Forest Products Society 64th International Convention

64

th

International Convention Forest Products Society J u n e 2 0 -2 2 , 2 0 1 0 Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Learn.

Connect.

Exchange.

Program & Schedule

Thank you to our sponsors and partners PLATINUM LEVEL SPONSORS

ANNUAL AWARDS SPONSORS Markwardt Award L.J. MARKWARDT FOUNDATION Wood Award

SILVER LEVEL SPONSORS

Wood Engineering Award

MIDWEST SECTION

STUDENT POSTER COMPETITION EASTERN CANADIAN SECTION, FPS BRONZE LEVEL SPONSORS

GREAT LAKES SECTION, FPS INLAND EMPIRE SECTION, FPS MID-SOUTH SECTION, FPS MIDWEST SECTION, FPS OHIO VALLEY SECTION, FPS NORTHEAST SECTION, FPS PACIFIC NORTHWEST SECTION, FPS

COOPERATORS AND PARTNERS

PACIFIC SOUTHWEST SECTION, FPS ROCKY MOUNTAIN SECTION, FPS SOUTHEASTERN SECTION, FPS UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY SECTION, FPS WILLAMETTE VALLEY CHAPTER, FPS

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A. WILLIAM BOEHNER, CONSULTANT NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY, WOOD MACHINING & TOOLING RESEARCH PROGRAM WINANDY & ASSOCIATES, LLC

Society of American Foresters

Welcome from FPS President

Welcome to the Forest Products Society 64th International Convention hosted by the Midwest Section. This Convention is one of our largest in years, with nearly 350 attendees, 180 presentations, and 125 scientific posters. Join the host section at the Reception on Sunday evening and use the opportunity to connect with colleagues and to see a great poster display of the history of forest products research and development.

Technical highlights of the 3-day conference include: (1) Monday’s General Session — a stimulating forum with industry, university, non-profit association, and government leaders highlighting the past and future creative contributions of the research and development community, and (2) thirty-three different technical sessions and two poster sessions covering a wide range of topics related to advances in wood-based materials, products and processes, furthering the understanding of wood properties, and helping industry meet 21st century challenges.

Student-focused events continue our acknowledgment of the important contributions of our student members. These include a Student Appreciation luncheon on Sunday, a Student Poster Competition sponsored by all 14 FPS Sections, and a “Take a Student to Lunch” event. This Tuesday lunch event is an excellent opportunity for current leaders of our forest products community to meet “up close and personal” with future leaders. I encourage you to take a student to lunch. Just drop your business card off at the Registration Desk, noting how many you want to host.

Bringing our conference to a successful close is Tuesday evening’s Paul Bunyan event on the rooftop of the Monona Convention Center overlooking Lake Monona. You don’t want to miss the Fiddlin’ Foresters (“official old-time string band of the U.S. Forest Service”). This musical group of Forest Service employees and volunteers from the Rocky Mountain Region perform a unique blend of inspirational and educational entertainment illustrating the importance of natural resource conservation and public land stewardship.

If you can work it into your schedule, the pre- and post- conference activities are highly recommended. Of special importance is the Visioning/Strategic Planning discussion on Sunday morning. In addition, Frank Lloyd Wright’s Taliesin and the Aldo Leopold Legacy Center tours are well worth a visit! Also, make sure to take advantage of the natural beauty, cultural opportunities, and many restaurants, shops and attractions that Madison has to offer. And you don’t want to miss the special celebration at the USDA Forest Products Laboratory. We are all invited to participate in this commemoration of its first century of service and the dedication of its new 90,000 square foot cutting edge research facility.

On behalf of FPS, I congratulate and thank the Midwest Section, its Planning Committee, and the FPS staff for organizing an outstanding Convention that I am sure will be enjoyed by all.

Respectfully,

John Shelly FPS President

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Learn. Connect. Exchange.

The Convention is your opportunity to reconnect with colleagues and friends from around the world Several exciting tours and special events are planned for this year’s Convention. See the schedule below. As a member of the Forest Products Society, one of the many great benefits is the access to information and other professionals in the forest products field. Founded in 1947, the Society’s mission is to foster innovation and research in the environmentally sound processing and use of wood and fiber resources by disseminating and providing forums for networking and the exchange of knowledge.

Saturday

Sunday

Monday

Take a journey into 60 years of the

Join friends and colleagues to

Join colleagues and guests at the

life of architect Frank Lloyd Wright,

renew acquaintances and share

annual Official Luncheon.

at his home, Taliesin. This tour

friendly conversation in a relaxed

Outgoing officers will be honored,

is a great introduction to the life of

atmosphere to kick off the 2010

new officers introduced, and the

Frank Lloyd Wright, his work and

International Convention at the

2010 Forest Products Society

philosophy. Wright designed Hillside

traditional Welcome Reception.

Awards will be presented for

in 1902 for his aunts, who ran an

Enjoy good food and great

innovative children’s boarding school

fellowship and networking

based on the motto “learn by doing.”

opportunities with FPS Student

Join others during Monday

Members and others during

evening festivities that will

the Student Appreciation

include the Incoming President's

Luncheon.

Welcoming Reception.

Welcome Reception

Official Luncheon

6:00 pm at

12:00 noon at

Grand Terrace West (LEVEL 4)

Madison Ballroom CD (LEVEL 4)

Student Appreciation Luncheon

Evening Activities

12:00 noon at

See schedule at a Glance

contributions to the forest products industry and the Society.

Tour of Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin (By reservation only)

Grand Terrace West (LEVEL 4)

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What are you looking for?

1

Thank you, sponsors!

11

General and Technical Sessions

2

Welcome from FPS President

39

Find an Abstract

3

Learn. Connect. Exchange.

91

Find a Poster Presentaton

4

What are you looking for?

129

Convention Information

5

Schedule at a Glance and Locations

137

Maps

9

General Session Headliners

Become an FPS member now at Registration Desk!

Tuesday

Wednesday

Spend time with FPS student

Attend a centennial celebration at

members by inviting them to

the USDA Forest Products

Discover Madison

lunch on Tuesday afternoon.

Laboratory to commemorate

The Madison area offers a wide

Enjoy the much anticipated Paul

100 years of innovation.

range of opportunities sure to

Bunyan Party on Tuesday

Learn about solar power,

evening on the roof top of the

geothermal, and sustainable

Monona Terrace Community &

building materials during a tour

Convention Center. Paul Bunyan

of the Aldo Leopold Legacy

Party evening festivities include

Center. One of the “greenest”

a performance by The Fiddlin’

buildings in the world, the Center

Foresters and a buffet dinner.

has received the U.S. Green Building Council’s LEED™ platinum certification.

satisfy anyone’s interests — from the Farmer’s Market on the State Capitol grounds to historic and cultural sites and landmarks.

Recognized by the 2007 Place Rated Almanac as “One of the Ten Most Livable Cities in the United States,“ Madison offers incredible natural beauty, stimulating cultural opportunities, stunning architecture, and a plethora of restaurants, shops and attractions.

“Take a Student to Lunch” 12:00 noon Paul Bunyan Party 6:00 pm at William T. Evjue Rooftop Gardens (LEVEL 5)

Celebration and Tour 8:00 am at Forest Products Laboratory Aldo Leopold Legacy Center Tour in Baraboo, Wisconsin 12:00 pm

Going > Beyond > Visit www.visitmadison.com

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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Schedule at a Glance - Where do I go?

A

Registration Booth 3&4 (LEVEL 4)

I

Hall of Ideas E (LEVEL 4)

B

Grand Terrace West (LEVEL 4)

J

Hall of Ideas F (LEVEL 4)

C

Meeting Room MN (LEVEL 4)

K

Hall of Ideas FI (LEVEL 4)

D

Meeting Room KL (LEVEL 4)

L

Hall of Ideas G (LEVEL 4)

E

Madison Ballroom B (LEVEL 4)

M

Hall of Ideas GJ (LEVEL 4)

F

Madison Ballroom CD (LEVEL 4)

N

Hall of Ideas H (LEVEL 4)

G

Lecture Hall (LEVEL 4)

O

Hall of Ideas I (LEVEL 4)

H

William T. Evjue Rooftop Gardens (LEVEL 5)

P

Hall of Ideas J (LEVEL 4)

Saturday, June 19 Pre-Convention Tour – Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin

Sunday, June 20 9:00 am

Visioning & Strategic Planning Session (9:00-11:00 am)

10:00 am

Registration (10:00 am-6:00 pm)

12:00 noon

Student Appreciation Luncheon (12:00-1:30 pm)

1:30

Moderator Meeting (for Sunday and Monday am Sessions) (1:30-1:45 pm)

2:00

Concurrent Sessions

SESSION I (2:00-4:30 pm) K

SESSION 2 (2:00-4:50 pm) M

Woody Biomass: Economics, Supply,

Bio-Based Materials - Characterization,

Conversion to Energy, and Environmental

Processing, and Product Development

K

A B C

Impacts K

4:30

IAWPS Business Meeting (4:30-6:00 pm)

5:00

Division Coordinators & TIG Officers Meeting (5:00-6:00 pm)

6:00

Host Reception and Poster Session on the History of Forest Products

Research, Development, and Technology Transfer (6:00-7:30 pm)

5

C

B

Monday, June 21 7:00 am

Registration (7:00 am-5:00 pm)

7:00

Coffee and Bagels (7:00 am-8:00 am)

8:00

Poster Presentations (8:00 am-2:30 pm; authors available 1:30-2:30 pm)

8:00

GENERAL SESSION: Building on a Century of Forest Products Research (8:00-10:00 am)

10:00

Concurrent Sessions

A B E

I SESSION 3 (10:00-11:50 am)

N SESSION 6 (10:00-11:50 am)

Fungal Degradation Mechanisms

Research and Technology in Support of

G

Legal Timber Harvesting

J SESSION 4 (10:00-11:50 am) Woody Biomass: Economics, Supply,

SESSION 7 (10:00-11:50 am) O

Conversion to Energy, and Environmental

Treated Wood Products for

Impacts (continued)

the 21st Century’s ‘Green’

Customers

L SESSION 5 (10:00-11:50 am) Bio-Based Materials - Characterization,

P SESSION 8 (10:00-11:50 am)

Processing, and Product Development

General Topics in Wood Engineering

(continued) 12:00 noon

Official Luncheon (12:00-1:20 pm)

1:30

Poster Session (1:30-2:30 pm)

2:00

Moderator Meeting (for Monday pm and Tuesday Sessions) (2:00-2:15 pm)

2:30

Concurrent Sessions

F

E C

SESSION 9 (2:30-5:00 pm) J

SESSION 11 (2:30-5:00 pm) O

Woody Biomass: Economics,

Treated Wood Products for

Supply, Conversion to Energy,

the 21st Century’s ‘Green’ Customers

and Environmental Impacts

(continued)

(continued) SESSION 10 (2:30-5:20 pm) L

SESSION 12 (2:30-5:00 pm) P

Bio-Based Materials -

General Topics in Wood

Characterization, Processing, and

Engineering (continued) and Design of

Product Development

Wood Buildings Using Current Codes and

(continued)

Practices

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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SESSION 13 (2:30-5:00 pm) I

SESSION 15 (2:30-5:00 pm) G

Wood Products Research: Anatomical,

Manufacturing and Business

Structural, and/or Biological

Process Management

SESSION 14 (2:30-5:00 pm) N Extension and Technology Transfer in a Changing Industry

5:00

Technical Interest Group Business Meetings (5:00-6:00 pm)

7:30

Incoming President’s Welcoming Reception

(Co-sponsored by the UMaine School of

Forest Resources at the Great Dane, downtown Madison)

F

Tuesday, June 22 7:00 am

Registration (7:00 am-5:00 pm)

7:00

Coffee and Scones/Granola Bars (7:00 am-8:00 am)

7:15

Section & Chapter Officers Meeting and Breakfast (7:15-8:00 am)

8:00

Poster Presentations (8:00 am-2:30 pm; authors available 1:30-2:30 pm)

8:00

Concurrent Sessions SESSION 16 (8:00-9:30 am)

A

J

B D E

SESSION 19 (8:00-9:30 am) N

Woody Biomass: Economics, Supply,

Improving the Softwood

Conversion to Energy, and Environmental

Lumber Industry in a Troubling Market

Impacts (continued)

SESSION 20 (8:00-9:30 am) O

L SESSION 17 (8:00-9:30 am)

International Collaboration

Bio-Based Materials - Characterization,

of Forest Products Research

Processing, and Product Development

SESSION 21 (8:00-9:30 am) P

(continued)

Design of Wood Buildings

I SESSION 18 (8:00-9:30 am)

Using Current Codes and Practices

Wood Products Research: Anatomical,

(continued)

Structural, and/or Biological (continued)

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9:30

Break (9:30-10:00 am)

10:00

Concurrent Sessions J SESSION 22 (10:00-11:50 am)

O SESSION 25 (10:00-11:50 am)

Woody Biomass: Economics, Supply,

International Collaboration

Conversion to Energy, and Environmental

of Forest Products Research (continued)

Impacts (continued)

SESSION 26 (10:00-11:50 am) N

SESSION 23 (10:00-11:50 am)

General Topics in Marketing

L

Bio-Based Materials - Characterization,

SESSION 27 (10:00-11:50 am) P

Processing, and Product Development

Growing Wood and Biomass

(continued)

for Industry - Property Requirements

I SESSION 24 (10:00-11:50 am)

and Material Procurement

Wood Products Research: Anatomical, Structural, and/or Biological (continued) 12:00 noon

Lunch Break (on your own) and “Take a Student to Lunch” (12:00-1:30 pm)

1:30

Poster Session (1:30-2:30 pm)

1:45

Past President’s Meeting (1:45-2:30 pm)

2:30

Concurrent Sessions

E C

J SESSION 28 (2:30-5:00 pm)

SESSION 31 (2:30-5:00 pm)

Woody Biomass: Economics,

Wood-Based Carbon Materials

Supply, Conversion to Energy, and

for Advanced Applications

Environmental Impacts (continued) SESSION 29 (2:30-5:00 pm)

SESSION 32 (2:30-5:00 pm)

L

from Around the World

Characterization, Processing, and

SESSION 33 (2:30-5:00 pm)

Product Development (continued)

Marketing & Utilization of

N SESSION 30 (2:30-5:00 pm)

Temperate & Tropical Species

General Topics in Marketing (continued)

Paul Bunyan Party (6:00-9:00 pm)

O

Forest Products Research

Bio-Based Materials -

6:00

I

H

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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P

Wednesday, June 23 8:00 am

Celebration and Tour – 100th Anniversary of the USDA Forest Service,

Forest Products Laboratory and tour of its new research facility (8:00 am-12:00 noon)

Badger Coaches shuttle bus will depart from the Monona Terrace Convention Center entrance (LEVEL 4)

12:00 noon

Post-Convention Tour – The Leopold Legacy Center in Baraboo, Wisconsin (12:00 noon – 6:00 pm)

Badger Coaches shuttle bus will depart from the Monona Terrace Convention Center entrance (LEVEL 4)

Since being named Director of the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) in September, 2001, Risbrudt has focused the laboratory’s attention on forest health and the wise use of wood and wood products. In 2004, Risbrudt’s efforts and achievement were recognized by the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer (FLC), representing federal laboratories and research centers, when they named him Laboratory Director of the Year. Risbrudt Christopher D.

brought to the task a background in planning and management both in the Forest

Risbrudt

Service headquarters in Washington, D.C., and in the field. He also was familiar with

Director, USDA

FPL, having begun his Forest Service career as a research forester there in 1978.

Forest Service,

Risbrut graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1972 and earned a master’s

Forest Products

degree in forest administration and a Ph.D. degree in forest economics from

Lab, Madison, WI

Michigan State University.

Forest Products Laboratory – Building on a Century of Research Monday, June 22: GENERAL SESSION (9:00-9:25 am)

G

DeLong is Administrator of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources’ Division of Forestry and Wisconsin’s Chief State Forester. Paul is one of 470 permanent and many seasonal forestry employees who work in concert with countless internal and external partners to protect and sustainably manage Wisconsin’s forests. DeLong’s career began in 1992 as the State Lands Specialist for Forestry. He later served as Chief of the Forestry Program Support Section and then for five years as Deputy Chief State Forester. Prior to the Wisconsin DNR,

Paul J. DeLong

DeLong worked as a mediator for the RESOLVE Center for Environmental Dispute

State Forester,

Resolution, and subsequently as a senior program officer for World Wildlife Fund,

Wisconsin Dept. of

both in Washington, D.C. DeLong received a bachelor’s degree in forestry from

Natural Resources,

the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point and a master’s degree in natural resource

Division of Forestry,

policy from the University of Michigan.

Madison, WI

Welcome Monday, June 22: GENERAL SESSION (8:00-8:10 am)

9

G

General Session Headliners

Brashaw is the Director of the Wood Materials & Manufacturing Program at the Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth. Brashaw manages a broad-based research program focused on wood products manufacturing, resource utilization, and nondestructive evaluation technologies. He has broad knowledge of the wood products industry in Minnesota, the Lake States, and the world. He has developed strategic relationships with wood product manufacturers ranging in size from entrepreneurs to Fortune 500 companies. He is currently serving as Project Director for

Brian K.

the University of Minnesota Duluth Wood Utilization Research (WUR) Center. He has

Brashaw

also served on the Organizing Committee of the International Nondestructive Testing

Program Director,

& Evaluation of Wood Symposium Series. He received a B.S. from the University of

Natural Resources

Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and M.S. from Washington State University.

Research Inst.,

Building on a Century of Innovative and Successful University Research Monday, June 22: GENERAL SESSION (8:10-8:35 am)

G

Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth, MN

Schebler graduated from Iowa State University in 2002 with a B.S. in forestry, specializing in wood science and technology. He has worked for Pella Corporation since 2002. Pella Corporation manufactures innovative, energy efficient, high-quality window and door systems. Currently, Schebler is a Process Engineer with the Corporate Manufacturing Engineering Team.

Material supply and evaluation, wood utilization, wood finish coatings, and wood preservatives have been his general areas of focus. He is also Chairman of the Richard E.

Forest Products Society Midwest Section.

Schebler Lumber Analyst, Pella Corp., Pella, IA

Residential Windows and Doors: History of Design and Material Changes Monday, June 22: GENERAL SESSION (8:35-9:00 am)

G

Bergmann currently serves as Executive Vice President of the Forest Products Society.

Bergmann has nine years of non-profit association experience related to forestry and forest product issues at the national level, as well as in the northeast and midwest regions. In Washington, D.C., he worked on policy issues for the National Association of State Foresters. Following that, he served as the first staff for the Northeastern Area Association of State Foresters. He also has work experience in forestry extension and outreach at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Bergmann joined the Forest Products

Stefan A.

Society in 2009, after serving as Executive Director of the Great Lakes Forest Alliance. He

Bergmann

holds an M.S. in forest resources from Oregon State University.

Executive Vice President, Forest

Positioning the Forest Products Society for a Sustainable Future

Products Society,

Monday, June 22: GENERAL SESSION (9:25-9:50 am)

Madison, WI

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General and Technical Sessions Sunday, June 20 SESSION 1: Woody Biomass: Economics, Supply, Conversion to Energy, and Environmental Impacts – Biomass Sponsors: FPS Energy & Environmental Issues Group, Timber Production & Harvesting Group, and Economics & Financial Management Group (Joint)

Session Moderators: Eini C. Lowell and Philip H. Steele 2:00-2:05 pm Opening Comments 4:05-4:25 pm Questions & Answers 4:25-4:30 pm Closing Comments

Session Chairs: Eini C. Lowell, Research Scientist, Ecologically Sustainable Production of Forest Resources Team, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR; Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

A1 2:05-2:25 pm

A4 3:05-3:25 pm

Reconciling Field Estimates of Residual Biomass with Modeling Results of Biomass Available from Wildfire Fisk Reduction Treatments

Size, Moisture Content, and Btu Value of Processed InWoods Residues David W. Patterson, Research Prof., School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Arkansas, Monticello, AR; Jonathan I. Hartley, Program Technician, Arkansas Forest Resource Center, Monticello, AR; Matthew H. Pelkki, Prof., School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Arkansas, Monticello, AR

Elaine Oneil, Executive Dir., CORRIM, and James B. McCarter, Sr. Research Scientist, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA A2 2:25-2:45 pm Forest Biomass Resource by Tree Component for the Coterminous United States

A5 3:25-3:45 pm Wisconsin’s Forestland Woody Biomass Harvesting Guidelines

Patrick D. Miles, Research Forester, Forest Inventory & Analysis Program, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN; W. Brad Smith, Associate National Program Leader, Forest Inventory & Analysis Program, USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC

Eunice A. Padley, Forest Research Ecologist, Wisconsin DNR, Madison, WI; Jim Hoppe, Council Member, Wisconsin Council on Forestry, Tomahawk, WI; Sarah Herrick, Conservation Biologist, Wisconsin DNR, Madison, WI; Joe Kovach, Forest Ecologist and Silviculturist, Wisconsin DNR, Tomahawk, WI; Carmen Wagner, Forest Hydrologist, and Darrell Zastrow, Deputy Division Administrator, Division of Forestry, Wisconsin DNR, Madison, WI

A3 2:45-3:05 pm Costs and Considerations for Biomass from Wood Chips, Micro-Chips, and Torrefied Wood Dana Mitchell, Research Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL

A6 3:45-4:05 pm Economic Feasibility of Woody Biomass Harvesting in Southeastern Missouri Francisco X. Aguilar, Prof., John Dwyer and Hank Stelzer, Associate Profs., and Adam Saunders, Grad. Assistant, Dept. of Forestry, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO

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B1 HOW TO FIND AN ABSTRACT: Go to abstract section "B1" starting on page 42.

