Forest Products Society 65th International Convention by Forest Products Society

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & THE ROLE OF THE

PROGRAM

CONVENTION THEME:

FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

our sponsors

AS OF MAY 20

STRATEGIC SPONSORS platinum level sponsors

EXHIBITORS gold level sponsors

silver level sponsors

STUDENT ACTIVITIES SPONSORS bronze level sponsors

Eastern Canadian Section, FPS Midwest Section, FPS A. William Boehner, Consultant, Boise, ID

IN-KIND SPONSOR 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

ANNUAL AWARDS SPONSORS Markwardt Award L.J. Markwardt Foundation

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Wood Award

Wood Engineering Award

welcome to the convention Welcome to the Forest Products Society’s 65th International Convention hosted by the Pacific Northwest Section. This Convention is one of our largest and most diverse in many years with over 350 attendees from 30 countries, 170 presentations, and 150 scientific posters. We are also joined this year by more than 40 sponsors, partners, and exhibitors. The theme of this year’s Convention is Sustainable Development and the Role of the Forest Products Industry, a theme that is carried throughout the Convention program. The theme is also conducive to the Convention’s location in Portland, Oregon—a city that has embraced the concept sustainability and has an international reputation as a leading green city. This year’s Convention is special in several ways. In the last year, FPS has conducted a Visioning & Strategic Planning Process to shape the future of the organization. This significant undertaking has resulted in a proposed new Vision, Mission, and Strategy Statement. Come to the General Session on Monday to hear the results of the process. There will also be a discussion Monday evening on the implications on rebranding the Society, including the beginnings of discussion on a name change for the organization to help broaden the appeal of FPS. There will also be a poster in the lobby near the registration desk dedicated to rebranding the Society—drop by the poster to talk with the FPS leadership and provide your ideas for a possible new name for the organization or your thoughts on why we should not be exploring that. And while you are in the lobby, be sure to check out the new FPS website—we will have mobile devices on hand to showcase the new website’s robust capabilities and user-friendly interface. The 65th International Convention formally kicks off on Sunday evening as the Pacific Northwest Section welcomes you to the Host Reception—a chance for you to connect with friends and colleagues. Monday’s opening General Session will be a stimulating forum providing a sweeping view of sustainability and its role in the forest products industry from a global scale to a regional perspective. Twenty-nine technical sessions and two scientific poster sessions will cover a wide range of topics including wood-based materials, products and processes, environmentally appealing wood adhesives, sustainable forest management and wood quality, engineered wood structures, and many others. Student-focused events acknowledge the important contributions of our student members. These include a Student Appreciation Luncheon and the wood science “college bowl” on Sunday, Student Poster Competition on Monday and Tuesday, and a “Take a Student to Lunch” event on Tuesday. We encourage you to take a student to lunch. Just drop off your business card at the Registration Desk, noting how many you would like to host. Bringing our conference to a close on Tuesday evening, we will hold our annual Paul Bunyan Party at the Discovery Museum of the World Forestry Center. So, hop on the MAX—Portland’s renowned light rail line—and enjoy an evening featuring local food and music. Don’t know how to use the MAX? Don’t worry, ask a local! Convention attendees who know the Portland area will be wearing “I’m a Local” buttons so you know who to ask for help with getting to and from the World Forestry Center. Portland—City of Roses, City of Fountains, City of Bridges, River City—is the gateway to a natural wonderland. The city sits squarely between the Pacific Ocean and the 11,000 plus foot (3,350+ M) tops of the Cascade Mountain Range. If you can work it into your schedule, tour activities of local attractions are available to explore and learn about the City of Portland and the surrounding areas. Or you can enjoy Portland on your own—visit the trendy stores downtown and enjoy shopping with no sales tax! Visit restaurants featuring local foods, wines, and microbrews. Or, take in some of the most innovative and greenest buildings on earth. Portland’s mass transit system (TRI-MET) includes a Free Rail Zone on the MAX encompassing much of the downtown area and extending to our Convention hotel. On behalf of FPS, we congratulate and thank the Pacific Northwest Section, Planning Committee, the generosity of our sponsors, partners and exhibitors, and the FPS staff for organizing an outstanding Convention that we are sure will be enjoyed by all. Respectfully,

= Barry Goodell, FPS President

JUNE 19/21, 2011

Kevin Cheung, Convention Chair SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

where can I find?

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

welcome to the convention

where can I find?

meet the planning committee

schedule at a glance

general session information

program details

technical session abstracts

poster presentation abstracts

convention general information

149

FPS corporate members

153

map of portland

155

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our sponsors

meet the planning committee Convention Chair Kevin C.K. Cheung, Director, Technical Services, Western Wood Products Assn., Portland, OR Biography Kevin C. K. Cheung, Ph.D., P.E. is chief engineer of the Western Wood Products Association. Cheung has served as vice chair of the ASTM Committee D07 on Wood since 2001; and as chair of the U.S. Technical Advisory Group for ISO Technical Committee 165 on Wood Structures since 2000. He has published more than 30 papers in engineering journals, conference proceedings, and an encyclopedia on multi-story wood-frame construction, performance of wood frame construction during earthquakes, and lumber testing and design properties. He received his Ph.D. in engineering science from Washington State University in 1984. General Session Chair Eini C. Lowell, Research Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR Technical Program Chair Patrice Tardif, Patrice Tardif Consulting, Montreal, QC, Canada Student Program Chairs Rebecca Hamner, Ph.D. Student, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Scott Leavengood, Director, Oregon Wood Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR

FPS board of directors 2010-2011 Executive Board Executive Officers

President – Barry S. Goodell, Professor/Head, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA President-Elect – Paul Merrick, Research Manager, Weyerhaeuser, Federal Way, WA Vice President – Patrice Tardif, Patrice Tardif Consulting, Montreal, QC, Canada

Past President – John R. Shelly, Extension Advisor, Biomass Utilization, University of California at Berkeley, Richmond, CA Executive Vice President – Stefan A. Bergmann, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI

Sponsorship Solicitation Chairs Jeffrey A. Fantozzi, Secretary-Manager, Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau, Federal Way, WA Kevin C.K. Cheung, Director, Technical Services, Western Wood Products Assn., Portland, OR Paul Bunyan Arrangements Chairs William L. Galligan, Consultant, Keizer, OR Donald A. DeVisser, Technical Director, West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau, Portland, OR FPS Board Representative Robert J. Ross, Project Leader, USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI

Regional Board Members

East Central Region – Eva Haviarova, Associate Professor, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Eastern Canadian Region – Hervé Deschênes, Vice President, FPInnovations, Québec, QC, Canada

Northeast Region – Paul M. Smith, Professor, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

Northwest Region – Thomas E. McLain, Professor/ Head, Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR South Central Region – Rubin Shmulsky, Professor/ Head, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS

Southeast Region – Joe Chen, Research Scientist/Lab Coordinator, Timber Products Inspection, Conyers, GA Southwest Region – Vincent Bricka, Sales Manager, California Cedar Products Co., Stockton, CA

West Central Region – Robert J. Ross, Project Leader, USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

schedule at a glance SATURDAY, JUNE 18 Pre-Convention tours of the Portland area through America’s Hub World Tours Student Tour of Portland and the Hood River Area

SUNDAY, JUNE 19 10:00 am

Registration (10:00 am-6:00 pm) – Main Lobby (1st Floor)

11:30 am

Student Appreciation Luncheon – Mt. Hood / Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

1:00 pm

Wood Science Bowl – Ross Island / Morrison / Sellwood Ballroom (1st Floor)

1:30 pm

Moderator Meeting (for Sunday and Monday am Sessions) – Portland Room (2nd Floor)

3:00 pm

Concurrent Sessions

149 150

CONCURRENT SESSIONS SESSION 1 (3:00-4:50 pm) Material Properties for Wood Products Used in Structural Applications – Lumber and Glulam Mt. Hood / Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 2 (3:00-4:50 pm) Furniture for the Green Consumer: Materials, Design and Processing Improvements, and Business Decisions Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 3 (3:00-4:50 pm) Reinventing the Paper Industry – Nano Materials from Cellulose Fibers and Nanotechnologies for Conventional Paper Making Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

5:00 pm

Division Coordinators & TIG Officers Meeting – Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

6:00 pm

Host Reception – Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor)

150

MONDAY, JUNE 20 7:00 am

Registration (7:00 am-5:00 pm) – Main Lobby (1st Floor)

7:00 am

Coffee and Bagels – Pacific Northwest Ballroom Foyer (1st Floor) and Exhibit Hall (1st Floor of Parking Garage)

7:40 am

GENERAL SESSION: Sustainable Development and the Role of the Forest Products Industry – Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor) 9

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Sustainable development is a global response of developed countries to the negative impact which the very advancement of our society has had on our planet’s perceived long-term suitability for human habitation. A strong case has been made to reduce the construction sector’s contributions to this phenomenon, the sector having been identified as a significant energy and materials consumer and a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, by reducing the impact of buildings on global warming, an environmental metric identified as being a key detrimental element in the process.

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8:00 am Exhibits and Poster Presentations (8:00 am-2:30 pm; authors available 1:30-2:30 pm) – Exhibit Hall (1st Floor of Parking Garage) 100 10:00 am

Concurrent Sessions

CONCURRENT SESSIONS SESSION 4 (10:00-11:50 am) Bio-Based and Environmentally Appealing Wood Adhesives Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor) SESSION 5 (10:00-11:50 am) Material Properties for Wood Products Used in Structural Applications – Lumber and Glulam (continued) Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 6 (10:00-11:50 am) Changes in Forestry’s Management of Softwood Species and the Effects on Lumber Morrison Room (1st Floor)

SESSION 9 (10:00-11:50 am) Sustainable Forest Management and Wood Quality – What Are the Implications? Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 7 (10:00-11:50 am) Current Topics in Forest Products Marketing Research Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 10 (10:00-11:50 am) Woody Biomass – Economics, Supply, Conversion to Energy, and Environmental Impacts Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor)

SESSION 8 (10:00-11:50 am) Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Hardwoods Weidler / Halsey Ballroom (1st Floor)

12:00 noon

Official Luncheon – Holladay / Broadway Ballroom (1st Floor)

1:30 pm

Exhibits and Poster Session with Refreshments – Exhibit Hall (1st Floor of Parking Garage)

2:00 pm

Moderator Meeting (for Monday pm and Tuesday Sessions) – Portland Room (2nd Floor)

2:30 pm

Concurrent Sessions

151 100

CONCURRENT SESSIONS SESSION 11 (2:30-5:00 pm) Using Innovation-Based Manufacturing to Increase Global Competition Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 13 (2:30-5:20 pm) Biomass Materials Processing and Performance – Biomass Processing and Modifications Morrison Room (1st Floor)

SESSION 16 (2:30-5:00 pm) Sustainable Forest Management and Wood Quality – What Are the Implications? (continued) Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 12 (2:30-5:00 pm) Performance and Design of Engineered Wood Structures for Natural Hazards Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 14 (2:30-5:00 pm) Current Topics in Forest Products Marketing Research (continued) Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 17 (2:30-5:00 pm) Woody Biomass – Consortium for Research on Renewable Materials (CORRIM) Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor)

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SESSION 15 (2:30-5:00 pm) It’s Not Just Rot: Toward a Holistic Evaluation of Wood Product Durability Weidler / Halsey Ballroom (1st Floor)

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

schedule at a glance 5:00 pm

Technical Interest Group Business Meetings – Holladay / Broadway Ballroom (1st Floor)

5:30 pm

FPS Strategic Planning and Rebranding Discussion – Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

6:30 pm

Oregon State University Alumni Reception – Ross Island / Morrison Ballroom (1st Floor) Virginia Tech Alumni-Student-Faculty Reception – Location posted at the registration desk

151

TUESDAY, JUNE 21 7:00 am

Registration (7:00 am-5:00 pm) – Main Lobby (1st Floor)

7:00 am

Coffee and assorted Danish pastries, muffins, croissants, and scones – Holladay Ballroom (1st Floor) and Exhibit Hall (1st Floor of Parking Garage)

7:00 am

Section & Chapter Officers Meeting and Breakfast – Broadway / Weidler Ballroom (1st Floor)

8:00 am Exhibits and Poster Presentations (8:00 am-2:30 pm; authors available 1:30-2:30 pm) – Exhibit Hall (1st Floor of Parking Garage) 124 8:00 am

Concurrent Sessions

CONCURRENT SESSIONS SESSION 18 (8:00-9:30 am) Biomass Materials Processing and Performance – Nanotechnology in Wood Composites Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 19 (8:00-9:30 am) Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Hardwoods (continued) Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 21 (8:00-9:30 am) Application of Wood Materials in Structural Applications Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 20 (8:00-9:30 am) Current Topics in Forest Products Marketing Research (continued) Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

9:30 am

Break with Coffee – Cascade Ballroom Foyer (2nd Floor)

10:00 am

Concurrent Sessions

CONCURRENT SESSIONS

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

SESSION 22 (10:00-11:50 am) Bio-Based and Environmentally Appealing Wood Adhesives (continued) Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

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SESSION 23 (10:00-11:50 am) Woody Biomass – Economics, Supply, Conversion to Energy, and Environmental Impacts (continued) Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 24 (10:00-11:50 am) Current Topics in Forest Products Marketing Research (continued) Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor) SESSION 25 (10:00-11:50 am) Application of Wood Materials in Structural Applications (continued) Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

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12:00 noon

Lunch Break (on your own) and “Take a Student to Lunch”

12:00 noon

Exhibits with hors d’oeuvres and refreshments – Exhibit Hall (1st Floor of Parking Garage)

1:30 pm

Exhibits and Poster Session – Exhibit Hall (1st Floor of Parking Garage)

1:45 pm

Past President’s Meeting – Portland Room (2nd Floor)

2:30 pm

Concurrent Sessions

150

124

CONCURRENT SESSIONS SESSION 26 (2:30-5:00 pm) Biomass Materials Processing and Performance – New Fibrous Resources for Wood-Plastic Composites Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 27 (2:30-5:00 pm) Woody Biomass – Economics, Supply, Conversion to Energy, and Environmental Impacts (continued) Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 29 (2:30-5:00 pm) Material Properties for Wood Products Used in Structural Applications – Composites Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SESSION 28 (2:30-4:40 pm) It’s Not Just Rot: Toward a Holistic Evaluation of Wood Product Durability (continued) Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

5:30 pm

Paul Bunyan Party (5:30-9:00 pm) – World Forestry Center

151

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? This year’s Paul Bunyan Party will take place at the World Forestry Center Discovery Museum in Washington Park, overlooking Portland. This 20,000-square-foot museum was completely renovated in 2005 and now includes a spacious patio where we will be sheltered by a large tent, serenaded by some of Portland’s best musicians, and surrounded by food stations. Turn to page 151 for more information.

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 22 7:00 am Society of Wood Science & Technology (SWST) Annual Convention (7:00 am-6:00 pm) – Three Sisters / Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

general session Gary Hartshorn President and CEO, World Forestry Center, Portland, OR Biography Hartshorn is president and chief executive officer of the World Forestry Center (WFC) based in Portland, Oregon. Prior to joining the WFC in October 2003, Hartshorn was for seven years the president and CEO of the Organization for Tropical Studies — a consortium of 65 universities based at Duke University. He continues to be an adjunct professor of the practice of tropical ecology in Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment and holds an adjunct professorship in Oregon State University’s College of Forestry. Hartshorn also served as chief scientist and a vice president of the World Wildlife Fund US in Washington, D.C.

Cassie Phillips Vice President, Sustainable Forestry, Weyerhaeuser Company, Federal Way, WA

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Biography Phillips has nearly three decades of experience in sustainable forestry, environmental negotiations, and public policy. Currently, she champions Weyerhaeuser’s strategy on forest stewardship and forest certification and she performs critical advocacy with environmental groups, governments, and customers for the company. A seasoned negotiator, prior to joining Weyerhaeuser, Phillips specialized in business and natural resource law at Perkins Coie, worked as a legislative assistant to U.S. Senator Gorton and chief counsel to the science, technology, and space subcommittee of the Senate Commerce Committee. Her global forestry experience includes serving on the steering committee for The Forests Dialogue, a multi-stakeholder forum seeking new global forestry solutions, as well as representing Weyerhaeuser’s forestry issues globally. Phillips’ career began in the field after attaining her degree in forestry from the University of Washington, followed by a law degree from the same institution.

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Dwight Yochim National Director, WoodWorks, Vancouver, BC and Tacoma, WA Biography Yochim is the national director with the U.S. WoodWorks program. In this position, he leads a dedicated team of engineers, architects, and others promoting the virtues of wood. Prior to that, he was the director of professional practice and forest stewardship with the Association of BC Forest Professionals. Before joining the association in 1995, Yochim was the provincial coordinator through the University of BC for the BC Forestry Continuing Studies Network. He is a RPF and is a volunteer search and rescue manager with Coquitlam Search and Rescue.

monday, june 20 (7:00-9:50 am) Barry S. Goodell FPS President

presentation times

Biography Goodell is the president of the Forest Products Society, and also the head of the department of wood science and forest products at Virginia Tech. Under him, the Virginia Tech department is strengthening in the areas of sustainable biomaterials with foci on

7:45-8:10 am Introduction to the World Forestry Center Gary Hartshorn, President and CEO, World Forestry Center, Portland, OR

Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor)

bioenergy and nanomaterials, packaging systems and design, sustainable residential structures, as well as forest products business. Global outreach and leadership are also important aspects of the department’s focus. Goodell was a faculty member at the University of Maine for 27 years, where he was one of the founding faculty members of the AEWC - Advanced Structures and Composites Center and lead research efforts in the area of biodegradation/bioconversion of wood and lignocellulose materials with projects ranging from wood protection to the development of nanostructural carbon materials for use in energy storage applications. He has previously served on the boards of both FPS and SWST and received his MS and PhD degrees in forest products from Oregon State University.

8:10-8:35 am Something New Under the Sun? The Strategic Role of Managed Forests and Forest Products in Global Sustainable Development Cassie Phillips, Vice President, Sustainable Forestry, Weyerhaeuser Company, Federal Way, WA 8:35-9:00 am Regional Sustainability Model Martin Goebel, Founder and President, Sustainable Northwest, Portland, OR 9:00-9:25 am Non-Residential Construction, Partnership Model Dwight Yochim, National Director, WoodWorks, Vancouver, BC and Tacoma, WA 9:25-9:50 am Shaping the Future of the Forest Products Society Barry Goodell, FPS President

Martin Goebel Founder and President, Sustainable Northwest, Portland, OR Biography Goebel is one of the pioneers of the sustainability movement and a recent recipient of the Earle A. Chiles Award. His desire to find solutions that worked for communities, businesses, and the environment during the “timber wars” led him to create Sustainable Northwest in 1994. Born and raised in Mexico, Goebel’s conservation career includes work

with The Nature Conservancy, Conservation International, the World Wildlife Fund, and the Mexico Nature Conservation Fund, which he helped found. Goebel is a member of the Oregon Sustainability Board and currently serves as a trustee of the Compton Foundation. He frequently speaks and publishes on the subjects of conservation and sustainable development in the Pacific Northwest and Latin America. An avid fly fisherman, Goebel loves to explore the rivers of Oregon any chance he gets.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 1

Mt. Hood / Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR WOOD PRODUCTS USED IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; LUMBER AND GLULAM Sponsors: FPS Wood Engineering Division

Session Chairs: Robert N. Emerson, Oklahoma State University; John H. (Buddy) Showalter, American Wood Council Session Moderators: Robert N. Emerson and John H. (Buddy) Showalter

This session includes presentations dealing with material properties of lumber and glued laminated timber used in structural applications. The effects of moisture, temperature, and different testing approaches on material properties will be discussed. Domestic and international species will be addressed.

3:00-3:05 pm

Opening Comments

3:05-3:25 pm Do You Always Adjust Test Results to 12% MC? NO! David W. Patterson and Jonathan I. Hartley, University of Arkansas at Monticello

3:25-3:45 pm Softwood Log Heating Using Dielectric Fields at Radio Frequencies Ciprian Lazarescu, Bogdan Bedelean, and Stavros Avramidis, University of British Columbia

3:45-4:05 pm Rheological, Thermal, and Structural Characterization of Some Nigerian Wood James Sunday Fabiyi and Joseph Adeola Fuwape, Federal University of Technology (Nigeria)

4:05-4:25 pm Effects of Temperature and Moisture State on Acoustic Velocity in Wood Shan Gao, Northeast Forestry University (currently at USDA Forest Products Laboratory); Xiping Wang, USDA Forest Product Laboratory; Lihai Wang, Northeast Forestry University; R Bruce Allison, University of Wisconsin-Madison 4:25-4:45 pm Electrical Properties and Stress Near Growth Defects in Lumber Dan L. Wheat and Loukas F. Kallivokas, University of Texas at Austin

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

4:45-4:50 pm Closing Comments

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sunday, june 19 SESSION 2

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Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

FURNITURE FOR THE GREEN CONSUMER: MATERIALS, DESIGN AND PROCESSING IMPROVEMENTS, AND BUSINESS DECISIONS Sponsors: FPS Furniture & Hardwood Veneer/Plywood Group

Session Chairs: T. Eric McConnell, Ohio State University; Nathan E. Irby, North Carolina State University Session Moderator: Nathan E. Irby

The Furniture and Hardwood Veneer/Plywood Technical Interest Group is sponsoring, “Furniture for the Green Consumer: Materials, Design and Processing Improvements, and Business Decisions.” This session will include talks on alternative treatment strategies for wood in both indoor and outdoor applications via thermal wood modification; the use of naturally occurring halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as a UF resin modifier; performance testing of wood-welded panels by high-speedrotation-induced mechanical friction without the use of an adhesive; the lateral resistance of joints made with various screws in commercial wood-plastic composites; and optical measurement methods for quantifying veneer checking of maple veneered panels. Attendees will gain a greater understanding of the novel technologies being developed for maintaining production costs while at the same time delivering added consumer benefits.

3:00-3:05 pm Opening Comments

3:05-3:25 pm Mechanical Properties of Thermally Modified Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh) Processes by ThermoForest Products in Northwestern Ontario Jim Riffel, Mathew Leitch, Chander Shahi, and Jian Rang Wang, Lakehead University. Presented by Scott T. Miller. 3:25-3:45 pm Effect of HNTs Nanotubes on the Performance of UF Resin Nanocomposites Xuelian Zhang and Gregory D. Smith, University of British Columbia 3:45-4:05 pm Production and Properties of Sustainable Wood-Welded Panels from North American Species Benoît Belleville and Tatjana Stevanovic, Université Laval; Antonio Pizzi, ENSTIB, Université Henri Poincaré; Alain Cloutier, Université Laval 4:05-4:25 pm Lateral Resistance of Joints Made with Various Screws in Commercial Wood-Plastic Composites Akbar Rostampour Haftkhani, Ghanbar Ebrahimi, Mohammad Layeghi, Mehdi Tajvidi, and Mohammad Arabi, University of Tehran 4:25-4:45 pm Automated Optical Method for Measurement and Characterization of Face Check Development in Maple-Veneered Panels Michael Burnard, Lech Muszyński, Scott Leavengood, and Lisa Ganio, Oregon State University 4:45-4:50 pm Closing Comments

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 3

sunday, june 19

Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

REINVENTING THE PAPER INDUSTRY – NANO MATERIALS FROM CELLULOSE FIBERS AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR CONVENTIONAL PAPER MAKING Sponsors: FPS Pulp & Paper Group

Session Chairs: Mark D. Gibson and George A. Grozdits, Louisiana Tech University Session Moderator: Mark D. Gibson

Papers in this session examine the characterization, modification, and use of various cellulosic fibers such as kenaf, hemp, and wheat straw as well as pulp and paper sludge in polymer composites.

3:00-3:05 pm

Opening Comments

3:05-3:25 pm Use of Sawdust in Recycled Roofing Felt to Improve Bitumen Uptake George A. Grozdits, Mark D. Gibson, and Yuri Lvov, Louisiana Tech University; Scott Robertson, Stephens Paper Company 3:25-3:45 pm Cleaning and Modifying Wheat-Straw Pulps with Inert Gas Ultrasonification Levente Csoka, Asylzat Iskalieva, Bob Mbouyem Yimmou, Miklos Horvath, and Peter Takats, University of West Hungary; George A. Grozdits, Louisiana Tech University 3:45-4:05 pm Characterization of Surface Properties for the Inorganic Nanoparticle Impregnation-Treated Kenaf Bast Fibers for Polymer Composites Sheldon Q. Shi, Jinshu Shi, Kaiwen Liang, and Jinwu Wang, Mississippi State University 4:05-4:25 pm Pulp and Paper Sludge Potential as a Resin Content-Reducing Agent and Formaldehyde Scavenger in Medium-Density Fiberboard Sebastien Migneault, Université Laval; Ahmed Koubaa, Universite du Quebec en Abitibi–Temiscamingue; Bernard Riedl and Hamid Nadji, Université Laval; James Deng and Tony Zhang, FPInnovations

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

4:25-4:45 pm FlaTech – Measuring Fiber and Particle Properties Necessary for Optimal Paper Recycling Victor Strimbu, University of British Columbia; George A. Grozdits, Bogdan Strimbu, and Mark D. Gibson, Louisiana Tech University 4:45-4:50 pm Closing Comments

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monday, june 20 GENERAL SESSION

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Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor)

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY Session Chair: Eini C. Lowell, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Session Moderator: Eini C. Lowell

The General Session will provide a sweeping view of sustainability and its role in the forest products industry from a global scale to a regional perspective. You will hear from the World Forestry Center in Portland, whose mission is to educate people of all ages about the importance of forests and sustainable forestry and their methods for accomplishing their goals. Weyerhaeuser Company, recognizing the need for imaginative, sustainable solutions, will address the potential of trees to meet world challenges. And close to home, Sustainable Northwest will relate how timber dependent rural communities can remain resilient in these difficult times. WoodWorks will provide lessons learned during a three year pilot project including avenues for new partnerships in non-residential buildings, delivering industryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s green message, and ongoing information exchange with partners. To cap off the session, FPS President, Dr. Barry Goodell, will present the Societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Strategic Plan, providing direction of the Society in the years to come.

7:00-7:40 am Complimentary Continental Breakfast 7:40-7:45 am Welcome Barry Goodell, FPS President

7:45-8:10 am Introduction to the World Forestry Center Gary Hartshorn, President and CEO, World Forestry Center, Portland, OR 8:10-8:35 am Something New Under the Sun? The Strategic Role of Managed Forests and Forest Products in Global Sustainable Development Cassie Phillips, Vice President, Sustainable Forestry, Weyerhaeuser Company, Federal Way, WA

8:35-9:00 am Regional Sustainability Model Martin Goebel, Founder and President, Sustainable Northwest, Portland, OR

9:00-9:25 am Non-Residential Construction, Partnership Model Dwight Yochim, National Director, WoodWorks, Vancouver, BC and Tacoma, WA

9:25-9:50 am Shaping the Future of the Forest Products Society Barry Goodell, FPS President 9:50-10:30 am Informal Questions & Answers (in the Gather Lounge, off Main Lobby of Doubletree Hotel)

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 4

Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

BIO-BASED AND ENVIRONMENTALLY APPEALING WOOD ADHESIVES Sponsors: FPS Adhesives Group

Session Chairs: Charles R. Frihart, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Ning Yan, University of Toronto Session Moderator: Charles R. Frihart

Presentations in the adhesive area cover the chemistry and performance of adhesives and bonded wood materials. Investigations cover the use of tannins, lignin, proteins, and synthetic materials for making adhesives. Chemical and analytical methods for studying biofiber-polymer matrix interactions will be discussed. With about half the speakers from outside the U.S. and a wide variety of raw materials and chemical and analytical approaches used in these presentations, these talks will be of interest to many attendees.

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

10:05-10:25 am Tannin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesives from Mountain Pine Beetle-Infested Lodgepole Pine Barks Ning Yan, University of Toronto; Martin Feng, FPInnovations; Yong Zhao, University of Toronto 10:25-10:45 am Demethylation of Lignin to Improve Its Reactivity as a Phenol Substitute in Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Synthesis Hui Pan, LSU AgCenter; Lihong Hu, Chinese Academy of Forestry 10:45-11:05 am Effect of Denaturation Agents on Properties of Spent-Hen Protein for Use as Wood Adhesive Chanchan Wang and Jianping Wu, Department of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science (Edmonton, Canada) 11:05-11:25 am Isolation and Characterization of Bagasse Hemicelluloses by Hot-Compressed Water (HCW) Treatment and Membrane Filtration El Barbary Hassan, Badamkhand Sukhbaatar, Khaled El-Tahlawy, Moon Kim, and Phillip H. Steele, Mississippi State University 11:25-11:45 am Forced Capillary Rise for Thermodynamic Characterization of Surface Tension and Dynamic Contact Angle of Biofibers Jinwu Wang and Sheldon Q. Shi, Mississippi State University 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

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monday, june 20 SESSION 5

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Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR WOOD PRODUCTS USED IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS – LUMBER AND GLULAM (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Wood Engineering Division

Session Chairs: Robert N. Emerson, Oklahoma State University; John H. (Buddy) Showalter, American Wood Council Session Moderators: Robert N. Emerson and John H. (Buddy) Showalter

10:00-10:05 am

Opening Comments

10:05-10:25 am The Results of the Alaska Ingrade Testing Program Allen M. Brackley and Valarie A. Barber, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station

10:25-10:45 am Investigation of Through-Tenon Keys on the Tensile Strength of Mortise-and-Tenon Joints Lance D. Shields and Daniel P. Hindman, Virginia Tech

10:45-11:05 am Applicability of European Standards for Structural Timber on Scot Pine Round Timber Geir I. Vestøl and Olav A. Høibø, Norwegian University of Life Sciences

11:05-11:25 am Shear Behavior of Glued Laminated Timber at Subfreezing Temperatures Michael Berry, Montana State University; Garrett Drake, Thomas Dean & Hoskins, Inc.; Jerry Stephens, Montana State University 11:25-11:45 am Bending Properties of Eucalyptus Glulam from Uruguayan Fast-Grown Plantations Laura Moya and María Fernanda Laguarda, University ORT Uruguay; Hugo O’Neill and Sebastián Quagliotti, Uruguayan Technology Laboratory 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 6

Morrison Room (1st Floor)

CHANGES IN FORESTRY’S MANAGEMENT OF SOFTWOOD SPECIES AND THE EFFECTS ON LUMBER Sponsors: FPS Softwood Lumber Group

Session Chair: P. David Jones, Mississippi State University Session Moderator: P. David Jones

The Softwood Lumber Technical Interest Group is proud to present “Changes in Forestry’s Management of Softwood Species and the Effects on Lumber” at the International Convention. Changes in management has changed the properties of the lumber that is being produced from our forests, this technical session seeks to discuss this through presentation of findings and changes in handling of materials to improve the quality of the products produced. Also, changes in measurement techniques and technology are presented to provide opportunities of improving our understanding of wood properties.

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments

10:05-10:25 am Quality of Douglas-Fir Lumber from Thinnings Designed to Improve Habitat for Endangered Species Dennis P. Dykstra, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station 10:25-10:45 am Identification of the Most Representative Sampling Height for the Estimation of Moisture Content and Specific Gravity in Loblolly Pine Finto Antony, Laurence R. Schimleck, and Richard F. Daniels, University of Georgia 10:45-11:05 am Modeling Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rupture of Scots Pine Round Timber Olav A. Høibø and Geir I. Vestøl, Norwegian University of Life Sciences 11:05-11:25 am A Tool for Assessing Strength Values of Softwood Lumber that has been Destructively Tested to Help Adjust Morphological Requirements for Design Values R. Daniel Seale, P. David Jones, Rubin Shmulsky, and Joseph Dahlen, Mississippi State University

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

11:25-11:45 am Technical and Economic Feasibility of Solar / Dehumidification Hybrid Timber Drying Sita R. Millar (Warren), Forest Product Processing Consultant; Marcus Zeller, BC Hydro Power Smart, Technology & Innovation; Mike Sprague, MSprague Inc.; Chris Luke, Southcoast Millwork Ltd. 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

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monday, june 20 SESSION 7

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Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

CURRENT TOPICS IN FOREST PRODUCTS MARKETING RESEARCH Sponsors: FPS Marketing Group

Session Chair: Christopher D. Knowles, Oregon State University Session Moderator: E. Bradley Hager, Virginia Tech

This session will include presentations on current topics in forest products marketing. Topics to be covered are broad and include corporate social responsibility, international marketing, innovation, forest certification, and green building.

10:00-10:05 am

Opening Comments

10:05-10:25 am Identifying the Relevance of “Family Forest” Wood Product Origin for Building Professionals in Oregon Rebecca Hamner and Christopher D. Knowles, Oregon State University

10:25-10:45 am Who Will Verify Compliance with Green Building Codes, Standards, and Rating Systems? David S. Gromala, ICC Evaluation Service, LLC

10:45-11:05 am Expert Perspectives from the U.K. and Germany on the Use of Wood in the Green Building Concept Lei Wang, Anne Toppinen, and Heikki Juslin, University of Helsinki

11:05-11:25 am WoodWorks: A Pilot Initiative to Expand Structural Wood Share in the Commercial Construction Market Dwight Yochim, WoodWorks 11:25-11:45 am Wood and Health in the Built Environment David Fell, FPInnovations; Robert Kozak, University of British Columbia 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 8

Weidler / Halsey Ballroom (1st Floor)

SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF TROPICAL HARDWOODS Sponsors: FPS Temperate & Tropical Hardwood Lumber Group Session Chair: Brian H. Bond, Virginia Tech Session Moderator: Brian H. Bond

This session will include discussion of the technical issues concerning the utilization of tropical hardwoods (including plantations) and issues regarding their sustainable use.

10:00-10:05 am

Opening Comments

10:05-10:25 am Development of Manufacturing Codes of Practice in Guyana to Promote Sustainability Jan K. Wiedenbeck, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; Mike Higgs (reitred), USDA Forest Service 10:25-10:45 am Value Addition to Wood Resources: The Case of Garden Furniture Production and Export in Ghana â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Study of a Local Ghanaian Firm Kwasi Frimpong-Mensah, Department of Wood Science & Technology-KNUST (Kumasi, Ghana); Peter Kessels Dadzie, Department of Furniture Design & Production, Kumasi Polytechnic (Kumasi,Ghana) 10:45-11:05 am Caoba (Mahogany) Harvests in Peru and Efforts to Impose Yield-Based Regulation of Lumber Production Jan K. Wiedenbeck, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; Pavel Bermudez, Peru Forest Sector Initiative (Lima, Peru); David Sonderman (retired), USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station 11:05-11:25 am Tapping of Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) for Sustained Resin Yield Arsenio B. Ella, Forest Products Research & Development Institute, (College, Laguna, Philippines)

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

11:25-11:45 am Comparative Strength and Related Properties of Yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb) Coppice and Planted Stand Marina A. Alipon and Elvina O. Bondad, Forest Products Research & Development Institute (College, Laguna, Philippines) 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

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monday, june 20 SESSION 9

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Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND WOOD QUALITY â&#x20AC;&#x201C; WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS? Sponsors: FPS Biology Group

Session Chair: Mark D. Gibson, Louisiana Tech University Session Moderator: Mark D. Gibson

Topics covered in this session range from site variables and their effect on growth ring morphology and stain to reaction wood and NIR Spectroscopy in temperate and tropical species.

10:00-10:05 am

Opening Comments

10:05-10:25 am The Influence of Soil Properties on Growth Ring Morphology in Small-Diameter Douglas-fir Carl Morrow and Thomas M. Gorman, University of Idaho; David Kretschmann, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

10:25-10:45 am Relationship of Mineral Stain in Red Oak to Growth Site Variables Brian H. Bond and Lynn Resler, Virginia Tech

10:45-11:05 am Wood Quality Measurements and Performance Implications for Second-Growth Redwood Stephen L. Quarles and Yana Valachovic, University of California Cooperative Extension

11:05-11:25 am Wood Quality Differences in Opposite Wood, Normal Wood, and Compression Wood in Two-Year-Old Radiata Pine Monika Sharma, Shakti Chauhan, Luis Apiolaza, and John Walker, University of Canterbury 11:25-11:45 am Estimation of the Wood Properties of Tropical, Sub-Tropical, and Temperate Pine Species using NIR Spectroscopy Laurence R. Schimleck, University of Georgia; J.L.M. Matos, Federal University of Parana 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 10

Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor)

WOODY BIOMASS – ECONOMICS, SUPPLY, CONVERSION TO ENERGY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Sponsors: FPS Economics & Financial Management Group, Energy & Environmental Issues Group, and Timber Production & Harvesting Group (Joint) Session Chairs: Ken Skog, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Dalia Abbas Saleh, Michigan State University Session Moderator: Ken Skog

Presentations discuss advances in development and use of densified fuels for bioenergy production including pellets, wood briquettes, and torrefied wood chips. It will also present advances in utilizing ashes produced by biomass energy plants.

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments

10:05-10:25 am The Status of Densified Wood Fuel Projects in California Gareth Mayhead and John R. Shelly, University of California Berkeley

10:25-10:45 am Affordable Bio-Energy Through Engineered Bio-Coal Briquettes Ravi Malhotra, Clean Coal Briquette Inc.

10:45-11:05 am Analysis of Biomass Supply Logistics Economics in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Using the Fuel Reduction Cost Simulator Model Dalia Abbas Saleh, Michigan State University; Robert Handler, Michigan Technological University; G.C. Shivan, Karen Potter-Witter, Mike Schira, and Larry Hembroff, Michigan State University; David Shonnard, Michigan Technological University; Ajit Srivastava. Michigan State University 11:05-11:25 am The Production of Wood Fuel Pellets from Mixtures of Alaska Spruce and Hemlock Allen M. Brackley and Daniel J. Parrent, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

11:25-11:45 am Ashes from Biomass Plants – A Challenge for Further Utilization Marius Catalin Barbu, Transilvania University Brasov (Romania); Christof Richter, Binderholz (Kösching, Germany) 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

OREGON

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monday, june 20 SESSION 11

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Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

USING INNOVATION-BASED MANUFACTURING TO INCREASE GLOBAL COMPETITION Sponsors: FPS Quality Control, Process Control & Production Management Group Session Chair: Henry J. Quesada-Pineda, Virginia Tech Session Moderator: Henry J. Quesada-Pineda

This session will present new research findings on the development of innovative solutions for current manufacturing issues in wood products firms.

2:30-2:35 pm

Opening Comments

2:35-2:55 pm Impact of Energy Prices on the U.S. Hardwood Products Industry Omar A. Espinoza and Brian H. Bond, Virginia Tech 2:55-3:15 pm Determination of Dynamic Youngâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Modulus of Short-Length Radiata Pine for Selected Elasticity Range Seok Sean (Vivian) How, C.J. Williamson, D. Carradine, and J. Cambridge, University of Canterbury; Y.E. Tan, Forest Research Institute Malaysia 3:15-3:35 pm Applying Lean Thinking to the Furniture Engineering Process Chao Wang and Henry J. Quesada-Pineda, Virginia Tech 3:35-3:55 pm Identifying Success Factors in the Wood Pallet Supply Chain Leslie Scarlett Sanchez Gomez, Henry J. Quesada-Pineda, and Marshall S. White, Virginia Tech; Alexander Job Hagedorn, Louisville, KY 3:55-4:15 pm A Comparison of Innovation in the Furniture Manufacturing Sectors of Croatia and the United States Andreja Pirc, University of Zagreb; Richard P. Vlosky, LSU AgCenter 4:15-4:35 pm Implementation of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMTs) in the Wood Products Industry: An Exploratory Study in China and Europe Na Yu and S. Lewark, University of Freiburg 4:35-4:55 pm A Case Study of the Forest Products Industry in Central America Scott W. Lyon and Henry J. Quesada-Pineda, Virginia Tech 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 12

Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN OF ENGINEERED WOOD STRUCTURES FOR NATURAL HAZARDS Sponsors: FPS Wood Engineering Division

Session Chairs: Robert N. Emerson, Oklahoma State University; John H. (Buddy) Showalter, American Wood Council Session Moderators: Robert N. Emerson and John H. (Buddy) Showalter

This session primarily includes presentations on performance and design of engineered wood structures to resist natural hazards. Natural hazards addressed include seismic, wind, soil, and people loads; fire performance is also examined.

2:30-2:35 pm

Opening Comments

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

2:55-3:15 pm The Development of Performance-Based Wind Engineering for Residential Structures: From Concept to Application Thang Nguyen Dao and John W. van de Lindt, University of Alabama 3:15-3:35 pm Structural Test and Analysis of Wooden Cellular Retaining Wall Far-Ching Lin, National Taiwan University; Min-Lang Lin, National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (Taipei, Taiwan); Chiang Wei and Bo-Yang Cheng, National Taiwan University 3:35-3:55 pm Cross-Laminated Timber – A European Success Story Marius Catalin Barbu, Transilvania University Brasov (Romania); Helmut Spiehs, Binderholz Bausysteme (Hallein, Austria); Christof Richter, Binderholz (Kösching, Germany)

3:55-4:15 pm Fire Safety for a 20-Story Timber High-Rise Building George Faller and Martin Unger, Arup Fire

4:15-4:35 pm 3-D Wind Uplift Design Provisions for Gable-End Trusses in Light-Framed Wood Structures David O. Prevatt and Peter L. Datin, University of Florida

4:35-4:55 pm Lateral Load Determination for Residential Decks Garrett H. Lyman, Don A. Bender, J.D. Dolan, and F.E. Woeste, Washington State University 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

OREGON

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2:35-2:55 pm Seismic Design and Performance of a Six-Story Wood-Frame Building John W. van de Lindt, University of Alabama; Shiling Pei, South Dakota State University; Steven E. Pryor, Simpson Strong Tie Co.; Douglas Rammer, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

monday, june 20 SESSION 13

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Morrison Room (1st Floor)

BIOMASS MATERIALS PROCESSING AND PERFORMANCE – BIOMASS PROCESSING AND MODIFICATIONS Sponsors: FPS Particleboard, Fiberboard & Molded Products Group Session Chair: Cheng Piao, LSU AgCenter

Session Moderator: Brian K. Via, Auburn University

This session presents recent developments in processing and modifications of biomass for bio-composite materials. Topics that will be discussed include acetylated wood and fibers for composite panels, hot water extraction of wood particles for particleboards and biofuel, wood liquefaction, thermal treatment of particles and strands, and chemical changes of lingnocellulosic materials after thermal treatments.

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments

2:35-2:55 pm Toward a New Generation of Composite Panel Products Utilizing Acetylated Wood Elements Michel Maes, Accsys Technologies The Netherlands; Chris Adair, Accsys Technologies USA

2:55-3:15 pm Properties of Bagasse Binderless Particleboard in High Temperature Range Shuichi Kawai, Kenji Umemura, and Sho Nonaka, Kyoto University

3:15-3:35 pm Coupled Mechanical and Heat and Mass Transfer Numerical Models for MDF Hot Pressing Zanin Kavazovic, Jean Deteix, Alain Cloutier, and André Fortin, Université Laval 3:35-3:55 pm Microwave-Assisted Liquefaction of Wood in the Presence of Phenol Gaiyun Li, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Chung-yun Hse, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; Todd F. Shupe, LSU AgCenter; Tefu Qin, Chinese Academy of Forestry

JUNE 19/21, 2011

3:55-4:15 pm Properties of Thermally Modified Oriented Strandboards (OSB) Detlef Krug and Juergen Bonigut, Institute of Wood Technology Dresden 4:15-4:35 pm Thermal Treatment and Characterization of A Biochar Obtained from Pinewood Fast Qiangu Yan and Hossein Toghiani, Mississippi State University; Zhiyong Cai, USDA Forest Product Laboratory; Jilei Zhang, Mississippi State University 4:35-4:55 pm Wettability of Southern Pine Subjected to Bark Beetle Blue-Stain Fungal Associates T. Eric McConnell, Ohio State University; Nathan Little, Mississippi State University; Nathan Irby, North Carolina State University; John Riggins and Sheldon Q. Shi, Mississippi State University 4:55-5:15 pm Hybrid Poplar Wood Hot-Pressed: Polysaccharides Behavior Noridah Osman and Armando G. McDonald, University of Idaho; Marie-Pierre Laborie, Institut für Forstbenutzung und Forstliche Arbeitswissenschaft 5:15-5:20 pm Closing Comments

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 14

Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

CURRENT TOPICS IN FOREST PRODUCTS MARKETING RESEARCH (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Marketing Group

Session Chair: Christopher D. Knowles, Oregon State University Session Moderator: Rebecca Hamner, Oregon State University

2:30-2:35 pm

Opening Comments

2:35-2:55 pm Implications of the Lacey Act on United States Importers: Insights from the Wood Products Industry Ashlee Tibbets and Christopher D. Knowles, Oregon State University 2:55-3:15 pm Exploratory Research into Sustainability Education Using Diffusion of Innovation Theory and the Concerns-Based Adoption Model Nadia Lustig Frye, Shane Brown, and Michael P. Wolcott, Washington State University; Paul M. Smith, Pennsylvania State University

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

3:15-3:35 pm The Evolution of Marketing Sophistication and Impacts on Competitiveness in Medium-Sized U.S. Sawmills Xiaoou Han and Eric Hansen, Oregon State University

3:35-3:55 pm Opportunities and Challenges in Emerging Bioenergy Business: Case of Finnish Sawmilling Industry Minli Wan and Anne Toppinen, University of Helsinki; Katja L채htinen, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)

3:55-4:15 pm Awareness and Adoption of Green Building Program by Builders in Japan Daisuke Sasatani, Indroneil Ganguly, Tait Bowers, and Ivan L. Eastin, University of Washington

4:15-4:35 pm Role of Green Building Programs in Diffusion of Certified Wood in the U.S. Residential Housing Sector Indroneil Ganguly and Ivan L. Eastin, University of Washington

4:35-4:55 pm A Temporal Study of Certification from the U.S. Consumer Perspective: A Comparison of 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 Richard P. Vlosky, LSU AgCenter; Lucie K. Ozanne, University of Canterbury 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

OREGON

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monday, june 20 SESSION 15

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Weidler / Halsey Ballroom (1st Floor)

ITâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S NOT JUST ROT: TOWARD A HOLISTIC EVALUATION OF WOOD PRODUCT DURABILITY Sponsors: FPS Wood Durability Group

Session Chair: Adam M. Taylor, University of Tennessee

Session Moderator: Nathan E. Irby, North Carolina State University

This session will explore a wide range of applications means that consideration of wood product durability should include topics such as aesthetic and dimensional stability, novel treatment options and reuse and recycling potential.

2:30-2:35 pm

Opening Comments

2:35-2:55 pm Wood Durability in Mixed Materials: A Treated Board is Not an Island Jonathan S. Schilling, University of Minnesota

2:55-3:15 pm Evaluating Decking Specimens for Appearance and Decay Stan Lebow and Grant Kirker, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

3:15-3:35 pm Effect of Resin Acids and Other Extractives on Dimensional Stability and Decay Susceptability of Southern Pine Lumber in Above-Ground Exposure Tor P. Schultz, Joseph Dahlen, and Darrel Nicholas, Mississippi State University 3:35-3:55 pm Remedial Wood Preservation Using Borates and Wood Restoration Using Epoxies Jim Renfroe, Wood Care Systems 3:55-4:15 pm Enhanced Durability of Acetylated Wood and its Impact on the Life Cycle Assessment for a Bridge and Window Frame Chris Adair, Accsys Technologies USA; Roger Rowell, University of Wisconsin-Madison 4:15-4:35 pm Mass Loss and Shear Strength Changes of PPT Lumber for a Six-Month Humidity Exposure Daniel P. Hindman, Virginia Tech; C. Ryan Bamberg, Department of Defense; Paul D. Timko, Cromwell Architects & Engineers; John C. Bouldin, Lance D. Shields, and Jose Maria Villasenor Aguilar, Virginia Tech 4:35-4:55 pm Effects of Wood Fiber Esterification on the Photostabilization of Wood-Plastic Composites Liqing Wei and Armando G. McDonald, University of Idaho 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 16

Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND WOOD QUALITY – WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS? (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Biology Group

Session Chair: Mark D. Gibson, Louisiana Tech University Session Moderator: Mark D. Gibson

The eight diverse papers in this session explore mechanical properties, moisture content, xylem formation, variability, and non-timber forest products.

2:30-2:35 pm

Opening Comments

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

OREGON

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2:35-2:55 pm Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra M.) Grown in Northwestern Ontario for Use in ValueAdded Forest Products Brent Forbes, Mathew Leitch, and Chander Shahi, Lakehead University 2:55-3:15 pm Measuring the Moisture Content of Green Hardwood Logs Using Time Domain Reflectometry Heath Raybon, Laurence R. Schimleck, Kim Love-Myers, Joe Sanders, and Dick Daniels, University of Georgia; Erik Schilling, NCASI Southern Regional Center 3:15-3:35 pm A Comparison of Earlywood-Latewood Demarcation Methods within an Annual Ring – A Case Study in Loblolly Pine Finto Antony, Laurence R. Schimleck, and Richard. F. Daniels, University of Georgia 3:35-3:55 pm Proteomics Study on Xylem Formation in Softwoods Using an In-Vitro Model System Jowita A. Laniak (Dziedzic) and Armando G. McDonald, University of Idaho

3:55-4:15 pm

Assessing the Variance of Eastern Larch Grown in the Thunder Bay District Using Design Criteria Classes of End Uses Products Scott Miller, Mathew Leitch, Chander Shahi, and Reino Pulkki, Lakehead University 4:15-4:35 pm Modeling Within-Tree Variation in Wood and Fibers Attributes in Pinus banksiana Lamb Grown in Boreal Stands Hassine Bouafif and Ahmed Koubaa, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue; Susanne Brais, Alain Cloutier, Guy Larocque, and JeanMartin Lussier, Université Laval 4:35-4:55 pm Sacred Forests and Economical Impact in the Nontimber Forest Products Industry in Cameroon Mbonji-Edjenguele, University of Yaounde 1; Roncs Ese-Etame, INOVA Mount Vernon Hospital; Augustin Ellong, University of Douala 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

monday, june 20 SESSION 17

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Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor)

WOODY BIOMASS – CONSORTIUM FOR RESEARCH ON RENEWABLE MATERIALS (CORRIM) Sponsors: FPS Economics & Financial Management Group, Energy & Environmental Issues Group, and Timber Production & Harvesting Group (Joint) Session Chairs: Ken Skog, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Dalia Abbas Saleh, Michigan State University Session Moderator: Maureen E. Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC

Presentations discuss research from the Consortium for Research on Renewable Materials (CORRIM) on life-cycle environmental effects of producing wood-base liquid fuels, wood pellets, and biomass feedstocks for bioenergy.

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments

2:35-2:55 pm Biofuel Collection from Fire Risk Reduction Thinnings and Residues – Western States Elaine Oneil, University of Washington; Leonard Johnson, University of Idaho; Bruce Lippke and James McCarter, University of Washington

2:55-3:15 pm A Life Cycle Assessment of Bioethanol Production via the Thermochemical Conversion Pathway Jesse Daystar, Richard Venditti, Hasan Jameel, and Mike Jett, North Carolina State University

3:15-3:35 pm An Aspen Process Model: Producing Liquid Fuels from Pyrolysis of Woody Biomass Philip H. Steele and Jerome Cooper, Mississippi State University; Maureen E. Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC

3:55-4:15 pm Life Cycle Inventory of Wood Pellet Manufacturers in Wisconsin John F. Katers and Adam Snippen, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay 4:15-4:35 pm Life Cycle Inventories for Wood and Switchgrass Fuel Pellets in the U.S. Southeast Daniel Reed, Jae-Woo Kim, and Adam M. Taylor, University of Tennessee; Maureen E. Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC 4:35-4:55 pm The Life Cycle Impacts of Increasing Biofuel Use in Wood Processing Facilities Maureen E. Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC; Bruce Lippke, University of Washington 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

3:35-3:55 pm Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Producing Liquid Fuels with Bioconversion of Woody Biomass Richard Gustafson, Mohit Rastogi, and Joyce Cooper, University of Washington; Maureen E. Puettman, WoodLife

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 18

Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

BIOMASS MATERIALS PROCESSING AND PERFORMANCE – NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WOOD COMPOSITES Sponsors: FPS Particleboard, Fiberboard & Molded Products Group Session Chair: Cheng Piao, LSU AgCenter

Session Moderator: Lech Muszyński, Oregon State University

Nanotechnology provides new opportunities and perspectives on wood and fiber products. This section collects researches on nanomaterials. Nano-fiber reinforced polymeric composites and nano-aid insulation composites will be discussed.

8:00-8:05 am

Opening Comments

8:05-8:25 am Eucalyptus Micro and Nanofibers for Reinforcement of Polymeric Nanocomposites Gustavo Henrique Denzin Tonoli, Universidade Federal de Lavras; Luiz H. Capparelli Mattoso and J.M. Marconcini, Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária; L.M. Mendes, Universidade Federal de Lavras; M.A. Pereira-da-Silva, Universidade de São Paulo; A.C. Corrêa and L.A. Caixeta, Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária 8:25-8:45 am Mechanical Characterization for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC)-poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites Jie Ding, Lech Muszyński, and John Simonsen, Oregon State University 8:45-9:05 am An Investigation of Fabrication Thermal Insulation Wood-Based Composite Using Nanotechnology Reza Zahedsheijani, Mohammad Layeghi, Hosein Yousefi, and Mehdi Faezipour, University of Tehran and Arian Saeed INC. 9:05-9:25 am Foaming of Cellulose Nanofiber-Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites W.-D. Ding, Takashi Kuboki, R. Koyama, C.B. Park, and M. Sain, University of Toronto 9:25-9:30 am Closing Comments

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

OREGON

POR TLAN D

tuesday, june 21 SESSION 19

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Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF TROPICAL HARDWOODS (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Temperate & Tropical Hardwood Lumber Group Session Chair: Brian H. Bond, Virginia Tech Session Moderator: Brian H. Bond

This session will include discussion of the technical issues concerning the utilization of tropical hardwoods (including plantations) and issues regarding their sustainable use.

8:00-8:05 am Opening Comments

8:05-8:25 am Exploring the Barriers to the Use and Trade of Lumber from Sawmills in Ghana Emmanuel Appiah-Kubi and Stephen Lartey Tekpetey, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG) 8:25-8:45 am Sustainable Management Practices for Non-Timber Forest Products: The Case of Newbouldia laevis or “African hyssop” in Cameroon Mbonji-Edjenguele, University of Yaounde 1; Roncs Ese-Etame, INOVA Mount Vernon Hospital; Augustin Ellong, University of Douala 8:45-9:05 am The Use of Resak Malaysian Indigenous Hardwood for the First Designed Glue-Laminated Public Structure Built in Tropical Hardwood in Malaysia Dave Smedley, Rotafix Ltd.; Eddie Ling, Woodsfields Sbn (Johor, Malaysia) 9:05-9:25 am Effect of Heat Treatment on Technological Properties of Tropical Woods Growing in Costa Rica Laura Leandro Zúñiga, Universidad de Costa Rica 9:25-9:30 am Closing Comments

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 20

Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

CURRENT TOPICS IN FOREST PRODUCTS MARKETING RESEARCH (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Marketing Group

Session Chair: Christopher D. Knowles, Oregon State University Session Moderator: Xiaoou Han, Oregon State University

8:00-8:05 am

Opening Comments

8:05-8:25 am Meta-Analysis of Willingness-to-Pay Estimates for Environmentally Certified Wood Products Zhen Cai and Francisco X. Aguilar, University of Missouri

8:25-8:45 am Social Media Networking in the Forest Products Industry Iris Baker Montague, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

8:45-9:05 am Perceived Benefits and Challenges of Chain of Custody Certification: A Survey of Supply Chain Members in China and Vietnam Ivan L. Eastin, Indroneil Ganguly, Jeff Cao, and Mihyun Seol, University of Washington 9:05-9:25 am Survival and Entrepreneurship: A Phenomenological Study Investigating the Forest Products Entrepreneurs of Southern Malawi E. Bradley Hager, Virginia Tech; Ndalapa A.C. Mhango, Domasi College of Education; A.L. (Tom) Hammett, Virginia Tech 9:25-9:30 am Closing Comments

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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tuesday, june 21 SESSION 21

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Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

APPLICATION OF WOOD MATERIALS IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS Sponsors: FPS Wood Engineering Division

Session Chairs: Robert N. Emerson, Oklahoma State University; John H. (Buddy) Showalter, American Wood Council Session Moderators: Robert N. Emerson and John H. (Buddy) Showalter

This session primarily includes presentations on application of wood materials in structural applications; diaphragm deflection, energy performance, inspection methods, and fire performance, domestic and international products will be addressed.

