). k|ltlqmof JoQm ug{ JolQmut Jofkf/Lx? k|foM lnld6]8sf hg/n d}gh cfly{s cg'bfg ;xof]u lbnfO{ lbPsf lyP . lg:s[o x'G5g\ . o;}n] pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx?sf] o;} ;xof]uaf6 g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;lqmo ;+u7g v8f ug'{ /fi6«sf] pBf]u tyf pb\3f6g ePsf] xf] . of] ;+3sf] :yfkgfn] Jofkf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] lgldQ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnsf] pBf]uklt tyf Jofkf/Lx?df ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf k¥of] . pT;fxsf] 7"nf] nx/ 5fof] . ;+3 cGt/f{li6«o IF]qdf klg g]kfnsf] pBf]u tyf Jofkf/ ;g\ !(^) sf] ;lGw sfof{Gjog ug{ laifodf hfgsf/L lbg] cfjZos lgsfosf] u/fpg To; avtsf] jfl0fHo k|zf;gnfO{ ?kdf ljsf; x'g nfUof] ;fy} >L % sf] ;+w+ } cK7\of/f] l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] ;/sf/sf] :jR5Gb lg0f{odf c+sz ' :jtM lyof] . /fi6«sf] rf}yf] c+u kqsf/ hut nfUof] / dxTjk"0f{ ljifosf] lg0f{o ln+bf dWo] db/Nof08 cvjf/ afx]s c?n] g]pjf;+3sf] /fo ;Nnfx lng] kl/kf6Lsf] g]kfnnfO{ k/]sf] Hofblt ;DaGwL vj/;Dd ljsf; eof] . 5fKb}gy] . ;g\ !(^) sf] ;lGw sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf ^ dlxgfsf] cfnf]kfnf] u/L o; kl/l:yltdf klg g]pjf;+3n] lbNnL / sf7df8f}d+ f 5nkmn u/L ;d:of jfl0fHosf] IF]qdf ce"tk"j{ pGglt u/] . ;fdlGt /fHo Joj:yfdf Jofkf/ eg]sf] algofn] ug]{ Joa;fo xf] eGg] k"jf{ux| kLl8t wf/0ffn] pBf]u jfl0fHosf] ljsf;df cfjZos Wofg lbO{Pg . cfly{s ?kn] hgtfnfO{ ;DkGg ug{ /f]huf/Lsf] >[hgf u/fpg' /fHosf] k|fylds st{Jo xf] eGg] r]tgfsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]g .r]tgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] eP @)!& ;fndf h:tf] b'36{ gf 36\g] lyPg . cfh g]kfn blIF0f k"j{ Plzofdf

cfkm\gf] ;+3 ;~rfng ug{ cfly{s sl7gfO{ b]vfpg kl5 k/]g / To; jvtsf] jfl0fHo lgb]z { sn] ;"rgf lgsfn] o;af6 g]pjf;+3sf] cGo >F]tsf] lgldQ Jofkfl/s kmd{ btf{ jf gljs/0f ug{ g]pjf;+3sf] l;kmfl/z lng' kg]{ eof] . csf]{ g]kfndf pTkfbg ePsf a:t'x?sf] pTkfbgsf] k|df0f kq (Country of Origin) lgsf;L Jofkf/sf] lgldQ cfjZos x'G5 . To; avtsf] jfl0fHo lgb]z { sn] pTkfbgsf] k|df0f kq lbg] clwsf/ g]pjf;+3nfO{ g} tf]ls lbof] . g]pjf;+3 dxfhgx?sf] k|lti7fsf] lgldQ ag]sf] ;+3 dfq xf]Og . /rgfTds sfo{x? u/]/ cfkm\gf] ju{, ;/sf/ tyf hgtfsf] sNof0f ug{sf lgldQ :yfkgf ePsf] ;+3 xf] eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt IF]qdf ljZjf; lbnfpg ;Sg' k¥of] . ;+3n] ;/sf/nfO{ pjf;+3sf] lj:tf/ / ljsf;df ;f/e"t ;'emfjx? åf/f gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u lbg' k¥of] . cfkm\gf] ju{sf] lxtsf] lgldQ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] d'v tfSg ldNb}g . pBf]uklt / dxfhgx?n] lt/]sf] s/n] /fHo Joj:yf rNb5 . ;/sf/nfO{ ;fdflhs ;]jfx?df a9L nufgL ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] cfosf] k|ltzt ;/sf/nfO{ OdfGbf/L ;fy lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;/sf/n] ;a} eGbf a9L /fhZj lbg] dxfhgsf] sb/ ug]{ Joj:yf x'g' k¥of] . h'g j[IFsf] kmn vfPsf] 5 To; j[IfnfO{ dnhn lbg' st{Jo x'g cfp+5 . cfk\mg} ju{sf] lxtsf] lgldQ cfkm\g} cfo>f]taf6 slt k|ltzt ;+3nfO{ cfly{s of]ubfg lbg] eGg] s'/f cfk}maf6 lg0f{o ug'{ u/fpg' ;dosf] dfu xf] . ;+3nfO{ lbPsf] cfodf >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 cfos/ dfkmL u/fpg' k¥of] . jfl0fHo / pBf]usf] IF]q xfd|f] /fi6«sf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldf;Dd dfq ;Lldt x'b+ g} . l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x?df 36]sf 36gfx?n] k|ToIF k|efj kfb{5 . pBf]usf] s'g IF]q cfkm\g} ana'tfaf6 ljsf; ug]{ xf] cf}+ s'g IF]qdf ljb]zL 1fg / k|ljlw k}7f/L ug'{ kg]{ xf] cflb cg]s laifox? 5g\ . ;+3 :jo+n] cg';Gwfg, vf]h, ljZn]if0f ug'{ Jojxfl/s x'b+ g} . ljZj ljBfno eg]sf] 1fgsf] e08f/ xf] . ljZjljBfnoaf6 cg';Gwfg sfo{ u/fpg' kb{5 . c? klg ljz]if1x? ePsf ;+:yfx? 5g\ . tL ;+:yfx? s]ldsN; ;f];fO6L, afof]nlhsn ;f];fO{6L, sfg"g ;dfh cflb x'g \ . ;/sf/n] pBf]u jfl0fHo IF]qdf nufgL ug]{ s'/f Joaxfl/s x'b+ g} . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] g} pBf]u jfl0fHo IF]qdf g]tT[ j lng' kb{5 . ;+3 ;/sf/ d'vL eof] eg] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 Pp6f b]vfpg] ;+:yf jf æ:6fr'Æ aGg k'U5 . cfh pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{ /fi6«sf] pBf]u / jfl0fHo IF]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ lhDd]jf/L cfPsf] 5 . of] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ OdfGbf/L, bIftf tyf sfo{

225

s'zntf;fy g]kfnnfO{ pkof]u u/L ljZjsf] Ps ;+j4[ b]z agfpg] nIodf k'uf];\ eGg] z'esfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . ;g\ !(^) sf] jfl0fHo tyf kf/jxg ;lGw g]kfnL sf+u;]| sf] ;/sf/n] u/]sf] xf] . @)!& ;fn kl5 g]kfnL sf+u;]| nfO{ abgfd ug]{ p2]Zon] dxfk+rx?af6 vf]6 nufpg] k|oTgx? eP . o; ;lGw ef/t ;/sf/n] ;f}hGotfsf ;fy cGt/f{li6«o k|rng cg';f/ g]kfnsf] cy{ Joj:yfn] s]xL k|ult lnof];\ eGg] efjgfn] k|l] /t g} eP/ u/]sf] lyof] . t/ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] /j}of b]v/] ef/tsf] ;DalGwt IF]qn] ;xof]usf] dfqf sd ug{ yfNof] . ;lGw kf“r jif{sf] lgldQ ePsf] lyof] .kf“r jif{ k'uk] l5 ;Demf}tf ug]{ /fi6«x? dWo] Psn] ;lGw vf/]h ug]{ ;"rgf glbP;Dd :jtM csf]{ % jif{;Dd nfu" x'g] ;Demf}tf kqdf k|fjwfg lyof] . kf+r“ jif{ k'us ] f] lbg ;lGw ;dfKt ug]{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;"rgf lbG5 eGg] ef/t ;/sf/n] ljZjf; lnPsf] /x]5 . t/ ;lGw ;dfKt ug]{ ;"rgf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lbPg . ef/tLo b'tfjf;af6 To; avtsf] jfl0fHo lgb]z { snfO{ ;lGw ;dfKt ug]{ ;"rgf k|fKt ePg elg k|Zg ul/of] . lghn] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;lGw vf/]h ug{ rfx+bg} eGg] hjfkm lbof] . of] hjfkm ;'gk] l5 ef/tLo b'tfjf;n] ef/tsf] ;"rgf lbg] clwsf/ ef]nL;Dd ;'/lIft 5 eGof] . t/ ;lGw vf/]h ug]{ ;"rgf k|fKt ePg .

h+u axfb'/n] h'u“ fdf tfp nufP eg] dxf/fhn] ef]6 xfNg nfUg' eof] eGg] c8sn ug]{ cf7 kxl/ofx? cfh klg sd 5}gg\ . km/s 5 eg] cfhsf cf7 kxl/ofx? b]Vgdf kl/:s[t, xftdf ljZjljBfnosf l8u|L af]ss ] f emg vt/gfs 5g\ . ;g\ !(&) df jfl0fHo tyf kf/jxg ;lGwsf] Dofb ;dfKt eof] . ca lj4fg cf7 xkl/ofx? ;g\ !(^) sf] ;lGw eGbf a9L nfebfos ;lGw ug]{ bfpdf s;/t ug{ yfn] . ;g\ !(&) df s'g} ;lGw x'g ;s]g . ef/t ;/sf/n] ca To; avtsf k+r dGqLsf] 3f+6Ldf kf;f]x? klx¥ofO{ lbg yfNof] . g]kfnsf] sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t pBf]uaf6 ag]sf dfnx? dfq ef/tdf lgsf;L x'g cg'dlt lbg] / snsQf aGb/ufxaf6 ef/tLo /]Nj]åf/f cfpg] dfnx?df ef/tLo eG;f/ z'Ns a/fa/sf] OG:of]/G] ; ug'{ kg]{ eof] .g]kfnaf6 ef/tdf x'g] rf]/L lgsf;L k}7f/L /f]Sg] Joj:yf g]kfnn] ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj ylkof] . nfdf] afbljjfb kl5 ;g\ !(&! df k+r ;/sf/sf] uf}/jdo k|tfkdf lxdfnosf] z'4 j/lkmnf] kfgLn] la;h{g ;df/f]x eof] / ;lGw eof] . ;g\ !(&! sf] ;lGw klg Jofkf/ ljifodf %÷% jif{ u/L !) jif{sf] lgldQ lyof] eg] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] l;kmfl/zdf nfdf] cjlwsf] kf/jxg ;lGwsf] lgldQ &÷& jif{sf] b'O{ 5'§f 5'§} ;lGwx? eP / ;do /f]lsPg . Jofkf/ ;lGwnfO{ k6s k6s Dofb ylk+b} uof] . kf/jxg ;lGwsf] Dofb !(*( dfr{ @# sf lbg ;lsg] lyof] . cj Jofkf/

/ kf/jxg b'j} ;lGwsf] Dofb ;dfKt ePsf] ;"rgf >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ lbO{of] . tLg lt/af6 3]l/Psf] / e"—kl/j]li7t g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg Joj:yf aGb eof] . o'u o'u b]lv rln cfPsf] g]kfn—ef/tsf] jfl0fHo / jf/jxg o;/L aGb x'gd' f /fhLa k|zf;gsf] zlQm k|bz{g dfq lyPg, k+rfotL ;/sf/sf] u}x| lhDd]jf/L lqmofsnfk klg lhDd]jf/L 5 . To; a]nf g]kfn kf/L ef/tLo ;Ldfgfdf ljsf; ePsf zx/x? g]kfn;+u Jofkf/ u/]/ a;]sf ef/tsf Jofkf/L tyf pBf]ukltx?sf] klg !% dlxgf;Dd Jofkf/ 7Kk /x\of] . ;g\ !((), !* k]ma'c | /Lsf lbg g]kfnL sf+u;]| sf] g]tT[ jdf qmflGtsf] >Lu0f]z eof] . o; qmflGtdf g]kfnL hgtfn] ce"tk"j{ ;dy{g u/] . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjjfbL ;d"xn] ljZjJofkL ?kdf ;xfg'el" t lbof] . #) jif{sf] g}ltstflxg /fhg}lts Joj:yfsf] cGTo eof] . g]kfnL /fhg}lts lIflthdf ce"tk"j{ cfzf / pT;fx pbfof] . klxnf] kN6 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df hgcfb]zaf6 g]kfnL sf+u;]| sf sfo{jfxs cWoIF >L s[i0f k|;fb e§/fO{ k|wfgdGqL x'g' eof] . k|wfgdGqLsf] ;ky u|x0f kl5 jx“fn] cfkm\gf] klxnf] st{Jo g]kfn—ef/tsf] ult/f]wsf] cGTo ug]{ jrgj4tf JoQm ug'{ eof] . b'j} tk{msf ;/sf/sf g]tfx?n] ca k|hftflGqs uf“7f] s;] .