SESSION 2: Bio-Based Materials: Characterization, Processing, and Product Development Sponsors: FPS Particleboard, Fiberboard & Molded Products Group, Adhesives Group, and Structural Panel Group (Joint)

Session Moderator: Srikanth Pilla, Post-Doctoral Scholar, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 2:00-2:05 pm Opening Comments 4:25-4:45 pm Questions & Answers 4:45-4:50 pm Closing Comments

Session Chair: Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

B1 2:05-2:25 pm

B5 3:25-3:45 pm

Composites from Plastics and Wood-Derived Materials: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Headed

Determination of Local Mechanical Properties in a Small OSB Sample by Means of Morphology-Based Finite Element Simulation Assisted with Advanced Imaging Techniques

Craig M. Clemons, Materials Research Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

Vaclav Sebera, Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Wood Science, Mendel Univ. of Agriculture & Forestry, Brno, Czech Republic; Lech Muszyński, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

B2 2:25-2:45 pm Influences on the Wettability of Hydrothermally Treated Southern Hardwood Species

B6 3:45-4:05 pm

T. Eric McConnell, Grad. Research Assistant, and Sheldon Q. Shi, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

Adhesive Application of Liquefied Mountain-Pine Beetle Infected Lodgepole Pine Barks Yong Zhao, Ph.D. Student, and Ning Yan, Associate Prof., Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Martin W. Feng, Sr. Research Scientist and Project Leader, FPInnovations, Vancouver, BC, Canada

B3 2:45-3:05 pm Nanoscale Characterization of Interphase and their Impact on the Performance of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

B7 4:05-4:25 pm

Sandeep Sudhakaran Nair, Grad. Research Assistant, and Siqun Wang, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; Donna C. Hurley, Physicist, MSEL Materials Reliability Division, National Inst. of Standards & Technology, Boulder, CO

Manufacture and Properties of Fiberboard Panels with Oil Palm and Pineapple Leaf with Several Sawdusts from Tropical Species Róger Moya Roque, Doctor en Ciencias Forestales, and Diego Camacho, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (Technology Inst. of Costa Rica), Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal (School of Forest Engineering), Cartago, Costa Rica; Roy Soto, Esceula de Quimica, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Julio Mata, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de Costa Rica; Silvia Soto, Esceula de Ingenieria Ambiental, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica

B4 3:05-3:25 pm Evaluation of Nitrogen Chemistry on Modified Biomaterials Xin Gu, Research Assistant, and Nicole R. Brown, Associate Prof. of Wood Chemistry, School of Forest Resources, and Fred Cannon, Prof. of Environmental Engineering, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Penn State, University Park, PA

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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Monday, June 21 GENERAL SESSION: Building on a Century of Forest Products Research In this session, we will hear from university, industry, government, and technical association leaders as they highlight important technical advances that have been made and share their vision for the future of forest products research and development efforts.

Madison, WI; Richard E. Schebler, Lumber Analyst, Pella Corp., Pella, IA Session Moderator: Timothy G. Rials, Prof. and Dir. of R&D, Office of Bioenergy Programs, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN

Session Chairs: Xiping Wang, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab.,

9:50-10:00 am Questions & Answers

C1 8:00-8:10 am

C4 9:00-9:25 am

Welcome

Forest Products Laboratory – Building on a Century of Research

Paul J. DeLong, State Forester, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, Madison, WI

Christopher D. Risbrudt, Dir., USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

C2 8:10-8:35 am

C5 9:25-9:50 am

Building on a Century of Innovative and Successful University Research

Positioning the Forest Products Society for a Sustainable Future

Brian K. Brashaw, Program Dir., Natural Resources Research Inst., Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth, MN

Stefan A. Bergmann, Executive Vice President, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI

C3 8:35-9:00 am Residential Windows and Doors: History of Design and Material Changes Richard E. Schebler, Lumber Analyst, Pella Corp., Pella, IA

SESSION 3: Fungal Degradation Mechanisms Sponsors: FPS Biology Group, Treated Wood Products Group, and Adhesives Group (Joint)

Session Moderators: Valdeir Arantes and Jonathan S. Schilling

Session Chairs: Valdeir Arantes, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Dept. of Wood Science, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Jonathan S. Schilling, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

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D1HOW TO FIND AN ABSTRACT: Go to abstract section "D1" starting on page 46.

Assistant, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

D1 10:05-10:25 am Cellulolytic Enzyme Ratios during Fungal Degradation of Lignocellulose

D4 11:05-11:25 am

Shona Duncan, Post-Doctoral Associate, Jonathan S. Schilling, Assistant Prof., and Brook Jacobson, Research Assistant, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

Lignocellulosic Polysaccharides and Lignin Degradation via Nonenzymatic Fenton-Based Reactions Mediated by Fungal Fe3+-Reductants Valdeir Arantes, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Adriane M. F. Milagres, Univ. of São Paulo, Brazil; Barry S. Goodell, Prof. of Wood Science & Technology, School of

D2 10:25-10:45 am Semi-Quantitative Micron Scale Maps of Reactive Oxygen Species to Illuminate Mechanisms of Incipient Fungal Decay

Forest Resources, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME

Christopher G. Hunt, Research Chemist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Kenneth E. Hammel, Research Microbiologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab. and Associate Prof. of Bacteriology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Don Carl Jones, Technician, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

D5 11:25-11:45 am A New Solution-State NMR Approach to Elucidate Fungal and Enzyme / Mediator Delignification Pathways Daniel J. Yelle, Ph.D. Candidate and Physical Science Technician, and Kenneth E. Hammel, Research Microbiologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; John Ralph, Prof., Dept. of Biochemistry, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Dongsheng Wei and Alexander N. Kapich, Visiting Scientists, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

D3 10:45-11:05 am Serpula lacrymans as a Model for Brown Rot Fungal Mechanisms Jonathan S. Schilling, Assistant Prof., Shona Duncan, Post-Doctoral Associate, and Brook Jacobson, Research

SESSION 4: Woody Biomass: Economics, Supply, Conversion to Energy, and Environmental Impacts – Bio-Oils (continued) Sponsors: FPS Energy & Environmental Issues Group, Timber Production & Harvesting Group, and Economics & Financial Management Group (Joint) Session Chairs: Eini C. Lowell, Research Scientist, Ecologically Sustainable Production of Forest Resources Team, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR; Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

Session Moderator: Kenneth Skog, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI 10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:25-11:45 am Questions & Answers 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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E1 10:05-10:25 am

E3 10:45-11:05 am

Developing a Coordinated Research Plan for Biomass / Bio-Energy

Production of Jet Fuel from Wood-Based Pyrolysis Oil Phillip H. Steele, Prof., and Sanjeev Kumar Gajjela, Grad.

Research Assistant, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

Leslie H. Groom, Project Leader, and Thomas Elder, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA

E4 11:05-11:25 am

E2 10:25-10:45 am

Greenhouse Heating with Esterified Bio-Oil

Production and Characterization of Fast Pyrolysis BioOil From Giant Miscanthus Feedstock

Jingming Tao, Grad. Research Assistant, Don Parish, Research Associate, and Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

Phillip H. Steele, Prof., El Barbary Hassan, Assistant Prof., Brian Mitchell, Research Associate II, and Qi Li, Grad.

Research Assistant, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

SESSION 5: Bio-Based Materials: Characterization, Processing, and Product Development (continued) Sponsors: FPS Particleboard, Fiberboard & Molded Products Group, Adhesives Group, and Structural Panel Group (Joint)

Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI 10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

Session Chair: Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI Session Moderator: Xianjun Li, Associate Prof., School of Material Science & Engineering, Central South Univ. of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, P.R. China and Visiting Scientist, USDA Forest

F1 10:05-10:25 am

F2 10:25-10:45 am

Application of Ultrasonic Spraying in Preparation of p-cymene by Industrial Dipentene Dehydrogenation

Determination of Selected Properties and Optimization of Wood-Filled Silicone-Elastomer Composites with Chemical Modified Wood Particles

Qiu-ge Zhang, Liang-wu Bi, Prof., and Zhen-dong Zhao, Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China; Yuan-ping Chen, Hangzhou Success Ultrasonic Equipment Co., Ltd., Fuyang, P.R. China; Dong-mei Li, Yan Gu, Jing Wang, Cai-ying Bo, and Xian-zhang Liu, Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China

Timo Grueneberg, Ph.D. Student, Andreas Krause and Carsten Mai, Profs., and Holger Militz, Prof. and Dir., Dept. of Wood Biology & Wood Products, Georg-August-Univ., Göttingen, Germany

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China; Fuxiang Chu, Prof., Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; Chunpeng Wang and Liwei Jin, Associate Profs., Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China

F3 10:45-11:05 am Recent Advances in the use of Wood Residues and Non-Wood Forest Products for Producing Low-Cost Building Materials in Nigeria Abel Olajide Olorunnisola, Prof., Dept. of Agricultural & Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

F5 11:25-11:45 am

F4 11:05-11:25 am

Brett G. Diehl, Forest Products Grad. Fellow, Nicole R. Brown, Associate Prof. of Wood Chemistry, and Ming Tien, Prof. of Biochemistry, School of Forest Resources, Penn

The Effect of Tyrosine-Rich Peptides when Introduced into the Cell Wall Lignin Network

Study on Preparation, Properties, and Structures of Cellulose Internal Plasticization

State, University Park, PA

Yuzhi Xu, Assistant Prof., Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R.

SESSION 6: Research and Technology in Support of Legal Timber Harvesting Sponsor: FPS Timber Production & Harvesting Group

Session Moderators: Jingxin Wang and Alex C. Wiedenhoeft

Session Chairs: Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Botanist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:25-11:45 am Questions & Answers 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

G1 10:05-10:25 am

G3 10:45-11:05 am

A Study on the Damage Rate of Residual Trees Caused by Chainsaw Felling in the Selective Cutting Operations during Winter in a Conifer-Broadleaved Forest

A Computer-Aided Optimal Bucking System for the Northeastern Species of China Jidong Ma, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Jinzhuo Wu, Grad. Research Assistant, and Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV

Lihai Wang, Prof. and Dean, Xiangfei You, Post-Grad.

Student, and Chun Meng, Prof., College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China

G4 11:05-11:25 am

Community Forest Management in Cameroon

Multiple Criteria Evaluation Modeling for Tract Level Log Landing Site Selection

Lamfu Eric Samba, Project Assistant, and Yongabi Hyginus Ful, Consultant, Hydra Project International, Bamenda, Cameroon; Ngwain Colbert, Consultant, Sustainable Resource Development Forum, Yaounde, Cameroon

Benktesh D. Sharma, Grad. Research Assistant, Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., and Michael Strager, Assistant Prof., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV

G2 10:25-10:45 am

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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SESSION 7: Treated Wood Products for the 21st Century’s ‘Green’ Customers Sponsors: FPS Treated Wood Products Group

Session Moderator: Adam M. Taylor

Session Chair: Adam M.Taylor, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

H1 10:05-10:25 am

Products, Georg-August-Univ., Göttingen, Germany

Looking Backward, Looking Forward: A Historical View of Wood Preservation in the U.S.

H4 11:05-11:25 am Life-Cycle Assessment of Treated Wood

H. Michael Barnes, Thompson Prof. of Wood Science & Technology, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ.,

Adam M. Taylor, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; Maureen E. Puettman, LCA Consultant, Environmental Product Analysis, Woodlife, Corvallis, OR

Starkville, MN; Adam M. Taylor, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN H2 10:25-10:45 am

H5 11:25-11:45 am

Wood Protection in the 21st Century

A Hypothesis on Termite-Resistant Heartwood: Effect of Antioxidants on Termites

Carol A. Clausen, Supervisory Research Microbiologist, and Frederick Green III, Research Microbiologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

Tor P. Schultz, Prof. (also Silvaware, Inc.), Nathan S. Little, Grad.

Research Assistant, and Darrel D. Nicholas, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

H3 10:45-11:05 am New Wood Modification Technology on its Way to Practical Application Holger Militz, Prof. and Dir., Dept. of Wood Biology & Wood

SESSION 8: General Topics in Wood Engineering Sponsors: FPS Wood Engineering Division

Session Moderator: Robert N. Emerson

Session Chair: Robert N. Emerson, Associate Prof., School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:25-11:45 am Questions & Answers 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

I1 10:05-10:25 am

- Nancy 1, Épinal, France; Alain Cloutier, Prof., Centre de recherche sur le bois, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada

Conception of Sustainable Wood-Welded Panels Benoit Belleville, Ph.D. Candidate, and Tatjana Stevanovic, Prof., Centre de recherche sur le bois, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Anthony Pizzi, Prof. of Industrial Chemistry, ENSTIB-LERMAB, Université Henri Poincaré

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Consulting Arborist, Allison Tree Care Inc. and Adjunct Prof., Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Lihai Wang, Prof. and Dean, College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China

I2 10:25-10:45 am Performance of Prefabricated Composite I-Joist / OSB Panels for Roof Construction William G. Davids, John C. Bridge Prof. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Derek Rancourt, M.Sc. Student, and Habib J. Dagher, Prof. and Dir. of AEWC, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME

I4 11:05-11:25 am Field Study of Raised Floor Moisture Performance with Different Floor Insulation Systems in Southern Louisiana

I3 10:45-11:05 am

Samuel V. Glass, Research Physical Scientist, and Charles G. Carll, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest

Effect of Seasonal Temperature Changes on Acoustic Evaluation of Trees and Logs

Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Jay P. Curole and Matthew D. Voitier, Research Associates, Kevin W. Ragon, Post-Doctoral Research Scientist, Todd F. Shupe, Prof., and Qinglin Wu, Roy O. Martin Sr. Prof., School of Renewable Natural Resources, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA

Shan Gao, Ph.D. Candidate, College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China, and Visiting Student, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Xiping Wang, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; R. Bruce Allison, Registered

SESSION 9: Woody Biomass: Economics, Supply, Conversion to Energy, and Environmental Impacts – Bio-Energy (continued) Sponsors: FPS Energy & Environmental Issues Group,

OR; Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi

Timber Production & Harvesting Group, and Economics

State Univ., Starkville, MS

& Financial Management Group (Joint)

Session Moderator: Philip H. Steele

Session Chairs: Eini C. Lowell, Research Scientist, Ecologically Sustainable Production of Forest Resources Team, USDA

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland,

of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State

J1 2:35-2:55 pm

Univ., East Lansing, MI

Pilot Plant Gasification of Woody Biomass Thomas Elder, Research Forest Products Technologist, and

J3 3:15-3:35 pm

Leslie H. Groom, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service,

Economic Viability and Landbase Impacts of Bio-

Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA

Energy Production from Short-Rotation Hybrid Poplar in British Columbia

J2 2:55-3:15 pm

Catalin Ristea, Ph.D. Candidate, and Thomas C. Maness,

Species and Criteria Specific Woody Biomass Supply

Prof. and Head, Dept. of Forest Engineering & Resources

Logistics

Management, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

Dalia Abbas, Visiting Assistant Prof., Ajit Srivastava, Prof. and Dept. Head, and Chris Saffron, Assistant Prof., Dept.

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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Mike Eckhoff, Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Forest, Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Courtney Peterson, Research Assistant, Dept. of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, and Kurt H. Mackes, Research Scientist II, Colorado State Forest Service, and Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest, Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO

J4 3:35-3:55 pm Wood Pellets in the Southeastern United States – Challenges and Opportunities Todd G. Bush, Research Assistant, Green Circle Bio Energy and Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Marian Marinescu, Assistant Prof., West Florida Research & Education Center, Univ. of Florida, Milton, FL

J7 4:35-4:55 pm

J5 3:55-4:15 pm

Installation of a Cord Wood Boiler at the Salvation Army Camp Located Near Estes Park, Colorado

Co-Firing with Bio-Coal Briquettes Ravi Malhotra, CEO and Founder, Clean Coal Briquette, Inc., Lakewood, CO

Kurt H. Mackes, Research Scientist II, Colorado State Forest Service, and Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest, Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO; Dan Bihn, Principal, Bihn Systems, LLC, Fort Collins, CO

J6 4:15-4:35 pm Woody Biomass Production and Use in Colorado After the Turn of the 21st Century

SESSION 10: Bio-Based Materials: Characterization, Processing, and Product Development (continued) Sponsors: FPS Particleboard, Fiberboard & Molded Products Group, Adhesives Group, and Structural Panel Group (Joint)

Session Moderator: Keyang Lu, Assistant Prof., Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China

Session Chair: Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 5:15-5:20 pm Closing Comments

K1 2:35-2:55 pm

K3 3:15-3:35 pm

Bonding Performance of Wood / Bamboo Treated by

Effect of Bolaform on Rheological Properties of

Cold Plasma

Microcrystalline Cellulose-Filled Polypropylene

Guanben (Ben) Du, Prof., Hongyan Wang and Hui Wang,

Composite Melts

Master’s Candidates, Hong Lei, Assistant Prof., and Linkun

Jae-Woo Kim and Rhea J. Sammons, Post-Doctoral Research

Xie, Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Wood Science & Technology,

Associates, Joseph J. Bozell, Prof., and David P. Harper,

Southwest Forestry Univ., Kunming, P.R.China

Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN

K2 2:55-3:15 pm CNSL-Based ‘BioResin’ for BioComposites Manojit G. Das, Mgr., R&D, Samling Global Ltd., Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia; Shovanjit Das, Mgr., Wood Panel Division, Paralam Global Private Ltd., Arvi, Nagpur, Maharastra, India

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Associate Prof., Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

K4 3:35-3:55 pm NIR as a Tool to Predict Mechanical Properties of OSB Flakes

K7 4:35-4:55 pm

Neil Kohan, Student, Brian K. Via, Assistant Prof., Honorio F. Carino, Prof., and Steven E. Taylor, Associate Prof., School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL

Micro-Mechanical Characterization of Isolated Wood Flour Particles for WPCs Farzana Hussain, Research Assistant, Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, and Lech Muszyński, Assistant Prof., and John A. Nairn, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

K5 3:55-4:15 pm Morphological and Mechanical Characterization for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) and MFC-poly(lactic acid) Nanocomposites

K8 4:55-5:15 pm

Jie Ding, M.Sc. Student, Lech Muszyński, Assistant Prof., and John Simonsen, Associate Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

An Experimental Method for Measurement of Strain Distribution and Load Transfer between Wood Flour Particles and Polymer Matrix on Micro-Mechanical Level

K6 4:15-4:35 pm

Farzana Hussain, Research Assistant, Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, and Lech Muszyński, Assistant Prof., and John A. Nairn, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

Flexural Creep of Sandwich Panels Consisted of Kraft Paper Honeycomb Core and Wood Composite Skins Zheng Chen, Research Assistant Fellow, and Ning Yan,

SESSION 11: Treated Wood Products for the 21st Century’s ‘Green’ Customers (continued) Sponsors: FPS Treated Wood Products Group

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:35-4:55 pm Questions & Answers

Session Chair: Adam M. Taylor, Assistant Prof., Dept. of

4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Session Moderator: Adam M. Taylor

L1 2:35-2:55 pm

L2 2:55-3:15 pm

Termites as Invasive Species in Wisconsin

Affect of Steam Treatment on Set Recovery and

Frederick Green III, Research Microbiologist, Rachel A.