8:00-8:05 am Opening Comments

8:05-8:25 am Deflection of Steel-Clad Wood-Framed Diaphragms Eric W. Pope and Don A. Bender, Washington State University

8:25-8:45 am Wood I-Beam and “Zigzag Decking” from Roundwood Bradley D. Miller, HDR Engineering, Inc.; Thomas M. Gorman, University of Idaho

8:45-9:05 am Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels – A New Wood-Based Material with High Added Value Peter Niemz, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich

9:05-9:25 am The Residual Strength of Fire-Damaged, Dimensional Lumber: A Direct, Non-Destructive, In-Situ Approach Brian Kukay, Anthony Laslovich, and Charles Todd, Montana Tech 9:25-9:30 am Closing Comments

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 22

Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

BIO-BASED AND ENVIRONMENTALLY APPEALING WOOD ADHESIVES (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Adhesives Group

Session Chairs: Charles R. Frihart, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Ning Yan, University of Toronto Session Moderator: Ning Yan

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments

10:05-10:25 am Performance of Bamboo Fiber-Filled Thermoplastic Composites Pankaj K. Aggarwal and Ajay Karmarkar, Institute of Wood Science & Technology (Bangalore, India)

10:25-10:45 am Melamine-Based Adhesives as Reinforcing Agents for Thermoplastic Wood Adhesives Alireza Kaboorani and Bernard Riedl, UniversitĂŠ Laval

10:45-11:05 am Effects of Surface Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Water-Resistance of Kenaf Fiber-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites Xiaofeng Ren and Kaichang Li, Oregon State University; Renhui Qiu, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University; Leonard S. Fifield and Kevin L. Simmons, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 11:05-11:25 am The Properties of Particleboard Made from Oil Palm Trunk Apri Heri Iswanto, Tito Sucipto, and Irawati Azhar, University of Sumatera Utara (Indonesia); Fauzi Febrianto, Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesia) 11:25-11:45 am Polymer Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) Produced in a Bioreactor Jing Dai, Armando G. McDonald, and Erik R. Coats, University of Idaho

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

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tuesday, june 21 SESSION 23

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Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

WOODY BIOMASS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ECONOMICS, SUPPLY, CONVERSION TO ENERGY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Economics & Financial Management Group, Energy & Environmental Issues Group, and Timber Production & Harvesting Group (Joint) Session Chairs: Ken Skog, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Dalia Abbas Saleh, Michigan State University Session Moderator: Philip H. Steele, Mississippi State University

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments

10:05-10:25 am Determining Carbon Impact Factors for a Range of Wood Products Richard Bergman, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Adam M. Taylor, University of Tennessee; Maureen E. Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC

10:25-10:45 am TGA-FTIR Analysis of Woody Biomass and Coal for Energy Production Qingzheng Cheng, Jingxin Wang, Kaushlendra Singh, and John Zondlo, West Virginia University

10:45-11:05 am Converting Lignocellulosic Biomass into Sugars via Fast Pyrolysis Qi Li, Philip H. Steele, Fei Yu, Brian Mitchell, and El-Barbary M. Hassan, Mississippi State University

11:05-11:25 am Alcohol Injection into the Pyrolytic Vapor Stream as a Method to Rapidly Produce Esterified Bio-oil Jingming Tao, Brain Mitchell, Fei Yu, and Philip H. Steele, Mississippi State University

11:25-11:45 am Influence of Environmental Decomposition of Logging Residues on Fuel Properties Kaushlendra Singh, Jingxin Wang, Litha Sivanandan, Jagpinder Singh Brar, and Saurabh Kumar, West Virginia University 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 24

Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

CURRENT TOPICS IN FOREST PRODUCTS MARKETING RESEARCH (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Marketing Group

Session Chair: Christopher D. Knowles, Oregon State University Session Moderator: Christopher D. Knowles

10:00-10:05 am

Opening Comments

10:05-10:25 am Gender, Income Level, and Education: Do They Affect Hardwood Preference? Delton Alderman, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

10:25-10:45 am Assessing Barriers to the Trade and Marketing of Bamboo Products in Ghana Stephen Lartey Tekpetey and Emmanuel Appiah-Kubi, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG)

10:45-11:05 am Green Jobs in the Forest Sector Supply Chain in Louisiana Ryan D. Olson, Richard P. Vlosky, Paul M. Darby, and Dek Terrell, LSU AgCenter

11:05-11:25 am Preferences of Plastic-Based Panels over Wood-Based Panels as Building Material as Influenced by Gender, Age, Environmental Concerns, and Social Class: A Case Study of House Owners in Ghana Martin Amoah, Francis Eshun, and Joseph Asomaning, University of Education (Winneba, Ghana) 11:25-11:45 am Health Benefits from Wood Interiors in Hospitals Anders Q. Nyrud, Norsk Treteknisk Institutt (Norwegian Institute of Wood Technology); Tina Bringslimark, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB)

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

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tuesday, june 21 SESSION 25

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Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

APPLICATION OF WOOD MATERIALS IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Wood Engineering Division

Session Chairs: Robert N. Emerson, Oklahoma State University; John H. (Buddy) Showalter, American Wood Council Session Moderators: Robert N. Emerson and John H. (Buddy) Showalter

This session primarily includes presentations on application of wood materials in structural applications. Diaphragm deflection, energy performance, inspection methods, and fire performance is examined. Domestic and international products will be addressed.

10:00-10:05 Opening Comments

10:05-10:25 am Inspection Method for Engineered Wood Products in Residential Construction John C. Bouldin, Joseph R. Loferski, and Daniel P. Hindman, Virginia Tech

10:25-10:45 am Resisting Combine Uplift and Shear with Wood Structural Panels John H. (Buddy) Showalter, American Wood Council

10:45-11:05 am The Case for Wood as a Low-Carbon Alternative Lisa Podesto and Michelle Kam-Biron, WoodWorks-California

11:05-11:25 am Engineers Benefit from Wood Science and Technology Knowledge Milan Vatovec, Phillip Westover, and Jeff Langlois, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger 11:25-11:45 am Speaker to be announced 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 26

Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

BIOMASS MATERIALS PROCESSING AND PERFORMANCE – NEW FIBROUS RESOURCES FOR WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES Sponsors: FPS Particleboard, Fiberboard & Molded Products Group Session Chair: Cheng Piao, LSU AgCenter

Session Moderator: David B. DeVallance, West Virginia University

This session focuses on innovative biofiber resources for wood and wood-plastic composites. These new fiber materials include recycled textile fibers, kenaf fibers, rice straw fibers, coffee chaff, bamboo fibers, and recycled hemicellulose fibers from pulping process. A new microfibrillated cellulose composite will also be discussed.

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments

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2:35-2:55 pm Utilization of Textile Waste as Core Material in Sustainable Composites David B. DeVallance, Jody Gray, Holly Lentz, and Kathryn Eason, West Virginia University 2:55-3:15 pm Thermal, Mechanical, and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites with Added Biochar David B. DeVallance, Gloria Oporto, Qingzheng Cheng, and Patrick Quigley, West Virginia University 3:15-3:35 pm Novel Hemicellulose Materials Based on Wood Pulps Ali Harlin, VTT; Stefan Willför and Markku Auer, Åbo Academy Finland 3:35-3:55 pm Kenaf Fiber and Soy Protein-Based Biocomposites Kaiwen Liang and Sheldon Q. Shi, Mississippi State University

3:55-4:15 pm Comparative Study on Strength Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Produced from Coffee Chaff and Ceiba Pentandra Sawdust Kehinde Sesan Aina, S.O.O. Badejo, and R.A. Baiyewu, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria 4:15-4:35 pm Are Bamboo Fibers Stronger than Wood Fibers? Yan Yu, Hankun Wang, Genlin Tian, Ge Wang,Benhua Fei, International Center for Bamboo & Rattan (Beijing, China) 4:35-4:55 pm Investigation on the Effects of Alkali Treatment of Rice Straw Flour on Mechanical Properties of Rice Straw FlourPolypropylene Composites Mehdi Kalagar, Habiboallah Khademi Eslam, Behzad Baziyar, Sahab Hejazi, Islamic Azad University Science & Research Branch (Tehran, Iran) 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

tuesday, june 21 SESSION 27

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Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

WOODY BIOMASS – ECONOMICS, SUPPLY, CONVERSION TO ENERGY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Economics & Financial Management Group, Energy & Environmental Issues Group, and Timber Production & Harvesting Group (Joint) Session Chairs: Ken Skog, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Dalia Abbas Saleh, Michigan State University Session Moderator: Dalia Abbas Saleh

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments

USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Sean Healey, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Dan Loeffler, University of Montana; J. Greg Jones, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Jim Morrison, USDA Forest Service, Northern Region

2:35-2:55 pm Potential Utilization of Forest Biomass to Generate Heat and Power for Small and Remote Communities on the Coast Region of British Columbia, Canada Marian Marinescu, FPInnovations

2:55-3:15 pm Survey Results of Wood Logistics and Supply for Ethanol Production in Northeastern Michigan Dalia Abbas Saleh and Karen Potter-Witter, Michigan State University; Pasi Lautala and Robert Handler, Michigan Technological University; Mike Schira, Larry Hembroff, Shivan GC, and Ajit Srivastava, Michigan State University 3:15-3:35 pm Alternative Bio-Based Paths to Prosperity for Small- and Medium-Forest Landowners in the U.S. Gulf South: A Pilot Study in Louisiana Roger Smithhart, Jr., Richard P. Vlosky, and Paul M. Darby, LSU Agcenter

3:35-3:55 pm Regional Assessments of Carbon in Harvested Wood Products: Estimates for the U.S. Forest Service Northern Region Keith Stockmann, USDA Forest Service, Northern Region; Nathaniel M. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Ken Skog,

JUNE 19/21, 2011

3:55-4:15 pm Analyzing Potential of Woody Biomass Co-firing for Electrical Generation Using Econometric Models for the U.S. Northern Region Michael E. Goerndt and Francisco X. Aguilar, University of Missouri; Stephen Shifley, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; Nianfu Song, University of Missouri 4:15-4:35 pm A Framework for Assessing the Sustainable Development of Wood Energy from ShortRotation Forestry Projects Catalin Ristea, University of British Columbia; Thomas C. Maness, Oregon State University 4:35-4:55 pm The Potential Impact of Increasing U.S. Wood Energy Use on the Forest Products Industry – Results from Alternate 50-Year Projections Ken Skog and Peter Ince, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Andrew Kramp and Do-il Yoo, University of Wisconsin-Madison; V. Alaric Sample, Pinchot Institute for Conservation 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

program SESSION 28

Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

IT’S NOT JUST ROT: TOWARD A HOLISTIC EVALUATION OF WOOD PRODUCT DURABILITY (CONTINUED) Sponsors: FPS Wood Durability Group

Session Chair: Adam M. Taylor, University of Tennessee

Session Moderator: Jonathan S. Schilling, University of Minnesota

2:30-2:35 pm

Opening Comments

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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2:35-2:55 pm Diffusion of Reactive Oxygen Species and their Precursors from Fungi During Early Decay Christopher G. Hunt, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Kenneth E. Hammel, USDA Forest Products Laboratory and University of Wisconsin-Madison; Don Carl Jones and Carl J. Houtman, USDA Forest Products Laboratory 2:55-3:15 pm Enzymatic Significance of the Metabolic Mechanism of Oxalate in the TCA and Glyoxylate Pathways Based on Specific Isolates of the Copper-Tolerant Brown-Rot Basidiomycete, Antrodia Radiculosa Katie M. Jenkins, Mississippi State University and USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Susan V. Diehl, Mississippi State University; Carol A. Clausen, USDA Forest Products Laboratory 3:15-3:35 pm Small-Diameter Pine Pyrolysis Oil as a Moisture Resistant Cell-Wall Bulking Agent for Southern Yellow Pine Thomas J. Robinson, Brian K. Via, Oladiran Fashina, and Sushil Adhikari, Auburn University; Emily Carter, USDA Forest Service

3:35-3:55 pm

Ground Contact Performance of Creosote Amended with Chlorothalonil: Can We Reduce Retentions? H. Michael Barnes, M.G. Sanders, G.B. Lindsey, T.L. Amburgey, Mississippi State University 3:55-4:15 pm Moving to Environmentally Friendly Wood Preservatives and Coatings Laura Reyes, Grecia Aviles, Fabiola Andana, Natalia Jara, and Tamara González, Universidad del Bío-Bío 4:15-4:35 pm Effect of Reusing Process Liquids on Recovery and Reuse of CCA from Spent Treated Wood Xinan Zhang and Todd F. Shupe, LSU AgCenter; Chung-yun Hse, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station 4:35-4:40 pm Closing Comments

tuesday, june 21 SESSION 29

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Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR WOOD PRODUCTS USED IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS – COMPOSITES Sponsors: FPS Wood Engineering Division

Session Chairs: Robert N. Emerson, Oklahoma State University; John H. (Buddy) Showalter, American Wood Council Session Moderators: Robert N. Emerson and John H. (Buddy) Showalter

This session includes presentations dealing with material properties of wood composites used in structural applications. The effects of different testing approaches and modeling on material properties will be discussed. Domestic and international products will be addressed.

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments

2:35-2:55 pm Tensile Properties of Individual Wood Flour Particles Matthew Schwarzkopf, Lech Muszyński, and Farzana Hussain, Oregon State University 2:55-3:15 pm Torsional Stiffness of Small- and Medium-Size Samples of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels: Optical Measurements and FEM Simulations Lech Muszyński, Oregon State University; Mélanie Noyel and Thomas Pisaneschi, ENSTIB, Université Henri Poincaré; Václav Sebera, Mendel University in Brno 3:15-3:35 pm Stretching the Envelope for Structural Wood Composite Performance Fredrick A. Kamke and Josef Weissensteiner, Oregon State University; Hongling Lui, Northwest A&F University (Yangling, Shaanxi, China) 3:35-3:55 pm Fracture Toughness of Structural Wood Composites using R Curve Analysis John A. Nairn, Rakesh Gupta, and Arijit Sinha, Oregon State University

JUNE 19/21, 2011

3:55-4:15 pm Multi-Scale Modeling of Strand-Based Wood Composites Thomas Gereke and Sardar Malekmohammadi, University of British Columbia; Carole NadotMartin, Institut P’, CNRS - Université de Poitiers – ENSMA; Chunping Dai, FPInnovations; Fernand Ellyin and Reza Vaziri, University of British Columbia 4:15-4:35 pm Torsional Shear Strength and Size Effect in Structural Composite Lumber Zhuo Yang, Peggi L. Clouston, and Sanjay R. Arwade, University of Massachusetts-Amherst 4:35-4:55 pm Testing and Modeling of Wood-Concrete Composite Members with Shear-Key Interlayer Connection Jeno Balogh, Metropolitan State College of Denver; Massimo Fragiacomo, University of Sassari; Richard Gutkowski and Rebecca Atadero, Colorado State University 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts SESSION 1

Mt. Hood / Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR WOOD PRODUCTS USED IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS – LUMBER AND GLULAM DO YOU ALWAYS ADJUST TEST RESULTS TO 12% MC? NO!

David W. Patterson and Jonathan I. Hartley, University of Arkansas at Monticello

The normal procedure is to check for moisture content and specific gravity at the time of testing and adjust the results to 12% MC or a set specific gravity before analyzing the test results. In some cases the treatment will cause a change in properties resulting in a difference in moisture content or specific gravity, and to adjust the difference out is to remove the effect of the treatment. An example of this is high-temperature treating of wood. Everyone talks about the reduction in warping and fungal attack, but forgets that it is the result of reduction in moisture-holding capacity. Some heat-treated wood, when placed in a conditioning chamber set for 12% EMC, will only achieve an EMC of 4%. To adjust its strength properties to 12% would be erroneous. SOFTWOOD LOG HEATING USING DIELECTRIC FIELDS AT RADIO FREQUENCIES

Ciprian Lazarescu, Bogdan Bedelean, and Stavros Avramidis, University of British Columbia

The project assessed the radio frequency (RF) heating characteristics of logs of two softwood species, Engelmann spruce (Picea Spp) and sub-alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). A number of 60 logs, equally divided between the two species, were RF-heated in two different circumstances – with or without bark – until the temperature sensor from a number of those scattered within each specimen with the lowest reading indicated 70°C. Both species heated in short periods of time (~60 min) regardless of bark presence or absence, with relatively small energy requirements and without noticeable negative consequences on quality. The sapwood heated up faster, thus reaching higher temperatures because of its high moisture content and better complex permittivity values. In the case of heat treatments targeting only the pests living in sapwood, one might achieve even shorter times, reducing the time to 20-30 minutes; in this case more power is deposited in the sapwood area. Between the two tested species, fir is more prone to RF heating due to its higher ability to convert an electric field into heat. The decrease in volume resulted in less power deposited inside the wood at the same field voltage value because less “dielectric attractive” material was present. Besides volume, the distribution of moisture content was the second factor with a significant influence over the overall heating process. RHEOLOGICAL, THERMAL, AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME NIGERIAN WOOD James Sunday Fabiyi and Joseph Adeola Fuwape, Federal University of Technology (Nigeria)

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Viscoelastic, thermal stability and structural behaviors of some Nigerian (tropical) wood species were determined. The selected wood species (all hardwood) are mansonia, Utile mahogany, Sapele mahogany, Danta, and Obeche. The viscoelastic properties were investigated at a temperature range from 120 to 0°C at 3°C/min, multifrequencies of 0.1–10 Hz using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Ethylene glycol-saturated specimens were tested while submerged under the same solvent. The results show that at 0.1 Hz, the glass transition temperature (Tgs) of obeche is 85±1°C while other species have their Tgs at above 100°C. However, ethylene glycol-saturated Sapele mahogany had the highest storage modulus from 120 to 0°C. Thermogravimetric analysis conducted at a heating rate of 10°C/min from 20 to 600°C in a nitrogen atmosphere indicated that thermal stability and the rate at which each wood polymer degraded are wood species-dependent. In addition, the structural behavior of these wood species was investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The infrared spectra obtained differed among species. Details about this study will be discussed. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE STATE ON ACOUSTIC VELOCITY IN WOOD

Shan Gao, Northeast Forestry University (currently at USDA Forest Products Laboratory); Xiping Wang, USDA Forest Product Laboratory; Lihai Wang, Northeast Forestry University; R. Bruce Allison, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Previous research has proved the validity of acoustic assessment of wood quality in standing trees. As commercially OREGON

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TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

available acoustic equipment being implemented in field for various purposes, one has to consider the impact of operating temperature on acoustic velocity – a key parameter for wood property prediction. Our field acoustic monitoring tests on standing trees over a one-year cycle showed a significant change on acoustic properties of wood as seasonal temperature changed. The purpose of this study is to further investigate the effect of temperature and moisture state on acoustic velocity of wood in a laboratory-controlled environment. Red pine small clear specimens (25.4 × 25.4 × 406 mm) obtained from a freshly cut red pine log were conditioned to three moisture content (MC) groups: green (fresh-cut condition), 24% MC, and 12%MC. All specimens were acoustically tested using an ultrasonic device over a temperature range of -45°C and 30°C. The experimental data will be used to: 1) determine acoustic velocity response to wood temperature changes; 2) analyze the interactive effect of wood temperature and wood moisture state on acoustic velocity in wood; and 3) develop empirical models of temperature-velocity relationships. The results of this study will be useful in developing a practical acoustic grading model for assessing individual trees and stands in forestry operations. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES AND STRESS NEAR GROWTH DEFECTS IN LUMBER Dan L. Wheat and Loukas F. Kallivokas, University of Texas at Austin

Wood is a piezoelectric polymer, and as such, by definition, it responds electrically to applied stress by developing an electric potential. The accumulation of orderly arrangements of microfibrils, or crystallites, is believed to be the source of the electrical polarity. The presentation will consist of a brief overview of the electrical-mechanical constitutive equations, a summary of the successful modeling of coupon specimens tested in Japan, then a description of forward modeling results for lumber – no thicker than 50 mm – with several types of growth defects, including interior and edge knots, slope of grain, splits, and checks. Modeling results will be focused on the computed patterns of voltage distributions and stress distributions for each type of defect and their correspondences in the neighborhoods of the growth defects. Distinct patterns are discernable to differentiate defect types in most cases, with the voltage distributions heavily influenced by, but not fully described by, shear stresses. Combined stress states – and not principal normal or shear stresses – play an important role as well in determining the voltage distributions. Several potential applications of the ideas presented could be used for both grading and in situ stress determination; more exotic applications, such as energy generation, are also feasible.

SESSION 2

Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

FURNITURE FOR THE GREEN CONSUMER: MATERIALS, DESIGN AND PROCESSING IMPROVEMENTS, AND BUSINESS DECISIONS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY MODIFIED BLACK ASH (FRAXINUS NIGRA MARSH) PROCESSES BY THERMOFOREST PRODUCTS IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO

Jim Riffel, Mathew Leitch, Chander Shahi, and Jian Rang Wang, Lakehead University. Presented by Scott T. Miller With a declining volume of old-growth forests, more specifically mature cedar forests, alternative wood preservation strategies are in high demand. Therefore, there is a need for chemical-free treatments that extend the life span of untraditional materials to be used in both indoor and outdoor applications. This, along with growing environmental concerns and government regulations, increases the profitability of treated lumber without the use of harmful chemicals. This study evaluates the materials produced from ThermoForest Products of Kakabeka, Ontario, by testing the mechanical and physical wood properties while correlating such changes to color. This study evaluates thermally modified black Ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh). Tests have been performed to assess the treatments’ end results. The material was tested in the Lakehead University Wood Science and Testing Facility (LUWSTF) for its mechanical properties before and after thermal modification. The tests performed include specific gravity, hardness, MOE, MOR, and abrasion, as well as compression tests. A colorimeter was used to help determine if changes in color relative to treatments provide significant predictions to changes in wood characteristics. Finally, a comparison of the anatomical properties of pre- and post-treated materials was performed using a Scanning Electron Microscope. Property testing has shown that mechanical properties are not adversely

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts affected by the thermal treatment until a maximum temperature of 200°C is reached. EFFECT OF HNTS NANOTUBES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF UF RESIN NANOCOMPOSITES Xuelian Zhang and Gregory D. Smith, University of British Columbia

Novel Urea-Formaldehyde nanocomposites were prepared with naturally occurring halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) by high shear mechanical blending. The compatibility of UF resin with HNTs was investigated by rheological characterization and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) during curing and by XRD of the nanocomposite post cure. The thermal stability of the nanocomposite compared with the pure resin was studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanical properties of the nanocomposite were also evaluated. The fracture morphology of the nanocomposite surface after mechanical testing was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanocomposite showed accelerated curing, improved thermal stability, and higher tensile strength than the pure resin. These findings suggest that halloysite nanotube is a promising modifier for UF resin. PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF SUSTAINABLE WOOD-WELDED PANELS FROM NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES

Benoît Belleville and Tatjana Stevanovic, Université Laval; Antonio Pizzi, ENSTIB, Université Henri Poincaré; Alain Cloutier, Université Laval

High-speed-rotation-induced wood-dowel welding by mechanical friction without adhesive has been shown to rapidly yield wood joints of considerable strength. The technique is an interesting and ecological alternative for paneling and represents an opportunity to increase productivity and reduce costs in the furniture industry. The aim of this research is to investigate performance of wood-welded panels, obtained with a machine specifically designed for paneling purposes. Specific objectives consisted of the evaluation of panels’ mechanical properties under constant and varying ambient relative humidity conditions in order to shed light onto moisture transfer cycles inside panels. Two North American hardwood species commonly used for furniture manufacturing, sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), have been studied. Optimized parameters determined for each species in previous studies were applied to produce panels. PVA-glued panels were made for comparative purposes. The results of three-point bending tests indicate that the welding technology is suitable for paneling and the bending properties were not affected by wood species. Fracture always occurred in the dowels and no slippage was observed along the welded interface. The properties of wood-welded panels could then become comparable or superior to their glued counterparts by using additional or larger dowels. No deformation was observed in panels submitted to conditioning cycles. Delamination observed in the welded area did not affect bending properties. The results confirm that wood-dowel welding is suitable for paneling and some additional work is required to improve the automated assembling technique. LATERAL RESISTANCE OF JOINTS MADE WITH VARIOUS SCREWS IN COMMERCIAL WOODPLASTIC COMPOSITES

Akbar Rostampour Haftkhani, Ghanbar Ebrahimi, Mohammad Layeghi, Mehdi Tajvidi, and Mohammad Arabi, University of Tehran

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

In this study, the effects of diameter of screws and pilot holes, end distance, thickness of side and main members, loading speed, and screw’s type on the lateral resistance of joints made with various screws on commercial wood-plastic composites were investigated. Three types of screws were used, including sheet metal screws of gauges ≠8, 10, 14; cut threads wood screws of gauge ≠8; and fine and coarse threads drywall screws of gauge ≠8. The results have shown that lateral resistance of joint doesn’t increase linearly with increase of screw’s diameter and this must be related to decrease of net section of joint members. However, for a given diameter of screw, increase in end distance, thickness of joint members, as well as loading speed, lateral load of joint increases. Also, results have shown that lateral resistance increases as pre-drilled hole diameter is increased. This is true while pre-drilled diameter approaches root diameter of screw. Beyond this limit, when increasing the pilot hole diameter up to nominal diameter of screw, the corresponding lateral resistance decreases drastically. Comparing screw effects, the lateral load on joints made with wood screws is greater than the lateral load on joints made with sheet metal and drywall screws.

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Michael Burnard, Lech Muszyński, Scott Leavengood, and Lisa Ganio, Oregon State University

Checking is a major concern for maple veneer producers, plywood manufacturers, construction professionals, furniture manufacturers, and consumers. The scope of past research concerned with surface check development in maple-veneered panels was limited by the laborious manual methods used to determine check size, location, and quantity. Recently, optical measurement methods have demonstrated the potential to automate the check quantification and characterization process. The dramatic increase in efficiency offered by the digital image correlation (DIC) method provides an opportunity to conduct a study including an unprecedented number of variables affecting check formation. It also allows tracking the dynamics of check development as it occurs in maple veneer panels. This presentation will cover the conceptual framework of the study, the experimental design, and description of the new measurement method.

SESSION 3

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

AUTOMATED OPTICAL METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FACE CHECK DEVELOPMENT IN MAPLE-VENEERED PANELS

Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

REINVENTING THE PAPER INDUSTRY – NANO MATERIALS FROM CELLULOSE FIBERS AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR CONVENTIONAL PAPER MAKING USE OF SAWDUST IN RECYCLED ROOFING FELT TO IMPROVE BITUMEN UPTAKE

George A. Grozdits, Mark D. Gibson, and Yuri Lvov, Louisiana Tech University; Scott Robertson, Stephens Paper Company

Roofing felt paper is bitumen impregnated heavy gauge paper. The objective of our project was to increase the base paper’s ability to absorb bitumen. Fine sawdust was incorporated into the base-paper to make the paper less hydrophilic, and create a porous structure to enhance bitumen absorption. In our technology, the sawdust was layerby-layer (LbL) nanocoated with the polyelectrolytes and silica nanoparticles. Handsheets were made with a mix of 93 wt % recycled pulp and 7 % treated sawdust. Such nanocoating treatment allowed better bitumen adsorption and improved roofing felt product qualities (base paper bitumen adsorption increased by 50% and optimal dwell times in the hot bitumen impregnation process became 20% shorter.) Other results of our LbL nanocoating technology for lignocellulose fibers are increase of strength and usage of larger percentage of recycled fibers in paper making. On November 30, this technology was awarded with patent US7842162B1. Single wood microfiber coated with silica and resulted felt paper with tests water droplet on untreated (60º – spread) and LbL-treated paper (90º – vertical). This proves increased hydrophobicity and better bitumen uptake in the developed process. CLEANING AND MODIFYING WHEAT-STRAW PULPS WITH INERT GAS ULTRASONIFICATION

Levente Csoka, Asylzat Iskalieva, Bob Mbouyem Yimmou, Miklos Horvath, and Peter Takats, University of West Hungary; George A. Grozdits, Louisiana Tech University

It is possible to generate a cavitation field through at least three different methods: 1) using ultrasound frequency, 2) with high-pressure water passing through orifice plates, and 3) with hydrodynamic, spinning method. The aim is very similar in all these cases. The generated cavities are collapsing because of the different pressure distributions in the liquid medium that lead to the decomposition of the liquid. The imploded, collapsed bubbles have chemical, physical, and mechanical consequences on the dissolved or disintegrated fibrous materials. When the dimensions of the suspended particles are in mm range, the influence of ultrasonic technique can be affected with longer dwelling time, batch type process, and with inert gases, while orifice technique cannot be applied because of the dissimilar dimension. When the cavitation field is generated by using a spinning cylinder, the naturally flowing liquid can extend the contact time of the suspended fibers with the cavitation zone. The cavitation field creates very reactive chemical radicals to make this technique multifunctional. The cavitation field is a consequence of a high-shear force applied on the liquid medium. Because the formation of shear force is much faster than the liquid can travel through the channel, this technique can be an alternative way to make our digestion or separation process more effective on continuous operation.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES FOR THE INORGANIC NANOPARTICLE IMPREGNATION-TREATED KENAF BAST FIBERS FOR POLYMER COMPOSITES Sheldon Q. Shi, Jinshu Shi, Kaiwen Liang, and Jinwu Wang, Mississippi State University

The objective of this research is to evaluate the surface characteristics of inorganic nanoparticle impregnation treated kenaf bast fibers. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus, L.) stalks are gone through alkali-retting process to obtain bast fibers using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Inorganic nanoparticle impregnation from the in situ process is used for the fiber treatment. From the previous study, the natural fibers treated from the inorganic nanoparticles generated from two different ionic salts, CaCl2 and Na2CO3 showed a significant improvement on the physical and mechanical properties of the resulted fiber reinforced polymer composites. The impregnated inorganic nanoparticles may change the surface characteristics of the natural fibers to improve the interfacial compatibility between the fiber and polymer matrix. In this study, the surface functional groups of the treated fibers are characterized using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. Hydroxyl numbers of the fiber are measured in order to evaluate the hydrophobicity changes from the inorganic nanoparticle impregnation treatment of the fibers. The fiber surface characteristics are analyzed through the contact angle analysis technique. PULP AND PAPER SLUDGE POTENTIAL AS A RESIN CONTENT-REDUCING AGENT AND FORMALDEHYDE SCAVENGER IN MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD

Sebastien Migneault, Université Laval; Ahmed Koubaa, Universite du Quebec en Abitibi–Temiscamingue; Bernard Riedl and Hamid Nadji, Université Laval; James Deng and Tony Zhang, FPInnovations

Sludge from pulp and paper mills have natural adhesive properties. The primary sludge (PS, contains fibers) and secondary sludge (SS, contains proteins) could also be suitable for manufacturing medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Protein in SS may react with formaldehyde (HCHO) and as an additive in urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins it can reduce formaldehyde emission. Thus SS was the focus of the present study. PS and SS were collected from two mills and characterized in terms of chemical composition, fiber length distribution, pH, and buffering capacity. MDF samples were processed according to an experimental design in which UF resin content was reduced from 12% to 8% and replaced by SS in the range of 5% to 15%. Gel time measurement showed high SS reactivity with UF resin. The SS reduced HCHO emissions by up to 68% compared to control panels, without compromising internal bond (IB) strength. The bonding effect of SS was lower than expected due to the high pH, thus the buffering capacity reduced UF performance. Moreover, sludge reduced bending performance. Dimensional stability was the greatest downside of sludge panels. FLATECH – MEASURING FIBER AND PARTICLE PROPERTIES NECESSARY FOR OPTIMAL PAPER RECYCLING Victor Strimbu, University of British Columbia; George A. Grozdits, Bogdan Strimbu, and Mark D. Gibson, Louisiana Tech University

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

The Louisiana Tech Fiber Characterization “FlaTech” System, while extremely inexpensive, can indentify fiber shape, fiber damage and particle distribution. These properties are important for characterization of recycled pulps and papermill residues. Pulp and Paper Manufacturing ranked as the number four industry in the 1960-70’s. Today, in the 21st century due to technology developments and subsequent societal changes, the management and technological leadership of the paper industry talks about reinventing the paper industry. The changes involve recycling and specialty products, like construction papers, microwavable food containers and so called “smart papers” that conduct electricity, have magnetic properties, and specific packing densities or porosity. Utilization of recycled pulp and paper residues into new products requires detailed fiber supply characterization. The shape, particle surface roughness and extent of whole fiber damages need to be monitored. Currently commercial instrumentation is expensive and measures fiber length only. It does not satisfactorily answer questions about fiber shape, fines distribution and pulp fiber-species identification. At the School of Forestry, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, we developed a simple, inexpensive computerized system for recycled fiber and biomass fiber residue characterization. The system uses simple software to digitize images of fibers and particles and calculates average fiber and particle sizes and shapes and their distribution. The digitized images are obtained with a high resolution digital camera of a smeared fiber-slurry on a microscope slide and stored in a computer. The software produces from these digital images a 1-page quality control report along with the images of the particles or fibers or particles measured.

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Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor)

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD FORESTRY CENTER

Gary Hartshorn, President and CEO, World Forestry Center, Portland, OR

WFC’s mission is to educate people about the importance of forests and sustainable forestry. WFC’s educational programming reaches out to all ages featuring demonstration tree farms, special events, an international fellowship program, and the award-winning Discovery Museum. The latter was fully renovated in 2005 with over 100 new exhibits, of which two-thirds focus on the Pacific Northwest while the remaining one-third address global forestry issues.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

GENERAL SESSION

SOMETHING NEW UNDER THE SUN? THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF MANAGED FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCTS IN GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Cassie Phillips, Vice President, Sustainable Forestry, Weyerhaeuser Company, Federal Way, WA

Foresters have a love-hate relationship with the concept of sustainable development. On the one hand, they are proud of sustainable forestry as a desirable land use because it keeps land in a semi-natural state valued by the public, produces products essential to everyday life, and pays for itself to boot (ideally, anyway). On the other hand, they chafe at changing public values about what development is sustainable, as reflected in government regulation and, increasingly, demands from the marketplace. This talk will look at the strategic role of managed forests and forest products in global sustainable development, touching briefly on history, turning to the current debate, and looking at future opportunities. REGIONAL SUSTAINABILITY MODEL

Martin Goebel, Founder and President, Sustainable Northwest, Portland, OR

Sustainable Northwest works to revitalize and sustain rural, forest-dependent communities through collaborative restoration and market-based conservation. Our programs range from partnerships that develop market connections for wood products with a commitment to environment and community and promote balanced conservation-based approaches to the ecological and economic problems facing the West to a for profit distribution business with goods sourced from sustainably managed forests and family owned mills. By bringing together cutting-edge innovation, urban investment, and the West’s forestry workforce, Sustainable Northwest is helping to forge a new forest economy through diverse enterprises, jobs in forest restoration, and improved regional markets for sustainably produced forest products. NON-RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION, PARTNERSHIP MODEL

Dwight Yochim, National Director, WoodWorks, Vancouver, BC and Tacoma, WA

During this session, Dwight Yochim, RPF, will review how partnerships with the forest products industry and the associations they support lead to the success of a three-year pilot project that managed to increase wood products sales in the non-residential market in seven states by over $200 million. In addition, he will give an overview of plans to expand the program to 48 states with a focus on multiple building conversions such as franchises, schools, mid-rise multi-family, and other building types.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts SHAPING THE FUTURE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS SOCIETY Barry Goodell, FPS President

In 2010, the Forest Products Society embarked on a Visioning and Strategic Planning Process to shape the future of the organization. Listening sessions were held to evaluate the Society’s Vision and Mission and to assess opportunities and challenges facing the organization and the members it serves. Based on these sessions and other feedback gathered through social media, surveys and personal communication, a new Vision, Mission and Strategic Advancement Statement was developed and further refined with additional input from a broad cross-section of the members. This statement reflects a future Society that focuses broadly on wood and renewable materials and projects FPS as a more internationally active and engaged organization that coordinates with other global organizations to have greater impact on shaping public opinion and natural resources policy. Along with adopting the new Vision and Mission, the FPS Executive Board is presenting options for a possible change to the name of the organization that better fits the new Vision and Mission and that will best position FPS to attract new members and rebuild a more vibrant Society.

SESSION 4

Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

BIO-BASED AND ENVIRONMENTALLY APPEALING WOOD ADHESIVES Tannin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesives from Mountain Pine Beetle-Infested Lodgepole Pine Barks Ning Yan, University of Toronto; Martin Feng, FPInnovations; Yong Zhao, University of Toronto

In this study, tannin extracts were obtained from mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)-infested lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) barks. Phenol-formaldehyde resins containing tannin extracts were prepared under various conditions. The molecular characteristics and structure of tannin extracts were examined by MALDI-TOF and FTIR. The activation energy, curing kinetics, post-curing thermal stability, and bondability of the beetle-infested bark-derived tannin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesives were characterized by DSC, TGA, and lap shear tests, respectively. It was found that tannin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesives exhibit comparable curing behavior, post-curing thermal stability, and bondability to a commercial PF resin. It suggested that tannin extracts obtained from the beetle-infested barks are suitable to be used for partial replacement of petroleum-based phenol in making PF resins. DEMETHYLATION OF LIGNIN TO IMPROVE ITS REACTIVITY AS A PHENOL SUBSTITUTE IN PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN SYNTHESIS Hui Pan, LSU AgCenter; Lihong Hu, Chinese Academy of Forestry

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Lignin is the second most abundant natural organic polymer after cellulose, comprising roughly 20% of the total mass of the planet’s biosphere. Between 40 and 50 million tons of lignin per annum are produced worldwide as a mostly non-commercialized waste product from the pulp and paper industry. As a low value waste, it has mainly been used as an energy source and less than 5% of the world’s supply has been used for other purposes. Wood lignin is of special interest to the forest products industry because these compounds represent the largest pool of phenolic compounds on earth. The greatest interest in these compounds centers on the substitution of phenol in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin synthesis. However, the lower reactivity of lignin toward formaldehyde than phenol is the significant hurdle that has prevented widespread commercialization of lignin-based wood adhesives. The low reactivity of lignin is directly related to its chemical structure. Most bonding sites for a phenol-formaldehyde resin are not available in lignin. Demethylation of lignin results in a catechol formation and it is well-known that catechol is more reactive than phenol. The catechol formation also provides additional binding sites on the lignin needed for the polymerization of PF resins. The purpose of this study was to demethylate and cleave the ether bonds in wood lignin under mild reaction conditions. The demethylation of lignin was achieved through a nucleophilic substitution reaction using an odorless thiol reagent.

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Chanchan Wang and Jianping Wu, Department of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science (Edmonton, Canada)

Due to concerns over environment and sustainability, thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s increasing interest in developing bio-products from renewable biomass. The use of protein for adhesive is well-documented in literature to reduce the impact caused by formaldehyde and toxic compounds. Nevertheless, that could be released from protein-based adhesive. Spenthens, at an amount of over 100 million birds annually in North America, are seen as a by-product or a waste of the egg industry. It is well-known that sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), urea, and sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) are good denaturation agents of protein. The objective of this research was to investigate the adhesive and waterresistance properties of spent-hen protein isolates (SHPI) modified by different denaturation agents and used on hardwoods. The effects of agents concentration, SHPI concentration, and curing conditions were examined. The results indicated that all the agents had significant effects on the extent of protein unfolding and, consequently, on adhesive properties. Modification by denaturation agents resulted in an unfolded and loose protein conformation, which improved the shear strength. The adhesive performance was also affected by SHPI concentration and curing conditions, such as press temperature and press time. The shear strength of specimens after water soaking was also enhanced.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

EFFECT OF DENATURATION AGENTS ON PROPERTIES OF SPENT-HEN PROTEIN FOR USE AS WOOD ADHESIVE

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BAGASSE HEMICELLULOSES BY HOT-COMPRESSED WATER (HCW) TREATMENT AND MEMBRANE FILTRATION El Barbary Hassan, Badamkhand Sukhbaatar, Khaled El-Tahlawy, Moon Kim, and Phillip H. Steele, Mississippi State University

Developing optimum treatment and separation procedures for hemicellulose components of lignocellulosic biomass is desired for low-cost ethanol and valuable biopolymer preparations. Bagasse sugar analyses indicate that xylose was the major hemicelluloses with a yield 20.67% of the total bagasse weight. In this study, the effects of HCW treatment conditions (pressure, time, temperature, and acid catalyst) on the yield of extracted hemicelluloses were examined. More than 69% of bagasse xylose was isolated at the optimum treatment conditions. Isolation and purification of hemicelluloses from bagasse hydrolysate was performed using the Alfa Laval M20 membrane filtration system. Separations of hemicelluloses were carried out in two steps: 1) concentration of high molar mass hemicelluloses by ultrafiltration; and 2) separation of low molar mass hemicelluloses from monomeric sugars using ultrafiltration membranes. The retained hemicelluloses were purified by diafiltration. Isolated sugars were characterized by FT-IR, 13C-NMR, and GPC. FORCED CAPILLARY RISE FOR THERMODYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE TENSION AND DYNAMIC CONTACT ANGLE OF BIOFIBERS Jinwu Wang and Sheldon Q. Shi, Mississippi State University

Currently, column wicking and Washburn equation have been used to measure contact angles of powdered materials or short fibers. However, spontaneous imbibition is not achieved in many cases, even when the wetting angle is lower than 900. The objective of this research is to develop a unit and a set of calculation procedures to measure contact angles and surface energies using both spontaneous and non-spontaneous imbibitions of liquids into powders or fibers. First, the equivalence between the height-time and weight-time experiments has been carried out based on the spontaneous imbibition of liquids into porous or powdered solids and fibers. The deduction of the surface free energy of these solids was performed by analysis of the experimental data obtained as absorbed weight versus time and rising height versus time. Second, the equivalence between spontaneous imbibitions and forced imbibitions has been carried out with common known surface energy probe liquids such as water and hexane. Third, non-spontaneous imbibing liquids are used to measure the surface energy components. The particles from surface treated or untreated kenaf fiber have been used as model powders.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts SESSION 5

Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR WOOD PRODUCTS USED IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS – LUMBER AND GLULAM (CONTINUED) THE RESULTS OF THE ALASKA INGRADE TESTING PROGRAM

Allen M. Brackley and Valarie A. Barber, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station

Prior to 2005, softwood lumber produced in Alaska had to be graded in accordance with one of the then-existing species combinations recognized by the American Lumber Standards Committee. Hemlock from Alaska, depending upon the location of harvest, could have been graded as “Hem-Fir,” “Mountain Hemlock,” or “Mountain Hemlock Hem Fir.” Alaska spruces could be graded and marked SPFs (Spruce-Pine-Fir South). Any of the hemlocks or spruces could also be graded in accordance with the groupings for “West Woods” or “White Woods.” The strength values of these groups or combinations, however, are limited by the strength of the weakest pieces in the combination. The Alaska In-grade Testing program was conducted during the period of 2000 to 2006 so that dimension lumber from each Alaska species would have a distinctive grade stamp to differentiate its unique properties. Under the new grading rules, the strength values for designed uses are based upon those of the Alaska species and are, in some cases, superior to the previous species combinations. These values have the potential to create new markets and improved utilization of Alaska softwood lumber. INVESTIGATION OF THROUGH-TENON KEYS ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF MORTISE-ANDTENON JOINTS Lance D. Shields and Daniel P. Hindman, Virginia Tech

Many timber-frame structures are constructed with pegged mortise-and-tenon joints. Obtaining adequate tension capacity is difficult when joining timbers since connections are located at member ends where connection strength is limited by reduced cross-sections and shear area. A common variant of mortise-and-tenon joints are keyed (wedged) through-tenon joints. Keyed through mortise-and-tenon joints eliminate cross-grain tension by using wooden keys (wedges) to act in double shear that bear against the backside of the mortised member unlike pegs that bear within the mortised member generating cross-grain tension in the mortise wall fibers. Protruding tenons also allow elimination of parallel-to-grain tenon shear (relish) through flexibility of tenon-length sizing. Currently, there is little research on keyed through mortiseand-tenon joints. This project measured the strength and mechanical behavior of keyed through mortise-and-tenon joints and predicted the strength of these connections. Experimental testing of 6x8 keyed through tenon joints examined both white oak and Douglas fir species, one and two keys, and tenon lengths of 4 and 11 inches. A model considering the European Yield Theory and others using mechanics were developed for different possible failure modes. Material property tests including shear parallel-to-grain, tension parallel-to-grain, bearing parallel and perpendicular-to-grain, bending, moisture content, and specific gravity were performed. A set of C/T (calculated value/tested value) ratios were used to compare experimental (tested) and model predicted results. Results will include strength and stiffness comparisons between joints of similar species and details and comparisons between tested joint strength and model predicted joint strength. This research will provide knowledge on the design of keyed through-mortise-and-tenon joints. APPLICABILITY OF EUROPEAN STANDARDS FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBER ON SCOTS PINE ROUND TIMBER 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Geir I. Vestøl and Olav A. Høibø, Norwegian University of Life Sciences

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Finding new applications of Scots Pine that does not fulfill the requirements of sawlogs is an important issue in parts of Norway where Scots Pine comprises a substantial part of the timber production. One proposal is to increase the use of round Scots Pine timber in structural frameworks. This belongs to a long tradition, and it can be seen from old buildings that slender beams of relatively poor quality have been used. In order to resume the use of round timber in structural frameworks, it is required to use standardized methods to determine characteristic values of density and mechanical properties. The available European standards are mainly based on data from rectangular-sawn timber, and the applicability on round timber has to be studied. Density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and bending strength were tested on 533 logs with diameter from 75 mm to 250 mm. The logs were sampled from 150 trees from 10 sites in southern

SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER AT SUBFREEZING TEMPERATURES

Michael Berry, Montana State University; Garrett Drake, Thomas Dean & Hoskins, Inc.; Jerry Stephens, Montana State University

This paper presents the results of an experimental study performed at the Montana State University Subzero Science and Engineering Research Facility that evaluated the effects of subfreezing temperatures and moisture content on shear strength of glulam beams. Full-scale destructive tests were performed in accordance with ASTM D 198 (Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes) and ASTM D 3733 (Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber). Tests were performed on 3⅛-by-9inch Douglas-fir glulam beams at temperatures of 20°C, 0°C, and -40°C in combination with moisture contents of approximately 12% and 28%. For the beams with 12% moisture content, a linear trend of increasing strength with decreasing temperatures was evident for temperatures between 20°C and -40°C. For the beams with 28% moisture content, a strength increase with decreasing temperature was evident between 20°C and 0°C; however, the strength nominally decreased from 0°C to -40°C. Further, the high-moisture content beams had lower capacities than the low-moisture content beams at all three temperatures.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

Norway. The results showed high values of bending strength, even for logs with poor visual quality, and MOE was the overall limiting factor for strength classification. The results indicate that modulus of elasticity can be corrected for moisture content and bending strength can be corrected for depth as described by European standard. Contrary to European standard, the results indicate that bending strength should be corrected for moisture content as well.

BENDING PROPERTIES OF EUCALYPTUS GLULAM FROM URUGUAYAN FAST-GROWN PLANTATIONS

Laura Moya and María Fernanda Laguarda, University ORT Uruguay; Hugo O’Neill and Sebastián Quagliotti, Uruguayan Technology Laboratory

Uruguay has no tradition in timber construction mainly due to shortage and quality of locally produced timber. In the last 20 years, Uruguay has run a program to increase forested areas and now has a considerable amount of wood supply. In this context, the use of wood and engineered-wood products as construction materials compels attention and holds great opportunity. Eucalyptus grandis is one of the most important renewable species cultivated in Uruguay. Initially, Eucalyptus was planted for cellulose and energy, having growth rates of 30 m3/ha/year. It is generally believed that fast-grown wood shows lower physical and mechanical properties compared to typically grown wood. An efficient utilization of this wood includes the production of engineered wood products. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using fast-grown Uruguayan Eucalyptus grandis for glulam. Ten six-layered glulam with symmetrical lay-up were produced. Prior to beam manufacture, 60 lamellas were classified in three classes according to their dynamic MOE, and distributed within the beam in function of its stiffness and according to an efficient beam design. Bending properties of glulam were determined in accordance to ASTM D 198. Mean values of MOR and MOE exceed 34 MPa and 12 GPa, respectively. The study also established a prediction model for bending MOE of glulam using the transformed section method. Predicted values were compared with those from full-scale four-point bending tests. Comparisons with experimental MOE showed that MOE of glulam was adequately predicted with deviation of 10-25% compared with observed MOE. These results suggest that fast-grown Uruguayan Eucalyptus grandis is a capable alternative for glulam production. We expect Uruguayan companies to increasingly place an emphasis on producing engineered-wood products from fast-grown species.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts SESSION 6

Morrison Room (1st Floor)

CHANGES IN FORESTRY’S MANAGEMENT OF SOFTWOOD SPECIES AND THE EFFECTS ON LUMBER QUALITY OF DOUGLAS-FIR LUMBER FROM THINNINGS DESIGNED TO IMPROVE HABITAT FOR ENDANGERED SPECIES Dennis P. Dykstra, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station

Much of the Siuslaw National Forest in Oregon was clearcut and replanted to Douglas-fir during the middle of the 20th Century, with the result that the forest exhibits little diversity with respect to age, species, and structure. To improve habitat for old-growth-dependent wildlife species such as the northern spotted owl and marbled murrelet, an aggressive thinning program is being undertaken in an effort to promote rapid development of late-seral-stage conditions. At the same time, forest managers need to know what affect this might have on timber quality and how this could influence the revenues to be expected from the thinnings. This presentation reports on results from simulated sawing of logs from three sites on the forest where trees have been thinned to two stocking levels. A total of 66 trees were selected on the three sites for the wood-quality evaluation. These trees were felled as part of the thinning operation, cut into woods-length logs, and cable-yarded to landings. A thorough stem analysis was performed on each woods-length log, with every knot or other potential defect being measured and located on the log in three-dimensional coordinates. The resulting data were then processed with Autosaw, a sawing simulator, to estimate both lumber quantity and quality. Lumber grades were assigned based on WWPA rules for dimension and one-inch lumber. Product prices and anticipated revenues from the thinnings were then estimated and compared for the different thinning regimes tested. IDENTIFICATION OF THE MOST REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING HEIGHT FOR THE ESTIMATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN LOBLOLLY PINE Finto Antony, Laurence R. Schimleck, and Richard F. Daniels, University of Georgia

The nondestructive estimation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) wood properties is conventionally based on increment cores collected at breast height (1.37 m or 4.5 ft). Breast height is used because of ease of sampling; however, other heights may better represent the whole tree. In this study, the efficacy of breast-height cores to represent whole-tree variation in moisture content and specific gravity was examined using wood disks collected at different height levels from felled loblolly pine trees growing in six physiographic regions in the southeastern United States, the natural growing range of loblolly pine. The most representative sampling height for whole tree-specific gravity and moisture content was identified based on the relationship between volume weighted whole tree-specific gravity and moisture content with measurements of these properties for disks collected at different tree heights. MODELING MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF SCOTS PINE ROUND TIMBER Olav A. Høibø and Geir I. Vestøl, Norwegian University of Life Sciences

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) is the second most important species for the wood working industry in Norway. Still, it is desirable to find new applications for this species, particularly for the small-diameter logs. Old buildings reveal that slender round timber of poor quality has been used as load-bearing members. Today, the mechanical properties have to be estimated properly to enable such wood to be used as structural timber. Recovery from the forest wood chain is directly influenced by how different qualities of logs are used. Carrying out sorting early in the conversion chain could be a good option in order to achieve more optimal utilization. Models that enable such pre-sorting therefore are desirable. Five-hundred and thirty-three logs from 150 trees were sampled from 10 stands with different site indices and altitudes in southern Norway. Models using different stand and tree characteristics were developed to predict MOE and MOR. The MOR models were compared with a model including MOE alone and a model including both MOE and different tree characteristics. The study showed that it may be a good option to combine different tree and stand characteristics with a device that enables MOE to be measured. In addition to MOE, diameter at breast height and mean annual ring width at breast height were the variables that reduced the MOR residual variance most. The study also showed that it is possible to perform a coarse sorting by simple stand and single tree characteristics.

R. Daniel Seale, P. David Jones, Rubin Shmulsky, and Joseph Dahlen, Mississippi State University

A significant current issue within the softwood lumber production community is the impact of raw material resource changes on the strength of finished lumber products. To adequately address the issue, testing of finished lumber is required and the marking of each piece with growth characteristics such as rings per inch, the presence of pith, density are necessary. More than one-thousand individual pieces of lumber were examined for growth characteristics and subsequently tested destructively in the Department of Forest Products, Forest and Wildlife and Research Center at Mississippi State University in accordance with ASTM D198 Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes using a depth to span ratio of 1:21. Design values can be determined using parametric or non-parametric analysis, but for lumber they are usually calculated using non-parametric analysis according to the procedures outlined in ASTM D2915 Standard Practice for Evaluating Allowable Properties for Grades of Structural Lumber. A software tool has been written in Visual Basic that stores data in a Microsoft Access database and allows the user to select growth parameters and determine the resultant impact on lumber design values using both methods of design value estimation.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

A TOOL FOR ASSESSING STRENGTH VALUES OF SOFTWOOD LUMBER THAT HAS BEEN DESTRUCTIVELY TESTED TO HELP ADJUST MORPHOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN VALUES

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SOLAR / DEHUMIDIFICATION HYBRID TIMBER DRYING Sita R. Millar (Warren), Forest Product Processing Consultant; Marcus Zeller, BC Hydro Power Smart, Technology & Innovation; Mike Sprague, MSprague Inc.; Chris Luke, Southcoast Millwork Ltd.

Dehumidification drying of wood products offers great improvements in energy efficiency relative to conventional dry kilns and has found a niche in hardwood drying, at low temperatures relative to softwood drying. Higher temperature heat pump-working fluids promise to extend dehumidification drying to the higher temperatures used in softwood dimension lumber drying.The disadvantage of dehumidification is its use of electrical energy rather than lower-cost fuels (e.g., wood waste and natural gas) while still needing direct firing or steam heat to bring the kiln and its charge up to the temperature level where the dehumidification heat pump is effective and efficient. On the other hand, solar drying had found limited application in wood product manufacture due to the unpredictable and longer drying times inherent in the diurnal, seasonal, and meteorological variability of solar irradiance and the low temperature achievable with affordable solar collectors. This paper reports recent work on the potential for combining solar collectors and dehumidification to simplify and further improve the energy efficiency of wood product drying. It includes a survey of solar energy technology applicable to lumber drying, identifies suitable applications for combined solar and dehumidification drying of wood products, identifies and assesses alternative hybrid solar/dehumidification approaches for these applications, and provides an economic assessment of hybrid solar/dehumidification lumber drying in British Columbia.

SESSION 7

Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

CURRENT TOPICS IN FOREST PRODUCTS MARKETING RESEARCH IDENTIFYING THE RELEVANCE OF â&#x20AC;&#x153;FAMILY FORESTâ&#x20AC;? WOOD PRODUCT ORIGIN FOR BUILDING PROFESSIONALS IN OREGON Rebecca Hamner and Christopher D. Knowles, Oregon State University

The forest products industry is heavily influenced by family ownership all along the value chain. While family ownership affects each link of the forest products value chain, there has been little research into the relevance of family ownership to building professionals. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate that relevance for industrial customers and specifiers in Oregon. Paper-based questionnaires were sent to 2,174 architects, contractors, and homebuilders in Oregon, selected using systematic sampling from a purchased mailing list. Conjoint analysis was employed with softwood lumber as the product, and price, wood origin, and environmental certification as three features, each with three levels. SPSS software was used to generate nine alternatives that respondents ranked based

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts on preference. Demographic information was also collected for further comparison among respondents. The adjusted response rate for the survey was approximately 25%. This presentation will provide an overview of Oregon industrial customer and specifier preferences for wood products with family origin and recommendations regarding targeting customer segments that prefer wood of family origin. WHO WILL VERIFY COMPLIANCE WITH GREEN BUILDING CODES, STANDARDS, AND RATING SYSTEMS? David S. Gromala, ICC Evaluation Service, LLC

Manufacturers are increasingly faced with questions related to the sustainability or “green” features of their company, their processes, and their products. These questions have proven to be difficult to answer, primarily due to the widely differing opinions regarding what “sustainable” actually means. For buildings and building products, the LEED rating system, promulgated by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), provided some clarity. Over the past decade, other rating systems (Green Globes, ICC-700, and others) have been developed. These rating systems form the basis of most of today’s “green” claims in the U.S. As we enter 2011, these voluntary rating systems are being supplemented by mandatory green building codes. The California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen 2010) has been mandatory in California since January 1 of this year. The International Green Construction Code (IgCC) has completed its public review process and is poised for final approval later this year. As these codes are adopted by jurisdictions throughout the country, tough questions will arise. How will claims be verified? Who will aggregate product-specific data to determine whether an entire building does or does not meet the code requirements? This paper will provide examples of how these questions are being answered as of June, 2011. It will focus on the mandatory green codes – CALGreen and IgCC – and on the processes that ICC-ES is using within its SAVE (Sustainability Attribute Verification and Evaluation) Program to provide product-related information that will be used in the code compliance evaluation process. EXPERT PERSPECTIVES FROM THE U.K. AND GERMANY ON THE USE OF WOOD IN THE GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT Lei Wang, Anne Toppinen, and Heikki Juslin, University of Helsinki

Wood as a renewable construction material has high environmental credentials as compared to e.g. cement and steel. This exploratory study examines the perceptions and expectations of construction experts in Europe with regards to the use of wood in the contribution to sustainable/green construction. The data was collected by interviewing 63 professionals in the U.K. and German construction sectors in 2006 and analyzing sectoral development after that. Based on the experts’ perspectives, this study has several findings and suggestions for the future. Most importantly, wood is recognized as one of the most competitive materials in construction in general and interior design. Environmental friendliness, workability, and improvable technical characteristics (such as consistent quality, durability, and strength) are the main advantages of wood in sustainable construction. Technically, construction methods are moving from traditional on-site construction to sustainable off-site manufacturing and wood products should be adapted to the modern methods of construction. While there appears to be increasing demand for environmentally friendly building products, development of building standards and design of sustainable construction solutions are lagging behind. In the future, the experts believed that the use of wood in structural end-uses will increase (such as standard solid timber, value-added solid timber, and gluelam) as the use of non-renewable substitutes decreases. In conclusion, more innovative approaches are urgently needed in the use of wood in construction, where perceived gaps are, for example, in functional performance in the final end-use of products, in advancing further processing technology, and in improving core product characteristics. 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

WOODWORKS: A PILOT INITIATIVE TO EXPAND STRUCTURAL WOOD SHARE IN THE COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION MARKET Dwight Yochim, WoodWorks

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In single-family, residential construction, wood represents roughly 90% of structural materials. In contrast, structural wood materials share only 10% to 12% of the commercial construction market. In 2006, executives from the major North American wood associations, Forintek, and the USDA Forest Products Laboratory began to examine the commercial market for wood and formulate a plan to gain a greater market share for wood materials. This concerted effort led to the creation of the Wood Products Council and with funding, a pilot marketing initiative, known as WoodWorks, was

WOOD AND HEALTH IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

David Fell, FPInnovations; Robert Kozak, University of British Columbia

In this study, the stress-reducing effects of wood and plants were studied in the built environment. This study took a psychophysiological approach to stress and attempted to assess the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Four office environments were studied in this factorial design: 1) wood and plants, 2) wood and no plants, 3) no wood and plants, and 4) no wood and no plants. One-hundred and nineteen university undergraduate students were assigned to one of four test conditions. Skin conductance and inter beat interval were continuously monitored throughout the experiment. The experiment consisted of a 10-minute baseline period, a 14-18-minute stressful task, and a 10-minute recovery period. Wood effects were found with respect to skin conductance level (SCL) and frequency of non-specific skin conductance responses (F-NS-SCR), both indicators of sympathetic system activation. Subjects exposed to wood had lower SCL in the baseline period and fewer F-NSSCRs in all periods of the study. No plant effect was found with respect to sympathetic activation. Further, there was no evidence of wood-plant interactions. Spectral analysis of HRV data was used to measure parasympathetic activation. No treatment effects were found with respect to parasympathetic activation. This study provides evidence that wood provides stress-reducing effects similar to the well-studied effect of exposure to nature in the field of environmental psychology. The practical implication of this effect is that wood may be applied indoors to provide stress reduction as a part of the evidence-based and biophilic designs of hospitals, offices, schools, and other built environments. From a marketing perspective, health is a new attribute on which wood may be positioned.