;fef/M /ht hoGtL :dfl/sf, g]=p=jf= dxf;+3 .

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] k[i7e"ld k|f=] uf]kfndfg >]i7

;+3, ;+:yf, ;+u7g eGgfn] ;fd"lxs ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ JolQmx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ hgfp“5 . tTsflng ;dodf o:tf] ;+u7gsf] u7g ;DaGwL larf/ ;Dd ug'{ ;Dej lyPg . xfd|f] b]zdf xfd|f cfjZostfx? k"/f ug{ pko'Qm ahf/ lyPg . To;tfsf Jofkf/Lx?sf] Ps 226

;d"x ltxf/ kl5 ef/tdf dfntfn v]k ug{ hfg] ub{y ] . of] s'g} ;+:yf lyPg . logLx? Pp6f 7"nf] 3/sf a}7sdf e]nf e} hfg] Jofkf/Lx?sf] gfdfjnL ;+sng ub{y ] . hfg]x? dWo] ;jeGbf kfsf] JolQmnfO{ gfOs] r'Gy] . p;}sf] gfdaf6 ;fOt b]vfO{ hfg] ltly to ub{y ] . lghn] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;a}n] :jLsf/ ug'{ kb{Yof] . dfG5], sfdbf/x?sf] lgo'lQm x'GYof] . af6fdf vfgf agfpg rflxg] ef“8f jt{g / ;fdfgx?sf] jGbf]j:t ul/GYof] . o;df x'Ssf lrnLd ;Dd kb{Yof] . ;fOtsf] lbg ;a} Jofkf/Lx? cfkm\gf] leml6 u'06f lnP/ ;fOt u/]/ ;'ug lnP/ tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf hDdf x'Gy] . k'¥ofpg cfpg] kl/jf/x?sf] cf“vfel/ cf“z' cfp“Yof] . cfkm\gf] Hofg hf]lvddf /fv]/ Jofkf/ ug{ hfg' kb{Yof] . hf“bf ar]/ cfpg ;lsPnf ls g;lsPnf eGg] 8/n] cfk"mn] lng' lbg' kg]{ lx;fj kl/jf/nfO{ ;DemfP/ hfg' kb{Yof] . rf/sf]z] emfl8sf] h+undf jf; j:bf jGohGt';u+ 8/fP/ ?vdf af; a:y] . o;/L ;ft—cf7 lbg nufP/ jNntNn ef/tsf] ;'uf}nLdf k'Uby] . Toxf“af6 /]n r9L snsQf jf ef/tsf] cGo :yfgdf hfGy] . logLx?sf] Tolt 7"nf] /sdsf] Jofkf/ ug{

;fdYo{ lyPg . al9df ?= !),))).— ;Ddsf] v]k ug{ hfGy] . ef/tLo sfuhL gf]6 rng rlNtdf t cfO{;s]sf] lyof] . t/ logLx?nfO{ pknJw ug{ ufx|f] lyof] . t;y{ logLx? ;'g, s:t'/L jf sDkgL af]s/] v]k ug{ hfGy] . o; lsl;dn] tTsflng Jofkf/Lx?n] Hofg hf]lvddf /fv]/ sf7df8f}s + f] cfjZostfx? k"lt{ ub{y ] . ef/t eGbf aflx/sf] b]z;“u Jofkf/ ug]{ s'/} lyPg t/ snsQfdf g]kfnL Jofkf/Lx? cfPsf] yfxf kfP kl5 Ps c+uh ]| bnfn s}d/ cfO08;\g eGg] JolQm -hf] lxGbL efiffdf klg /fd|f] af]NbYof]_ cfP/ g]kfnLx?nfO{ lab]zL dfnsf] gd'gf Sof6nu b]vfP/ dfnsf] c8{/ lng] ub{Yof] . e'QmgL ef=?= df g} lbg] ub{Yof] . To; JolQm ;“u s]xL kqfrf/ ug'{ k¥of] eg] oxf“sf Jofkf/L c;dy{ lyP . c;g 6f]n a:g] >L ;'Gb/dfg eGg] Ps JolQm c+uh ]| Ldf lr7L n]vL 6fOk u/L k7fpy] . h;sf] jfktdf lghnfO{ s]xL d]xgtfgf lbg' kb{Yof] . o;/L p; avtdf klg ef/t jflx/sf dfn s]xL g s]xL g]kfn cfpg] ub{Yof] . tTsflng ;/sf/nfO{ rflxg] ;fdfg

snsQfdf ;/sf/L clkm; -h;sf] gfd afO· Ph]G;L lyof]_ n] lsg]/ g]kfn k7fpg] ub{Yof] . To; avt sf7df8f}d+ f yf]s Jofkf/L s]xL dfq lyP . ;a} Jofkf/L v'bf| Jokf/L g} lyP . Jofkf/ klg hft cg';f/sf] ug]{ rng lyof] . ahf/ klg Onfsf cg';f/ x'GYof] . h:tf]sL c;gdf wfg rfdn t/sf/L, s]n 6f]ndf kmnfd / lkQnsf ;fdfgx? OGb|rf]sdf tNnf] 6f]ndf /+u/f]ugsf sfdx? x'g] ub{Yof] . o;/L pkef]Qmfx?n] cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] ;fdfgx? lsGg ;a} zx/ 3'Dg' kb{Yof] . To; avt oxf“ s'g} ljb]zL Jofkf/L lyPg . sl/a b'O{ ;o jif{ cufl8 ef/tsf df/jfl8x? ox“f cfP/ sk8fsf] Jofkf/ ug{ yfn] . To;sf] w]/} kl5 /f}gLof/, snjf/x? cfP/ sk8f / d/d;nfsf] Jofkf/ z'? u/] . w/LrGb k|;fb eGg] snjf/n] cdn]vu+hb]lv ledk]mbL;Dd nx/L ufl8 rnfP/ oftfoftdf s]xL ;x'lnot k|bfg u/] . otf g]kfn a}s + / g]kfn dfn rnfgL sDkgLsf] :yfkgf u/]/ Jofkf/Lx?n] a9L ;'ljwf cfh{g u/] . x'gt d';ndfgx? df/jf8Lx? eGbf klxn] sf7df8f}+ cfPsf x'g . t/ logLx? wfld{s sf/0faf6 oxf“ cfPsf lyP . kl5 logLx?n] klg r'/f, wfuf], kf]t,] h'Qf, sf7Lsf] Jofkf/ ug{ yfn] . Nxf;faf6 ;'g s:t'/L NofP/ ef]6x] ? oxf“ Jofkf/ ug{ cfpy] . To:t} oxf“s pbf; ;fx' dxfhgx? Nxf;fdf uP/ dfntfnx? vl/b laqmL ub{y ] . of] Jofkf/ kmfObf hgs ePsf]n] Nxf;fdf afO; sf]7Lsf] :yfkgf klg eof] . tTsflng ;/sf/af6 k|z:t ;'lawf lbPsf] lyof] .

laxfgsf] ;dodf s]xL ls;fgx? t/sf/L a]Rg cfp“y ] . Ps ?lkof“sf] t/sf/L lsGg klg el/of lnP/ cfpg' kb{Yof] . Ps hgfn] af]Sg sl7g kb{Yof] . pkTosf aflx/sf t/fO{ IF]q glhs gkg]{ Jofkf/Lx? s[lif k}bfjf/ oxf“ NofP/ laqmL ub{y ] . Tof] k};fn] d/d;nf, nQfsk8f, d§Lt]n, g'g lsg]/ n}hfGy] . sf7df8f}+ h:tf] 7fp“df klg k;nsf] ;+Vof ;lhn};u“ uGg ;lsGYof] . pkef]Qmf j0f{gaf6 of] :ki6 x'G5 ls sf7df8f}s + f] ahf/ s:tf] lyof] . k;nx? ;fwf/0f lyP . s'g} lsl;dsf] >[u+ f/ k6f/ lyPg . dfn laqmL u/]sf] aLn lbg] rng lyPg . Jofkf/Lx? xb OdfGbf/ lyP . Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ pkef]Qmfsf] kL/ lyof] . Hofgsf] afhL nufP/ pkef]Qmfsf] dfusf] k"lt{ ug{ k/b]z uP/ ahf/df dfn pknJw u/fp“y ] . x'gt tTsflng ;/sf/af6 8/fP/ klg dfnsf] efpdf cgfjZos gfkmf cfh{g ub}g{ Yof] . Jofkf/sf] vf; sfd j}Zo hfltaf6 x'GYof] . pgLx?nfO{ ;fgf] 7"nf] h] ePklg ;fx' eg]/ ;Daf]wg x'GYof] . w]/} w]/} eG;f/ ltg]{ Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ aQL; sf]7L dxfhgdf ulgGYof] . ;/sf/L ;df/f]xx?df logLx? cfdlGqt x'Gy] .