Mechanical Properties of Densified Wood

Arango, Entomologist, and Glenn Esenther, Emeritus

Andreja Kutnar, Research Associate, Dept. of Wood

Entomologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab.,

Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis,

Madison, WI

OR, and Inst. for Natural Sciences & Technology, Univ. of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia; Frederick A. Kamke, JELD-WEN Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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L3 3:15-3:35 pm

L5 3:55-4:15 pm

Physical-Mechanical Properties of Hard- and Softwood Industrial Heat Treated with Different Methods

Study on the Discoloration Mechanism of Heat-Treated Wood by Weathering

Peter Niemz, Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil., Inst. for Building Materials, Wood Physics, Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland; Thams Hofmann, Dr., Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of West Hungary, Sopron, Hungary; Melanie Wetzig, Dipl.-Ing., Inst. for Building Materials, Wood Physics, Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland

Xianai Huang, Ph.D. Student, Duygu Kocaefe, Prof., and Sudeshna Saha, Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec a Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada; Yaman Boluk, Program Leader of Bioproducts, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Yasar Kocaefe, Visiting Prof., and Andre Pichette, Prof., Dept. of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec a Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada

L4 3:35-3:55 pm UV Protective Coatings for Heat-Treated Wood

L6 4:15-4:35 pm

Sudeshna Saha, Ph.D. Student, and Duygu Kocaefe, Prof., Dept. of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec a Chicoutimi, QC, Canada; Yaman Boluk, Program Leader of Bioproducts, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Andre Pichette, Prof., Dept. of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec a Chicoutimi, QC, Canada

Product Certification for “Green” Treated Wood Products Mike H. Freeman, Independent Wood Scientist, Memphis, TN; Craig R. McIntyre, Pres., McIntyre Associates, Inc., Walls, MS

SESSION 12: General Topics in Wood Engineering (continued) and Design of Wood Buildings Using Current

Codes and Practices

Sponsors: FPS Wood Engineering Division

Session Moderator: Robert N. Emerson

Session Chairs: Robert N. Emerson, Associate Prof., School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK; John H. (Buddy) Showalter, Dir., Technical Media, American Forest & Paper Assn., Washington, DC

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

M1 2:35-2:55 pm

Madison, WI; Lihai Wang, Prof. and Dean, College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China

Computed Tomography Image Analysis for Tree Decay Detection

M2 2:55-3:15 pm

Li Li, Ph.D. Candidate, College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China, and Visiting Student, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Xiping Wang, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; R. Bruce Allison, Registered Consulting Arborist, Allison Tree Care Inc. and Adjunct Prof., Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin,

Strain Rate Effects on Flexural Properties of Wood-.

Plastic Composite Sheet Pile Roberto A. Lopez-Anido, Prof., and Sandeep Tamrakar, Grad.

Student, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME

21

M3HOW TO FIND AN ABSTRACT: Go to abstract section "M3" starting on page 60. M3 3:15-3:35 pm

of Arkansas, Monticello, AR

Performance of Metal-Plate Connected Joints of Chinese Larch Dimension Lumber

M6 4:15-4:35 pm Structural Condition Assessment of Timber Structures

Benhua Fei, Dir., and Wei Guo, Ph.D. Student, Beijing Forest Machinery Inst., Beijing, P.R. China; Sheldon Q. Shi, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS; Rongjun Zhao and Haiqing Ren, Sr. Scientists, Beijing Wood Research Institute, Beijing, P.R. China

Robert J. Ross, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Brian K. Brashaw, Program Dir., Natural Resources Research Inst., Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth, MN; Xiping Wang, Research Forest Products Technologist, and Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

M4 3:35-3:55 pm Cutting a New Deal for Lumber Drying

M7 4:35-4:55 pm

Robert Erickson, Prof. Emeritus, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

1st Place Wood Award – Thermal Degradation of Bending Strength of Plywood and Oriented Strand Board: A Kinetics Approach

M5 3:55-4:15 pm

Arijit Sinha, Wood-Based Composite Center Fellow and Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

Effects of Thermal (High Temperature) Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Wood Julius Adewopo, Grad. Research Assistant, and David W. Patterson, Research Prof., School of Forest Resources, Univ.

SESSION 13: Wood Products Research: Anatomical, Structural, and/or Biological Sponsors: FPS Biology Group

Session Moderator: Mark D. Gibson

Session Chairs: Mark D. Gibson, Prof. and Dir., School of Forestry, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, LA; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Botanist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

N1 2:35-2:55 pm

N2 2:55-3:15 pm

Raman Applications in the Field of Wood Science

Early Assessment for Wood Quality in Eucalyptus regnans

Umesh P. Agarwal, Research Chemist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

Shakti Singh Chauhan, Sr. Research Fellow, School of Forestry, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

22

N3 3:15-3:35 pm

N6 4:15-4:35 pm

Measuring Wood Specific Gravity in Standing Trees

Structure-Property Relationships in Cell Walls of Wood

Michael C. Wiemann, Botanist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; G. Bruce Williamson, Prof. of Ecology, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA

Joseph E. Jakes, Student Training General Engineer, Daniel Y. Yelle, Ph.D. Candidate and Physical Science Technician, James F. Beecher, Group Leader, and Charles R. Frihart, Head of Wood Adhesives, USDA Forest Servcie, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Donald S. Stone, Prof., Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

N4 3:35-3:55 pm Small Specimen Stiffness and Density of Radiata Pine Grown in a Chilean Plantation

N7 4:35-4:55 pm Determination of Structural Wood Quality on Standing Trees of Pinus radiata (D. Don) by using Stress Waves

Jérôme Alteyrac, Post-Doctoral Fellow, and Luis Valenzuela, Associate Prof., Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

Guillermo Soto, Ph.D. Student, Luis Soto, Natalia Pérez, and Luis Sandoval, M.Sc. Students, and Jérôme Alteyrac, PostDoctoral Fellow, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Jean Pierre Lasserre, Mgr., Forestal Mininco, Concepción, Chile; Luis Valenzuela, Associate Prof., Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Eric Baradit, Prof., Universidad BioBio, Concepción, Chile

N5 3:55-4:15 pm Mapping Wood Characteristics of Tamarack (Eastern Larch) Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch Scott T. Miller, M.Sc. Student and Research Assistant, Mathew Leitch, Associate Prof., Chander Shahi, Assistant Prof., and Reino Pulkki, Prof., Faculty of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ., Thunder Bay, ON, Canada

SESSION 14: Extension and Technology Transfer in a Changing Industry Sponsors: FPS Extension & Technology Transfer Group

Session Moderator: Iris Montague, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Princeton, WV

Session Chair: Charles E. Clément, Instructor and Extension Specialist, Louisiana Forest Products Development Center, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:35-4:55 pm Questions & Answers 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

Henry Quesada, Assistant Prof., and Johanna MadrigalSánchez, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

O1 2:35-2:55 pm Forest Products Society Evolution: Adapting to New Customer Base

O3 3:15-3:35 pm

Stefan A. Bergmann, Executive Vice President, Forest Products Society, Madison, WI

Making Forest Products Curriculums More Sustainable: Putting the “Green” into our Courses

O2 2:55-3:15 pm

A.L. (Tom) Hammett, Prof., and Dan Hindman, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

Measuring Innovation in the Wood Products Industry: A Case Study in Virginia

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O4 3:35-3:55 pm

Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

BioSUCCEED: An Academic Program in Biomass Lucian A. Lucia, Associate Prof., Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC; Keith Schimmel, Prof., Dept. of Energy & Environmental Studies, North Carolina A&T State Univ., Greensboro, NC; Timothy G. Rials, Prof. and Dir. of R&D, Office of Bioenergy Programs, and Adam M. Taylor, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN

O6 4:15-4:35 pm Exploring Third-Party Certification Programs in the Forest Products Industry Richard Bonsi, Program Associate, Aaron Maizlish, Dir., Chain of Custody, and Robert Hrubes, Sr. Vice Pres., Scientific Certification Systems, Emeryville, CA

O5 3:55-4:15 pm Teaching Wood-Using Industries About Wood P. David Jones, Assistant Extension Prof., H. Michael Barnes, Thompson Prof. of Wood Science & Technology, and Rubin Shmulsky, Prof. and Head, Dept. of Forest Products,

SESSION 15: Manufacturing and Business Process Management Sponsors: FPS Quality Control, Process Control & Production Management Group

Session Moderator: Henry Quesada

Session Chair: Henry Quesada, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:15-4:55 pm Questions & Answers 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

P1 2:35-2:55 pm

on Lumber Recovery in West Virginia

Numerical Approach to Support Phytosanitary Standards of Solid Wood Packaging Material in Drying Kiln

Wenshu Lin, Grad. Research Assistant, Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., and Tony Goff, Research Technician, Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV

Klaus Richter, Head, Wood Lab., Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Florian Schlegel, Diplom-Forstwirt (former Student), Oberkirch, Germany; Dominique Derome, Prof. and Group Leader, Wood Lab., Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland

P3 3:15-3:35 pm Analysis of Moisture Transfer and Drying Strain in Wood during Drying Chang-Deuk Eom, Jun-Ho Park, and Yoon-Seong Chang, Grad. Research Assistants, and Hwanmyeong Yeo, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea

P2 2:55-3:15 pm Effects of Small Hardwood Sawmill Sawing Practices

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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P4 3:35-3:55 pm

P5 3:55-4:15 pm

Innovation Framework for the Wood Products Industry

A Survey of Educational Needs and Online Training Perceptions in the Wood Products Industry

Johanna Madrigal-Sánchez, Grad. Research Assistant, and Henry Quesada, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; Isaac Slaven, Sustainable Energy Program Chair, IVY Tech Community Tech, Lafayette, IN

Henry Quesada, Assistant Prof., Sam Conn, Dir. of IDDL, and Leslie Scarlett Sanchez, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forests Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

SESSION 16: Woody Biomass: Economics, Supply, Conversion to Energy, and Environmental Impacts – Carbon

and Life-Cycle Assessment (continued)

Sponsors: FPS Energy & Environmental Issues Group, Timber Production & Harvesting Group, and Economics & Financial Management Group (Joint)

State Univ., Starkville, MS Session Moderator: David L. Nicholls, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Sitka, AK

Session Chairs: Eini C. Lowell, Research Scientist, Ecologically Sustainable Production of Forest Resources Team, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR; Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi

8:00-8:05 am Opening Comments 9:25-9:30 am Closing Comments

R1 8:05-8:25 am

R3 8:45-9:05 am

Impact of the Harvested Wood Products in the French Carbon Pool

Life-Cycle Assessment of Wood Panels Produced at an Oriented Strand Board Biorefinery

Etienne Mathias, Scientist, CITEPA, Paris, France; Antoine Colin, Scientist, Inventaire Forestier National, Nogent sur Vernisson, France; Agneta Forslund, Scientist, INRA, Nantes, France; Jean-Michel Leban, Directeur de Recherche, INRA, Champenoux, France

Mason Earles, Grad. Research Assistant, and Anthony Halog, Assistant Prof., Forest Bioproducts Research Inst., Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME R4 9:05-9:25 am Examining Woody Biomass Energy Consumption on Environmental Performance of Wood Flooring Products During Manufacturing

R2 8:25-8:45 am The Carbon Footprint of Wood Chips for Energy Recovery

Richard D. Bergman, Grad. Research Assistant, and Scott A. Bowe, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

Bernhard Zimmer, Sr. Researcher, Salzburg Univ. of Applied Sciences, Kuchl / Salzburg, Germany; Alexander Eberhardinger, Jr. Researcher, Technical Univ. of Munich, Munich, Germany

25

SESSION 17: Bio-Based Materials: Characterization, Processing, and Product Development (continued) Sponsors: FPS Particleboard, Fiberboard & Molded Products Group, Adhesives Group, and Structural Panel Group (Joint)

Session Moderator: Yan Yu, Associate Prof., International Center for Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, P.R. China 8:00-8:05 am Opening Comments 9:25-9:30 am Closing Comments

Session Chair: Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

of Chinese Gum Rosin Under High Temperature Treatment

S1 8:05-8:25 am Microfibrillated Cellulose Production by the Combined Method of Hot-Compressed Water Treatment and Mechanical Grinding

Yan Gu, Research Assistant, Yu-xiang Chen and Zhen-dong Zhao, Profs., Chang-tai Guo, Associate Prof., Dong-mei Li, Engineer, and Liang-wu Bi, Prof., Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China

Seung-Hwan Lee, Sr. Research Scientist, and Fuxiang Chang and Takashi Endo, Research Scientists, National Inst. of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Biomass Technology Research Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan

S4 9:05-9:25 am Manufacturing Process of PT-Plybamboo and its Properties

S2 8:25-8:45 am Production of Furfural and Hydroxymethylfurfural by Autohydrolysis and Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Wood: A Potential in-situ Board Resin

Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup, H. Hamdan, and M. Abd. Latif, Research Officers, Forest Research Inst. Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; M.T. Paridah, Lecturer, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; M. Siti Rafidah, Assistant Research Officer, Forest Research Inst. Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

James D. McSweeny and Mandla A. Tshabalala, Research Chemists, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI S3 8:45-9:05 am Study on Chromaticity Variation Relationships

SESSION 18: Wood Products Research: Anatomical, Structural, and/or Biological (continued) Sponsors: FPS Biology Group

Session Moderator: Alex C. Wiedenhoeft

Session Chairs: Mark D. Gibson, Prof. and Dir., School of Forestry, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, LA; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Botanist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

8:00-8:05 am Opening Comments 9:25-9:30 am Closing Comments

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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Forester, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA

T1 8:05-8:25 am Multi-Scalar Thermodynamics of Wood-Moisture Relations in Loblolly Pine

T3 8:45-9:05 am

Michael J. Lambrecht, Engineering Aid, Samuel L. Zelinka, Materials Engineer, Samuel V. Glass, Research Physical Scientist, Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Botanist, and Daniel J. Yelle, Ph.D. Candidate and Physical Science Technician, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

Influence of Machine Setting and Wood Parameters on Crack Appearance in Scot Pine Joints Induced by Linear Welding Mojgan Vaziri, Ph.D. Student, and Owe Lindgren, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Technology, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Skellefteå, Sweden; Anthony Pizzi, Prof. of Industrial Chemistry, ENSTIB-LERMAB, Université Henri Poincaré -

T2 8:25-8:45 am Monitoring the Moisture Content of Wet Stored Pine Logs using Time Domain Reflectometry

Nancy 1, Épinal, France T4 9:05-9:25 am

Heath Raybon, M.Sc. Student, Laurence R. Schimleck, Associate Prof., Kim Love-Myers, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Joe Sanders, Research Coordinator, and Richard Daniels, Prof., Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA; Edward Andrews,

Alternative Measures of Hardwood Flooring Hardness Sunil Ramachandra, Principal Scientist, and Steven W. Bukowski, Wood Scientist, Armstrong World Industries, Lancaster, PA

SESSION 19: Improving the Softwood Lumber Industry in a Troubling Market Sponsors: FPS Softwood Lumber Group

Session Moderator: P. David Jones

Session Chair: P. David Jones, Assistant Extension Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

8:00-8:05 am Opening Comments 9:05-9:25 am Questions & Answers 9:25-9:30 am Closing Comments

U1 8:05-8:25 am

U2 8:25-8:45 am

Growth,Yield, and Commercial Value Comparisons of Red Pine, White Spruce, and Black Spruce Plantations in Northwestern Ontario

Volatile and Hazardous Emissions Released during the Kiln Drying of Southern Pine Lumber Intended for Interior Applications

Chander Shahi, Assistant Prof., Willard H. Carmean, Prof.

Emeritus, Krish Homagain, MSc.F. Student, and Mathew Leitch, Associate Prof., Faculty of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ., Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Colin Bowling, Forester, Ministry of Natural Resources, Technology Development Unit, Kenora, ON, Canada

Joseph M. Dahlen, Grad. Research Assistant, P. David Jones, Assistant Extension Prof., Lynn Prewitt, Assistant Research Prof., and Rubin Shmulsky, Prof. and Head, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

27

U3HOW TO FIND AN ABSTRACT: Go to abstract section "U3" starting on page 70. U3 8:45-9:05 am Density Measurements in Norway Spruce Sawlogs Combining X-Ray and 3D Scanning Johan Skog, M.Sc., Lic. Eng., and Johan Oja, Prof., SP Technical Research Inst. of Sweden, Skellefteå, Sweden

SESSION 20: International Collaboration of Forest Products Research Sponsors: USDA Forest Service, Forest Product Laboratory and Chinese Research Institute of Wood Industry

Session Moderators: Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; William T.Y.Tze, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

Session Chairs: Kelin Ye, Research Prof. and Dir., Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

8:00-8:05 am Opening Comments 9:25-9:30 am Closing Comments

V1 8:05-8:25 am

V3 8:45-9:05 am

Prefabricated Bamboo Panel House for Disaster Relief

Analysis of Bond Line Density Profile in Plywood by X-Ray Densitometry

Zehui Jiang, Yongde Yue, Xuhe Chen, and Yan Yu, Profs., International Center for Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, P.R. China; Zheng Wang, Prof., Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China

Mingjie Guan, Associate Prof., Bamboo Engineering & Research Center, Nanjing Forestry Univ., Nanjing, P.R. China; Christopher G. Hunt, Research Chemist, and Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

V2 8:25-8:45 am

V4 9:05-9:25 am

Market Opportunities for U.S. Forest Products in Central America

Development of High-Performance Hammer Milled Rice Straw Panel

Henry Quesada, Assistant Prof., and Scott W. Lyon, Grad.

Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

Xianjun Li, Associate Prof., School of Material Science & Engineering, Central South Univ. of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, P.R. China and Visiting Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, and Jerrold E. Winandy, Retired Research Wood Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Altaf H. Basta, Research Prof., Dept. of Cellulose & Paper, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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SESSION 21: Design of Wood Buildings Using Current Codes and Practices (continued) Sponsors: FPS Wood Engineering Division

Session Moderator: John H. (Buddy) Showalter

Session Chair: John H. (Buddy) Showalter, Dir., Technical Media, American Forest & Paper Assn., Washington, DC

8:00-8:05 am Opening Comments 9:05-9:25 am Questions & Answers 9:25-9:30 am Closing Comments

W1 8:05-8:25 am

W3 8:45-9:05 am

Wood as a Construction Material: Mechanisms Influencing Specifiers Choice of Building Materials

An Electrochemical Method for Predicting Corrosion Rates of Metals in Contact with Wood

Kristian Bysheim, Researcher, and Anders Q. Nyrud, Sr. Researcher, Norsk Treteknisk Institutt, Oslo, Norway

Samuel L. Zelinka, Materials Engineer, and Douglas R. Rammer, Research General Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Donald S. Stone, Prof., Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

W2 8:25-8:45 am Wood Deck Guide Updated to 2009 IRC® John H. (Buddy) Showalter, Dir., Technical Media, American Forest & Paper Assn., Washington, DC

SESSION 22: Woody Biomass: Economics, Supply, Conversion to Energy, and Environmental Impacts – Biomass Policy and

Economics (continued)

Sponsors: FPS Energy & Environmental Issues Group, Timber Production & Harvesting Group, and Economics & Financial Management Group (Joint)

OR; Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS Session Moderator: Eini C. Lowell

Session Chairs: Eini C. Lowell, Research Scientist, Ecologically Sustainable Production of Forest Resources Team, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland,

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

Inc., Middleton, WI; Ed Corrigan, Dir. of Finance & Operations, Cleantech Partners, Inc., Middleton, WI

X1 10:05-10:25 am Biomass Value Policy Traps

X3 10:45-11:05 am

Bruce Lippke, Pres. Emeritus, CORRIM, and Prof. Emeritus, School of Forest Resources, College of the Environment, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA

Developing Biomass Markets and Supporting Biomass Communities using an Online Materials Exchange Model

X2 10:25-10:45 am

Norm Ruttan, Pres., iWasteNot Systems, Mallorytown, ON, Canada

Building Woody Biomass Feedstock Prices – The Foundation for Market Success Stephen J. Dinehart III, Pres., Heartland Business Consultants

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X4 11:05-11:25 am

X5 11:25-11:45 am

The Potential Impact of Increasing Wood Bio-Energy use on Forest Products Industries

Western Forests: Critical Issues for the Next Decade Marcia Patton-Mallory, Bioenergy & Climate Change Specialist, Western Forestry Leadership Coalition, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO; Dana Coelho, Program Mgr., Western Forestry Leadership Coalition, USDA Forest Service, Lakewood, CO

Kenneth Skog, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; V. Alric Sample, Pres., Pinchot Inst. for Conservation, Washington, DC; Ralph Alig, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR; Peter J. Ince, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Gregory S. Latta, Sr. Faculty Research Associate, Dept. of Forest Engineering, Resources & Management, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR; Andrew D. Kramp, Research Associate, Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Eric M. White, Research Economist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR

SESSION 23: Bio-Based Materials: Characterization, Processing, and Product Development (continued) Sponsors: FPS Particleboard, Fiberboard & Molded Products Group, Adhesives Group, and Structural Panel Group (Joint)

Session Moderator: Qingzheng Cheng, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV

Session Chair: Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

Y1 10:05-10:25 am

Y2 10:25-10:45 am

Study on Thermal Isomerization of Isopimaric Acid

Cellulosic Nanocomposites from Hardwood Residues and Hybrid Poplar

Yu-xiang Chen, Prof., Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China and Jiangsu Qianglin Biomass Energy Co. Ltd., Liyang, P.R. China; Zhen-dong Zaho, Yan Gu, Yu-ming Wang, Chang-tai Guo, and Liang-wu Bi, Prof., Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China

Qingzheng Cheng, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., and Joseph F. McNeel, Prof. and Dir., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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Univ., Stanford, CA; Craig M. Clemons, Materials Research

Y3 10:45-11:05 am

Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab.,

Modification of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive by

Madison, WI; Shaoqin (Sarah) Gong, Prof., Dept. of Materials

Acrylamide Copolymerization for Low Formaldehyde

and Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin,

Emission

Milwaukee, WI and Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Univ. of

Byung-Dae Park, Associate Prof., and Ho-Won Jeong, Grad.

Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Lih-Sheng (Tom) Turng, Prof., Dept. of

Student, Dept. of Wood Science & Technology, Kyungpook

Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

National Univ., Daegu, South Korea; Sang-Min Lee, Research Scientist, Division of Environmental Wooden Materials

Y5 11:25-11:45 am

Engineering, Korea Forest Research Inst., Seoul, South Korea

2nd Place Wood Award – Application of 2H NMR to Probe in-situ Organization of Lignocelluloses

Y4 11:05-11:25 am

Sudip Chowdhury, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood

Processing and Characterization of Microcellular PHBV

Science & Forest Products and Macromolecules & Interfaces

/ PBAT / Recycled Wood Fiber / Nanoclay Composites

Inst., Louis A. Madsen, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Chemistry

Alireza Javadi, Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Materials, Univ. of

and Macromolecules & Interfaces Inst., and Charles E.

Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Yottha Srithep and Jungjoo Lee,

Frazier, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products and

Research Assistants, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ.

Macromolecules & Interfaces Inst., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,

of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; Srikanth Pilla, Post-Doctoral

VA

Scholar, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford

SESSION 24: Wood Products Research: Anatomical, Structural, and/or Biological (continued) Sponsors: FPS Biology Group

Session Moderator: Alex C. Wiedenhoeft

Session Chairs: Mark D. Gibson, Prof. and Dir., School of Forestry, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, LA; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Botanist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

Z1 10:05-10:25 am

Z2 10:25-10:45 am

Stem Sinuosity in Loblolly Pine – Should we be Concerned?

Stand Structure, Growth Form, and Internal Structure of Natural Eastern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) in Northern Ontario, Canada

P. David Jones, Assistant Extension Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS; Thomas R. Fox, Prof. of Forest Soil & Silviculture and Co-Director, Forest Nutrition Cooperative, Dept. of Forest Resources & Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

Daniel Corbett, Forest Productivity Specialist, Northwest Science & Information, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Marek Holpit, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Faculty of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ., Thunder Bay, ON, Canada

31

Sangeeta Gupta, Scientist-in-Charge, and Dheerendra Kumar, Scientist, Wood Anatomy Discipline, Forest Research Inst., Dehradun, India

Z3 10:45-11:05 am Inter-Family Variations in Fiber Dimensions of Six Tropical Hardwoods Charles Antwi-Boasiako, Lecturer, and A. Ayimasu, Researcher, Dept. of Wood Science & Technology, Kwame Nkrumah Univ. of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Z5 11:25-11:45 am

Z4 11:05-11:25 am

Gi Young Jeong, Post-Doctoral Associate, Sustainable Engineered Material Inst., and Audrey Zink-Sharp, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

Effects of Thinning and Fertilization on Anatomical Structure of Loblolly Pine

New Report on Fiber Dimorphism in Secondary Xylem of Family Lauraceae from India

SESSION 25: International Collaboration of Forest Products Research (continued) Sponsors: USDA Forest Service, Forest Product Laboratory and Chinese Research Institute of Wood Industry

Session Moderator: John F. Hunt 10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

Session Chairs: Kelin Ye, Research Prof. and Dir., Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China; John F. Hunt, Research Mechanical Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

for Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, P.R. China; Joseph E. Jakes, Student Training General Engineer, Christopher G. Hunt, Research Chemist, Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, and James F. Beecher, Group Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

AA1 10:05-10:25 am Cantilever Beam Static Bending and Vibration Test Apparatus for Thin Composite Products John F. Hunt, Research Mechanical Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Houjiang Zhang, Prof., and Zhiren Guo, Grad. Student, Beijing Forestry Univ., Beijing, P.R. China

AA3 10:45-11:05 am Effect of Moisture Content on the Nanomechanical Properties of Wood Cell Wall via Nanoindentation

AA2 10:25-10:45 am

Yujie Meng, Grad. Research Assistant, and Siqun Wang, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

Nanoindentation and Microscopic Characterization of PF / Bamboo Adhesive Bondline Yan Yu, Associate Prof., International Center for Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, P.R. China; Charles R. Frihart, Head of Wood Adhesives, USDA Forest Servcie, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Zehui Jiang, Prof., International Center

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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AA4 11:05-11:25 am

AA5 11:25-11:45 am

Study to Electromagnetic Shielding Plywood Laminated with Metal Sheets

An X-Ray Scanning Method for Measuring the Moisture Content of Wood during Hot Air Drying

Keyang Lu, Assistant Prof., and Feng Fu, Researcher, Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

Xianjun Li, Associate Prof., School of Material Science & Engineering, Central South Univ. of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, P.R. China and Visiting Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Feng Fu, Researcher, Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China

SESSION 26: General Topics in Marketing Sponsors: FPS Marketing Group

Session Moderator: Sudipta Dasmohapatra

Session Chairs: Francisco X. Aguilar, Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Sudipta Dasmohapatra, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

BB1 10:05-10:25 am

BB4 11:05-11:25 am

Forest Products Emerging from the Recession

Assessing Consumer Demand for Wood Household Furniture

Henry Spelter, Economist, Peter J. Ince, Research Forester, and Kenneth Skog, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

Nathan E. Irby, Research Assistant, Sudipta Dasmohapatra, Assistant Prof., and Philip H. Mitchell, Extension Wood Products Specialist, Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC

BB2 10:25-10:45 am Do Consumers Perceive Wood as a Natural Building Material?

BB5 11:25-11:45 am

Anders Q. Nyrud, Sr. Researcher, and Julie H. Arnseth and Kristian Bysheim, Researchers, Norsk Treteknisk Institutt, Oslo, Norway

Increasing the Market Share for Softwood GluedLaminated Lumber by Matching the Performance and Convenience of LVL

BB3 10:45-11:05 am

Russell Gentry, Associate Prof., Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA

Evolvement of Wood Culture in the United States: A Good Marketing Tool Howard N. Rosen, Staff Specialist, USDA Forest Service, Resource Use Research, Washington, DC

33

SESSION 27: Growing Wood and Biomass for Industry – Property Requirements and Material Procurement Sponsors: FPS Pulp & Paper Group and Biology Group (Joint)

Session Moderators: George A. Grozdits and Mark D. Gibson

Session Chairs: George A. Grozdits, Research Assistant Prof., and Mark D. Gibson, Prof. and Dir., School of Forestry, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, LA

10:00-10:05 am Opening Comments 11:45-11:50 am Closing Comments

CC1 10:05-10:25 am

CC4 11:05-11:25 am

Correlating Mechanical Properties of Loblolly Pine Strands under Different Forest Management with Wood Structure

Optimizing Resource Selection for Wood-Based Composites Rupert Wimmer, Prof., Wood Technology & Wood-Based Composites Unit, Georg-August-Univ., Göttingen, Germany; Martin Weigl, Researcher, Wood Kplus – Competence Center for Wood Composites & Wood Chemistry, Linz, Austria; Stefan Schöneberg, Student, Wood Technology & Wood-Based Composites Unit, Georg-August-Univ., Göttingen, Germany

Gi Young Jeong, Post-Doctoral Associate, Sustainable Engineered Material Inst., and Audrey Zink-Sharp, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA CC2 10:25-10:45 am Oil Palm Bio Waste: A Sustainable Source of Raw Material for Biocomposites – Waste to Wealth Approach

CC5 11:25-11:45 am Importance of Biomass Raw Material Uniformity: Specie, Collection, and Pre-Processing

Manojit G. Das, Mgr., R&D, Samling Global Ltd., Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia; Shovanjit Das, Mgr., Wood Panel Division, Paralam Global Private Ltd., Arvi, Nagpur, Maharastra, India

George A. Grozdits, Research Assistant Prof., and Mark D. Gibson, Prof. and Dir., School of Forestry, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, LA

CC3 10:45-11:05 am Genetic Fingerprints and Wood Chemistry of Superior Eucalyptus Clones for Energy Production in Florida D.L. Rockwood, Prof. Emeritus, and Matias Kirst, Assistant Prof., School of Forest Resources & Conservation, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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SESSION 28: Woody Biomass: Economics, Supply, Conversion to Energy, and Environmental Impacts –

Pretreatment Technology (continued)

Sponsors: FPS Energy & Environmental Issues Group, Timber Production & Harvesting Group, and Economics & Financial Management Group (Joint)

Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS Session Moderator: Gareth Mayhead, Academic Coordinator, Forest Products, Univ. of California-Berkeley, Richmond, CA

Session Chairs: Eini C. Lowell, Research Scientist, Ecologically Sustainable Production of Forest Resources Team, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR; Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products,

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:15-4:55 pm Questions & Answers 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

DD1 2:35-2:55 pm

DD4 3:35-3:55 pm

Mechanistic Understanding of Enhanced Enzymatic Saccharification of Pine Flour Pretreated by NMMO

Enzymatic Saccharification of Woody Biomass Enhanced

by NMMO Pretreatment

Ye Liu, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, and Qixin Zhong, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Food Science & Technology, and Siqun Wang, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

Ye Liu, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, and Qixin Zhong, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Food Science & Technology, and Siqun Wang, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

DD2 2:55-3:15 pm

DD5 3:55-4:15 pm

Properties and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Hybrid Poplar Wood for Sugar Production

The Effect of Dilute Acid Pretreatment on Anhydrosugars Yield during Fast Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Adebola Adebayo, Grad. Research Assistant, Qingzheng Cheng, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., and Joseph F. McNeel, Prof. and Dir., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV

Qi Li, Grad. Research Assistant, and Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

DD3 3:15-3:35 pm Beta-Xylosidase Patent for Conversion of Cellulosic Plant Cell Walls to Fermentable Sugars Robert Hennkens, Dir. and Vice Pres. of Development, Clearstream Technologies, LLC, Tucson, AZ; Douglas B. Jordan, Molecular Biologist, USDA, ARS, MWA, Fermentation Biology Lab., Peoria, IL

35

SESSION 29: Bio-Based Materials: Characterization, Processing, and Product Development (continued) Sponsors: FPS Particleboard, Fiberboard & Molded Products Group, Adhesives Group, and Structural Panel Group (Joint)

Session Moderator: Mingjie Guan, Associate Prof., Bamboo Engineering & Research Center, Nanjing Forestry Univ., Nanjing, P.R. China

Session Chair: Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

A. Satori, Physical Science Technician, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Rongxian Zhu,

EE1 2:35-2:55 pm In-Service Testing of PHBV-Oak Wood Flour Biocomposites for the Construction Industry

Associate Prof., Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China

Srikanth Pilla, Post-Doctoral Scholar, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Zach Wright, Grad. Student, and Curtis W. Frank, Prof., Dept. of Chemical Engineering, and Sarah Billington, Associate Prof., Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA

EE5 3:55-4:15 pm Sustainable Bio-Composites of West Coast Highways: Outline of a Viability Assessment Method Michael Karas, USDA NNF Fellow and Master’s Candidate, and Lech Muszyński, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

EE2 2:55-3:15 pm Kenaf Bast Fiber Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) Composites from Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil

EE6 4:15-4:35 pm

Kaiwen Liang, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, and Sheldon Q. Shi, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

Sustainable Bio-Composites of West Coast Highways: Effect of Low-Grade Woody Biomass Content on Composite Properties

EE3 3:15-3:35 pm

Michael Karas, USDA NNF Fellow and Master’s Candidate, and Lech Muszyński, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

Carbonization of Large Wood Samples at Low Heat Temperature Treatment to Produce CarbonizedWood Template for Composite Material Bernard Randrianarisoa, Grad. Student, Dept. of Environmental Science & Forestry, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY

EE7 4:35-4:55 pm Cellulose Self-Reinforced Composites from Partial Dissolution

EE4 3:35-3:55 pm

William T.Y. Tze, Assistant Prof., and Lili Zhou, Grad.

Research Assistant, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

Challenges in Understanding Soy Adhesive Performance Charles R. Frihart, Head of Wood Adhesives, and Holly

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

36

SESSION 30: General Topics in Marketing (continued) Sponsors: FPS Marketing Group

Session Moderator: Francisco X. Aguilar

Session Chairs: Francisco X. Aguilar, Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Sudipta Dasmohapatra, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:35-4:55 pm Questions & Answers 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

FF1 2:35-2:55 pm

FF4 3:35-3:55 pm

Best Practices in Quality Management for Achieving Innovation Performance

Environmental Properties of Construction Materials

Scott Leavengood, Associate Prof. and Dir., Oregon Wood Innovation Center, Dept of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR; Timothy R. Anderson, Associate Prof., Dept. of Engineering & Technology Management, Portland State Univ., Portland, OR

Researcher, Norsk Treteknisk Institutt, Oslo, Norway

Kristian Bysheim, Researcher, and Anders Q. Nyrud, Sr.

FF5 3:55-4:15 pm Trade Associations and Group Certification Programs: How can They Impact the Certification Movement?

Iris Montague, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Princeton, WV

FF2 2:55-3:15 pm A Study of Innovation and Change Management in Ghana’s Forest Products Industry

FF6 4:15-4:35 pm Social Perceptions of the Bio-Energy Industry in the Southeastern U.S.

A.L. (Tom) Hammett, Prof., and Richard Bonsi, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

Steven Tyler Pires, Grad. Research Assistant, and Sudipta Dasmohapatra, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC

FF3 3:15-3:35 pm Relationship Value in the Hardwood Lumber Industry Sudipta Dasmohapatra, Assistant Prof., and Ronalds Gonzalez, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC

SESSION 31: Wood-Based Carbon Materials for Advanced Applications Sponsors: FPS Physics Group, Adhesives Group, and Biology Group (Joint)

Session Moderators: Xinfeng Xie and Barry S. Goodell 2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:15-4:55 pm Questions & Answers 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

Session Chairs: Xinfeng Xie, Research Scientist, and Barry S. Goodell, Prof. of Wood Science & Technology, School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME

37

GG1

HOW TO FIND AN ABSTRACT: Go to abstract section "GG1" starting on page 85.

GG1 2:35-2:55 pm

GG3 3:15-3:35 pm

Engineered Materials from Biological Structures: Challenges and Developments

Transition Characteristics of the Wood Cell Walls and their Properties during Carbonization

Chris Byrne, Prof. of Mechanical Engineering, Western Kentucky Univ., Bowling Green, KY

Sung-Min Kwon, Researcher, and Nam-Hun Kim, Prof., Dept. of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National Univ., Chuncheon, South Korea

GG2 2:55-3:15 pm Development of Carbon-Based Adsorbents as Value-Added Products from the Carbonaceous Ash Obtained as By-Product of Wood Gasification

GG4 3:35-3:55 pm

Thomas L. Eberhardt, Research Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA; Sandeep Agnihotri, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and Nicole Labbé, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; Madhavi Martin, Research Scientist, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN; Pyoungchun Kim, Grad. Student, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN

Sheldon Q. Shi, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Dongmao Zhang, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Chemistry, and Dongping Jiang, Research Associate, and Wen Che and Jinshu Shi, Grad. Research Assistants, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

Graphitization of Natural Cellulose into Carbon Fiber

GG5 3:55-4:15 pm Effect of Heating Rate on Selected Physical Properties of Carbonized Wood Xinfeng Xie, Research Scientist, and Barry S. Goodell, Prof. of Wood Science & Technology, School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME

SESSION 32: Forest Products Research from Around the World Sponsor: USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory

Session Moderator: Christopher D. Risbrudt

Session Chair: Christopher D. Risbrudt, Dir., USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI

2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:35-4:55 pm Questions & Answers 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

HH1 2:35-2:55 pm

HH2 2:55-3:15 pm

New Zealand Wood Processing Research: Past Accomplishments and Future Opportunities

Shaping the Profile for Future Demands – Wood Research at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research (Empa)

Tom Richardson, CEO, Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand

Klaus Richter, Head, Wood Lab., Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

38

HH3 3:15-3:35 pm

Research Society, Tokyo, Japan

Utilization Research at the Chinese Academy of Forestry

HH5 3:55-4:15 pm The Changing Forest Sector Innovation System in Canada

Kelin Ye, Research Prof. and Dir. of CRIWI, Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China

Pierre Lapointe, President and CEO, FPInnovations, Vancouver, BC, Canada

HH4 3:35-3:55 pm

HH6 4:15-4:35 pm

Activities of the International Association of Wood Products Societies

Forest-Based Biorefinery Programs in Finland Ali Harlin, Prof. and Industrial Biomaterials Programme

Nobuaki Hattori, Prof., Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture & Technology and Pres., Japan Wood

Manager, VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland

SESSION 33: Marketing and Utilization of Temperate and Tropical Species Sponsor: FPS Temperate & Tropical Hardwood Lumber Group

Session Moderator: David L. Nicholls 2:30-2:35 pm Opening Comments 4:55-5:00 pm Closing Comments

Session Chair: David L. Nicholls, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Sitka, AK

Forestry & Natural Resources, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA; Gary R. Hodge, Prof., and William Woodbridge, Database Administrator, Camcore and Dept. of Forestry & Environmental Resources, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC

II1 2:35-2:55 pm A Contrast of Eastern United States and Foreign Hardwoods – Is There a Consumer Preference for U.S. Hardwoods?

Delton R. Alderman, Research Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Princeton, WV

II4 3:35-3:55 pm Consumer and Manufacturer Perceptions of EdgeGlued Panels Made from Alaskan Hardwoods

II2 2:55-3:15 pm Introducing E Nitens from Chile to U.S. Markets – A Model for Similar Species Introductions

David L. Nicholls, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Sitka, AK; Matthew S. Bumgardner, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH; Valerie A. Barber, Research Asstistant Prof., Forest Products Program, Univ. of Alaska-Fairbanks, Palmer, AK

Leonard M. Guss, Pres., LGA Inc., Woodinville, WA II3 3:15-3:35 pm Global Calibrations for Estimating the Wood Properties of Pine Species Laurence R. Schimleck, Associate Prof., Warnell School of

39

FINAL TO PRINTER (BLUE)

II5 3:55-4:15 pm Physical and Mechanical Properties of Branch, Stem, and Root Wood of Iroko and Emire Martin Amoah, Lecturer, Reynolds Okai, Prof., and Joseph Appiah, Grad. Student, College of Technology Education, Univ. of Education Winneba, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana II6 4:15-4:35 pm Conjoint Study of the Reaction to Wood Product Labels Including Certification, Price, and Forest Origin Information Between U.S. and U.K. Consumers Zhen Cai, Research Assistant, and Francisco X. Aguilar, Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO II7 4:35-4:55 pm Character-Marked Red Alder Lumber: Profiled Panel Product Preferences by Residential Consumers Valerie A. Barber, Research Assistant Prof., Forest Products Program, Univ. of Alaska-Fairbanks, Palmer, AK; David L. Nicholls, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Sitka, AK PFS Corporation Third Party of Choice for: Engineered Wood Products, Building Components, Structural Insulated Panels, and Wood Thermoplastic Composite Lumber.

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Find an Abstract

GG1

Finding an abstract you're looking for is easy. Pages in this section are marked with SECTION CODES. To find an abstract, go to the correct section marked on the top the page, for example "GG" (page 73), and identify the abstract with its designated number, e.g. "GG1."

A1

Reconciling Field Estimates of Residual Biomass with Modeling Results of Biomass Available from Wildfire Risk Reduction Treatments Elaine Oneil, Executive Dir., CORRIM, and James B. McCarter, Sr. Research Scientist, Univ. of Washington, Seattle,WA The demand for woody biomass for renewable energy has generated enormous interest in identifying total, available, and recoverable supply. Logging residues are one under-utilized resource where biomass recovery potential in the Pacific Northwest has often been estimated from 30-year-old field surveys. Changes in harvest practices, logging equipment, and management goals have altered the calculus of what is ecologically and economically available in the intervening years. Using data from current harvests, we estimate total and recoverable residues as a function of harvest volume. Those data are compared to modeled estimates of potentially recoverable biomass based on harvest volume estimates from standard FVS equations. Improvements to the modeled volumes are discussed.

Recommendations are made for how best to reconcile actual residue volume to modeled residue volume. Our goal is to refine estimates of future recovery potential based on modeling of harvest and thinning treatments aimed at reducing fire risk and maximizing carbon storage.

A2

Forest Biomass Resource by Tree Component for the Coterminous United States Patrick D. Miles, Research Forester, Forest Inventory & Analysis Program, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN;W. Brad Smith, Associate National Program Leader, Forest Inventory & Analysis Program, USDA Forest Service,Washington, DC The U.S. Forest Service, Forest Inventory & Analysis (FIA) Program is responsible for reporting forest statistics for the United States.