SESSION 8

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

launched in seven states. This presentation will provide: 1) Historical perspective on wood usage in commercial construction; 2) Results of market research conducted with architects and engineers regarding wood preferences; 3) Background on the formation of the WoodWorks initiative; 4) Perspective on how and why the WoodWorks pilot project compares/contrasts with other wood trade association promotional efforts; 5) Overview of WoodWorks programs, services, and operational principles; 6) Sample of a WoodWorks program; 7) Overview of results from outside audit of WoodWorks accomplishments; 8) View of future WoodWorks goals; and 9) Invitation for wood research ideas and connections. The Wood Products Council has created a viable and relatively successful “blueprint” to increase structural wood share in the commercial construction sector during a time of declining construction spending.

Weidler / Halsey Ballroom (1st Floor)

SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF TROPICAL HARDWOODS DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTURING CODES OF PRACTICE IN GUYANA TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABILITY

Jan K. Wiedenbeck, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; Mike Higgs (reitred), USDA Forest Service

Historically, Guyana’s forest sector has provided both the world and its domestic markets with highly prized woods that are second to none in species, sizes, and quality. These high-value woods come from a wood processing subsector that ranges from highly sophisticated to very basic in technology, policy, and training. Today, however, global environmentalism, evolving technology, and the country’s own forestry goals, collectively challenge Guyana’s stature as a credible source for efficiently processed products from sustainably managed forests. Policies and procedures all across the forestry sector provide ample opportunity for improvements, but especially within the wood processing subsector. Readily achievable efficiency gains are expected to increase product-per-tree-harvested volumetric recovery ratios by as much as 25%. A cooperatively developed, collaboratively implemented, credible Code of Practice for Wood Processing, supported by adequate sector-wide training and capacity building, offers an opportunity for capturing this improvement potential. Key opportunity areas include: 1) merchandising of all delivered stem/log lengths; 2) end coating of stem, log, and sawn products; 3) establishment of comprehensive and logical trim allowance standards; 4) elimination of handling damage; 5) training on species-based differences in machining, drying, defects, and markets; 6) sizing accuracy; 7) revision of lumber grade and size standards to better

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts match species characteristics with end use; 8) training on wood-water relationships with emphasis on the air drying of lumber; and 9) training on the utility of unsound logs and mill residues. VALUE ADDITION TO WOOD RESOURCES: THE CASE OF GARDEN FURNITURE PRODUCTION AND EXPORT IN GHANA – STUDY OF A LOCAL GHANAIAN FIRM Kwasi Frimpong-Mensah, Department of Wood Science & Technology-KNUST (Kumasi, Ghana); Peter Kessels Dadzie, Department of Furniture Design & Production, Kumasi Polytechnic (Kumasi,Ghana)

In this study, the export values, volumes, production cost, and incomes of garden furniture were assessed in a Ghanaian local industry from the year 2003 to 2005. The objective was to ascertain whether it is economically viable to produce garden furniture for export. The study finds out the export values and volumes and applies them on the production cost and the recovery rate of converting kiln-dried lumber to furniture, to analyze the profitability of the production process. In-factory study, observations, and interviews were undertaken, both in the company and some specific identified organizations. Results revealed that the average recovery rate of converting kiln-dried lumber to garden furniture at the factory was about 59.07%. The total product cost of 1m3 of garden furniture, in general, ranged between €1,750.805 and €2,007.051. However, each cubic meter of garden furniture yields additional incomes in the range of €66.077 to €344.414 over the value of lumber used. It was recommended that converting lumber to garden furniture in Ghana for export is profitable. Therefore, value addition to Ghanaian wood resources, especially for garden furniture production and export, should be encouraged as one economic decision toward their sustainable utilization, and also for high revenue and employment generation. Furthermore, Odum (Milicia excelsa), Mixed Redwood {Utile-Entandopgragma utile; Makore-Tieghemella heckelii; Edinam-Entandophragma angolese; Quarea-Quarea spp. amongst others}; and Teak (Tectona grandis) are priority species in the garden furniture export trade. Thus, planting of these wood species should be expanded. CAOBA (MAHOGANY) HARVESTS IN PERU AND EFFORTS TO IMPOSE YIELD-BASED REGULATION OF LUMBER PRODUCTION Jan K. Wiedenbeck, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; Pavel Bermudez, Peru Forest Sector Initiative (Lima, Peru); David Sonderman (retired), USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

In Peru, the harvest and conversion of bigleaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), known locally as caoba, has become the subject of considerable interest and some controversy since the 2009 enactment of the bilateral Trade Promotion Agreement between the United States and Peru. As recently as 2005, it was estimated that 70 to 90% of mahogany exports were from illegal sources. In the absence of a comprehensive system for tracing legal timber from forest to port, the export of mahogany lumber is being controlled based on estimates of the average lumber yield percent that may be obtained from mahogany trees approved for harvest. The governing yield percent for export grade lumber in use today (26%) was based on limited studies conducted in other countries. Mahogany can have very large limbs and buttresses that may yield significant amounts of merchantable lumber. It also can have substantial amounts of heart rot. These attributes create high variability in the yield potential of different trees and substantial debate in discussions surrounding the use of a single yield factor for controlling the amounts of mahogany lumber that a given forest concession holder can export annually. If the yield factor allows for higher amounts of lumber than a given concession can obtain from the trees in their annual harvest allotment, a temptation exists to add illegally sourced lumber to reach the quota. If the yield factor indicates a lower lumber volume than the concession can obtain based on its harvesting and milling technologies, the concession holder may decide to leave tree sections that could yield lumber (e.g., branches) in the woods so they don’t fulfill their lumber quota before all trees that have been approved in the annual plan have been harvested and sawn. In both instances, the yield-based control system may introduce practices that hinder the sustainability of the species. TAPPING OF PILI (CANARIUM OVATUM ENGL.) FOR SUSTAINED RESIN YIELD

Arsenio B. Ella, Forest Products Research & Development Institute, (College, Laguna, Philippines)

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This study is a combination of R&D and techno-transfer activities on the improved tapping of pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) in the Bicol Region. The effect of tapping length, ethylene concentration, and rainfall on resin yield was determined by tapping 36 pili trees growing in Barangay Calomagon, Bulan, Sorsogon. The study used three tapping lengths (15 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm) at the same width (2 cm) and same depth (enough not to reach the cambium) and

COMPARATIVE STRENGTH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF YEMANE (GMELINA ARBOREA ROXB) COPPICE AND PLANTED STAND

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

four levels of ethylene application: 0%; 0.5%; 1.5%; and 2.5%. Retapping after the weekly resin harvest was done immediately above the previous cut. Each treatment was replicated thrice. Increasing tapping length increased resin yield, with 30 cm giving the highest yield. Ethrel concentration likewise affected resin yield, which was highest at 2.5%, while monthly rainfall did not. The development of Canarium resin tapping as an alternative source of livelihood option for farmers and pili growers will rely on the following identified strengths: 1) supply of resin is expected to be plenty as evidenced by the tremendous number of Canarium trees growing in the area and resin yield collected in this study following FPRDI tapping techniques; and 2) concerned farmers and pili growers have been trained on proper methods of Canarium resin tapping. Further, resin yield of trees with ethrel application increase by 37.5%, thus additional revenue income for farmers and resin tappers. The farmers’ active participation in the seminar/training were evident following the correct tapping procedures. The technology’s adaptability may indicate a bright and sustainable Canarium resin production in the entire province of Sorsogon.

Marina A. Alipon and Elvina O. Bondad, Forest Products Research & Development Institute (College, Laguna, Philippines)

The strength and related properties of seven- and three-year-old first and second coppice and three-year-old planted stand of yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) were studied to generate information that could help tree farmers properly grow, harvest, and utilize yemane timber from a coppice stand. The properties also were compared to secondary data from previously tested yemane planted stands of various ages and localities. Based on FPRDI’s Guidelines for the Improved Utilization and Marketing of Tropical Species, the strength properties of the sevenyear-old yemane coppice were generally moderately low (C4) to low (C5), while relative density and shrinkage were moderately low, and moisture content above 100 %. The strength properties were lower than those of five, 10-, and 15-year-old yemane planted stands. The wood of seven- and three-year-old yemane first and second coppice, respectively, is recommended for furniture and other moderately light to light construction purposes. The diameter and stem form of the coppice might warrant applications for the recommended end uses. Hence, finger jointing or gluing may be advisable if wider boards are needed. The strength properties of three-year-old coppice were comparable to three-year-old planted stand, but the former had higher compression-perpendicular-to-grain and shear than the latter. Based on its strength and related properties, seven-year-old yemane coppice can be used for making conventional furniture, wood carving, venetian blinds, crates, and other wood products where hardness is not a critical requirement (i.e., wall board, core veneer, sash, door, and panel cores). The three-year-old coppice and planted stand should be allowed to mature more because some of its properties – although the same as the sevenyear-old’s – are still increasing. Moreover, the diameter of the tree is still small. The wood properties and timber yield of older yemane coppice stands should be investigated to ascertain their potential utilization and appropriate harvesting age or cutting cycle for higher return of investment.

SESSION 9

Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND WOOD QUALITY – WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS? THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON GROWTH RING MORPHOLOGY IN SMALLDIAMETER DOUGLAS-FIR

Carl Morrow and Thomas M. Gorman, University of Idaho; David Kretschmann, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

Non-destructive stress-wave measurements and increment cores were extracted from suppressed standing smalldiameter Douglas-fir to initiate a process for GIS mapping of wood quality in the Western United States. Variables such as tree height and growth rate proved to be useful predictors of Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (DMOE) and soil bulk density also appeared to be a significant predictor of DMOE. The working hypothesis of the study was that soil characteristics (especially bulk density of soil) of different sites influenced growth-ring characteristics via the

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts amount and timing of available water. Using the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) model to frame water availability, low-bulk density soils were hypothesized to provide adequate moisture for growth later in the season than high-bulk density soils, permitting increased latewood growth periods. This presentation compares tree ring morphology in trees grown on high- and low-bulk density soils as an explanation for the differences in DMOE. RELATIONSHIP OF MINERAL STAIN IN RED OAK TO GROWTH SITE VARIABLES Brian H. Bond and Lynn Resler, Virginia Tech

The presence of mineral stain in red oak reduces the value of the logs, lumber, and veneer. Despite the problems associated with mineral stains in red oak, their cause (or causes) remains largely unknown. Identification of mineral stain in trees would allow landowners, foresters, and industry to appropriately assess tree value and make better harvesting decisions. The goal of this study was to develop a method to predict the incidence of mineral stain in timber stands. The specific objectives were to: 1) characterize the presence and severity of mineral stain in red oak trees at selected study sites; 2) determine the strongest site quantity correlates of mineral stain in red oak using field samples and geospatial techniques; and 3) develop a model to predict mineral stain presence and severity using a combination of field data and readily available spatial information. Field collection of northern red oak tree samples for mineral stain measurement was conducted in West Virginia and Virginia, with four sites per state. Data collected included tree age, diameter at breast height, stand management history, basal area, species distribution, aspect, elevation, slope angle, and soil composition. Once the logs were harvested, the ends were evaluated for the presence and severity of mineral streak. The field data were then summarized using basic descriptive statistics and incorporated into a statistical model, with stain presence/ absence, and severity serving as the dependent variables to determine the most important geographic and site quality correlates of mineral stain in red oak. WOOD QUALITY MEASUREMENTS AND PERFORMANCE IMPLICATIONS FOR SECOND-GROWTH REDWOOD Stephen L. Quarles and Yana Valachovic, University of California Cooperative Extension

Redwood is a valued species for use in appearance grade applications, such as decking, exterior siding, and interior paneling, because of its dimensional stability. It is also valued for certain exterior-use applications because of its natural durability. Young-growth redwood has been rated less durable and also exhibits greater shrinkage and swelling than old-growth redwood. Differences in natural durability and dimensional stability between old-growth and younggrowth could be accounted for by changes in the extractives found in the heartwood and changes in the microfibril angle in the S2 layer of the cell wall, respectively. Differences in extractive content in the heartwood would be related to the age of the tree. The objective of this paper will be to present preliminary results of density and microfibril angle measurements made on samples obtained from second-growth redwood exhibiting different growth rates. Wood quality and performance implications will be discussed. WOOD QUALITY DIFFERENCES IN OPPOSITE WOOD, NORMAL WOOD, AND COMPRESSION WOOD IN TWO-YEAR-OLD RADIATA PINE Monika Sharma, Shakti Chauhan, Luis Apiolaza, and John Walker, University of Canterbury

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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The early selection of breeding material with the desired wood quality traits is of increasing importance in radiata pine breeding programs to increase the long-term economic gains. However, wood quality assessment in very young trees is complicated due to the random distribution of compression wood. An understanding of variation in wood quality of compression wood, opposite wood, and normal wood is necessary to evolve appropriate selection strategies. Here, wood quality differences in opposite wood, normal wood, and compression wood in two-year-old radiata pine are presented. Fifty radiata pine seedlings were grown with an artificial lean of about 30째 from the vertical. The leaning approach avoids the random distribution of compression wood as the leaning forms compression wood (CW) on the underside, opposite wood (OW) on the upper side, and normal wood (NW) on lateral sides. CW, OW, and NW samples from each of the leaning stems were extracted. The three distinct wood types were then evaluated for acoustic velocity, basic density, longitudinal shrinkage, and volumetric shrinkage. CW properties were significantly different from OW and NW. CW basic density was 60% higher and volumetric shrinkage was 44% lower as compared to OW and NW. Though the acoustic velocity in CW was about 10-12% lower than OW/NW, its longitudinal shrinkage was three times greater.

ESTIMATION OF THE WOOD PROPERTIES OF TROPICAL, SUB-TROPICAL, AND TEMPERATE PINE SPECIES USING NIR SPECTROSCOPY Laurence R. Schimleck, University of Georgia; J.L.M. Matos, Federal University of Parana

The estimation of basic density (BD), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR) for clear-wood samples obtained from several pine species (Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis and var. caribaea, P. chiapensis, P. hondurensis, P. maximinoi, P. oocarpa, P. taeda, and P. tecunumanii) using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy will be discussed. Different methodologies for collecting spectra, i.e. fiber-optic probe versus benchtop instrument, and different wood surfaces (radial versus transverse surface) will be compared. Overall, it was found that calibrations based on the benchtop instrument were superior to those obtained using the fiber-optic probe system. Difficulty with adequately representing the sample when collecting spectra using the fiber-optic probe is believed to explain the differences between the two data sets. Spectra collected from the radial and transverse faces provided similar calibration statistics. The strong calibrations obtained for spectra collected using the benchtop instrument demonstrates that it is possible to obtain general calibrations for estimating the wood properties of a number of tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate pine species.

SESSION 10

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

Between OW and NW, NW properties were slightly superior to that of OW. NW basic density was 5% higher and acoustic velocity was 4% higher than that of OW. A Pearson’s correlation analysis suggests highly significant correlation between dry acoustic velocity with longitudinal shrinkage in OW and NW. In CW, longitudinal shrinkage was significantly correlated to basic density. OW and NW properties were strongly correlated with each other. That implies that measurement of either OW or NW properties would be sufficient for ranking young trees for solid wood properties.

Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor)

WOODY BIOMASS – ECONOMICS, SUPPLY, CONVERSION TO ENERGY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THE STATUS OF DENSIFIED WOOD FUEL PROJECTS IN CALIFORNIA Gareth Mayhead and John R. Shelly, University of California Berkeley

The objective of the presentation is to identify the current status of the densified wood fuel manufacturing industry in California. Densified wood fuel includes pellets, fire logs, and bricks. California is a significant market for these products, but has limited in-state manufacturing capacity. The presentation will examine the approaches that five new projects have taken in order to enter the market at scales ranging from 2,000 tons per year to 200,000 tons per year. Many of these projects have not moved forward due to issues including lack of financing and over supply in the market. We will provide a current status report on the projects and identify future opportunities for densified wood fuels. AFFORDABLE BIO-ENERGY THROUGH ENGINEERED BIO-COAL BRIQUETTES Ravi Malhotra, Clean Coal Briquette Inc.

A new technology designed to address biomass utilization and forestry stewardship is a biomass briquette composed of woody biomass and a proprietary binder consisting of unutilized coal, such as fines, trails, and ash. The briquettes are similar to a piece of barbeque charcoal. The biomass briquettes are then sold to coal-fired power plants for electricity generation and offer the following value propositions. Wood Biomass Utilization – The briquettes are composed of 2/3 woody biomass, which will increase the utilization of woody biomass throughout the forest community. This demand utilizes biomass waste while at the same time stimulates the Forest Industry. Renewable Portfolio Standards – The biomass portion of the briquette is classified as renewable energy and will count towards Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). Reduces Carbon and Other Emissions – The briquette consists of 2/3 woody biomass, which emits significantly less CO2 and other harmful emissions. Below is an emission comparison of CCBI briquettes with coal: 1) No New Permit – As the briquette consists of coal, biomass, and NO additional

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts binders, there are no modifications required to existing regulatory and or emissions permits, if the plant is already permitted to burn coal and biomass. 2) No Capital Expenses or Process or Equipment Modifications – The briquettes behave like coal and can be fed into boilers alongside coal to achieve the biomass co-firing goals. CCBI briquettes therefore require no change to plant equipment or process. ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS SUPPLY LOGISTICS ECONOMICS IN THE UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN USING THE FUEL REDUCTION COST SIMULATOR MODEL Dalia Abbas Saleh, Michigan State University; Robert Handler, Michigan Technological University; G.C. Shivan, Karen Potter-Witter, Mike Schira, and Larry Hembroff, Michigan State University; David Shonnard, Michigan Technological University; Ajit Srivastava. Michigan State University

This paper assesses the harvesting costs associated with the supply of hardwood roundwood species for ethanol production. It is based on an updated Fuel Reduction Cost Simulator model reflecting conditions typical of Michigan and other Midwestern states from the Forest Inventory Analysis Database. Results developed looked at the species, plot size and logging conditions towards the supply of 1000,000 tons of hardwood species annually. THE PRODUCTION OF WOOD FUEL PELLETS FROM MIXTURES OF ALASKA SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK Allen M. Brackley and Daniel J. Parrent, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station

An extensive literature review failed to locate any information relative to the pelleting characteristics of hemlock species (western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana Bong.) Carr.) that grow in Alaska. To determine more about the pelletizing properties of the species, arrangements were made with the Alaska Pellet Company, a division of Logging and Milling Associates in Delta Junction, Alaska, to conduct test runs using mixtures of pure Alaska-grown hemlock and combinations with white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). The test runs were conducted using the same methods and procedures that the firm had been using in the production of white spruce pellets. The initial tests with Alaska hemlock resulted in pellets that were visually similar to those that the firm had been producing from spruce. Laboratory testing indicated that pellets made entirely of Alaska hemlock, or of Alaska hemlock and spruce mixtures, met most 2008 PFI premium pellet and/or standard pellet specifications, with a few exceptions. Given recent (October 17, 2010) changes to the PFI pellet specifications, pellets made entirely of hemlock, or of hemlock and spruce mixtures, could meet all premium pellet specifications with minor adjustments to the manufacturing process. ASHES FROM BIOMASS PLANTS – A CHALLENGE FOR FURTHER UTILIZATION

Marius Catalin Barbu, Transilvania University Brasov (Romania); Christof Richter, Binderholz (Kösching, Germany)

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

The objectives of this presentation are: 1) Recycling of grit ashes generated by biomass energy plants has not been implemented in central European countries, causing high costs for legal disposal; 2) Depending on biomass quality, resulting grit ashes could be used in construction and in some ration for fertilizer in forestry, but still no standardized regulations are available; 3) Biomass plant users need appropriate methods for analyzing, grading, and processing grit ashes to a raw material for the building and fertilizer industries; 4) Cleaning of waste air from micro-dust and reduction of bluehaze. Topics include: 1) Characterization of ashes generated in biomass plants used for heat and power production in the wood processing industry; 2) Cleaning of grit ashes at biomass plants for a further appropriate use; 3) Improvement of burning conditions for the reduction of chemical elements contained in grit ashes; 4) Proposals for regulation improvement for a better utilization of biomass ashes in fertilizer; 5) Fitting waste air cleaning systems (i.e. WESP) for the big size biomass energy plants. Recommendations include: 1) Biomass suppliers should guarantee the quality and kind of non-wood contaminants contained by a quality certification; 2) Biomass plant users should be able to analyze the grit ashes and give immediate feedback to suppliers about the quality of fuel delivered; 3) The processing of ashes at plant sites could allow a proper recycling of those and a superior use in other industries as a valuable raw material (i.e. fertilizer for the forestry).

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Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

USING INNOVATION-BASED MANUFACTURING TO INCREASE GLOBAL COMPETITION IMPACT OF ENERGY PRICES ON THE U.S. HARDWOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY Omar A. Espinoza and Brian H. Bond, Virginia Tech

A quarter of the energy used by the U.S. lumber industry comes from electricity and natural gas; and the price of these energy sources has increased significantly during the last decade. Natural gas alone has more than doubled. Higher energy prices undoubtedly affect the industry’s profitability, which has also been significantly impacted by increased stumpage prices, loss of the furniture industry, and the general downturn in lumber sales. The extent of the impact energy costs have had on the industry is not known, nor what initiatives are currently being taken by the industry to increase energy efficiency and reduce energy costs. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of increasing energy costs on hardwood-using industries of the eastern hardwood forest region, and provide information about effective ways to reduce both energy consumption and costs. The specific objectives were: 1) assess the impact of increasing energy costs on the hardwood sawmill industry; 2) learn about what actions are being taken by the industry to address the problem and determine their effectiveness; and 3) provide training and information about increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy costs to the industry. The outcomes of this work help hardwood industries to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency, which can improve the cost-effectiveness of their operations and thus competitiveness. Results also help to identify better uses for woody biomass.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

SESSION 11

DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC YOUNG’S MODULUS OF SHORT-LENGTH RADIATA PINE FOR SELECTED ELASTICITY RANGE

Seok Sean (Vivian) How, C.J. Williamson, D. Carradine, and J. Cambridge, University of Canterbury; Y.E. Tan, Forest Research Institute Malaysia This research suggests introducing the impact resonance method to determine the Young’s modulus of defectfree and short-length-cuts of radiate pine produced in finger-jointing. In this paper, the dynamic Young’s moduli of short-length radiate pine wood specimens were evaluated. A mathematical model is suggested for the selected elasticity group based on its correlation between dynamic and static elasticity. The influence on saw cutting based on the correlation between dynamic elasticity and static elasticity is also assessed and explained. APPLYING LEAN THINKING TO THE FURNITURE ENGINEERING PROCESS Chao Wang and Henry J. Quesada-Pineda, Virginia Tech

This research is focused on applying lean thinking principles to the furniture engineering process. Currently, many furniture manufacturers do not have an efficient engineering process. For example, drawings or production documents are controlled merely by the release date because companies lack a systematic method to measure each internal process and how it affects internal cost and customer satisfaction. The research was conducted through a case study in a household furniture manufacturing plant. A survey was sent out within the engineering group of each plant to determine each engineer’s perception of the current engineering process efficiency. Preliminary results show that the “product complexity” and “engineer competency” are the two most influential factors to impact the engineering lead time. Most engineers spend 10% to 20% of their work time on issuing Engineering Change Orders (ECOs). Different engineering groups showed a difference in engineering throughput, product diversity, engineering lead time, and document error rate. From this research, it is concluded that engineering processes account for a large portion of the overall production lead time. Also, the current process has a lot of waste, interfering with the engineers’ ability to prepare production documents for downstream jobs and affecting the overall manufacturing performance.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts IDENTIFYING SUCCESS FACTORS IN THE WOOD PALLET SUPPLY CHAIN

Leslie Scarlett Sanchez Gomez, Henry J. Quesada-Pineda, and Marshall S. White, Virginia Tech; Alexander Job Hagedorn, Louisville, KY

The growth of international trade during the last decades increased the need to improve not only transportation infrastructure and technology, but also the elements used during the transportation process, such as handling, loading, unloading, and warehousing. One of these elements is the pallet. In the United States, approximately 1.9 billion pallets are used each year. Although pallets are manufactured with a variety of materials, wood is by far the most common. To run their operations, wood pallet companies need to deal with suppliers, customers, and other supply chain components. Each of the steps is important to deliver the right products, with the required quality, and in a timely fashion. Companies realize that they are not competing by themselves; they are competing as part of supply chains. Thus, wood pallet manufacturers can reduce costs and increase business profitability by understanding how their supply chain management processes are related to business management and customer satisfaction. This information can also be useful when designing industry support programs that allow companies to formulate system-wide strategies for improving customer satisfaction. This research was aimed at understanding the importance of supply chain management in the wood pallet sector, the role of pallet imports, and learning the factors that mostly affect purchasing decisions by wood pallet manufacturers. The methodology used in the research included a literature research, a case study, and a nationwide survey of wood pallet manufacturers, in order to understand the supply chain and supply chain management factors, identify volumes, species used, as well as perceptions of importers and producers in regards to product technical performance and business characteristics. A COMPARISON OF INNOVATION IN THE FURNITURE MANUFACTURING SECTORS OF CROATIA AND THE UNITED STATES Andreja Pirc, University of Zagreb; Richard P. Vlosky, LSU AgCenter

In fall 2009 and in spring 2010, we conducted mail-based surveys of 430 and 409 randomly selected members of the U.S. and Croatian furniture manufacturing sector, respectively. The primary objective of these studies was to compare manufacturing and business practice innovation between these countries. Although the U.S. and Croatia have very different socioeconomic, geographic, and cultural characteristics, results indicate that their furniture industries have both lost considerable market share in the markets they serve and have experienced a decline in domestic consumption in recent years due to the global economic recession. Manufacturing facility closures, industry consolidation, and process/ production innovation will shape the future of the furniture sectors in both countries. IMPLEMENTATION OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES (AMTS) IN THE WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY IN CHINA AND EUROPE Na Yu and S. Lewark, University of Freiburg

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Implementation of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMTs) is considered a way to enhance competitiveness of manufacturing sectors. Based on the Man-Technology-Organization (MTO) model, it was reported that there are mutual impacts between the three factors of a new working system. Therefore, along with technological factors, there are non-technological issues that together influence the success of introducing a new working system. Unfortunately, there were few related studies in the wood products industry, especially in emerging manufacturing countries. As an exploratory study, our research aimed at getting a general view of AMTs implementation based on a multiple-case study. By using qualitative and quantitative methods, face-to-face interviews with higher managers were conducted in four case study firms in China and four in Europe. Meanwhile, a questionnaire of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Assessment of ATMs implementation in wood products industry,â&#x20AC;? which was designed by the authors based on literature studies, was completed by interviewees. As a result, this research described the drivers, benefits, and barriers of implementation of AMTs in the wood products industry in China and Europe. Comparative results between the two areas also will be reported. The results of this research may be of some help for decision makers to conduct the innovation process with consideration for not only technological issues, but also non-technological aspects and mutual impacts. In addition, the findings of the research could help other emerging wood products manufacturing countries that are in the midst of process innovation by introducing new working systems.

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Scott W. Lyon and Henry J. Quesada-Pineda, Virginia Tech

While the population of Central America is expanding, deforestation has resulted in the lack of building materials to meet the growing demand. Some studies found that United States forest products companies have overlooked Central America and the opportunity to expand their markets there. The purpose of this research was to determine strengths and weaknesses of Appalachian wood product competitors in Central America. The potential market opportunities for Appalachian forest product companies in Central America were evaluated and strategies were developed to increase exports of Appalachian wood products to Central America. A case study was performed to: 1) Identify main competitors of forest products companies in Central American countries; 2) Investigate distribution channels of forest products; and 3) Investigate local production, demand, and policy of forest products in Central American countries. Our findings support the claim that United States forest products companies have not put enough effort into entering the forest products market in Panama and Costa Rica. Forests in Panama and Costa Rica are not being harvested and the industry lacks support from the government, causing a reduction in the amount of raw material and production. An outside source of wood is needed to meet the needs of growing region infrastructure. In this region, there is a current and future demand for wood products as building materials due to the increased population size and growth in tourism. The Appalachian forest products industry has the opportunity to expand their markets into Central America.

SESSION 12

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

A CASE STUDY OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN CENTRAL AMERICA

Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN OF ENGINEERED WOOD STRUCTURES FOR NATURAL HAZARDS SEISMIC DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF A SIX-STORY WOOD-FRAME BUILDING

John W. van de Lindt, University of Alabama; Shiling Pei, South Dakota State University; Steven E. Pryor, Simpson Strong Tie Co.; Douglas Rammer, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

In July 2009, a full-scale mid-rise light-frame wood apartment building was subjected to a series of earthquakes at the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest shake table in Miki, Japan. This paper focuses on: 1) the design and construction of this 1350 m2 full-scale building, and 2) the performance of the building at three different ground motion intensities. The test results of the six-story light-frame wood building are examined in detail. The objectives of the testing program were to: 1) demonstrate that the performance-based seismic design procedure developed as part of the U.S.-based NEESWood project worked on the full-scale building (i.e. validate the design philosophy to the extent one test can); and 2) gain a better understanding of how mid-rise light-frame wood buildings respond, in general, to a major earthquake while providing a landmark data set to the seismic engineering research community. The building consisted of 1350 m2 of living space and had 23 apartment units; approximately half one-bedroom units and half two-bedroom units. The building was subjected to three earthquakes ranging from seismic intensities corresponding to the 72-year event to the 2,500-year event for Los Angeles, Calif. In this paper, the design and construction of the NEESWood Capstone Building is explained and the resulting seismic response in terms of base shears, selected wall drifts, global inter-story drifts, accelerations, hold-down forces, and roof drifts are presented. Detailed damage inspection was performed following each test and those results will also be summarized. The building performed excellently, with little damage, even following the 2,500-year earthquake. The global drift at roof level was approximately 0.25 meters and maximum inter-story drifts were approximately 2% for the floor average, with individual wall drifts reaching just over 3% in one corner of the building at the fifth story. The building was determined to be free of structural damage following all shakes.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE-BASED WIND ENGINEERING FOR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES: FROM CONCEPT TO APPLICATION Thang Nguyen Dao and John W. van de Lindt, University of Alabama

The majority of buildings and approximately 90% of residential structures in North America are light-frame wood construction. Many of these structures are subjected to high winds along the eastern seaboard and Gulf Coast and routinely suffer damage resulting in significant financial losses. Losses for residential wood construction during hurricanes occur for a variety of reasons (i.e. from different sources). These include sources such as: 1) the failure of structure due to high wind loading; 2) water intrusion as a result of high uplift pressures on the roof system resulting in gaps or as a result of a loss of roof coverings and/or roof sheathing panels; and 3) debris impact from windborne debris. A relatively new paradigm in earthquake engineering is performance-based design (PBD). PBD is, by and large, felt by most to be a system-level philosophy that allows inclusion of system-level behavior including the improvement in performance as a result of this assertion. However, in wind engineering most failures are understood to be at the component and sub-assembly level. This study outlines and demonstrates the development of performance-based wind engineering for residential structures based on losses to the owner. To date, this is the first time a mechanistic model has been used to develop fragilities for performance expectations related to all levels of performance – occupant comfort, continued occupancy, life safety, structural integrity, and manageable loss. STRUCTURAL TEST AND ANALYSIS OF WOODEN CELLULAR RETAINING WALL

Far-Ching Lin, National Taiwan University; Min-Lang Lin, National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (Taipei, Taiwan); Chiang Wei and Bo-Yang Cheng, National Taiwan University

The wooden cellular retaining wall is a very old construction method in slope remediation and has been improved in many ways. The O&D (outdoor) method from Japan is one of the examples. However, the reliable strength information is insufficient and it has many safety concerns. So the utilization area is limited and is only constructed at small site in small scale. The study was to test the structure joints by universal testing machine, to test the performance of unit wood cellular retaining wall by reaction wall method, and to analyze the structure by computer program. Results showed that the method has large ductility, and the strength information was acquired, which could be used for engineering design in the future. CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER: A EUROPEAN SUCCESS STORY

Marius Catalin Barbu, Transilvania University Brasov (Romania); Helmut Spiehs, Binderholz Bausysteme (Hallein, Austria); Christof Richter, Binderholz (Kösching, Germany)

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

In civil engineering, energy loss and CO2 output should be reduced. This can be achieved by using energy-efficient and carbon-efficient raw materials and products. Among renewable natural resources and CO2-neutral raw material and products, wood has in all its processing variations a prominent role. Therefore renewable materials (i.e. wood and timber-based products) will be used increasingly in the future, because they are considered sustainable and may provide a positive energy and carbon balance. An example of such a sustainable building product is Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT or X-lam), which fulfils all new energy saving requirements. The objectives/topics include: 1) Presentation of modern industrial manufacturing lines for CLT; 2) Performances of CLT as building material; 3) Design of half-fabricates of CLT for constructions; 4) Example of multi-story buildings for civil and industrial use; 5) The solution after the earthquake from L’Aquila (Italy); and 6) The European Norms developments for CLT. Conclusions/recommendations include: 1) Environmental impact of CLT vs. other building materials; 2) Advantages of buildings made from CLT; 3) Specialization of building design when using CLT; 4) European success stories when using CLT for constructions. FIRE SAFETY FOR A 20-STORY TIMBER HIGH-RISE BUILDING George Faller and Martin Unger, Arup Fire

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Timber has been used over centuries as a building material. During the last century it started to be seen as a second-rate structural material, as it was replaced by concrete and steel for many applications. But the drive for more sustainable construction materials has led to a renewed interest in the structural potential of timber. Prescriptive fire safety codes limited the use of structural timber in buildings. The introduction of performance-based legislation has lifted many of

3-D WIND UPLIFT DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR GABLE-END TRUSSES IN LIGHT-FRAMED WOOD STRUCTURES

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

these restrictions, which led to the initiation of the Life Cycle Tower research project to investigate the feasibility of a 20-story timber structure. This presentation describes the LCT research project and the technical details that were developed to address the structural and fire safety issues related to building at height using timber. The LCT building has a central core made of continuous glulam elements, with glulam perimeter columns and a composite concrete/glulam beam slab. The composite slab addresses the acoustical, thermal, fire resistance, and structural frequency performance requirements. The principal objectives of the research project were to design a timber building that minimizes the carbon footprint of the building fabric while at the same time making no compromise on standards compared to more traditional buildings. The timber building has been designed to 80% construction detail stage, and fire testing has been carried out on the most innovative of the fire-engineered solutions. It should provide information to produce a structural design guide for high-rise timber buildings in the near future.

David O. Prevatt and Peter L. Datin, University of Florida

Extreme winds continue to cause extensive damage to light-framed wood structures, particularly in residential buildings. In order to improve our understanding of structural load paths, researchers constructed a 1/3-scale model of a gable-roofed wood building, instrumented with load cells at the roof-to-wall and wall-to-foundation connections. Using systematically applied point loads, influence coefficients (and surfaces) were developed for these connections and the influence surfaces were used along with wind tunnel-derived pressure coefficients to predict the peak wind load reactions at connections. This paper presents findings that illustrate the unexpected structural load paths observed within the gable end walls that differ starkly from commonly held models of structural behavior. Using two roof-to-wall connection arrangements in the gable end wall (i.e. with and without connections between truss bottom chord and wall top plate), it was found that the gable end wall foundation loads were higher than loads in the side walls. These results illustrate a load path not previously known in the lightframed wood gable buildings, whereby significant load is transferred through the gable end walls, reducing the heel joint reactions of the gable truss at sidewall connections. The paper outlines a new design procedure for evaluating the wind reactions through connections and member sizes for gable end trusses and wall components in light-frame wood buildings. LATERAL LOAD DETERMINATION FOR RESIDENTIAL DECKS

Garrett H. Lyman, Don A. Bender, J.D. Dolan, and F.E. Woeste, Washington State University

Deck safety is an important national public safety issue. The 2009 IRC stipulates â&#x20AC;&#x153;decks shall be positively anchored to the primary structure and designed for both vertical and lateral loads as applicable.â&#x20AC;? Vertical loads such as occupancy and snow are straightforward to calculate using the provisions of the 2009 IBC and ASCE load standard. Determination of lateral loads on decks from seismic, wind, and occupancy is more challenging. Calculation of seismic and wind loads using ASCE 7 can be complicated and requires engineering judgment. Currently there is no method to determine lateral loads from occupancy. Examples were developed to illustrate how to calculate wind and seismic loads on residential decks. Sensitivity analyses were performed to show the range of loads for a typical deck construction, and maps were developed to graphically show how lateral loads vary across the United States. Lateral loads due to occupancy were measured for a 12-foot-by-12-foot deck with 20 psf and 40 psf loadings. Maximum lateral loads from occupancy exceeded those for seismic and wind. One reason for higher loads was the flexibility in the deck as constructed. Large lateral displacements were observed and the occupants were able to match their movements with the natural frequency of the deck. Experiments were repeated with bracing and loads decreased significantly. In addition to developing a better understanding of lateral loads on decks, a significant outcome of this project was to identify the importance of deck stability.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts SESSION 13

Morrison Room (1st Floor)

BIOMASS MATERIALS PROCESSING AND PERFORMANCE – BIOMASS PROCESSING AND MODIFICATIONS TOWARD A NEW GENERATION OF COMPOSITE PANEL PRODUCTS UTILIZING ACETYLATED WOOD ELEMENTS Michel Maes, Accsys Technologies The Netherlands; Chris Adair, Accsys Technologies USA

Acetylated wood elements (including chips, fibers, and particles) can impart characteristics to wood-based composites that will allow performance credentials necessary to enter challenging new applications and environments. The application of acetylation to smaller wood geometries for use in a vast array of wood composite end-products is set to create new, high-performance choices that open up new opportunities for manufacturers. Presented are the most current results from material testing activities on Tricoya® that are relevant to composite manufacturers, designers, architects, and the construction industry alike. Key benefits for most applications in MDF, PB, and OSB configurations are ultralow thickness swelling and linear expansion, enhanced durability, and retention of strength characteristics after wetting or 25-cycle freeze-thaw weathering tests. PROPERTIES OF BAGASSE BINDERLESS PARTICLEBOARD IN HIGH TEMPERATURE RANGE Shuichi Kawai, Kenji Umemura, and Sho Nonaka, Kyoto University

A number of studies on binderless boards manufactured by lignocellulose materials have taken place in recent years. Concerning binderless particleboards, it seems that insufficient property especially for water resistant is one the major difficulty in order to generalize the self-bonding method. In this study, binderless particleboards were manufactured from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse using high heating temperatures of 200-280°C. Mechanical (MOR, MOE, IB) and physical (TS, WA) properties were evaluated in order to investigate the effect of high range manufacturing temperature for binderless particleboards. Recycle chip binderless particleboards were manufactured as a comparison, and particleboards manufactured using PMDI were used as a reference. The results show that mechanical and physical properties improve by increasing the heating temperature. Bagasse binderless particleboard manufactured in 260°C showed equivalent MOE of 3.5GPa, better TS of 3.7%, and WA of 9.2% comparing with PMDI particleboard. Furthermore, bagasse showed higher performance than recycle chip in all evaluations, which indicates that differences of raw material, namely the chemical components such as hemicellulose, affect properties of manufactured binderless board in high temperature range. It was possible to manufacture good-quality binderless particleboard, especially in water resistance, by using appropriate material and a high temperature range. COUPLED MECHANICAL AND HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER NUMERICAL MODELS FOR MDF HOT PRESSING Zanin Kavazovic, Jean Deteix, Alain Cloutier, and André Fortin, Université Laval

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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The hot pressing process of medium-density fiberboard involves complex interactions between mechanical and heat and mass transfer (H&MT) properties of the fiber mat. We propose combined mechanical and H&MT numerical models based on the finite element method. Press closing was imposed and the development of a nonhomogeneous time and space-dependent vertical density profile was numerically predicted at each time step by a mechanical model (incremental formulation). The constitutive law is based on the generalized Maxwell model where aging, hardening, and softening phases of the material are taken into account. The mechanical model was combined to the heat and mass transfer model. The H&MT model is based on conservation principles leading to three governing equations (conservation of energy, air mass, and water vapor mass), which are expressed as functions of the state variables – temperature, air pressure, and vapor pressure. This results in a 3-D unsteady-state mathematical model in which the fiber mat’s properties and state variables vary in time and space. We achieved the full coupling of the three nonlinear and strongly coupled conservation equations by solving them as a fully coupled system. The nonlinear system is solved by Newton’s method and all material properties are updated at each iteration. The full Lagrangian formulation of all equations was used and calculations were performed on a moving geometry. Since the mesh grid moves, it is updated after each time step. The numerically predicted results are in good concordance with laboratory measurements.

Gaiyun Li, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Chung-yun Hse, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; Todd F. Shupe, LSU AgCenter; Tefu Qin, Chinese Academy of Forestry Microwave-assisted wood liquefaction with phenol was investigated. Satisfactory liquefaction was obtained with the phenol to wood (P/W) ratio as low as 1.5 and a heating time of less than 10 min at 150°C. Sealed reactor vessels consistently yielded lower residue contents than that obtained using open vessels. As expected, the residue content decreased with an increase in heating rate, reaction temperature, and P/W ratio. The addition of 10 wt. % of PEG 400 based on phenol significantly decreased the residue content. The weight-average molecular weight of liquefied wood generally increased, and the corresponding polydispersity broadened with a decrease in residue content at the P/W ratio of 1.5. However, the inverse trend was found when increasing the P/W ratio from 1.5 to 2.5. The carbonization phenomena occurred at the heating rate of 32.5 and 65°C/min at the P/W ratio of 1.5. PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY MODIFIED ORIENTED STRANDBOARDS (OSB)

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MICROWAVE-ASSISTED LIQUEFACTION OF WOOD IN THE PRESENCE OF PHENOL

Detlef Krug and Juergen Bonigut, Institute of Wood Technology Dresden

For complete adhesive curing, phenol-formaldehyde (PF)-bonded wood-based panels are conventionally stored in a hot-stack in the production plant for several days right after leaving the hot press. Due to an elevated temperature in said stack, a further curing of the PF takes place, which results in enhanced mechanical strength properties and improvements of the hygroscopic properties. In this work, industrially manufactured PF-bonded OSB were thermally post-treated (i.e. not strands before panel production, but full-size panels). Said panels were modified in a thermal treatment chamber at temperatures far above stack-temperatures for about 20 hours. The main goals of this work were to reduce the properties’ thickness swell and moisture content as well as improving the creep behavior, without reducing internal bond strength and bending properties, respectively. After presenting information on the test material and its thermal treatment test, results of three OSB variants treated at different temperatures and of one untreated variant from the following tests will be discussed and evaluated against the respective European standards: 1) internal bond, 2) modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, 3) thickness swelling, 4) water absorption, 5) moisture content, and 6) creep behavior. It could be observed that the thermal post-treatment of the aforementioned OSB had a positive effect on most of the above-mentioned mechanical short-term properties. Especially the moisture-related properties’ thickness swell, water absorption, and moisture content were positively influenced throughout. The thermally modified materials showed far better values than the respective untreated ones. Furthermore, the creep behavior of heat-treated OSB was improved in comparison to untreated control samples. THERMAL TREATMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A BIOCHAR OBTAINED FROM PINEWOOD FAST

Qiangu Yan and Hossein Toghiani, Mississippi State University; Zhiyong Cai, USDA Forest Product Laboratory; Jilei Zhang, Mississippi State University

The influence of thermal treatment on pinewood char produced from fast pyrolysis has been investigated using the temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) technique. The thermal treatment examined process variables including final temperature, treatment cycle, treatment time, and purge gas. The morphology of the treated char is characterized using SEM. The effect of doped metal ions on the biochar is also investigated. Nano-spheres are observed on the surface of the resulting carbon after thermal treatment. SEM-EDX results revealed that carbon nano-spheres are formed during thermal treatment of the biochar. TPD results demonstrated the effect of treatment conditions on the functional groups present on the char surface. The application of biochars after pre-treatment are demonstrated.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts WETTABILITY OF SOUTHERN PINE SUBJECTED TO BARK BEETLE BLUE-STAIN FUNGAL ASSOCIATES

T. Eric McConnell, Ohio State University; Nathan Little, Mississippi State University; Nathan Irby, North Carolina State University; John Riggins and Sheldon Q. Shi, Mississippi State University

This study was conducted to elucidate past findings that indicate timely harvesting of bark beetle-killed timber can produce physically and mechanically sound wood-composite products. The objective was to determine the role bark beetle blue-stain fungal associates play on surface free energy and that property’s relationship with equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and pH. Southern pine sapwood samples with and without blue-stain from both green and kiln-dried lumber were obtained. The green/blue-stained lumber was obtained from a tree killed by bark beetle attack in the first half of 2010 while the other three wood types were obtained from a local sawmill. The dynamic contact angles of the wood types in four probe liquids – deionized water, formamide, ethylene glycol, and α-bromonapthalene – were determined. Surface free energy was calculated by applying the geometric mean procedure. Kiln drying blue-stained wood resulted in a 28% increase in surface energy over green/blue-stained wood and an 18.5% increase versus nonstained/kiln-dried wood. Polar forces were the main contributor to the surface energy of kiln-dried/blue-stained wood. This was over 83% more than the other wood types. Kiln drying had little effect on non-stained wood. The presence of blue-stain resulted in a significantly higher EMC over clear wood. The pH of green/blue-stained wood was significantly lower than green/non-stained wood, but no difference was noted following kiln drying. The lack of correlation between the responses suggests other complex mechanisms and interactions may still need defining as it relates to wood utilization of biologically attacked timber. HYBRID POPLAR WOOD HOT-PRESSED: POLYSACCHARIDES BEHAVIOR

Noridah Osman and Armando G. McDonald, University of Idaho; Marie-Pierre Laborie, Institut für Forstbenutzung und Forstliche Arbeitswissenschaft

To date, thermal modification research and development on non-durable and under-utilized hybrid poplar species has become important to improve their process-ability and performance. This study on chemistry examines the effects of thermal compression treatment on wood chemistry and more specifically wood polysaccharides. For this study, poplar veneers (clone OP367, pre-conditioned 0, and 8% moisture contents) were pressed at 3.45 MPa compression pressure at 150, 200, and 250°C for five minutes. The changes in the wood polysaccharides component were observed by conventional chemical methods for composition and molecular weight (HPLC and GPC), vibrational spectroscopy (FT-IR and Raman), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The hemicellulose xylan was shown to be modified (deacetylated). The cellulose crystalline content was shown to increase with treatment temperature, while cellulose molecular weight decreased. Details on the chemical changes will be further discussed.

SESSION 14

Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

CURRENT TOPICS IN FOREST PRODUCTS MARKETING RESEARCH (CONTINUED) IMPLICATIONS OF THE LACEY ACT ON UNITED STATES IMPORTERS: INSIGHTS FROM THE WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Ashlee Tibbets and Christopher D. Knowles, Oregon State University

The purpose of this research is to understand the current practices regarding wood imports in regards to the United States’ new legislation of the 2008 amendment to the Lacey Act. Expert opinions will serve as the basis for this project. Data will be collected via a nationwide survey to United States-based wholesalers. The surveys will be completed by upper-level managers who represent major importing business of all scales, including raw materials such as lumber, manufactured products such as composite materials, as well as finished wood products. Data will be collected during 2011. The focus will be on attitudes toward the new legislation, current compliance measures taken by the organization, and implications for the future business. Respondents will be asked to identify key criteria driving due diligence practices, including the importance of environmental impacts of such legislation.

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Nadia Lustig Frye, Shane Brown, and Michael P. Wolcott, Washington State University; Paul M. Smith, Pennsylvania State University

As issues regarding sustainability become of increasing importance to society and education, we must begin to address the challenge of moving these concepts into our traditional curricula. Diffusions of Innovation (DI) and the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM) have been used extensively to evaluate adoption in many areas, including innovations ranging from curricula and computer-based learning modules to industrial and consumer products. This study incorporates a theoretical framework to investigate using these tools for evaluating sustainability educational approaches. Specifically, our study is directed at the Interdisciplinary Design Experience (IDeX) involving undergraduate and graduate students and faculty from several disciplines, including engineering, architecture, construction management, and agriculture. The IDeX program focuses on the sustainable design of a real-world interdisciplinary project over the course of a year, and includes extensive involvement from practicing professionals in the form of workshops and mentoring teams. Portions of DI and CBAM are applied to understand why faculty and practitioners choose to participate in the IDeX program. The five characteristics: 1) relative advantage, 2) complexity, 3) compatibility, 4) trialability, and 5) observability, of an innovation that affect adoption from DI and innovation configurations from CBAM were used to investigate individuals’ adoption decisions. Qualitative interview techniques are used to determine how and why engineering and architecture faculty and engineering practitioners -- the project clients for the 2010-2011 program -- chose to participate in IDeX. The interviews were used to determine how faculty and practitioners defined the course and their participation, concerns they had with their perceived structure of the course, and how these concerns relate to their involvement. Preliminary findings suggest that faculty are motivated by sustainably focused research ideas generated in class; practitioners seek fresh and creative ideas; and both agree that IDeX provides students with greater marketability in their chosen profession. Wood Science and Technology (WS&T), Natural Resources, and Forest Products Business and Marketing programs may gain insight into the motivations of faculty and practitioners to participate in emerging areas of relevance such as “green,” sustainable, renewable, and/or bio-based products and/or materials. In addition, insight will be gained regarding the value of authentic interdisciplinary teaching and how this helps students prepare for the workforce. Finally, this research provides guidance to other universities and programs to better understand why faculty and practitioners choose to participate in interdisciplinary sustainability education with insight into incorporating these perspectives into WS&T curriculums throughout the world.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH INTO SUSTAINABILITY EDUCATION USING DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION THEORY AND THE CONCERNS-BASED ADOPTION MODEL

THE EVOLUTION OF MARKETING SOPHISTICATION AND IMPACTS ON COMPETITIVENESS IN MEDIUM-SIZED U.S. SAWMILLS Xiaoou Han and Eric Hansen, Oregon State University

Marketing can be thought of as a means of satisfying stakeholder needs in a social context. The role of marketing within a firm and the way it is conducted serve as indicators of a firm’s sophistication. When marketing is purely a selling function, the company is likely production-oriented. Conversely, marketing as an integrator or relationshipbuilder implies a more sophisticated market orientation. The evolution of marketing could be explained by contingency and institutional theories. Contingency theory suggests that organizations continually adapt to a changing external environment, while institutional theory suggests that practices and business models can become institutionalized and remain intact even when they are no longer ideal. Based on previous research, it is clear that marketing is changing over time. There are clear indications that some historical events, such as the world war and Great Depression, have influence on the shifting orientation of marketing. This study is focused on the “real” marketing sophistication and practice present in the U.S. sawmilling sector. Here marketing sophistication is used to mean the “degree of market orientation.” It also explores the evolution of marketing sophistication in the sawmilling sector during the past years and the direction toward which marketing will develop. Finally, it investigates the interface between marketing and sales departments, which can have essential impacts on marketing sophistication.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN EMERGING BIOENERGY BUSINESS: CASE OF FINNISH SAWMILLING INDUSTRY

Minli Wan and Anne Toppinen, University of Helsinki; Katja L채htinen, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)

Since the currently dominant fossil fuel resources are limited and their use increases the levels of greenhouse gases, the focus has changed toward sustainable energy systems. Finland is one of the leading countries in utilizing wood-based bioenergy, and the objective of this paper is to evaluate the sources of sustainable competitive advantage and the value creation opportunities emerging at the intersection between Finnish sawmill and energy industries. Specifically, we applied the natural resource-based view of strategy to the sawmill industry in order to identify the strategic resources that enable the development of competitive advantage in the emerging bioenergy field. In empirical part, qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with managers of 18 medium-sized sawmills. Based on empirical analysis, we identified the most promising value creation possibilities from bioenergy business. Although the share of bioenergy in sawmills ranges between 0 and 10%, it has a significant impact on profitability. As strategic resources, partnerships with local community heat plants are emphasized beside raw material availability and existing technology. Although sawmills have a long tradition in energy production, they are now keenly interested in increasing the efficiency of using their side-products through new investments. In conclusion, as the local producer of wood-based bioenergy, the Finnish sawmill industry can strongly support meeting the ambitious national target for renewable energy for 2020 set by the European Union. However, volatile bioenergy policy changes are considered as a major risk factor by management and predicting the future business environment affecting the investments is considered a challenge. AWARENESS AND ADOPTION OF GREEN BUILDING PROGRAM BY BUILDERS IN JAPAN Daisuke Sasatani, Indroneil Ganguly, Tait Bowers, and Ivan L. Eastin, University of Washington

Japan developed its own green building program called the Comprehensive Assessment of Systems for Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE) in 2001. The CASBEE program for residential housing was called CASBEE for Home and it was released in 2006. A series of surveys were conducted at a variety of professional conferences and trade shows in 2009 and 2010 to understand how committed Japanese residential house builders were to the CASBEE for Home program. The adoption of CASBEE requires two different consequence stages: first, awareness of the program, and second, if they have or do not have experience using the program. The development of a nested probit model with a single nest within a two-level structure was applied to analyze the survey data. Results show that the amount of years in business, the firm size by number of annual housing starts, and the participation in other government building programs contribute to an increased awareness of the CASBEE program. The variable measuring the ratio of spec houses built showed a negative influence on the awareness of the CASBEE program. Participation in other government programs and amount of years in business increased the probability of experiencing CASBEE. Awareness of the CASBEE program grew from 2009 to 2010, but the amount of builders who had experienced CASBEE from among those who were aware remained unchanged between years. ROLE OF GREEN BUILDING PROGRAMS IN DIFFUSION OF CERTIFIED WOOD IN THE U.S. RESIDENTIAL HOUSING SECTOR Indroneil Ganguly and Ivan L. Eastin, University of Washington

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Green Building programs have played a significant role in increasing awareness of environmentally certified wood products (ECWPs) among homebuilders and home remodelers. The two primary national green building programs in the United States are NBGS, developed by the National Association of Homebuilders (NAHB), and LEED-forhomes, developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). Between the two national green building programs, significant differences exist in terms of the points allocated for using certified wood and in their inclusion of the different forest certification programs. However, usage of ECWP is not mandatory in either of the green building programs. Hence, adoption of any of the green building programs is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for adoption and usage of ECWP. Employing a national survey of homebuilders and remodelers, this study analytically models the role of green building programs in adoption and usage of ECWP in the U.S. residential construction and remodeling sector. An oversampling strategy is adopted for the survey, ensuring statistically significant representation of builders with experience in undertaking residential green building projects, in the sample set. The study employs a series of exploratory multivariate statistical techniques, followed by confirmatory nested categorical modeling techniques, to

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A TEMPORAL STUDY OF CERTIFICATION FROM THE U.S. CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE: A COMPARISON OF 1995, 2000, 2005, AND 2010 Richard P. Vlosky, LSU AgCenter; Lucie K. Ozanne, University of Canterbury

Environmental certification of forest products and forestry practices continues to proliferate worldwide. Acceptance by consumers is one factor that will impact the rate of proliferation. This temporal study tracks changes in perceptions and acceptance of certification by the same sample of U.S. consumers over a 15-year period. These trends may help in market segmentation for such products. Results include an estimate of the size of the segments(s) for environmentally certified wood products and a profile of those consumers who are willing to pay the greatest premium for certified wood products as well as a discussion of managerial implications.

SESSION 15

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

understand and describe the process by which homebuilders specify ECWP. The study reveals that awareness, adoption, and level of usage of ECWP are separate but concurrent processes, with distinctly different predictor variables. The study also reveals how the demand of ECWPs labeled by various certification programs (FSC and SFI) is affected by the aforementioned green building programs.