xfnsf] kl/efiffdf p; avtdf pBf]u 5}g eg] klg x'G5 . t/ s'l6/ pBf]u / 3/]n' pBf]u vf;u/Lsg lagf ldl;g xftn] ;fdfgx? tof/ ub{y ] . h:tf] ls df6fsf ef“8fx?, kmnfdsf Hofjnx?, sf7sf em\ofn 9f]sf, kmlg{r/ / lkQnsf ef“8f jt{g / d"lt{x? agfp“y ] . o:tf ;fdfgx? Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] eGbf cfkm\gf] pkef]Qmfsf nflu tyf eujfgnfO{ r9fpg] b[li6sf]0fn] tof/ ub{y ] . cfh dlGb/x?df b]lvg] sf7 / wft'sf To; avt tTsflng ;/sf/af6 ;fdfgx? w]/} h:tf] eQmhgx?n] ;dlk{t s'g} vf; Jofkf/df x:tIf]k u/]sf] lyPg . u/]sf x'g\ w]/} h;f] ;fdfg cfkm\g} kl/jf/ eG;f/sf] cfDbfgL ;+jt\ @))) ;fn;Dd leq}af6 tof/ ul/GYof] . HofdL nufPtf klg jif{sf] sl/j %) nfv lyof] . Jofkf/Lx?n] gub Hofnf lbg] rng lyPg . Hofnf vfg ;+u7g vf]Ng] larf/ klg u/]gg\ . ;+ej k'Ug] u/L lhG;L a:t' lbO{GYof] . To; sf/0f klg lyPg . ahf/ ;fx|} ;f+3/' f] lyof] Pp6f dhb"/ ;d:of Tolt lyPg . 3/ 3/df l9sL xf]6n ;Dd klg lyPg . s]xL ld7fO{ k;n hf“tf] lyof] . kl5 uP/ kfgL 3§sf] rng lyP . k]mG;L ;fdfgsf] xsdf eb|sfnL cfPkl5 dflg;x?n] lhG;L a:t' g} Hofnf lbg] xfp; / d'Grfsf] xfp; dfq lyof] . c? ;a} bf]sfgx? t b}lgs pkef]usf ;fdfgx?sf] dfq u/]/ wfg, ux"“ lk+Wg] sfd x'g yfNof] . lyP . pkTosf aflx/ ahf/ eGg] lyPg . w]/} kl5 cfP/ lah'nLn] rNg] wfg, la/f6gu/, aL/u~h, g]kfnu~h / cGo ux"“ lkGg] d]lzgx? 7fp“ 7fp“df :yfkgf eof] . s]xL 7fp+df ;—;fgf] ahf/ lyP . oxf“sf o;nfO{ pBf]u eGg] xf] eg] o:tf pBf]ux? Jofkf/Lx? cfjZostf cg';f/ l;dfgfsf] ;a} pBf]usf] ;+Vof eGbf w]/} 5g\ . kl5 uP/ ahf/df uP/ dfn lsgL Nofpy] . Jofkf/ lj/f6gu/df h"6 ldN;sf] :yfkgf eof] . of] bz}+ cufl8 cln w'dwfdn] rNYof] . c? lgs} rlNt eof] . n8fO{sf] ;dodf Ps jif{sf] avtdf t lem+uf df/]/ a:g' kb{Yof] . o; nfef+z Ps ;o P3f/ k|ltzt ;Dd ljt/0f lsl;d;+u g]kfndf p; avtdf aGb Jofkf/ u/] . To:t} ;nfO{ km\ofS6«L klg ;kmntfk"js { x'GYof] . s/sf] s'/} lyPg . k;nsf] jxfn rfn' eof] . To;kl5 lrgL sf/vfgf :yfkgf klg dlxgfsf] %—!) ?lkof dfq x'GYof] . w]/} h;f] k;ndf lah'nL alQ lyPg . To; sf/0f eof] . To; avt g]kfnaf6 e/tdf h'6sf ;fdfg, hl8a'6L, s:t'/L, sf7, s]xL xbdf ;a} h;f] k;n a]ns ' f x'gf ;fy aGb x'GYof] .

cgfh lgsf;L x'g] ub{Yof] . ef/taf6 k}7f/L x'g] ;fdfgx?df nQf sk8f d/d;nf, 5fnfsf ;fdfg, r'/f, wfuf], kf]t,] 5ftf, cf}ifwL, k]mG;L ;fdfg oxf“;Dd ls kmnk"mn ;Dd cfp“Yof] . tTsflng g]kfnsf] ahf/ Jofkfl/s j:t'x? / ;/sf/ ;Dembf s'g} Jofkfl/s ;+:yfsf] cfjZostf ljns"n lg/y{s lyof] . ha ls ;+;f/sf] cGo efudf kf“r ;o jif{ cufl8 b]lv k|mfG;sf] æd/;]nÆ eGg] 7fp“df Jofkfl/s ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf e} ;s]sf] lyof] . g]kf]lnog jf]gfkf6{ h:tf] ;+;f/ k|l;4 ;d|f6nfO{ klg oL Jofkf/L ;+:yfaf6 zL/ e'mSg' kg]{ cj:yf k/]sf] lyof] . ldq /fi6« ef/tdf klg o:tf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx? leGgf leGg} lsl;dsf :ykgf eO{ ;s]sf lyP . ;+;f/df Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx? tLg lsl;dsf 5g\ . -s_ k"/f ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf /x]sf -v_ k"/f :jtGq -;/sf/sf] s'g} lgoGq0fdf g/x]sf]_ /x]sf], -u_ ;/sf/ / Jofkf/L ldnL vf]ns ] f] / Ps} lsl;dsf] gLlt agfO{ sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] . k|hftGqsf] axfnLkl5 g]kfndf ;+3 ;+:yfx? Rofp pd|s ] f] h:tf] b]vf kg{ yfn] . o;} l;nl;nfdf g]kfnsf Jofkf/Lx?n] klg æjfl0fHo d08nÆ gfdaf6 Pp6f ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf u/] . pQm d08nsf] k|dv ' JolQmx?df ;fx' xl/s[i0f, ;fx' afns[i0f, ;fx' ljxf/Lnfn v]tfg, nfn ;fx', ;fx' OGb| eQm OToflb lyP . Jofkfl/s ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo / st{Jo s] s:tf] x'g' k5{ eGg] jxf“x?nfO{ cfjZos dfqfdf 1fg lyPg . t} klg k|hftGqsf] xfjf nfu]sf] x'gfn] Pp6f Jofkfl/s ;+:yf cfjZos dx;'; u/L pQm ;+:yf :yfkgf eof] . jfl0fs d08nsf] u7g ePkl5 s] ug]{ s;f] ug]{ eGg] af/]df s]xL Jofkf/Lx? hfu?s eP . oxL avt ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL :j= kl08t hjfxf/nfn g]x? ;b\efjgf ofqfdf sf7df8f}d+ f kbfk{0f ug'{ eof] . n}gsf] rp/df jxf“sf] eJo :jfut eof] . ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] clegGbg kq r9fP . o;} l;nl;nfdf jfl0fs d08nn] klg Ps cleGgbg kq r9fof] . Ps 7fp“df n]lvPsf] lyof] ls æljZj ljVoft cy{zf:qL sf}l6Noaf6 lnlvt k':tsdf uf}td a'4 hGdg' eGbf klxn] b]lvg} g]kfn / ef/t aLr Jofkf/ x'g] ub{Yof] . o; kl5 dfq sf7df8f}d+ f klg Jofkf/Lx?sf] ;+:yf 5 eGg] yfxf kfP . o; kl5 aL/u+h la/f6gu/, hgsk'/, g]kfnu~hdf cl3lNt/ r]Da/ zAb /fv]/ cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] lhNnf r]Da/ vf]n ] . @))( ;fn lt/ jfl0fs d08n la36g u/L g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{ gfd lbP/ sf7df8f}d+ f Jofkfl/s ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf u/] . 227

/fhwfgLsf] ;+:yf ePsf] gftfn] ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] glhs Nofpg k|of; u¥of] . ljleGg ;/sf/L ;ldltdf o; ;+:yfsf] ;b:o dgf]lgt klg ul/of] t/ Jofkf/L / ;/sf/sf] aLrdf ;f}xfb{k0" f{ ldqtf sfod x'g ;s]g . k~rfolt sfn cfPkl5 Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ ;/sf/af6 cg]s lsl;dsf] si6 lbP/ x}/fg u¥of] . oxf“;Dd ls s'g} lhNnfsf] ;d:of lnP/ æ8]lnu]zgÆ cfp“bf ljleGg lhNnfsf ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfk;df a}/efj k}bf u/L lbg], ;/sf/n] eg]s} h:tf] ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfp“bYof] . o;/L k~rfotsfnsf] ;'?b]lv g} Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ k]n/] /flvof] . e"tk"j{ dxfn]vf lgoGqs >L /fd k|;fb hf]zLn] /fli6«o :t/sf] Ps Jofkfl/s ;+:yf vf]Ng' kg]{ cfjZostf >L uf]kfn /fhe08f/LnfO{ ;Demfpg' eof] . o; af/]df >L nf]sgfy hf]zLsf] clkm;df >L uf]kfn /fhe08f/L, >L /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn', >L OGb|d0fL /fhe08f/L >L OGb|eQm >]i7 cflb a;]/ cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn u/] . 5nkmndf ;a}sf] /fo ldNof] / o; lsl;dsf] ;+:yf vf]Ng] lgZro u/] kl5 >L OGb| eQm >]7Ho"sf] a}7sdf w]/} Jofkf/Lx? e]nf u/L /fli6«o :t/sf] Ps Jofkfl/s ;+:yf u7g ug]{ jf/] 5nkmn eof] . o;} ;Gbe{df o; n]vsnfO{ klg >L uf]kfn /fhe08f/L cfO{ af]nfO{ nu] . o; n]vs lzIF0f k]zfdf nfu]sf] / r]Da/ ljifo klg k9fO{ cfPsf] gftfn] cfk"mn] hfg];Dd r]Da/sf] sfd, st{Jo sfo{qmd / Oltxf;sf af/]df Ps JofVofg u/] . ;a}n] o;sf] ;/fxgf u/] . rf“8f] eGbf rf“8f] /fli6«o :t/sf] Jofkfl/s ;+:yf vf]Ng] lg0f{o u/] . oL ;a} s'/f n]vL lhNnf lhNNfdf kqfrf/ ug's { f ;fy} k|ltlglw k7fO{sg ;xof]u ug{ cfJxfg ul/of] . kl5sf] ;efdf sf7df8f}s + f Jofkf/Lx? / lhNnfsf Jofkf/Lx?n] /fli6«o :t/sf] Jofkfl/s ;+:yf vf]Ngdf ;xdlt hgfP . g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{sf tfTsflng cWoIF :j= >L afns[i0f >]i7n] 5f]/fn] afa' hGdfpg nfUof] egL 3f]/ la/f]w u/] . /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ug'{ cufl8 /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 >L /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn'n] Ps jQmJo k9L ;+:yf lsg < s] ug]{ < o;sf] p2]Zo s] x'g5 ] < o;sf] sfo{qmd s] x'g5 < eGg] af/] pQm jQmJodf 5n{· kfg]{ k|of; ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ca pb\3f6g u/fpg cfjZos aGbf]a:t ug{ yflnof] . ;a} Joj:yf ldnfP/ >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/sf afx'nLaf6 @)@@ ;fn kf}if @# ut] n}grf}/ l:yt vfgL ljefusf] k|fªu0fdf o;sf] ;d'b3\ f6g eof] . ;df/f]x eJo ?kdf eof] . ;/sf/af6 lrof Ho"gf/sf] avt k|ltli7t Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ bz{g e]6 klg aS:of] . ;f]xL lbg a]ns ' L :j= >L /fd k|;fb hf]zLn] pBf]u jfl0fHo, eG;f/ 228