Estimates are based on remote sensing and a national grid of well over 100,000 field-sampled forested plots. In the coterminous United States, there is at least one field-sampled plot for every 6,000 acres of forestland. In 2009, the U.S. Forest Service, FIA Program implemented a new procedure for estimating tree biomass in order to promote national consistency and provide better estimates of individual tree biomass components. In this presentation, we report wood and bark biomass for three tree components (bole, tops and limbs, and stump) for timber species over 5 inches dbh for the coterminous United States. The wood and bark biomass in non-timber woodland species and in timber species saplings (1 to 5-inches dbh) is also presented. On timberland, 73% of tree biomass is in the bole, 16% in tops and limbs, 4% in stumps, and 7% in saplings. Woodland species account for only two-tenths of one percent of the biomass on timberland as woodland species are most often found on unproductive forestland rather than on timberland. Woodland species constitute 3% of the tree biomass on forestland. FIA data is available for downloading from the Internet. Web applications are also available for customizing reports for sub-national reporting. A brief demonstration of these products will be presented.

A3

Costs and Considerations for Biomass from Wood Chips, Micro-Chips, and Torrefied Wood Dana Mitchell, Research Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL There are several new machines on the market and more on the way for processing wood into specific forms for use in energy conversion. Wood chips can be processed by drum chippers, disk chippers, horizontal grinders, and tub grinders. Newer machines can process trees and wood waste into very small, uniform micro-chips. These micro-chips have different physical characteristics than traditional pulp-type chips. They can be mixed with other feedstocks, like coal, and can meet special requirements such as igniting within a few seconds of entering a boiler. Another type of woody biomass can be created through the process of torrefaction. This process reduces the moisture content and increases the energy value of woody biomass. These three types of woody biomass (chips, micro-chips, and torrefied wood) production are examined and compared on a Btu/unit basis.

A4

Size, Moisture Content, and Btu Value of Processed In-Woods Residues David W. Patterson, Research Prof., School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Arkansas, Monticello, AR; Jonathan I. Hartley, Program Technician, Arkansas Forest Resource Center, Monticello, AR; Matthew H. Pelkki, Prof., School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Arkansas, Monticello, AR With the increased use of in-woods residues as an energy feed stock, it is important to know the properties of the material being transported to the energy facility. The in-woods residues can be transported whole or in slash bundles to be processed at the facility, but more generally the residue is either ground or chipped at the site and transported in van trailers. This study looked at two horizontal grinder operations and two chipping operations. The sites included whole tree chipping as a thinning operation, chipping limbs and tops

41

A-B after a pulpwood harvest, and grinding operations at landings a year after the initial harvest. Numerous samples were collected at each operation and brought to the lab. Two sub-samples were taken from each sample and processed through a chip classifier to determine the size distribution of the particles produced at each operation. Each size classification was oven dried to determine its moisture content. The material was then ground in a cutting mill with a 2 mm sieve to prepare it for testing with an oxygen bomb calorimeter. The results of the study provide the size distribution of the different processing methods and for each of the sizes, the moisture content and the Btu per oven dry pound value. Another result was that in some of the grinder samples there was evidence of increased ash/sand in the crucible and a lower Btu value. This means that dirt was picked up along with the residue and since dirt does not burn, the buyer was receiving less Btus per ton.

Eunice A. Padley, Forest Research Ecologist,Wisconsin DNR, Madison,WI; Jim Hoppe, Council Member,Wisconsin Council on Forestry, Tomahawk,WI; Sarah Herrick, Conservation Biologist,Wisconsin DNR, Madison,WI; Joe Kovach, Forest Ecologist and Silviculturist,Wisconsin DNR,Tomahawk,WI; Carmen Wagner, Forest Hydrologist, and Darrell Zastrow, Deputy Division Administrator, Division of Forestry,Wisconsin DNR, Madison,WI

Economic Feasibility of Woody Biomass Harvesting in Southeastern Missouri Francisco X. Aguilar, Prof., John Dwyer and Hank Stelzer, Associate Profs., and Adam Saunders, Grad. Assistant, Dept. of Forestry, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO

Composites from Plastics and Wood-Derived Materials: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Headed Craig M. Clemons, Materials Research Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Wood and other natural fibers have been used in composites for many years. However, interest in their use as fillers and reinforcements in plastics waned with the development of synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon fibers. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest with one of the largest recent examples being the birth of the wood-plastic composite (WPC) industry. This involved the interfacing of industries that have historically known little about each other and had very different knowledge, expertise, and perspectives. Today, this interaction continues and these composites continue to evolve. A new generation of composites is emerging as a material behavior is better understood, performance is improved, and new opportunities are identified. New trends such as biopolymer technology and nanotechnology are generating interest in new combinations of plastics and wood-derived materials, some of which may be very different from those currently produced. This talk will briefly review the history of these composites, discuss the current factors influencing trends, and explore what the future might hold.

T. Eric McConnell, Grad. Research Assistant, and Sheldon Q. Shi, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS Previous research has shown that hydrothermally treating southern hardwoods improved their surface free energy. This could lead to an increase in their utilization for manufacturing strand-based wood composites. The objectives of this research were twofold. The first was to determine the effects of hydrothermal treatment time and temperature on the dynamic contact angle (DCA) of three

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

42

B2

Influences on the Wettability of Hydrothermally Treated Southern Hardwood Species

B1

A mechanized harvest to remove small-diameter trees for biomass and merchantable saw logs was conducted on 30 acres of a Missouri Ozarks hardwood forest in the summer of 2009. Two silvicultural treatments (single tree selection and shelterwoods) were applied to reduce basal area at different levels. An economic analysis to determine the feasibility of treatments was completed to estimate harvest operational efficiency, productivity, costs, and necessary prices needed to offset fixed and variable costs. Time in motion data was collected on all system components to assess how the extra efforts to gather small-diameter and slash material affect the cost structure of saw logs and pulpwood harvest operation. The presentation also presents a sensitivity analysis to identify break even points at varying diesel input costs, hauling distances, and product prices.

A6

The Wisconsin Council on Forestry has sponsored the development of voluntary guidelines for the harvest of small-diameter woody biomass from Wisconsin’s forests. The guidelines and implementation plan completed in March, 2009, are intended to promote the sustainable harvest of forest energy products while ensuring that increased extraction does not compromise the long-term sustainability or productivity of Wisconsin’s forestland. The presentation will provide an overview of the background and need for guidelines, the process used to develop them, major issues that arose during the process, and significant features of the final guidelines and implementation plan. The rationale for limiting harvest of small-diameter material on sites lacking nutrient capital will be discussed. The presentation will also include an update on related research projects. Research needs that surfaced during the guideline development process have generated a number of studies, and their results will be used in reviewing and potentially revising the guidelines in 2012.

A5

Wisconsin’s Forestland Woody Biomass Harvesting Guidelines

southern hardwood species, southern red oak, sweetgum, and yellow-poplar in polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) resin.

Samples were treated in water at two times, 30 and 60 minutes, and two temperatures, 145 and 175°C. The DCAs were obtained via the Wilhelmy plate technique using the DCA analyzer. The optimum time/temperature combination, 30 minutes and 175°C, was further tested to determine the effect of increased ambient adhesive temperatures on the DCA of the species. PMDI resin was investigated at three temperatures: 20, 50, and 80°C. The species and adhesive temperature independently and significantly affected the DCA. The three temperatures were significantly different with the high ambient temperature producing the least contact angle. Yellow-poplar’s DCA was significantly lower than the other species.

B3

Nanoscale Characterization of Interphase and their Impact on the Performance of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Sandeep Sudhakaran Nair, Grad. Research Assistant, and Siqun Wang, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN; Donna C. Hurley, Physicist, MSEL Materials Reliability Division, National Inst. of Standards & Technology, Boulder, CO Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPC) have attracted great interest, both in industry and in academia. The market for NFRPC has the greatest growth potential in automotive and building industries, especially in areas where biocompatibility and environmentally responsible design and construction are required. The performance of NFRPC mainly depends on the quality of stress transfer in the interphase. Until now, researchers have not been able to measure the exact mechanical properties of interphase in NFRPC. The purpose of this project was to characterize the interphase thickness and measure, for the first time, the mechanical properties of the interphase using contact resonance force microscopy (CR-FM) in cellulose fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites.

The influence of different treatments on interphase was analyzed by quantitative mapping of mechanical properties using CR-FM, atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase imaging, and nanoindentation. There was a gradient of modulus across the interphase region, which ranged between the modulus for fiber and bulk polymer. The use of coupling agents was found to have great influence on the interphase. The nanoscale spatial resolution of CR-FM, combined with its ability to provide quantitative modulus images, makes it possible to investigate the mechanical properties of interphases as narrow as 50 nm in NFRPCs. The bulk properties of the composites were also analyzed and correlated with properties of interphase. The results from this research demonstrate a new technique to evaluate the nanoscale mechanical properties within the interphase and for the optimum design of final NFRPC products.

B4

Evaluation of Nitrogen Chemistry on Modified Biomaterials Xin Gu, Research Assistant, and Nicole R. Brown, Associate Prof. of Wood Chemistry, School of Forest Resources, and Fred Cannon, Prof. of Environmental Engineering, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Penn State, University Park, PA Numerous U.S. groundwater sources host unacceptable levels of perchlorate, nitrate, chromate, vanadate, etc. Available processes for removing these contaminants generally invoke use of petrochemical-based ion exchange media or membranes, which force municipalities and their suppliers to rely on non-renewable raw materials that are mined from non-sustainable and uncertain sources. The aim of this study is to devise means of employing instead lignocellulosic biomaterials (biocarbons) that originate naturally from within America to remove perchlorate and other oxyanions. N-enriched microporous active carbons of different physico-chemical parameters have been obtained from biocarbons subjected to the processes of ammoxidation, carbonization, and activation in different sequences.

B5

Determination of Local Mechanical Properties in a Small OSB Sample by Means of Morphology-Based Finite Element Simulation Assisted with Advanced Imaging Techniques Vaclav Sebera, Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Wood Science, Mendel Univ. of Agriculture & Forestry, Brno, Czech Republic; Lech Muszyński, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR Wood-based composites are complex, anisotropic, and heterogeneous materials, which allow levels of flexibility in engineering their properties to the requirements of the final use. The key properties of all composites are determined by the performance of the internal bond. Significant progress in this area requires better understanding of the composite performance on the micro-mechanical level and reliable modeling based on that understanding. Morphology-based modeling is proposed by many researchers as a way of addressing the complexity of the internal structure of composite materials. In this approach, numerical modeling of the composite structure is aided by advanced imaging techniques. The goal of this study was to develop a procedure for using realistic morphology-based FE model of an OSB sample and data acquired from a physical test performed on the same material to determine local mechanical properties within the sample. The spatial information and local grayscale intensity from CT scan obtained from a small OSB sample was transformed into a regular two-dimensional morphology-based FE mesh with corresponding material properties. The FE model was then used to simulate actual compression test performed on the specimen using actual boundary conditions. The simulated strain fields from the model were compared with the actual two-dimensional strain maps measured on the specimen surface during the compression test using optical methods. Finally, an iterative procedure was used to adjust the original set of material properties to minimize the difference between the

43

B simulated and measured strain data. Since this approach does not require a segmentation of the image data to create FE model, it offers a relatively easy way of modeling complex materials.

Preliminary results and prospects of expanding this procedure to a 3D model will be discussed.

Yong Zhao, Ph.D. Student, and Ning Yan, Associate Prof., Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of Toronto,Toronto, ON, Canada; Martin W. Feng, Sr. Research Scientist and Project Leader, FPInnovations,Vancouver, BC, Canada Liquefaction is an effective method for converting biomass materials into green chemical feedstock. In this study, both mountain pine beetle infested Lodgepole pine bark and Green Lodgepole pine bark were liquefied in the presence of phenol as a solvent and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The effects of reaction conditions such as liquefaction temperature, reaction time, phenol to bark ratio as well as catalyst loading on the residue ratio and free phenol content have been investigated. The liquefied barks can be used as a replacement of synthetic phenol for synthesis of liquefied bark-phenol-formaldehyde adhesives. The results indicated that the reaction conditions significantly influenced the residue ratio and free phenol content of the liquefied barks and their implications in adhesive application are discussed.

Róger Moya Roque, Doctor en Ciencias Forestales, and Diego Camacho, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (Technology Inst. of Costa Rica), Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal (School of Forest Engineering), Cartago, Costa Rica; Roy Soto, Esceula de Quimica, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Julio Mata, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de Costa Rica; Silvia Soto, Esceula de Ingenieria Ambiental, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Particleboards were manufactured from oil palm fruit and oil palm mesocarp fiber of Elaeis guineensis and leaf of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and sawdust from three fast-growth species trees (Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, and Cupressus lusitanica).

The chemical and anatomical compositions of E. guineensis and A. comosus and their effects on urea-formaldehyde adhesive were investigated. Afterwards, particle combination of fiber of E. guineensis and A. comosus with sawdust of three species was investigated. The results showed that fiber of E. guineensis has higher oil content than pineapple leaf, and pineapple leaf has large fiber over 5 mm. Fiber of E. guineensis must be washed with water for increasing adhesion of particle. The best combination of agriculture fiber and sawdust of fast-growth tropical species is over 50%-50% (waste agriculture and sawdust). It was shown that the pineapple leaf and empty fruit of oil palm can be a substitute for conventional wood-based particleboard.

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The Aldo Leopold Foundation is a member-supported organization. Your membership goes to: * Extend Leopold’s vision and values to help develop a conservation ethic that will ensure the health of the land and its people for future generations *Conduct educational and land stewardship activities that advance Aldo Leopold’s land ethic, including the creation of the first full-length, high-quality documentary film on Leopold, Green Fire * Build a new generation of conservation leaders to carry Leopold’s vision forward

Member Benefits: * A subscription to our bi-annual magazine, The Leopold Outlook * Become a part of the growing community of people who understand the importance of a more sustainable relationship with the natural world

Learn more: www.aldoleopold.org For a limited time all membership contributions will be matched by a generous challenge grant by our board of directors!

B7

Manufacture and Properties of Fiberboard Panels with Oil Palm and Pineapple Leaf with Several Sawdusts from Tropical Species

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B6

Adhesive Application of Liquefied Mountain Pine Beetle Infected Lodgepole Pine Barks

GENERAL SESSION

C2

Building on a Century of Innovative and Successful University Research Brian K. Brashaw, Program Dir., Natural Resources Research Inst., Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth, MN University-based research has had a significant impact on the forest products industry over the past century. Strong University research programs have resulted in key developments in nearly all aspects of wood products manufacturing including lumber grading, wood composites, wood drying, nondestructive evaluation technologies, adhesives, structural design, preservative treatments and biodeterioration of wood. Key success stories of University research will be presented with a special emphasis on the wood composites research and development conducted at Washington State University beginning in the 1950’s. Fundamental research was conducted on particle geometry, wood species, wax additives, resin application and distribution, pressing parameters, board layering and orientation by a talented team of researchers, leading to the successful development of several key products including particleboard, medium density fiberboard, and oriented strand board. Important new research avenues being pursued by University researchers and their cooperators will be presented as they work to solve new challenges that face the forest products industry. Discoveries are leading to new products, opportunities and jobs in bio-energy, green adhesives and building materials, advanced composite materials, biopharmaceuticals, affordable nanotechnology and environmental remediation. Innovative problem solving and outreach are targeting improvements in sustainable and economic production, resource utilization, environmental impacts and business practices. A final aspect of University research to be presented is the educational development of the next generation of leaders, educators, and scientists.

C3

Residential Windows and Doors: History of Design and Material Changes Richard E. Schebler, Lumber Analyst, Pella Corp., Pella, IA Residential windows and patio doors have undergone significant changes over many years. This presentation will provide a general history of material and design used in the manufacturing of windows and doors. Developments of windows and doors have continued to evolve with new technology. New technologies in substrates, glass, and manufacturing processes have been a combined effort to provide new product types, improved product performance, and increased material utilization. Technology advancements in materials have provided a wider selection of choices to design and manufacture windows and doors. An ever-changing lumber supply has emphasized the need to increase wood utilization. That has been possible with processes to manufacture residual wood fiber into useful products that have become more common in windows and doors. Customer expectations have been a major influence on the material and design changes and will continue to be in the next generation of windows and doors.

C4

Forest Products Laboratory – Building on a Century of Research Christopher D. Risbrudt, Dir., USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Since 1910, the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) has conducted research and promoted the efficient, sustainable use of wood resources. This presentation will provide a brief history of FPL. It will highlight several significant accomplishments, including FPL contributions to wood construction practices, the development of engineered wood products, our longstanding support of the Department of Defense, and advances in recycling. Its current emphasis areas, which focus on nanoscience and technology, advanced composite materials, advanced structural systems, bio-energy, and the development of uses for undervalued materials as a means to improve forest health, will be highlighted.

C5

Positioning the Forest Products Society for a Sustainable Future Stefan A. Bergmann, Executive Vice President, Forest Products Society, Madison,WI The Forest Products Society (FPS) is in a significant transformational period. External forces linked with the economy, structure of the industry, and societal values have altered the environment in which FPS operates. At the same time, there is a high level of global awareness about environmental issues, such as climate change, carbon sequestration, and other goods and services linked with forests, as well as emerging markets for green-certified buildings and bio-products like bioenergy, composites, and other sustainable wood-based materials. However, despite efforts to adapt to these challenges and opportunities, the numbers of FPS members has been steadily declining, down from a peak of 4,000 members in 1982 to just over 1,100 today. The number of corporate company members is one-half of what it was 15 years ago. In addition, many wood science and forest products academic programs are struggling to remain viable, and some have closed; the need for specialized knowledge in these areas remains, but how it is delivered in the future will differ from how it was in the past 50 years. While these conditions present substantial challenges, they also create important opportunities to refocus our business model around emerging issues, trends, and technologies. In order for FPS to remain competitive as a member-based association, we need to identify innovative ways to refocus our organization and create broad appeal to existing members, potential new members, and the public. To that end, the leadership of FPS has begun to embark on a Visioning and Strategic Planning Process to evaluate our

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C-D current structure and products, and to develop innovative strategic actions and new partnerships to position FPS for a bright and sustainable future.

Shona Duncan, Post-Doctoral Associate, Jonathan S. Schilling, Assistant Prof., and Brook Jacobson, Research Assistant, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Understanding the enzyme sequences of the lignocellulosic decay process is an important step in the overall understanding of wood decay fungal metabolism. Much is known about the enzymes that are produced and their effect on individual substrates, but little is known about the sequence and relative concentrations of enzymes released on different lignocellulosics. Understanding how fungi adapt their enzyme secretome to degrade fundamentally different substrates is important, both for wood protection as well as biomass utilization. In this research, we investigate the order of enzyme release, activity levels, and the ratio of cellulose- to hemicellulose-hydrolyzing enzymes. Wood decay fungi Trametes versicolor and Postia placenta were grown in liquid culture with five different lignocellulosic feedstocks (aspen, southern yellow pine, corn stover, mixed prairie grass, and alfalfa) over a 16-week time series. Samples of the liquid growth media were taken every two weeks. Endoglucanase, ß glucosidase and xylanase activity were measured. Cellulose content in the five feedstocks ranged from 27-41%. Hemicellulose content ranged from 14-19%. The enzyme activities varied both over the 16-week sampling period and between feedstocks. Generally, activity levels were lower when fungi were grown with wood than with non-woody plant material, likely coincident with slower decomposition rate as suggested by characterization of decayed material. Enzyme activity levels were not constant through the 16-week incubation period, and ratios of endoglucanse: ß-glucosidase: xylanase had a different peak and trough profile than enzyme activity peaks. Results demonstrate that both test fungi optimized their secretome to match the substrate following similar approaches.

Christopher G. Hunt, Research Chemist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Kenneth E. Hammel, Research Microbiologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab. and Associate Prof. of Bacteriology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI; and Don Carl Jones,Technician, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Many believe reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a very important agent of wood degradation during incipient decay by both white and brown rot fungi. There are still many questions about ROS action, however. This paper discusses our method of making semiquantitative micron scale maps of ROS activity during the first few days of fungal colonization of wood. The methods of sensor production, validation, calibration, specimen preparation, imaging, and analysis are discussed. Some data on the strength of ROS gradients and their significance to fungal decay mechanisms also will be discussed.