Weidler / Halsey Ballroom (1st Floor)

IT’S NOT JUST ROT: TOWARD A HOLISTIC EVALUATION OF WOOD PRODUCT DURABILITY WOOD DURABILITY IN MIXED MATERIALS: A TREATED BOARD IS NOT AN ISLAND Jonathan S. Schilling, University of Minnesota

The service life of a single treated board in a temperate or high-latitude/altitude environment depends largely on the success of pest decay fungi. Decay fungi are typically “higher” fungi and filamentous. Their hyphal networks allow translocation of elements and foraging for new and more promising carbon sources. In a building environment, this means that the decay in one board could be affected by the other materials with which a decay fungus has contact, including woody and non-woody substrates. My work has focused on both calcium-containing materials like gypsum board, as well as the influence of wood mixtures on overall decay dynamics. In this talk, I will cover both of these lines of research. I will make a recommendation concerning gypsum board that can be applied near-term, and will outline the potential lines of new work related to mixed wood materials, including composites. EVALUATING DECKING SPECIMENS FOR APPEARANCE AND DECAY Stan Lebow and Grant Kirker, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

Evaluation of durable wood products usually emphasizes resistance to decay and insect attack, and standardized test methods reflect this emphasis. However, for some products, such as decking, consumers may value appearance as greatly as decay resistance. This presents challenges in testing durable wood products, as appearance is inherently subjective and test methods provide little guidance. In this presentation, we summarize some of our experiences in evaluating decking specimens for both microbial attack and appearance attributes. Possible approaches to evaluating non-decay characteristics are discussed. EFFECT OF RESIN ACIDS AND OTHER EXTRACTIVES ON DIMENSIONAL STABILITY AND DECAY SUSCEPTABILITY OF SOUTHERN PINE LUMBER IN ABOVE-GROUND EXPOSURE Tor P. Schultz, Joseph Dahlen, and Darrel Nicholas, Mississippi State University

Many residential consumers prefer that wood decking used in above-ground exterior applications be protected by environmentally benign preservatives and have good dimensional stability. In our studies on natural durability, we have found that the metal complexing ability of resin acids and other metal chelators, when combined with an organic acid, enhanced the decay resistance of treated wood. In studying the decay resistance of southern pine

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts sapwood in two above-ground exposures, we found that the presence of resin acids influenced the decay resistance. Further studies were conducted with a resin acid by-product from kraft puling of pines, tall oil rosin -- commonly known as TOR, which was formulated in a waterborne system. After two years of a harsh above-ground exposure, samples treated with the waterborne TOR had increased water repellency and significantly reduced splitting and cupping compared to untreated decking. REMEDIAL WOOD PRESERVATION USING BORATES AND WOOD RESTORATION USING EPOXIES Jim Renfroe, Wood Care Systems

The biggest enemy of wood is water. Water leads to rot, and in many cases rot attracts wood-destroying insects like carpenter ants and termites. Once you cut a tree down, its natural defense mechanisms are cut off and rot is nature’s way of recycling to return it to the earth. Chemical and mechanical processes begin to take place within days to return a magnificent tree into compost in just a few short years. This same process, although slower, is at work in lumber, timbers, poles, logs, door and window millwork, and historical buildings. This paper will briefly describe what happens; but its focus is on how to stop these natural processes and reverse the damage. While there are only a few remedial wood preservatives, this paper will focus on borate-based wood preservatives. Borates are the only preservative that has broadspectrum control, virtually no toxicity to mammals, ability to diffuse through wood, and can be purchased and used by the end user without a license. After in-situ preservation with borates, epoxy-based restoration products can be used to add integrity back to the damaged wood and form a decay- and insect-resistant repair. A low-viscosity liquid epoxy is applied first to penetrate several cell layers deep and harden to form a waterproof barrier. Then, a high-viscosity epoxy paste is applied to fill in the missing wood. Sand, prime, and paint and the wood is better than replacement because it will never rot again, at a fraction of the cost. ENHANCED DURABILITY OF ACETYLATED WOOD AND ITS IMPACT ON THE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR A BRIDGE AND WINDOW FRAME Chris Adair, Accsys Technologies USA; Roger Rowell, University of Wisconsin-Madison

The life cycle assessment of acetylated wood applications provides the opportunity to evaluate the holistic effects of its enhanced durability. Wood acetylation opens up a range of innovative applications in which energy intensive nonrenewable materials such as metals, plastics, and concrete may be substituted. To better understand the difference in emissions of Accoya®, an acetylated wood product, and relevant alternative materials (steel, concrete, plastics, and hardwood), this review presents the results of a comparative life cycle assessment for the application of a pedestrian bridge and a window frame. In a life cycle assessment, the greenhouse gas emissions [GHG] during the useful life of a product or material can be quantified. The assessment was based on a “cradle-to-grave” scenario and therefore includes aspects related to the use-phase such as material use, durability, carbon sequestration, and maintenance. If life span considerations are included, acetylated wood has a considerably lower impact than non-renewable and unsustainably harvested hardwood, and is competitive with sustainably sourced hardwood. Finally, this paper discusses the difference between carbon footprint and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as environmental impact assessment tools, and the affects of exclusion of the renewability aspect in terms of annual yield of wood products in these methodologies. MASS LOSS AND SHEAR STRENGTH CHANGES OF PPT LUMBER FOR A SIX-MONTH HUMIDITY EXPOSURE 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Daniel P. Hindman, Virginia Tech; C. Ryan Bamberg, Department of Defense; Paul D. Timko, Cromwell Architects & Engineers; John C. Bouldin, Lance D. Shields, and Jose Maria Villasenor Aguilar, Virginia Tech

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For many years, the conventional treatment for pressure preservative-treated (PPT) wood was chromated copper arsenate (CCA), which was very effective and had a relatively low degree of mass loss for steel fasteners. CCA was withdrawn from the residential market effective January 1, 2004, due to concerns with its chromate and arsenate content associated with environmental concerns. Several alternative PPTs were introduced to fill the market need for PPT wood and some of these alternatives were found to cause mass loss of steel fasteners at a higher rate than the CCA. The effect of fastener mass loss upon the shear strength of the connection has received little attention. This project examined the mass loss of galvanized fasteners and change in shear strength due to exposure to a high-humidity environment for six months for different PPT materials. No effect on mass loss of the galvanized coating was found due to pounding nails. Different PPT

EFFECTS OF WOOD FIBER ESTERIFICATION ON THE PHOTOSTABILIZATION OF WOODPLASTIC COMPOSITES Liqing Wei and Armando G. McDonald, University of Idaho

Both the laboratory and field evaluations of wood-plastic composites (WPC) are helpful in predicting long-term durability. However, weathering does contribute to surface degradation of WPC, and lignin (within wood) is the major contributor to promoting degradation to both wood and plastic. Wood modification by esterification has been shown to improve the photostability of the wood. Therefore, this study was performed to assess the effects of wood stabilization by esterification on the weathering performance of WPCs. WPCs were produced from untreated poplar wood fibers and esterified (acetate, propionate, and benzoate) poplar wood fibers together with high-density polyethylene. The extruded samples were subjected to Xenon-arc accelerated weathering trials and water soak tests. Surface color and chemical changes caused by weathering were monitored by colorimetry and FTIR spectroscopy. Wood modification was shown to improve the water resistance of WPCs as compared to controls. Details on the surface characterization of the weathered WPC material will be discussed.

SESSION 16

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

treatments showed different mass loss values over the exposure period. ACQ was the only PPT treatment to show a significant difference in the mass loss compared to nails in non-PPT lumber, and a significant difference in the 5% offset load. ACQ and CA treatments showed a significant difference in joint stiffness. The exposure time of six months was short to determine the effect of these different treatments. Future studies should examine the mass loss and change in shear strength at discrete times to determine the rate of change over time.

Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND WOOD QUALITY – WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS? (CONTINUED) MEASURING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BLACK ASH (FRAXINUS NIGRA M.) GROWN IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO FOR USE IN VALUE-ADDED FOREST PRODUCTS Brent Forbes, Mathew Leitch, and Chander Shahi, Lakehead University

In recent years, the forest industry in Northwestern Ontario has been searching for a means to become more competitive and capitalize on emerging forest products markets while utilizing the region’s vast wood supply. The identification of underutilized species with the potential for development and increased marketing potential has been recognized as a source of potential innovation. However, the forest industry requires improved knowledge of the physical and mechanical properties of these species and how this information can be applied to end use attributes in value-added forest products. Researching and identifying these properties is one of the principal goals of the Lakehead University Wood Science and Testing Facility (LUWSTF) located in Thunder Bay, Ontario. This report will outline recent progress made in the testing and analysis of the mechanical properties of black ash from three locations within the Thunder Bay district. The study focuses on identifying the variation in properties of nine mature black ash trees with special emphasis made to the potential end use attributes of the species in value-added forest products. Reference also will be made to the limited knowledge and literature available in regards to the properties of black ash. The study indicates that black ash possesses the attributes desired for the production of a number of value-added forest products, including flooring, furniture, and moulding. Attempts were made to cover the variation in black ash across the region; however, further research should focus on the variation in properties across the species’ natural range.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts MEASURING THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF GREEN HARDWOOD LOGS USING TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY

Heath Raybon, Laurence R. Schimleck, Kim Love-Myers, Joe Sanders, and Dick Daniels, University of Georgia; Erik Schilling, NCASI Southern Regional Center

Many forest products facilities in the southern United States store logs in wet decks, which serve as a buffer for the industry at times when log supply is limited. Large volumes of water are used to keep the logs wet and interest exists in improving water application strategies. This can only be achieved by understanding how the moisture content of stored logs varies with time. Recently, we demonstrated that time domain reflectometry (TDR) can be used to monitor the moisture content of pine roundwood; however, we had not explored the application of TDR to hardwoods. The objective of this presentation is to describe the development of TDR-based calibrations for monitoring the moisture content of four different hardwood species – red and white oak, sweetgum and yellow poplar, and the establishment of two long-term trials based at wood yards in the southeastern U.S. A COMPARISON OF EARLYWOOD-LATEWOOD DEMARCATION METHODS WITHIN AN ANNUAL RING – A CASE STUDY IN LOBLOLLY PINE Finto Antony, Laurence R. Schimleck, and Richard. F. Daniels, University of Georgia

Identifying the earlywood-latewood transition within an annual ring is important for accurately estimating the width, average density, and proportion of the two tissue types. Different methods have been used to define the transition from earlywood to latewood, which includes the use of a threshold density, the inflection point method, and Mork’s index. In loblolly pine, a threshold basic density of 480 kg/m3 has conventionally been used to identify the earlywood-latewood transition. This study compares the three methods – a threshold density of 480 kg/m3, inflection point, and Mork’s index -- in defining the earlywood-latewood transition using annual rings for 20-breast height cores in loblolly pine. Strong agreement was observed among the three methods in identifying the point of transition from earlywood to latewood. However, small differences in demarcation points were observed in annual rings from the juvenile wood zone using the three methods. PROTEOMICS STUDY ON XYLEM FORMATION IN SOFTWOODS USING AN IN-VITRO MODEL SYSTEM Jowita A. Laniak (Dziedzic) and Armando G. McDonald, University of Idaho

The aim of this project is to examine the biochemistry of the wood formation process. This was achieved by combining a developed in-vitro Douglas-fir tissue culture model system with proteomics analysis. The in-vitro culture system was manipulated to induce cell differentiation into tracheids from callus tissue in order to examine cell wall biogenesis. Protein extraction and isolation followed by 1-D and 2-D gel electrophoresis were used to examine the protein profile from different tissue types. Currently a suitable mass spectrometry (proteomics) method is being developed to examine levels and types of proteomics expressed at different developmental stages of in-vitro culture. Preliminary proteomics results will be discussed. ASSESSING THE VARIANCE OF EASTERN LARCH GROWN IN THE THUNDER BAY DISTRICT USING DESIGN CRITERIA CLASSES OF END USES PRODUCTS Scott Miller, Mathew Leitch, Chander Shahi, and Reino Pulkki, Lakehead University 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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Wood characteristics mapping was considered as a means for optimizing the value chain of eastern larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) grown in the Thunder Bay district. It was found that the greatest variability in mechanical properties displayed by eastern larch wood grown in the Thunder Bay district was between the sites and radial position within trees. In all cases of statistical analysis, variance between sites was significant. Radial variability was significant for all the selected wood properties tested except for MOE. Longitudinal or axial variability was significant in all the selected wood properties tested except for wood density. However, the results of the study indicate that eastern larch has fairly homogeneous wood properties within the stem with respect to end use design criteria. Intensive mapping of changes in wood properties, both radially and longitudinally in relation to design criteria, showed insignificant variance. The study indicates that the variability of mechanical properties of wood produced by eastern larch grown in the Thunder

MODELING WITHIN-TREE VARIATION IN WOOD AND FIBERS ATTRIBUTES IN PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB GROWN IN BOREAL STANDS

Hassine Bouafif and Ahmed Koubaa, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue; Susanne Brais, Alain Cloutier, Guy Larocque, and Jean-Martin Lussier, Université Laval

The within-tree variation of various wood quality attributes (density, dynamic modulus of elasticity, latewood percentage, tracheid length and width) of jack pine trees grown in boreal stands, from the stem base to the stem apex at given radial positions, was analyzed in detail. Analyses were based on the mixed effects modeling procedure, in order to determine the amount of variation explained by many factors (i.e., cambial age, height in the stem, annual ring width, inter-tree variation, growth increment) that contribute to wood quality attribute variation. Mixed effects models for density explained nearly 60% of the variation, with an RMSE of 48 kg/m3 for single rings. The vertical variation in wood density within a tree depended mainly on its social status. Wood density increased from the butt to the top and from the pith to the bark for fast grown and dominant trees. Latewood percentage depicted the same pattern as wood density, but it was well-described with the mixed model for suppressed trees rather than for the dominant trees. The within-disc variation was the major source of variation in weighted-length fiber. It accounted for 65% of the variation in fiber length. In contrast to previous studies reporting that mean fiber length decreased with growth rate, weighted fiber length was shown to typically vary with cambial age. Other than cambial age, fiber width also showed affinity to ring width and relative height.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

Bay district is very predictable when growth patterns are controlled. The study suggests that controlling the growth patterns of eastern larch at the stand level will allow forest managers to produce predictable wood properties that meet or exceed the design criteria for a variety of end uses. Design criteria were used as the basis for variability classification and mapping of wood characteristics. Eastern larch processing based on these design criteria classes increased the overall value of the wood by as much as 31% when modelled using “Buck.”

SACRED FORESTS AND ECONOMICAL IMPACT IN THE NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN CAMEROON

Mbonji-Edjenguele, University of Yaounde 1; Roncs Ese-Etame, INOVA Mount Vernon Hospital; Augustin Ellong, University of Douala

In most African sociocultural institutions where there are protected forests, the area surrounding the forest is sacred; it is treated as the socialization of the physical environment because of its influence on some social groups and non-social activities such as: the gods, ancestors, the ritualistic, traditional chiefs, elders, etc. Because sacred forests constitute a reservation to the initiation of novices, the consecration of the notables, the appeal for ancestral spirits and spirits of the forest, these reserved spaces will logically serve as a sanctuary for the flourishing of flora and fauna that is found there. The sacred forest works as a niche of biodiversity conservation. The population harvests many of their purified traditional eyes drop in these forests. The objective of this presentation is to explore ways to valorize sacred forests with their natural forest products resources within the context of the African tradition. Potential usage of major forest products in sacred forests will be presented. A call for the sustainable management of sacred forests in Cameroon will follow the presentation of activities in the majority of sacred forests in the Congo basin.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts SESSION 17

Pacific Northwest Ballroom (1st Floor)

WOODY BIOMASS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CONSORTIUM FOR RESEARCH ON RENEWABLE MATERIALS (CORRIM) BIOFUEL COLLECTION FROM FIRE RISK REDUCTION THINNINGS AND RESIDUES â&#x20AC;&#x201C; WESTERN STATES Elaine Oneil, University of Washington; Leonard Johnson, University of Idaho; Bruce Lippke and James McCarter, University of Washington

Biofuel collection is defined as those activities that are additional to normal forest resource management and harvesting activities that may produce feedstock for biofuel processing. We examined the potential for biofuel collection from fire risk reduction thinnings and harvest residue removal from representative sites in the western United States. Stand-specific fire risk reduction treatments were simulated to assess likely volumes that were recoverable for biofuel applications. Residue recovery was estimated from field surveys of harvested sites correlated to harvest volume estimated in prior CORRIM studies. Feedstock data were used as inputs to develop representative biofuel collection LCIs. A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION VIA THE THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION PATHWAY Jesse Daystar, Richard Venditti, Hasan Jameel, and Mike Jett, North Carolina State University

Biomass gasification is a promising second generation biofuels production pathway due to high alcohol yields and flexible feedstock requirements. Unlike the biochemical route, the thermochemical process can successfully utilize a wider range of biomass. However, each biomass, depending on the composition, will produce different alcohol yields and GHG emissions. The purpose of this work was to examine the yields and GHG emissions from six feedstocks on a gate-to-gate basis using a computer simulation of the gasification process. The feedstocks analyzed were a natural hardwood, loblolly pine, eucalyptus, miscanthus, cornstover, and switchgrass. Using an NREL thermochemical model (Aden et al. 2007) and life cycle analysis software, a GHG analysis and life cycle assessment were performed for each feedstock. The biomass composition affected both the yield and GHG emissions. Additionally, yield and GHG emission were found to be particularly sensitive to the carbon and ash content within the incoming biomass. When compared to the NREL base model using hybrid poplar as a feedstock, loblolly pine produced the highest alcohol yields, an 8.5% increase, and the lowest GHG emissions per gallon of ethanol, a 9.1% decrease. In contrast, due to the high ash content, cornstover had the lowest yields and the highest GHG emissions per gallon of ethanol. Results from environmental studies combined with technical and economic analyses should be used going forward to determine the most favorable feedstocks for biofuel production processes. Also, for a more complete understanding of feedstock impacts on the environment, the incorporation of a detailed feedstock production system is critical. AN ASPEN PROCESS MODEL: PRODUCING LIQUID FUELS FROM PYROLYSIS OF WOODY BIOMASS Philip H. Steele and Jerome Cooper, Mississippi State University; Maureen E. Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

CORRIM is developing an Aspen Plus model of a pyrolysis facility to produce bio-oil utilizing USDA Forest Service grant funding. This model allows determination of per gallon bio-oil cost and environmental implications for a 550-tonne-per-day facility. Mississippi State University (MSU) investigators are developing an Aspen Plus model producing 100 million gallons/year of bio-oil detailing all inputs outputs required for LCI/LCA burdens for production of liquid fuels and other co-products from biomass feedstock. MSU investigators are also employing the developed pyrolysis models to evaluate the potential LCA and economic impact. This will allow development of a comparative LCA for the production of fuel oil, gasoline, and electricity. In addition to the Aspen Plus model, a 10-year discounted cash flow analysis will be performed to determine rate of return and net present value.

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Richard Gustafson, Mohit Rastogi, and Joyce Cooper, University of Washington; Maureen E. Puettman, WoodLife

This paper looks at the production of ethnaol using bioconversion of plantation-grown hardwoods. Life cycle material and energy demands, as well as emissions for the production of ethanol from hardwoods, have been assessed. Environmental demands of the biorefinery have been determined using a detailed ASPEN model that will be presented. Life cycle carbon and other impacts for production of biofuels will be compared to that for the production of conventional fuels. LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY OF WOOD PELLET MANUFACTURERS IN WISCONSIN John F. Katers and Adam Snippen, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCING LIQUID FUELS WITH BIOCONVERSION OF WOODY BIOMASS

The purpose of this study was to find the environmental impacts of “premium” wood pellets manufactured in Wisconsin through a cradle-to-gate life cycle inventory. The system boundary begins with harvesting timber and ends with product (wood pellets) leaving the mill complex. The functional unit is the mill complex, which produces wood pellets from a variety of feedstocks. Three groups of pellet manufacturers were identified based on feedstock: those who utilize wet co-product (>35% moisture on a wet basis), those who utilize dry co-product (<35% moisture on wet basis), and those who harvest their own timber. Some mills utilize a combination of feedstocks using processing steps including log and/or co-product handling, chipping, hammermilling, drying, and pelletization. The mill data was weight averaged on a per unit basis of 1.0 short ton of “premium” wood pellets, and the burdens for all substances and energy are allocated among the products based on dry mass. Using the LCI modeling software package SimaPro 7, environmental impacts were measured based on emissions to air and water, solid waste, energy consumption, and resource use. Results indicate that the pelletization stage consumes the highest proportion (50%) of electricity in the manufacturing of wood pellets. Total energy consumption for producing wood pellets from source-dried co-product was 75% less than using co-product dried in-situ, and 81% less than producers who harvest their own timber. However, when considering the upstream energy consumption and environmental burdens, wood pellets produced from whole logs harvested by the manufacturer have less environmental impact. LIFE CYCLE INVENTORIES FOR WOOD AND SWITCHGRASS FUEL PELLETS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Daniel Reed, Jae-Woo Kim, and Adam M. Taylor, University of Tennessee; Maureen E. Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC

Fuel pellets are an important component of biofuels programs. Pellets are dry, dense, easily handled, and can be burned directly as a heating fuel or can be a preliminary processing step in a biofuel conversion process. This project is developing LCI of hardwood and switchgrass pellets in the southeastern United States. This dataset will be an important first component in evaluating the environmental profile hardwood products and biofuel programs. THE LIFE CYCLE IMPACTS OF INCREASING BIOFUEL USE IN WOOD PROCESSING FACILITIES Maureen E. Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC; Bruce Lippke, University of Washington

Life cycle inventory surveys of U.S. wood manufacturing mills show only about 50% of the processing energy consumed is being provided by biofuel. Most of the residual sources for the biofuel are sawdust and bark produced during wood processing. This could be supplemented by forest residuals currently not utilized due to the high cost of collection. With increases in the value of carbon and the cost of fossil fuels, increased uses of wastes should be expected. We evaluate the life cycle implications of using more biofuel in lumber processing mills as an integral part of tracking the impact of carbon across all forest-related carbon pools (i.e. from forest regeneration to product use). Based on forest residual biomass accessibility studies, lumber mills could be better than carbon neutral and energy self-sufficient. In addition, they could export more biofuel to other users than is needed in the mill. Regulations on non-carbon emissions as well as the low cost of natural gas have to date curtailed efforts to use more

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts biofuel. However, environmental burdens can be significantly altered given that the base level of biofuel use is far less than the potential supply. While using wood for energy has lower leverage than wood used in long-term products, using waste wood, such as forest residuals, can significantly lower emissions such as those associated with global warming.

SESSION 18

Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

BIOMASS MATERIALS PROCESSING AND PERFORMANCE – NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WOOD COMPOSITES EUCALYPTUS MICRO AND NANOFIBERS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES

Gustavo Henrique Denzin Tonoli, Universidade Federal de Lavras; Luiz H. Capparelli Mattoso and J.M. Marconcini, Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária; L.M. Mendes, Universidade Federal de Lavras; M.A. Pereira-da-Silva, Universidade de São Paulo; A.C. Corrêa and L.A. Caixeta, Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária

The interest for cellulose nanofibres from renewable sources has grown mainly because of the exceptional mechanical characteristics of these materials. Several studies have been reported in the literature about using cellulosic fibers and nanofibers in polymeric matrices to obtain nanocomposites. However, in the majority of these studies, the composites did not present adequate mechanical performance mainly due to the problems related to fiber dispersion. The problems with fiber and nanofibers dispersion and water resistance of the ensuring composites/nanocomposites deserve better investigation. The objective of the present work was to obtain eucalyptus cellulose microfibers and nanofibers by acid hydrolysis, sonification, and refining of the bleached cellulose pulp. The micro and nanofibers were characterized by different techniques and used as reinforcement in biodegradable polymeric composites/nanocomposites. Thermoplastic starch composites/nanocomposites were produced by extrusion and special attention was dispended to composite processing and optimization of fiber and nanofiber dispersion. Composites/nanocomposites were evaluated about their thermal stability (TG), structural properties, mechanical performance in different conditions of temperature and humidity, resistance to water absorption, and fiber-tomatrix interface (SEM). The present work contributes to the wide spreading of different methods for nanofibers production and to obtain biodegradable composites/nanocomposites with adequate mechanical performance and water resistance. MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION FOR MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE (MFC)-POLY(LACTIC ACID) NANOCOMPOSITES Jie Ding, Lech Muszyński, and John Simonsen, Oregon State University

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Biopolymer – poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a renewable, sustainable, carbon neutral, and recyclable material. In this research, PLA is investigated as a potential replacement of petroleum-based polymers in advanced nanocomposites reinforced with microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). This advanced MFC-PLA bio-based composite material is expected to allow for the substitution of petroleum-based plastics in various markets and applications. Developing efficient composites for various applications requires good understanding of the structure-property relationships between the nano-cellulose reinforcement and the polymer matrix. The objective of this study is to develop effective methods for mechanical characterization for MFC-PLA nanocomposites films. An optical measurement method based on digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure deformations in thin transparent MFC-PLA films. This method allows determination of elastic properties (elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio), ultimate tensile stress and toughness. It also allows observation of the failure patterns of bulk MFC-PLA nanocomposites. Samples of pure PLA matrix were used as reference. In addition, the porosity of the PLA matrix resulting from sample manufacturing process is measured. Preliminary results will be presented. AN INVESTIGATION OF FABRICATION THERMAL INSULATION WOOD-BASED COMPOSITE USING NANOTECHNOLOGY

Reza Zahedsheijani, Mohammad Layeghi, Hosein Yousefi, and Mehdi Faezipour, University of Tehran and Arian Saeed INC

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FOAMING OF CELLULOSE NANOFIBER-REINFORCED POLY(LACTIC ACID) BIOCOMPOSITES W.D. Ding, Takashi Kuboki, R. Koyama, C.B. Park, and M. Sain, University of Toronto

Each year, large amounts of plastic waste are produced worldwide and have caused serious environmental problems such as green house gas emissions, environmental pollution, and waste disposal. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is biodegradable, uses less energy, and substantially reduces green house gas emissions. PLA has a good trade-off between physical and chemical properties, but its mechanical property needs to be improved in order to expand its application areas. Incorporation of cellulose nanofibers has been shown to remarkably improve not only the toughness of PLA, but also tensile and yield strengths. However, the density of the composites is higher than pure polymer and natural wood. Foaming of the composites with a fine-celled structure can reduce its density and therefore decrease the material cost. Foaming can also improve insulating properties, impact strength, tensile fracture strength, and fatigue life of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. All above-mentioned properties are closely related to the cellular structure of the composites. In order to establish the structure-property-processing relationships of composites foams, it is necessary to study the foaming mechanism of the composites and to quantitatively characterize the cellular structure. However, few studies were reported on foaming of nano-sized cellulose fiber-reinforced biocomposites. In this study, cellulose nanofibers and PLA were used to fabricate the biocomposites by film casting method, and the composites with different nanofiber contents were prepared. The composites were then foamed via a batch foaming process with CO2 as a blowing agent. The foaming behaviors and cell morphology of the composites were investigated.

SESSION 19

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

In the present study, the potential use of nanotechnology was examined to improve thermal insulation properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). For this, Na+ montmorillonite (NaMMT) nanoclay was added to urea formaldehyde resin at three levels of 0%, 2.5%, and 5% based on the oven dry weight of resin for producing the MDF. The boards were produced with two densities of 0.65 and 0.75 g/cm3. In order to characterize the structure of the MDF, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied, and the thermal insulation properties were examined using a thermal conductivity test. Characterization of the MDFs shows that dispersed and exfoliated structures were generated by the hot press. The results of the thermal conductivity test indicated a desirable effect of nanoclay on thermal properties of MDF. The nanoclay reduced thermal conductivity by 10 to 45%.

Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF TROPICAL HARDWOODS (CONTINUED) EXPLORING THE BARRIERS TO THE USE AND TRADE OF LUMBER FROM SAWMILLS IN GHANA Emmanuel Appiah-Kubi and Stephen Lartey Tekpetey, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG)

Trade in timber and timber products contributes significantly to the Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of Ghana. More than 60% of the timber trade values are from exports to Europe and other consumer countries, an indication that the timber market in Ghana is export-oriented. This trend has generally been attributed to the low patronage of lumber sawn from sawmills by local carpenters. The study therefore seeks to explore the barriers inhibiting the use and trade of lumber sawn from sawmills in Kumasi, Ghana. Eight sawmills in Kumasi were randomly selected for the study. Structured questionnaires were administered and interviews conducted. Forty-five carpenters granted interviews and responded to questionnaires. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Results revealed that only about 20% of the lumber from sawmills is sold to the local market due to the inability of local consumers to pay for the cost. Patronage of lumber from sawmills by carpenters was low due to high cost of the lumber and the inconveniences associated with the bureaucratic procedures involved in acquiring lumber from the sawmills. Some of the carpenters indicated that the sawmills were far away from their workshops, which creates difficulty in the transportation of lumber for use by local consumers. The sawmills need advanced techniques in processing that are cost-effective in order to enhance productivity, reduce cost, and improve supply to the available markets.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS: THE CASE OF NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS OR “AFRICAN HYSSOP” IN CAMEROON Mbonji-Edjenguele, University of Yaounde 1; Roncs Ese-Etame, INOVA Mount Vernon Hospital; Augustin Ellong, University of Douala

Newbouldia laevis is one of the species widely spread in the African flora. According to archaeologists, its presence is correlated with that of men who used its leaves, bark, and roots to treat peptic ulcer, pelvic pain, hemorrhoids, constipation, seizure disorder, otalgia, visual disturbance, and arthritis. In addition, it has potential in purification treatment in the area of thanatology (blocking and burial of the dead). It is sold in local markets as powdered leaves, bark, and roots. This presentation explores various practices that accompany the use of Newbouldia laevis in Cameroon. Strategies for sustainable management of the resource and development of marketing opportunities for the products are presented. THE USE OF RESAK MALAYSIAN INDIGENOUS HARDWOOD FOR THE FIRST DESIGNED GLUELAMINATED PUBLIC STRUCTURE BUILT IN TROPICAL HARDWOOD IN MALAYSIA Dave Smedley, Rotafix Ltd.; Eddie Ling, Woodsfields Sbn (Johor, Malaysia)

This presentation describes the set up of a new glulam manufacturing facility in Johor combined with the avant gard design of a glue-laminated exhibition hall commisioned by the Malaysian Timber Industries Board (MTIB) -- all constructed with pre-joined at the factory and erected on site as the first commercial building glulam procedure in Malaysia. Building engineering design came from Australia; construction was done in Johor by Woodsfields, a local company; and moment resisting joint construction as a bonded in-rod design incorporating a novel structural injection adhesive procedure application came from the U.K. This project identifies the problems of hardwood lamination and the factory assembly problems, testing procedures and solutions, and site erection procedures in a high-humidity enviroment. EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TROPICAL WOODS GROWING IN COSTA RICA Laura Leandro Zúñiga, Universidad de Costa Rica

Wood has been used for many applications because of its numerous excellent characteristics. However, wood also suffers from a number of disadvantages because it is a hygroscopic material. The methods brought out based on the results of these studies are commonly called “wood modification methods.” “Heat treatment” is a wood modification method that changes the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of wood. Wood polymers are degraded, is often used to improve the dimensional stability of wood, has less hygroscopicity than natural wood, color darkens, and biological durability is increased. Heating wood permanently changes several of its chemical and physical properties. The change in properties in mainly caused by thermic degrading of hemicelluloses. Heat treatment significantly reduces the tangential and radial swelling. All these changes are achieved by heat treatment process without any added chemicals. Thus, heat treatment wood has been considered as an ecological alternative material to impregnated wood. Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis have been introduced in Costa Rica for commercial purposes and are the most important reforestation species. However Gmelina arborea has high variability in final moisture and drying problems, while the Tectona grandis presents high heterogeneity in color, also a low natural durability. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the heat treatment on some physical, mechanical, and natural durability properties of Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis wood growing in Costa Rica. 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

CURRENT TOPICS IN FOREST PRODUCTS MARKETING RESEARCH (CONTINUED) META-ANALYSIS OF WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY ESTIMATES FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY CERTIFIED WOOD PRODUCTS Zhen Cai and Francisco X. Aguilar, University of Missouri

Consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) premiums for environmentally certified wood products has been frequently estimated using stated preference methods. Reported estimates of WTP premiums for certified wood products over non-certified options vary from 1.6% to 39.3%. Meta-analysis was used to systematically determine the key factors causing WTP premium variation by examining observations from 19 different studies conducted around the world. Results of a Bayesian hierarchical model show that U.S. consumers were willing to pay lower premiums for certified wood products compared with consumers from other countries. Frequently purchased wood products (e.g. print papers, pencils) tend to capture higher premium levels. Survey administering method was also a factor influencing variation in WTP estimates. Results show that the estimated premium elicited from a choice modeling method is consistent with the results obtained from contingent valuation methods. We discuss the need to control for these variables in future studies to avoid overestimation of stated price premiums.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

SESSION 20

SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORKING IN THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY Iris Baker Montague, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

It is undeniable that the Internet has become a very important tool since it was made available for consumer use almost two decades ago. One newer Internet trend, social media networking, has allowed people to maintain the social relationships they desire, but also has given businesses the ability to develop social relationships with their customers. The hardwood products industry is one in which companies benefit from having personal contact with their customers. The objectives of this study were to determine the use of social media in the hardwood industry and how its use affects a firm’s competitive position and market access. The study included a questionnaire that was distributed to U.S. hardwood manufacturers. Analysis indicates that many companies are hesitant to incorporate social media into their business strategies. However, there are some producers who have begun to use social media and find it beneficial to business productivity. Finally, the author presents marketing implications and recommendations from this investigation. PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF CHAIN OF CUSTODY CERTIFICATION: A SURVEY OF SUPPLY CHAIN MEMBERS IN CHINA AND VIETNAM Ivan L. Eastin, Indroneil Ganguly, Jeff Cao, and Mihyun Seol, University of Washington

Chain of custody (CoC) certification is one of the two major types of forest certification (with the other being Forest Management certification) that was primarily developed as an assurance that forest products could be reliably tracked back to the forests from which they were legally harvested. Asia is a fast-growing market for CoC certification, led by China and Vietnam, thanks in large part to their booming export-oriented furniture industries. Despite considerable interest in CoC certification throughout the region, two important questions have yet to be adequately explored: 1) What are the tangible benefits of obtaining FSC-CoC certification? 2) What are the challenges encountered by FSC-CoC certificate holders? This study addresses these questions through qualitative interviews with industry managers as well as through implementation of a survey of CoC companies in China and Vietnam. Cross-country comparisons between responses obtained from China and Vietnam are used to identify country-specific factors that may influence a company’s decision to obtain CoC certification. Survey respondents in China and Vietnam indicate that barriers to adopting CoC certification include poor knowledge of certification requirements, high costs associated with implementing the standards, and a dearth of implementation and certification capacity in Asia. Moreover, due to lack of domestic supply of certified and controlled wood, most CoC operations in these countries have to rely heavily on imported wood, which in turn adds to the cost of production. However, the survey results revealed significant differences among the respondents of the two countries regarding their perception of various benefits associated with CoC certification.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts SURVIVAL AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY INVESTIGATING THE FOREST PRODUCTS ENTREPRENEURS OF SOUTHERN MALAWI

E. Bradley Hager, Virginia Tech; Ndalapa A.C. Mhango, Domasi College of Education; A.L. (Tom) Hammett Virginia Tech

Malawi is one of the poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa. One way to alleviate this is to see ways to use renewable resources to foster economic development. A key question is whether entrepreneurship exists in such a dismal economic environment and, if so, what these entrepreneurs can teach us. During the summer of 2010, 35 entrepreneurs in the Zomba City/Domasi area participated in a phenomenological study, sharing their stories and advice regarding entrepreneurship. This presentation will focus on the participants who are active in the forest products sector (furniture, building supplies, fishing boats, coffins, toys, and small household pieces). Major themes found address the following questions: 1) Why they start their own business rather than work for others; 2) What marketing strategies they use and how they implement them; 3) What skills and traits are key to success; 4) What type of training would be beneficial for future entrepreneurs; and 5) What are the general and sector-specific challenges forest products entrepreneurs face in the region. In addition, we will discuss observations regarding existing and potential markets. Technological needs and current problems with product quality and wood-use efficiency will also be discussed. The study found that most Malawians, even those who finished secondary school, must create their own employment opportunities or face day-today subsistence. The study found that entrepreneurship is present and is critically important in the distressed economic environment. Furthermore, forest products entrepreneurs face and overcome significant forest sector challenges in innovative ways.

SESSION 21

Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

APPLICATION OF WOOD MATERIALS IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS DEFLECTION OF STEEL-CLAD WOOD-FRAMED DIAPHRAGMS Eric W. Pope, and Don A. Bender, Washington State University

Post-frame buildings with steel-clad wood-framed diaphragms are cost effective, easy to assemble, and structurally efficient structures. Key to the performance of post-frame buildings is to accurately account for the structural diaphragm and shear wall action to resist lateral loads. A method to predict diaphragm deflection of steel-clad woodframe diaphragms that follows the three-term format of the ANSI/AF&PA Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic–2008 was developed. The three terms include contributions of wood framing, panel stiffness, fastener slip, and slip of chord splices. The ANSI/AF&PA SDPWS–2008 procedures are well-known among structural engineers and a similar format for calculating deflection of steel-clad wood-framed diaphragms would make diaphragm design of postframe buildings more accessible to design professionals. This information would be useful in checking story drift and could be used to develop simpler diaphragm design methods (similar to methods used in light-frame wood diaphragm/ shear wall buildings). WOOD I-BEAM AND “ZIGZAG DECKING” FROM ROUNDWOOD 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Bradley D. Miller, HDR Engineering, Inc.; Thomas M. Gorman, University of Idaho

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Harvests to control pine beetle infestations in the Intermountain West may increase the availability of material that could be used for innovative, locally manufactured new products. Two concepts with potential for use of this material are solid wood I-beams and “zigzag decking.” These structural products should be well-suited for pedestrian and short-span road bridges and other beam applications. Wood I-Beams are made from roundwood by flattening the top and bottom, sawing the resulting cant into three pieces, dapping the two rounded side (flange) pieces to accept the center rectangular (web) section, and assembling them into Wood I-Beams using glue similar to glulam beams. This utilizes up to 90% of the log and is almost five times stronger than the original round stock. Wood I-Beams vary in depth depending on size of roundwood stock. These compare in strength to similar depth glulam beams. “Zigzag Decking” (and beams or

CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) PANELS – A NEW WOOD-BASED MATERIAL WITH HIGH ADDED VALUE Peter Niemz, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich

Cross-laminated timber represents a new multi-layer material based on boards that are glued together crosswise. In most cases spruce wood is used. They are used more and more in timber constructions providing a high added value. The utilization of this kind of panel gains importance in the Swiss, German, and Austrian building industry. It is possible to vary the properties of the panels through a selective panel configuration. The talk will report on the following projects at ETH Zurich: 1) Sorption behavior, swelling and diffusion behavior, influence from adhesives; 2) Mechanical properties of the panels (test on small- and large-sized panels) and their implementation; 3) Computer model for the ascertainment of mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, strength); 4) Computer model for warping; and 5) Residual stress and deformation stability. The panel properties can be calculated reliably on the basis of the panel configuration. In large-sized panels, the part of rolling shear under bending load is considerably lower than for relatively small specimens. Those show a conspicuous influence of the panel size. The equilibrium moisture content in the upper range of the sorption isotherm is slightly beneath the one of spruce wood. The diffusion resistance increases with the number of glue joints and the type of adhesive. The diffusion process can be detected with neutron imaging. When compared to natural wood, solid wood panels show a higher dimensional stability due to crosswise bonding of the layers. Under presence of a moisture profile over the cross-section, or if the moisture acts only on one side, this kind of bonding leads to significant residual stresses (up to ca. 2,5 N/mm2), which can generate deformations or even cracks. If the moisture of the layers was too high before the bonding, crack formation can thus occur during winter in heated indoor rooms. For the computation of stresses and deformations models to be calculated, the stresses are ascertained by experiments. Models for calculating the warping will be presented.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

planks) may be made from small-diameter roundwood by sawing and machining each round piece into two identical trapezoidal sections, similar to a hexagon cut in half. By alternating the orientation of the trapezoidal sections, these components can be assembled into a continuous “zigzag deck” or assembled into rectangular sections by cutting one of the pieces in half and using each piece at opposite sides of the section.

THE RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF FIRE-DAMAGED, DIMENSIONAL LUMBER: A DIRECT, NONDESTRUCTIVE, IN-SITU APPROACH Brian Kukay, Anthony Laslovich, and Charles Todd, Montana Tech

In recent years, statistics indicate nearly 500,000 residential fire incidents with an associated total dollar cost in excess of $8,000,000,000. Relating these two statistics accounts for the fact that insurance company representatives evaluate individual residential fire incidents on a case-by-case basis. Where individual residential fire incidents are not ruled a total financial loss by insurance agency representatives, qualified inspection professionals are charged with determining what structural components can remain in service (either with or without repair) and what components are to be replaced prior to re-occupancy. Such is the case with reported fire incidents that have been contained to a particular room or area of a residence upon inspection. Light-frame structural components are commonly associated with residential construction. However, there are few direct techniques available to predict the residual strength of these components should they exhibit varying degrees of fire damage. Even fewer techniques can be employed where non-destructive, in-situ approaches are preferred. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the appropriateness of proof-loading individual, fire-damaged dimensional lumber to predict residual strength when site-specific information indicates that the component(s) would otherwise be expected to remain in service. The data indicate that this technique can be a highly significant predictor of residual stiffness and strength. Cross-sectional reductions around 15% result in stiffness and strength reductions near 40% where fire-damaged, 2x4-inch, machine-stress-rated lumber (2400fb; 2.0E6 E) are evaluated.

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts SESSION 22

Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

BIO-BASED AND ENVIRONMENTALLY APPEALING WOOD ADHESIVES (CONTINUED) PERFORMANCE OF BAMBOO FIBER-FILLED THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES

Pankaj K. Aggarwal and Ajay Karmarkar, Institute of Wood Science & Technology (Bangalore, India)

Biofibers can potentially be used to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly composites. The main bottlenecks in use of biofibers in thermoplastics have been the poor compatibility and lack of interfacial adhesion between the two materials. The effect of filler concentration on mechanical properties of bamboo flour-filled HDPE composites was investigated using glycidyl methacrylate grafted polyethylene (GMAPE) as a coupling agent. With bamboo flour concentration increasing from 10 to 40%, tensile strength increased linearly from 17.9 to 22 MPa, representing a 27% increase over unfilled HDPE. Flexural strength of composites also exhibited an increase of 56% over unfilled HDPE and increased linearly from 24.91 to 30.42 MPa with filler concentration from 10 to 40%. Tensile and flexural strength of composites without coupling agent remained almost the same at around 17 and 20 MPa, respectively, at all loadings, which suggests little stress transfer from the matrix to the fibers irrespective of the amount of fiber present. Use of GMAPE improves interaction and adhesion between the two materials leading to better matrix-to-fiber stress transfer. The biocomposites have gained importance in the market due to an increase in the price of wood and the environmental problems with plastics disposal. MELAMINE-BASED ADHESIVES AS REINFORCING AGENTS FOR THERMOPLASTIC WOOD ADHESIVES Alireza Kaboorani and Bernard Riedl, UniversitĂŠ Laval

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Melamine-based adhesives are well-known in wood industries for providing wood products with excellent properties. Melamine formaldehyde (MF) and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) are the most common among the melaminebased adhesives. Polyvinyl acetate (PVA), a thermoplastic adhesive, is increasingly becoming an ideal adhesive for the wood industry due to its low price, non-toxicity, and simplicity of its applications. Despite having these advantages, PVA has poor performance towards water, stress, and elevated temperatures. In this study, blends of PVA with MUF and MF were evaluated as an approach to enhance the performance of PVA toward water and elevated temperatures. MF and MUF were added to PVA at different proportions: 15, 30, 50, 70, and 100%. Blends of PVA with MF and MUF were used as adhesives to bond wood joints. The shear strength of wood joints was measured in dry and wet states, and elevated temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study thermal stability of PVA and its blends with MF and MUF. The structural changes caused by the inclusions were characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that shear strength of wood joints were improved by addition of MF and MUF to PVA in all conditions. Adding small amounts of MUF or MF (as low as 15%) enhanced the performance of wood joints towards water and elevated temperatures. The extent of improvement was sometimes so high that the strength of glue line surpassed strength of wood in wet conditions leading to wood failure rather than glue failure. MF had more effectiveness in improving shear strength of wood joints than MUF in all conditions. Thermal stability of PVA was increased by MF, but the effect of MUF on thermal stability of PVA was dependent on MUF proportions and temperatures. At low proportions (lower than 30%), thermal stability was improved at temperatures below 230Â°C. In other cases, MUF had negative effects on thermal stability of PVA. FT-IR analyses showed some chemical bonds between PVA and MF. Considering costs, effectiveness, and formaldehyde emission, adding 15% MF to PVA seems the optimal proportion of MF in the PVA blends. EFFECTS OF SURFACE TREATMENT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND WATER-RESISTANCE OF KENAF FIBER-REINFORCED UNSATURATED POLYESTER COMPOSITES

Xiaofeng Ren and Kaichang Li, Oregon State University; Renhui Qiu, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University; Leonard S. Fifield and Kevin L. Simmons, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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Effects of surface treatments on the strength and water resistance of kenaf fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites were investigated. A new coupling agent that consists of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (DIH) and 2-hydroxylethyl

THE PROPERTIES OF PARTICLEBOARD MADE FROM OIL PALM TRUNK

Apri Heri Iswanto, Tito Sucipto, and Irawati Azhar, University of Sumatera Utara (Indonesia); Fauzi Febrianto, Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesia)

The trend of wood supply for wood industries from natural forests in Indonesia in the last decade sharply decreased. On the other hand, oil palm trunk wastes in Indonesia are available in huge amounts. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out research regarding the possibility for use of oil palm trunk waste as a raw material for particleboard production. The objective of this research was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from palm oil trunk waste under various resin content. Methane di-isocyanate (MDI, Type H3M) resin was used as an adhesive. The result indicated that the physical properties (i.e., water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (i.e., modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond) of particleboard made from oil palm trunk particle bonded with 7% MDI resin fulfill the requirement of the Japan standard (JIS A59082003) and the Indonesian (SNI 03-2105-1996) standard.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

acrylate (HEA) was investigated for surface treatments of kenaf fibers. The surface treatments were found to significantly enhance the tensile strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and water resistance of the resulting kenaf-UPE composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed DIH-HEA was covalently bonded onto kenaf fibers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the composites revealed the improved interfacial adhesion between kenaf fibers and UPE resins.

POLYMER CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHA) PRODUCED IN A BIOREACTOR Jing Dai, Armando G. McDonald, and Erik R. Coats, University of Idaho

The bioplastic polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) has been biosynthesized using a wild mixed microbial culture in a three-stage process. The yield of PHA in the dry biomass was between 10 and 30%. PHA compositional analysis as their methyl ester derivatives by GC-MS showed that the PHA was a polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHB-co-HV) copolymer, which contains about 60% HB and 40% HV. The chemical properties of the PHA were characterized by a combination of FTIR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with triple detection. The weight average molecular weight of PHB-co-HV copolymer derived from fermented manure bioreactor is between 700,000 and 1,100,000 g/mol. The thermal (melting temperature, degree of crystallinity, glass transition temperature) and tensile properties of PHB-co-HV were determined by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). More details on the PHB-co-PHV copolymer will be discussed further.

SESSION 23

Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

WOODY BIOMASS – ECONOMICS, SUPPLY, CONVERSION TO ENERGY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (CONTINUED) DETERMINING CARBON IMPACT FACTORS FOR A RANGE OF WOOD PRODUCTS

Richard Bergman, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Adam M. Taylor, University of Tennessee; Maureen E. Puettmann, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC

Wood products from the eastern U.S. hardwood forests have a number of potential “green” advantages. Documenting and publicizing these merits will be important to the future competitiveness of the hardwood industry. Wood product manufacture requires fewer fossil fuel inputs than alternative products made from concrete, metals, or plastics. In addition, wood is composed of carbon that was recently removed from the atmosphere. These two effects – substitution and sequestration – are why the carbon impact of wood products is so favorable. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is the standard method for evaluating the environmental impacts of processes and products. Among other functions, LCA can be used to quantify the carbon impact of wood products. This project will use existing life cycle information to determine the carbon impacts of a range of wood products. A key issue is selecting

JUNE 19/21, 2011

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts the appropriate functional unit for each wood product, especially interior wood products. Preliminary results are shown in kg carbon stored per cubic meter final product. Results show Inland West, Pacific Northwest, Northeast-Northcentral (NE-NC), and Southeast (SE) softwood lumber are 218, 233, 214, and 265, respectively whereas NE-NC and SE hardwood lumber, solid strip, and engineered-wood flooring are 315, 318, 361, and 299, respectively. Carbon storage in the final product is highly dependent on density. TGA-FTIR ANALYSIS OF WOODY BIOMASS AND COAL FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION

Qingzheng Cheng, Jingxin Wang, Kaushlendra Singh, and John Zondlo, West Virginia University

Abundant woody biomass and coal resources are available for conversion into bio-fuels and other bio-products in the United States. Fuel production from biomass and coal could be an alternative and economical way to promote the efficient utilization of coal and biomass resources and economic development in the U.S. The purpose of this study was to determine the pyrolysis characteristics and gas product properties of several hardwood samples (such as yellow poplar, white, and red oak) and two types of coal (Kingwood coal and Texas lignite). Thermal analysis demonstrates that these biomass sources are easily decomposed, with most of their weight lost under lower temperature compared with coal. The biomass pyrolysis process could be divided into four stages: moisture evaporation, hemicellulose decomposition, cellulose decomposition, and lignin degradation. The main gaseous products from the pyrolysis of biomass, coal, and their mixture with different ratios were identified using thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared (TGAFTIR) spectroscopy, and, particularly, their real-time evolution characteristics are investigated. This fundamental study provides a basic insight of the biomass and coal pyrolysis, which can benefit in developing advanced thermal processes for high-yield biofuel production from biomass and coal. CONVERTING LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS INTO SUGARS VIA FAST PYROLYSIS

Qi Li, Philip H. Steele, Fei Yu, Brian Mitchell, and El-Barbary M. Hassan, Mississippi State University

Fast pyrolysis is the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass by heat within a few seconds in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the production of charcoal, bio-oil, and gaseous products. Levoglucosan is the major anhydrosugar produced as a component of bio-oil. The interest in levoglucosan production is that it provides a route to production of monomeric sugars, primarily glucose, which can be utilized to produce biochemically derived fuels (ethanol, butanol, etc). Biomass pretreatment is one of the ways to increase levoglucosan yield during fast pyrolysis. In this study, Loblolly pine particles were pretreated in dilute acid solutions. The pretreated feedstock was pyrolyzed in an auger-fed pyrolysis reactor and raw bio-oil was collected. Physical and chemical properties of raw bio-oils were analyzed. Water was added to fractionate the bio-oils into a pyroligneous and an aqueous fraction. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the concentration of levoglucosan and other degradation products in the aqueous fraction of bio-oils. We have tested a new method based on pyrolysis of clear loblolly pine wood particles with mild acid pretreatment and modification of the pyrolysis process. This method gave about a 15% increase in levoglucosan yield. The anhydrosugar-rich aqueous fraction was hydrolyzed with H2SO4 in an autoclave. It was found that 100% of levoglucosan was converted to glucose. Ethanol was produced successfully from the glucose hydrolysate. Development of this pyrolytic route to ethanol will provide an alternate route to production of bio-ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. ALCOHOL INJECTION INTO THE PYROLYTIC VAPOR STREAM AS A METHOD TO RAPIDLY PRODUCE ESTERIFIED BIO-OIL Jingming Tao, Brain Mitchell, Fei Yu, and Philip H. Steele, Mississippi State University 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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Bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of biomass is receiving increased attention as a method for producing renewable liquid fuels. However, the negative properties of bio-oil, such as polymerization over time, high water content, high viscosity, low-energy density, and high flash point have prevented commercial development of a fuel from bio-oil. Biooil esterified by addition of alcohol demonstrates reduced polymerization over time, lowered acid value, higher energy density and lowered flash point. However, the esterification reaction usually requires considerable heating energy applied at 90째C and time (two to three hours) to complete. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, low-cost method to produce esterified bio-oil for boiler fuel. Alcohols and acid catalyst were injected into the pyrolysis vapor stream prior to the condenser train to cause the esterification to test the potential for producing the esterification reaction in the vapor phase. Chemical and physical tests of the bio-oil and accelerated aging tests were performed to determine the efficacy of

INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECOMPOSITION OF LOGGING RESIDUES ON FUEL PROPERTIES

Kaushlendra Singh, Jingxin Wang, Litha Sivanandan, Jagpinder Singh Brar, and Saurabh Kumar, West Virginia University

All biorefining processes for lignocellulosic biomass, whether it be ethanol production using fermentation or bio-oil, syngas, and Fisher-Tropsch liquid production using thermo-chemical conversion, rely on physical and chemical properties of materials that may change significantly when wood residues are left on the forest floor for long periods after timber harvesting. The paper presents preliminary results for study on the effect of environmental decomposition of forest residues to be used for biorefining applications used to determine a logistical residue harvesting time frame. Samples of forest logging residues of red oak, red maple, and yellow poplar were collected from the West Virginia University Forests site where timber harvesting operations were performed in years 2010 and 2005. Selected fuel-related properties including moisture content, particle size, bulk density, true grind density, porosity, calorific value, proximate (moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash), ultimate analysis (Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were measured on the collected samples. TGA-FTIR data was analyzed using iso-conversion method involving Arrhenius theory to determine rate kinetics, activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and order of the reaction. Differences in the TGA results over pick-up delays of each wood species will be explained using data from proximate, ultimate, and chemical composition analysis. The results showed decrease in moisture content and no change in calorific value. The project, still in progress, will have a substantial impact on supply-chain strategy for pre-processing and subsequent biorefining in the region and the United States as well.

SESSION 24

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

the vapor phase esterification reaction. Ignition and combustion performance tests were performed in a modified hot water boiler to test the potential of the upgraded bio-oil as a boiler fuel.

Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

CURRENT TOPICS IN FOREST PRODUCTS MARKETING RESEARCH (CONTINUED) GENDER, INCOME LEVEL, AND EDUCATION: DO THEY AFFECT HARDWOOD PREFERENCE? Delton Alderman, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

One fundamental tenet of marketing research is the discernment of consumer preferences. This knowledge can be used in marketing strategy and the subsequent positioning of products. From correspondence with hardwood producers and manufacturers, a research project was undertaken to assess customer hardwood preferences. Preference knowledge offers opportunity for product distinction, which may enable hardwood manufacturers to differentiate and position their products from competitors. As each hardwood species possesses a unique array of physical attributes, in combination with the sizeable number of marketable species, this project was both fascinating and beneficial. Benefits arise in the incorporation of these results in the development and implementation of marketing strategies. This project investigated consumers from three United States geographical regions, which included six different metro areas, and 479 male and 468 female subjects were assessed. Seven species and three different laminate types were assessed on nine different attributes. Significant statistical differences were found amongst and between the research variables and species. ASSESSING BARRIERS TO THE TRADE AND MARKETING OF BAMBOO PRODUCTS IN GHANA Stephen Lartey Tekpetey and Emmanuel Appiah-Kubi, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG)

Bamboo provides numerous products and services for human survival, especially in countries where there is knowledge of its properties. More than 1,500 uses of bamboo are documented worldwide and the trade in these products is increasing worldwide. It is estimated that globally, subsistence use of bamboo is worth US$4.5 billion per year and export generates over US$2.7 billion. Instead of using dwindling timber species, bamboo in the form of

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts laminated boards could be used to produce chairs, sofas, bookshelves, cabinets, and tables. Bamboo is widely regarded as an excellent substitute for wood. In Ghana, most households are annual users of bamboo products. Some studies have been conducted on the technical properties of bamboo in Ghana. However, information on the trade and marketing of bamboo products is limited in Ghana and most African countries. This paper assesses the trade and marketing of some bamboo products – furniture, toothpicks, and props -- in selected districts in Ghana and explores some barriers to the trade and marketing of bamboo products in Ghana. Lack of awareness, poor quality of local bamboo products, uncertainty about their durability, lack of innovative products, and low level of production are some factors identified. It was recommended that the production of innovative and high-quality bamboo products should be promoted. This may improve the trade and marketing of bamboo products in Ghana and other countries for poverty alleviation and enhanced livelihood. GREEN JOBS IN THE FOREST SECTOR SUPPLY CHAIN IN LOUISIANA

Ryan D. Olson, Richard P. Vlosky, Paul M. Darby, and Dek Terrell, LSU AgCenter

Louisiana has recently witnessed considerable interest and activity in its energy efficiency and renewable energy industries. Federal investment in the state’s workforce can help reemploy workers experiencing job losses from some of the area economy’s most vital sectors. A consortium led by the Louisiana Workforce Commission and Louisiana State University are conducting economic impact study analysis, estimation of current employment in both states, projections of future employment in Louisiana, compilation of skill requirements and wage data of occupations, production of industry competency models, and career pathways for all renewable energy sectors in the state including solar, hydro, geothermal, wind, and agricultural/forest-based residues. Concurrently, we are conducting a focused study of green jobs opportunities in the forest sector supply chain in Louisiana. The data gathering phase is ongoing, with over 7,500 companies surveyed. The results of this focused study will be presented. PREFERENCES OF PLASTIC-BASED PANELS OVER WOOD-BASED PANELS AS BUILDING MATERIAL AS INFLUENCED BY GENDER, AGE, ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS, AND SOCIAL CLASS: A CASE STUDY OF HOUSE OWNERS IN GHANA Martin Amoah, Francis Eshun, and Joseph Asomaning, University of Education (Winneba, Ghana)

The environmental benefits of using wood as building material are enormous. However, there is a shift from the use of wooden panels due to concerns over the unsustainable utilization of tropical forests and the influx of cheap plastic materials. This study is part of a project aimed at assessing the preferences of wood-based panels and plastic-based panels as influenced by gender, age, environmental concerns, and socio-economic factors. Preliminary results show that the majority (63.3%) of buildings surveyed use plywood ceiling panels, followed by solid wood panels (25.2%), and plastic panels (10.7%). However, there is negative correlation between the age of buildings and the choice of plastic panels; modern buildings tend to use plastic panels more than older ones, suggesting that wood-based panels are losing their market share. About 81% of house owners who have plywood ceilings reported that given another opportunity to put up a house they would use plastic panels, while almost all the house owners who have plastic panels maintain that they would use the same material. About 80% of the house owners surveyed reported that they would use plastic panels in the future. The main variables influencing the preferences of ceiling materials in the future are gender and age. Female respondents are more likely to use plastic panels than the male counterparts, while the future use of plastic panels is inversely correlated with age. Those who show deforestation concern tend to prefer plastics more than wood-based material. The paper concludes that in order to increase the market share of wood panels, the issue of forest sustainability should be addressed. 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

HEALTH BENEFITS FROM WOOD INTERIORS IN HOSPITALS

Anders Q. Nyrud, Norsk Treteknisk Institutt (Norwegian Institute of Wood Technology); Tina Bringslimark, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB)

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Within evidence-based design, the main issue has been to create built contexts for healing by focusing on elements in the environment that can enhance the healing process. One of the factors thought to enhance health and well-being for hospitalized patients is the presence of nature or nature elements. One of the earliest groundbreaking studies within this field of research is the often-cited study by Roger Ulrich published in Science in 1984. The results indicated that the

SESSION 25

Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

APPLICATION OF WOOD MATERIALS IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS (CONTINUED)

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

patients with the window view to trees had shorter post-operative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nursesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; notes, and took fewer strong pain killers than patients with window views to the brick wall. The aim of the present study is to investigate further on the possible health benefits of adding elements of nature into patient rooms. The study consists of eight patient rooms. Three of the rooms have a larger picture of nature, three rooms have wooden walls, and two rooms are control condition. Participants are hospitalized orthopaedic patients who have undergone either a knee or hip transplantation (number of participants will be approximately 250). The outcome measures are length of hospitalization, use of analgesics, self-reported pain, emotions before and after surgery, and room evaluation. The collection of data will proceed until March 2011. Results from the study will be presented.