tyf cGo cy{ ;DaGwL laifox?df n]Vg' ePsf] n]v ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't ug{ ;Dej geP/ To;} 5fl8of], d:of}bf lawfg;Dd tof/ ePsf] lyPg . >L uf]kfn /fhe08f/Lsf] cfu|xdf o; n]vsn] /ftL !! ah] z+s/ xf]6nsf] Ps sf]7fdf b'O{ 306f nufP/ 5f]6s/Ldf d:of}bf lawfg tof/ u¥of] . ef]nLkN6 ;a} ;b:ox? e]nf eO{;s]kl5 ljleGg jQmfx?n] k|f/lDes sfo{ af/] cf—cfkm\gf] dGtJo k|s6 u/] . pk/f]Qm jQmJox?af6 s;} s;}n] g]tflu/L u/]sf] uGw cfpYof] . k"/f ;b:ox?n] rf/ pk—;ldlt u7g u/] . pk—;ldltx?sf] cnu cnu a}7s a:of] . lawfg ;ldltdf >L sdndl0f lblIFtHo"n] o; ;+3sf] gfd æg]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3Æ pko'Qm xf]nf eGg] dg;fo JoQm ug'{ eof] . h'gkl5 ;a} ;b:ox?n] cg'df]bg u/] . laleGg ;ldltsf] a}7sdf lbge/L 7"n—7"nf] :j/n] jx; x'g] ub{Yof] . t/ a]ns ' f ePkl5 h:tf] ;'s} k|:tfj klg kf; x'GYof] . ;Dd]ng rf/ lbgsf] 5nkmn kl5 ;dfKt eof] . >L nf]sgfy hf]zLsf] cWoIFtfdf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, tby{ ;ldlt u7g eof] . >L cWoIFHo"af6 jxf“nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ o; n]vsnfO{ ;lradf lgo'Qm ul/of] . afuahf/ l:yt Pp6f ;fgf] sf]7fdf o; ;+3sf] sfof{no :yfkgf eof] . sfof{no tYof+s ;+sng ug],{ lhNnfsf ;+3 ;+:yfx?;+u ;Dks{ ug],{ ;+3 gePsf lhNnfx?df ;+3 vf]Ng k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ OTofbL sfd eP . o;} avt a}s + saf6 Jofkf/Lx?sf] Ps ;fgf] k|ltlglw d08n cfPsf] lyof] . xfd|f Jofkf/L / jxf“x?sf] aLrdf Jofkf/ tyf d]nf ;DaGwL s'/fdf larf/sf] cfbfg k|bfg eof] . o;}tfsf g]kfnaf6 ef/t uPsf] Jofkf/Lx?sf] k|ltlglw d08nnfO{ ef/tLo /fhb"t >L eujfg ;xfo / ef/tLo ;xof]u 6f]nLsf] k|dv ' sf] ;xof]uaf6 ef/tsf ljleGg zx/x?df 3'Dg / Jofkf/Lx?;+u larf/ cfbfg k|bfg ug{ cfjZos aGbf]j:t ldnfO{ lbPsf lyP . afuahf/sf] clkm; ;fgf] ePsf] / ;b:ox? cfpg hfg ufx|f] ePsf] x'gfn] g]kfn a}s + ejgdf Pp6f 7"nf] sf]7f axfndf lnO{of] . clkm;nfO{ cfjZos ;fdfgx? Pp6f 6fOlki6 / lkogsf] klg lgo'lQm eof] . tby{ ;ldltsf] ;b:ox?sf] a}7s a/fj/ a:g yfNof] . ;d:ofx?df 5nkmn x'g yfNof] . aflx/sf] lhNnfaf6 klg cfk'mnfO{ k/]sf] dsf{ ;DaGwL kqfrf/ x'g yfNof] . >L nf]sgfy hf]zL tyf >L uf]kfn /fhe08f/Lsf] /fd|f] ;Dks{ ePsf] x'gfn] z'?b]lv g} o; ;+3nfO{ tTsflng pBf]u ;lra >L s'df/dl0f bLlIFt, 8fO/]S6/ >L u]xG] b|bj] kf7s, kmf6jfnf >L s]bf/ k|;fb cfrfo{ cflbn] of] ;+3 kmnf];, k'mnf]; egL x/ lsl;dn] ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . oxf“ ;Dd ls Psk6s >L ;lraHo"nfO{ ;+3sf]

;lrasf] tna ;/sf/af6 g} Joxf]/L lbg] cfzo JoQm ul/Psf] lyof] . tby{ ;ldltsf] a}7s !)—!% lbgsf] km/sdf a:g yfNof] . Jofkf/Lx? cf—cfkm\gf] ;d:of lnP/ cfp“y,] s/fp“y] / 7"n 7"nf] :j/n] ax; uy{ ] . >L dl0fxif{ Hof]lt, >L s[i0f uf]kfn 608gHo"x? /fi6«sf] lxt Vofn u/L uxlsnf ljrf/x? k|:t't ug'{ x'GYof] . >L uf]kfn /fhe08f/LHo"sf] ;f}hGoaf6 tTsflng ;lra >L s'df/ dl0f lblIFtHo"nfO{ e]6g\ ' s'g} ufx|f] lyPg . ;lraHo"n] b]zsf] lxtsf] nflu x'g] ;a} dfu k"/f u/L lbg' x'GYof] . gldNg] sfd of] a'b+ fn] gldNg] x'b+ f tkfO{x? k'gM 5nkmn u/L Nofpg' eGg' x'GYof] . ;+3sf] sfo{ ;ldltdf ePsf 5nkmnx?sf] s]xL efg jxf“nfO{ zfob klxn] g} x'GYof] . bLlIFtHo" ;fx|} a'l4dfg rnfv k|zf;s ePsf gftfn] Jofkf/Lx? ;+u s'g 9+un] Jojxf/ ug{' k5{ eGg] jxf“nfO{ /fd|/L yfxf lyof] . t;y{ jxf“ Jofkf/L ;+u 3lgi6 ;DaGw /fVg klg k|of; ug'{ x'GYof] . Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug{ / gof“ gof“ s'/f hfGg l;Sg ljb]z klg k7fpg' x'GYof] . s'g} srsr ug],{ ;+3sf] p2]Zodf g} afwf kg]{ u/L sfd ug{ vf]Hg] Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ ljb]z k7fO{ d'vdf a'emf] nufO{ lbg'xG' Yof] . tby{ ;ldltsf] sfd a9\b} cfPsf]n] Ps k"/f ;do sfd ug]{ Ps clws[t cfjZos dxz"; u/L lj1fkgåf/f >L k"0f{ uf]ljGb cdfTonfO{ k"/f ;do sfd ug]{ u/L lgo'Qm ul/of] . >L /fhaxfb'/ lrkfn' a/fj/ clkm;df cfO{ sfdsf] /]vb]v ug'{ x'GYof] / cfjZos lgb]z { g klg lbg' x'GYof] . Pslbg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 s;/L ;lqmo agfpg] /fi6« lxtsf] sfd ug],{ gof“ pBf]usf] :yfkgf / ;Da4{g ug],{ To:t} Jofkf/sf] la:tf/ ug{ Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ eGg] jf/] >L lblIftHo";u+ cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn eof] . pQm 5nkmnsf] bf}/fgdf o; n]vsn] tk;Lnsf tLg s'/f dfu :j?k k|:t't ug'{ eof] M— != s'g} 7"nf] pBf]u jf Jofkfl/s ;+:yf o; ;+3sf] l;kmfl/z lagf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] btf{ gug] { . @= g]kfnaf6 aflx/sf d'ns ' df lgsf;L x'g] ;fdfg g]kfnsf] xf] egL k|dfl0ft gu/];Dd lgsf;L ug{ glbg] . #= kmf}hbf/L d'2f jfx]s s'g} klg Jofkf/LnfO{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] hdfgtdf t'?Gt 5f]l8lbg' kg] { . o; laifodf >L ;lraHo"n] g+ ! / g++ @ ldNg ;Snf, t/ g++ # af/] d s]xL eGg ;lQmg . tkfO{x? sfo{ ;ldtaf6 kf; u/L n]vL Nofpg' xf]nf . pQm s'/f sfo{ ;ldltdf k]z x'b“ f w]/} s'/f dfu ug]{ 5nkmn eof] .

cflv/df xfnnfO{ oL tLg s'/fg} dfu u/L x]g{] lg0f{o eP cg';f/ kq k7fOof] ! / @ kf; eP/ cfof], g++ # kf; ug{ xfnnfO{ gldNg] hfgsf/L lbof] . o;af6 ;+3sf] ;b:otfdf j[l4 eof] . lgof{t ;fdfg k|dfl0ft u/] jfkt s]xL z'Ns lng] rng eof] . o;/L pBf]u jlf0fHo ;+3sf] cfly{s cj:yf dha"t eP/ cfof] . tby{ ;ldltsf] ;dofjlwdf ;b:o agfpg], lhNnf lhNnfdf ;+3 vf]Ng] pBf]uklt tyf Jofkf/Lx?sf] ;d:ofdf 5nkmn u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/df k]z u/L ;dfwfg ug]{ k|of; ul/of] . ef/tLo d'bf| sf] cjd"Nog x'b“ f g]kfn

a}s + ejgdf pBf]uklt tyf Jofkf/Lx?sf] Ps 7"nf] a}7s ePsf] lyof] . pQm a}7snfO{ tTsflng pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqL >L gu]Gb| k|;fb l/hfnn] ;Daf]wg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . jxf“sf] egfO{sf] ;f/f+z >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lnPsf] gLlt b]zsf] lxtdf 5 eGg] lyof] . o;} aLrdf g]kfn r]Da/sf cWoIFn] ;/sf/sf] gLlt unt 5, o;af6 g]knsf] pBf]u / Jofkf/ etfe'u+ x'g5 ] eGg] jxf“sf] 3f]/ lj/f]w lyof] . o; n]vssf] larf/ ;+3 :yfkgf ePkl5 ;/sf/;+u 3+;fe+;L ePsf] of] klxnf] 36gf lyof] . ljwfg cg';f/ r'gfj ug]{ tof/L x'g yfNof], ljleGg pk—;ldlt u7g eP . k|:tfj

/ ;'emfjx? k7fpg kl/kq ;a} ;+3x?df k7fOof] . rGbfx? klg ;+sng ul/of] . k|wfgdGqL, pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqL, g]kfn /fi6« a}s + sf ueg{/n] ;Dd]ngnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ eof] . r'gfj ;DaGwdf Jofkf/Lx? 3+;f3+;L u/] . r'gfj eof] . >L h'4 axfb'/ >]i7 ;efklt, >L /fh axfb'/ lrkfn' pk—;efkltdf r'lgg' eof] . sfo{ ;ldltdf pBf]u IF]qsf k|ltlglw, lhNnfsf k|ltlglw ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] ljlwjt ?kdf :yfkgf eof] . ;fef/M /ht hoGtL :dfl/sf, g]=p=jf=dxf;+3

g]pjf;+3sf] :yfkgfdf ;/sf/L tyf u}s'df/dl0f / ;/sf/L IF] q sf] k| o f; cfrfo{ bLlIft cg'ej ug{ ;lsGYof] . o;} avt ef/t;+u gof“ Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg ;lGw ug]{ laifodf klg sf/jfxLx? z'? eO{;s]sf] lyof] . b]zsf] pBf]u Jofkf/ lasf;df lghL IF]qnfO{ a9L cu|;/ u/fpg] p2]Zosf] sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/L gLtL nfu" ug]{ c7f]6 g]kfn / ef/tsf] ljb]zL d'bf| sf]if cnu u/L g]kfnn] cfkm\g} :jtGq Jofkf/ gLlt cjnDag åf/f Jofkf/ ljljlws/0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf sl/a ?= ! s/f]8sf] lab]zL d'bf| af6 b]znfO{ rflxg] dfn t]>f] d'ns ' x?af6 lemsfpg ODkf]6{ nfO;]G; lat/0f ug]{ sfo{df ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfa lbg ul7t Ps ;ldltdf Jofkf/Lju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ## hgf pDd]bj\ f/x?sf] klg dgf]gog ePaf6 d}n] ;/sf/n] o;sf lgldQ o; lbzfdf p7fPsf] klxnf] sbd eGg] 7fg]sf] 5' . ;g\ !(%* cl3 g]kfnsf] pBf]u Jofkf/ ljifodf dnfO{ ljz]if 1fg lyPg . gt oL IF]q;+u ;DalGwt JolQmx?sf laifodf g} . k|yd cfd lgjf{rg kl5 :juL{o >L la=lk= sf]O/fnfsf] g]tT[ jdf klxnf] k|hftflGqs ;/sf/ u7g ePkl5 dnfO{ jfl0fHo ljefusf] lgb]z { ssf] kbdf lgo'lQm ul/of] clxn] k5fl8 kms]/{ x]bf{ s]xL cfzfhgs cg'ej cfk"mn] ug{ kfPsf] h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb5 . xfd|F] d'n' s ' df pBf]u Jofkf/ Jojl:yt 9+uaf6 Pj+ pBdL / Jofkf/Lx?n] ;+oQ ' m / ;';u+ l7t ;+:yf lghx?s} k|oTg sd;]sd ;/sf/L lgoGq0f (Minimum Government Control) af6 rnf]; eGg] larf/ To; avtsf k|wfgdGqL / ;DalGwt dGqLsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f pxf“x? aLr cfk;df ePsf] 5nkmn / xfdLnfO{ ;do ;dodf lbOPsf lgb]z { gx?af6