Jonathan S. Schilling, Assistant Prof., Shona Duncan, Post-Doctoral Associate, and Brook Jacobson, Research Assistant, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

Lignocellulosic Polysaccharides and Lignin Degradation via Nonenzymatic Fenton-Based Reactions Mediated by Fungal Fe3+Reductants Valdeir Arantes, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of British Columbia,Vancouver, BC, Canada; Adriane M. F. Milagres,

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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D4

Serpula lacrymans is a destructive wood-degrading fungus that is more common in buildings than naturally on the forest floor. This brown rot fungus evolved recently, and a key adaptation to degrading wood building materials may be its efficient utilization of nutrients. Nitrogen, in particular, is very low in wood. Without ground contact, wood nitrogen may be too low for most forest wooddegrading fungi to survive. Our work with S. lacrymans focuses on iron, which may, by default, be rate-limiting in this system instead of nitrogen. Using three S. lacrymans isolates (ATCC 32750, 34550, and FPRL 12C) and an isolate from a ‘sister’ taxon S. himantioides, we have tested effects of various calcium-containing building materials, as well as pure sources of iron, on decay rates in southern yellow pine. It is evident that in early stages of decay, iron can stimulate wood degradation, while calcium can inhibit degradation, but these observations have been limited to S. lacrymans. Isolates from both fungi grew in direct contact with metals and materials and precipitated calcium oxalate along hyphae, as evidenced by electron microscopy and microanalysis. For S. lacrymans, oxalate production also responded to iron availability, and the ratio of soluble/total oxalate decreased extracellularly in the presence of calcium. These data highlight the uniqueness of S. lacrymans and give insight into the interaction between iron and oxalate during brown rot. This dynamic would be difficult to assess in other fungi, making S. lacrymans a useful model and a valuable genome to be sequenced and annotated.

D3

Serpula lacrymans as a Model for Brown Rot Fungal Mechanisms

D2

Semi-Quantitative Micron Scale Maps of Reactive Oxygen Species to Illuminate Mechanisms of Incipient Fungal Decay

D1

Cellulolytic Enzyme Ratios during Fungal Degradation of Lignocellulose

Univ. of São Paulo, Brazil; Barry S. Goodell, Prof. of Wood Science & Technology, School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME The present leading hypothesis of wood biodegradation mechanisms is that fungal lignocellulolytic enzymes are too large to penetrate into intact wood in the case of brown and selective white rot decay, and mediated Fenton reactions have been widely accepted to explain the initial steps in the case of brown rot decay. Most of the research in this field has been conducted with compounds partially isolated from cultures of the brown rot fungus Gloephyllum trabeum, a model brown rot fungus, and to date there still is no conclusive experimental evidence of the involvement of this nonenzymatic system in fungi outside of Gloephyllum brown rot species. In this context, low molecular weight Fe3+-reducing compounds produced by the brown rot fungus Wolfiporia cocos and the selective white rot fungus Perenniporia medulla-panis were purified, structurally characterized, and utilized along with Fe3+ and H2O2 (mediated Fenton reaction) to oxidize lignocellulosic polysaccharides and lignin in vitro under conditions similar to those found in vivo. Mediated Fenton-based •OH producing reactions extensively oxidized soluble cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates, as well as lignin present in milled wood.

Mediated Fenton reactions also slightly increased the amount of reducing ends on microcrystalline cellulose, but it was not accompanied with release of reducing sugars. Lignin oxidation occurred mainly through demethylation and to a lesser extent side-chain oxidation as detected by 13C-TMAH thermochemolysis. These findings indicate that besides the extensively studied G. trabeum, other brown rot fungi as well as selective white rot fungi possess means to promote Fenton chemistry to degrade cellulose and hemicellulose, and modify lignin.

The importance of Fenton-based •OH producing reactions mediated by phenolates operating separately or synergistically with cellulases in brown rot fungi and ligninases in white rot fungi to achieve complete degradation of plant cell wall components will be discussed.

D5

A New Solution-State NMR Approach to Elucidate Fungal and Enzyme / Mediator Delignification Pathways Daniel J.Yelle, Ph.D. Candidate and Physical Science Technician, and Kenneth E. Hammel, Research Microbiologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; John Ralph, Prof., Dept. of Biochemistry, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI; Dongsheng Wei and Alexander N. Kapich, Visiting Scientists, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Brown rot basidiomycetes efficiently depolymerize wood cellulose, even though cellulose is initially shielded by a recalcitrant barrier of lignin. During this process, the lignin appears to remain in-situ, which raises the question of how the polysaccharide-degrading systems of brown rot fungi circumvent the lignin to access their substrates. Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of dissolved brown-rotted wood using HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum correlation) one-bond 1H-13C spectra of aspen degraded by the brown rot fungus Postia placenta showed that the residual material was about 18% deficient in the major ß–aryl ether structure of lignin, relative to the methoxyl content. To identify some of the processes responsible for lignin depletion, additional NMR analyses on decayed aspen treated with a cellulase mixture to remove polysaccharides were performed. A 13C NMR spectrum of this enzymetreated sample showed that it contained benzoic acid and benzaldehyde residues that were present at much lower levels in undecayed aspen. Moreover, an HSQC spectrum of the same sample displayed signals characteristic of phenylglycerol residues, which were barely detectable in the undecayed aspen. The identity of the benzoic acids and benzaldehydes was confirmed with long-range HMBC (heteronuclear multiple bond correlation) 1H-13C spectra, and the identity of the phenylglycerols was confirmed with a TOCSY-HSQC (total correlation spectroscopy-HSQC) experiment. The presence of benzoic acid and benzaldehyde residues in the brown-rotted wood shows that its lignin sidechains had been cleaved between Cα and Cß, whereas the presence of phenylglycerols suggests that intermonomer ether linkages between lignin sidechains also had been cleaved. Our results demonstrate that Postia placenta is actually ligninolytic, contrary to the prevailing view of fungal brown rot.

E1

Developing a Coordinated Research Plan for Biomass / Bio-Energy Leslie H. Groom, Project Leader, and Thomas Elder, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA The utilization of woody biomass from the nation’s forests is a complex issue encompassing production, harvesting/transportation, conversion, and environmental factors. This has been recognized in a February 3, 2010 announcement by the President concerning the acceleration of biofuel development and the release of “Growing America’s Fuel” from the Biofuels Interagency Working Group. Among the challenges identified in this report are an integration of effort between governmental agencies and coordination of research to insure sustainable production and efficient conversion of feedstocks. The specifically enumerated roles of the U.S. Forest Service in this work include feedstock development, production systems, and pilot-scale conversion facilities. While interagency coordination is essential, research integration within the agency is also critical. This presentation reports on current efforts by Forest Service Research to address the science and technology for sustainable biomass utilization.

E2

Production and Characterization of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil from Giant Miscanthus Feedstock Philip H. Steele, Prof., El Barbary Hassan, Assistant Prof., Brian Mitchell, Research Associate II, and Qi Li, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Forest

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D-F Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS Bio-oil produced from giant miscanthus by an auger pyrolysis reactor was characterized physically and chemically. The auger reactor processes 7 kg/h at a temperature of 450ºC. Elemental analyses were carried out for both biomass feedstock and the produced bio-oil. Bio-oil physical properties of pH, water content, acid value, density, and viscosity were determined. Mean molecular weights and polydispersity were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The bio-oil was fractionated using solvent extraction into aliphatic and aromatic fractions. The composition and chemical characteristics of pyrolysis oils and fractions were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) techniques. The boiling points for the fraction components were determined by simulated distillation and compared with the properties of conventional petroleum-based transportation fuels. Results showed that giant miscanthus is a viable feedstock for production of bio-oil.

Philip H. Steele, Prof., and Sanjeev Kumar Gajjela, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS Biomass is a renewable alternative route to produce hydrocarbons as a replacement for fossil fuels. Fast pyrolysis is a means to produce a precursor biocrude for conversion of biomass to hydrocarbons. MSU has produced a hydrodeoxygenated (HDO) biooil from pine wood with a novel proprietary catalyst. The MSU HDO bio-oil hydrocarbon mixture is a water-clear liquid with zero water, zero oxygen, HHV equivalent to that of petroleum fuels, and with a neutral pH. The hydrocarbons produced in the HDO process are comprised of a mix of paraffins, iso-paraffins, napthenes, and aromatics similar to those obtained from petroleum hydrocracking processes. The MSU-mixed hydrocarbons produced by the HDO bio-oil catalysis process are a mixture of diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel components. The Air Force plans to complete testing and certification of aircraft fleet/systems on a 50/50 blend of alternative and conventional fuel by 2011. The conversion to 50/50 petroleum to renewable jet fuels for fueling Air Force jets will result in high demand and prices for the renewable component. We took a clean cut of jet fuel weight hydrocarbon component from our MSU HDO bio-oil hydrocarbon mixture by spinning band distillation. This jet fuel cut was analyzed by detailed hydrocarbon analysis to identify all hydrocarbon compounds contained. The distribution of these compounds was compared to those in current jet fuel petroleum cuts. The jet fuel was characterized by GC/MS, FT-IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. Physical properties, such as higher heating value, viscosity, density, water content, and acid value, were also determined.

Jingming Tao, Grad. Research Assistant, Don Parish, Research Associate, and Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS Bio-oil is produced by pyrolysis of biomass. Due to high percentage content of oxygenated compounds, bio-oil contains from 40 to 50% oxygen. This high level of oxygen content causes negative properties of polymerization over time, high acidity, pungent odor, and low heating value relative to petroleum fuels. Because of these negative characteristics, experts in the field are agreed that some upgrading of raw bio-oil is required to allow it to be combusted as a fuel. A new boiler fuel ASTM standard has just been released for bio-oil that assigns a grade number to establish a means to measure quality to insure that buyers have a means to value each boiler fuel type. Our research performed a proprietary alcohol esterification method on raw bio-oil to convert acids to esters. In this case, the alcohol added was 20% of total volume by weight with a proprietary esterifying catalyst process applied.

This fuel was combusted in a converted diesel/natural gas boiler located at a greenhouse to determine the potential for greenhouse heating with the boiler fuel. A drop-in conversion kit was utilized to refurbish the boiler with a high air fuel atomization system. This system employed three nozzles to allow high-efficiency combustion of difficult-to-burn fuels. This paper reports on the results of the successful tests of the system and the required modifications to allow the system to heat circulating water for greenhouse heating.

Qiu-ge Zhang, Liang-wu Bi, Prof., and Zhen-dong Zhao, Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China;Yuan-ping Chen, Hangzhou Success Ultrasonic Equipment Co., Ltd., Fuyang, P.R. China; Dong-mei Li,Yan Gu, Jing Wang, Cai-ying Bo, and Xian-zhang Liu, Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China Preparation of p-cymene in pilot equipment using ultrasonic spraying of raw material industrial dipentene (DP) was studied. By comparison with common spraying, it was found that ultrasonic spraying could improve DP dehydrogenation process. The running temperatures of preheater and spray room were all relative lower (10-25°C and 100-150°C). The p-cymene yields in ultrasonic spraying mode were higher with 2.45-6.23% than those in common spraying mode at 210-270°C. The p-cymene yields in ultrasonic spraying mode were higher with 0.31-1.10% than those in common spraying mode at 280-310°C. The yield of p-cymene was up to 99.25% in the condition of reactor temperature 310°C, flow rate of DP 4L/h, nitrogen flow rate 2 L/min based on Pd/C catalyst and

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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F1

Application of Ultrasonic Spraying in Preparation of p-cymene by Industrial Dipentene Dehydrogenation

E4

Greenhouse Heating with Esterified Bio-Oil

E3

Production of Jet Fuel from Wood-Based Pyrolysis Oil

ultrasonic spraying.

F2

Determination of Selected Properties and Optimization of Wood-Filled Silicone-Elastomer Composites with Chemical Modified Wood Particles Timo Grueneberg, Ph.D. Student, Andreas Krause and Carsten Mai, Profs., and Holger Militz, Prof. and Dir., Dept. of Wood Biology & Wood Products, Georg-August-Univ., Göttingen, Germany The use of wood and natural fibers to reinforce thermoplastic polymers has been known for several decades. One of the major challenges with thermoplastic matrix materials is a low impact resistance to stress. A major goal of this work was the substitution of pyrogenic silicic acid, a material with a high specific surface (200-400 [m²/g], which reinforces the silicone compound. Within the project the good elastic properties should be kept and the mechanical properties increased. However, most mechanical properties of the produced wood-filled silicone-elastomer composites were reduced in comparison to unfilled silicone-elastomer references. It can be assumed that the interfacial bonding between the silicone-elastomer and wood particles is too weak to reinforce the composite. The external forces do not appear to be transferred from the matrix to the wood particles. The density and the hardness (Shore A) of silicone-elastomers increased through filling with wood particles. The use of wood fibers with a length/diameter ratio of approx. 100:1 increased the tear-drop resistance significantly. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and restoring force decreased significantly, while water uptake strongly increased. The results show that wood particles can be used as non-reinforcing, inactive filler such as diatomaceous earth and silicic acid, but not to enhance mechanical properties.

F3

Recent Advances in the use of Wood Residues and Non-Wood Forest Products for Producing Low-Cost Building Materials in Nigeria Abel Olajide Olorunnisola, Prof., Dept. of Agricultural & Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Inadequacy of affordable houses remains a major problem in Nigeria. One of the problems hindering the availability of affordable houses is the inadequate supply and exorbitant cost of the preferred cement-based conventional building materials. One way of addressing the problem is by developing low-cost building materials capable of satisfying the cultural, architectural, construction, safety, and health requirements of the populace. Wood-cement composites -- lightweight concrete products in which wood particles serve as aggregate in cement-water mixtures -- appear to have the potential to satisfy these requirements. This paper presents the current on-going research efforts at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, aimed at developing and characterizing wood-cement composites from locally available wood and agricultural residues. So far, sawdust from four tropical hardwoods – Afzelia africana, Ceiba pentandra, Melicia excelsa, and Pterygota macrocarpa – and rattan cane, a non-wood forest product, have been tested. The effects of chemical pre-treatment (CaCl2 and Al2 (SO4)3) and aqueous (hot and cold water) extraction of water soluble cement inhibitors on hydration behavior (compatibility with cement) as well as strength and sorption properties of the composites have been examined. Findings have shown that with suitable pretreatment, acceptable wood-cement composites could be produced from the seven materials tested. Current efforts are now directed at producing floor and wall tiles, ceiling boards, and roofing sheets from these materials.

F4

Study on Preparation, Properties, and Structures of Cellulose Internal Plasticization Yuzhi Xu, Assistant Prof., Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China; Fuxiang Chu, Prof., Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; Chunpeng Wang and Liwei Jin, Associate Profs., Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China The objectives of our work are to synthesize long-chain cellulose esters in a homogeneous phase by microwave irradiation for preparing internally plasticized materials, which are modified by blending with other polymers, and to discover the correlation of its preparation, properties, and structure, as well as to provide access to a variety of cellulose-based materials with valuable properties. One-step procedure of activation and dissolution of cellulose in LiCl/DMAc irradiated by ultrasonic was studied, and cellulose could be easily solubilized in LiCl/DMAc after being treated for seven minutes by ultrasound at 400 w, with no degradation of the cellulose chain during the process, which no derivatives of cellulose were formed during the solvation process proved by 13C-NMR spectrum. For the three cellulose laurate samples with different degrees of substitution, two main peaks (α and ß relaxations) separated were readily distinguished in the tanδ curves revealed by DMTA in tension mode. The relaxation at the higher temperature (α ransition), which varied between 120ºC and 200ºC, was accompanied by the most important decrease of G′, and this indicated that it corresponded to the glass transition of the polymer. At a lower temperature, the peak corresponded to ß transition, accompanying lateral substituent melting in the vicinity of -30ºC.

F5

The Effect of Tyrosine-Rich Peptides when Introduced into the Cell Wall Lignin Network Brett G. Diehl, Forest Products Grad. Fellow, Nicole R. Brown, Associate Prof. of Wood Chemistry, and Ming Tien, Prof. of Biochemistry, School of Forest Resources, Penn State, University Park, PA

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F-G The objectives of this presentation are to inform the audience of current research regarding a novel approach to modify cell wall lignin structure. This project seeks to genetically modify woody-stemmed plants. The genetic modification will alter the plant’s lignin structure by introducing a tyrosine-rich peptide that will hopefully bind to the lignin polymer network (we are currently in the process of proving that this binding can indeed occur). When the wood from the plant is then treated with protease enzymes the tyrosine residues will be removed and, since the tyrosine is bound to lignin, portions of the lignin network will be removed too. This means that the remaining lignin network will be weakened and more easily broken down. Faster and cheaper methods of lignin removal could have implications for the pulp and paper industry as well as for the biofuels industry if lignocellulose is ever to be used as a feedstock. Preliminary studies suggest that introducing a tyrosine-rich peptide into the cell wall does affect lignin structure.

We are currently attempting to determine the exact chemical interactions that are occurring in vitro and in vivo between tyrosine compounds and lignin model compounds.

Lihai Wang, Prof. and Dean, Xiangfei You, Post-Grad. Student, and Chun Meng, Prof., College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China How to decrease the damage rate of residual standing trees is quite important for forest land owners to reduce wood production waste and to develop and utilize forest resources in a sustainable way. The damage rate of residual standings in a selective cutting site with conifer-broadleaved forest in Xiaoxinganling Forest Region, which was caused by chainsaw felling operations, was studied through modeling analysis and case study. At first, after the theoretical system analysis for influencing factors according to data, the mathematical modeling (RDM) was established, which described the impacts of harvesting intensity (HI), the initial stands density (SD), and stem volume of each tree planned to be cut down (VTPC) to the damage rate of residual standing trees (DRRT) in the operation sites. Secondly, the theoretical model was tested, verified, and validated by a practical case study in Dongfanghong Forest Farm. The research results showed that the model (RDM) was valid with high correlation between two group data for describing DRRT and HI, SD and VTPC (e.g. one group from modeling simulation and another one from case study site survey). The results also indicated that DRRT was changed following HI in a parabola curve and following the time of SD and VTPC in a linear trend, and the three-dimensional (3D) curve surface for describing DRRT and HI, SD and VTPC was simulated according to survey data. The case study demonstrated that the loggers could decrease the DRRT around 9% by controlling the tree felling direction. At last suggestions for reducing DRRT have been proposed.

Lamfu Eric Samba, Project Assistant, and Yongabi Hyginus Ful, Consultant, Hydra Project International, Bamenda, Cameroon; Ngwain Colbert, Consultant, Sustainable Resource Development Forum,Yaounde, Cameroon

A Computer-Aided Optimal Bucking System for the Northeastern Species of China Jidong Ma, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Jinzhuo Wu, Grad. Research Assistant, and Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources,West Virginia Univ., Morgantown,WV Tree-length scaling and bucking are an essential process in forest products production in northeast China and can affect the economics and profitability of forest products companies. Operations Research has been extensively used to simulate the process of scaling and bucking of tree stems, including linear programming, dynamic programming, and network analysis. The directed graph approach of network analysis was used to develop an optimal bucking system for the northeastern species of China. A stem model

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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G3

It has been established that 98% of the forests in Africa are state forests and only 2% belong to the communities. This has led to increased pressure on the forests by these communities, since they have resorted to illegal exploitation. Despite all measures put in place by the government to sustainably manage the forests, illegal exploitation is still on the increase. With the recent introduction of Community Forest in Cameroon, forest management has greatly improved. Community Forest management in Cameroon is a situation whereby forest management is in the hands of local councils and the communities. The communities are therefore able to benefit from the forest resources. This is different from the 1994 law, which said all forests were state forests and the adjacent communities had nothing to benefit from it. With the introduction of Community Forest in Cameroon, forests are now sustainably managed and illegal logging has greatly reduced. Since forest management is now in the hands of both communities and the local councils, the only problem is the procedures that have been put in place by the government for authorizing Community Forest.

The process is long and difficult. There is a need for government to make the process easier for these communities to obtain their authorizations.

G2

Community Forest Management in Cameroon

G1

A Study on the Damage Rate of Residual Trees Caused by Chainsaw Felling in the Selective Cutting Operations during Winter in a Conifer-Broadleaved Forest

was used in the system considering defects such as rotten, knots, and sweep. Species, log grades, prices, and defects were stored in an Access database at the backend of the system using ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) for data retrieval. The computer-aided optimal bucking system was developed using MS VB/OpenGL. The results indicated that the system can significantly recover the value of tree-stems compared to traditional manual bucking that has long been used in northeast China.

G4

Multiple Criteria Evaluation Modeling for Tract Level Log Landing Site Selection Benktesh D. Sharma, Grad. Research Assistant, Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., and Michael Strager, Assistant Prof., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources,West Virginia Univ., Morgantown,WV

H1

Log landing site selection is an important forest harvest planning component that requires assessment of multiple criteria to balance the cost and environmental compliance. We have approached this problem by evaluating three common techniques of multiple criteria evaluation modeling in geographic information system (GIS) for a forest in West Virginia. We utilized information and data that are available from forest management plans, publicly available digital elevation model (DEM), land cover features, environmental criteria from best management practice guidelines (BMP), and general forest harvest principles. Assessment models were developed in ArcGIS ModelBuilder to classify harvest tract locations into three different categories of low, moderate, and high classes. The evaluation of the result included availability of suitable areas and distribution of these areas in different harvest tracts. We found out that fuzzy logic based approach provided flexibility in objectively assigning tract level suitable areas for log landing site selection as compared to indexed and Boolean overlay techniques.