INSPECTION METHOD FOR ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS IN RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION John C. Bouldin, Joseph R. Loferski, and Daniel P. Hindman, Virginia Tech

Engineered wood products (EWP) have found wide acceptance in light-frame residential wood construction, but there are no uniform guidelines for their handling, use, and inspection. The International Residential Code for One- and Two-Family Dwellings (IRC) is the predominant prescriptive residential model building code in the United States, and specifies minimum standards for building safe housing, including extensive construction methods for solid-sawn lumber, but very few specifications for the use of EWPs. Many EWPs are very similar in appearance to each other, but have unique manufacturer-specific installation requirements due to their proprietary nature. Misapplication of EWP construction methods can result in performance and structural problems. The lack of EWP construction methods complicates detection of non-compliance through inspection. No documentation of the prevalence of undetected prescriptively non-compliant EWP installations is available, but anecdotal evidence suggests that such non-compliant installations are common. This presentation describes current research to develop an expert-validated inspection methodology for EWP installations in IRC construction. EWP inspection subject matter experts (SME) were interviewed to learn their methods, the problem areas they look for, and the documentation they believe are necessary for a professional EWP inspection methodology. This project employed an iterative process of proposing a methodology for SME review, criticism, required modifications, refinement, and validation. The developed methodology and software application will help inspectors detect EWP prescriptive noncompliance in new residential construction, resulting in a decrease in undiscovered EWP code violations and the corresponding risk of housing performance and safety problems. RESISTING COMBINE UPLIFT AND SHEAR WITH WOOD STRUCTURAL PANELS John H. (Buddy) Showalter, American Wood Council

ANSI/AF&PA SDPWS-2008â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic standard with Commentary covers materials, design, and construction of wood members, fasteners, and assemblies to resist wind and seismic forces. Engineered design of wood structures to resist wind or seismic forces is either by allowable stress design (ASD) or load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The most notable new provisions of the 2008 Wind and Seismic standard include criteria for wood structural panels designed to resist combined shear and uplift from wind. THE CASE FOR WOOD AS A LOW-CARBON ALTERNATIVE Lisa Podesto and Michelle Kam-Biron, WoodWorks-California

While growing interest in buildings that are better for the environment, healthier for occupants, and more energy efficient has helped drive the inclusion of sustainability considerations as a regular part of the design process, concerns over climate change have increased the sense of urgency and expanded the focus to include the carbon impact of buildings. This presentation will provide an overview of wood as a green building material and, in

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts particular, its potential related to climate change mitigation. It will examine the role of sustainably managed forests and wood products in the absorption and storage of carbon, and in reducing atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases. An overview of how green building rating systems and codes are addressing these issues will also be included. Finally, it will highlight the increasing use of life cycle assessment (LCA), which offers an objective and consistent way to measure the environmental impacts of building materials from extraction/harvest through disposal or re-use, and demonstrate how wood compares to structural materials such as steel and concrete. ENGINEERS BENEFIT FROM WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY KNOWLEDGE Milan Vatovec, Phillip Westover, and Jeff Langlois, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger

In-service performance problems of wood and wood-based components and systems can often have significant public safety, loss of utilization, and economic consequences. Insect attack or hidden decay of a key structural component can lead to a catastrophic collapse. School gymnasium floors installed at an improper moisture content can result in buckling problems and tripping hazards for children. Wood veneer adhered to a rigid substrate without allowing for dimensional fluctuations can crack and result in visually unacceptable finishes. When the groundwater table drops, then exposed untreated timber foundation piles can rot and buildings can settle differentially. Improperly detailed windows that divert water into the wall-cavity system can result in rotting, mold, and multimillion-dollar disputes. Paint and protective coatings can fail due to impossible-to-follow manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendations. Only engineers with special wood-technology knowledge are equipped to face these and many other potential challenges. An understanding of biodeterioration mechanisms, recognition of moisture-driven compatibility/displacement issues, microscopic woodspecies identification, in-situ grading to estimate allowable properties for design, and special construction and detailing knowledge that accounts for unique wood properties, are just some of the essential skills founded on wood science and technology training that allow engineers to diagnose and solve complex material-related problems. Using these skills can extend the service life of existing wood constructions either proactively (through design) or retroactively (through forensic work). This paper uses an array of real-life case studies to demonstrate the importance of wood science and technology training in engineering and architectural applications.

SESSION 26

Mt. St. Helens Ballroom (2nd Floor)

BIOMASS MATERIALS PROCESSING AND PERFORMANCE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; NEW FIBROUS RESOURCES FOR WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES UTILIZATION OF TEXTILE WASTE AS CORE MATERIAL IN SUSTAINABLE COMPOSITES David B. DeVallance, Jody Gray, Holly Lentz, and Kathryn Eason, West Virginia University

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

This project investigated using recycled cotton textile materials as filler and possibly reinforcement fibers in the core of a wood-based composite material. Cotton waste material (which otherwise would have been sent to a landfill) was collected from a shirt manufacturing company in West Virginia. The collected textile material was sent through an industrial shredder four times. Nominal 7/16-inch thick, 29-inch by 29-inch Oriented Strandboard (OSB)/Textile Fiber composite panels (50% surface and 50% core layers) were fabricated. The textile material was blended with mixed hardwood strand core material (using liquid phenol formaldehyde adhesive) in varying amounts (0%, 5%, 15%, and 25% of the total percentage in the panel). For each combination of wood and textile material, ten panels were produced for a total of 40 panels. After panel manufacturing, test samples were prepared from each panel to evaluate the following properties: internal bond strength, static bending strength and stiffness, water absorption, thickness swell, and nail withdrawal strength. The major finding of the research indicated that in comparison with the controls (i.e., panels with 0% textile material), the panels with 5% addition of textile materials did not show a statistically significant difference in bending strength (MOR) and elasticity (MOE), in either the parallel or perpendicular direction, or in nail withdrawal strength. Additionally, while the controls had the largest average thickness swell, none of the groups tested showed a statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.064). The results for all property testing will be discussed.

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David B. DeVallance, Gloria Oporto, Qingzheng Cheng, and Patrick Quigley, West Virginia University

The overall goal of this project was to combine biochar with plastic and wood residue to create novel composite products. Most research related to biochar has focused on applications for soil amendment. Little to no research has been conducted on combining biochar with other materials to form a composite. In this preliminary study, biochar was used as a partial and full replacement material for wood flour and was combined with polypropylene to manufacture composite materials. The resulting wood/biochar/plastic (WBP) composites were evaluated for various mechanical and physical properties. Results indicated that the addition of biochar increased flexure and tensile strengths and improved water absorption properties. On-going research is being conducted to add various coupling agents and also to evaluate other physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. NOVEL HEMICELLULOSE MATERIALS BASED ON WOOD PULPS

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

THERMAL, MECHANICAL, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES WITH ADDED BIOCHAR

Ali Harlin, VTT; Stefan WillfĂśr and Markku Auer, Ă&#x2026;bo Academy Finland

Among forest-based biomass available, hemicelluloses have so far hardly been utilized for industrial production, although they represent an extensive raw material source, especially with regard to wood grown in the Northern hemisphere. The hemicellulose content of wood chips can be up to 35% (i.e. three million tons annually in Finland), and significant amounts of non-cellulosic polysaccharides can also be found in mechanical pulping process waters (around 100,000 tons per year). The oil/petroleum-derived plastic industry has faced price volatility. Several standards define the biomaterials, such as EN 13432, 94/62/EC, and Directive 2004/12/EC, which creates an advantage for biodegradable plastics over conventional ones. Bioplastics from renewable origin, either biodegradable or non-biodegradable, still constitute a niche market, which requires high efforts in the areas of material and application development. The bioplastics market is growing more than 8 to10% per year. Bioplastics cover approximately 10 to 15% of the total plastics market and is estimated to increase its market share to 25 to 30% by 2020. The dissolved matter in process waters in mechanical softwood pulp mills contain about 50% of dissolved galactoglucomannans (GGM). The isolation of these hemicelluloses is a challenge. GGM of somewhat lower molar mass can also be isolated directly from wood material through pressurized hot water treatment (PHWE). Xylan is more linear, mainly composed of xylose unit. The solubility of the xylan is lower and base, like sodium hydroxide, is usually needed for a successful extraction. The hemicelluloses can be tailored to industrially valuable compounds using chemical/enzymatic modification methods. Bioplastics from renewable origin, either biodegradable or non-biodegradable, still constitute a niche market that requires high efforts in the areas of material and application development. The biopolymers from hemicelluloses and hydroxy acids, and the production methods, are under development. The main target derivates are natural hemicelluloses as available from fractionation, modified hemicellulose polymers, and their dispersions. KENAF FIBER AND SOY PROTEIN-BASED BIOCOMPOSITES Kaiwen Liang and Sheldon Q. Shi, Mississippi State University

Great interest exists in using natural fiber, such as kenaf and hemp, as alternatives for conventional reinforcement materials and biomass, such as soy protein, as a source for polymer to reduce the reliance on petroleum. In this paper, biocomposites are made from alkali-treated kenaf fiber and soy protein. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) is used to examine chemical reactions between kenaf fiber and soy protein. The morphology of the composites is analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal and mechanical properties are evaluated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), bending, and tensile test. Water resistance of the biocomposites is studied by 24 hours water absorption. The relationship between the structure and property of the resulting biocomposites are investigated.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts COMPARATIVE STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITE PRODUCED FROM COFFEE CHAFF AND CEIBA PENTANDRA SAWDUST Kehinde Sesan Aina, S.O.O. Badejo, and R.A. Baiyewu, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria

The strength properties of wood-plastic-bonded boards of 10mm in thickness were produced from coffee chaff wastes and Ceiba pentandra sawdust with recycled polyamids (nylon) as binder. Coffee chaff waste was collected from the coffee milling industry at Ikare, while Ceiba pentandra sawdust was collected from the wood processing industry at Akure, both in Ondo State, Nigeria. The recycled nylon binder used was collected from a refuse dumping site. Woodplastic composites were produced at two lignocellulosic particles (coffee chaff and Ceiba pentandra), three levels of mixing ratio (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1), and three levels of board density (500 kg/m-3, 600 kg/m-3, and 700 kg/m-3) given 18 treatment combinations, respectively. The strength properties of the boards, namely modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), were investigated to compare and examine the effects of production variables on the panel products. The result shows that as the mixing ratio (MR) and board density (BD) increased, MOE and MOR increased. This shows that the higher the board density and plastic/particles ratio, the stronger and stiffer the panels. Panels produced at the highest level of MR and BD exhibit highest resistance to bending strength. The particles, MR and BD, have significant effect on the properties under investigation. The study shows that coffee chaff plastic board is more suitable for the production of wood-plastic composites than Ceiba pentandra sawdust. This study forms a baseline strategy for research efforts in utilizing all agro-residues wastes as alternative raw materials for value-added panel production. ARE BAMBOO FIBERS STRONGER THAN WOOD FIBERS?

Yan Yu, Hankun Wang, Genlin Tian, Ge Wang,Benhua Fei, International Center for Bamboo & Rattan (Beijing, China)

Bamboo fibers were thought to be the key to reveal the mystery of bamboo in both extraordinary strength and toughness. The rising attentions in R&D of bamboo fiber-reinforced polymer composites further highlight the necessity of understanding the mechanical properties of bamboo fibers. An improved microtensile device was developed and used to measure the mechanical properties of single bamboo fibers. Our purpose is to confirm if bamboo fibers are normally stronger and stiffer than wood fibers. The results show the average longitudinal tensile modulus and tensile strength of five kinds of bamboo fibers are all significantly higher than nearly all the published data for wood fibers. This could be attributed to the microstructural characteristics of small microfibrillar angle (MFA) and scarcity of pits in bamboo fibers. Our research confirms that bamboo fibers possess good potential in the production of bio-fiber polymer composites. INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTS OF ALKALI TREATMENT OF RICE STRAW FLOUR ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RICE STRAW FLOUR-POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES

Mehdi Kalagar, Habiboallah Khademi Eslam, Behzad Baziyar, Sahab Hejazi, Islamic Azad University Science & Research Branch (Tehran, Iran)

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

In this study, the effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of rice straw flour-polypropylene composite were investigated. Rice straw flour (40 mesh) was treated with hydroxide sodium 5 and 10% (W/W) twice, at 45 and 90 min. The composites were made with rice straw flour as filler (30%), polypropylene (65%) as matrix, and maleic anhydride (5%) as coupling agent. The results have shown that the treatment of rice straw flour with alkali 5% (W/W) increases tensile modulus and impact strength, which increase with time prolongation as well. However, treatment of rice straw flour with alkali 10% (W/W) decreases these properties even with the increasing of time. The increasing of alkali concentration and treatment time increases the flexural modulus and strength, and tensile strength, of composites.

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Mt. Hood Ballroom (2nd Floor)

WOODY BIOMASS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ECONOMICS, SUPPLY, CONVERSION TO ENERGY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (CONTINUED) POTENTIAL UTILIZATION OF FOREST BIOMASS TO GENERATE HEAT AND POWER FOR SMALL AND REMOTE COMMUNITIES ON THE COAST REGION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA Marian Marinescu, FPInnovations

The main objective of this study was to estimate the forest biomass required and potentially available to generate renewable energy (heat and/or power) for small and remote communities on the BC Coast (Vancouver Island and the southern BC mainland). For each community, the energy consumption (electricity and heat) was estimated and forest biomass requirements (ODt) were calculated for different energy technologies (wood/pellet stoves, centralized wood/pellet boilers, small Combined Heat and Power). Biomass requirements were matched with potentially available forest biomass generated from community forests, harvesting residues, and dry land sort yards. Estimates of costs were also provided for harvesting, collection, size reduction, and transportation of biomass to each community. Also, CO2 emission reductions were calculated if forest biomass displaced partially or totally the fossil fuels in each community. The study provided valuable insights into the potential utilization of forest biomass to sustain the energy needs of small and remote communities and into the sustainability of small-scale bio-energy applications.

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

SESSION 27

SURVEY RESULTS OF WOOD LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN NORTHEASTERN MICHIGAN

Dalia Abbas Saleh and Karen Potter-Witter, Michigan State University; Pasi Lautala and Robert Handler, Michigan Technological University; Mike Schira, Larry Hembroff, Shivan GC, and Ajit Srivastava, Michigan State University

This presentation assesses the survey results of a study of the supply logistics of hardwood for ethanol production in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. We identified and asked questions about the logging technology, production capacity, and distribution of the logging work force from the proposed facility. Unique study findings would be presented as the results of the responses (33% response rate) are under way. ALTERNATIVE BIO-BASED PATHS TO PROSPERITY FOR SMALL- AND MEDIUM-FOREST LANDOWNERS IN THE U.S. GULF SOUTH: A PILOT STUDY IN LOUISIANA Roger Smithhart, Jr., Richard P. Vlosky, and Paul M. Darby, LSU Agcenter

We are conducting a focus group/survey-based research study to identify high potential alternative bio-based revenue and profit streams for small- and medium-forest landowners in Louisiana. One major objective is to identify high-potential emerging technologies that can be integrated into their current business models, creating new business opportunities, and adopting innovative management strategies to enhance profitability and diversify revenue streams. Small-forest landowners are those having between 10 and 139 acres and medium producers as having 140 to 999 acres. Forest residues and dedicated forest biomass production are the focus of the project. It is anticipated that results will be applicable to other Gulf Coast Southern states with similar forest resource bases.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

technical session abstracts REGIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF CARBON IN HARVESTED WOOD PRODUCTS: ESTIMATES FOR THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE NORTHERN REGION

Keith Stockmann, USDA Forest Service, Northern Region; Nathaniel M. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Ken Skog, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Sean Healey, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Dan Loeffler, University of Montana; J. Greg Jones, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; Jim Morrison, USDA Forest Service, Northern Region

Regional and national forest-level carbon accounting is necessary to develop and monitor management practices intended to meet climate-oriented objectives. In addition to carbon in forest ecosystems, harvested wood products (HWP) contribute to both forest carbon sinks and emissions. The authors explore two methods of HWP carbon accounting using data collected from archives and cut-sold reports. The production accounting approach is used to estimate annual stock change in HWP where carbon is from trees harvested in the Northern Region from 1906 to 2010. This approach includes HWP exports out of the region, but excludes HWP imports. Results using this approach are compared to results using the California Forest Project Protocol (FPP), which calculates 100-year average carbon storage. In the mid 1960s, Northern Region carbon stocks in HWP were growing by nearly one million MgC per year. The cumulative carbon stored in HWP peaked at over 28 million MgC in 1995, when product pools from the region turned from a net sink to a net source. Since then, HWP stocks have been in decline. The annual 100-year average for HWP carbon storage peaked in 1969 at 957,600 MgC, and has been between 84,000 and 92,000 MgC over the last decade. Though the two approaches differ in their methodology, they both show a clear and expected connection between timber harvest and carbon stored in HWP. These results are discussed in light of forest management options designed to impact carbon sequestration and the alternative protocols that can be used for regional and forest-level accounting. ANALYZING POTENTIAL OF WOODY BIOMASS CO-FIRING FOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION USING ECONOMETRIC MODELS FOR THE U.S. NORTHERN REGION Michael E. Goerndt and Francisco X. Aguilar, University of Missouri; Stephen Shifley, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station; Nianfu Song, University of Missouri

Due to relatively low cost and the current state of technology, co-firing of biomass in coal-fired power plants is gaining prominence as a source of renewable energy for the United States. However, the feasibility of co-combustion is dependent upon many factors such as presence of coal-fired power plants, availability of woody biomass, proximity to existing primary and secondary wood utilization mills, and proximity to roads and railways. The objective of this study was to identify areas (counties) with high potential for co-firing of woody biomass to generate electricity in the northern region. This was accomplished by using a two-stage modeling procedure. Because the potential of co-combustion will be highly dependent upon the existence of coal-fired power plants, the first modeling stage estimated the probability of the existence of coal-fired power plants for each county using county or state level values such as urban population, presence of railroads, average electricity price, and density of cities and towns as explanatory variables. The final econometric model incorporated results from the previous model, as well as values such as proximity and density of major roadways, woody biomass availability estimates, presence and capacity of mills, and availability of mill residue as explanatory variables. Three modeling procedures were compared for the final model, including a standard probit model, spatial autoregressive Bayesian probit model, and zero-inflated Poisson model. Through this analysis, it will be possible to identify areas of the U.S. Northern Region with high potential for co-combustion of woody biomass with coal for electricity generation.

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WOOD ENERGY FROM SHORT-ROTATION FORESTRY PROJECTS Catalin Ristea, University of British Columbia; Thomas C. Maness, Oregon State University

The main objective of this talk is to present results from our study of bioenergy production systems from short-rotation forestry. Our research questions were focused on financial viability, landbase impacts, carbon and energy balances, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential of a large-scale wood-to-energy afforestation system. We developed a decision support model within a mathematical programming optimization framework that is able to address the research questions. Our project-level analysis considered the entire supply chain of producing wood energy from dedicated fastgrowing tree plantations, which included converting/preparing the land, planting and cultivating the trees, harvesting/

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THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF INCREASING U.S. WOOD ENERGY USE ON THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY – RESULTS FROM ALTERNATE 50-YEAR PROJECTIONS

Ken Skog and Peter Ince, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Andrew Kramp and Do-il Yoo, University of Wisconsin-Madison; V. Alaric Sample, Pinchot Institute for Conservation

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

regeneration and transporting the biomass to bioenergy facilities, converting the biomass into bioenergy products, transporting bioenergy products to the final destination, and the final use of energy. (At press time we have only preliminary results, but expect to have the full results by the time of the conference). The decision support model will enable policy makers to explore costs, benefits, and trade-offs structures of various biomass production strategies, to investigate opportunities for minimizing landbase impacts, enhancing carbon stocks, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and to evaluate the overall financial efficiency of these bioenergy systems. The anticipated results of this research will provide essential information for developing policies for the sustainable development of large-scale wood energy production systems.

This paper describes projected U.S. forest sector market impacts of expansion in domestic wood energy consumption under hypothetical future U.S. wood biomass energy policy scenarios. Alternative scenarios range from a baseline 51% increase to a 178% increase from 2006 to 2030 in annual U.S. consumption of wood for energy. Analysis was based on a modified version of the Global Forest Products Model. The analysis indicates that expansion of U.S. wood energy use will increase U.S. output and revenues for timber producers and producers of lumber and veneer products because of higher real prices for fuelwood and wood residues. However, unless use of pulpwood and fiber residues for energy are constrained by energy policies, increased wood energy use also results in higher pulpwood and fiber residue prices that negatively impact U.S. output and net exports of wood pulp, paper, paperboard, and composite wood panel products.

SESSION 28

Three Sisters Ballroom (2nd Floor)

IT’S NOT JUST ROT: TOWARD A HOLISTIC EVALUATION OF WOOD PRODUCT DURABILITY (CONTINUED) DIFFUSION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND THEIR PRECURSORS FROM FUNGI DURING EARLY DECAY Christopher G. Hunt, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Kenneth E. Hammel, USDA Forest Products Laboratory and University of Wisconsin-Madison; Don Carl Jones and Carl J. Houtman, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear to be a major agent of wood degradation, especially during early decay. The biochemical processes that result in ROS formation and transport into wood are poorly characterized. By placing 3-micron ratiometric fluorescent beads in wood and then allowing fungi to grow, we are able to determine levels of ROS activity with micron-scale resolution. A statistically valid sample of beads surrounding hypha show oxidation gradients after three days of growth. Fitting experimental data to numerical models of reaction and diffusion of active species shed light on the diffusing agents. We will discuss the design and use of the sensors, methods for gradient calculation, and implications of our results. ENZYMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE METABOLIC MECHANISM OF OXALATE IN THE TCA AND GLYOXYLATE PATHWAYS BASED ON SPECIFIC ISOLATES OF THE COPPER-TOLERANT BROWN-ROT BASIDIOMYCETE, ANTRODIA RADICULOSA Katie M. Jenkins, Mississippi State University and USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Susan V. Diehl, Mississippi State University; Carol A. Clausen, USDA Forest Products Laboratory Brown-rot fungi produce oxalic acid in large amounts; however, levels of accumulation and function vary by species. Copper-tolerant fungi, like Antrodia radiculosa, produce and accumulate high levels of oxalic acid in response to copper. Oxalic acid biosynthesis in copper-tolerant fungi has been linked to the glyoxylate and

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technical session abstracts tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycles. Within these two cycles, it has been proposed that oxalate production relies on 12 specific enzymes. In this study, Antrodia radiculosa isolates undergoing decay of untreated and copper-treated wood will be used to evaluate enzyme activity in five of the 12 enzymes. The enzyme activity of fumerase, glyoxylate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, malate synthase, and oxaloacetase will be determined. Gene expression levels will be compared for decay on untreated and copper-treated wood to determine if expression is enhanced by the presence of copper. Gene regulation will be correlated to enzyme production in an attempt to establish the pathway involved in oxalic acid production. The overall objective of this study is to gain insight into the biosynthesis of oxalic acid in order to understand the mechanism utilized by varying isolates of Antrodia radiculosa to overcome copper-based wood preservatives. SMALL-DIAMETER PINE PYROLYSIS OIL AS A MOISTURE RESISTANT CELL-WALL BULKING AGENT FOR SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE

Thomas J. Robinson, Brian K. Via, Oladiran Fashina, and Sushil Adhikari, Auburn University; Emily Carter, USDA Forest Service

In the southeastern United States, southern yellow pine is the dominant resource for the production of timber products. The replacement of degraded materials constitutes a significant proportion of the end-use of said products and the resulting decay from excessive moisture content is a primary factor in their decay. Pentachorophenol and creosote are currently the dominant wood preservatives for industrial materials exposed to excessive moisture and at high risk for fungal decay. In this presentation, we explore the use of pyrolysis oil as a carbon-neutral and environmental friendly moisture resistant cell-wall bulking agent for the treatment for southern yellow pine. Pyrolysis oil was produced from small-diameter, juvenile pine produced as waste during clear-cutting operations. The oil was homogenized through methalization and diluted to concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% v/v. Southern yellow pine was pressure treated using the aforementioned pyrolysis oil and moisture sorption tests were conducted using both vapor and submergence techniques. We found significant reduction in both moisture sorption and tangential expansion in concentrations at and above 10%. Hyperspectral imaging techniques were employed to examine cell wall bulking efficiency and deposition of pyrolysis oil within the cell lumens and determine the mechanism belying the improved moisture resistance. GROUND CONTACT PERFORMANCE OF CREOSOTE AMENDED WITH CHLOROTHALONIL: CAN WE REDUCE RETENTIONS? H. Michael Barnes, M.G. Sanders, G.B. Lindsey, T.L. Amburgey, Mississippi State University

Recent concerns regarding the supply of creosote, environmental impact and regulations, and public perception has spurred interest in finding ways to reduce retentions of preservatives and subsequent environmental impact of such systems. Ground contact performance of chlorothalonil-amended creosote was evaluated in treated southern pine. After six years of ground contact in AWPA hazard zones 5 and 6, the addition of chlorothalonil significantly improved the performance of creosote at retentions less than those specified for ground contact in the standards. MOVING TO ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY WOOD PRESERVATIVES AND COATINGS

Laura Reyes, Grecia Aviles, Fabiola Andana, Natalia Jara, and Tamara González, Universidad del Bío-Bío

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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Due to environmental problems associated to CCA utilization as a wood preservative, alternative preservatives such as boron silicates and copper azoles were tested treating Radiata pine wood by Bethel method in a pilot plant. Coloring tests with curcumin and cromoazurol were used to determine preservative penetration and weight difference before and after treatment to determine preservative retention. Corrosion and lixiviation tests also were carried out to predict environmental impact, compared to Radiata pine CCA-treated wood. Water solvent exterior wood coatings were tested on preserved wood and later exposed to natural and accelerated weathering in order to evaluate the quality of the preservative-coating combination by adhesion and checking tests according to Chilean and American standards. Preservative and preservative-coat treatment costs were also determined. All preservatives showed complete penetration on the cross section of wood and retentions were over the required for the chosen treatment. Adhesion tests showed better performance for the copper azoles- coating combination; CCA showed the best results and boron silicates the worst. Checking was present in every combination on a lineal pattern. Results showed that boron silicates were about 10% cheaper than copper azoles preservative while CCA was the cheapest -- about 50% less than boron silicates.

EFFECT OF REUSING PROCESS LIQUIDS ON RECOVERY AND REUSE OF CCA FROM SPENT TREATED WOOD

Xinan Zhang and Todd F. Shupe, LSU AgCenter; Chung-yun Hse, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station

Acid extraction is a well-known method for recovering copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) from chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated waste wood. However, a high ratio of acid solution to wood and a long extraction period are required for the process. Also, the process results in large volumes of residual acid solution. The process liquids contain removed metals, but the concentration is low due to the washing and dilution process. This study investigated the effect of reusing the recycling process liquids to continue to extract CCA from spent treated wood without the use of microwave heating. Acid extraction was performed with an acid solution consisting of a 50/50 mixture of 2.75% phosphoric acid and 0.75% acetic acid, wood-to-solvent ratio of 1 g/20 ml, and an extraction time of 20 minutes at a microwave temperature of 145°C. After treatment, the extraction liquids were reused for the next extraction cycle, and the lost volume was made with previously unused acids. The process liquids were recycled four times. The concentration of Cu, Cr, and As in the liquids of each cycle were determined by ICP. Furthermore, the wood residue after each extraction cycle was digested, and the metal concentrations in the solution were also determined. The antifungal activities of the recycling process liquids were investigated by both the white-rot fungi and brown-rot fungi in Petri dishes.

SESSION 29

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

Considering preservative-coating combination costs, alternative preservatives showed similar cost while CCA coating was 30% cheaper. Lixiviation results showed that boron silicate preservative has a lower environmental impact than CCA, while copper azoles showed the highest environmental impact.

Mt. Bachelor Ballroom (2nd Floor)

MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR WOOD PRODUCTS USED IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS – COMPOSITES TENSILE PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL WOOD FLOUR PARTICLES

Matthew Schwarzkopf, Lech Muszyński, and Farzana Hussain, Oregon State University

Properties of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) may, to some extent, be modified to comply with applicationspecific requirements by changing their composition, internal structure, and adjusting certain parameters of the compounding process. Such modifications assume a thorough knowledge and ability to predict the effect of the many parameters on the bulk property of the composite. While bulk mechanical properties of particulate composites like WPCs can be readily determined by means of well-established standard test methods, predicting or modeling the properties based on the composition and internal structure of such composites poses a serious challenge. This is in part because wood flour used as filler in WPCs consists of irregular particles randomly packed in the polymer matrix. Since these particles are generated by crushing larger wood pieces in hammer or attrition mills until the desired size is achieved, their mechanical properties cannot be assumed to match these of sound bulk wood tissue, but need to be experimentally characterized. In this study an experimental methodology to measure tensile properties of individual wood flour particles was developed. The deformation and strain of the particles is measured using a non-contact optical method based on digital image correlation principles (DIC). Statistical distribution of mechanical properties of individual wood flour particles measured in this way will be used as input data in modeling WPC properties, and virtual prototyping of new composite formulations. TORSIONAL STIFFNESS OF SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SIZE SAMPLES OF CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) PANELS: OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS AND FEM SIMULATIONS

Lech Muszyński, Oregon State University; Mélanie Noyel and Thomas Pisaneschi, ENSTIB, Université Henri Poincaré; Václav Sebera, Mendel University in Brno Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively new structural product utilizing low-grade timber (including species

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technical session abstracts traditionally not considered for structural applications) arranged in cross-laminated panels used as prefabricated wall and floor elements in residential and commercial structures. It has been developed in Europe and is already gaining momentum in Europe and Asia. The high integrity of this product allows raising multi-story wood structures passing the stringent code requirements for seismic zones in Italy and Japan. CLT creates a potential avenue for utilization of plantation-grown hybrid poplar in high-performance structural products. However, the acceptance of CLT in North America requires development of domestic performance standards for this product. These are still a work in progress. One important issue in the development of such standards is correlating tests performed on small- and medium-scale specimens to full-scale products. In this presentation, a comparison of torsional characteristics determined on small- and medium-sized CLT panel samples using conventional and optical measuring techniques with FEM simulation of the test will be discussed. STRETCHING THE ENVELOPE FOR STRUCTURAL WOOD COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE

Fredrick A. Kamke and Josef Weissensteiner, Oregon State University; Hongling Lui, Northwest A&F University (Yangling, Shaanxi, China)

Wood modification technology has created opportunities to expand the application of structural wood composites. Previously, wood composites had mechanical properties that were limited by the properties of the virgin wood. Typically, properties of the composite, such as OSB, plywood, and LVL, are less than the properties of the virgin wood due to process-induced damage or limitations of adhesive bonding. However, composites have the advantage of reduced variability, and consequently, engineering design values for the composite are often greater than comparable solid wood products. Wood modification technology can increase strength and stiffness of wood three to four times above virgin timber. While wood modification increases processing cost, strategic composite design minimizes final product cost by minimizing the amount of modified wood required. In addition, modification techniques may upgrade low-quality veneer that previously was not suited for structural composites. This presentation summarizes applications of wood modification technology in the design of a laminated composite. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF STRUCTURAL WOOD COMPOSITES USING R CURVE ANALYSIS John A. Nairn, Rakesh Gupta, and Arijit Sinha, Oregon State University

Fracture toughness of wood and wood composites has traditionally been characterized by a stress intensity factor, an initiation strain energy release rate (Ginit), or a total energy to fracture (Gf). These parameters provide incomplete fracture characterization for these materials because the toughness changes as the crack propagates. Thus, for materials such as wood, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, and laminated veneer lumber (LVL), it is essential to characterize the fracture properties during crack propagation by measuring a full crack resistant or R curve. The objectives of this study were to use energy methods during crack propagation to measure full R curves and then to compare the fracture properties of wood and various wood-based composites such as OSB, LVL, and plywood. The effect of exposure to elevated temperature on fracture properties of these materials was also studied. The steady state energy release rate (GSS) of wood was lower than that of wood composites such as LVL, plywood, and OSB. The resin in wood composites provides them with the higher magnitude of fracture toughness as compared to solid lumber. Depending upon the internal structure of the material, the mode of failure also varied. With exposure to elevated temperatures, GSS of all materials decreased while the failure mode remained the same. The scatter associated with conventional bond strength tests such as internal bond (IB) and bond classification renders any statistical comparison difficult. In contrast, fracture tests with R curve analysis may provide an improved tool for characterization of bond quality in wood composites. 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

MULTI-SCALE MODELING OF STRAND-BASED WOOD COMPOSITES

Thomas Gereke and Sardar Malekmohammadi, University of British Columbia; Carole Nadot-Martin, Institut P’, CNRS - Université de Poitiers – ENSMA; Chunping Dai, FPInnovations; Fernand Ellyin and Reza Vaziri, University of British Columbia

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The overall objective of this study is to create a powerful computational tool to estimate macroscopic mechanical properties of strand-based wood composites such as parallel strand lumber or oriented strand board. A novel modeling approach for wood composites using concepts of micro-structure full-field calculations employed in synthetic composites is introduced. The multi-scale model is based on a unit cell that incorporates the wood and resin phases (microscale).

TECHNICAL SESSION ABSTRACTS

The full set of effective elastic properties of the unit cell is estimated based on the numerical homogenization with periodic boundary conditions using the finite element method. As a first step for that approach, uniform resin thickness, elastic constituents (isotropic matrix and orthotropic fibre), and perfect bonding between wood and resin are assumed. Thus, we do not consider interfacial slip. However, void elements account for incomplete resin area coverage, and thus imperfections in adhesion. The effective elastic properties of the unit cell can be used on the macroscopic scale for finite element structural analysis of a beam. Uncertainties such as wood elastic constants and grain angle are introduced in the model. Results indicate a significant effect of the resin on the elastic properties of both the unit cell and the beam. The bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) increases up to the limit where strands are fully covered with resin due to stiffer interfaces. However, for fully covered strands the MOE drops with the addition of more resin resulting in the decreased stiffness in the fiber direction. It is shown that mechanical properties of wood composites are very sensitive to the amount and type of resin applied and therefore they should be accounted for in the numerical models. TORSIONAL SHEAR STRENGTH AND SIZE EFFECT IN STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER Zhuo Yang, Peggi L. Clouston, and Sanjay R. Arwade, University of Massachusetts-Amherst

The natural variation of strength properties within brittle materials leads to size effect, a well-known phenomenon whereby the mean strength of a material is observed to decrease as the stressed volume increases. An important implication of size effect is that size adjustment parameters must be incorporated into multi-axial constitutive and failure models used in numerical simulations to predict material response to loading. This experimental study seeks to verify and quantify the presence of depth and width effect under shear failure in the orthotropic principal material directions of parallel strand lumber (PSL) and laminated veneer lumber (LVL). Torsion tests have been performed on specimens of fixed length and differing cross section to get a pure shear failure by using a Universal-Type Test Machine. Depth and width effect adjustment parameters of PSL, and depth effect adjustment parameters for LVL were established. The results of this study are to be integrated into an overarching project, sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF), to develop a stochastic macro-scale constitutive model to determine Design Limit States for SCL. The intent of the model is to provide insight into the mechanical origins of failure of SCL and to allow for the economical evaluation of new products with novel material designs. TESTING AND MODELING OF WOOD-CONCRETE COMPOSITE MEMBERS WITH SHEAR-KEY INTERLAYER CONNECTION Jeno Balogh, Metropolitan State College of Denver; Massimo Fragiacomo, University of Sassari; Richard Gutkowski and Rebecca Atadero, Colorado State University

The overall response of layered wood-concrete composite structures is determined by the behavior due to shortterm static load, long-term static load, and the change of environmental conditions, dynamic load, and fatigue due to repeated load. A key influence on the behavior of such structures is due to the time-dependent behavior under the long-term static load as both wood and concrete are rheological materials. In addition, in service life conditions, the long-term behavior of wood is not only time-dependent on temperature and applied stress level, but also depends on the level of moisture content and its variation. Experimental investigations on the time-dependent behavior of layered wood-concrete composite beam specimens with notched shear key interlayer connections under long-term static load, as well as the variations of ambient environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity, were conducted at Colorado State University in the past decade. Changes in relative humidity makes the moisture content inside the wood change, and the variations of moisture content in the wood create shrinkage/swelling in the wood layer. This variation also directly affects the mechanical properties of wood as well as causes the mechanosorptive phenomenon in wood materials. In addition, the wood and concrete have different thermal expansion coefficients, thus changing temperature in time creates thermal stress fields within the materials and deflections that vary with time. This paper presents test data and numerical models to predict the behavior over the whole service life of the composite member.

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poster presentations MONDAY, JUNE 20

Exhibit Hall (1st Floor of Parking Garage)

8:00 AM-2:30 PM; AUTHORS AVAILABLE AT POSTERS FROM 1:30-2:30 PM

ADHESIVES / ADHESION POSTER 1 – CURING CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRON BEAM-IRRADIATED FORMALDEHYDEBASED RESINS

Sang-Min Lee, Sang-Bum Park, and Sun-Young Lee, Korea Forest Research Institute; Do Hung Han and HyunKug Cho, Yeungnam University

Irradiation of the electron beam (EB) was adopted for aiming enhancement of curing of formaldehyde-based resins. Mixtures of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin were irradiated under overall doses between 0 and 500kGy. Then the irradiated resins were cured at 80°C and 100°C. Properties of the cured resins were evaluated by rubbing test, leaching test, thermogravimetric analysis, and infrared spectrophotometer. When curing catalysts of more than 10% of PF resin added to the resin mixtures, water resistance of resins increased, regardless of EB irradiation or curing temperature. However, cured resins of pure UF or 5% of PF resin addition to the resin mixtures did not show water resistance, even after EB irradiation. Thermal resistance of cured resins of irradiated resin mixtures increased when the amount of PF resin in the resin mixture was increased or when the curing temperature was increased or when curing catalysts were added. However, the effect of EB irradiation on the curing of resins was unclear, and therefore it needs to be investigated further. POSTER 2 – ADHESIVE FLOW CHARACTERIZATION IN WOOD COMPOSITES WITH 3-D MICRO X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY Jesse L. Paris and Fredrick A. Kamke, Oregon State University; Günter G. Modzel, Kronospan GmbH Lampertswalde

Adhesive penetration away from the bondline transfers mechanical stresses past inherent surface irregularities and machining defects into the bulk adherends, increasing bond strength and toughness. However, there is not a direct correlation between penetration depth and bond performance. Additionally, there is still debate over the exact bonding mechanisms governing wood adhesion. These are, in part, because adhesive penetration is commonly assessed with various 2-D microscopy techniques that are destructive to the composite specimen and show the location of the cured adhesive but not the 3-D path traveled during bond formation. Micro X-ray tomography is a non-destructive technique that can provide 3-D bondline data. A previous study investigated the use of this technique on Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) composite specimens bonded with a phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesive catalyzed with rubidium hydroxide for greater X-ray contrast. Results showed detailed 3-D wood anatomy and adhesive distribution with a spatial resolution of one micrometer. However, it was determined that the rubidium migrated independently of the adhesive during bonding. The present research will investigate two alternative approaches for enhancing adhesive image contrast – phase contrast X-ray tomography and the use of adhesive derivatives containing bromine. Proposed brominated-adhesives include PF, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI). Resulting tomogram images of adhesive bonds will be used in development of a micro-mechanical model for predicting composite performance. 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 3 – LIQUEFIED WOOD AS RENEWABLE POLYMERIC MATERIAL FOR ADHESIVES Milan Sernek, Mirko Kariz, and Ales Ugovsek, University of Ljubljana

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Endeavors to move toward sustainability have stimulated much interest in developing new polymers from renewable resources. In the wood industry, abundant by-products and residues are available. Recently, the liquefaction of wood and lignocellulosic materials has been considered as a possible bio alternative for the raw material for polymer syntheses. The objective of this study has been to examine the feasibility of using liquefied wood as an adhesive. Liquefied wood was produced from sawdust obtained from the black poplar, using glycerol as the reaction reagent and sulphuric acid as a catalyst.

Two adhesive mixtures were prepared – one contained only liquefied wood, whereas the other contained melamineurea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin and liquefied wood. These adhesive mixtures were then used for the hot gluing of beech lamellas in a two-layer composite. Lap shear specimens were cut from the bonded assembly and tested. It was determined that the immediate shear strength of the adhesive bond made from liquefied wood was about 8 MPa, but that this property decreased rapidly over time, dropping below 1 MPa after one month. Immersion of these specimens in water resulted in a dramatic reduction in the bond shear strength to 0 MPa. The inclusion of MUF resin in the adhesive made from liquefied wood improved the bond shear strength and durability. The immediate shear strength of these specimens was more than 10 MPa, and it remained at this level over a period of one month. Immersion of these specimens in water resulted in a reduction of the bond shear strength, but the latter was still significantly high (7 MPa). The results of this study have shown insufficient durability of the adhesive bond made of liquefied wood. The key feature for the successful application of this adhesive will be the achievement of adequate durability of the bond either by improving the basic formulation of the adhesive mixture based on liquefied wood, or using a modified bonding technology.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

POSTER 4 – CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCLAY’S DISTRIBUTION IN A PARTICLEBOARD RESIN Diyan Xian and Gregory D. Smith, University of British Columbia

This work is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of nanoclay additions to urea formaldehyde (UF) resin for particleboard (PB) applications by mechanical mixing. The degree of exfoliation of different types of montmorillonite nanoclays (Cloisite10A, Cloisite15A, Cloisite30B) was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). In all cases the nanoclays were exfoliated in the resins, indicating that nanoclay additions to PB resins are feasible. POSTER 5 – DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY WOOD ADHESIVES FORMULATED WITH THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYZATES OF RAPESEED FLOUR In Yang, Chungbuk National University; Sei Chang Oh and Sye Hee Ahn, Deagu University; Gyu-Seong Han, Chang-won Seo, and A-ram Lee, Chungbuk National University; In-gyu Choi, Seoul National University

Wood-based panels have been produced extensively by petrochemical synthetic resin adhesives since 1940. However, with an abrupt increase of petrochemical prices and the environmental issue related to the volatile organic compounds emitted from the synthetic resins, the development of environmentally friendly adhesive systems with renewable resources, such as carbohydrate, protein, tannin, and lignin, have recently been tried by many researchers. This study was carried out to investigate the potential of rapeseed flour, which is a residue leftover from the production of biodiesel or edible oil, as a raw material of wood adhesives. At first, rapeseed flour was hydrolyzed with three kinds of enzymes (cellulase, pecinase, and alcalase) separately or together, and then the rapeseed flour hydrolyzates (RH) were mixed with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) prepolymers (F/P = 1.5, 2.1, and 2.4). Synthesis reaction of the rapeseed flour-based resins was carried out at the RH to PF prepolymer weight ratios of 70/30. The adhesive resins were used for the fabrication of plywood panels, and then the dry and wet shear strength and glueline wood failure as well as formaldehyde emission of the plywood panels will be measured to examine the adhesive properties of rapeseed flourbased adhesive resins. The shear strengths and glueline wood failure of all plywood panels will be measured according to KS F 3101 standard, respectively. Based on these results, the potential of rapeseed flour as a raw material of environmentally friendly adhesive systems for production of plywood panels will be determined. If all results exceed the minimum requirement of the KS standard, the application of the adhesive resins might be contributed to cut off the production cost of bio-diesel from rapeseed.

BIOMASS AND SMALL LOG PROCESSING POSTER 6 – PILOTING COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT FOR CURRICULUM ADVANCEMENT AND PROCUREMENT OF SUSTAINABLY SOURCED WOODY BIOMASS IN VERMONT PUBLIC SCHOOLS Grahm Leitner, Cecilia Marie Danks, and Kim DePasqual, University of Vermont

Community-based forestry (CBF) offers emerging possibilities for landowners and local institutions to develop and

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poster presentations choose land management strategies that promote a greater understanding of local forest resources, plan for the future use of community-owned land, and ensure a greater level of sustainability in forest harvesting that provides fuel to local biomass energy facilities. The Rubenstein School for Environment and Natural Resources at the University of Vermont is participating in a project at Harwood Union High School in Moretown, Vermont, that seeks to develop a high school level curriculum in forestry, develop a forest stewardship plan for the school’s 180-acre school forest, and evaluate the sustainability of the school’s woodchip heating system by collecting empirical data from past biomass harvesting sites in central Vermont. Using community-based participatory research models, we will engage the local community in the planning process and data collection phases of the school forest stewardship plan. The Harwood Union School Forest project will build on the processes developed in other local examples of community-based forest management and will link the ideas of community-based forestry to an increasingly important aspect of community development: the local energy sector. By using community-based forest management to study the local energy sector, here biomass heating, both the university and the local community will benefit from the outcomes. We will develop a collaborative process and model for replication around the state and engage the local community in forest management and planning. Additionally, our efforts will raise the level of student interest in forest management activities and provide information that will encourage the adoption of sustainable forest management practices throughout the forested landscape. POSTER 7 – BIOGENIC CARBON FLOW IN THE NORWEGIAN SAWMILLING INDUSTRY

Per Otto Flæte, Lars Gunnar Furelid Tellnes, and Anders Q. Nyrud, Norsk Treteknisk Institutt (Norwegian Institute of Wood Technology)

Wood-based products are generally recognized as favorable with respect to energy consumption and GHG emissions. Several studies have shown that the net CO2 emissions can be reduced by using biofuels harvested from forests to substitute fossil fuels and by using wood for building materials. Wood differs from most other raw materials by both acting as a source of raw material and energy for processing products, and by storing carbon captured from the atmosphere through the photosynthesis of the trees. The potential effect of carbon storage in products is influenced by allocation of harvested wood into different products and the subsequent service life of the products. The study presents figures for biogenic carbon flow in the Norwegian sawmilling industry based on material flow analysis (MFA). POSTER 8 – LAMINATED BEAMS AND UTILITY POLES MADE FROM SMALL-DIAMETER TIMBER

Cheng Piao, Calhoun Research Station, LSU AgCenter; Leslie Groom, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; Todd F. Shupe, LSU AgCenter; Michael Blazier, Hill Farm Research Station, LSU AgCenter; Mark D. Gibson, Louisiana Tech University; John F. Hunt, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Chung Y. Hse, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; George A. Grozdits, Louisiana Tech University

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

A critical challenge for the utilization of small-diameter timber harvested during thinning operations has been how to efficiently and effectively make composite products from these small, tapered, often crooked trees. This study introduces a novel method that allows efficient use of small-diameter timber to make laminated composite products. This method involves segregating each small-diameter log into straight segments and finger-jointing the segments into straight logs that are tapered or have uniform diameters. Such straight logs can be made into various products efficiently, effectively, and economically. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of laminated beams and utility poles made of small-diameter timber using this new method. A total of 212 southern pine (Pinus spp) small-diameter logs with 15- to 28-cm diameters at breast height were used as the materials. Twenty-one finger-jointed, laminated beams of various cross-sectional schemes and nine laminated, square utility poles were fabricated. The mechanical properties of the laminated beams and poles were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the flexural strength of the laminated beams made of finger-jointed, small-diameter timber reinforced with dimensional lumber was comparable to the strength of glulams made of coarse-grain, dimensional lumber; the flexural strength of the laminated poles made of finger-jointed, small-diameter timber reinforced with bamboo strips was comparable to the strength of solid wood poles. POSTER 9 – EVALUATION OF FIELD DRYING FOR ENHANCING BIOMASS QUALITY OF EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS LOGS AND TREES Donald L. Rockwood and B. Tamang, University of Florida

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Florida because of its fast growth, short rotation, high productivity, and tolerance to various site conditions. However, its high moisture content (MC), as high as 131%, can limit its immediate and efficient use as fuel and require drying before use. Cost-effective techniques, such as field drying, are needed to minimize processing requirements and costs for MC reduction and to enhance the overall biomass quality of E. grandis. Therefore, six- to eight-year-old trees in a field test established in central Florida in 2002-2004 were used for evaluating field drying of E. grandis. Twelve representative trees (9.4-26.3 m tall and 10.4-29.6 cm in DBH) were selected for field drying tests over two seasons – Spring (February 2010) and Summer (May 2010). In each season’s test involving six trees, two trees were paired within three tree size classes across the size range. One tree in each pair was delimbed and cut into 8-foot logs; the other tree was kept intact. After weighing, logs and trees were stacked to provide maximum drying. Monthly for the following two months, 12-mm-diameter cores (bark-to-bark) were extracted from the middle of 8-foot logs and corresponding stem positions on whole trees to determine MC. Field drying of logs and trees was effective over seasons and tree sizes, with most of the drying occurring in the first month after harvest. Trees dried more quickly and fully than logs.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

POSTER 10 – CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL CHIPS MADE FROM FOREST BIOMASS David Smith, Danny Way, and Jeff Traver, Oregon State University

Forest-derived woody biomass is attracting a lot of attention in the Pacific Northwest as a potential fuel source for energy projects. This material is attractive because it is widely perceived to be abundant, under-utilized, inexpensive, and carbon-neutral. However, like many other low-grade renewable materials, the value and utility-for-use of woody biomass is influenced by highly variable quality parameters. Characteristics such as size distribution, contaminate and ash content, bulk density, and moisture content influence not only the energy value of the material, but also its run-ability in industrial or institutional applications. As this business expands, it is becoming increasingly important to establish performance and quality specifications to ensure both producers and users that the material is fit for use and priced for value. This presentation will report on on-going research that is being conducted to characterize fuel chips generated from a cross-section of Oregon forest sites by a variety of machines and methods. Observations and measurements made of operational productivity and product quality will be presented and compared. Suggestions will be offered on how this data, and the test methods employed to generate it, could serve as a baseline for establishing quality specifications for a range of fuel grades suitable for different kinds of energy plants. It will also comment on the opportunity to produce value-added products from forest biomass. POSTER 11 – ALTERNATIVE BIO-BASED PATHS TO PROSPERITY FOR SMALL- AND MEDIUM-FOREST LANDOWNERS IN THE U.S. GULF SOUTH: A PILOT STUDY IN LOUISIANA Roger Smithhart, Jr., Richard P. Vlosky, and Paul M. Darby, LSU AgCenter

We are conducting a focus group/survey-based research study to identify high-potential alternative bio-based revenue and profit streams for small and medium forest landowners in Louisiana. One major objective is to identify high-potential emerging technologies that can be integrated into their current business models, creating new business opportunities, and adopting innovative management strategies to enhance profitability and diversify revenue streams. Small forest landowners are those with between 10 and 139 acres and medium producers with 140-999 acres. Forest residues and dedicated forest biomass production are the focus of the project. It is anticipated that results will be applicable to other Gulf Coast Southern states with similar forest resource bases. POSTER 12 - A HYBRID MODEL INTEGRATING CLASSIFICATION TREES WITH LOCAL BAYESIAN LOGISTIC REGRESSION TO ASSESS SITE LOCATIONS FOR BIOREFINERIES

Xia Huang, Timothy M. Young, and Russell L. Zaretzki, University of Tennessee; James H. Perdue, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; Frank M. Guess, University of Tennessee A hybrid model integrating classification trees and local Bayesian logistic regression was developed to improve the predictive performance of the current logistic regression model using Bayesian inferences, and to develop predictions of potential locations for biorefineries in the Southeastern United States. Two types of biorefineries were assessed. Group I included pulp and paper mills, and biorefineries that use wood and agricultural residues. Group II included food processing mills and biorefineries that use agricultural residues. Results of Group I biomass-using facilities show

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poster presentations that the hybrid model effectively increases the sensitivity of Group II biomass-using facilities from 58.54% to 64.40%, and has a higher correct classification rate of 96.51% than the best global fitted Bayesian logistic regression model does for the whole set. For Group I, 12 potential locations were identified in North Carolina, five in Tennessee and Virginia, two in South Carolina, and one in Kentucky. Analysis of Group II biomass-using facilities indicate that both the specificity and sensitivity are improved significantly by the hybrid model, which eventually increases the correct classification rate from 92.67% to 94.04%. For Group II, nine locations were identified in Tennessee, six in Louisiana, four in Texas, two in South Carolina, and one in Oklahoma, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Alabama. POSTER 13 – BIOSAT: A WEB-BASED OPTIMAL BIOMASS SITE ASSESSMENT TOOL

Timothy M. Young, University of Tennessee; James H. Perdue, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; Timothy G. Rials, University of Tennessee

Key to ensuring long-term, sustainable cellulose supply is the assessment of the economic availability of woody and agricultural-derived biomass feedstocks. The genesis for any emerging or existing industry is the ability to successfully secure commercial business loans with a defendable business plan for the expansion of existing plants or development of new manufacturing facilities. A key component of any business plan must include a profitable strategy for the geographic location of a cellulose-using facility. This study addresses the problem with the development of a web-based system for optimal siting of cellulose-using mills called the Biomass Site Assessment Tool (BioSAT). The project integrates contemporary web-based information technology (e.g., Virtual Earth and Microsoft SQL) with existing U.S. Forest Service FIA data, agricultural data, harvesting, and transportation models. BioSAT has periodic database update capabilities. Transportation, harvesting, and resources cost models are used for least-cost solutions for aggregates of supply by zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) for potential demand sites. Least-cost sites are selected for 33 Eastern United States. Producers’ marginal cost curves are presented for site locations. POSTER 14 – TREE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTATION-GROWN EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS (DENHN) FROM NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA A.A. Malami, Usmanu Danfodiyo University; B. Olufemi and M.B. Oyunand, Federal University of Technology (Akure, Nigeria); M. Momoh, Usmanu Danfodiyo University

A survey was carried out to study the physical characteristics of plantation grown E. camaldulensis in Sokoto, Kebbi, and Zamfara states, northwestern Nigeria. Tree height, trunk diameter, bark thickness, and sapwood and heartwood proportions were measured in the three locations selected for the study, viz; Sokoto, Kebbi, and Zamfara states. Average tree heights over the zone were 19.64, 20.54, and 15.86m, respectively, for Sokoto, Kebbi, and Zamfara states with an overall mean of 18.68m. Mean trunk diameter (dbh) for the three sites was 42.06, 38.8, and 29.32m, respectively, with an overall mean of 36.73m. Bark thickness averaged 1.83, 1.53, and 1.38cm. The overall mean bark thickness was 1.58cm. Sapwood and heartwood mean value across the zone was 7.03cm and 29.69cm, which is proportionately 20.04% and 79.95%, respectively. Thus, E. camaldulensis satisfies the recommendation of the NCP2 (1973) as per suitability for timber exploitation in the country and hence can supplement the declining species hitherto used for same in the study area. Further studies are recommended on the species suitability for different end uses. POSTER 15 – THE AFFECTIVITY OF USING WOOD BIOMASS TO PRODUCE THERMAL ENERGY IN ALBANIA 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Mandi Marku, Agricultural University of Tirana; Armond Halebi and Firdus Haveri, Municipality of Tirana, Albania

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Wood biomass to produce thermal energy includes firewood, residue of the process of exploitation (branch, cortex, etc.), and waste processing to industrial timber as furring, chips, and sawdust. This wood biomass gets prepared in sizes or various forms for function of the purpose of use (briquette, pallets). In this study, the amount of biomass that actually results from wood treatments in Albania and from wood processing is being analyzed. The quantities of timber provided for use by the exploitation of forest and wood processing entities involved in the production of raw-sawn materials are being studied. The wood biomass can be provided in considerable quantities from the forest and the production of raw-sawn materials. However, in reality, large quantities are not produced due to technical, economic, and demographic factors that inhibit the use of wood biomass. The wood processing industry, and especially the production of raw-sawn materials, is

very spread out with few productive subjects, which makes the accumulation of wood biomass and the construction of production plants difficult.