Jofkf/Lju{;u“ cfkm\gf] of] klxnf] sfddf jfl0fHo ljefusf] lgb]z { ssf] gftfaf6 ;f]xL ;ldltdf klxnf] kN6 ;Dks{ ePsf] / pxf“x?af6 ;ldltn] h'g k|sf/sf] lgikIF, lgk"0f{ / e/kbf]{ ;Nnfx kfof] To;af6 pBf]u Jofkf/ k|a4{gdf nfu]sf g]kfnL oL k]zfsf k|ltlglwx? dfly d]/f] dgdf >4f / ljZjf; klg k}bf u¥of] . jfl0fHo ljefudf s]xL dlxgf dfq sfd u/]kl5 cfk"mnfO{ k|wfg dGqLsf] clkm;df sfd ug{ sfhdf v6fOPsf]n] dGqfno ljefuaf6 ;'? ug{ nfu]sf sfo{x/af6 d cnlUug k'u ] . kl5 k|wfg dGqLsf] rLgsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0fdf g]kfnsf] rLg / ef/t b'j} b]z;+usf] Jofkf/df w]/} cg'ej ePsf Ps k|ltli7t JolQmnfO{ k|ltlglw d08ndf ;dfj]z u/]af6 klg To; avtsf] ;/sf/sf]

lghL IF]qsf pBf]uL Jofkf/Lju{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] / ;+:yfut ?kdf ;';u+ l7t kfg]{ nIF k|fKtL kl5sf] sbd lyof] h:tf] nfu]sf] xf] . To; avt pQm pBdLnfO{ kmnfd cyjf l;d]G6 h:tf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] pBf]u :yfkgfdf ;l/s u/fpg] nIf b]lvGYof] . o'gfgdf ;fgf kmnfd sf/vfgf b]vfpgdf k|wfgdGqLsf] ljz]if ?rL lyof] . o;} k|;u+ df ;g\ !(^$÷^% lt/ tTsflng p=jf= dGqLn] s]xL h?/L pBf]u :yfkgf ug]{ af/] ljleGg pBf]uktL Jofkf/L au{nfO{ ul/Psf] clknsf] kmn:j?k >L dl0fxif{ Hof]ltn] rf]ef/df l;d]G6 sf/vfgf v8f ug{ klg cl3 ;g'{ ePsf] xf] . To; avt ;f] sfo{df k"0f{ ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg] ;/sf/sf] arga4tf ePsf]df ;DalGwt dGqLsf] lnvt cfZjf;gx? ljkl/t sfo{ ePsf]n] rfn" x'g] cj:yfdf of] sf/vfgfsf] ;~rfngaf6 pxf“n] xft lemSg' k¥of] eGg] ;'gs ] f] x' “ . @)!& ;fn k'if ! ut] b]zsf] nflu Ps b'ef{Uok"0f{ 36gf x'g uof] . kmn:j?k d k'gM jfl0fHo ljefusf] lgb]z { s kbdf xflh/ eO{ sfd ug{ nfu] . !@—!# dlxgf 5'6s ] f] ;DaGw sfod x'g uof] . gof“ Joj:yfsf] sd{rf/L k'gu{7gdf pBf]u ljefusf] ;d]t sfd x]g{] cfb]z eof] . o;af6 dnfO{ b'j} IF]qdf ;+nUg JolQmx?;+u ;f]emf] ;Dks{ /fVg] cj;/ k|fKt eof] . ;/sf/ tk{m ;lra, c? dGqfnosf ;xof]uLx? / dGqLx? ;d]t;+u o; IF]qsf] lasf;sf] nflu lghL Joj;fonfO{g} ;+ul7t ub}{ nfg' k5{ eGg] 5nkmn lgb]z { g eO{ /xGYof] . csf{tk{m k|ltli7t pBf]uL Jofkf/L ldqx? vf;u/L clxn] ;Ddsf] dWo] :j= >L nf]sgfy hf]zL, >L h'4 axfb'/ >]i7, :j= >L /fdnfn uf]N5f, >L OGb| eQm >]i7, >L s[i0f uf]kfn 608g, >L dl0fxif{ Hof]lt, 229

>L cg+udfg z]/rg, >L /fh axfb'/ lrkfn', >L q}nf]Sogfy >]i7 k|el[ t w]/} b]z el/sfg} ;Hhgx?;+u ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 cfkm\g' cfkm\g' txsf ;rla, lgb]z { s, dGqLHo"x?n] larf/ ladz{ u/L g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 h:tf] Pp6f ;jf]R{ r ;+:yf (Apex Body) u7g ug'{ kg]{ lgisif{df k'us ] f] dnfO{ ofb 5 . o; ;dodf cfkm\gf] cd"No ;do lbO{ xfdLnfO{ w]/} ;Nnfx / d2t :j= >L nf]sgfy hf]zL / >L h'4 axfb'/ >]i7af6 k|fKt ePsf] clxn] ;Dd klg s[t1ftfsf ;fy ;Demb}5 ' . oxL 5nkmnsf] qmddf g]=p=jf=;+sf] :yfkgfsf] k|f/lDes sfd g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{n] lhDdf lng] 7x/ eP cg';f/ o; tk{m sfd yfngL eof] . of] dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{onfO{ x/ k|sf/n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sl6a4tf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx?df klg lyof] eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff 5 . ;a}sf] /fo ;Nnfx cg'?k r]Da/sf] cfof]hfdf ePsf] æk|yd g]kfn jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngÆ >L % dx]Gb|af6 pb\3f6g x'g' klg ;/sf/sf] o; IF]qnfO{ k"0f{ ;xof]u ug]{ gLltnfO{ k|i6 kb{5 h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 . ;f] ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6gsf] lbgsf] Pp6f s'/fsf] cem;Dd dnfO{ tfhf ;Demgf 5 . nflhDkf6sf] vfgL ljefusf] sDkfp08df ;df/f]x ;lsPkl5 n~rsf nflu clkm;sf] dfly sf7df]df hfg nfUbf /fhfaf6 dnfO{ af]nfO{ e¥of·lg/ æo:tf] ;+3 v8f ug]{ of]hgf /fd|f] s'/f] xf] t/ logLx?nfO{ P]gn] af“wL /fVg' k5{Æ eGg] larf/ JoQm ePsf] lyof] . lgb]z { g cg';f/ rflxg] P]g lgod afpg sf/jfxL rfnfpg] sfd d]/f of]Uo ;xof]uL >L u]xG] b| b]j kf7sn] lhDdf lng' eof] . To; avt jfl0fHo ljefusf lgb]z { s >L kf7ssf] gof“ ;+3 k|efjsf/L / b]z Pj+ ;/sf/nfO{ d2t ug]{ IFdtf ePsf] xf];\ eGg] 7"nf] OR5f lyof] . P]g kl5 s] s;/L cfof] ;Demgf 230

lyPg t/ ;+3sf] /ht hoGtL ljz]iff+sdf /fli6«o lgb]z { g P]g cGt/u{t ;+3sf] :yfkgfsf] :jLs[lt k~rfot dGqfnoaf6 lbPsf] eg] k9] + . ;fob To; avtsf] ;'xftf],{ of=of= / co'j vfgx?sf] ufO8]8 8]df]qm] ;L (Guided Democracy) sf] k|efj k/]/ xf]nf eGg] nfUof] . ;+3sf] pb\3f6gsf] t'?Gt} kl5 dnfO{ clxn] h:tf] nfU5 g]=jf=;+3n] hg;]jf l;g]df xndf a}7s cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ tTsflng pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqLn] af]Ng' ePsf] Un-intentional t/ pBf]uL Jofkf/LnfO{ s]xL cfIf]k h:tf] cefj kg]{ zAbx? åf/f pQm ;d'bfodf s]xL k|lts"n c;/ kf/]sf] / ;f] z+sf b"/ ug{ p=jf= ;lrj / xfdL c? sd{rf/Ln] klg lgs} kl/>d u/L ;'Nemfpg' k/]sf] ;Demgf x'G5 slxn] slxn] . JolQmut ?kdf o:tf] ;+:yfsf] cfjZostf dnfO{ ;g\ !(^! sf] cGtlt/ sl/j @ dlxgfsf] cfkm\gf] hd{gLsf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df nfu]sf] xf] . Toxf“ k|To]s zfvf (Sector) df ufp“ b]lv lhNnf, :6]6 / /fli6«o cfwf/df cf—cfkm\gf ;+:yfx? v8f u/L tfnLd, u'0f:t/ (Quality Control) :6]088{ (Standard), Joj:yfkg (Management), OToflb s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbOg] / o:tf sfdx? cfkm\g} cfly{s ;fwgaf6 ug]{ k|aGw /x]5 . sdhf]/ ;+:yfnfO{ dfq ;/sf/L ;xfotf c:yfoL tf}/df lbO{bf] /x]5 . o:t} k|lqmof xfdLsxf“ klg g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3af6 x'g ;Snf eGg] dnfO{ p; avt nfu]sf] xf] . To;kl5 w]/} jif{ b]z aflx/ ePsf]n] o; s'/fsf] s;/L k|ult ePsf] 5 eGg] jf:tljs kl/l:ylt cfk"mnfO{ yfxf 5}g t/ kms]/{ cfPkl5 b]v] ;'gs ] f] s'/faf6 #) jif{df x'g' kg]{ pGgtL eP h:tf] eg] nfu]sf]

5}g . oL #) jif{df b]Vbf b]Vb} yfONof08 sxf“af6 sxf“ k'Uof] To;sf] t'ngfdf xfdLn] u/]sf] k|ult gu0o eg] x'G5 h:tf] nfUb5 . dnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;+:d/0f lbg cfu|x u/L ;+3sf] ;lrjaf6 kfPsf] kq ;fy s]xL k|sfzgx? klg s[kf u/L k7fO{ lbg' ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] x]bf{ k9\bf s]xL k|ult ePsf] v'zL ;fy cg'ej u/]sf] 5' . csf]{ s'/f larf/df cfPsf] 5 sL ;+3 / ;/sf/ aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] laifo xf] . of] ;DaGw s;/L a9\b} uPsf] 5 jf 5}g < aflx/af6 x]bf{ b'Os { f] aLr nf]sfrf/ ;DaGw dfq eP h:tf] nfUof] . o; IF]qsf] ljsf;df lghL IF]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf dfGg] xf] eg] ;/sf/ / ;+3 aLr ;'b9[ / lgs6 ;DaGw Pj+ ;/ ;Nnfx qmlds ?kdf eO{ /xg' k5{ h:tf] nfUb5 . To:t} ;+3sf tk{maf6 klg pBf]u Jofkf/ k|a4{g (Promotion) df clxn] eGbf a9L of]ubfg x'g ;Sbf] xf] . Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0f lnp“, x'gt dx+uL ;+:ff/ e/ a9]sf] 5, t/ xfdLsxf“ cgfjZos sf/0fdf klg df]n a9fOb} nluPsf] 5 . o;sf] /f]syfddf ;+3af6 s'g} k|oTg ePsf] k9\g jf ;'Gg kfOPsf] 5}g . csf]{ s'/f lgoGq0f ug{ ;+3n] Hofb} dxTj lbg' kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] of] b]znfO{ tx;gx; kfg{ nfu]sf] /f]u e|i6frf/sf] k|sf]knfO{ x6fpg] s'/f xf] . x'gt o;sf] pkrf/sf] klxnf] lhDd]jf/L ;/sfsf] xf] tfklg ;+3 / o;sf laleGg lgsfox? klg o; lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5g ;Sb}gg\ eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff 5 . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;bf ;j{bf kmNb} k'mNb} hfcf];\ egL o;sf] lg/Gt/ pGgtL / b]z ;]jf ug]{ IFdtf a9\b} hfcf];\ d]/f] xflb{s z'e—sfdgf 5 . ;fef/M /ht hoGtL :dfl/sf, g]=p=jf=dxf;+3 .

kl/R5]bâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;em ultljlwx?