Looking Backward, Looking Forward: A Historical View of Wood Preservation in the U.S. H. Michael Barnes,Thompson Prof. of Wood Science & Technology, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MN; Adam M. Taylor, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN This presentation takes a historical look at wood preservation in the U.S. from its earliest days to current practices. Included is discussion on preservatives, processes, and commodities along with the people and institutions in preservation research. Challenges to the industry and future considerations are included.

H2

Wood Protection in the 21st Century Carol A. Clausen, Supervisory Research Microbiologist, and Frederick Green III, Research Microbiologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Billions of dollars (USD) are spent annually to replace wood damaged by decay fungi and termites. Although mold fungi do not cause structural damage to wood, mold mitigation of new and existing structures is equally costly. Excess moisture is the limiting factor that leads to colonization and infestation of wood by mold, decay, and termites. Moisture control can be undermined in structures by a combination of factors including architectural style, workmanship, building materials, building practices, weather, energy efficiency, and maintenance. Protection of wood from biological agents can also be achieved by preservative treatments with biocides, but commercial preservatives are generally not appropriate for interior structural applications. Since chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood was restricted from most residential applications in the U.S. the need for new “green” wood protection systems has also increased for exterior as well as interior applications. Several environmentally friendly approaches to facilitate heavy metal-free wood protection are being investigated including targeted biocides, synergistic combinations of new and existing biocides, nanotechnology, and increased use of naturally durable wood species. Progress in each of these areas will be discussed.

H3

New Wood Modification Technology on its Way to Practical Application Holger Militz, Prof. and Dir., Dept. of Wood Biology & Wood Products, Georg-August-Univ., Göttingen, Germany Because of environmental concerns, the pressure on the wood industry is higher than ever before to find alternatives to tropical hardwoods and to preservative-treated wood. This is the reason why some new modification technologies, such as furfurylation, heat treatments, acetylation, and resin treatments have been introduced to the market. The knowledge in wood modification is further nowadays compared to 20 years ago. People are starting to recognize the enormous advantages of combining a renewable source “wood” with an environmentally acceptable technique to gain a totally new, high-quality material. Furthermore, the wood sector and other industries are starting to believe in this new approach, partially because a new technology of upgrading wood could help in competition with other materials, like plastic or steel. However, researchers from universities and research institutes, the wood modification industry, wood producers, and consumers face a lot of new challenges. The combination of several research areas, such as chemistry, biology and material technology, unknown and partly new material properties, new production technology, not existing or not fitting testing and analytical methods, changed aesthetical properties, etc. are just some of the many bottle necks to overcome to successfully introduce a new technology to the market. In this paper, several challenges on the way to practical applications will be

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G-I highlighted and discussed, from researchers and an industrial perspective.

Adam M.Taylor, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN; Maureen E. Puettman, LCA Consultant, Environmental Product Analysis,Woodlife, Corvallis, OR Environmental impact is fast becoming an important product attribute. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is the accepted method for the holistic and systematic evaluation of the inputs and outputs associated with the production, use, and disposal of products. LCA can be used to compare substitute products and LCA data for treated wood products are needed so that informed choices can be made. Considerations for the assessment of treated wood and the available relevant LCA data will be discussed.

Tor P. Schultz, Prof. (also Silvaware, Inc.), Nathan S. Little, Grad. Research Assistant, and Darrel D. Nicholas, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

Conception of Sustainable Wood-Welded Panels Benoit Belleville, Ph.D. Candidate, and Tatjana Stevanovic, Prof., Centre de recherche sur le bois, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Anthony Pizzi, Prof. of Industrial Chemistry, ENSTIB-LERMAB, Université Henri Poincaré – Nancy 1, Épinal, France; Alain Cloutier, Prof., Centre de recherche sur le bois, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada

I1

Biocides currently employed to control termites face environmental and toxicity concerns. We recently proposed that heartwood that is naturally resistant to termite attack may be caused by the extractives having both toxicity and antioxidant properties, and reported that the artificial and benign antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene had termite feeding deterrence and toxicity properties.

To continue this study we examine other antioxidants, both natural and synthetic, and analogues without antioxidant properties, on Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar using the AWPA E1 no-choice test. Antioxidants, which are so benign that they are approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration as additives for human foodstuffs or are naturally present in foods, had feeding deterrence and mortality properties to R. flavipes. Conversely, the non-antioxidant analogues, with the exception of the heterocyclic flavanone which was previously shown to be active against decay fungi, had little effect on R. flavipes. We conclude that R. flavipes avoids heartwood that contains extractives with antioxidant properties.

H5

A Hypothesis on Termite-Resistant Heartwood: Effect of Antioxidants on Termites

H4

Life-Cycle Assessment of Treated Wood

Recently in Europe, high-speed-rotation-induced wood-dowel welding by mechanical friction without adhesive has been shown to rapidly yield wood joints of considerable strength. The objective of the present study was to investigate high-speed-rotation-induced wood-dowel welding for the fabrication of panels, first with with a European species, beech (Fagus sylvatica), using a standard highspeed fixed base drill. The average results for both tensile and three-point bending tests indicate that the technique is suitable for paneling application and the dowels configuration inside the panel can affect significantly the mechanical properties. Based on the European results, a second segment of the study was to define the optimal parameters for rotational dowel wood welding of two Canadian hardwood species commonly used for furniture and flooring applications, sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), using a machine specifically designed for wood-welded dowel paneling purpose. A comparative analysis of the wood welding parameters in the fabrication of wood panels was performed. Different factors were investigated: grain orientation, rotation speed, insertion angle and speed of insertion. Temperature measurements of the welding interface were also carried out. It is expected that high-speed-rotation-induced wood-dowel welding can be suitable for the paneling of these Canadian wood species.

The optimized parameters for each species will offer an opportunity to increase productivity and reduce costs in the furniture industry.

William G. Davids, John C. Bridge Prof. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Derek Rancourt, M.Sc. Student, and Habib J. Dagher, Prof. and Dir. of AEWC, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME This presentation details the development of pre-fabricated roof panels underway at the University of Maine AEWC Advanced Structures and Composites Laboratory. The insulated panels consist of wood I-joist framing members and oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing attached to the top and bottom I-joist flanges. To enhance stiffness and strength through composite action, the top and bottom OSB sheathing is glued and screwed to the I-joist flanges. Unlike conventional structural insulated panels, these highstrength panels can be used in long span applications, their construction allows the use of many insulation types, and the panels can easily be internally vented. To assess the performance characteristics of the roof panels, four-point bending tests were conducted on 4’-wide panels with spans of 16’ and 24’. Plain I-joists of the same spans were tested in four-point bending to determine baseline non-composite strength values and allow the additional strength and stiffness provided by the bonded OSB sheathing to be

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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I2

Performance of Prefabricated Composite I-Joist / OSB Panels for Roof Construction

quantified. Results of these tests indicate that significant short-term strength gains are achieved through composite action of the OSB and I-joist. However, creep tests performed on four panels in an uncontrolled environment indicate that the panel design strength may be limited by creep deflections and creep rupture. Two buildings on the University of Maine campus have already used the roof panel design: the UMaine Innovation Center and the UMaine Child Study Center addition. The UMaine AEWC Center is working with Forever Green Laminates (FGL) of Orono, Maine to commercialize the panel design for roof applications.

I3

Effect of Seasonal Temperature Changes on Acoustic Evaluation of Trees and Logs Shan Gao, Ph.D. Candidate, College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China, and Visiting Student, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI; Xiping Wang, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; R. Bruce Allison, Registered Consulting Arborist, Allison Tree Care Inc. and Adjunct Prof., Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI; Lihai Wang, Prof. and Dean, College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China

I4

As acoustic wave technology becomes more and more widely used in forest industry for quality control and material evaluation purposes, environmental factors begin playing an important role in field operations. One of the key questions in field application is how seasonal temperature changes affect acoustic properties of trees and logs and what impact does it have on interpretation of acoustic measures. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of operating temperature (T0) on acoustic wave velocity (AWV) of standing trees and logs and build theoretical models for adjusting AWV for temperature differences as acoustic testing is performed in different climate and different seasons. Field acoustic measurements have been conducted on trees and freshly cut logs at a 45-yearold red pine plantation stand in Arena, Wisconsin. AWV of trees and logs and ambient temperature were monitored over a period of 7 months (data will be continuously collected through next 5 months). Our preliminary results show that AWVs of trees and logs are significantly affected by ambient temperature when wood is in frozen state. As ambient temperature decreased, AWV of trees and logs increased approximately 55 and 160 m/s per °C, respectively. As to logs, a much steeper change occurred in the AWV-T0 relationship near freezing point. We discuss factors that cause this behavior in frozen trees and logs and propose a theoretical model for describing the AWV-T0 relationship as a function of moisture content (MC) and modulus of elasticity (MOE).

Field Study of Raised Floor Moisture Performance with Different Floor Insulation Systems in Southern Louisiana Samuel V. Glass, Research Physical Scientist, and Charles G. Carll, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Jay P. Curole and Matthew D.Voitier, Research Associates, Kevin W. Ragon, Post-Doctoral Research Scientist,Todd F. Shupe, Prof., and Qinglin Wu, Roy O. Martin Sr. Prof., School of Renewable Natural Resources, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA In flood-prone areas, elevating a building’s floor system above the anticipated flood level can significantly limit the extent of property damage associated with flooding. In hot and humid climates, such as the Gulf Coast region, raised floor systems may, however, be at risk for seasonal moisture accumulation, as the majority of residential buildings in such climates are now mechanically cooled. This study monitored conditions over a one-year period in a sample of 12 houses with insulated raised floors in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Most of the houses were located in flood hazard areas and were constructed with open pier foundations. Site conditions were selected such that exterior moisture loads would be fairly challenging: houses typically did not have roof gutters; site grading generally resulted in wet soil under the houses; and ground vapor barriers were in most cases intentionally omitted. Several types of insulation were compared across the sample of houses: foil-faced rigid polyisocyanurate foam board installed below floor joists; open-cell and closed-cell sprayed polyurethane foams of varying vapor permeance applied below the subfloor; and kraft-faced glass fiber batt insulation below the subfloor. Air temperature and relative humidity were monitored with data loggers placed under the floor, inside the house, and outdoors. Soil temperature and moisture content under the house were measured periodically. Moisture content and temperature were measured periodically in the plywood or lumber subfloor of each house. Relationships between subfloor moisture content and environmental conditions are assessed, and comparative results are presented for the various types of insulation with regard to moisture levels in the subfloor.

J1

Pilot Plant Gasification of Woody Biomass Thomas Elder, Research Forest Products Technologist, and Leslie H. Groom, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA The gasification of woody biomass using a commercial, downdraft pilot-scale system is reported. The gasification unit, consuming approximately 60 pounds per hour of wood chips, produces synthesis gas, which is used as the fuel for a spark ignited engine, powering a 25kW electrical generator. The electrical energy provides the power for a 4000-square-foot office building with the excess returned to the utility grid. The current work is concerned with determining and quantifying differences in synthesis gas production, composition, and energy as a function of feedstock and process parameters. Feedstocks under examination are southern pine and mixed hardwood chips.

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I-J Variation in the flow rate of gas in the system has resulted in changes in gas composition, particularly the percentages of carbon monoxide, which in turn is largely responsible for the energy content of the synthesis gas. These results can be used to produce gas with desirable characteristics for fuel applications and possible other secondary processing to liquid transportation fuels.

Dalia Abbas,Visiting Assistant Prof., Ajit Srivastava, Prof. and Dept. Head, and Chris Saffron, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI New technology for bio-energy is cited among the most need-to-overcome obstacles to develop a more sustainable bio-energy industry. To address this pressing need, several conversion technologies are being explored to provide for a more efficient technology and to expand the energy potentials from available biomass-based resources. This presentation explores findings from analyzing the supply chains linked to species and technical criteria specific biomass required for new ethanol conversion technology. It is based on an analysis of the state of the technology in the State of Michigan.

Catalin Ristea, Ph.D. Candidate, and Thomas C. Maness, Prof. and Head, Dept. of Forest Engineering & Resources Management, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR The key objective of this presentation is to discuss the framework and methodology for developing a decision support model for a hybrid poplar bio-energy production system. Financial viability, landbase impacts, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential will be discussed for a bio-energy production system that includes preparing the landbase, planting and growing the hybrid poplar trees, scheduling the harvest activities, transporting the biomass feedstock to the bio-energy facilities, converting the biomass into bio-energy products, transporting the bio-energy products to the final user, and using the bio-energy products for the final energy consumption. The anticipated results of this research will provide essential information for developing policies for large-scale wood energy production systems. The decision support model will enable policy makers to explore costs, benefits, and trade-off structures of various production strategies, to investigate opportunities for minimizing negative landbase impacts and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and to evaluate the overall financial efficiency of these bio-energy systems.

Todd G. Bush, Research Assistant, Green Circle Bio Energy and Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Marian Marinescu, Assistant Prof.,West Florida Research & Education Center, Univ. of Florida, Milton, FL Wood Pellets continue to be a growing alternative to fossil fuels throughout the world. Their high-bulk density, low-moisture content, relative homogeneity, predictable combustion characteristics, and easy transport make them an ideal fuel and they are beginning to become a commodity on the world market for the same reasons. The Southeast United States recently surpassed nearly every other single region as the world’s largest producer of wood pellets with the large majority of pellets presently being sent overseas for power production. Currently, the largest plant in the world is located in North Central Florida, with some other large plants having been built in Mississippi and Alabama. Many stories have shown up in the news about even larger facilities being planned in the near future. It is inevitable that this regional production capacity will grow as fossil fuel prices increase and the pulp and paper fiber demand continues to decline. The industry is still in its infancy in this region, though, and with that comes certain challenges ranging from resource management of Southern Yellow Pine and other possible feedstocks, to new customers based here in the United States, and unique issues related to transport and storage in a semi-tropical climate. However, with these challenges come opportunities for research, innovation, and market growth in a new “Green” industry.

Ravi Malhotra, CEO and Founder, Clean Coal Briquette, Inc., Lakewood, CO Clean Coal Briquette, Inc.’s (CCBI) presentation will focus on the conversion of wood biomass to energy through co-firing bio-coal briquettes in coal-fired power plants. The bio-coal briquettes are composed of biomass and fly ash or coal fines. The biomass used for CCBI’s fuel briquettes will primarily come from energy crops or a waste from biomass operations such as local forest thinning operations, lumber mills, and paper mills. Fly ash is a waste product from the combustion of coal and will be provided by a coal-fired power plant. Coal fines are a waste from coal mining operations. The briquettes are sold and burned in coal-fired power plants as a coal substitute and a source of renewable energy. The bio-coal briquetting technology is a triple bottom line solution that provides a variety of benefits including: 1) Generation of renewable bio-energy; 2) Reduction of power generation costs; 3) Consumption of woody biomass wastes; 4) Reduction of required coal tonnage; 5) Elimination of fly ash as a hazardous problematic waste stream; and 6) Cleaner air emissions. CCBI’s presentation will cover the following issues concerning bio-coal briquettes: 1) Why co-firing

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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J5

Co-Firing with Bio-Coal Briquettes

J4

Wood Pellets in the Southeastern United States – Challenges and Opportunities

J3

Economic Viability and Landbase Impacts of Bio-Energy Production from Short-Rotation Hybrid Poplar in British Columbia

J2

Species and Criteria Specific Woody Biomass Supply Logistics

biomass is the optimal solution to meeting RPS requirements; 2) Regulatory issues around disposal for coal waste and biomass waste; 3) Bio-coal briquettes versus co-firing biomass separately; and 4) How to attract capital for the business and projects.

J6

Woody Biomass Production and Use in Colorado after the Turn of the 21st Century Mike Eckhoff, Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Forest, Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Courtney Peterson, Research Assistant, Dept. of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, and Kurt H. Mackes, Research Scientist II, Colorado State Forest Service, and Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest, Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO Lynch and Mackes (2001) estimated the amounts, types, uses, and retail values for wood products used by Colorado between 1997 and 2000. What they found was that Colorado uses tremendous amounts of wood and that, while Colorado does have tremendous forest resources that could meet many of the state’s needs, between 90% to 100% of wood products are imported, depending on the product line. However, given the increasing attention paid to green building, certified forests, “buy local” movements, and green energy (e.g. wood pellets, biomass power, alternative liquid fuels, etc.) and the dramatic reversals of fortune in the state’s economy a decade later, what has changed since their contribution? The purpose of this paper is to revisit their initial effort and, while mimicking their approach, determine what has changed and how significant those changes are with specific attention paid to woody biomass. This presentation will begin with a brief summary of the original findings. Then, it will detail what Colorado used in terms of woody biomass between 2007 and 2008. The talk will then compare the more contemporary results with those obtained in the earlier study and identify key trends. The presentation will conclude with a discussion of what one may expect given current economic trends as they pertain to the forest products industry, particularly highlighting the significant contributions to the forest products industry that biomass has and stands to make in Colorado and in the Intermountain West.

J7

Installation of a Cord Wood Boiler at the Salvation Army Camp Located Near Estes Park, Colorado Kurt H. Mackes, Research Scientist II, Colorado State Forest Service, and Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest, Rangeland & Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO; Dan Bihn, Principal, Bihn Systems, LLC, Fort Collins, CO The Salvation Army’s High Peak Camp is located near Estes Park, Colorado. It encompasses over 200 acres of land, a high percentage of which is forested. The camp was interested in utilizing wood from ongoing forest management activities occurring on the property.

Because it was entirely heated with propane, an assessment was conducted to determine the economic viability of installing a cord wood boiler to heat the main dining hall. Ultimately, a TARM cord wood boiler was installed and went into operation during October 2008. Air emissions testing was conducted on the cord wood boiler system in May 2009, followed by several subsequent tests done in an effort to fine tune the system. This presentation will highlight factors that contributed to the successful installation of the boiler at the camp, challenges that have been encountered in operating the system, and results from air emissions testing.

K1

Bonding Performance of Wood / Bamboo Treated by Cold Plasma Guanben (Ben) Du, Prof., Hongyan Wang and Hui Wang, Master’s Candidates, Hong Lei, Assistant Prof., and Linkun Xie, Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Wood Science & Technology, Southwest Forestry Univ., Kunming, P.R.China

K2

With XPS and shear strength measurements, the chemical composition on the surface of wood / bamboo treated by cold plasma and their bonding performance were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that the cold plasma increased the O/C atomic ratio on the surface and oxygenated groups or peroxides appeared to increase on the surface of treated wood / bamboo. N element, possibly as the formation of -NH2 group, was introduced to the wood and bamboo surface. The shear strength of all of the wood / bamboo treated increased, compared to that without treatment. However, with different treatment gas and adhesives, the final strength performance is different. Specifically, under the same treatment condition, the shear strength of wood / bamboo treated with nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, and argon increased according to the order: O2<NH3<N2<Ar, while for the adhesives, the order was PF<MUF<UF. CNSL-Based ‘Bio-Resin’ for BioComposites Manojit G. Das, Mgr., R&D, Samling Global Ltd., Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia; Shovanjit Das, Mgr.,Wood Panel Division, Paralam Global Private Ltd., Arvi, Nagpur, Maharastra, India The demand for synthetic resin has increased along with rapid growth in panel industries during the last three decades. Limiting factors for synthetic resin are the health hazards and, of course, the cost. The replacement of synthetic chemicals with natural derivatives like cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) can generate bio-resin. Panels made from bio-resin are not only hazard free and natural, but also bear great commercial potential. Once treated, CNSL consists of Cardanol. This is a phenol with a 15 carbon chain in the meta position on the ring. Modified PF (phenol-formaldehyde) resin using CNSL provides unique properties like water solubility, low formaldehyde emission, moisture resistance, etc. CNSL is a disposed byproduct with low commercial value; hence the formation of phenol Cardanol formaldehyde resin (PCF) from CNSL is a real economic and scientific alternative for making panel products. For decorative laminates,

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J-K CNSL can replace Synthetic Phenol by 33%, and for plywood and chipboards including other wood-based panels, it is 50%. In conclusion, CNSL-based resins are bio-based resins, having excellent adhesion properties, durability, and good commercial potential.

The use of CNSL-based resin can change the era towards producing commercially successful, environmentally friendly resins. This presentation will cover the different potential and technical aspects of CNSL, not only as a reliable bio resource, but for its business potential and environmental safety.

Jae-Woo Kim and Rhea J. Sammons, Post-Doctoral Research Associates, Joseph J. Bozell, Prof., and David P. Harper, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN The effect of bolaamphiphilic on dynamic rheological behavior of microcrystalline cellulose filled polypropylene composite melts was investigated using oscillatory shear rheometry. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and isotactic polypropylene was melt compounded at 1:1 weight ratio. Glycal-based bolaform of 0-4 wt% based on the weight of MCC was also added during compounding. The compounded samples were further compression molded into disc to measure rheological properties. The linear viscoelastic region was first determined through strain sweep test. A dynamic frequency sweep test performed within the viscoelastic region suggested.