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATION POSTER 16 – PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CONDENSED TANNINS PREPARED FROM QUEBRACHO AND MIMOSA HOT-WATER-EXTRACTS USING COMMERCIAL ADSORBENT, DIAION HP20

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

Sung Phil Mun, Chonbuk National University and Mississippi State University; Moon G. Kim, Mississippi State University

Mimosa and quebracho crude extracts are currently used as tanning reagents in the leather industry and as alternative phenolic-type resins in the wood adhesive industry. We recently found that these extracts have powerful termite antifeedant and mortality properties. For further enhancement of the effectiveness in practical application of these extracts, the active compounds need to be separated and purified with an economical, commercially available method. This study was carried out to evaluate a commercial adsorbent, Diaion HP20, for the separation and purification of mimosa and quebracho tannins from crude extracts and to characterize the chemical structures of the purified tannins. Pure tannins were readily separated from their hot-water-extracts by adsorbing on Diaion HP20 and desorbing with ethanol. The main polyphenolic component of purified mimosa tannin showed resorcinol A ring and pyrogallol B ring (robinetidin type). In addition, components consisting of resorcinol A ring and catechol B ring (fisentidin type) were detected by 13C NMR and MALDI TOF mass analyses. In the case of quebracho tannin, fisentidin type was the major polyphenols and small amounts of robinetidin type were detected. The average molecular weights were 1,800 daltons for mimosa tannin and 2,400 daltons for quebracho tannin, respectively, and these molecular values indicate 4 or 5 repeating robinetidin and fisentidin units. In conclusion, Diaion HP20, which is a low cost polystyrene adsorbent, was found effective for removal of impurities such as carbohydrates and amino and imino acid fractions existing in crude extracts. POSTER 17 – ANTI-TERMITE PROPERTIES OF SUPERHYDROPHOBIC WOOD TREATED WITH ZNO NANO RODS – PART I: SURFACE TREATMENT Todd F. Shupe, LSU AgCenter; Cheng Piao, Calhoun Research Station, LSU AgCenter; Cran Lucas, Louisiana State University at Shreveport; Jay P. Curole, LSU AgCenter ZnO is a cost-effective and more environmentally friendly wood preservative than other metallic-based formulations. ZnO-stearate treatment imparts superhydrophobicity to wood surfaces, thereby providing triple protection to wood products (i.e., waterproofing, decay resistance and insect repellency, and anti-aging). The objective of this study was to evaluate ZnO-stearate hydrophobic treatments of southern pine sapwood for resistance to Formosan subterranean termites. The data indicated that ZnO-stearate superhydrophobic treatment southern pine wood samples received excellent mean visual ratings and mean weight loss values. The mean termite mortality was moderate. Unidentified fibril-like substances were found on the wood surfaces that were damaged by the termites.

COMPOSITES POSTER 18 – PERFORMANCE OF INORGANIC BONDED COMPOSITES MADE FROM A MIXTURE OF CEIBA PENTANDRA AND GMELINA ARBOREA SAWDUST

Babatunde Ajayi, B. Olufemi, E.A. Adelusi, and A.A. Taiwo, Federal University of Technology (Akure, Nigeria) Ceiba pentandra and Gmelina arborea sawdust were used to produce cement-bonded composites at the blending proportion levels of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100, and mixing ratio levels of 2:1, 3:1. The effect of these production variables on bending strength and dimensional movement were characterized by measuring the modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) properties after 24 hours and 48 hours of immersion in cold water. From the trend observed, MOR and MOE increased with an increase

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poster presentations in blending proportion (Ceiba pentandra and Gmelina arborea) and mixing ratio (cement/wood), whereas the TS and WA decreased after 24 hours and 48 hours of immersion in cold water and under similar manufacturing conditions. The strongest and most stable composite was manufactured at the highest blending proportion (25:75) and mixing ratio (3:1). The results show that cement-bonded composites can be manufactured from hot water-treated sawdust generated from Ceiba pentandra and Gmelina arborea. POSTER 19 – DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH AND DIMENSIONAL STABILITY OF WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES PRODUCED FROM GROUNDNUT SHELL

Babatunde Ajayi, O.A. Awoyemi, R.D. Famotemi, and A.S. Aruwajoye, Federal University of Technology (Akure, Nigeria); K.S. Aina, Forestry Research Institute (Ibadan, Nigeria)

Wood-plastic composites were produced using a granulated car battery case reinforced with groundnut shell flakes. Production design was based on three levels of board density (BD) and three levels of mixing ratio (MR), which translated into the manufacture of nine experimental boards. The modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), thickness swelling (TS), and water absorption (WA) properties of the manufactured boards were investigated. The effects of the plastic-to-fiber ratio and BD on the properties investigated were determined. The results show that the mean values for MOR and MOE ranged from 3.26 N/mm2 to 6.15 N/mm2 and 2343.33 N/mm2 to 10396.47 N/mm2, respectively, while the mean values for thickness swelling and water absorption ranged from 0.00% to 0.00% and 0.01% to 0.06%, respectively, after 48 hours immersion in cold water. The MOR and MOE increased as BD and MR increased and TS and WA decreased proportionately. Board produced from the highest levels of mixing ratio of 3.5:1 and BD of 800 kg/m3 was the strongest and most stable. Groundnut shell and car battery case are considered to be suitable raw materials for the production of plastic-bonded composites. POSTER 20 – EFFECT OF BOARD DENSITY AND MIXING RATIO ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC-BONDED BOARD PRODUCED FROM AFARA (TERMINALIA SUPERBA) SAWDUST

Babatunde Ajayi, Federal University of Technology (Akure, Nigeria); A.A. Ajigbon, Federal Polytechnic (Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria); O.A. Adeyemi, Engineering Materials Development Institute (Akure, Nigeria)

The strength properties of plastic-bonded composites produced from Afara (Terminalia superba) was determined. Nine experimental boards were produced at density levels of 700 kg/m3, 800 kg/m3, and 900 kg/m3, with mixing ratios of 2.0:1, 2.5:1, and 3.0:1. The study was designed to investigate the modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and the effect of plastic/sawdust ratio and board density (BD) on the MOR and MOE of the boards. The dried sawdust was sieved with 850 µm mesh and thereafter mixed with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pellets. The mixture was formed into boards inside the mold, hot pressed inside a twin caul plates at a temperature of 140°C to produce boards of 300 mm x 300 mm x 12mm thick, and then tested. The result showed that the mean values of MOR ranged from 11.60 N/mm2 to 15.2 N/mm2, while MOE values ranged from 2724.56 N/mm2 to 6315.26 N/mm2. A decrease in plastic ratio resulted in the production of weaker boards. Plastic-bonded boards produced from the mixing ratio of 3.0:1 and BD of 900 kg/m3 made for the strongest and best structurally stable board. This suggests that boards can be produced from Afara sawdust with virgin plastic after drying. POSTER 21 – ADVANCED WOOD-CEMENT COMPATIBILITY WITH NANO MINERAL Tibor L. Alpar, Eva Selmeczi, and Levente Csoka, University of West Hungary 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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Formworks are the conventional utilization of wood concerning cement. Wood was always preferred as formworks at building grounds because of its natural advantages: availability; ease of use; ease of removal; and reuse after setting of concrete. Wood and cement are like fire and water. Most wood species are more or less incompatible with cement hydration. How can we still join these two very different materials when they really don’t like each other to create great woodcement composites (WCC)? Hydration and final strength of WCC is sensitive on wood extractives. Water dissolves the water-soluble chemicals of wood (some of them inhibitors): hemicelluloses, sugars, and tannins. The process of inhibition – sugars absorb on Alit (tri-calcium silicate) — creates a gel around it and water can’t access it so the hydration can’t occur. Using conventional additives (e.g. MgCl2, CaCl2, Al2(SO4)3, Na2SiO2), the hydration of cement can be accelerated to avoid inhibition effect of sugars (can’t absorb on Alit), and the hydration skin can form around it. In our research (supported by TÁMOP 4.2.1.B-09/1/KONV-2010-0006), new additives were applied to increase the joining powers between

wood (Populus spp.) and Portland cement, and the strength of the final product. The applied additive was montmorillonit nanoparticles and PDDA to modify the surface charge of wood fibers. The results of comparison tests were very satisfying, with the increase of bending strength above 20%. POSTER 22 – CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLEBOARD MADE FROM ROSELLE (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA) STALKS AND EUCALYPTUS (EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS) WOOD Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghalehno, Ali Bayatkashkoli, and Morteza Nazerian, University of Zabol

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of particleboards manufactured from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) stalks and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) wood. The manufacturing parameters were various Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) ratios in the mixture (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and press time (3, 5, and 7 minutes). Static bending, internal bonding strength values, and thickness swelling (TS) after a 24-hour water soaking of the panels were determined according to the procedure of European Union (EN) Standard. The results of the study demonstrate that Roselle stalks can be an alternative raw material source for the particleboard industry. The overall panel properties improved with an upper percentage of Roselle particles added.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

POSTER 23 – THE EFFECT OF WOOD EXTRACTIVES AND MINERAL ACCELERATORS ON THE PROPERTIES OF WOOD-CEMENT PARTICLEBOARD Morteza Nazerian, Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghalehno, and Ali Bayat Kashkooli, University of Zabol

The experiment was carried out to study the effect of wood extractives, chamotte, and CaCl2 on hydration and hardening of cement paste. It also allowed study of the effects of these additives on mechanical and physical properties of wood-cement particleboard (WCPB). Homogeneous cement-bonded particleboards 12 mm in thickness were made from poplar flake with Portland cement, calcium chloride, and chamotte. The WCPB was manufactured with a wood/ cement (w/c) ratio of 0.3:1, specific gravity of 1.2 kg/m3; CaCl2 content as cement replacement of 3, 5, and 7%; and chamotte content as cement replacement of 5, 10, and 15%. The WCPB was tested for modulus of elasticity (MOR), internal bonding (IB), thickness swelling (TS), and water absorption (WA). The results showed that water-soluble wood extractive increases the hydration time of cement. It was observed that different amounts of chamotte and CaCl2 in neat cement can significantly affect the setting and hardening time. Replacement of cement with 10% of CaCl2 and 10% chamotte in boards increased the MOR and IB. It also decreased WA and TS, but most importantly eliminated the inhibitory effect of wood on cement setting and hardening. POSTER 24 – DETERMINATION OF CELLULOSE-CELLULOSE BOND STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS IN CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL (CNC) AEROGEL FRAME Jie Ding, Lech Muszyński, and John Simonsen, Oregon State University

Biopolymer-poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a renewable, sustainable, carbon neutral, and recyclable material. In this research, PLA is investigated as a potential replacement of petroleum-based polymers in advanced nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). This advanced CNC-PLA bio-based composite material is expected to allow for the substitution of petroleum-based plastics in various markets and applications. Developing efficient composites for various applications requires good understanding of the structure-property relationships between the nano-cellulose reinforcement and the polymer matrix. The objective of this study is to determine the cellulose-cellulose bond strength and stiffness in CNC aerogel frame before it is infused with polymer matrix. CNC aerogel samples are compressed on a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) instrument at extremely low-strain rates to see the elastic response of the aerogel. For the theoretical analysis, the spatial aerogel structure is treated as an open cellular frame. A 3-D statistical description of the aerogel included the number of edges and nodes, or contact points per “cell,” and the average distance between contact points. The stiffness of the CNC-CNC contact point is estimated assuming that CNCs are very stiff compared to the aerogel structure. POSTER 25 – EFFECT OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF HYBRID FILLERS ON THE MECHANICAL AND WATER ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES Geum-Hyun Doh and Sun-Young Lee, Korea Forest Research Institute

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poster presentations Hybrid filler-reinforced composites are considered high performance materials. However, the decline of mechanical properties by insufficient interfacial adhesions between matrix polymer and fillers limits their applications. This study aimed to find optimum concentrations of the silane (triethoxyvinylsilane) coupling agent for fillers in composites by measuring tensile strength. We also investigated the effects of chemically modified fillers in composites on water absorption and thermal behavior. Alkali treatment of the wood fibers increased tensile strength of the composites, and talc increased the tensile strength. The coupling agent had its own optimum amount for wood fibers and talc to obtain the highest tensile strength. POSTER 26 – MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO-BASED LUMBER COMPOSITE AND POTENTIAL FOR STRUCTURAL USE Francois Louis Anthony Jr., Quisqueya University; Daniel P. Hindman, Virginia Tech

Recent ideas for green building, now shared throughout the world, appear at a time when global population growth is unprecedented. The pursuit of the millennium objectives has become a serious issue when trying to meet the challenge of providing decent housing to a world population that is constantly growing. The cost per house is a critical aspect in the design of any project of urbanization. Consequently, industries and researchers have turned attention to developing the next generation of renewable materials to help fill this need. Bamboo is a material with abundant growth and the development of new technology suggests a possible future use of bamboo-composites as structural elements of a dimension as yet undreamed. Previous researchers have studied the mechanical and physical properties of raw bamboo and composites. This presentation includes the measurement of the mechanical properties of Lumboo, a bamboo-based lumber. Mechanical property results were compared to other bamboo products and solid-sawn lumber to determine the potential for structural use. Mechanical properties measured included bending strength, bending modulus of elasticity, compression strength parallel and perpendicular to grain, shear parallel to grain, and dowel bearing strength parallel and perpendicular to grain. Values of modulus of elasticity, bending strength, compression parallel and perpendicular strength, and shear strength were considered acceptable. However, the low bearing strength, the failure by splitting related to adhesive distribution, and the observance of fungi in this material may limit this particular product’s use. The development of future green materials requires the resolution of these concerns. POSTER 27 – PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL NANOCOMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS OBTAINED FROM RED OAK RESIDUES Peter M. Jacobson, Qingzheng Cheng, and Jingxin Wang, West Virginia University

Red Oak (heartwood and sapwood) residues were collected from 2005, 2006, and 2007 harvest sites located within West Virginia. These residues were then de-lignified by acidified sodium chlorite. Cellulose nanocrystals were isolated from the de-lignified wood residues through a combination of acid hydrolysis, ultrasonication, and homogenization. Nanocrystal suspensions were then combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution to form fully biodegradable cellulosic nanocomposite biofilms, via film casting. Biofilms were then analyzed for thermal degradation, morphology and dispersion, and tensile mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and ultimate strength). Characteristics of the cellulosic nanocomposite biofilms were compared and contrasted to films formed using neat PVA solution, as well as nanocrystal suspensions, de-lignified residues, and original red oak residues. These materials are expected to be useful as packaging for food and other products. Formation of cellulosic nanocomposite biofilms utilizing red oak residues will benefit the wood industry by incorporating previously wasted materials into new, environmentally friendly products.

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 28 – EFFECT OF LOW-GRADE WOODY BIOMASS CONTENT ON TENSILE PROPERTIES AND RESISTANCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE IN WOOD-HDPE COMPOSITES Michael Karas and Lech Muszyński, Oregon State University

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tive of this study was to evaluate the performance of WPCs using low-grade woody biomass derived from: 1) forest thinning, 2) invasive species eradication, and 3) urban waste from a demolition project, against a reference composite using commercial pine flour. The evaluated properties included tensile modulus, ultimate tensile stress, and toughness before and after simulated environmental exposure. Two types of environmental exposures were used – accelerated QUV weathering and standard ground contact tests. The evaluation was performed on samples at three loading levels of 20%, 40%, and 60% of woody biomass by weight. In addition, the effect of 4% MAPE coupling agent in the composite formulation was investigated. The results indicate that replacing commercial wood flour with low-grade woody biomass from various sources does not impair the properties of WPCs.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

POSTER 29 – EFFECT OF LOW-GRADE WOODY BIOMASS CONTENT ON IMPACT PROPERTIES OF WOOD-HDPE COMPOSITES Michael Karas and Lech Muszyński, Oregon State University

There is an urgent need to find a sustainable way of utilizing biomass from wildfire prevention operations like forest thinning and forest fuel removal. The U.S. federal government spends billions to fight forest fires on federal lands. Woody biomass resulting from these operations is currently burned on site or converted to fuel. Fluctuations in petroleum prices suggest that converting this biomass to fuel alone may not be the most economically appropriate solution – alternatives need to be explored. Value-added products using wood-plastic composites (WPCs) filled with bioparticles can create consistent demand for woody biomass, which may offset costs of removal operations and improve the economics of alternatives to burning. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of low-grade woody biomass content derived from: 1) forest thinning, 2) invasive species eradication, and 3) urban waste from a demolition project on the impact performance of wood- HDPE composites. Specimens of clear HDPE and of composites loaded with commercial wood flour were used as references. The effect of 4% MAPE coupling agent in the composite formulation was also investigated. The results indicate that replacing commercial wood flour with low-grade woody biomass from various sources does not affect the impact properties of WPCs. POSTER 30 – SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS IN WOOD-POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES

Michael Karas, Oregon State University; Stephan Lippert, Technical University of Hamburg; Jan Lüdtke, University of Hamburg (UHH); Lech Muszyński, Oregon State University

Noise barriers and noise suppression devices are important features of infrastructure erected along highways, railways, or airports to mitigate noise impact on communities living in their vicinity. Most of the noise barriers currently built in the United States are structures comprised of concrete, masonry, chemically treated wood, or petroleum-based plastics, which are associated with high environmental impacts. This impact may be significantly improved if the materials used for sound barriers are replaced with sustainably renewable or recycled alternatives. One of the sustainable alternatives proposed is a lightweight modular sound barrier system employing wood-plastic composites (WPCs). This project investigated the effect of wood flour content on sound transmission loss of WPCs. Panels were manufactured with 20%, 40%, and 60% wood flour. Specimens of unfilled polypropylene were used as references. Results indicate that the addition of wood content has little effect on the sound transmission loss of the material. POSTER 31 – EFFECT OF OZONE TREATMENT ON PROPERTIES OF THE CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS

Jae-Hyuk Jang, Kangwon National University; Seung-Hwan Lee and Takashi Endo, Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST, Japan); Nam-Hun Kim, Kangwon National University

Cellulose nanofiber was prepared from nut pine (Pinus Koraiensis) by combining ozone treatment and followed by mechanical fibrillation. The effect of ozone treatment on the properties of thus-obtained cellulose nanofiber was investigated. Cellulose nanofiber-reinforced nanocomposite materials based of polyurethane and polyolefine were sucessfully prepared and its properties were investigated. POSTER 32 – A STUDY ON LIQUID PENETRATION / EVAPORATION RATES OF NATURAL FIBERS

T. Eric McConnell, Ohio State University; Sheldon Q. Shi, Mississippi State University; Chen Hong and Wang

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poster presentations Ge, International Centre for Bamboo & Rattan (Beijing, China)

Consumer demands and environmental concerns are driving the need for products perceived as “green.” The use of natural fibers in composite products is helping to fill this need. The many interactions, including liquid penetration/evaporation, occurring at the fiber-polymer interface require further research as the use of natural fibers in composite products increases. Penetration/evaporation times of 10μL droplets of deionized water at 25°C and 55% relative humidity onto natural ramie and jute fibers were initially found to be significantly less than synthetic glass fibers, which would be exclusively evaporation. The penetration/evaporation times of four natural fiber types were further studied, including bamboo affinis, kender, ramie, and jute. Kender and ramie fibers had significantly lower penetration/evaporation times than jute or bamboo fibers. However, due to significant differences in fiber diameter between natural fiber types, a correction factor, diameter•time, was applied. Ramie was then found to have a significantly higher diameter•time than the other natural fibers. These findings will aid researchers in better understanding the requirements needed for consolidation of the fiber/polymer matrix. POSTER 33 – MODIFIED SHEAR BLOCK TEST FOR EVALUATION OF ADHESIVE BOND INTEGRITY IN CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT)

Lech Muszyński, Oregon State University; Mélanie Noyel and Thomas Pisaneschi, Université Henri Poincaré (University of Nancy) Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively new structural product utilizing low-grade timber (including species traditionally not considered for structural applications) arranged in cross-laminated panels used as prefabricated wall and floor elements in residential and commercial structures. It has been developed in Europe and is already gaining momentum in Europe and Asia. The high integrity of this product allows raising multi-story wood structures passing the stringent code requirements for seismic zones in Italy and Japan. The domestic performance standards for this product are still a work in progress. CLT creates a potential avenue for utilization of plantation-grown hybrid poplar in high-performance structural products. Viability of hybrid poplar for CLT still needs to be proved in tests. One of the outstanding concerns is that while the rolling shear strength is known to significantly affect mechanical performance of CLT, this property in hybrid poplar is relatively low. In this presentation, a study utilizing modified shear-block test for evaluation of adhesive bond integrity in cross laminated timber (CLT) will be presented. Shear resistance and failure modes of cross-laminated shear block specimens are compared with these of solid hybrid poplar wood tested in shear along the grains and in the rolling shear mode. POSTER 34 – DEVELOPMENT OF WOOD/BIOCHAR/PLASTIC COMPOSITES

David B. DeVallance, Gloria Oporto, Qingzheng Cheng, and Patrick Quigley, West Virginia University

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 35 – BIO-COMPOUNDS FOR IMPROVED DECAY RESISTANCE OF NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED COMPOSITES Adam Scouse, Fredrick A. Kamke, and Jeffrey J. Morrell, Oregon State University

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This poster will present the current results associated with creating a viscoelastic thermal compressed (VTC) composite treated with a natural biocide compound in order to enhance wood resistance to biological decay. Goals of this project will be improving decay resistance of the composite to meet American Wood Protection Association Use Category 3 requirements for non-ground contact exterior exposure, achieve defined composite bending strengths of 2.5x10^5 psi, and exceed 50% of mean dry bending properties after treating composites to six cycles of water soak and drying. At the time of presentation, research will not be concluded on this project. Therefore, the goal of the poster will be to present the current research being done on formulating anti-microbial treatments for VTC composites consisting of cinnamon leaf oil and

juniper extracts. Conclusions and recommendations will not be made at the current stage of research. POSTER 36 – EFFECT OF PRESSING SCHEDULES ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTI-LAYERED LIGHTWEIGHT PANELS Ali Shalbafan, University of Hamburg; Johannes Welling and Jan Luedtke, Johann Heinrich von ThuenenInstitute (vTI)

The use of lightweight panels has been extended considerably over the last decades. Reasons for their success, especially in the field of cash-and-carry furniture, are not only the low weight, but also improved energy and resource efficiency, design aspects, and easy handling and erection properties of the furniture produced from lightweight panels. The developed technique at Hamburg University to produce lightweight foam-core panels in a one-stage process is a milestone for augmenting the production of lightweight panels for the furniture industry. In this study, foam-core sandwich panels were manufactured using resinated wood particles for the faces and expandable polystyrene for the core materials. The effect of the pressing schedule on the produced panels was investigated. Two different press temperatures of 130°C and 160°C for producing panels with three different surface thicknesses were selected, which result in changes in pressing and foaming times in the press program. Foam-core sandwich panels having the same core densities and different cell structure were produced by controlling the foaming conditions. Bending strength (MOR) of the panels, produced with the first press program with 130°C (1-EPS), was approximately 10% higher than the MOR of the corresponding samples produced at 160°C (2-EPS). The improved internal bond of both types of foam-core panels (1-EPS and 2-EPS) in comparison to conventional particleboards and their high specific strength related to density allow a promising outlook for this type of panel.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

POSTER 37 – TORSIONAL AND BENDING STIFFNESS OF SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SIZED SAMPLES OF CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER (CLT) PANELS AS COMPARED TO FULL-SIZED STRUCTURAL PANELS USING DIC OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS AND FEM SIMULATIONS Benjamin Sundberg and Lech Muszyński, Oregon State University; Mélanie Noyel and Thomas Pisaneschi, Université Henri Poincaré (University of Nancy); Vaclav Sebera, Mendel University

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively new structural product utilizing low-grade timber (including species traditionally not considered for structural applications) arranged in cross-laminated panels used as prefabricated wall and floor elements in residential and commercial structures. It has been developed in Europe and is already gaining momentum in Europe and Asia. The high integrity of this product allows for raising multi-story wood structures passing the stringent code requirements for seismic zones in Italy and Japan. CLT creates a potential avenue for utilization of plantation-grown hybrid poplar in high-performance structural products. However, the acceptance of CLT in North America requires development of domestic performance standards for this product. These are still a work in progress. One important issue in the development of such standards is correlating tests performed on small- and medium-scale specimens to full-scale products. In this presentation, a comparison of torsional and bending characteristics determined on small- and medium-sized CLT panel samples using conventional and optical measuring techniques with FEM simulation of the test will be discussed. POSTER 38 – EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFECT OF MATRIX MELT FLOW BEHAVIOR ON RECYCLING WOOD-HDPE COMPOSITES Majid TabkhPaz Sarabi, Amir Hosein Behravesh, and Peyman Shahi, Tarbiat Modares University

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of matrix melt flow rate on the properties of the recycled wood-plastic composites (WPC) produced in an extrusion process. WPCs consist of wood particles and a thermoplastic matrix such as PE, PP, and PVC. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a favorite polymeric matrix when the processing temperature can be maintained low to avoid wood burning. Various grades of HDPE with different melt flow indexes (MFI) are available from the suppliers. The aim of this study was to understand the role of matrix MFI on the recycling ability of WPCs produced via an extrusion process. Three grades of HDPE — low, middle and high MFI, respectively named as LMFI, MMFI, and HMFI (0.45, 7 and 20 gr/10min) — were used to produce rode-shaped profiles of WPC with 60 wt% wood content. The mechanical properties were obtained from bending test and physical properties carried out from water absorption and density measurement tests. For the recycling process, produced WPC

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poster presentations profiles were grounded and utilized as wood-plastic granules. Based on results, recycled WPC with HMFI indicates poorer properties in comparison to those of a non-recycled type. Results also indicate a low drop in mechanical and physical properties of recycled composites produced by MMFI and HMFI HDPE. On the other hand, producing profiles with HMFI HDPE as polymeric matrix presents a higher flow rate from a processing point of view. POSTER 39 – OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS FOR A VISCOELASTIC THERMAL COMPRESSION PROCESS Josef Weissensteiner and Frederick A. Kamke, Oregon State University

Viscoelastic thermal compression (VTC) is a process for compressing wood, perpendicular-to-the-grain, without damaging the cellular structure. VTC wood has strength and stiffness that has increased in proportion to the increase of density. As the VTC mechanism is understood, this research focused on optimizing process schedules in regards to hybrid poplar (Populus deltoids x Populus trichcarpa) veneer, composite bond properties, and consumption of adhesive. Processing schedules differed in pre-compression conditioning time, compressing time, and compression rate (speed). Densified veneers were bonded (different loading rates) with a commercial phenol formaldehyde resin, and bond properties were assessed with a modified form of ASTM D 1037-99 and ASTM D 905-98. Shear results show that joint performance is affected by precompression conditioning time and compression rate, whereas composite modulus or elasticity and modulus of rupture are unaffected by the different treatments. Results, however, may contain bias as there were some technical problems with the press cooling and venting systems. POSTER 40 – FLEXURAL PERFORMANCE OF COEXTRUDED WOOD / POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITE Fei Yao and Qinglin Wu, LSU AgCenter

Coextruded wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are new-generation green composites that deliver more performance and cost merits than conventional products. In this study, the flexural performance of coextruded wood/polyethylene (PE) composite with pure PE or WPC skins and wood/PE composite cores was investigated. The composites were subjected to static bending test to determine their strength and failure mechanisms. The results of the analytical predictions and numerical simulations are also evaluated with the experimental results. POSTER 41 – THE EFFECT OF NA MONTMORILLONITE (NAMMT) NANOCLAY ON AIR PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES OF MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF) Amir Sepehr and Reza Zahedsheijani, University of Tehran and Arian Saeed INC.

The potential use of nanoclay was examined to modify air permeability properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF). For this, Na+ montmorillonite (NaMMT) nanoclay was added to urea formaldehyde resin to produce the MDF. Then, air permeability of the MDF was evaluated. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a dispersion and exfoliation of NaMMT in the modified MDF. The air permeability presented a systematic decrease with increasing nanoclay amount. This reduction agreed with the simple “tortuous path” model. POSTER 42 – EFFECT OF FIRE-RETARDANT CHEMICALS ON COMBUSTION PROPERTIES OF LVL PANELS Zeki Candan, Nadir Ayrilmis, and Turker Dundar, Istanbul University; Musa Atar, Gazi University 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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The combustion properties of LVL panels treated with fire-retardant chemicals were investigated in this study. Beech (Fagus orientalis L.) veneers were treated with a borax-boric acid mixture, monoammonium phosphate, or diammonium phosphate by full-cell pressure procedure. Following the impregnation, the treated veneers were dried. A total of 12, 5-ply, 13-mm-thick experimental panels were manufactured from the veneers, three for each chemical treatment and three for control purposes. Phenol formaldehyde resin with 47% solids content was applied to single bonding surfaces of the veneers at a rate of 200 g/m2. The individual veneers were then assembled with the grain of all veneers running horizontally along the billet and hot pressed under 1.5 N/mm2 of pressure at a temperature of 140°C for 15 minutes in a laboratory hot press. The LVL panels were conditioned at 20°C and 65% relative humidity for three weeks before testing. The findings obtained in this study revealed that treated panels had better combustion performance than untreated panels. With regard

to fire retardant chemicals, the lowest combustion temperature was observed in panels treated with diammonium phosphate, while the highest combustion temperature was observed in panels treated with borax-boric acid mixture. Treated panels had less mass loss than untreated panels. Due to their enhanced fire performance, LVL panels modified with fire-retardant chemicals could be used as structural wood composite in building constructions having stringent requirements for safety, POSTER 43 – EVALUATING ORIENTED STRAND BOARD SUBJECTED TO FLOOD CONDITIONS

Tyler A. Strayhorn, Dave C. Tilotta, Phil H. Mitchell, and Sudipta Dasmohapatra, North Carolina State University

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

The Federal Emergency Management Agency desires to identify and categorize common materials used in housing construction with regard to their ability to resist flood water damage (FEMA, 2008). However, there are currently no test procedures that can be used to accomplish this task, especially for wood-based materials such as oriented strand board (OSB). As a consequence, there is very little understanding of how OSB will behave under flood conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate OSB when subjected to different flooding conditions and soak times. To accomplish this, three different brands of exterior OSB were used to represent all producers. Fresh water (control), salt water, and diesel-contaminated water were each utilized to simulate different flood water compositions. 48”x96” OSB panels were submerged in the various water types utilizing ASTM D1037 as a guideline over various time intervals (0 to 336 hours). Panels were dried, and cut into bending samples per ASTM D3043. Samples were conditioned to 9% equilibrium moisture content then tested in flexure (ASTM D3043-Method B). Preliminary results show that after eight hours in potable water, both MOR and MOE are significantly reduced (α=.05). Furthermore, as a general trend, edge samples are significantly weaker than those samples taken from the interior of the panel independent of water type or soak duration. Finally, OSB submerged for eight hours in potable water has significantly lower flexural strength than samples soaked for the same duration in salt water.

ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY POSTER 44 – PROPERTIES OF PYROLYTIC OIL FROM HARDWOOD RESIDUES AND POTENTIAL FOR BIOENERGY IN NIGERIA

Adeola J. Fuwape, Federal University of Technology (Akure, Nigeria); Adebola B. Adebayo and Jingxin Wang, West Virginia University

This study investigated the combustion characteristics of pyrolytic oil from wood residues with a view to establish their potential as an alternative source of energy for domestic and industrial uses. Sawmill wood residues of Ceiba pentandra, Terminalia superb, and Triplochiton sclerexylon collected in Ondo State, Nigeria, were converted to biooil in a furnace at 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C. Combustion characteristics of the pyrolytic oil viz: viscosity, flash point, pour point, and heating value were determined and compared with the properties of some other plant oils and conventional fuel sources. The highest and lowest viscosity values for the pyrolytic oil are 387.8 cP and 174.8 cP, respectively. The flash point of the pyrolytic oil ranged from 185.3 to 236.8. Triplochiton sclerexylon and Ceiba pentandra have the highest and lowest values, respectively. The pour point of the bio-oil ranged from 3.5 to 3.8°C, with the lowest pour point recorded for Ceiba pentandra a. The heating values of the pyrolytic oil ranged between 32,310 and 32,973 KJ/kg. The 3.6 million m3 of wood waste (sawdust, slabs, edgings, etc.) generated in all Nigerian sawmills has the potential to produce 34% pyrolytic oil with low-efficiency combustion engine or 65-75% with high-efficiency combustion steam like integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), 15-25%, and 10-20% charcoal, and non-condensable gases, acetic acid, acetone, benzene, and methanol (Knight et. al., 1976). The pyrolytic oil produced can be upgraded through hydrogenation to produce lubrication oil, fuel for heavy duty equipments, and transportation vehicles. Electricity can be generated from wood biomass through the combination of a gasifier with a combustion engine, steam turbine, and gas turbine. The gasifier produces the gas fuel (CH4, H2, CO2, NOx) in its chemical reactor. It has been shown in Germany, India, Sri Lanka, and other countries that electricity can be generated from wood. Gasifier systems with internal combustion engines can produce 1 kWh of electricity from 1.1-1.5 kg wood. A 10-100 kW generator can produce enough electricity for household appliances and lights (Elmar, 2010). In another study, it was reported that 54 kg of wood chips can produce 14 kWh of electricity. Based on the above conversion factor (45 kg wood to produce

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poster presentations 14 kwh electricity), it can be said that 3.6 million m3 wood waste (equivalent to 1.3 million kg) can potentially generate 404,444 kilowatts (404 megawatts) of renewable energy. This additional 10% electricity to the currently generated energy can potentially increase electricity supply to about five million Nigerians (3.4% of the Nigerian population). Care must be taken when implementing this technology in Nigeria or in any other developing country because of its potential environmental hazard, deforestation (if sustainable forest practices are not implemented). This therefore necessitate the need for updated data and research on the available biomass resources, implementation of sustainable forest policies, accessibility of on-site logging residues, sawmill waste locations, forest road network system and transportation, timber harvesting, wood processing machines, environmental impact assessments, current energy infrastructures, labor and technology experts, capital investments, and pilot studies. Sawmill wood residues collected from Ceiba pentandra, Terminalia superb, and Triplochiton sclerexylon were successfully converted to bio-oil via pyrolytic process at 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C, respectively. The pyrolytic oil-yield irrespective of wood species ranged from 27 to 35%. The pH of the pyrolytic oil ranged between 3.4 and 4.5 at 300°C and 400°C while it varied from 2.5 to 3.03 at 500°C. The viscosity of the oil also decreased with an increase in processing temperature. The combustion properties of the pyrolytic oil were comparable with those of pure plant oils, such as Jatropha, rape seed, and sunflower oils. The potential of converting residue to electricity in Nigeria was as investigated. Our findings show that the current underutilized wood residues have the potential to produce 15-25%; and 10-20% charcoal, non-condensable gases generate 404,444 kilowatts (404 megawatts) of renewable energy to meet the electricity needs of about five million Nigerians. POSTER 45 – CHARACTERIZATION OF FAST PYROLYSIS BIO-OILS FROM WHITE OAK AND SWEET GUM WOODS

El Barbary Hassan, Mississippi State University; Emad El-Giar, University of Louisiana at Monroe; Brian Mitchell and Philip H. Steele, Mississippi State University

The purpose of this work was to characterize the bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis of white oak and sweet gum wood species. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in an auger reactor at 450°C. Proximate, ultimate and heating value, and elemental compositions were carried out for both biomass feedstock and the produced bio-oils. Bio-oil physical properties such as pH, water content, acid value, density, and viscosity were investigated. Mean molecular weights and polydispersity were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The composition and chemical characteristics of pyrolysis oils also were determined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) techniques. Results showed that the produced bio-oils can be used as chemical feedstock for various value-added components as well as fuels. POSTER 46 – NEW ROUTE FOR FUELS AND CHEMICALS FROM AQUEOUS FRACTION BIO-OIL El Barbary Hassan, Khaled El-Tahlawy, Qi Li, and Philip H. Steele, Mississippi State University

Fast pyrolysis is the most effective and commercially feasible technology for production of bio-oil from biomass. Upgrading of lignin fraction bio-oil into liquid hydrocarbon is the main route for utilization of bio-oil. Increasing the amount of sugars in the aqueous fraction bio-oil will critically increase the importance of this fraction through conversion of sugars into more valuable liquid fuels and chemicals. In this study, new pretreatment and pyrolysis techniques were applied on green energy cane feedstock. After pyrolysis, both lignin and aqueous fractions bio-oil were fractionated by the addition of water. The concentration and average molecular weight of sugars in the aqueous fraction bio-oil were determined by HPLC and GPC, respectively. A high yield of sugars (> 30%) was obtained in the aqueous fraction. An Alfa Laval M20 membrane filtration system was used to separate sugars from the aqueous fraction bio-oil. Factors affecting the separation process, such as membrane molecular weight cut off and trans-membrane pressures, were studied. 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 47 – OPTIMIZATION OF HOT-COMPRESSED WATER (HCW) PRETREATMENT AND MEMBRANE FILTRATION PROCESSES TO ISOLATE AND CHARACTERIZE SOUTHERN PINEWOOD HEMICELLULOSES El Barbary Hassan, Badamkhand Sukhbaatar, Sung Phil Mun, Moon Kim, and Philip H. Steele, Mississippi State University

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Determining the optimal method for separation of hemicelluloses from biomass is preferred for production of low-cost ethanol and valuable chemicals. Southern pinewood hemicelluloses consist mainly from D-mannose 12.08% and D-xylose

7.9% of the total extractive-free and oven-dried sample. Current research has studied the effect of HCW technique for extraction of the highest possible amount of hemicelluloses by considering experimental conditions such as temperature, time, pressure, and catalyst. Isolation of extracted hemicelluloses was accomplished by an ultra-filtration technique equipped with membrane ETNA01PP of molecular cut off 1000Da. Isolated and purified hemicelluloses were characterized by FTIR, 13C-NMR, and GPC analytical methods. POSTER 48 – DETERMINATION OF LEVOGLUCOSAN AND OTHER DEGRADATION PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM FAST PYROLYSIS OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

Qi Li, Philip H. Steele, Fei Yu, and El-Barbary M. Hassan, Mississippi State University

Fast pyrolysis is the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass by heat within a few seconds in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the production of charcoal, bio-oil, and gaseous products. Levoglucosan is the major anhydrosugar produced as a component of bio-oil. The interest in levoglucosan production is that it provides a route to production of monomeric sugars, primarily glucose, which can be utilized to produce biochemically derived fuels (ethanol, butanol, etc.). Researchers have proposed that production of ethanol from sugars produced via pyrolysis is an economic route and would also avoid the use of strong acids and the requirement for enzymes. Bio-oils show a wide variation in composition depending on the lignocellulosic biomass used. Biomass pretreatment is one of the ways to increase levoglucosan yield during fast pyrolysis. In this study, four types of lignocellulosic biomass were pyrolyzed in an auger-fed pyrolysis reactor and raw bio-oils were collected. Physical and chemical properties of raw bio-oils were analyzed. Water was added to fractionate the bio-oils into a pyroligneous and an aqueous fraction. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the concentration of levoglucosan and other degradation products in the aqueous fraction of bio-oils. The anhydrosugar-rich aqueous fraction was hydrolyzed with H2SO4 in an autoclave. It was found that 100% of levoglucosan was converted to glucose. Ethanol was produced successfully from the glucose hydrolysate. POSTER 49 – THE STUDY ON FEASIBILITY OF ECO-COAL MADE FROM BIOMASS WASTE BY TORREFACTION METHOD Kwan-Yu Lin and Far-Ching Lin, National Taiwan University

The study is to investigate the basic properties of 12 kinds of domestic biomass material in Taiwan treated by different torrefaction conditions. These materials include six wooden materials of Japanese cedar, Taiwania, China fir, acacia, Douglas fir, and Southern pine; and six nonwooden materials of vetiver, Chinese Pennisetum, silvergrass, rice stalk, rice hull, and corncob. Different torrefaction conditions include torrefy temperature and residence time. The basic properties of torrefied material will be tested by element analyzer, calorimeter, thermal gravity analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results shows torrefaction will increase the heat value, or energy density, of biomass. The sulfur and ash content are also much lower than coal and that will reduce the carbon dioxide emission by substitution. The relative industries will be promoted after the technique is transferred in the future. POSTER 50 – HOLOCELLULOSE CONTENT OF PARTIALLY HYDROLYZED SOUTHERN HARDWOODS T. Eric McConnell, Ohio State University; Sheldon Q. Shi, Mississippi State University

Conversion of lignocellulosic materials, including wood, to ethanol has become a primary agricultural policy concern. Small stems from low-value hardwood species provide an excellent feedstock source for the biorefinery. Current refining processes, however, completely hydrolyze the lignocellulosic material using a combination of extreme temperatures and harsh chemicals, leaving behind a byproduct of little value. Therefore, an alternative lignocellulosic conversion process needs to be investigated. One option would employ relatively low temperatures and chemical concentrations, which would only partially hydrolyze the wood. This would form some hydrolyzed sugars to ferment for conversion to ethanol while leaving behind a modified wood byproduct that remains structurally whole rather than being pulped to individual fibers. This byproduct could serve as a wood composites raw material, with possibly improved properties. This study examined the effect of a partial hydrolysis on the holocellulose content of watersaturated yellow-poplar, sweetgum, and red oak heated at 150°C for 30 minutes in three solutions: 1% H2SO4, water, and 1% NaOH. The treated woods were compared with untreated controls. Wood meal ground to a size-20 mesh was

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poster presentations analyzed gravimetrically following standard protocol. Holocellulose content was significantly affected by the wood species and the treating solutions interaction. Sweetgum was the most susceptible to holocellulose extraction, likely due to its high pentosan content within the holocellulose fraction. The greatest reduction in holocellulose content was obtained in an acid treatment, followed by the alkaline solution and water respectively. For each species, all solutions significantly lowered the holocellulose content as compared to the controls. POSTER 51 – TORREFIED WOOD FOR USE AS A COFIRING FUEL IN PULVERIZED COAL FACILITIES: AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW

David L. Nicholls, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; John I. Zerbe, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

Torrefied fuels have gained recent attention due to potential advantages over conventional biofuels, including higher energy density, increased grindability and hardness, improved water repellency, and reduced transportation costs. Many of these advantages suggest that torrefied wood or pellets could be well-suited for cofiring with coal. Torrefaction also can be applied to other biomass feedstocks (including urban wood wastes and agricultural residues), increasing the window of opportunity for these fuels. In this research, we evaluate the benefits and potential barriers for widespread adoption of torrefied biomass in cofiring applications with coal, with an emphasis on pulverized coal systems. We provide an overview of recent developments in torrefied fuels internationally, identifying firms that are involved with production, testing, and product development. We also look to Europe for success stories and lessons learned. Lastly, we identify policies that could enhance the use of torrefied biomass for electrical and thermal energy applications. POSTER 52 – INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECOMPOSITION OF LOGGING RESIDUES ON FUEL PROPERTIES Kaushlendra Singh, Jingxin Wang, Litha Sivanandan, Jagpinder Singh Brar, and Saurabh Kumar, West Virginia University

All biorefining processes for lignocellulosic biomass, whether it is ethanol production using fermentation or bio-oil, syngas, or Fisher-Tropsch liquid production using thermo-chemical conversion, rely on physical and chemical properties of materials that may change significantly when wood residues are left on the forest floor for long periods after timber harvesting. If not, then logistically, logging residues need not be harvested along with main timber, which would change supply-chain strategy for bulk storage and pre-processing requirements. If changes in wood composition do occur, then a logical harvesting time frame must be established for logging residue harvesting. The paper presents preliminary results for the study on effect of environmental decomposition of forest residues to be used for biorefining applications used to determine a logistical residue harvesting time frame. Samples of forest logging residues of red oak, red maple, and yellow popular were collected from the site in the West Virginia University Forests where timber harvesting operations had been performed in years 2010 and 2005. Selected fuel-related properties were measured on the collected samples, including moisture content, particle size, bulk density, true grind density, porosity, calorific value, proximate (moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash), ultimate analysis (Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA-FTIR data was analyzed using an iso-conversion method involving Arrhenius theory to determine rate kinetics, activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and order of the reaction. Differences in the TGA results over pickup delays of each wood species will be explained using data from proximate, ultimate, and chemical composition analysis. The results showed decrease in moisture content and no change in calorific value. The project, still in progress, will have a substantial impact supply-chain strategy for pre-processing and subsequent biorefining in the region and the United States as well. 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 53 – PRODUCTION OF FUELS FROM PINE PLANTATION UNDERSTORY BIOMASS Philip H. Steele, Priyanka Bhattacharya, Brian Mitchell, and Qi Li, Mississippi State University

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Previous research has indicated that relatively large volumes of understory biomass are available in southern pine plantations that could be converted to fuels. This study was performed to determine the understory volumes available in pine plantations by thinning type (1st thin loblolly, 2nd thin loblolly, and clear-cut loblolly and1st thin longleaf). These plantations were located on The Westervelt Company lands near Moundville, Alabama, and were managed by typical plantation pine management techniques. Plantations identified by one of the thinning types were randomly selected with 10’ x 10’

plots likewise randomly selected from which to clear-cut harvest all understory biomass. Dry tons/acre were estimated for each type with the 2nd thin type indicating the highest yield at nearly 8 dry tons/acre. The biomass types were analyzed by elemental analysis and higher heating value was determined. These results will be reported. Moisture contents for each understory type ranged from 80.0 to 180.2% with highest moisture content for the 2nd thin type. The understory types were pyrolyzed with bio-oil yields ranging from 38.0 to 45.0%; these yields are low compared to those produced with the same conditions for pine wood (65%). Water content for these bio-oils ranged from 36.7 to 51.8%, which is high compared to the usual 25 to 30% for pine wood bio-oil. The study bio-oils were converted to hydrocarbons and boiler fuels by two different upgrading processes. The fuel yields and the physical and chemical properties of the bio-oils were determined by thinning type and will be reported.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

POSTER 54 – BIOENERGY PRODUCTION POTENTIAL FROM WOODY BIOMASS AND ITS UTILIZATION POLICY IN TURKEY Hasan Tezcan Yildirim and Zeki Candan, Istanbul University

Bioenergy production potential from woody biomass resources of Turkey was investigated in this study. Wood material is a major renewable energy source in Turkey. Bioenergy from wood materials is generally used in the countryside. There is five to seven million tons of woody biomass production potential, but it has not been used effectively. The wood energy industry is not available at present. Bioenergy production from forest resources could play a major role in reducing greenhouse gas emission. Biomass from forest/agricultural residues could be used to produce electricity, to heat buildings, and to fuel cars. Woody biomass is available as chips, fuel-wood, waste wood, production residues, and pellet in Turkey. The forest products industry could be encouraged to use bioenergy and to establish energy plants.

FURNITURE POSTER 55 – MEASURING AND CHARACTERIZING FACE CHECKING DEVELOPMENT IN MAPLEVENEERED PANELS USING DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION Michael Burnard, Lech Muszyński, Scott Leavengood, and Lisa Ganio, Oregon State University

Checking is a major concern for maple veneer producers, plywood manufacturers, construction professionals, furniture manufacturers, and consumers. The scope of past research concerned with surface check development in mapleveneered panels was limited by the laborious manual methods used to determine check size, location, and quantity. Recently, optical measurement methods have demonstrated the potential to automate the check quantification and characterization process. The dramatic increase in efficiency offered by the digital image correlation (DIC) method provides an opportunity to conduct a study including an unprecedented number of variables affecting check formation. It also allows tracking the dynamics of check development as it occurs in maple-veneer panels. This poster will display the conceptual framework of the study, the experimental design, and description of the new measurement method. POSTER 56 – DEVELOPING A FURNITURE DESIGN AND AESTHETICS COURSE CONSIDERING STUDENT INTEREST AND ENGAGEMENT Scott MacDonald and Daniel P. Hindman, Virginia Tech

At the current time, Virginia Tech has no courses specifically in furniture design and aesthetics that are accessible to students in the Wood Science and Forest Products curriculum. In order to address this need, a special study course was created to address design and aesthetics issues. The purpose of this course was to discuss and observe furniture design, aesthetics, and workmanship pertaining to different styles, design applications, and with special attention to manufacturing needs. This course will make the student familiar with the process of furniture design, need for aesthetics, and a focus on practicality. The student will observe furniture designs and provide commentary and study. Then, using a drafting design program, a digital blueprint will be generated for a furniture item. Special attention will be given to materials, purpose of furniture, sustainability, and form. Construction of the furniture item will culminate in a student design suitable for competition at the 2011 AWFS Fair.

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poster presentations POSTER 57 – EXPLORING INTERNATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH CHINESE INTERNATIONAL FURNITURE TRADE SHOWS Wenping “Wendy” Shi and Paul M. Smith, Pennsylvania State University

Trade shows, an important component of an industrial firm’s communication strategy, have emerged as a cost-effective venue for communicating with target audiences in domestic and international markets. In the furniture industry, trade shows are termed “furniture markets.” Furniture markets in China have grown in international importance and prestige as a result of Chinese market liberation and Chinese furniture firms’ global market orientation. China is now in the process of converting from the “world furniture factory” to the “world furniture market,” which is attractive to international furniture manufacturers and raw material suppliers. The present study was conducted to increase our knowledge of Chinese international furniture markets. Thirty-seven Chinese furniture markets were identified from Chinese furniture industry journals/ magazines, furniture exhibition websites, and personal communications with furniture industry associations and marketing experts. Among these 37 shows, 31 are international and over half of these international shows are “horizontal” markets. Chinese horizontal furniture markets provide one-stop sourcing and offer opportunities for furniture exhibitors and attendees to buy and sell raw material, woodworking machinery, and furniture. The five largest Chinese International furniture markets in the cities of Guangdong, Shanghai, and Beijing were identified and profiled in terms of the number of international attendees and other relevant factors. Marketers in the furniture industry and other related wood supply industries can use this information to evaluate their trade show participation, explore export opportunities in the Chinese market, and/or to build relationships with existing and prospective customers worldwide. POSTER 58 – A COMPARISON OF INNOVATION IN THE FURNITURE MANUFACTURING SECTORS OF CROATIA AND THE UNITED STATES Andreja Pirc, University of Zagreb; Richard P. Vlosky, LSU AgCenter

In fall 2009 and in spring 2010, we conducted mail-based surveys of 430 and 409 randomly selected members of the U.S. and Croatian furniture manufacturing sector, respectively. The primary objective of these studies was to compare manufacturing and business practice innovation between these countries. Although the U.S. and Croatia have very different socioeconomic, geographic, and cultural characteristics, results indicate that their furniture industries have both lost considerable market share in the markets they serve and have experienced a decline in domestic consumption in recent years due to the global economic recession. Manufacturing facility closures, industry consolidation, and process/production innovation will shape the future of the furniture sectors in both countries. POSTER 59 – APPLYING LEAN THINKING TO STREAMLINE THE WOOD FURNITURE ENGINEERING PROCESS Chao Wang and Henry Quesada-Pineda, Virginia Tech

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

This research utilizes the value stream mapping (VSM) method to implement a lean management application in the engineering area for the wood furniture industry. Like other manufacturing industries, engineering plays an important role within product development in the wood furniture industry as it not only materializes design concepts, but also determines the production cost, quality, and lead time. However, many furniture manufacturers do not have an efficient engineering process. As a result, problems are manifested in these areas: longer processing time of drawings, which leads to production delays; high engineering errors rate affecting product quality; and excessive changes, higher costs, and excessive waste. VSM appears as a preferred way to implement lean transformation by identifying value-added activities and eliminate non-value-added activities in recent research. It not only maps out the material flow, but also the information flow. This research will utilize VSM to streamline the furniture engineering process by reducing work-in-progress drawings, engineering changes and errors, and engineering lead time. Preliminary results of the case study show that the current engineering on-time delivery accounted for just about 82% of the new product introduction. The value-added ratio (process time over lead time) is just 6%, which means a lot of waste exists in the current engineering process. A lean engineering procedure will greatly benefit the furniture industry from the present day’s complex customer requirements, limited time of product introduction, and serious competitiveness in the marketplace.

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POSTER 60 – ASSESSING CONSUMER PURCHASE PERCEPTIONS OF WOOD HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE OREGON

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Nathan E. Irby, Sudipta Dasmohapatra, and Phil Mitchell, North Carolina State University

The global marketplace coupled with changing customer needs and the economic downturn has altered the dynamics of the traditional wood household furniture industry in the United States. This project examined consumer perceptions and motivations toward wood household furniture purchases with a focus on implications of branding of furniture products (geographical: U.S. and North Carolina), local sourcing of materials and local production, the green marketing potential of furniture (i.e. the environmental friendliness of wood as a raw material), and furniture customization. By conducting surveys at home shows in the southeastern U.S., we sought to identify whether the aforementioned attributes are helpful in assisting furniture businesses in the U.S. to become more competitive and profitable. Results of the study may be used by the furniture suppliers, manufacturers, and affiliated industries to improve their marketing and environmental objectives.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

PROCESS CONTROL / QUALITY CONTROL POSTER 61 – ULTRASONIC ASSESSMENT OF FINGER JOINT IN BEECH WOOD

Saeed Kazemi Najafi and Sepideh Masoudifar, Tarbiat Modares University; Mohammad Ghofrani, Shahid Rajaee Teaching Training University (SRTTU)

In this research, the nondestructive evaluation of finger joints in beech wood was studied by using ultrasonic technique. For this purpose, sound joints and joints with artificial debonding zone were manufactured. Then several ultrasonic parameters including ultrasonic wave velocity, coefficient of attenuation, maximum amplitude, and root mean squares (RMS) voltage were measured in longitudinal and perpendicular direction of joints. Through-transmission technique with transducers of 40 kHz was used for all measurements. Results showed that in sound finger joint, there is no significant difference between ultrasonic parameters in perpendicular direction of the solid wood with and without finger joints; however, in longitudinal direction, the specimens with finger joint significantly exhibited higher coefficient of attenuation and lower ultrasonic velocity, maximum amplitude, and RMS voltage than those without finger joint. The results also showed that de-bonding zones have no significant effect on ultrasonic parameters in longitudinal directions of finger joints. In perpendicular direction when one side of a finger is free of adhesive, only ultrasonic wave velocity significantly decreases and the other parameters have no significant changes. When both sides of a finger are free of adhesive, attenuation coefficient significantly increases and velocity, maximum amplitude, and RMS voltage significantly decrease.

PULP & PAPER POSTER 62 – CELLULOSE-REINFORCED POLY(LACTIC ACID) COMPOSITES Katalin Halász, Levente Csóka, and Rita Rákosa, University of West Hungary

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which is one of the most promising bioplastics, is a versatile polymer and already has been used in many applications. Behind the several positive properties, PLA has a few negatives too, such as barrier properties, brittleness, and thermal stability. Cellulose can be a suitable reinforcing material for the PLA. As cellulose is the most abundant polymer on the earth, is easy to prepare compare to the synthetic ones, and bears a relatively reactive surface, it can be a good choice for producing PLA-based green composites. Cellulosic materials can be obtained from wood, cotton, straws, etc., and from waste paper as well to reinforce the poly(lactic acid). PLA-based composites containing microcrystalline cellulose from cotton linter were prepared in four temperature zoned twin screw laboratory extruder, using relatively high rpm, which gives the possibility to obtain nanocellulose, and thus improve the properties of the PLA. Three kinds of composites (PLA-MCC, PLA-MMC-PEG400, PLA-MMC-PEG400 with ultrasound) were made with different (1, 3, and 5 w%) cellulose weight content to investigate how cellulose can modify the quality of PLA. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as a compatibilizer and plasticizer as well. To help the dispersion of the cellulose crystals, the MCC-PEG suspension was treated with ultrasound. After preparing the composites, mechanical, thermal, barrier properties, and morphology were determined, which all define what PLAbased composites can be used for.