231

dxf;+3sf ultljlw ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt ;dfrf/ x'nfs l6s6 k|sfzgM

dxf;+3sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;jsf] cj;/df ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno, x'nfs ;]jf ljefuaf6 dxf;+3sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;jsf] nf]uf] c+lst ?= !).– b/sf] x'nfs l6s6 k|sfzg ul/of] .

k|wfgdGqL ;dIf e]6jftf{M

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08nn] ut ;fpg @@ ut] k|wfgdGqL >L k'iksdn bfxfn æk|r08Æ ;+u e]63f6 u/L pBf]u Joj;fo IF]qsf] j:t'l:ylt af/] hfgsf/L u/fOof] .

pkk|wfg Pj+ cy{ dGqL ;dIf e]6jftf{M

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08nn] ut ;fpg @! ut] dfggLo pkk|wfg Pj+ cy{ dGqL s[i0f axfb'/ dx/f ;dIf e]63f6 u/L b]zsf] cf}BF]lus, Joj;flos Pj+ cfly{s IF]q;+u ;DalGwt ljifox?df 5nkmn u/of] .

pkk|wfg tyf u[x dGqL ;dIf e]6jftf{M

dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08nn] ut ;fpg #@ ut] pk k|wfg tyf u[xdGqL ljdn]Gb| lgwL;+u e]63f6 u/\of] . ;f] cj;/df cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff, ;du| zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf nufotsf ljifodf 5nkmn eof] .

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqL ;dIf e]6jftf{M

dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08nn] ut ;fpg #@ ut] dfggLo ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqL lxt/fh kf08];u+ e]6jftf{ u/of] . pQm cj;/df :yfgLo ljsf; dGqL ;dIf :yfgLo s/jf6 pTkGg ljBdfg ;d:ofx? jf/] 5nkmn eof] .

:yfgLo s/ ;DaGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgfM

;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqL lxt/fh kf08]sf] k|dv ' cfltYotfdf ut ebf}+ !# ut] dxf;+3n] :yfgLo s/ ;DaGwL dxf;+3df cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . pQm cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf s/ 7]Ssfdf p7fpg] k|yfsf] cGTo x'gk' g],{ s/sf] b/ to ubf{ pBdL Joj;foLx?af6 ;'emfj lng] Joj:yf x'gk' g{,] s[lif pkhsf] s/ Go"g ug'k{ g{] nufotsf ;'emfjx? k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .

232

phf{ ;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmdM

dxf;+3n] ut ebf}+ !% ut] / ut kf}if @) ut] phf{dGqL hgfb{g zdf{sf] k|dv ' cfltYotfdf phf{ ;DaGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . sfo{qmddf dfggLo phf{ dGqLn] lghL IF]qnfO{ cfjZos kg{] ljB'tsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;/sf/ tof/ /x]sf], ljB't;+u ;DalGwt k|lqmofut emGem6 tTsfn x6fpg] ;fy} pBf]ux?df ljB't nfOg hf]8g\ ;d:of em]Ng'kg{] cj:yfsf] cGTo ug{] h:tf k|ltj4tf JoQm ug'{ x'b} hn ljB'tdf lghL IF]qnfO{ nufgL ug{ cfu|x klg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

pBf]u ;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmdM

pBf]u dGqL gljGb|/fh hf]zLsf] k|dv ' cfltYotfdf dxf;+3åf/f ut ebf} @@ ut], c;f]h !( ut] / kf}if @^ ut] pBf]u IF]qsf] ljBdfg ;d:ofx? / ;dfwfgsf nflu x'gk' g{] Joj:yfx? af/], b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus j:t'l:ylt ;DaGwdf Pj+ ljb]zL nufgL P]gsf] d:of}bf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/of] .

cf=j= @)&#÷&$ sf] ah]6 ;DaGwdf dxf;+3sf] /fo Pj+ ;'emfjM

dxf;+3n] ut j}zfv #) ut] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cf=j= @)&#÷&$ df x'gk' g{] Joj:yfx? af/] dxf;+3sf] /fo Pj+ ;'emfj k]z u/]sf] lyof] . dxf;+3af6 k]z ul/Psf] ;'emfjdf d'VotofM Joj;flos IF]qdf b]vf k/]sf ljBdfg ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu x'gk' g{] Joj:yfx? af/] a'b+ fut ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof] .

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg / Plss/0f ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os d:of}bf ;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmdM

pBf]u dGqfnosf] cfof]hgf / dxf;+3sf] ;xeflutfdf ut c;f/ @* ut] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg / Plss/0f ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os d:of}bf ;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf dxf;+3n] pBf]u Joj;fo IF]qsf] ljsf;, la:tf/ Pj+ k|j4{gsf nflu cj cfpg] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf x'gk' g{] Joj:yfx? af/] wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .

b'O{ b]z aLr cfly{s Pj+ Jofkfl/s ;DaGw lj:tf/ af/] e]63f6 Pj+ 5nkmn ef/tsf nflu g]kfnL /fhb"t;+u e]6jftf{M ef/tsf nflu gjlgo'Qm g]kfnL /fhb"t bLks'df/ pkfWofo;+u ut sflt{s @% ut] dxf;+3df e]63f6 ul/of] . e]63f6df g]kfn ef/t jLrsf] Jofkf/ k|j4{g, ;do ;dodf b]vfkg{] Jojxfl/s ;d:of, ljzfvfkf6gd kf]6s { f] k|efjsf/L pkof]u, g]kfndf ef/tLo nufgL k|j4{g, Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"lgs/0f, af]8/{ l;Dkf]lhod, cfly{s s'6gLlt nufotsf ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . a'b“ fut ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof] .

233

/l;of tyf OlhK6sf nflu gjlgo'Qm g]kfnL /fhb"t;“u+ e]63f6M

/l;ofsf nflu g]kfnL /fhb"t >L Clif/fd l3ld/] tyf OlhK6sf nflu gjlgo'Qm g]kfnL /fhb"t >L ´ljGb| k|;fb cof{n;+u ut sflt{s #) ut] dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf e]63f6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df gjlgo'Qm /fhb"tåon] g]kfn / tL d'ns ' x? jLrsf] ;d'w/' cfly{s, Joj;flos ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ tyf nufgL Pj+ k|ljlw g]kfn leq\ofpg cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 k"0f{?kdf k|of; ug{] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] .

rLlgof“ /fhb"t;“u e]63f6M

dxf;+3sf cWoIf kz'klt d'/f/sfsf] g]tT[ jdf uPsf] k|ltlglwd08nn] g]kfnsf nflu gjlgo'Qm rLlgof+ /fhb"t;+u ut d+;L/ @$ ut] rLlgof“ /fhb"tfjf;df e]63f6 u/sf]] lyof] . pQm e]63f6df g]kfndf nufgLsf cj;/, b'O{ b]z jLrsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f, b'j} b]zsf lghL If]qaf6 Jofkf/ tyf nufgL k|j4{gsf IF]qdf ePsf k|of;, g]kfn rLg u}/ ;/sf/L ;xof]u d~rsf] g]kfndf x'g uO{ /x]sf] cfufdL j}7s nufotsf ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -cfOPncf]_ b]lzo lgb{z ] s;“u e]63f6M

dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx?;“u g]kfnsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -cfOPncf]_ g]kfn sfof{nosf lgb{z ] s l/rf8{ xjf8{n] ut ebf} !& ut] dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf e]63f6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pQm e]63f6df g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, cfly{s j[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf tyf cfOPncf]sf] ;xof]u nufotsf ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g

(ILO)

sf dxflgb{z ] s;“u e]6jftf{

g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf dxflgb{z ] s Mr. Guy Ryder ;+u dxf;+3sf cWoIf kz'klt d'/f/sf, al/i7 pkfWoIf ejfgL /f0ff, pkfWoIF Pj+ /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb\sf ;efklt z]v/ uf]N5f / lgjt{dfg dxflgb{z ] s dLgf >]i7n] ut d+;L/ @( ut] ljz]if e]6jftf{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . dxf;+3n] ut d+;L/ @( ut] e]63f6 sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . pQm e]63f6df g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs j:t'l:ylt, cf}Bf]lus ljsf;, /f]huf/L, cfly{s j[l4, cf}BF]lus >d ;DaGw, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf >d P]g, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt sfo{qmd af/] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} ;f]xL lbg dxflgb{z ] s >L Guy Ryder sf] ;Ddfgdf dxf;+3n] /fqL ef]hsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .

;fs{ dWo:ytf kl/ifb\;u“ 5nkmn sfo{qmdM

ut ;fpg #! ut] ;fs{ dWo:ytf kl/ifb\, g]kfn dWo:ytf kl/ifb\ / dxf;+3sf] ;+oQ ' m ;xeflutfdf Ps cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/of] . pQm sfo{qmddf dxf;+3 / ;fs{ cflj{6z ] g sfplG;n tyf g]kfn sfplG;n km/ cflj{6;]« g / ;fs{ cflj{6z «] g sfplG;n jLr IF]qLo dWo:ytfsf ljifodf ;xsfo{ ug{] p2]Zon] 5'§f5'§} ;xdltkqdf x:tfIF/ ePsf] lyof] .

rLgsf nflu gjlgo'Qm g]kfnL /fhb"t;“u e]6jftf{ M

rLgsf nflu gjlgo'Qm g]kfnL /fhb"t nLnfdl0f kf}8n] ;+u ut sflt{s @( ut] dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf e]63f6 Pj+ 5nkmn eof] . pQm e]63f6df g]kfn rLg jLrsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{, g]kfnL j:t'x?sf] rLgdf k|j4{g ug{, g]kfndf ;+oQ ' m nufgLdf rLlgof+ j}s :yfkgf ug{, aGb /x]sf] tftf]kfgL gfsf v'nfpg kxn ug{, s]?· gfsf k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng ug{, b'O{ b]z aLr l;wf xjfO{ ;]jf yk lj:tf/ ug{, rLgn] cuf8L ;f/]sf] Ps IF]q Ps /f]8 cjwf/0ff cGt/ut g]kfndf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df rLlgof“ nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ nufotsf ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . 234

g]kfn cd]l/sf aLrsf] cfly{s Joj;flos ;DaGwsf] ljifodf 5nkmnM

jl/i7 pkfWoIf ejfgL /f0ffn] cd]l/sg ;/sf/sf] Jo"/f] ckm OG6/g]zn Ogkm/d]zg k|fu] f| dsf ;+of]hs;“u ut ;fpg !! ut] dxf;+3df e]63f6 ug'{ lyof] . pQm e]63f6df g]kfn cd]l/sf aLrsf] cfly{s Joj;flos ;DaGw, g]kfnsf] ljBdfg pBf]u Joj;fosf] l:ylt, pBf]u Joj;fo nufot ;du| cy{tGqsf] r'gf}ltsf ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .

a+unfb]zsf] g]zgn l8km]G; sn]hsf jl/i7 clws[tx?sf] cWoog e|d0fM

g]kfnsf] cWoog e|d0fdf cfPsf] j+unfb]zsf] g]zgn l8km]G; sn]hsf jl/i7 clws[t ;lDdlnt cWoog bnnfO{ ut efb| @ ut] dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf pkfWoIf lszf]/ s'df/ k|wfgn] :jfut ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df dxf;+3sf ultljlw af/] k|:t'tL Pj+ hfgsf/L lbO{gs ' f] ;fy} g]kfn / a+unfb]z jLr x'g ;Sg] Jofkfl/s ;xof]u Pj+ nufgL k|j4{g af/] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

g]kfnsf nflu cfO;Nof08sf /fhb"t;“u e]63f6M

dxf;+3sf pkfWoIf lbg]z >]i7n] g]kfnsf nflu cfO;Nof08sf /fhb"t;+u ut sflt{s !@ ut] dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf e]63f6 ug'{ eof] . pQm e]63f6df g]kfn / cfO;Nof08 jLrsf] cfly{s Joj;flos, nufgL k|ljlw tyf zLk cfbfg k|bfg ug{,] phf{, dTokfng, s[lif, ko{6g nufotsf IF]qdf cfO;Nof08n] g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

xlNbof OG6/g]zgn sfuf{] 6ld{gnsf kbflwsf/Lx?;“u e]63f6M

pkfWoIf lbg]z >]i7n]] xlNbof OG6/g]zgn sfuf{] 6ld{gnsf kbflwsf/Lx?;“u ut d+;L/ @^ ut] dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf e]63f6 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pQm e]63f6df xlNbof kf]6{ k|of]u dfkm{t g]kfnn] p7fpg ;Sg] Joj;flos nfe, pQm kf]6d{ f /x]sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?, kf]6n{ ] pknAw u/fpg] ;'ljwfx?, nfut tyf k|zf;lgs k|so[ fx? cfbLsf ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

o"gfgsf] k|ltlglw08n;“u e]63f6M g]kfndf hn ;+/If0f, phf{, ;8s, k'n, k'jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, nufgL tyf cfoft lgof{tsf IF]qdf cfk;L ;xsfo{sf ;+efJotf tyf cg'ej cfbfg k|bfgdf g]kfnsf] lghL IF]q;+u 5nkmn ug{ ut sflt{s !( ut] rLgsf] o"gfg k|fGtsf jfl0fHo ljefusf pkdxflgb{z ] ssf] g]tT[ jdf cfPsf] k|ltlglwd08nn] dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx?;“u e]6jftf{ u/]sf] lyof] .

235

g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ ljifos cGt/lqmofM

g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo dGqfno;+usf] ;xsfo{df dxf;+3, g]kfn pBf]u kl/;+3, g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sdz{ tyf g]kfn ef/t pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] ;+oQ ' m sfo{bnn] ut h]i7 @$ ut] g]kfn—ef/t jfl0fHo ;lGwsf] gljs/0fsf] k"j{ tof/L / o; ;DaGwdf cjnDag ul/g'kg{] ljifoj:t'df 5nkmn ug{] p2]Zon] g]kfn—ef/t Jofkf/ ljifos Ps cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] .

g]kfn rLg u}/;/sf/L d~rsf] j}7sdf dxf;+3sf] ;xeflutfM

cWoIf kz'klt d'/f/sfsf] g]tT[ jdf uPsf] k|ltlglwd08nn] ut ;fpg # ut]bl] v % ut];Dd clvn rLg pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3åf/f g]kfn rLg u}/;/sf/L ;xof]u d~rsf] t]xf| } j}7sdf efu lnPsf] lyof] . pQm j}7sdf g]kfn rLg aLr cfly{s Joj;flos ;DaGw lj:tf/sf dfWodaf6 cfk;L nfesf If]qdf ;xsfo{sf] cfjZostf dfly hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . rLg e|d0f cjlwdf ko{6g Joj;fo, gljgtd phf{ / xf8{jo] / tyf lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L ;DaGwL b'j} b]zsf Joj;foLx? aLr 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

l;Ns/f]8 ljhg]z ;ld6—@)!^ df dxf;+3sf] ;xeflutfM

rLgsf] zflG;df ut ebf} @) ut]bl] v @# ut];Dd cfof]hgf ePsf] l;Ns/f]8 ljhg]z ;ld6—@)!^ df dxf;+3sf cWoIf kz'klt d'/f/sfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . pQm ljhg]z ;ld6df cWoIf kz'klt d'/f/sfn] jfg j]N6 jfg /f]8 k|fh ] S] 6 P08 kf]6l] G;on kml08· sf]ck/]zgsf ljifosf ;fy} ljz]iftM g]kfndf nufgLsf cj;/sf af/] ljz]if ?kdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] .

!! cf}+ rLg—blIf0f Plzof Jofj;flos kmf]/d a}7sdf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08nM

rLgsf] s'gld zx/df ut h]7 #) ut]bl] v cfof]hgf ePsf] !! cf}+ rLg blIf0f Plzof Jofj;flos kmf]/d a}7sdf dxf;+3sf al/i7 pkfWoIf ejfgL /f0ffsf] g]tT[ jdf uPsf] k|ltlglwd08nsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . a}7sdf rLg tyf blIf0f Plzof aLr pBf]u, ;]jf IF]qsf ;fy} pRr lzIffdf ;xsfo{ nufotdf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

vfB P]g @)@# sf] ;+zf]wg ;DaGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdfM

vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefusf] ;xeflutfdf dxf;+3n] ut c;f/ !@ ut] vfB P]g @)@# sf] ;+zf]wg ;DaGwdf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . vfB ;DaGwL lj1x?, pTkfbsx?, pBdL Joj;foLx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] pQm cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf lgoGqd'vL eGbf klg d'ns ' leq vfB pBf]ux? lj:tf/ ug{] gLlt ;/sf/sf] x'gk' g{,] sl/j %) jif{ cl3sf] pQm P]g ablnbf] kl/l:ylt cg';f/ kl/dfh{g ;+zf]wg x'gk' g{,] ljefunfO{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/o'Qm agfpg' kg{] nufot ljifoj:t'x?df 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .

dlxnf pBdLx?sf] nflu cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdM

g]kfn ;/sf/, jfl0fHo dGqfno / dxf;+3sf] ;+oQ ' m cfof]hgfdf dlxnf pBdLx?;+u ;DalGwt Jofkf/ Pj+ cf}Bf]lus gLlt P]g lgoddf dlxnf pBdLx?sf] nflu ePsf Joj:yfx? af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] ut kf}if # ut] sf7df8f}d+ f dlxnf pBdLx?sf] nflu Jofkf/ tyf cf}Bf]lus gLlt ;DaGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] .

eG;f/ lbj;sf] cj;/df cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdM

^% cf}+ eG;f/ lbj;sf] cj;/df dfggLo pkk|wfg tyf cy{ dGqL >L s[i0f axfb'/ dx/fsf] k|dv ' cfltYotfdf dxf;+3n] ut df3 !@ ut] eG;f/ lbj; ljifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . pQm cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ lgof{t IF]qnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg], cl:y/ Jofhb/af6 Joj;foLnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{k' g{,] t/ntfsf] ;d:ofn] ljlQo ;+:yfx? Joj;foLsf Pn;L vf]Ng], shf{ k|jfx ug{] / e'QmfgL lbg] h:tf sfddf ;d:of ePsf]n] cfly{s lgodx? ;dofg'sn' agfOg'kg{] nufotsf ljifox?df 5nkmn ul/of] . 236

cfWoflTds u'? >L >L /lj z+s/;“u sfo{qmd cfof]hgfM

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3åf/f cfWoflTds u'? >L >L /lj z+s/;“u kmfu'g @# ut] sf7df8f}d+ f Ps cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf uo{f] . Dofg]hd]G6 dGq ljifos ;f] sfo{qmddf dxf;+3sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf ;b:ox?, k"j{ cWoIox?, k|ltli7t pBdL Joj;foLx?sf] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf pkl:ylt lyof] . cWoflTds u'? /lj z+s/sf] g]kfn e|d0fsf] cj;/ kf/]/ dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] :j0f{ jif{sf cj;/df ;f] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] xf] .

j8f bz},+ ltxf/, Gx"bF tyf 57 kj{sf] cj;/df cfof]lht z'esfdgf cfbfg k|bfg sfo{qmd ;DkGgM

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3åf/f a8f bz} ltxf/ Gx'bof leGt'gf tyf 56 kj{sf cj;/df z'esfdgf cfbfg k|bfg tyf lrofkfg sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . sfo{qmddf k|wfgdGqL, /fhgLlts bnsf zLif{:y g]tfx?, s'6gLlts If]qsf pBf]uL Joj;foLx?, ;dfhsf nJw k|ltli7t JolQmTjx?, ;+rf/sdL{x?sf] pkl:ylt lyof] .

k|wfgdGqL ;dIf dxf;+3åf/f ef/tLo gf]6 ;6xLdf /x]sf] cGof}ntf cGTo ug{ cfu|x

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn;+u g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf jl/i7 pkfWoIf ejfgL /f0ff, dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx?, k"j{ dGqL n]v/fh e§, s}nfnL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx? ;lDdlnt k|ltlglwd08nn] sflt{s @( ut] k|wfgdGqL sfo{fno l;+xb/jf/df e]6L ef/tLo gf]6 ;6xLsf ljifodf l;df hf]l8Psf lhn\nfx?df b]lvPsf] cGof}ntfk|lt Wofgfsif{0f u/fof] .

dxf;+3åf/f of]uCifL /fdb]jsf] ;Ddfgdf :jfut sfo{qmd cfof]hgf

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3åf/f g]kfn e|d0fdf /xg' ePsf of]uCifL :jfld /fdb]jsf] ;Ddfgdf d+l;/ & ut] dxf;+3 ;lrjfnodf Ps :jfut Pj+ cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/of] . sfo{qmddf of]uCifL /fdb]jhLn] dfgj hLjgdf of]usf] dxTj / k|efjsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg'xb+' } of]u / pBd aLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] :ki6 kfg{e ' of] .

237

238

kl/R5]bâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;` lrqdo ultljlw

239

240

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"sf ;fy kf“rf}+ g]kfn cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/ d]nfsf] ;d'b3\ f6g ;df/f]xdf dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx? ;lxt pBdL Joj;foLx?

tTsflng ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjHo"sf ;fy dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/L ;lxt Sof;L k|ltlglwd08n /fi6«klt lgjf; lztn lgjf;df

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L k'iksdn bfxfnHo"sf ;fy k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'Qm x'ge ' Pkl5 awfO{ lbg uPsf] dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n

dxf;+3n] a8f bz}, ltxf/, 57, g]kfn ;Djtsf cj;/df cfof]hgf u/]sf] z'esfdgf cfbfg k|bfg tyf lrofkfg ;df/f]xdf ;xefuL x'gx' b+' } ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L k'iksdn bfxfn . ;fydf dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/L

dxf;+3n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf tTsflng ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L z]/axfb'/ b]pjf dxf;+3 ;lrjfnodf

g]kfndf cfof]hgf ePsf] Sof;L ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf] Sof;L k|ltlglwd08n tTsflng k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ ;dIf e]63f6 kZrft ;fd"lxs t:jL/ ln+b}

tTsflng ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L s]kL zdf{ cf]nL ;dIf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n k|wfgdGqLHo";u+ e]63f6 kZrft

tTsflng ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L s]kL zdf{ cf]nL ;dIf dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jdf g]kfnL pBdL Joj;foLx? k|wfgdGqL lgjf; jfn'jf6/df e]63f6 ug'x{ b+' } . k|ltlglwd08n k|wfgdGqLHo";u+ e]63f6 kZrft\

tTsflng ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L dfwj g]kfn ;dIf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n

tTsflng ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/fd eยง/fO{ ;dIf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n

tTsflng ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L z]/axfb'/ b]pjf ;dIf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n

tTsflng ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L emngfy vgfn ;dIf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n

tTsflng ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L nf]sG] b| jxfb'/ rGb ;dIf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n

dxf;+3sf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf efu lng d'ns ' e/af6 cfpg' ePsf pBdL Joj;foLx? tTsflng ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L z]/ axfb'/ b]pjf ;dIf jfn'jf6f/df

dxf;+3n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] Ps ljz]if ;df/f]xdf tTsflng /fhf 1fg]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxsf ;fy dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n

g]kfn e|d0f cfpg' ePsf gj]s { f /fhs'df/ tyf o"Pg8LkLsf ;b\efj /fhb't x\ofsf]g / o"Pg8LkLsf k|zf;s Dof8d x]ng] Sns{sf ;fydf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n 241

242

dxf;+3sf tTsflng cWoIf ;lxt g]kfnL pBdL Joj;foLx? cl3Nnf] jif{ g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL >L g/]Gb| df]bLHo" ;dIf sf7df8f}d+ f cf}krfl/s e]63f6 ug'x{ b+'“ }

ef/tsf tTsflng k|wfgdGqL 8f= dgdf]xg l;+xHo"sf ;fy dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf kB Hof]lt ;lxt ;fs{ pjf;+3sf] kbflwsf/Lx? gof+ lbNnLdf

g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf hfkfgsf tTsflng k|wfdGqL >L of];L/f] df]/L ;dIf @% cui6 @))) sf lbg dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n sf7df8f}d+ f cf}krfl/s e]6jftf{ ub}{

dxf;+3sf] ## cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf efu lng g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf >Ln+sfsf tTsflng /fi6«klt rlGb|sf aGb/fgfos] s'df/ft'u+ fsf ;fy dxf;+3sf tTsflng kbflwsf/Lx?