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poster presentations POSTER 63 – ULTRA-STRENGTH NANOPAPER FROM CELLULLOSE NANOFIBRILS AND ITS APPLICATION Sun-Young Lee, Geum-Hyun Doh, and Sang-Jin Chun, Korea Forest Research Institute

Prior to the homogenization process as a mechanical treatment, the fibril bundles of dispersed cellulose in deionized water are separated from the fiber wood cell wall with a homogenizer of 3,000 rpm. Cellulose nanofibrils were prepared from cellulose powder by an application of high pressure homogenizer at 1,400 bar and treatment consisting of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 passes. Nanopapers were made by removing water from cellulose nanofibril suspension on a filter paper. Tensile strength of the nanopaper after four passes through the high-pressure homogenizer was 71.3 MPa. With four passes and 2% NaOH treatment, the tensile strength of the nanopaper increased to 128.2 MPa. With chemical modification by tetramethoxy orthosilicate(TMOS) after homogenization and 2% NaOH treatment, the tensile strengths of the nanopapers were highly increased due to the high surface area of nanofibrils, swelling effect by alkaline treatment, and 3-D structure network of the nanopapers. This cellulose nanopaper was used for an application to separator in lithium ion battery. In this study, porosity, ion conductivity, electrolyte uptake, and charge-discharge test were conducted for the performance of the separator in lithium ion battery. POSTER 64 – MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF ULTRASOUND REACTOR FOR DIGESTION OF LIGNOCELLULOSE MATERIALS Bob Mbouyem Yimmou and Asylzat Iskalieva, University of West Hungary; Miklos Horvath, Obuda University; Levente Csoka, University of West Hungary

Mapping of ultrasound power distribution in a reactor cell with water medium has become an especially important issue in sonochemistry. During the last decades, special attention has been given to the characterization of the primary-effects investigation and the secondary-effects measurement as chemical dosimetry, Fricke dosimetry, electroconductivity measurement, fluorescence measurement, micro identation on aluminum foil, polymer degradation, etc. The aim of this poster presentation was to map the ultrasound intensity by numerical solving of Helmholtz acoustic equation and validate it by chemical investigations. The numerical solution of the Helmholtz differential equation with Comsol Multyphysics software led us to a better understanding of cavitation phenomena in a reactor cell. Finite element analysis of the power distribution shows that the geometrical characterization of a cell plays very importantly, resulting in better understanding of the digestion activity of ultrasound of annual plants. POSTER 65 – USE OF SAWDUST IN RECYCLED ROOFING FELT TO IMPROVE BITUMEN UPTAKE

George A. Grozdits, Mark D. Gibson, and Yuri Lvov, Louisiana Tech University; Scott Robertson, Stephens Paper Company

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Roofing felt paper is bitumen impregnated heavy gauge paper. The objective of our project was to increase the base paper’s ability to absorb bitumen. Fine sawdust was incorporated into the base-paper to make the paper less hydrophilic, and create a porous structure to enhance bitumen absorption. In our technology, the sawdust was layer-by-layer (LbL) nanocoated with the polyelectrolytes and silica nanoparticles. Handsheets were made with a mix of 93 wt % recycled pulp and 7 % treated sawdust. Such nanocoating treatment allowed better bitumen adsorption and improved roofing felt product qualities (base paper bitumen adsorption increased by 50% and optimal dwell times in the hot bitumen impregnation process became 20% shorter.) Other results of our LbL nanocoating technology for lignocellulose fibers are increase of strength and usage of larger percentage of recycled fibers in paper making. On November 30, this technology was awarded with patent US7842162B1. Single wood microfiber coated with silica and resulted felt paper with tests water droplet on untreated (60º – spread) and LbL-treated paper (90º – vertical). This proves increased hydrophobicity and better bitumen uptake in the developed process. POSTER 66 – FLATECH – MEASURING FIBER AND PARTICLE PROPERTIES NECESSARY FOR OPTIMAL PAPER RECYCLING

Victor Strimbu, University of British Columbia; George A. Grozdits, Bogdan Strimbu, and Mark D. Gibson, Louisiana Tech University

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The Louisiana Tech Fiber Characterization “FlaTech” System, while extremely inexpensive, can indentify fiber shape, fiber OREGON

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damage and particle distribution. These properties are important for characterization of recycled pulps and papermill residues. Pulp and Paper Manufacturing ranked as the number four industry in the 1960-70’s. Today, in the 21st century due to technology developments and subsequent societal changes, the management and technological leadership of the paper industry talks about reinventing the paper industry. The changes involve recycling and specialty products, like construction papers, microwavable food containers and so called “smart papers” that conduct electricity, have magnetic properties, and specific packing densities or porosity. Utilization of recycled pulp and paper residues into new products requires detailed fiber supply characterization. The shape, particle surface roughness and extent of whole fiber damages need to be monitored. Currently commercial instrumentation is expensive and measures fiber length only. It does not satisfactorily answer questions about fiber shape, fines distribution and pulp fiber-species identification. At the School of Forestry, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, we developed a simple, inexpensive computerized system for recycled fiber and biomass fiber residue characterization. The system uses simple software to digitize images of fibers and particles and calculates average fiber and particle sizes and shapes and their distribution. The digitized images are obtained with a high resolution digital camera of a smeared fiber-slurry on a microscope slide and stored in a computer. The software produces from these digital images a 1-page quality control report along with the images of the particles or fibers or particles measured.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

WOOD ANATOMY AND QUALITY POSTER 67 – GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN WOOD PROPERTIES OF LOBLOLLY PINE

Finto Antony, University of Georgia; Lewis Jordan, Weyerhaeuser, Southern Timberlands Group; Laurence R. Schimleck and Richard F. Daniels, University of Georgia Maps depicting spatial variation in wood properties are important for forest products industries as they aid decisionmaking regarding raw material procurement, can assist in product categorization, and help improve utilization. Loblolly pine is an important commercial species grown throughout the southern United States. Wood Quality Consortium (WQC) – a joint collaboration between the University of Georgia, USDA Forest Service, and industries – was established in 1999 with the objective of characterizing wood property variation of plantation-grown loblolly pine. Data on wood specific gravity (SG), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR) collected by the WQC was utilized in this study. Maps showing spatial variation in SG at different stand ages and SG, MOE, and MOR at different heights within a tree were developed using appropriate spatial prediction methods (kriging). The geographical variation of these wood properties across southeastern United States was demonstrated here. POSTER 68 – THE EFFECT OF PLANTING SPACE ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND THE NUMBER OF LONGITUDINAL CELLS DIVIDED FROM CAMBIUM AND BIOMASS OF ACER VELUTINUM L. Ali Rafighi and Marzieh Fallahnia, University of Agricultural & Natural Resources of Gorgan

Present research was done to study the effect of planting space on the morphology and the number of longitudinal cells divided from cambium and biomass of Acer velutinum L. For this purpose, four trees were cut from three planting spaces of 1×1, 1.5×1.5, and 2×2 meters from the educational forest of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University of Gorgan of Iran. Some factors such as the height and annual diameter growth of trees, length, diameter and thickness of fiber walls, biomass, longitudinal cells divided from cambium, and the age of juvenile wood were measured. Results obtained from measuring the average of length, diameter, and thickness of fiber walls and comparing it to the planting space and different heights (1.30 meter, 50%, and 75% height of trees) didn’t indicate any meaningful difference. However, it was observed that after increasing the planting space, fiber length was increased; but the diameter and thickness of fiber wall was decreased. The findings showed that by increasing the planting space, the height and annual diameter growth of trees, biomass and the number of longitudinal cells divided from cambium would increase in a meaningful way. This research showed that the age of juvenile wood for the trees of three planting spaces will be approximately 11 years. POSTER 69 – THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON NANO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TAIWANESE SPECIES BY NANOINDENTATION METHOD

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poster presentations Tun-Chieh Hsu, National Taiwan University; Kuen Ting, Longhwa Science & Technology University; Far-Ching Lin, National Taiwan University

Nanoindentation has become an important technique and trend in the material science field. Five important species of Taiwanese softwood, including Taiwan red cypress, Taiwan yellow cypress, Japanese Cedar, China fir, and Taiwania, were investigated through atomic force microscopy(AFM) and nanoindentation tests. The micro fibril angle (MFA) of S2 layer of cell wall was measured by optical microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Further, the preservativetreated and non-treated southern pines were also examined. Results are acquired and provided as the basic information for further utilization. POSTER 70 – STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL CONSTITUTES, AND THE EXPAND TECHNIQUE OF CORK (QUERCUS VARIABILIS B.)

Yafang Lei and Yanzhen Liu, Northwest A&F University (Yangling, China); Hongling Liu, Oregon State University

Cork is the outer bark of trees such as Quercus variabilis B. It is a kind of natural macromolecule material with many desirable properties and the characters of it are crucial for effective utilization. This paper analyzed the structural characteristics and chemical constitutes of cork. This research also studied a variety of expansion processes of cork and identified the volatile constituents of cork flooring. Main conclusions are as follows: 1) Macro-structural characteristics: Ideal cork cell is 14-faces-polyhedron, formed with 8 hexagonal and 6 quadrangular faces. Alveolate arrangement in tangential section and resembling brick wall in transverse and radial directions are observed. The lateral faces of cell walls are corrugated. 2) The main chemical components of cork include extract, suberin, lignin, and polysaccharides. The contents of chemical substances vary with different species, geographical region, tree age, and so on. 3) Expand technique: a) Cooking is an effective approach of cork expansion and the expansion rate was increased as the exposure time increased; when the cooking time was more than three hours, the rate of expansion tended to be constant. b) Cooking and baking is another valid method of expansion and we found out the optimum technological conditions. For primary cortex, it is two hours and 240°C. For secondary cortex, it is two hours and 220°C. 4) Analysis of volatile constituents in cork flooring: The volatile constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty three chromatographic humps were gained and 23 kinds of composition were identified. POSTER 71 – DEVELOP A MICRO-TENSION TESTER FOR MEASURING TENSILE PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSIC FIBERS Ge Wang, International Center for Bamboo & Rattan (Beijing, China); Sheldon Q. Shi and Jinwu Wang, Mississippi State University; Yan Yu, Shuangping Cao, and Haitao Cheng, International Center for Bamboo & Rattan (Beijing, China)

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

A micro-tension testing system was devised to measure the mechanical properties of individual cellulosic fibers with a resolution of 0.098 mN for the tensile load and 0.078 µm for displacement measurements. The cross sectional areas of single fiber cell wall were measured with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The results obtained from this system indicated a linear stress-strain curve until a fatal failure for mature latewood and other bast fibers whereas the juvenile latewood fibers displayed curvilinear stress-strain relationship. The average values of bamboo, kenaf, Chinese fir, and ramie were 1,685, 983, 908, and 1,001 MPa for tensile strength, 25.7, 19.4, 14.2, and 11.4 GPa for tensile modulus, 7.1%, 5.4%, 8.3%, and 8.9% for elongation at break, respectively. The cross-sectional areas of cell wall measured with CLSM were 117, 140, 217, and 337 μm2, respectively, an inverse relation with the tensile modulus. Among the fibers, the bamboo fiber had the greatest tensile strength and modulus; the other three fibers did not have any statistically difference. The ramie fiber had the largest elongation at break and the lowest modulus. The elongation at break of the kenaf fiber was significantly smaller compared to the other fibers used in this study. The fracture morphologies and load-displacement curves indicated these fibers were brittle materials.

WOOD PHYSICS / MOISTURE RELATIONS POSTER 72 – THE EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON WOOD ABRASION: CASE STUDY OF POPULUS NIGRA, ALNUS GLUTINOSA, PINUS ALDERICA, AND FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR

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Ali Bayatkashkoli, University of Zabol OREGON

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Wood species (poplar, alder, pine, and rowan) treated with method of heating, as well as modified samples, were tested using abrasion test apparatus. Our results showed that the amount of wood abrasion isn’t decreased by the heating treatments. The interaction between the thermal treatment and wood samples isn’t significantly different with respect to the extent of abrasion (p<0.05). Constitution of stability bonds in wood components may lead to comparison of abrasion in treated samples. The amounts of wood abrasion are often correlated to hardness and density. The anatomical structure (for example: loose texture, delicate grains) and low hardness of the wood was observed to increase the abrasion of poplar wood when compared to other samples. Properties of rowan wood were reverse of poplar wood and its abrasion is lower than poplar. Comparison of the average values of surface sections abrasion isn’t significant by Duncan’s test. The difference of samples’ abrasion was statistically significant, with the 95% confidence based on the Variable analysis.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

POSTER 73 – RADIO FREQUENCY DIELECTRIC HEATING CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFTWOOD LUMBERS Ioan Bogdan Bedelean, Ciprian Lazarescu, and Stavros Avramidis, University of British Columbia

The project assessed the radio frequency (RF) heating characteristics of three softwood species, namely, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm), western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.), and coastal western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Twenty lumbers, from each of the three species, were RF heated until the temperature in a particular section, located at 200 mm from one of the ends, indicated at least 60ºC. During the heating process, one side of the lumber was exposed to the environmental conditions inside the chamber while the other three were insulated with dry wood. After the test, the section where the sensors were placed was cut in several smaller pieces, which were used to map moisture content distribution. The lumbers, 200 mm shorter now, were submerged in a water tank until a significant change in moisture content could be observed; the lumbers were reheated, the cycle being repeated four more times. Given that the experiments are still under way, only selected results and conclusions are illustrated in this abstract. The distribution of moisture content had a significant influence over the overall heating process. In order to quantify and model this influence, dielectric property measurements were designed and performed for each lumber. The temperature difference between the sensors located in the insulated areas and the ones exposed to air appears to be very significant. POSTER 74 – VACUUM STEAM TECHNOLOGY FOR RAPID WOOD PLASTICIZATION AND BENDING Bob Wright and Brian H. Bond, Virginia Tech

Steaming at atmospheric pressure is the common method used to treat wood prior to bending and can lead to a high percentage of bending failures. One problem with the common steaming treatment is that diffusion prevails as the predominant mechanism governing moisture movement. Vacuum Steam Technology (VST) utilizes cyclic pressure differentials to rapidly accelerate the addition of steam to wood due to water vapor bulk flow (WVBF) (Chen, 1997) and subsequently, an accelerated temperature rise and moisture addition for wood plasticization. The objectives of this work were to: 1) Determine if cyclic vacuum and steam could significantly reduce the time required for attaining a plastic-deformable state in solid wood relative to atmospheric steaming; and 2) To compare the work to bend for atmospheric-steamed wood and cyclic vacuum/steamed wood. A procedure for applying VST to enable rapid moisture regain to wood from a kiln-dried state was developed and compared to traditional atmospheric steaming for small maple specimens. Time to prepare the wood for bending, final moisture content, work to bend, and bending failures were compared. VST reduced the preparation time of wood for successful bending up to 40%. VST final moisture content averaged 36%, twice that of atmospheric steaming and resulted in 17% less work to bend. VST-treated samples had zero failed bends, where atmospheric steaming resulted in 37% failed bends. The results clearly indicate that the VST process is a superior technique for preparing wood, attaining a plastic deformable state, prior to bending. POSTER 75 – WETTABILITY PROPERTIES OF HEAT-TREATED EUROPEAN ROWAN (SORBUS AUCUPARIA) WOOD Nadir Ayrilmis and Zeki Candan, Istanbul University; Suleyman Korkut, Duzce University

In this study, effect of high-temperature treatment on the wettability properties of Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) wood was investigated to understand its role in wood processing, especially for surface finishing. The small clear samples with dimensions of 20 by 20 by 30 mm were exposed to the temperature of 120, 150, or 180°C for 2, 6, or 10 h in a

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poster presentations small heating unit controlled to within ±1°C under atmospheric pressure. The wetting behavior of the treated and untreated samples conditioned at 65% relative humidity and 20°C was characterized by the contact angle (CA) method (goniometer technique). Using the sessile drop method, which is the most widely used procedure, the CA values were simply determined by aligning a tangent with the sessile drop profile at the point of the contact with the solid surface. After the 5 μL droplet of distilled water was placed on the sample surface, the CAs from the images were measured at 1 sec time intervals up to 60 sec total. The CA values of the samples were significantly increased by the treatment temperature or time, especially above 180°C for 2 h, which were between 80 and 90° while the untreated samples had the CA value with 30°. Based on the finding obtained from the present study, the CA values of the heat-treated Rowan wood can be useful for the surface finishes and treatments such as liquid paint, lacquer, or resins. POSTER 76 – HYGROTHERMAL PERFORMANCE OF WOOD AND WOOD-BASED MATERIALS

Yoon-Seong Chang, Yeonjung Han, and Jun-Ho Park, Seoul National University; Chang-Deuk Eom, Joo-Saeng Park, and Moon-Jae Park, Korea Forest Research Institute; Hwanmyeong Yeo, Seoul National University

As higher thermal insulation and air tightness of buildings have been required, more study on humidity control performance of interior materials used in the building and effort to quantitatively identify its performance becomes needed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the moisture transport on the surface of thermochemically and mechanically treated wooden materials when those are exposed to the various temperature and humidity conditions. Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) lumber, OSB, and plywood samples were selected for the experiment. And surface of specimens were modified by heat treatment, kiln drying, micro kerfing processing, and coating. Sorption test (ISO 24353:2008) is used to determine the hygroscopic sorption properties of the specimens by measuring the MC of the specimens with air temperature and relative humidity. Accurate measurement of moisture transfer rate on and/or in wooden materials could be used to determine the surface moisture emission coefficient and the diffusion coefficient of wood in an unsteady state. Thus surface and internal moisture transport quantification technique is expected to be able to control the humidity characteristics in wooden buildings. Analysis of the hygrothermal properties of treated wood-based materials used for building interiors is expected to be useful for evaluating humidity control characteristics of wooden building quantitatively. POSTER 77 – ANALYSIS OF SURFACE AND INTERNAL DRYING STRESS PROFILE ON AND IN YELLOW POPLAR (LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA L.) LUMBER

Yeonjung Han, Seoul National University; Chang-Deuk Eom, Korea Forest Research Institute; Yoon-Seong Chang, Sang-Yun Yang, and Hwanmyeong Yeo, Seoul National University

Shrinkage of wood is an unavoidable phenomenon during the moisture desorption process because the chemical structure of wood cell wall is changed with the amount of water molecule. The moisture profile on wood surface and internal moisture movement in wood are the most important factors that could change the overall physical and mechanical properties of wood with dimensional change. For a visco-elastic material such as wood, total strains occurred due to the induced stress could be classified into elastic and inelastic parts. In this study, linear shrinkage rate and elastic, visco-elastic, and mechano-sorptive properties of each wood directional (radial and tangential) section in yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were analyzed at various temperature and moisture content conditions, direct measurement with strain gauge, and image analysis to measure the shrinkage of wood surface. And a near infrared spectrum analysis was used to measure the surface moisture content of the specimens. Using the estimated shrinkage and mechanical properties of wood, internal stress profiles changed by moisture gradient are theoretically analyzed in unsteady state. It is expected that the stress analyzing method suggested in this study could be used to control the occurrence of drying check and warping, and enhance the durability of wood. 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 78 – PREDICTING MOISTURE CONTENT OF YELLOW POPLAR WOOD USING MICROWAVE NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST

Sang-Yun Yang, Seoul National University; Chang-Deuk Eom, Korea Forest Research Institute; Yoon-Seong Chang, Yeonjung Han, and Hwanmyeong Yeo, Seoul National University

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Control of moisture content of wood is a very important parameter for transporting, storage, processing, and quality management. Also, moisture content has a close correlation with mechanical properties. Therefore, accurate measurement of moisture content has significant and essential meaning. Microwave can be applied to predict average moisture content of wood indirectly using dielectric properties of wood. With the recent rapid growth of the electronics industry, it is expected that equipments’

high price problem can be overcome soon. A transmitted electromagnetic wave loses its energy and has different properties compared with the original wave. This attenuation is related with dielectric properties of wood. It was known that the dielectric properties of wood were affected by many factors, such as fiber direction, density, thickness, moisture content, and frequency. This study was carried out to verify the possibility of calibrating moisture content prediction models of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Measurements were performed in x-band at each moisture contents. The prototype instrument of this method was composed of horn antenna, temperature sensor, and vector network analyzer. For microwave transmits a one wavelength, thickness of specimens was more than 3cm. Furthermore, internal moisture distribution was predicted using surface moisture content estimated by NIR spectrum analysis.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

monday, june 20

OTHER – ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES POSTER 79 – THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT AND THE U.S. HARDWOOD INDUSTRY Omar A. Espinoza, Robert L. Smith, and Urs Buehlmann, Virginia Tech

A survey was conducted among hardwood lumber manufacturers in the fall of 2009 with the objective of learning about the awareness and impact of forest certification and green building systems on the U.S. hardwood lumber industry. Questions asked ranged from familiarity with different systems for chain of custody (COC) certification and green building standards to these systems’ financial and market impact on hardwood lumber industry participants. Responses show that industry participants are more familiar with COC schemes than with green building standards. Among COC systems, the Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI) is the most recognized, followed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Three out of 10 respondents reported holding some type of COC certification and one in four stated that obtaining certification was in their plans. Out of the respondents that held a COC certification at the time of the study, only 25% reported having benefited financially from it. When asked about what the industry should do to obtain maximum benefits from the environmental movement, most respondents suggested that the industry do more to educate the public on the environmentally friendly nature of hardwood products. A number of respondents made some negative comments about “green” programs, suggesting their elimination or expressing their doubts about their benefits for the environment or the industry.

OTHER - MANAGEMENT, MARKETING, AND ECONOMICS POSTER 80 – IDENTIFYING SUCCESS FACTORS IN THE WOOD PALLET SUPPLY CHAIN

Leslie Scarlett Sanchez Gomez, Henry Quesada-Pineda, and Mark White, Virginia Tech; Alexander Hagedorn, Packaging Professional (Louisville, KY) The growth of international trade during the last decades increased the need to improve not only transportation infrastructure and technology, but also the elements used during the transportation process, such as handling, loading, unloading, and warehousing. One of these elements is the pallet. In the United States, approximately 1.9 billion pallets are used each year. Although pallets are manufactured with a variety of materials, wood is by far the most common. To run their operations, wood pallet companies need to deal with suppliers, customers, and other supply chain components. Each of the steps is important to deliver the right products, with the required quality, and in a timely fashion. Companies realize that they are not competing by themselves; they are competing as part of supply chains. Thus, increasing the understanding of the wood pallet supply chain can help wood pallet manufacturers in reducing costs and increasing business profitability, by understanding how their supply chain management processes are related to business management and customer satisfaction. This information can also be useful when designing industry support programs that allow companies to formulate system-wide strategies for improving customer satisfaction. This research presented aimed at understanding the importance of supply chain management in the wood pallet sector, the role of pallet imports, and learning the factors that mostly affect purchasing decisions by wood pallet manufacturers. The methodology used in the research included a literature research, a case study, and a nationwide survey of wood pallet manufacturers, in order to understand the supply chain and supply chain management factors, identify volumes, species used, as well as perceptions of importers and producers in regard to product technical performance and business characteristics.

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poster presentations TUESDAY, JUNE 21

Exhibit Hall (1st Floor of Parking Garage)

8:00 AM-2:30 PM; AUTHORS AVAILABLE AT POSTERS FROM 1:30-2:30 PM

DESIGN, SAFETY, & PERFORMANCE OF STRUCTURES POSTER 1 – RECENT FULL-SCALE TESTING OF TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL ROOF STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS PITCHES William Kirkham, Rakesh Gupta, and Thomas H. Miller, Oregon State University

Typical residential roof structures were tested at various pitches to measure stiffness and strength. Tested configurations included flat, gable, and hip roofs, roofs with metal plate connected trusses, dimension wood, and with gypsum ceilings. Results are being analyzed and will be presented. POSTER 2 – TSUNAMI LOADS ON WOOD-FRAME WALLS: LARGE-SCALE EXPERIMENTS AT THE NEES TSUNAMI FACILITY

David Linton, Rakesh Gupta, and Dan Cox, Oregon State University; John van de Lindt, University of Alabama; Francisco Aguinga, Texas A&M University

Tsunami force, pressure, and deflection distributions on flexible wood-frame walls were determined experimental in a large-scale wave flume. Multiple framing configurations were tested at the same cross-shore locations with varying wave heights. The force and pressure profiles were measured using lead cells and pressure transducers. The offshore and broken wave heights were measured using wire resistance and ultrasonic wave gages, and wave velocity was measured using acoustic-Doppler velocimeters. For each wave height tested, the force and pressure profiles showed an impulse peak followed by a period of sustained force. The data also showed that the lighter 2x4 wall resulted in lower peak forces compared to the heavier 2x6 walls when subjected to similar wave heights. POSTER 3 – RAPID VISUAL SCREENING FOR PLAN IRREGULARITY FOR SINGLE-FAMILY, WOODFRAME DWELLINGS Kraisorn Lucksiri, Thomas H. Miller, and Rakesh Gupta, Oregon State University

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Damage experiences of residential wood-frame dwellings from the 1994 Northridge earthquake have raised concerns about the seismic vulnerability of existing buildings, as 48,000 housing units were uninhabitable after the earthquake. Currently, simple tools such as FEMA 154 and ATC-50 are available for a preliminary seismic performance evaluation, but FEMA 154 was developed for loss estimation of large building inventories, and thus it is not suitable for building-specific cases. ATC-50 was developed particularly for single-family, wood-frame dwellings, but specifically for the City of Los Angeles. An effort to develop a Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) tool for single-family, wood-frame dwellings focusing on plan irregularity was thus initiated. The SAPWood software package was used to perform a series of nonlinear time-history analysis for 480 representative models, covering different combinations of plan shapes, number of floors, base-rectangular areas, shape ratio, area percentage cutoffs, window and door openings, and garage doors. The Evolutionary Parameter Hysteresis Model (EPHM) was used to represent the load-displacement relationship of structural panel-sheathed shear walls and a 10 Parameter CUREE Hysteresis Model for gypsum wallboard sheathed walls. A seismic performance indicator, generated based on maximum shear wall drifts, produced numerical grades ranging from 0 (worst) to 4 (best) and was associated with the 1% immediate occupancy drift limit, 2% life safety limit, and 3% collapse prevention limit. This RVS tool is applicable for checking the seismic performance of either existing or newly designed single-family, wood-frame dwellings to examine the effect of plan shape and effect of plan irregularity. POSTER 4 – THE VIABILITY OF A TRADITIONAL BUILDING METHOD VS. REGULATION AND POLICY Rob Pickett, Rob Pickett & Associates, LLC

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torical relevance as homes, churches, schools, forts, ancient temples, hotels, resorts, and more. From this heritage, a modern log home industry of over 400 hand-crafters and manufacturers has evolved, providing homes and jobs to thousands who would have it no other way. With many different methods used to build log structures, it was an accomplishment when the industry came together with the International Code Council (ICC) to develop a consensus standard. Published by ICC in 2007, ICC400 Standard on the Design and Construction of Log Structures establishes criteria for all methods of log home construction with consideration for structural and thermal performance, including settling allowance and fire resistance. This form of construction now faces many challenges, from accessibility of raw materials to obtaining the certificate of occupancy. With the income of many families in jeopardy, the recognition of a solid wood wall as an effective thermal envelope is a challenge that must be overcome. Existing thermal data would tell us to use thicker log walls, but the expense of doing so will limit this form of construction to the upper end of the home buying market for reasons presented here. The question is: How can this form of construction remain viable? Is the only answer to identify or develop tests and standards that will demonstrate the performance that has been reported in the testimony of log home owners for the past 50 years?

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

POSTER 5 – EVALUATION OF CRITICAL LOAD PATHS AND SYSTEM EFFECTS IN A WOODFRAMED HOUSE WITH REALISTIC, COMPLEX GEOMETRY Kathryn Pfretzschner, Rakesh Gupta, and Thomas H. Miller, Oregon State University

Recent hurricane events have illustrated a lack of design for uplift load paths and system interactions in a surprising number of existing wood-framed houses. Subsequent research has focused on the development of finite element models for practical load path evaluation. While significant progress has been made in finite element modeling of simple, rectangular structures, little research has been conducted on structures with more realistic plan geometry. The objective of this project is to develop an analytical model for the evaluation of system behavior and structural load paths in a wood-framed residential structure with realistic, complex geometry. A typical American light wood-framed house will be selected and modeled in SAP2000, using two- and three-dimensional validation procedures. In order to better understand basic behavior of the model, different scenarios (such as changing the anchor bolt spacing, adding a door/ window to one of the walls, etc.) will be explored under uniform uplift pressures. A direct comparison of the system behavior and critical load paths in the building under simulated hurricane loads and code-specified pressures will then be made through the development of reaction profiles for each load case. Results of this study will be beneficial for both the design of new residential structures, as well as for the development of effective retrofits for existing buildings in high risk areas.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES POSTER 6 – ANALYSIS OF MOLD ON RESIDENTIAL WALL MATERIALS SUBJECTED TO FLOODING Susan V. Diehl, Mississippi State University; Robin L. Brigmon, Savannah River National Laboratory, Department of Energy; Heshmat A. Aglan, Tuskegee University; Scott Miller, Savannah River National Laboratory, Department of Energy; Peter D.R. Moeller, NOAA Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Ocean Service; Shane Kitchens, Mississippi State University

A small “house” was built to residential code in a flood-controlled research site at Tuskegee University. Wall materials included gypsum board, wood framing, OSB, batt insulation, house wrap, and vinyl siding. The house was flooded with pond water for three weeks, then drained and left closed for three weeks. Sections of wall materials were removed and sent to Savannah River National Laboratory and Mississippi State University for mold analysis. Samples were separated by material location in the house, above-water and below-water exposures, and by material type. Savannah River National Laboratory screened the materials for six common toxigenic molds using real time PCR. DNA from wall material swabs were amplified with a non-specific fungal primer set and a non-specific bacterial primer set to determine if fungi and bacteria were present. Six select samples also underwent toxicological evaluation. Mississippi State University extracted DNA from all materials separating each sample into front-facing (interior of room), rear-facing, and middle of material, above-water and below-water, as possible. This was to determine if different mold and mold concentrations differed within and with different materials. DNA was amplified for non-specific fungi, a sub-set of these samples cloned and sequenced for fungal identifications, and individual species quantitated

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poster presentations by real time PCR. After the first set of collections, the remaining wall material was cleaned to remove the mold. Additional samples will be taken and re-evaluated for mold approximately six months after initial flooding and cleaning. Results from the mold analysis will be discussed. POSTER 7 – PREPARATION OF THE FUNCTIONALITY ENHANCED CARBONIZED MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD BY PRETREATMENT OF PHOTOCATALYST PRECURSOR, TITANIUM TETRAISOPROPOXIDE Sung Phil Mun, Chonbuk National University and Mississippi State University; Sang Bum Park, Korea Forest Research Institute

A slow carbonization process could convert wood-based boards into crack-free, porous, hard carbons. These carbonized boards have been used as filter media for removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and as precursors of other porous carbon products, ceramics, and carbon-polymer composites. We previously reported that carbonized medium-density fiberboard (C-MDF) easily adsorbs VOCs such as formaldehyde, which causes sick house syndrome. Because of limited pore volumes and adsorption capacity, C-MDF cannot unlimitedly remove VOCs. Therefore, giving the functionality of continuously adsorbing and decomposing VOCs is strongly desired in many applications. The objective of this study was to give the VOC-decomposing functionality to C-MDF. Thus, we applied titanium tetraisopropoxide (Ti-tip), a precursor of photocatalyst TiO2, on MDF before carbonization and the board was carbonized and the changes of TiO2 crystal lattice were investigated. Separately, when Ti-tip was heated alone at 800°C, the anatase form of TiO2 was formed, and at 900°C and above, the lattice of TiO2 was changed from the anatase to the rutile form, which does not have the photocatalyst activity. On the other hand, when Ti-tip-applied MDF was carbonized at 900°C, the anatase form was mostly formed. Moreover, carbonization at 900°C resulted in C-MDF of very high specific surface. Thus, this process was found to be effective for producing C-MDF having TiO2 anatase crystals imbedded on the surface. POSTER 8 – POTENTIAL USE OF FOREST-BASED TREE PRODUCTS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MOSQUITO VECTORS Kadarkarai Murugan, Bharathiar University

Mosquito-borne diseases are a major component of communicable diseases (malaria, filariasis, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis) in India and in other Asian countries. Chemical insecticides to control mosquitoes have been favored so far, but they are non-selective and harmful to other beneficial organisms. Therefore, alternative pest control strategies are needed. Hence, this study tested the effect of Eucalyptus tereticornis oil, Canarium strictum bark powder, Phyllanthus emblica whole fruits, Prosopis juliflora gum, and Azadirchta indica seed powder for the larvicidal and repellent properties against malarial, filarial, and dengue vectors breeds in different aquatic systems, such as drinking water, stored and sewage water ecosystem. Laboratory experiments were conducted by employing different plant products for the larvicidal and pupicidal against different larval and pupal stages of mosquito species. Repellent and smoke toxicity bioassays were also conducted through human volunteers and mosquito species. This paper discusses the right combination of forest bio-based plant products for the formulations for mosquito control agents. These kinds of forest bio-based products will be used in developing countries where the resources to purchase and apply expensive synthetic products do not exist. These types of forest biobased products will have a good scope for identifying newer potential products for the development of newer biopesticides. POSTER 9 – COMPARISON OF PALLET TYPES AND TREATMENT METHODS USING LCA AND DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Charles D. Ray, Sebastian K. Anil, Li Ma, and Shirin Shahidi, Pennsylvania State University

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Pallets made of wood, plastic, and paper are extensively used in global trade to transport finished goods and products. Selection of a pallet material type and phytosanitary treatment is a highly debated topic and involves trade-offs in both costs incurred and environmental footprint generated throughout a pallet’s life cycle. The current ISPM-15 treatment standard for wooden packaging materials requires them to be heat treated in conventional dry kilns or fumigated with methyl bromide. Research is being conducted at Penn State to evaluate alternative treatment with high-frequency dielectric heating technology. One form of this alternative technology, radio frequency heating, was evaluated through life-cycle analysis against the two current alternative treatments. Conventional heat treating according to ISPM-15(2009) standards was shown to have the highest impact in the following environmental categories: carcinogens and non-carcinogens; respiratory organics

and inorganics; ionizing radiation; aquatic ecotoxicity, acidification, and eutrophication; terrestrial ecotoxicity and acidification; land occupation; non-renewable energy; and mineral extraction. Theoretical RF treatment is predicted to produce half or less of the environmental impact of conventional heat treatment in each of these impact categories. Modifying the ISPM-15 standards to a longer heat treatment schedule at higher temperature will increase the environmental impact of the most widely used treatment method and increase the potential advantage of alternative dielectric heating methods. Methyl bromide treatment of wooden pallets was shown to have a much lower impact than either of the heat treatment methods in all impact categories, with the exception of global warming and ozone layer depletion, in which it has, by far, the highest impact of the three alternative treatments.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

EDUCATION / EXTENSION POSTER 10 – HEAT TREATING FIREWOOD FOR INVASIVE SPECIES, MEETING CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY Xiping Wang, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Brian K. Brashaw, University of Minnesota Duluth; Rick Bergman, USDA Forest Products Laboratory; Scott Myers, USDA-APHIS-PPQ Center for Plant Health Science & Technology

Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) has emerged as a devastating killer of ash trees in the United States and Canada. As of November of 2010, EAB-infested areas include 15 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. USDA estimates that if EAB is not contained or eradicated, it will cost local governments and homeowners approximately $7 billion over the next 25 years to remove and replace dead and dying ash trees (USDA 2008). This scenario would also result in extensive environmental damage and long-term changes in the North America forest structure. The interstate movement of all hardwood firewood is currently restricted under the Federal Quarantine due to the potential risk associated with moving EAB-infested firewood. Heat treatment is an approved treatment to kill EAB in firewood and prevent its transport between regions and states. However, states and firewood producers are faced with challenges implementing heat treating processes and safely treating firewood for interstate commerce. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) officers and regulatory field staff have had little training to bring their knowledge of heat-treatment operations to the level desired for program integrity. The purpose of this demonstration project was to transfer background knowledge and advanced heat treating technology to field application through field heat-treatment demonstrations, on-site workshops and web-based training seminars (webinars). POSTER 11 – TEACHING LOCAL ENTREPRENEURS TO BUILD AND OPERATE LOW-COST SOLAR KILNS IN ONE COMMUNITY IN SOUTHERN MALAWI TO IMPROVE PRODUCT QUALITY, REDUCE WASTE, AND REDUCE PRESSURE ON INDIGENOUS HARDWOODS E. Bradley Hager, Virginia Tech; Ndalapa Adrian Chimusi Mhango, Domasi College of Education (Domasi, Malawi); Brian H. Bond, Virginia Tech; Philip A. Araman, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station

Native hardwood forests in southern Malawi suffer from years of overharvesting. During a recent investigation of the forest products industry in southern Malawi, study participants often pointed to a nearby mountain devoid of trees and stated that only five years ago it was covered by forest. Researchers observed piles of hardwood “planks” stacked improperly and baking in the sun around their shops. Obviously much of this dwindling and increasingly costly resource was being wasted by improper drying techniques. All participants indicated that kiln-dried lumber is not available in the region. Furthermore, the quality of wood products suffered because entrepreneurs were not drying their wood adequately prior to manufacture. Due to capital shortages, each entrepreneur indicated they would need to operate their own low-cost kiln if they wished to dry their wood adequately. The overall goals of the project are to increase product quality and alleviate pressure on indigenous hardwood species in the region. Specific objectives include: 1) Improve wood product quality; 2) Reduce costs and wood waste through improved drying techniques; 3) Train entrepreneurs to dry and utilize wood from non-indigenous species such as “Cinderella Wood” and Melina; and 4) Enable entrepreneurs to compete in more profitable markets in the larger cities. This presentation will include a description of the demonstration low-cost solar wood kiln that will be constructed in Domasi, Malawi, the training strategy planned for local entrepreneurs, and the plan to develop information on the wood properties of the species to be dried and utilized in local markets.

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poster presentations POSTER 12 – THE CASE FOR FORESTRY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS ENGAGING IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING COMPETITION Far-Ching Lin, National Taiwan University

Wood structures perform well under seismic loading and in earthquakes. In an effort to develop the production and use of domestic wood, the Department of Forestry has offered a course in basic wood structure for graduate and undergraduate students at National Taiwan University since 1999. In order to promote earthquake engineering and seismic protection education, and encourage students to participate in a creative scientific competition, IDEERS (Introducing and Demonstrating Earthquake Engineering Research in Schools) have been held at the National Centre for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) in Taiwan every last weekend of September since 2001. Student teams from Taiwan and all around the world are welcome to take part in this activity. The report was to describe the whole event of forestry undergraduate students engaged in the competition with limited knowledge of wood structure under the author’s instruction, intensive training, and model testing within three months in the past five years. The final result showed that these students won good ranking and beat most student teams of civil engineering, construction, and architecture. In addition, some of the students began to study wood or timber engineering or wood architecture when they advanced to graduate school.

MANAGEMENT, MARKETING, & ECONOMICS POSTER 13 – GENDER, INCOME LEVEL, AND EDUCATION: DO THEY AFFECT HARDWOOD PREFERENCE? Delton R. Alderman, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station

One fundamental tenet of marketing research is the discernment of consumer preferences. This knowledge can be used in marketing strategy and the subsequent positioning of products. From correspondence with hardwood producers and manufacturers, a research project was undertaken to assess customer hardwood preferences. Preference knowledge offers opportunity for product distinction, which may enable hardwood manufacturers to differentiate and position their products from competitors. As each hardwood species possesses a unique array of physical attributes, in combination with the sizeable number of marketable species, this project was both fascinating and beneficial. Benefits arise in the incorporation of these results in the development and implementation of marketing strategies. This project investigated consumers from three United States geographical regions, which included six different metro areas, and 479 male and 468 female subjects were assessed. Seven species and three different laminate types were assessed on nine different attributes. Significant statistical differences were found amongst and between the research variables and species. POSTER 14 – THE EFFECT OF OPEC CRUDE OIL PRICE VOLATILITY ON THE GLOBAL PRICE OF WOOD AND PAPER PRODUCTS Ali Bayatkashkoli, University of Zabol

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Oil price fluctuations highly affect the global economy. The hypothesis presented is that a price hike in wood and paper products is experienced if the price of crude oil is greater. The research hypothesis was tested over a 10-year period (20002009) by statistical analysis, linear regression, and engineering economics techniques. Primary datasets were prepared from the FAOSTAT online database and OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin. Experiment results showed that the correlation between the OPEC crude oil price and the price of wood and paper products is positive by a high coefficient of determination. Growth rate of the OPEC crude oil price is equal to 8.3%, thus its inflation rate is more than average values of inflation of export products price (2.6%) and import products price (3.6%). Annual rates of change in price of wood and paper products are additive; the only exception being exports and imports of Total Fiber Furnish. Crude oil price increases have a bad effect on product price, with concern causing an inflation effect on the price of wood and paper products. POSTER 15 – GREEN BUILDING PROGRAM IN CHINA: POTENTIAL IMPACT ON WOOD PRODUCTS DEMAND Tait Bowers, Indroneil Ganguly, and Ivan L. Eastin, CINTRAFOR, University of Washington

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sector plays a significant role in addressing the country’s greenhouse gas emission issues. Recognizing the long-term environmental and economic benefits of sustainable construction practices, the Chinese government has set ambitious targets for Green Building Programs (GBPs). GBPs incorporate an integrated approach to the design, construction, operation, and demolition of buildings by using technologies and products designed to reduce the environmental impact of human activities. Requirements within the Chinese GBPs reward points for eco-labeled wood or wood products that meet specific energy efficiency criteria. However, given the flexibility in material usage allowed within GBPs, the extent of their impact on the demand for wooden building materials is largely influenced by the degree to which they are adopted by the Chinese residential construction industry. The objective of this research is to analyze the various market-driven and perceptual aspects of GBPs in China and understand their potential impact on the demand for energy-efficient wooden building materials and technologies. This poster presents the results obtained from a survey of 352 respondents consisting of builders, architects, and distributors in Guangzhou and Shanghai from 2009 to 2010. The research highlights the changes in perception and awareness of GBPs within the homebuilding industry in China over time and between cities. The study also analyzes the role of various environmental attributes in the material selection process, and compares the environmental perceptions of wood products and technologies vis-à-vis their non-wood counterparts.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

POSTER 16 – ASSESSMENT OF “GREEN” WOOD PRODUCT DEMAND IN AFFORDABLE HOUSING CONSTRUCTION IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN REGION David B. DeVallance and Shawn Grushecky, West Virginia University

The overall goal of this project was to assess the current and future demand of local and certified (i.e., green) wood products that are used in affordable housing construction within the Central Appalachian Region (specifically Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia). Specific objectives of this proposed project included identifying the key constituents within the affordable housing sector, evaluating the demand for local and certified (green) wood products in affordable housing within the Central Appalachian Region, and identifying prices that builders would be willing to pay for wood products. Members of the Federation of Appalachian Housing Enterprises (FAHE) and other identified affordable housing builders were surveyed. The survey included questions related to sourcing of wood material, whether or not builders buy from local sources (i.e., within 500 miles), if they are buying certified and lowemitting wood products, and demand for products not found locally. Results of the study will be presented to provide a better understanding of the market demand and availability of “green” wood products used in affordable housing in the Central Appalachian Region. POSTER 17 – COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA’S FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS Yu Li and P.N. McFarlane, University of British Columbia

British Columbia (BC) is one of the world’s leading suppliers of various wood products. Its forest products industry has been the cornerstone major contributor to the province’s economy. As the province is the owner of more than 90% of the abundant forest resource, it is important for British Columbians to achieve major socio-economic benefits from the world-class natural fiber resource. For statistical purposes, the forest sector has traditionally been divided into three subsectors: Forestry Logging (FL), Wood Product Manufacturing (WPM), and Pulp and Paper Manufacturing (PM). Amongst these three subsectors, industrial roundwood is harvested in the FL subsector and sent into both of the WPM and PM subsectors to produce primary wood products. The study analyzed both economic and social outcomes achieved by BC’s forest products industry by conducting a comprehensive analysis of material flows, utilization efficiencies, GDP, and employment at subsector levels. Input-output analysis was used to determine woodfiber volume balance in the forest products industry. Additionally, GDP and employment per unit of wood input were used as the indicators for economic and social contributions. This research showed that recently BC has obtained relatively few socio-economic contributions from its roundwood harvest compared to many other important forestry jurisdictions. There are several potential explanations for this relatively poor performance including industry structure, tenure, government policy, stumpage fees, and marketing structures amongst other variables. This study indicated that BC has the potential to significantly increase the economic and social values generated per unit of woodfiber processed.

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poster presentations POSTER 18 – AN ECONOMIC MODEL FOR WOOD PELLET PRODUCTION COSTS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Ning Lu and Robert W. Rice, University of Maine

The wood pellet industry has recently experienced rapid growth in the United States, in Canada, and in the European Union. The use of fuel oil for home heating in the Northeastern United States is well above the national average and, due to the rising cost of fuel oil, heating with wood pellets has become a viable option. There were two objectives of this study. First, a national survey of pellet manufacturers was conducted to assess annual production, production costs, marketing practices, and safety issues. Second, an economic model was developed to assess production costs and potential profit for wood pellets manufactured in the Northeastern United States. The results of that model, along with a sensitivity analysis of the major variables, are reported here. The results of the survey are reported elsewhere. The model developed assessed the costs of all major functional areas within a pellet mill including raw material costs and processing, attrition, drying, pelletizing, bagging, and transportation. The model was verified by a separate survey of manufacturers in the Northeastern United States who shared some cost data. Equipment manufacturers also were consulted about prices for new and used processing machinery. After analysis, we have determined that the breakeven price is currently between $170 and $190/ton for bagged wood pellets. The sensitivity analysis has shown, among other things, that raw material and energy costs play a large role in profitability and viability. Capital cost recovery is also critical. POSTER 19 – BREAKING DOWN BARRIERS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR APPALACHIAN FOREST PRODUCTS IN CENTRAL AMERICA Scott W. Lyon and Henry Quesada-Pineda, Virginia Tech

In the future, there will be a greater need for international forest products in Central America due to increasing population size and deforestation. Previous research found that United States forest product companies have overlooked Central America as an opportunity to expand their markets. The purpose of this research was to determine drivers and barriers of the sale of Appalachian hardwood lumber and building materials in Central American countries. A face-to-face structured survey was completed with forest products retailers and manufacturers in Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama. Topics covered in the survey included products, product attributes, promotion strategies, pricing, supplier attributes, trade barriers, and company performance. The potential market opportunities for Appalachian forest product companies in Central America were evaluated and strategies were developed to increase exports to Central America. Lack of market information appears to be the main constraint impacting potential exporters of forest products overseas. By understanding product specifications and distribution channels, companies may increase profits, market growth, and economic strength. In addition, the lack of local raw materials may cause some countries to search for international sources of wood products from areas with abundant supply of timber and a well-built infrastructure, such as the Appalachian Region in the United States. This research suggests that the Appalachian forest products industry has the opportunity to expand their markets into Central America. POSTER 20 – CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT, A CONSTRUCT TO PROMOTE INNOVATION IN THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY: INSIGHTS FROM PACIFIC NORTHWEST COMPANIES Eric N. Hansen, Scott Leavengood, and Richard D. Mosier, Oregon State University

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Traditionally, Pacific Northwest forest products companies have focused on products, processes, and sales to drive growth and prosperity. Most products have reached maturity such that traditional focuses are no longer sufficient for differentiation. Globalization and the current economic climate have intensified the need for companies to explore different means for a competitive advantage. Market orientation (MO) is often regarded as a philosophy or construct to move companies beyond the traditional focus on products, processes, or sales. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a broad term that describes the tools and technologies companies use to manage their interactions with customers and other stakeholders. This research has focused on examining CRM practices – specifically how companies collect information from customers, competitors, and the greater business environment and how the information is effectively organized and disseminated to develop superior value for customers. This study seeks to evaluate the proliferation of CRM concepts and technologies in the forest products industry and develop insight into how CRM is integrated into the marketing orientation of a company. The primary goal of this study is to better understand the specific CRM practices used by companies to promote innovation.

POSTER 21 – MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR UNDERUTILIZED APPALACHIAN HARDWOODS Liberty Olea Moya and David B. DeVallance, West Virginia University

The purpose of this study was to investigate and improve the market potential of underutilized hardwood species in the Appalachian region (specifically within West Virginia). Underutilized Appalachian hardwood species could serve as alternative species for producing various value-added wood-based products. Efficient utilization of under-utilized Appalachian hardwood species can lead to reduced manufacturing and consumer costs of major hardwood products. Also, as a mitigation response to climate change, this study helps promote the sustainable use of wood as a renewable resource. The main objectives of the study included identifying the major products derived from underutilized Appalachian hardwood species, evaluating current and future market trends, and identifying the potential for using underutilized Appalachian hardwood species as substitute materials in various value-added wood-based products. Additionally, domestic and global demand and positioning (e.g., attributes, image, price, packaging, distribution, and service) was investigated for products produced from underutilized Appalachian hardwood species. Yellow-poplar, red maple, sugar maple, white oak, and black cherry were identified as the top five underutilized hardwood species, respectively, in West Virginia (based on average annual net change of saw timber volume). Environmental Scanning Reports on consumers’ demand for hardwood products were first analyzed to determine the trends and preferences of the present market. Surveys and questionnaires were sent to secondary manufacturing plants and other industrial practitioners. Work is ongoing to study the market potential of underutilized hardwoods in other areas of Appalachia (i.e., outside of West Virginia). Results regarding consumer demand and current product positioning for Appalachian hardwood products produced in West Virginia will be presented in this presentation.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

POSTER 22 – A COMPARISON OF TWO RESOURCE-DEPENDENT COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF WOOD PRODUCT CLUSTERS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH? David L. Nicholls and Allen M. Brackley, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station

Business clusters are geographic concentrations of companies that provide mutual advantages for their participants. Clusters can include diverse members including competitors, customers, partners, and/or suppliers. In Alaska, wood products business clusters can have unique challenges associated with remote locations, high raw material costs, limited local markets, and potentially long transportation distances. Further, multiple land ownership near communities (for example state versus federal ownership) can influence raw material procurement, since different administrative processes for timber harvesting may be required. This study evaluates two resource dependent communities in southeast Alaska (Haines, AK and Craig, AK), seeking to identify elements that could enhance their potential for wood products clusters and new business formation. We consider how the flow of forest resources, from harvest to finished product, can influence local communities and either enhance or limit opportunities for wood products businesses. We evaluate the effect of various product mixes – including firewood, woody residues, house logs, lumber, and secondary wood products – on the composition, scale, and dynamics of wood products firms. We consider the effect of harvesting practices and proximity to timber sales in evaluating how land ownership can influence the viability of wood products clusters. Lastly, we consider the impact of transportation costs on serving local and export markets. Our research builds upon past work in Alaska (Rojas 2007) that evaluated national forest-based communities in Alaska, finding opportunities for greater innovation, higher productivity, and greater social well-being associated with wood products clusters. POSTER 23 – LEARNING ORIENTATION, INNOVATIVENESS, AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: LESSONS LEARNED FROM NORWEGIAN WOOD INDUSTRY Erlend Nybakk, Norwegian Forest & Landscape Institute

A large body of literature has emphasized that organizations require a strong learning orientation to be innovative and gain competitive advantage. Despite previous literature, many areas and industries have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, learning orientation’s effect on innovativeness and financial performance is examined and applied on the Norwegian wood industry. Additionally, the indirect effect of learning orientation via innovativeness on financial performance is studied. Based on literature, this study delineates four components of learning orientation: commitment to learning, shared vision, open-mindedness, and intraorganizational knowledge sharing; and three

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poster presentations components of innovativeness: product, process, and business system. Learning orientation and innovativeness are conceptualized as second-order constructs. A questionnaire was sent out to CEOs in wood industry firms in Norway (n=241, 49 % response rate). The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results generally support theoretical predictions. The findings showed that learning orientation has a positive effect on innovativeness for companies. As well, learning orientation was found to affect financial performance positively via innovativeness. Furthermore, innovativeness by itself also has a positive effect on financial performance. No direct effect of learning orientation on financial performance was found. The results have both managerial and theoretical implications. POSTER 24 – WOOD WATCH

Travis Roth and Christopher D. Knowles, Oregon State University

Oregon has a history of family-owned forestland and tree farms that have provided the wood for a strong wood products industry. As the world has started streamlining the production of goods, the wood industry has started to focus on a small number of key species for wood products. The family-owned lands have to lessen the diversity of their lands to compete with the large company-owned wood producers. In response to this, a group of land owners in Oregon is launching a program in Oregon to educate consumers about the ecology and uses of native trees and to attempt to open new markets for underutilized species. This study will examine the possibility of Wood Watch as an educational tool for consumers in Oregon and as a tool to help local family-owned lands compete with large tree farms. Information also will be collected to determine the best way to package and distribute the information to consumers. POSTER 25 – ASSESSING BARRIERS TO THE TRADE AND MARKETING OF BAMBOO PRODUCTS IN GHANA Stephen Lartey Tekpetey and Emmanuel Appiah-Kubi, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG)

Bamboos provide numerous services and products for human survival, especially in countries where knowledge of its properties is strong. Extractive utilization of bamboo resources is essential to the economic development of Ghana. There are over 1,500 documented uses of bamboo worldwide. The trade in bamboo products is increasing around the world and it is estimated that globally, domestic trade and subsistence use is worth US$4.5 billion per year and export generates over US$2.7 billion. Instead of the use of timber, bamboo in the form of laminated bamboo boards can be used to produce chairs, sofas, bookshelves, cabinets, and tables and is widely regarded as an excellent substitute for wood. The trade and market values of bamboo products are relatively low in Ghana and most African countries. This paper assessed the trend of trade and marketing of some bamboo products – furniture, toothpicks, poles – and also the barriers to trade and marketing of bamboo products from selected areas in Ghana. Lack of awareness, undesirable quality of local bamboo products, uncertainty about their durability, lack of innovative products from artisans, and low level of production are some barriers to the trade in bamboo products. It was recommended that a focus on high-quality bamboo products with enhanced durability may improve the trade and marketing of bamboo products in Ghana. POSTER 26 – GREEN JOBS IN THE FOREST SECTOR SUPPLY CHAIN IN LOUISIANA Ryan D. Olson, Richard P. Vlosky, Paul M. Darby, and Dek Terrell, LSU AgCenter

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Louisiana has recently witnessed considerable interest and activity in its energy efficiency and renewable energy industries. Federal investment in the state’s workforce can help reemploy workers experiencing job losses from some of the area economy’s most vital sectors. A consortium led by the Louisiana Workforce Commission and Louisiana State University are conducting economic impact study analysis, estimation of current employment in both states, projections of future employment in Louisiana, compilation of skill requirements and wage data of occupations, production of industry competency models, and career pathways for all renewable energy sectors in the state, including solar, hydro, geothermal, wind, and agricultural/forest-based residues. Concurrently, we are conducting a focused study of Green Jobs opportunities in the forest sector supply chain in Louisiana. The data gathering phase is ongoing with over 7,500 companies surveyed. The results of this focused study will be presented.

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POSTER 27 – A TEMPORAL STUDY OF CERTIFICATION FROM THE U.S. CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE: A COMPARISON OF 1995, 2000, 2005, AND 2010

Richard P. Vlosky, LSU AgCenter; Lucie K. Ozanne, University of Canterbury

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

POSTER 28 – ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS SUPPLY LOGISTICS ECONOMICS IN THE UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN USING THE FUEL REDUCTION COST SIMULATOR MODEL Dalia Abbas Saleh, Michigan State University; Robert Handler, Michigan Technological University; G.C. Shivan, Karen Potter-Witter, Mike Schira, and Larry Hembroff, Michigan State University; David Shonnard, Michigan Technological University; Ajit Srivastava. Michigan State University

INNOVATION SYSTEMS POSTER 29 – THE INNOVATION SYSTEM OF OREGON’S FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY

Nadine Orozco, Eric N. Hansen, Christopher D. Knowles, and Scott Leavengood, Oregon State University

Industrial use of innovation to achieve a competitive advantage and long-term success is not a new concept. However, in response to the recession, industry is more seriously considering innovation as a means of economic revitalization. This renewed interest in innovation is consequently placing national, regional, and sectoral innovation systems under serious scrutiny and reform. Traditionally, the innovation system within the forest products industry has struggled, the majority of output occurring in the form of process innovations due to technological advances. As with much of the economy, the recession is helping to solidify the industry’s need for innovation and new product development, which in turn necessitates a more in-depth analysis of why the forest products industry’s innovation system is not performing. Accordingly, the focus of this poster is the innovation system of the forest products industry, specifically in the state of Oregon. In order to suggest improvements to Oregon’s forest products industry innovation system, several things must happen, including compiling a comprehensive list of all major players in this innovation system, conducting one-on-one interviews with individuals recognized as major players, and identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the system. This poster presents the plan for data collection and analysis, in regard to the above objectives. The goal of this research is to provide Oregon with several recommendations to improve its innovation system, helping to achieve a higher level of global competitiveness, and revive the forest products industry.

RECYCLING & RESIDUE UTILIZATION POSTER 30 – A STUDY ON THE METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE SURFACE PERFORMANCE OF CARBONIZED BOARDS Jong-In Kim and Sang-Bum Park, Korea Forest Research Institute

This study carried out the manufacturing of carbonized board (CB) from wood at temperatures ranging from 300 to 2000°C. Test specimens used in this experiment were plywood (CB), PB (CB), MDF (CB), Ash wood (CB), etc. The results include: 1) In the case of manufacturing carbonized board (CB) from wood in the 300 to 500°C range, the hardness (HRY) of three tested CB specimens — contrary to the laws of wood material — was very low with declining strength. 2) The hardness (HRY) was rapidly increased in the range of 500 to 800°, slowly increased at 800 to 1300°, and stayed the same at over 1300°. 3) The CB hardness (HRY) manufactured with the temperature of 500°

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poster presentations for each specimen was -23.7 in wood, -105.4 in MDF, -93.4 in PB, and -175.3 in PW. 4) The CB hardness (HRY) manufactured with the temperature of 1300° was 74.6 for wood, 39.2 for MDF, 35.6 for PB, and -1.76 for PW. Resin treatment (ceramic) in the case of a hydrocarbon board is shown in the following results. Polymer coating is prepared by the highstrength carbon board. Board to handle carbon coating on the surface, dried, curing (300°C) was tested as a way to increase the surface hardness approximately two times (42.6 → 89.6). Surface hardness of re-carbonized board increased 8.9% with 10% of resin-impregnated carbonized board, and increased 17.9% with 28% of resin-impregnated carbonized board. MDF hydrocarbons after treatment dimensions, weight, and density changes resulted in a reduction of 23-24%, and the horizontal, vertical, 23%, thickness 36-37%, 66-67% by weight, density, 11-14%, respectively. POSTER 31 – BIOMASS AND COAL COFIRING FOR FOSSIL FUEL REDUCTION AND OTHER BENEFITS: STATUS OF NORTH AMERICAN FACILITIES IN 2010

David L. Nicholls, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; John I. Zerbe, USDA Forest Products Laboratory Cofiring of biomass and coal at electrical generation facilities is gaining importance as a means of reducing consumption of fossil fuels, and more than 40 facilities in the U.S. have conducted test burns. Given the large size of many coal plants, cofiring at even low rates has the potential to utilize relatively large volumes of biomass. This could have important forest management implications in the event that harvesting residues and/or salvage timber are supplied to coal plants. Other feedstocks suitable for cofiring include wood products manufacturing residues, woody municipal wastes, agricultural residues, short rotation intensive culture forests, and/or hazard fuel removals. Cofiring at low rates can often be done with minimal changes to plant handling and processing equipment, requiring little capital investment. Cofiring at higher rates can involve repowering entire burners to burn biomass in place of coal, or in some cases repowering entire power plants. Our research evaluates the current status of biomass cofiring in North America, identifying current trends and success stories, types of biomass used, coal plant sizes, and primary cofiring regions. Results are presented for more than a dozen plants that are currently cofiring or have recently announced plans to cofire. POSTER 32 – WOOD ENERGY FOR RESIDENTIAL HEATING IN ALASKA: HOW DO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCE USE?