dxf;+3sf] lgdGq0ffdf g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf a+unfb]zsf tTsflng k|wfgdGqL a]ud vfnLbf lhof dxf;+3sf] cfuGt's k'l:tsfdf x:tfIf/ ug'x{ b+'“ }

g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf d+uf]lnosf /fi6«kltHo" ;lxtsf] Joj;flos k|ltlglwd08nsf] ;Ddfgdf dxf;+3n] sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmd

g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' cfpg' ePsf Go"lhNof08sf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL tyf cf]Pgh]8sf 6«i6L r]o/d]g h]D; a|0] 8g af]un/sf ;fydf dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx?, dxf;+3 ;lrjfnodf e]63f6 kl5

dxf;+3n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] g]kfn Jof;flos ;Dd]ngdf ljz]if cltlysf] ?kdf efu lng sf7df8f}+ cfpg' ePsf dn]lzofsf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL dxfly/ df]xdbsf ;fy g]kfnL /fhgLlt1 Pj+ pBdL Jo;foLx?

g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf a]nfotsf ljb]z dGqLsf ;fy dxf;+3sf tTsflng kbflwsf/Lx? dxf;+3 ;lrjfnodf

yfONof08sf] e|d0fdf /x]sf] dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n Toxf“sf pkk|wfgdGqLHo" ;dIf e]6jftf{ , g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 dfofsf] lrgf] k|bfg ub}{

dxf;+3 ;lrjfnodf cfpg' ePsf j]nfotL ;+;bsf ;b:osf ;fy dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx?

ef/t e|d0fsf qmddf pQ/ k|bz ] sf d'Vo dGqL ;dIf e]6jftf{ kl5 pkxf/ k|bfg ub}{ dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglswd08n

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] ejgsf] lznfGof; ;df/f]x

g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf a+unfb]zsf tTsflng k|wfgdGqL >L a]ud vflnbf lhofsf] ;Ddfgdf dxf;+3åf/f sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]hgf ul/Psf] :jfut sfo{qmd

;fs{ pjf;+3sf gjlgo'Qm kbflwsf/Lx?sf ;fy dxf;+3sf cWoIf >L kz'klt d'/f/sf

tTsflng j8fdxf/fgL P]Zjo{ /fHo nIdL b]jL zfx dxf;+3sf] gjlgld{t ejgsf] ;d'b3\ f6g ug'x{ b+' } 243

244

d'ns ' leq zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf cToGt k]lrnf] aGb} uO{ pBdL Joj;foLx? dfly ;f+3flts cfqmd0f ;d]t x'g yfn]kl5 zflGt ;'/Iffsf] dfu ub}{ lghL If]qn] ;8sd} cfof]hgf u/]sf] kqsf/ ;Dd]ng

k|yd pBf]u jfl0fHo lbj; @)%^ sf] c}krfl/s z'ef/De kl5 k|dv ' cltlysf ;fydf dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx?

g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf] ci6«l] nog ;+f;bx?sf] k|ltlglwd08nsf] ;Ddfgdf dxf;+3åf/f dxf;+3 ;lrjfnodf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] :jfut sfo{qmd

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfnsf] ef/t cf}krfl/s e|d0fsf qmddf dxf;+3 / ;LcfOcfO{ ;+oQ ' m ;xdtLkqdf x:tfIf/ ug'x{ b+' }

;g\ @))& df ;fs{ sf/ ¥ofnLsf] sf7df8f}a+ f6 z'ef/De ug'x{ b+' } tTsflng k|ltlglw ;efsf ;efd'v >L ;'jfif rGb| g]Djfª

dxf;+3n] k|dv ' bnsf zLif{:y g]tfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]hgf u/]sf] lg0ff{os ax; sfo{qmd

dxf;+3n] sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]hgf u/]sf] g]kfn Joj;flos ;Dd]ngdf k|dv ' cltly tTsflng k|wfgdGqL ;'lzn sf]O/fnf, dn]lzofsf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL dxfly/ df]xdb nufotsf ljlzi6 JolQmTjx?sf ;fydf dxf;+3sf tTsflng cWoIf >L ;'/h j}B

g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf dxflgb]z { s ufO /fO8/ / dxf;+3sf kbflwsf/L cf}krfl/s e]6jftf{ ug'x{ b+' }

dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n gof“ ;+ljwfg ;d]l6g' kg]{ lghL If]qsf ;'emfjx? ;efd'v ;dIf x:tfGt/0f ub}{

dxf;+3sf] g]tT[ jdf cGo Joj;flos ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf t/fO{sf If]qdf nfdf];dob]lv hf/L aGb x8\tfn cGTo ul/ /fhgLlts xnvf]Hg bjfj lbg] p2]Zon] tTsflng k|wfgdGqLnfO{ 1fkgkq j'emfp+b} dxf;+3sf cWoIf >L kz'klt d'/f/sf

dxf;+3sf cu|hx?

dxf;+3n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] zflGt ¥ofnL

dxf;+3sf] ;'ljwf;DkGg cl86f]l/od xn

phf{ ljsf;sf nflu ;fd"lxs k|ltj4tf b:tfj]hdf x:tfIf/ kZrft\ /fhgLlts Pstf b]vfpg' x'b+ } k|dv ' bnsf k|dv ' g]tfx?

sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]hgf ePsf] ;fs{ Joj;flos ln8/x?sf] ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'g cfpg' ePsf ;fs{ If]qsf Joj;flos g]tfx? tTsflng /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjHo" ;dIf lztnlgjf;df e]6jftf{ kZrft ;fd"lxs t:jL/ ln+b}

k|yd jfl0fHo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;Dd]ngsf] ;d'b3\ f6g kZrft tTsflng /fhf dx]Gb|sf ;fy pBdL Joj;foLx? 245

d'ns ' leq zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf cToGt k]lrnf] aGb} uPkl5 zflGt ;'/Iffsf] dfu ub}{ dxf;+3n] sf7df8f}df cfof]hgf u/]sf] aGb x8\tfnsf lj?4sf] zflGt ¥ofnLdf ;8sd} j;]/ ;'/Iffsf] dfu ub}{ lghL If]q

g]kfnsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf tTsflng ;DdfggLo ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL >L cfOs] u'h/fnsf] ;Ddfgdf dxf;+3n] sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]hgf u/]sf] nGrg sfo{qmd

dfcf]jfbLsf pRr g]tT[ j;+u zflGt ;'/Iffsf ljifodf 5nkmn ub}{ lghL If]qsf pBdL g]tT[ j

pBf]u jfl0fHo lbj;sf cj;/df dxf;+3sf ;+:yfkgf sfnsf] P8xs sldl6sf ;b:o >L ;"on{ fn k|wfgnfO{ ;Ddflgt ug'x{ b+' } tTsflng k|wfgdGqL emngfy vgfn

pBf]u jfl0fHo lbj;sf cj;/df dxf;+3sf ;+:yfkgf sfnsf] P8xs sldl6sf ;b:o >L df]xgl;+x P]tjfnnfO{ ;Ddflgt ug'x{ b+' } tTsflng k|wfgdGqL emngfy vgfn

pBf]u jfl0fHo lbj;sf cj;/df dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf >L dx]znfn k|wfgnfO{ ;Ddflgt ug'x{ b+' } tTsflng k|wfgdGqL emngfy vgfn

pBf]u jfl0fHo lbj;sf cj;/df dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf >L kB Hof]ltnfO{ ;Ddflgt ug'x{ b+' } tTsflng k|wfgdGqL emngfy vgfn

g]kfn cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/ d]nf @)&# sf] ;d'b3\ f6g ug'x{ b+' } ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L k'iksdn bfxfn

246

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLsf] ef/tsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0fsf qmddf dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n ;LcfO{cfO{, lkmsL / P;f]rd] n] gofâ&#x20AC;&#x153; lbNnLdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;LOcf] a}7sdf ;xefuL x'b+ }

dxf;+3sf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf ;b:o pjf;+3nfO{ sb/ kqaf6 ;Ddflgt ug'x{ b+' } k|dv ' cltly

dxf;+3sf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf ;b:o pjf;+3nfO{ sb/ kqaf6 ;Ddflgt ug'x{ b+' } k|dv ' cltly 247

248

dxf;+3sf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf ;b:o pjf;+3nfO{ sb/ kqaf6 ;Ddflgt ug'x{ b+' } k|dv ' cltly

dxf;+3sf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf cj;/df dxf;+3 ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/L ;xfos lgb]z { s >L ljsf; ah|frfo{nfO{ k'/:s[t ug'x{ b+' } k|dv ' cltly

dxf;+3sf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf cj;/df dxf;+3 ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/L jl/i7 sfof{no ;xfos >L jfj'/fd lg/f}nfnfO{ k'/:s[t ug'x{ b+' } k|dv ' cltly

dxf;+3sf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf cj;/df dxf;+3 ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/L h'lgo/ sfof{no ;xfos >L /fd]Zj/ k|wfgnfO{ k'/:s[t ug'x{ b+' } k|dv ' cltly

;fs{ pjf;+3sf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] kb:yfkgf sfo{qmddf tTsflng k|wfgdGqL s]kL zdf{ cf]nL ;fydf ;fs{ pjf;+3sf gofâ&#x20AC;&#x153; cWoIf >L ;'/h j}B|

dxf;+3n] sf7df8f}d+ f cfof]hgf u/]sf] g]kfn cfly{s zLv/ ;Dd]ngsf] ;d'b3\ f6g ;df/f]xdf ljlzi6 JolQmTjx?

cfGtl/s km"6jn k|ltof]lutf kl5 ;fd"lxs tZjL/ ln+b} dxf;+3sf sd{rf/Lx?

dxf;+3sf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf cj;/df dxf;+3 ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/L al/i7 sfof{no ;xfos lgb]z { s >L ldg axfb'/ >]i7nfO{ k'/:s[t ug'x{ b+' } k|dv ' cltly

dxf;+3sf tTsflng cWoIf >L k|bLkh+u kf08] l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf uPsf] klx/f] cjnf]sg ub}{ . cjnf]sg kZrft dxf;+3sf cWoIf >L kf08]n] :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?;+u 5nkmn ul/ kLl8tx?sf nflu ;xof]u ug{ clkn ug'e { Psf] lyof]

dxf;+3n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;dod} ;+ljwfg ljifos cGt/lqmofdf /fhgLlts bnsf pRr g]tT[ j

dxf;+3åf/f g]kfn e|d0fdf /xg' ePsf ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;+3sf tTtsflng ;xfos dxf;lrj Pj+ o"lgz]kmsf pksfo{sfl/ lgb]z { s >L s'nrGb| uf}td;+u dxf;+3 ;lrjfnodf cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmd

jgdf cfwfl/t pBdLntfsf sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf ;xsfo{ ug]{ p2]Zon] dxf;+3 / PdP;PkmkL aLr ;xdtLkqdf x:tfIf/ sfo{qmd

aGb x8\tfn, rSsfhfd lj?4sf] lghL If]qsf] ;+sNk ljifos cGt/lqmof

dxf;+3 / g]kfn cfly{s kqsf/ ;dfh aLr ;+:yfut ;xsfo{sf nflu ;xdtLkqdf x:tfIf/ sfo{qmd

dxf;+3 ;lrjfnodf g]kfnL sf+u;]| sf zLif{:y g]tfx?sf ;fy cfof]hgf ul/Psf] a}7s

ef/tsf] e|d0fdf /x]sf] dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwd08n tTsflng ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL >L hjfx/nfn g]x?Ho" ;dIf gof“ lbNnLdf e]6jftf{ ub}{ 249

250

df]/ª Jofkf/ ;+3sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;j sfo{qmd

afUn'ª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;j sfo{qmd

lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;j sfo{qmd

hgsk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;j sfo{qmd

g]kfn r]Dj/ ckm sd;{sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;j sfo{qmd

kf]v/f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;j sfo{qmd

l;4fy{gu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;j sfo{qmd

;'g;/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] :j0f{ dxf]T;j sfo{qmd

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