David L. Nicholls and Allen M. Brackley, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; Valerie A. Barber, University of Alaska-Fairbanks

Previous research in Alaska has considered three aspects of residential wood energy: current conditions and fuel consumption, knowledge and attitudes, and future use and conditions. That study sampled over 800 respondents in five Alaskan cities, finding that firewood heating played an important role as a secondary heating source to supplement fossil fuels. However, many respondents indicated a range of $4.00 to $5.00 per gallon as the price point at which they would switch to wood in favor of fuel oil. In the current study, we examine demographic factors influencing wood energy use for residential heating in Alaska. We consider how gender and age influence motivation to adopt wood energy for home heating, potential barriers to wood energy use, time available for maintenance, and knowledge of residential wood energy systems. There was a broad range in willingness to pay for new wood energy systems, and we will consider how gender and age impact these purchasing decisions. Lastly, we consider demographic differences in preferences for fuel types, including firewood, wood pellets, and densified fuels. This research will assist fuel wood providers, wood stove vendors, and wood pellet sales outlets in identifying target markets throughout the state. 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 33 – COLORIZATION TECHNOLOGY OF CARBONIZED MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD

Sang Bum Park, Jong In Kim, Sang Min Lee, Ho Won Jung, and Sun Young Lee, Korea Forest Research Institute

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For the high value-added recycling of waste MDF, crack-free, porous, hard carbonized medium-density fiberboard (CMDF) was developed by a pressured carbonization process. When the carbonized boards were prepared above 800°C, a porous structure like charcoal was obtained. We previously reported that C-MDF easily adsorbs VOCs such as formaldehyde, which causes sick house syndrome. In addition, dimensional stability against moisture, flame resistance, and shielding effects against electronic waves were obtained from the C-MDF. The objective of this study was to give the colorization technologies to black C-MDF for an interior structural material. The colorization technologies of the black C-MDF for an interior structural material were developed by: 1) the coating and firing of ceramic materials; 2) water-based ink-jet

printing; and 3) UV-cured printing in this study. Thermal stability and light stability of the three types of the colorized boards were studied. The dimensional change such as shrinkage of length, width, and thickness, weight loss, and density change were investigated from the C-MDF prepared at 800°C. POSTER 34 – RECYCLING OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL-TREATED SOUTHERN PINE UTILITY POLES

Cheng Piao, Calhoun Research Station, LSU AgCenter; Todd F. Shupe, LSU AgCenter; Mark D. Gibson, Louisiana Tech University; Leslie Groom, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; Jim Wang, LSU AgCenter

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

Reusing decommissioned wood utility poles will extend the service life of the treated wood and offer economic and ecological advantages. Although production and consumption of pentachlorophenol (penta or PCP) treated wood have decreased recently, large volumes of penta-treated utility poles are to be disposed of in the near future. The purpose of a series of studies undertaken by the authors was to evaluate the feasibility of and problems associated with reusing penta-treated decommissioned wood utility poles. The aim of this particular study was to evaluate penta retention, distribution, together with physical and mechanical properties of penta-treated southern pine utility poles, and physical and mechanical properties of laminated beams made of decommissioned penta-treated southern pine utility poles. Fifteen penta-treated decommissioned southern pine utility poles and pole sections were collected and studied. It was found that penta retention decreased from outside to the pith and from top to the bottom of the poles. Penta retention decreased with an increase in years of service. Penta retention averages at the outer test zones for most of the older poles failed to meet the minimum retention requirement of the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA). The MOR and MOE averages of the 15 poles and pole sections were 33.7 and 68.1% lower than the published MOR and MOE values of virgin loblolly pine wood. The MOR, MOE, glue bond strength, and delamination properties of sixply laminated beams made of decommissioned utility poles will be evaluated and reported.

TIMBER PRODUCTION & HARVESTING POSTER 35 – SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS: THE CASE OF NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS OR “AFRICAN HYSSOP” IN CAMEROON

Mbonji Edjenguele, University of Yaounde 1; Roncs Ese-Etame, INOVA Mount Vernon Hospital; Augustin Ellong, University of Yaounde 1

Newbouldia laevis is one of the species widely spread in the African flora. According to archaeologists, its presence is correlated with that of men who used its leaves, bark, and roots to treat peptic ulcer, pelvic pain, hemorrhoids, constipation, seizure disorder, otalgia, visual disturbance, and arthritis. In addition, it has potential in purification treatment in the area of thanatology (blocking and burial of the dead). It is sold in local markets as powdered leaves, bark, and roots. The objective of this presentation is to explore various practices that accompany the use of Newbouldia laevis in Cameroon. Strategies for sustainable management of the resource and development of marketing opportunities for the products are presented.

WOOD ENGINEERING & MECHANICAL PROPERTIES POSTER 36 – BONDABILITY STUDY OF THREE GUIANESE WOODS FOR GLULAM MANUFACTURING

Damien Bourreau, Pôle Universitaire de Troubiran; Bernard Thibaut, LMGC Université de Montpellier; Ouahcène Nait-Rabah, Jacques Beauchene, and Yamina Aimene, UMR Ecofog (Cayenne, French Guiana) In 2010, glulam importation was extensively augmented in French Guiana, due to a demographic increase. However, due to an end-use in equatorial conditions and despite the existence of a large Amazonian forest, imported glulam beams need to attempt specific requirements due to severe fungi and termite conditions. To promote local wood in construction and to avoid CCB-treated glue-laminated timber, the bondability of tropical hardwood was performed in

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poster presentations an attempt to establish gluing condition parameters for industrial manufacturing. Unfortunately, due to their specificities (dense wood species, high presence of removals, high shrinkage coefficients, etc.), tropical hardwoods are known as difficult wood species to be glued in tropical conditions (high temperature and high moisture), and so are not adequate for this purpose. This study underlines different gluing parameters, which influence delamination tests, as well as external factors such as temperature. Results show, contrary to prejudges, that dense wood species can be glued for structural purposes, sometimes more easily than wood with medium specific gravity. They also show the aptitude to produce glulam using some Guianese species, and give some order of magnitude of some gluing parameters and mechanical features. POSTER 37 – USE OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS IN THE STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD INDUSTRY: MODELING THE BENDING STRENGTH AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY TEST Luis G. Esteban, Titular de Universidad; Paloma de Palacios, Francisco Garcia Fernandez, and Alberto GarciaIruela, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

The use of plywood as a structural element has increased in recent years. However, the European directive on wood-based boards for use in construction (CE Marking) demands very stringent control of board bending properties. This type of control requires factories to have very large testing equipment with a load capacity of up to 50KN. Production control would benefit greatly from the use of a highly reliable alternative method that would enable the mechanical properties to be found through more easily obtained physical and mechanical properties. The high capacity of artificial neural networks (ANN) to model a broad range of industrial processes makes them a very useful instrument in the plywood industry. In this study, four neural networks were developed to obtain the properties of bending strength and modulus of elasticity, one for each manufacturing direction and mechanical property. These properties were then modeled through testing, using test pieces of small dimensions. The results were compared with regression models used by other authors. In all cases, the results were better than the models analyzed and higher than the requirements of the standard for accepting the use of non-standard test methods in production control. This demonstrates the effectiveness of ANN for obtaining the mechanical properties of bending for structural plywood. POSTER 38 – MOMENT-RESISTANT BEHAVIOR OF WOOD CONNECTIONS Robert N. Emerson, Billy Wiginton, and Joe LaValley, Oklahoma State University

The moment-resistant behavior of typical wood fasteners was investigated. First, dowel bearing tests were performed for both nails and screws. Configurations were tested both parallel and perpendicular to the wood grain so Hankinson’s interpolations could be developed. Various geometric configurations of nails or screws were subjected to moment testing. Some of the test configurations included a center bolt to act as a center of rotation. Moment and rotation data were acquired during testing for each test specimen. The results of experimental testing were compared to a parallel NDS/Wood Handbook-based analytical investigation. Experimentally observed moment capacity and rotational stiffness are compared with analytical predictions. POSTER 39 – MODELING TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE STATE EFFECTS ON ACOUSTIC VELOCITY IN WOOD Shan Gao, Northeast Forestry University (currently at USDA Forest Products Laboratory); Xiping Wang, USDA Forest Product Laboratory; Lihai Wang, Northeast Forestry University; R. Bruce Allison, University of WisconsinMadison 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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Previous research has proved the concept of acoustic assessment of wood quality in standing trees. As new commercial acoustic equipment being implemented in field for various purposes, one has to consider the influence of operating temperature on acoustic velocity – a key parameter for wood property prediction. Our field acoustic monitoring study on standing trees over one-year cycle showed a significant change on acoustic properties of wood as seasonal temperature changed. The purpose of this study is to further investigate the effect of temperature and moisture state on acoustic properties of wood in a laboratory-controlled environment. Small clear specimens (25.4 × 25.4 × 406 mm) obtained from a freshly-cut red pine (Pinus resinosa) log were conditioned to four moisture content (MC) groups: green (fresh-cut condition), 24%, 12%, and 0% MC. All specimens were acoustically tested using an ultrasonic device over a temperature range of -40°C and 35°C. The results of this study indicated that acoustic velocity and acoustic energy loss were affected by both the state of water and moisture content in the wood. For green wood, acoustic velocity responded to temperature change very differ-

ently at three different temperature ranges: 1) below -2.5°C; 2) between -2.5°C and 2.5°C; and 3) above 2.5°C. Empirical models were developed to quantify the temperature effect on acoustic velocity in wood for different moisture conditions. POSTER 40 – THERMAL DEGRADATION OF YIELD STRENGTH OF NAILED WOOD CONNECTIONS Arijit Sinha, Rakesh Gupta, and John A. Nairn, Oregon State University

This study investigated the effect of exposure to elevated temperature on the yield strength of single shear nail connections when subjected to lateral loading. Solid sawn lumber and laminated veneer lumber were used as framing members while two different thicknesses of both oriented strand board and plywood were used as the sheathing members. The connection geometries evaluated were typical of those encountered in lateral force resisting systems such as shear walls or roof diaphragms. The connection geometries were: 1) edge connection – nail positioned 19 mm from the panel edge, loaded parallel-to-the-grain of the main member; and 2) plate connection – nail positioned 19 mm from the panel end, loaded perpendicular-to-grain of the main member. Data collected from monotonic tests on 480 nail connections, after exposure to elevated temperatures, were analyzed for yield strength. In addition, 210 dowel bearing strengths were evaluated for the same treatments. The results indicated that exposure to elevated temperature caused significant degradation in lateral yield strength after exposure. The highest degradation occurred when exposed to 200°C for two hours. For example, with plywood (11.2 mm) and solid lumber connections, the decrease in yield strength after exposure to 200°C for two hours was 26% for edge connections and 56% for plate connections. The results further indicated that given thermal degradation of the dowel bearing capacity of a material, the existing yield models stipulated in National Design Specifications (NDS) can predict yield load values for nailed connections for a given sheathing and framing member combination under those thermal degradation conditions. Additionally, the yield models predicted a predominant yield mode (IIIs) consisting of a single plastic hinge being formed just beneath the surface of the thicker member. These predictions were fairly consistent with observed yield modes.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

POSTER 41 – MICROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BEECH AND OAK WOOD BENDED DIFFERENT RADII

Umit Buyuksari, Istanbul University Bahcekoy; Daniel P. Hindman, Virginia Tech; Nusret As, Istanbul University Bahcekoy

Steam bending of wood is a well-known process used for many years. Curved wood parts are used in the production of furniture, arched windows and doors, baskets, barrels, boats and ships, agricultural implements, and musical instruments. Studies regarding bending of solid wood are limited. Additionally, there is a lack of understanding of changes in mechanical properties of wood due to bending. When a piece of wood is bent, tension stress occurs in the outer side due to fiber elongation, while compression stress occurs on the inner side where the fibers contrast. This study measured the mechanical properties of beech and oak wood after steam bending for locations of the tension and compression sides of wood. The effect of steaming (steam pressure at 0.1 atu and 1.5 atu) and setting method (high frequency and drying room) on mechanical properties of wood was evaluated using micro-scale samples. Beech and oak wood logs 4m long were obtained from Duzce Forest Enterprises in Turkey. The samples were cut and bent to three different radii. Micromechanical test samples were taken from inner and outer sides of bent wood samples. Bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, compression strength, and tension strength were determined. Both the inner and outer sides of bent samples had different mechanical properties. Also, bent samples had lower mechanical properties compared to unbent samples. This research provides a better understanding of the changes that take place during the bending of wood and what changes in mechanical properties are important for a structural member. POSTER 42 – THREE-DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF BOLTED JOINTS IN WOOD-STEEL STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO LARGE DEFORMATIONS

Aneesh Ramesh Kaliyanda and Robert Rowlands, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Douglas R. Rammer, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

In 2001, NDS developed Appendix E to provide a method to calculate possible wood failure modes for a bolted connection loaded in tension parallel-to-grain. Additional experimental work, with different end spacings and fastener length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios, was conducted to refine the wood failure connection design. For large L/D, the con-

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poster presentations nection experienced increased ductility and a progressive failure due to the axial forces generated along the fastener axis. The objective of the research was to better understand bolt connection failure modes and model the load-deformation behaviors to failure. To better comprehend the single fastener connection with large L/D ratio, two finite element connection models were generated in ABAQUS. The first model had a small L/D ratio to validate the wood progressive damage material model utilized for the later model. The second model had a larger L/D ratio that used the wood progressive damaged model, the full stress-strain curve for the steel, and friction between of the contact points. The presentation will highlight the finding s of this analysis to model the bolted connection behavior until failure of the bolt or wood. POSTER 43 – LOCAL STRAIN DEVELOPMENT OF THE WOOD-MATRIX INTERPHASE IN WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES

Matthew Schwarzkopf, Lech Muszyński, John A. Nairn, Xiang Lin, and Farzana Hussain, Oregon State University

The objective of this study is to characterize the full-field deformation and strain distribution in and around wood flour particles embedded in a polymer matrix experimentally, and to use morphology-based material point method (MPM) numerical simulations to determine in situ mechanical and interfacial properties for the particles. The mechanical tests are performed in a small-scale tensile loading stage on thin polymer films with very low concentrations of wood flour particles. The deformation and strain are measured using an optical measurement system with microscopic lenses focused on small areas of interest (2 mm x 2 mm) containing two to three individual wood flour particles orientated at various angles to the loading direction. To observe full-field deformation and strain distribution, the optical measurement technique uses the digital image correlation (DIC) methods. The output format of the optical measurement methods is readily compatible with the MPM software and the measured displacement and strain fields may be directly compared with the results of theoretical simulations of the same test configurations using the MPM model. In this approach, known as the inverse problem methodology, the measured and theoretical strain fields are used as input data in order to determine local material properties and to characterize load transfer between the particle and the polymer matrix. In this presentation, the methodological aspects of the project as well as the preliminary experimental and numerical results will be discussed. POSTER 44 – INVESTIGATION ON THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTION USING HIDDEN THREADED RODS Min-Chyuan Yeh and Yu-Li Lin, National Pingtung University of Science & Technology

A joint connection technique featuring the concealment of mechanical fasteners was developed for the wood beam-column structures to improve the structural performance of traditional connections in the study. The T-type beam-column specimen was fabricated using 120 × 120 mm column member and 120 × 180 mm beam member of Japanese cedar and southern pine, respectively, using a designed hidden threaded rod. A bending test was performed by considering the effects of rod location, number of rods, embedment of rods, and rod diameter on the bending properties of the connection. The results indicated better bending capacities of the developed hidden threaded rod connection than the traditional tenon connections. A beam-column structure assembled with a single threaded rod showed higher bending moment–rotational coefficient values than that with double rods. Also, the bending moment-rotational coefficient of the joint fastened with 12-mm rod was higher than that with 15-mm rod. The joint fastened with 60 × 60 mm washers instead of 50 × 50 and 60 × 80 mm washers showed better bending properties. The beam-column structure fastened with threaded rod at the upper end showed better bending moment resistance than that at the lower end. Furthermore, the improved joint strength was found for the Japanese cedar member joints fastened with both single and double threaded rods and reinforced with epoxy resin adhesive. The beam-column structure assembled with southern pine members showed higher bending moment-rotational coefficient values than that with Japanese cedar. 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 45 – AN EFFECT OF CROWN DEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS ON BEECH TIMBER QUALITY Marian Babiak and Rastislav Lagana, Technical University in Zvolen

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Beech timber quality has been evaluated using a nondestructive technique. The timber originated from two different silvicultural techniques stands that have created different conditions for crown development. Other factors such as soil type, stand origin, age, slope aspect, and altitude were negligible. From each stand, seven dominated trees were selected. The sound velocity at green moisture content was measured on 2m length above breast height at four places that related to slope of a stand and North-South direction. A measurement of sound velocity was performed again on dry timber (MC = 11%)

that was taken from previously measured locations. Analysis of dynamic modulus showed that there were small and statistically nonsignificant differences between these two stands. From the non-destructive test, it can be concluded that using silvicultural techniques have no effect, or the same effect, on quality of beech structural timber. POSTER 46 – NUMERICAL MODELING AND EXPERIMENT OF WOOD STRAND COMPOSITES: EFFECT OF STRAND GEOMETRY AND STRAND ORIENTATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Edward A. Le and Chunping Dai, FPInnovations; John A. Nairn, Oregon State University

Mechanical properties of wood-based composites are dictated by row materials (constituents) and their structural arrangement. In this research, the material point method (MPM) was used to study the effect of strand length, thickness, strand orientation, and vertical density profile in wood-based composites. The model predicts modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bond strength (IB). The predicted results were validated by comparing with experiment data. The main conclusions are: 1) MPM model can handle realistic material structure by coupling with prior mat formation and consolidation models; 2) MPM model can track geometrical and mechanical interactions between the constituent elements during loading and predict micro and macro mechanical properties of the composite material; 3) The model predicts the highly non-linear relationships between MOE/IB and strand orientation, initial strand stiffness and strand dimensions; and 4) The MPM model can be applied to simulate other mechanical properties for wood and polymer composites.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

WOOD PRESERVATION / DETERIORATION POSTER 47 – EFFECTS OF ORGANO-CLAYS ON THE FIRE RETARDANCY OF INTUMESCENT FORMULATION Chih-Shen Chuang, National Taiwan University; Kuang-Chung Tsai, National Kaohsiung First University of Science & Technology; Te-Hsin Yang, National Chung Hsing University; Tsung-Yao Tseng, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute; Ming-Kuang Wang, National Taiwan University

Intumescent material with commercial resin, such as acrylic copolymer resin, has been demonstrated to be extremely effective in improving the fire performance of wooden materials used for indoor furnishing. This study investigates the enhancement of painted thin red lauan (Parashorea spp.) plywood by using intumescent coating with organo-clays added. The aim of this study investigates the fire performance, when coated with different types of cloisite clays (i.e., 30B, 10A, and 15A). Cone calorimeter was used to evaluate the fire performance. These intumescent formulations significantly enhanced the fire retardancy of painted plywood, exhibiting lower peak heat release rates (PHRR) and extending the time to reach PHRR, as compared with plywood panels coated with intumescent coating without organo-clay. The 27Al and 31P NMR analyses demonstrated that adding organo-clay extended the survival duration of the phosphor-carbonaceous chars structure. The findings in this study enhance the understanding of the effect of organoclay in the intumescent coatings. POSTER 48 – BIO-AVAILABILITY AND FORM OF COPPER IN COPPER-BASED PRESERVATIVES TREATED WOOD Swati Dhyani and D. Pascal Kamdem, Michigan State University

The biological performance of copper-treated wood is related to copper bioavailability. The amount of copper biologically available in wood treated with copper-based wood preservatives such as micronized copper azole (MCA), micronized copper quaternary (MCQ), alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), copper chrome arsenic (CCA), and copper azole (CA) was estimated by using chemical extraction. Sequential and non-sequential extraction of treated wood was performed using KNO3, KF, Na4P2O7, EDTA disodium salt, and HNO3 solutions in an ultrasonic bath. The extracts and water washings were collected, centrifuged, acidified with 1% HNO3, and then AAS analyzed to determine the amount of copper in the extract. Data of sequential extraction indicate that sodium pyrophosphate extracted considerable amount of copper from treated wood followed by KNO3 and EDTA, confirming that most of the copper in treated wood are bonded to wood organic sites. In non-sequential extraction, a higher amount of copper was extracted by EDTA and HNO3 solutions followed by sodium pyrophosphate. In a non-sequential extraction scheme, the amount

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poster presentations of copper extracted by KNO3, KF was low compared to other extractants. EDTA and sodium pyrophosphate are known to be good complexing/chelating agents capable of reacting with organically or chemically bonded copper in treated wood. HNO3 used as an extractant in non-sequential extraction was capable of extracting almost 100% of copper from coppertreated wood. KNO3 reacts with exchangeable copper while KF interacts with physically adsorbed copper. The present study was used to estimate the amount of copper exchangeable, physically adsorbed, and chemically bonded in treated wood. POSTER 49 – PRESERVATIVE-TREATED WOOD: A RESPONSIBLE CONSUMER INVESTMENT

Nathan E. Irby, North Carolina State University; T. Eric McConnell, Ohio State University; Kevin W. Ragon, Quality Pole Inspection & Maintenance Inc. Understanding consumer perceptions is critical in any marketplace. Unfortunately, many studies highlight the domestic consumer’s inadequate knowledge of the “green” benefits of wood products, especially the service life enhancements provided by, and increasingly benign or lowered mammalian toxicity of, 21st century treated wood products. Increasing consumer awareness of the many benefits of using wood, and instilling in consumer minds that extending the lifespan of wood products through value-added preservative treatment is the ultimate “green” process, are the Treated Wood Sustainability Team’s (TWST) ultimate objectives. The core mission of the TWST is to disseminate technical information to U.S. consumers, and in turn, provide the foundation for consumers to positively perceive treated wood products. Founded in 2009, the team is a collection of academic and industry professionals with more than 30 years of experience in the wood products field. Through outreach efforts, the team is expanding consumer knowledge of treated wood products and hopefully providing an advantageous business avenue for the wood preservation industry’s future. In summary, it should be fostered by all involved in the industry to continually increase consumer awareness of our efforts to provide safe, healthy, long-term treated wood products for all. POSTER 50 – BIODETERIORATION MODELING WITH ORDINAL MEASURES

Patricia Lebow, Bessie Woodward, and Stan Lebow, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

Ordinal rating systems are commonplace in evaluating biodeterioration of wood exposed outdoors over long periods of time. There are many reasons why these systems have evolved as the chosen method of evaluation, including having an overall evaluation that incorporates several characteristics thought to correlate with some “failure”, balancing bias and variability due to multiple raters, and simplifying calculation and interpretation. Although the current models appear easy to understand and interpret in a perfect world, they do fail to fully capture several aspects of possible durability behavior, such as identifying populations with early stages of biodeterioration activity or behavior that does not attain “failure” over an inspection period. In fact, the definition of failure leads to many issues (such as different models), and we would ideally like to have models that characterize time-dependent behavior while not depending on a particular definition of failure, such as the time to reach a specific rating. Instead of conditional models, a joint model from which we can derive conditional models would appear to help us better understand behavior and provide better evaluations and predictions. Other types of models have also been used for this type of data, for example, the typical ANOVA/regression procedures that assume the data are from independent, homogenous, continuous normal distributions. This study summarizes the history of evaluations along with current practices/standards, evaluates risks/benefits of current models in the literature as related to history and current practice, and provides guidance on the future of models and evaluations.

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 51 – SCREENING OF EASTERN RED CEDAR HEARTWOOD EXTRACTS FOR GROWTH INHIBITION OF WOOD DECAY FUNGI Sung Phil Mun, Chonbuk National University and Mississippi State University; Lynn Prewitt, Mississippi State University

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The heartwood of eastern red cedar (ERC, Juniferus virginiana) is known to have resistance from attack by fungi and termites. The toxicity of ERC to termites is reported to be attributed to the sesquiterpene alcohols, such as cedrol and widdrol; however, few if any studies have determined the compounds responsible for resistance from decay by fungi. The objective of this study was to investigate the antifungal activities of wood decay fungi on various solvent extracts from ERC heartwood and to identify the compounds responsible for decay resistance in the extracts. The heartwood was extracted with MeOH and the MeOH extract was subsequently extracted with hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. The yield of MeOH

extractives was 5.3% based on dry wood. The hexane extract consisted of 46.4% of the MeOH extractives and was a major component of the total extract. The yield of ethyl acetate extract was 28.7% of the MeOH extractives and the second highest component. Hexane and chloroform extracts showed a high growth inhibitory effect on the wood decay fungi. Following successive solvent extractions, the remaining MeOH soluble faction revealed no antifungal activity. Hexane and chloroform extracts analyzed by GC-MS identified sesquiterpenes (C15) in both extracts. The major abundant compound was identified as widdrol followed by Cedarens and widdrene. Thus, these compounds may be responsible for the decay resistance in ERC. POSTER 52 – EFFECT OF PROCYANIDINS PREPARED FROM PINUS RADIATA BARK ON TERMITE FEEDING DETERRENCE

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

Sung Phil Mun, Chonbuk National University and Mississippi State University; Tor P. Schultz and Darrel D. Nicholas, Mississippi State University

Pinus radiata bark contains more than 60% of polyphenols, with procyanidins (PCs) a major component of the polyphenols. PCs are potent natural antioxidants having catechin as the basic unit. In this study, we prepared a MeOH and hot water extracts (HWE) from P. radiata bark. HWE was further separated into polymeric PCs (PPCs), low-molecular-weight polyphenols (LMWPs), and polyphenols (Ps) fractions. Ps is a mixture of monomeric, oligomeric and polymeric cyanidins and some other flavonoides, as well as small amounts of aromatic acids. Sample fractions were examined for termite antifeedant activities using a no-choice test. In a previous study, treatment of wood with a 6% catechin solution provided very high termite feeding deterrence and mortality. Consequently, in the current study, 6% treatments were used with catechin as a positive control. Catechin showed the highest 54% relative weight loss but the MeOH extract showed 76% relative weight loss even though the PCs and PPCs contents were high. LMWPs showed the second highest antifeedant activity with 57% relative weight loss. The activity decreased in the order of PPCs, Ps, and MeOH extract. In conclusion, the results showed that low-molecular-weight PCs and monomeric polyphenols in the HWE of P. radiata bark are more effective than PPCs as termite antifeedants. POSTER 53 – EFFECT OF PROFISTINIDIN- AND PROROBINETINIDIN-TYPE POLYPHENOLS ON TERMITE FEEDING DETERRENCE AND MORTALITY

Sung Phil Mun, Chonbuk National University and Mississippi State University; Tor P. Schultz and Darrel D. Nicholas, Mississippi State University

Profisetinidin- and prorobinetidin-type polyphenols are major components of mimosa and quebracho tannins. These plant tannins are potent antioxidants, and are currently used as tanning agents in the leather industry and as alternative phenolic-type resins in the wood adhesive industry. Monomeric polyphenols, like flavonoids, are known to have antifeedant activities against termites. Commercially available tannins, since they are polymeric compounds of flavonoids, would be expected to have similar termite antifeedant and mortality properties. Therefore, antifeedant activity and mortality effects of profisetinidin- and prorobinetidin-type tannins against subterranean termite were examined in a no-choice test. We also tested purified profisetinidin- and prorobinetidin-type tannins from mimosa and quebracho crude extracts using a commercial adsorbent, Diaion HP20. The purified tannins showed higher termite antifeedant and mortality properties than crude mimosa and quebracho extracts. As the tannin solution concentration increased from 4% to 6%, antifeedant and mortality properties increased. Using a 6% tannin solution treatment, more than 90% of termites died within three weeks and the relative weight loss of wood sample was 13-15%. Quebracho tannin, mainly composed of profisetinidins, showed somewhat higher antifeedant and mortality properties compared to mimosa tannin, which is mainly composed of prorobinetidins. We conclude that commercial tannins would be useful as biocides against termites. POSTER 54 – TANNIN-BORON WOOD PRESERVATIVES

Gianluca Tondi, University of Applied Science of Salzburg; Antonio Pizzi, University of Nancy; Stefanie Wieland, University of Applied Science of Salzburg; Marie-France Thevenon, CIRAD Persyst; Gianluca Tondi, University of Applied Science of Salzburg Boron is one of the most effective universally recognized wood preservatives. Borates have shown to be highly toxic to insects and fungi, hence their strong efficiency already has been demonstrated. Due to its high water solubility,

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poster presentations boron has been proposed in several formulations and it has always shown great results in terms of wood protection. Conversely, the great solubility of boron in water also represents the main drawback for these formulations because it implies its extremely high leachability. Recently, an innovative system to anchor boron to timber without losing its effectiveness has been discovered. It has been shown that impregnation with a tannin-hexamine formulation creates a crosslinked waterproof network that protects boron from leaching without affecting its natural properties as fungicide and insecticide. This finding has significantly enhanced the durability of the treated beech (Fagus sylvatica) samples before and after leaching, once tested toward basidiomycetes according to the guidelines of EN113. New studies in the field of tannin-boron wood preservatives are currently running. The aim of these studies is a better understanding of the properties of this formulation at different conditions. For this reason softwood species and wood composites also are being tested. More aggressive biological tests such as the one towards termites will be conducted. Further scale-up of this technology consists in the evaluation of the mechanical properties, fire resistance, and ageing behavior. These are fundamental parameters, which will be extremely relevant for the commercialization of tannin-boron wood preservatives. POSTER 55 – A FIELD TEST OF FUNGAL GROWTH ON WOODEN CLADDINGS AS AFFECTED BY WOOD PROPERTIES, MICROCLIMATE, AND WOOD MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE Geir I. Vestøl, Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Lone Ross Gobakken, Norwegian Forest & Landscape Institute

Wooden claddings in facades are common in Norway, and Norway spruce (Picea abies) is the most frequently used species. A field test with synchronous monitoring of microclimate and moisture content and temperature in Norway spruce claddings is established in southern Norway. The aim of the field test is to provide data that can be used to estimate aesthetic service life of claddings based on material properties, surface treatments, and climate. One of the primary objectives is to identify conditions that are critical for establishment and development of discoloring fungi. Claddings are made of wood from two sites with different growth conditions. It includes both heartwood and sapwood, and both juvenile and mature wood. Selected boards were crosscut into four pieces, of which three were treated with different paints and one was untreated. The samples are exposed both in a partially shadowed environment and in an open environment, facing north and south in both. Relative humidity and temperature is measured in air close to surfaces, and wood temperature and moisture content are measured at different depths in the claddings. Moisture content is calculated by measuring direct current resistance across grain, and corrected for temperature. Electrodes are inserted in predrilled holes from the backside and fastened with conductive glue. Calibration tests show that the measured resistance increases with distance to surface in painted wood, while it is opposite in untreated wood. More tests are required to provide reliable measurements of moisture close to the surface. POSTER 56 – EXTENDING THE DURABILITY OF FURNITURE AND OTHER WOOD MATERIALS AGAINST INFLUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES

Mandi Marku, Agricultural University of Tirana; Laura Shumka and Armond Halebi, Municipality of Tirana, Albania

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

The current paper is based on a study related to the influence of environmental properties on furniture and other wood materials. The focus was on enriched moisture carrier environments, such as areas near lakes and rivers in both urban and rural regions. The study was focused on a series of laboratory-based experiments linked with a field exposure experiment. Several parameters, which are considered to have a major effect on preservative efficacy against decay fungi, have been considered with an intent to look over their effect on the preservative of materials performance. To that end, laboratory assessments of doors made from pine materials with moistures of 14% were made. The doors were placed in various environments (rooms, toilets, kitchens, etc.), where both relative moisture and temperature values varied in a controlled way. After finalizing experimental works, the distance in the door elements were measured with results in a range of 1-3 cm. In a three-month period (December 2009-February 2010), special measurements for relative moisture and temperature values were performed in order to determine the moisture equilibrium for the wood materials. The findings will provide a basis for the development of adequate preservative systems and test methodology.

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POSTER 57 – GENE EXPRESSION OF LIGNINOLYTIC ENZYMES OF TRAMETES ELEGANS DURING DECAY OF DIFFERENT RESISTANT WOODS

Min Lee and Lynn Prewitt, Mississippi State University; Youngmin Kang, USDA-ARS

The primary biotic wood decomposers are the white rot and brown rot fungi, which degrade the cellular components of wood in order to obtain food sources. Trametes elegans, a white rot fungus, was identified on low and high decayresistant woods during a 30-month soil bed decay test. The objective of this study was to determine the gene expression of wood decay enzymes – lignin peroxidase (Lip), manganese peroxidase (Mnp) and laccase (Lcc), produced by Trametes elegans on pine (decay non-resistant), cedar (naturally decay resistant), and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) treated pine (chemically treated decay resistant) -- during decay. Visual decay rating and dynamic modulus of elasticity were measured bimonthly. Total RNA was extracted from wood samples at 0, 4, 10, 18, and 26 months of decay, and converted to cDNA. Lip, Mnp, and Lcc specific primers were used to quantitate gene expression levels using real-time PCR. Specific enzyme activity of lignin peroxidase was calculated from the ratio of the enzyme activity and the total protein mass. At 10 and 18 months, Mnp was detected on all wood types. The Mnp gene expression level was higher on cedar than pine or ACQ-treated pine. Lip was present on pine and ACQ-treated pine, however Lcc was not detected on any of the woods. The Lip gene expression was lower on pine and higher on ACQ-treated pine. However, the Lip enzyme activity was higher on pine than ACQ-treated pine, indicating that ACQ may interfere with the activity of the enzyme.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

POSTER 58 – INVESTIGATING NOVEL TREATMENTS OF WOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS TO PROVIDE RESIDUAL FOR, OR REPLACE CURRENT PHYTOSANITIZATION METHODS Todd E. Johnson and Shane C. Kitchens, Mississippi State University

Current phytosanitary measures for wood packaging materials include the use of heat treatments, fumigation, and irradiation to combat the transport of pests and pathogens through domestic and international shipping. These measures have proven to eliminate pests at the time of application, but none of them provide residual protection following the treatment. An increased awareness of the presence of mold on materials receiving these treatments has compounded the need to provide residual protection. This study tested the hypothesis that a method exists in which initial and residual control of pests, pathogens, and surface mold can be achieved through the use of non-leaching antimicrobials in conjunction with other traditional control measures. POSTER 59 – OBSERVED COLOR PHENOMENA AND BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES OF RETICULITERMES SPP. IN AWPA E1-09 STANDARD LABORATORY TERMITE TEST Todd E. Johnson, Shane C. Kitchens, and Terry L. Amburgey, Mississippi State University

Using termites from a single colony of Reticulitermes spp., a laboratory termite test was conducted observing procedures outlined in the AWPA E1-09 Standard termite test. Wood wafers used in the test were treated with two (2) concentrations of an organosilane compound. Observations of worker termites exposed to treated wood wafers during testing included disoriented, convulsive movements as well as sluggish behavior. Post mortem observations indicated that some worker termites exposed to treated wood wafers assumed a light pink to red color, primarily in the head. The abnormal behavior and post mortem color phenomena observed in this test resemble observations in past studies on the association between termites and the bacterium, Serratia marcescens.

WOOD DRYING POSTER 60 – DRYING OF KOREA DOMESTIC RED PINE TIMBER WITH 200×200 MM CROSS SECTION

Chang-Deuk Eom, Kwang-Mo Kim, and Kweon-Hwan Hwang, Korea Forest Research Institute; Nam-Ho Lee, Chonbuk National University; Yonggun Park and Hwanmyeong Yeo, Seoul National University Post and beam construction is the traditional building style in Korea. Korea domestic red pine (Pinus densiflora) is the dominant species and has been used widely for building materials, with a large cross section of over 200×200mm. However, drying of these materals is difficult due to the long transport distance of internal moistures and great moisture gradient. Therefore, drying of the large timber usually takes a long time and results in many drying defects. To reduce drying time and drying defects by preventing the large moisture gradients within the timber, it is necessary to

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poster presentations optimize drying conditions. We prepared Korea domestic red pine specimens with a cross section of 200×200mm and a length of 3,600mm. In this study, the intension was to reduce the drying time and drying defects of the timber. To that end, the drying characteristic of drying with high-temperature and low-humidity (HTLH) treatment and superheated steam drying (SSD) with conventional drying method was compared. POSTER 61 – CHECK-FREE DRYING METHOD FOR CENTER-BORED TIMBER AND OPTIMAL JOINTING DESIGN FOR THE TIMBER USED AS MEMBER OF POST AND BEAM CONSTRUCTION

Jun-Ho Park, Yonggun Park, Sang-Yun Yang, Joon-Weon Choi, In-gyu Choi, Jun-Jae Lee, and Hwanmyeong Yeo, Seoul National University

It is difficult to rapidly dry timber with large cross sections due to the long distance of moisture movement in wood. Also, drying check occurs frequently during timber drying. It is possible to solve this problem by using a center-boring process. Center-boring process decreases moisture gradient and moisture movement distance in wood. So this process has the merit of reducing the drying check and time compared to conventional drying processes. Alternatively, center-bored timber can be used as columns in traditional Korea-style houses where frames are installed with large cross-section timbers. So use of center-bored timber can resolve the problem of electric wire appearing from the wall of a traditional Korea-style house. In this study, Pitch pine center-bored timber was dried and its physical and mechanical performances were evaluated. Because the research on joint in the building frame was needed to use the center-bored timber as a member of the traditional Koreastyle house, wood-to-wood joints and wood-to-steel joints using drift pins were designed and the mechanical performance of those joints was tested. It is expected that this study increases the utility of center-bored timber and improves the mechanical performance of the joint. POSTER 62 – EFFECT OF SUPER-HEATED STEAM TREATMENT ON REMOVING RESIN IN KOREAN PINE Yonggun Park, Yeonjung Han, Jun-Ho Park, Yoon-Seong Chang, Sang-Yun Yang, and Hwanmyeong Yeo, Seoul National University

According to statistics announced by the Korea Forest Service a few years ago, the great part of wood consumed in Korea was imported. Woods imported from New Zealand, Northern Europe, and Canada have been popular in Korea because people think the imported wood is cheaper and better than domestic wood, leading to preference of imported woods when building wooden houses. But recently, the environmental and qualitative virtues of domestic wood have become known and people’s common notion about domestics has changed. Therefore, demand for domestic wood has increased and research regarding the properties of domestic wood has become necessary. The species of softwood used popularly in Korea are Red Pine (Pinus densiflora), Japanese Larch (Larix leoptolepis), and Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis). They have good mechanical properties and their figure and scent are charming and sweet, so they are good for using as building materials and furniture. But the species also contain a lot of resin. Because of the resin, the utilization of the softwood is limited, especially in cross sectional dimension. Resin in thicker wood is harder to move to the surface and remove by sanding or planing. In order to improve its utilization sufficiently, in this study, the effect of super-heated steam treatment on removing resin in Korean Pine lumber was researched.

WOOD-BASED MATERIALS 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 63 – “AGING EFFECT INTENSITY” AS A PARAMETER FOR EVALUATING THE DURABILITY PERFORMANCE OF WOOD-BASED PANELS Shigehiko Suzuki, Tomoya Shimoda, and Yoichi Kojima, Shizuoka University

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To evaluate the durability performance of wood-based panels, outdoor exposure tests have been conducted using eight kinds of commercial panels at eight different sites in Japan. The results of five-year exposure in Shizuoka City (34°N, 138°E) were discussed regarding thickness swelling, internal bond strength (IB), and bending properties (MOR and MOE), comparing with those obtained by several standardized moisture-resistant tests such as ASTM, JIS, and ISO. Some correlations were found in the results from the outdoor exposure and from accelerated aging tests. The deterioration rates of IB

and MOR caused by the outdoor exposure tests differed among the sites, and the panels exposed in the southern part of Japan showed larger degradation than those located in the northern part. It was clear that the weathering parameters such as temperature and rainfall strongly affected the mechanical properties of the panels. We introduced a variable “Weathering Intensity, α” which explains how the outdoor condition affects the properties of wood-based panels. Using this valuable defined by the daily precipitation and the daily temperature during five years at each exposure site, regional differences found in deterioration rates of the panels could be eliminated to form a single master curve of logα and strength retention.

WOOD AWARDS

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

POSTER 64 – 1ST PLACE WOOD AWARD – MEASUREMENT OF WOOD SHRINKAGE IN JACK PINE USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION (DIC) Mingkai Peng, University of New Brunswick

Dimensional stability is one of the most important properties of lumber. Shrinkage is an important wood property affecting lumber dimensional stability. In this study, three dimensional digital image correlation method (3-D DIC) was used to measure longitudinal, radial, and tangential shrinkage in jack pine. Full field shrinkage data were extracted from two types of specimens. Results showed that the mean of longitudinal, radial, and tangential shrinkage in jack pine was 0.4%, 3.3%, and 5.7%, respectively. It was shown that 3-D DIC method is capable of providing localized shrinkage value. As a result, this study is able to show that longitudinal, radial, and tangential shrinkage exhibit different variation patterns from pith to bark. Detailed shrinkage measurements will provide important data for understanding and modeling of shrinkage variation within a tree stem and lumber distortion simulation. POSTER 65 – 2ND PLACE WOOD AWARD – STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER SYSTEM USED IN FLOOR APPLICATIONS Yue Chen, University of British Columbia

The current outbreak of Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) in the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada, is the most extensive disturbance event occurring in North American forests in recorded history. The concept of converting the beetle killed-wood into engineered wood products by defect removal and reconstitution is employed to maximize value recovery from the material. Cross-laminated timber (CLT), which is produced in modular form and can be utilized as part of a structural system for floor, wall, or roof elements, is considered an excellent application of the concept. CLT originates from Europe. Such products have been developed as a proprietary product by individual companies aimed at servicing specific markets. There is a need to investigate different ways of making CLT and to define its structural performance suitable for North America. The main focus of this study is to investigate the structural performance of CLT system used in floor applications. Comprehensive three dimensional finite element models, which can be used to analyze the mechanical behavior of the plate structures, were developed. Four prototype elements, each having ten replicates, were designed and manufactured locally. Third point bending tests were conducted on the specimens. The numerical analysis agreed well with experimental data in terms of vertical deflection and bending stiffness. As a pioneer research of CLT materials in North America, this work has contributed to the understanding of the structural performance of floor systems using CLT panels for the commercial and residential applications.

OTHER – ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY POSTER 66 – HIGHER VALUE BY-PRODUCTS FROM FOREST BIOMASS USING A HOT WATERBASED BIOREFINERY CONCEPT

Eini C. Lowell, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; Thomas E. Amidon and Timothy Chaffee, State University New York-ESF; Vikram Yadama, Washington State University

There is an urgent need to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and find efficient, commercially viable applications for underutilized woody biomass. An abundance of forest-based woody biomass exists on both public and private lands,

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poster presentations at risk from fire, insects, and disease. Conversion of woody biomass to chemicals, energy, and higher value composites (biorefinery concept) will minimize waste and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Woody biomass can be fractionated into main components by sequential treatments to give separate streams that may be used for different product applications. A sample of small-diameter ponderosa pine logs removed from a fire risk reduction thinning in central Oregon was shipped to State University of New York for processing using hot water extraction. About 15% of the un-debarked chips produced from these logs was extracted as sugars. Slightly more than 1% was acetic acid, which can be marketed to the chemical industry. About 80% of the pine logs was in the form of unextractables (cellulose and lignin) that can be used to produce composite wood products with enhanced properties. Results from this project include development of effective chemical conversion of low-value forest-based woody biomass for production of heteropolymers that can be processed into biofuels and bioplastics, establishment of procedures to process the woody biomass for hot water extraction, and a method to improve hydrophobicity of wood composites allowing a maximization of the benefits of a renewable and complex resource.

OTHER – BIOMASS & SMALL LOG PROCESSING POSTER 67 – WOODY AND AGRONOMIC WEB-BASED BIOMASS DATABASE OF LOUISIANA

Cornelis F. de Hoop, G.A. Breitenbeck, S.J. Chang, R.D. Hendrick, F. Piazza, C. Theegala, A. Kizhakkepurakkal, and S. Razi, LSU AgCenter

Production information on raw material feedstocks was collected for potential biomass-utilizing facilities in the state of Louisiana. This information is posted on an interactive website using a Google (trademark) Maps background, www. lsuagcenter.com/biomass. Production quantities of wood residues information was obtained from primary and secondary wood-using facilities, along with their in-house utilization, quantities sold and quantities purchased. Logging residues were estimated using severance tax data. Production of residues from rice mills, sugar mills and cotton gins were obtained. Estimates of municipal sewage sludge, dairy manure and poultry litter were calculated. Agronomic crop production is reported in the same style, including 5-year and 25-year averages. All quantities are reported on a per-parish basis. POSTER 68 – INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOREST ENGINEERING Cornelis F. de Hoop, LSU AgCenter

The International Journal of Forest Engineering (IJFE) is the premier scientific journal committed to serving the international forest engineering community as the voice of new ideas and developments in forest engineering. An important role of the IJFE is to report on existing practices and innovations in forest engineering by scientists and professionals from around the world which promote environmentally sound forestry practices and contribute to sustainable forest management. An important role of the IJFE is to report on existing practices and innovations in forest engineering by scientists and professionals from around the world which promote environmentally sound forestry practices and contribute to sustainable forest management. The IJFE is dedicated to the dissemination of scholarly writings in all aspects of forest operations, focusing on original research, but also including review, analysis, and synthesis articles. Article topics include: tree harvesting, processing, and transportation; stand establishment, protection, and tending; operations planning and control; machine design, management, and evaluation; forest access planning and construction; human factors engineering; and education and training.

OTHER – COMPOSITES 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

POSTER 69 – AN OPTIMIZATION STUDY OF FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF COEXTRUDED WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES Fei Yao, Wen Xiong, and Qinglin Wu, LSU AgCenter

Coextrusion technology makes various properties of wood-plastic composites (WPC) highly tunable. Structural optimization of coextruded WPC is extremely important in balancing costs, processing, and performance. In this study, coextruded polyethylene/wood composites with a core-shell structure were made using a pilot-scale coextrusion line. Glass fibers with various contents were used in the shell layer to adjust the strength/modulus of this layer. Finite element analysis (FEA)

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with consideration of interface between the core and shell layers of composites was applied to predict the flexural properties of composites. The predicted results were compared with experimental data. It was demonstrated that the FEA is a useful tool in predicting flexural properties of coextruded WPC. The core/shell interface plays a crucial role in determining the accuracy of prediction. The approach provides a method for optimizing performance of coextruded WPC with various combinations of core-shell properties. POSTER 70 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; NANOFIBROUS COMPOSITES FROM ELECTROSPUN POLYETHYLENE OXIDE AND CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

tuesday, june 21

Chengjun Zhou and Qinglin Wu, LSU AgCenter

In this study, an electrospinning process was successfully used to fabricate polyethylene oxide/cellulose nanocrystal (PEO/CNC) composite nanofibrous mats. Transition of homogeneous to heterogeneous microstructures was achieved by tailoring the concentration of PEO/CNC mixture in the solution from 5 to 7 wt%. Morphology investigation of the obtained nanofibers demonstrated that rod-shape CNCs were well dispersed in the as-spun nanofibers and highly aligned along the nanofiber long-axis. PEO/CNC nanofibers became more uniform and smaller in diameter with increased CNC-loading level. The heterogeneous composite mats were composed of rigid-flexible bimodal nanofibers. Results of structure characterization indicated that the incorporated CNCs interacted strongly with the PEO matrix through hydrogen bonding. Mechanical properties of both types of mats were effectively improved by using CNCs, with heterogeneous mats being stronger than their homogeneous counterparts for all compositions (0-20 wt% CNC contents). When a smaller diameter needle was used to form homogeneous mats, enhanced thermal and mechanical properties were obtained.

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convention information REGISTRATION HOURS Sunday, June 19, 10:00 am-6:00 pm Monday, June 20, 7:00 am-5:00 pm

Tuesday, June 21, 7:00 am-5:00 pm

FPS LOGO MERCHANDISE FPS logo merchandise will be on display throughout the week at the FPS registration desk and will be available for purchase.

COMPLIMENTARY BREAKFAST Monday (7:00-7:40 am) and Tuesday (7:00-8:00 am)

All technical registrants are invited to enjoy complimentary coffee and bagels on Monday and complimentary coffee and assorted Danish pastries, muffins, croissants, and scones on Tuesday. This includes full registrants, 1- and 2-day registrants, retirees, and students.

PRE-CONVENTION STUDENT TOUR Saturday, June 18 (8:00 am)

This will be a tour of Portland and east through the scenic Columbia River Gorge to Hood River. Stops will include the Portland Saturday Market, Multnomah Falls, Vista House, and the town of Hood River (Oregonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s windsurfing capital). The student tour is sponsored by the Oregon State University Student Chapter of FPS.

STUDENT POSTER COMPETITION A Student Poster Competition will be held at the 65th International Convention, which will include a recognition program with monetary awards for the top posters and FPS logo apparel for all participants!

STUDENT APPRECIATION LUNCHEON 65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Sunday, June 19 (11:30 am-1:00 pm)

You will enjoy good food and great fellowship/networking opportunities with FPS Student Members and others in attendance at the Student Appreciation Luncheon. Several students will give presentations on their international experiences as recipients of a National Needs Fellowship. One Student Appreciation Luncheon ticket is included in the full-fee technical registration and student registration fees. Retirees, 1- and 2-day registrants, family members, and guests may purchase tickets.

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WOOD SCIENCE BOWL Sunday, June 19 (1:00-3:00 pm)

Teams consisting of FPS Student Members will engage in a friendly head-to-head competition with a traditional “College Bowl” format. Winning team members will each receive an engraved Oregon myrtlewood bowl (what else would you win in a Wood Science Bowl?).

HOST RECEPTION Sunday, June 19 (6:00-7:30 pm)

Members of the Pacific Northwest Section, as hosts of this year’s International Convention, extend an invitation to this traditional event. Join friends and colleagues to renew acquaintances and share friendly conversation in a relaxed atmosphere as the first day of the Convention comes to a close. Enjoy hot and cold hors d’oeuvres and beverages from a cash bar. All registrants, family members, and guests are invited. This is not a ticketed event.

OFFICIAL LUNCHEON AND ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING Monday, June 20 (12:00-1:20 pm)

Join colleagues and guests at the annual Official Luncheon. Outgoing officers will be honored, new officers introduced, and annual awards will be presented for contributions to the forest products industry and the Society. This year’s Annual Business Meeting will be conducted during the Official Luncheon. Please plan to attend this meeting, which includes the installation of officers and the announcement of an important proposed amendment to the FPS Constitution. One Official Luncheon ticket is included in the full-fee technical registration and student registration fees. Retirees, 1- and 2-day registrants, family members, and guests may purchase tickets. Presentation of the 2011 L.J. Markwardt Wood Engineering Award Presentation of the 2011 Wood Awards

Presentation of the 2011 Wood Engineering Achievement Award Presentation of the 2011 Fred Gottschalk Memorial Award Installation of New Executive Officers Annual Business Meeting

TAKE A STUDENT TO LUNCH Tuesday, June 21 (12:00-1:30 pm)

This is an opportunity for you to spend time with one (or several!) of our FPS Student Members. If you would like to take one or more of our Student Members out to lunch during this time slot, please leave your business card at the registration desk.

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convention information PAUL BUNYAN PARTY – WORLD FORESTRY CENTER Tuesday, June 21 (5:30-9:00 pm)

This year’s Paul Bunyan Party will take place at the World Forestry Center Discovery Museum in Washington Park, overlooking Portland. This 20,000-square-foot museum was completely renovated in 2005 and now includes a spacious patio where we will be sheltered by a large tent, serenaded by some of Portland’s best musicians, and surrounded by food stations. The party begins in the Discovery Museum, which opens for us at 5:30 pm. We can interact with exhibits: raft a Pacific Northwest river (without getting wet), attempt to reach a target on the ground by guiding our smoke jumper’s harness, and cut a tree and stack logs with a Timberjack harvester. On the second floor, we can view the boreal forest from a railcar on the Trans-Siberian Railway, take a boat ride on Songhua Lake in China to view forest practices, mount a jeep to survey the sub-tropical forest of South Africa’s Kruger National Forest, and ride to the top of the jungle canopy in the Brazilian Amazon. To sustain us in our forest adventures, appetizers featuring Pacific Northwest specialties, local brews, and regional wines will be available in the Museum from 5:30-7:00 pm.

When we complete our forest travels, we are invited to a buffet opening on the patio at 7:00 pm. We can select from separate food stations: a baked potato bar and a fajita bar, with appropriate accompaniments, and a burger bar – grilling on site. Vegetarian options are available, as well as a choice of salads and desserts. The bar on the patio opens at 6:00 pm and will remain open until 9:00 pm. Cheatham Hall, adjacent to the patio, will be open with limited seating for those who wish to be seated indoors. Our Host, the World Forestry Center, had its origins in a giant log cabin built for the Lewis and Clark Centennial American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair held in Portland in 1905. A fire in 1964 destroyed the cabin and led to establishing the educational, non-profit World Forestry Center in Washington Park, including auditorium space as well as the museum, in 1971. The renovation in 2005 furthered the emphasis on international forestry education and enhanced the visitor-friendly exhibits. The Center program now includes working tree farms and the World Forest Institute which, with an international fellowship program, focuses on information transfer. The World Forestry Center facilities and Washington Park are especially family friendly. The Center is on a campus that includes the renowned Oregon Zoo and the Portland Children’s Museum. The campus site is a stop on the Red Line of the MAX light rail system, is served by the Portland bus system, and has ample parking. Within the larger 400-acre confines of Washington Park are the Portland Japanese Garden, the Hoyt Arboretum, the International Rose Test Garden, picnic areas, and 15 miles of trails. This is a great place to visit! Transportation to the World Forestry Center will be via the TriMet’s MAX (Metropolitan Area Express) Light Rail. Two MAX tickets are included in each Paul Bunyan ticket fee for travel to and from the DoubleTree Hotel Lloyd Center to the World Forestry Center. One Paul Bunyan Party ticket is included in the full-fee technical registration and student registration fees. Retirees, 1and 2-day registrants, family members, and guests may purchase tickets. There will be a cash bar, and there is no ATM on site

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

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200+ PUBLICATIONS @

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corporate members of the society GOLD MEMBERS American Wood Council, Leesburg, VA APA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The Engineered Wood Assn., Tacoma, WA Arch Wood Protection Inc., Conley, GA FPInnovations, Vancouver, BC, Canada ILevel by Weyerhaeuser, Federal Way, WA LSU Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA TECO, Sun Prairie, WI

SILVER MEMBERS Bright Wood Corp., Madras, OR Composite Panel Assn., Leesburg, VA Huntsman Polyurethanes, The Woodlands, TX National Hardwood Lumber Assn., Memphis, TN Natural Resources Research Institute (UM-Duluth), Duluth, MN Professional Service Industries Inc., Eugene, OR Timber Products Inspection, Conyers, GA Western Wood Products Assn., Portland, OR

BRONZE MEMBERS

65TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

Andersen Corp., Bayport, MN California Redwood Assn., Pleasant Hill, CA Certiwood Technical Center, North Vancouver, BC, Canada Columbia Forest Products Inc., Greensboro, NC GMO Renewable Resources, LLC, Boston, MA Jeld-Wen Inc., Klamath Falls, OR Kimball International Inc., Jasper, IN Kop-Coat Inc., Pittsburgh, PA Material Testing Institute (MPA), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany National Casein Co., Chicago, IL Norjohn Ltd., Burlington, ON, Canada Palmer Research & Extension Center, Palmer, AK Pella Corp., Lumber Process Team, Pella, IA Qualtim Inc., Madison, WI WANT TO SUPPORT THE SOCIETY Roy O. Martin Lumber Co. LLC, Alexandria, LA Rutgers Organics, Charlotte, NC AS A CORPORATE MEMBER? Sherwin-Williams Co., Cleveland, OH For more information on corporate membership, please Swain Pentech Inc., Seymour, IN

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University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Wagner Electronic Products Inc., Rogue River, OR Wood Machinery Mfrs. of America, Philadelphia, PA

contact Stefan Bergmann at 608-231-1361, ext. 215.

Visit travelportland.com

YOUR CHANCE TO

DISCOVER PORTLAND JUNE 19/21, 2011

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city map

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JUNE 19/21, 2011

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Omni Shoreham Hotel Washington, DC

MARK YOUR CALENDAR! 66th International Convention June 3-5, 2012 WASHINGTON, DC

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We are highly sought for our scientific leadership and impartial knowledge. Our mission is to generate and communicate scientific knowledge that helps people understand and make informed choices about people, natural resources, and the environment.

USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION 333 SW FIRST AVENUE P.O. BOX 3890 PORTLAND, OR 97208-3890 http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/

West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB) is one of six lumber grading ruleswriting agencies recognized by the American Lumber Standard Committee, Inc. (ALSC) to write and publish grading rules in conformance with PS20-10. WCLIB is also accredited by ALSC to provide inspection and quality auditing services for wood pallets and packaging according to the International Standard for Phytosanity Measures No. 15. Additionally, WCLIB is approved by the ICC-Evaluation Services to publish design values for structural glued-laminated beams (Report ESR 1830) and accredited by the International Accreditation Service, Inc. as a third-party inspection agency and quality auditing organization for metal plate connected wood trusses and structural glued laminated beams (Report AA-675).

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