The addition of bolaform increased both dynamic moduli and complex viscosity of the composite melts. This could be due to the increased interaction between PP and bolaform modified cellulose. Master curves of the dynamic moduli were further analyzed using Carreau and Cross modeling techniques. Analysis revealed that the relaxation time increased with the increase of bolaform concentration up to 1% and then decreased at the concentrations of 2 and 4%. The pseudoplastic exponent decreased as the bolaform concentration increased. The activation energy from the complex viscosity shift factor tended to increase compared to control with the exception of the 4% bolaform sample.

Neil Kohan, Student, Brian K.Via, Assistant Prof., Honorio F. Carino, Prof., and Steven E.Taylor, Associate Prof., School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL The objective of this project was to predict the tensile flake mechanical properties with near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). As there are no standards for mechanical testing of flakes, preliminary testing was performed to determine the loading rate, specimen geometry (dog/fish bone vs. rectangle), and gauge length to be used. Selection of testing parameters was based on the method of highest precision. Efforts to validate the accuracy may still be needed although results do agree with publications by other investigators. Multivariate models from NIR spectra were constructed to predict the tensile strength, stiffness, and work to maximum load for southern pine (Pinus spp.) strands. The slope of grain in the flakes was variable and methods of adjustment were investigated since the NIR method is not sensitive to grain orientation. This work is part of a larger effort to develop mechanically efficient oriented strand composites.

Jie Ding, M.Sc. Student, Lech Muszynski, Assistant Prof., and John Simonsen, Associate Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR Biopolymer-poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a renewable, sustainable, carbon neutral, and recyclable material. In this research, PLA is investigated as a potential replacement of petroleum-based polymers in advanced nanocomposites reinforced with Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). This advanced MFC-PLA bio-based composite material is expected to allow for the substitution of petroleum-based plastics in various markets and applications. Developing efficient composites for various applications requires good understanding of the structure-property relationships between the nanocellulose reinforcement and the polymer matrix. The objective of this study is to develop effective methods for mechanical and morphological characterization of isolated MFC and to investigate the effect of these characteristics on MFC-PLA composites. A method for optical strain measurement of transparent thin films has been developed by employing Digital Image Correlation (DIC) in order to determine the failure patterns of bulk MFC-PLA nanocomposites, as well as elastic properties such as Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile stress, Poisson’s ratio, and toughness. Samples of pure PLA matrix were used as reference. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Focused Ion Beam (FIB), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), combined with image analysis procedures are employed to determine morphological characteristics of MFC and the MFC-PLA nanocomposites. Morphological characteristics of individual MFC strands such as size, aspect ratios, shape, and their statistic distribution, as well as morphological characteristics of nanocomposites such as MFC strands distribution, orientation, and degree of agglomeration within the PLA matrix are currently under investigation.

Preliminary results will be presented.

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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K5

Morphological and Mechanical Characterization for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) and MFC-poly(lactic acid) Nanocomposites

K4

NIR as a Tool to Predict Mechanical Properties of OSB Flakes

K3

Effect of Bolaform on Rheological Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose-Filled Polypropylene Composite Melts

K6

Flexural Creep of Sandwich Panels Consisted of Kraft Paper Honeycomb Core and Wood Composite Skins Zheng Chen, Research Assistant Fellow, and Ning Yan, Associate Prof., Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of Toronto,Toronto, ON, Canada The flexural creep is an important property for panels used in furniture and other secondary applications. Although the sandwich panel with Kraft paper honeycomb core and wood composite skin has increasingly been used in the industry, there is no published systematic study on the creep behavior of the Kraft paper honeycomb core based sandwich panels. In this study, based on data for a series of one-point flexural creep tests of sandwich panels with different honeycomb cores and wood composite skins, the total relative flexural deflection as a function of time for each type of honeycomb sandwich panel was characterized. The corresponding FE model was developed. The results revealed relationships between the flexural creep response of the sandwich panel and various panel parameters including core shape, core and skin thickness, and skin properties.

K7

Micro-Mechanical Characterization of Isolated Wood Flour Particles for WPCs Farzana Hussain, Research Assistant, Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, and Lech Muszynski, Assistant Prof., and John A. Nairn, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

K8

Wood-plastic composites (WPC) are heterogeneous materials comprised of wood flour in thermoplastic polymer matrices. Wood flour is comprised of irregular wood particles. The matrix is typically high-density polyethylene (HDPE), poly (vinyl chloride), and polypropylene.

The effect of morphology and micromechanics of individual wood flour particles on the mechanical performance of the bulk composite is a relatively unexplored area. The knowledge about the in-situ properties of wood particles and the interfacial properties between the wood flour particles and the polymer matrix in the bio-composites is very limited. In particular, there is no data available on the mechanical properties of individual wood flour particles. The objective of this work is to determine the estimated elastic modulus in transverse and longitudinal direction of individual wood flour particles following an experimental procedure developed earlier by the authors (Hussain & Muszynski, FPS 2009). The morphological studies of wood particles have been observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fluorescence Microscope. Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) has been adapted to measure the mechanical properties of individual wood particles. Optical measurement system is used to determine deformations and strains on particles subjected to compression loading. The measured elastic modulus of wood particles will be compared with that of solid wood.

An Experimental Method for Measurement of Strain Distribution and Load Transfer between Wood Flour Particles and Polymer Matrix on Micro-Mechanical Level Farzana Hussain, Research Assistant, Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, and Lech Muszynski, Assistant Prof., and John A. Nairn, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR Wood-plastic composites (WPC) are heterogeneous materials comprised of wood flour in thermoplastic polymer matrices. Wood flour is comprised of irregular wood particles. The matrix is typically high-density polyethylene (HDPE), poly (vinyl chloride), and polypropylene.

The effect of morphology and micromechanics of individual wood flour particles on the mechanical performance of the bulk composite is a relatively unexplored area. The knowledge about the in-situ properties of wood particles and the interfacial properties between the wood flour particles and the polymer matrix in the bio-composites is very limited. The objective of this work is to characterize the fullfield deformation and strain distribution in and around wood flour particles embedded in polymer matrix. The deformation and strain data will further be used as input information for morphology based numerical simulation of the tests using material point method (MPM) approach. The mechanical tests are performed in small-scale tensile loading stage on thin composite samples with very low concentrations of wood flour particles. The deformations and strains are measured using optical measurement system with microscopic lenses focused on small areas of interest (3 mm x 3 mm) containing 1 to 3 particles orientated at various angles to the loading direction.

The optical measurements technique is based on digital image correlation (DIC) principle. In this presentation, the methodological aspects of the project as well as the preliminary results will be discussed.

L1

Termites as Invasive Species in Wisconsin Frederick Green III, Research Microbiologist, Rachel A. Arango, Entomologist, and Glenn Esenther, Emeritus Entomologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Termites have had a relatively short history in Wisconsin and were first documented here in Madison in the late 1930s. Only one species, Reticulitermes flavipes, has been found in the state and due to severe winters is essentially considered an urban pest. In the interim, numerous colonies have been reported from the south and central regions of the state, including large areas of termite activity in Janesville, LaCrosse, Sheboygan, Endeavor, Kenosha, and Oshkosh, with smaller pockets of activity in Milwaukee, Muscoda, Green Bay, Middleton, and Hazel Green. These localized infestations were likely the result of anthropogenic dispersal events, which may have coincided with the construction of the railroads as many of these cities are located along major railroad lines. Introductions are likely to

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K-L have begun by means of discarded railroad ties, or use of these ties as landscaping materials. In Wisconsin, termite colonies expand by means of budding underground, rather than by nuptial flight due to short developmental seasons. This creates relatively large, isolated populations, which are conducive to community-wide eradication programs in certain situations, with the goal of extirpating termites from an area. The goal of this work is to provide base-line data for termite behavior and control in the state and thereby predict future complications, as it is possible that with changes in global climate, termites may eventually become invasive species, spreading further north without human intervention.

Andreja Kutnar, Research Associate, Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, and Inst. for Natural Sciences & Technology, Univ. of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia; Frederick A. Kamke, JELD-WEN Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

L2

Affect of Steam Treatment on Set Recovery and Mechanical Properties of Densified Wood

Low-density hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × trichocarpa) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) wood was densified by mechanical compression under saturated steam conditions at 170°C. Compression of wood under saturated steam conditions at 170°C, followed by post heat-treatment at 200°C for one minute, two minutes, and three minutes, was performed. To determine the influence of compression treatment on the set recovery, specimens were subjected to five cycles of soaking in water for 24 hours and oven drying. After each cycle the percentage of set recovery was determined. Modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of treated and control specimens were determined. The results established that considerable fixation of compressive deformation can be obtained by compressing the wood in a saturated steam environment and by post heat-treatment at 200°C. After five soaking / drying cycles, compressed Douglas-fir specimens, post heat-treated at 200°C for three minutes, exhibited only 1% set recovery. The same treatment resulted in 6% set recovery in hybrid poplar specimens after five water soaking / drying cycles. Bending properties did not deteriorate due to the heat treatment at 200°C for three minutes or less.

Peter Niemz, Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil., Inst. for Building Materials,Wood Physics, Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland; Thams Hofmann, Dr., Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of West Hungary, Sopron, Hungary; Melanie Wetzig, Dipl.-Ing., Inst. for Building Materials, Wood Physics, Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland

L3

Physical-Mechanical Properties of Hard- and Softwood Industrial Heat Treated with Different Methods

This presentation will discuss the physical-mechanical properties of hard- and softwood, which were industrially heat treated in an autoclave, in a steam atmosphere, and with vacuum press drying at varying intensities. The following properties were tested: sorption behavior, color modification, swelling, mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, bending strength, hardness), and selected chemical properties. As a consequence of a heat treatment, color differences of beech with red heartwood and ash with brown heartwood can be equalized and thus an added value can be reached. With increasing treatment intensity (temperature and duration of treatment) the wood becomes darker while the equilibrium moisture and swelling are decreasing to 50% of untreated wood. On the other hand, the increasing treatment intensity comes along with a clear decrease in strength and hardness. At the same time, the chemical composition of the wood as well as the amount of extractives change clearly, resulting in a decreasing pH-value. We found a correlation between chemical and physical-mechanical properties of treated wood. An influence from treating method was detected (especially in relation to chemical properties).

Sudeshna Saha, Ph.D. Student, and Duygu Kocaefe, Prof., Dept. of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec a Chicoutimi, QC, Canada;Yaman Boluk, Program Leader of Bioproducts, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Andre Pichette, Prof., Dept. of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec a Chicoutimi, QC, Canada Heat-treated wood is a value-added product for the wood industries. Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region is the leader in North America in wood heat treatment. This treatment improves the dimensional stability, the biological resistance, and thermal insulating capacity of wood by modifying its chemical structure. Besides improving different wood properties, the heat treatment darkens the color of the wood, which is very important for decorating purposes. Upon prolonged exposure to outer environment (UV-VIS light, water, heat, oxygen, etc.) heat-treated wood undergoes several chain scission reactions leading to discoloration of surface, increased water sensitivity followed by hydrolysis, leaching, and cracking. Wood discolorations can affect the natural appearance of many wood species causing important, economic problems to the wood industry. In order to prevent this color change and improve the durability and service life for this new product, UV protective coating development is one of the main industrial concerns. The main objective of this study is to develop a nontoxic, transparent, UV protective coating for heat-treated wood. In this study, the weathering behavior of waterborne acrylic polyurethane coatings with natural antioxidants and nano UV absorbers are studied and

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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L4

UV Protective Coatings for Heat-Treated Wood

compared with the industrial coating. The coated and uncoated heat-treated wood samples are subjected to accelerated aging tests. Then, the surface characterization of the samples is done by using contact angle tests. The change of color with weathering is quantified using color measurement data and CIELab technique. The morphological analysis is also carried out in order to understand the weathering mechanism of different coatings.

L5

Study on the Discoloration Mechanism of Heat-Treated Wood by Weathering Xianai Huang, Ph.D. Student, Duygu Kocaefe, Prof., and Sudeshna Saha, Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec a Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada;Yaman Boluk, Program Leader of Bioproducts, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, AB, Canada;Yasar Kocaefe,Visiting Prof., and Andre Pichette, Prof., Dept. of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec a Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada Heat treatment is one of the alternatives to chemical wood treatment that is environmentally friendly. The product resulting from this treatment possesses new properties such as improved dimensional stability, better resistance to degradation by insects and microorganisms, and an attractive darker color. Although this attractive color adds value to wood products and is very much in demand, it is susceptible to environmental degradation. It turns to yellow or brown followed by graying due to exposure to outdoor conditions.

Although the degradation mechanism of discoloration was studied widely for untreated wood, there isn’t much information on that of heat-treated wood. The objectives of this project are to study the mechanisms of color change of regional species (jack pine, aspen, and birch) in order to understand the chemical changes taking place when the heat-treated wood is exposed to sunlight. In this project, wood was heat treated at high temperatures between 180 to 230°C. Both untreated and heat-treated surfaces of these three species were artificially weathered for various periods at different conditions. The changes in wood surface properties caused by weathering were investigated using various methods (SEM, XPS, FTIR, NIR, and contact angle test). The microscopic structure changes and chemical structure modifications taking place on heat-treated wood surface due to weathering were analyzed to identify the decomposition mechanism. The results of this project will contribute to the solution of discoloration problems and the improvement of product quality; consequently, it will help the manufacturers and the customers of heat-treated wood.

L6

Product Certification for “Green” Treated Wood Products Mike H. Freeman, Independent Wood Scientist, Memphis,TN; Craig R. McIntyre, Pres., McIntyre Associates, Inc.,Walls, MS

M1

Green product certification programs are playing an ever-increasing role in today’s building products market. Many programs exist that have the capabilities of evaluating the true environmental sensitivity of incorporating protection agents into wood and wood products.

With almost eight billion board feet of treated wood entering the North American marketplace annually, these programs offer the engineer, specifier, architect, and consumer easy options for “Building Green,” including generating building credits, carbon sinks, and longterm performance bases for Life-Cycle Analysis and Inventory. This presentation reviews commonly available product certification and accreditation programs that should positively influence purchasing and use decisions in today’s construction practices.

Computed Tomography Image Analysis for Tree Decay Detection Li Li, Ph.D. Candidate, College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China, and Visiting Student, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI; Xiping Wang, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; R. Bruce Allison, Registered Consulting Arborist, Allison Tree Care Inc. and Adjunct Prof., Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI; Lihai Wang, Prof. and Dean, College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China

M2

A large percentage of living trees have some form of internal decay that reduce economic values of our forests and introduce potential safety hazard in urban and metropolitan areas. An accurate and reliable method that is capable of detecting any forms of decay in trees will be of great value to the forest management, wood processing, and public safety. Field investigations of a variety of nondestructive testing technologies for such applications have showed great success for detecting moderate to severe internal decay in trees, but detection and characterization of early stage of decay still constitute a challenge. The objectives of this study are to assess the ability of computer tomography (CT) imaging to identify incipient wood decay in trees by characterizing local mechanical properties of the trunk cross section. The results indicated that CT images with reasonable resolutions are technically achievable in living trees. The CT Hounsfield value is found to have strong relationships with local wood properties (hardness, modulus of elasticity, and compressive strength) that are sensitive to wood incipient decay. CT images can thus be transformed to wood property mappings to serve the purposes of decay detection and tree hazard evaluation.

Strain Rate Effects on Flexural Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Sheet Pile Roberto A. Lopez-Anido, Prof., and Sandeep Tamrakar, Grad. Student, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME Wood-plastic composite (WPC) materials are being developed for load-bearing structural applications, therefore the strain-rate dependent mechanical properties of WPC materials need to be characterized. Extruded WPC Z-section sheet piles composed of

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L-M 46% wood flour and 41% polypropylene by weight, with additional additives, were investigated. The test method ASTM D6109 for assessing flexural properties of plastic lumber in four-point loading configuration was adopted for the test program. Coupons were cut from the flanges of the sheet pile section and conditioned for one week at 21ºC and 65% relative humidity. The flexural tests were conducted at three different strain rates: 0.55, 1, 5.5% per minute. The mode of failure was in tension in the middle third of the bending span. It was found that the mean apparent modulus of elasticity (MOE) increased linearly with the strain rate; the MOE increased 9.51% when the strain rate was increased from 1% to 5.5% per minute. The variations in mean flexural strength with the strain rate are not statistically significant based on the ANOVA test. The variation in flexural MOE with the strain rate was compared to the published tensile MOE values for the same material and at same strain rates. The strain rate on the flexural MOE of the polypropylene WPC material was also correlated with published responses for WPC materials with other polymer matrices (HDPE and PVC). Strain rate effects in the sheet pile section under design loads are predicted based on a structural mechanics model calibrated with the coupon level data.

Benhua Fei, Dir., and Wei Guo, Ph.D. Student, Beijing Forest Machinery Inst., Beijing, P.R. China; Sheldon Q. Shi, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS; Rongjun Zhao and Haiqing Ren, Sr. Scientists, Beijing Wood Research Institute, Beijing, P.R. China The tension tests of metal-plate connected (MPC) joints for Chinese larch in four orientations were conducted. The tension loaddeflection curve was fitted into Foschi 3-parameter model. It was found that Foschi model could successfully be used to describe the load-deflection curve with an average R2 = 0.93. Wood grain direction, MPC length direction, and loading direction all have significant effect on the elastic deformation of the MPC joints. Load parallel-to-grain / MPC length parallel-to-load (AA) presented the highest elastic deformation, while load perpendicular-to-grain / MPC parallel-to-load (AE) showed the lowest. The stiffness at large slip of the MPC joints were also affected by the directions of wood grain, MPC, and loading. Load perpendicular-to-grain / MPC length perpendicular-to-load (EE) presented the highest stiffness at large slip, while AA the second, load parallel-to-grain / MPC length perpendicular-to-load (EA) the third, and AE the lowest. Both translation stiffness and initial stiffness for the MPC joints of Chinese larch showed the same decreasing trend from the highest to the lowest as the orientations of (AA, EA, AE, and EE). The AA orientation for the Chinese larch also presented the highest tension load among the four orientations tested. The ultimate tension load of MPC joints for Chinese larch was reduced by 18.9% from AA to EA, 34.2% from AA to AE, and 36.8% from AA to EE. The interaction force type between the tooth and the wood controls both the tension strength and the failure. Multiple failure modes presented for the Chinese larch MPC joint including MPC shear failure, tooth withdrawal, wood failure, and combination of the three, while tooth withdrawal and MPC shear failure were predominant. The length of MPC appeared to be a key factor to the failure mode of Chinese larch MPC joint.

Robert Erickson, Prof. Emeritus, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN In the United States, an estimated 75% of the softwood lumber produced falls into a category definable as “structural framing.”

As such, the grading is based primarily upon mechanical attributes while slightly on appearance. For example, a minimal 2-by-12 structure joist has the allowance for holes: Holes, {any cause} 3" or smaller equivalent per 2 linear feet. It seems the holes are allowed with the tacit understanding that they will not seriously diminish performance in the context of the expected application such as for a floor joist. In light of this, it is suggested that the 2-by-12 could accommodate conversion into a simulated I-joist via appropriate intrusions perpendicular-to-the-grain on both wide faces. These intrusions, made of optimum length and depth, can then capitalize on the inherent ease of moisture movement parallel-to-the-grain to achieve rapid kiln drying and uniformity of final moisture content. This is based on the well-known fact that wood moisture moves at least 15 times more easily parallel-to-the-grain than it does perpendicular-to-the-grain. Numerous tests of green kerfing have given reductions in drying time of about 40% with significant improvements in the uniformity of final moisture contents. The reduction in modulus of rupture (MOR) has been about 5%, in clear keeping with the calculated decrease in moment of inertia. In actual practice, this loss in MOR is more than regained by way of lower and more uniform MC in the finalized product. The kerfing has also reduced drying-induced warp and in 3-point strength testing has shown increases in modulus of elasticity. Green kerfing will save considerable energy in kiln drying and improve grade recovery while delivering dimensionally stable lumber to building sites. There is also a value for the wood “flour” generated by kerfing.

Julius Adewopo, Grad. Research Assistant, and David W. Patterson, Research Prof., School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Arkansas, Monticello, AR

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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M5

Effects of Thermal (High Temperature) Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Wood

M4

Cutting a New Deal for Lumber Drying

M3

Performance of Metal-Plate Connected Joints of Chinese Larch Dimension Lumber

With increased interest in using thermal treated wood in situations with high moisture, the question arises as to the effect of high temperature on the mechanical properties of the wood. This study looked at the effect of thermal treatment on three species of wood.

Loblolly pine was selected to represent softwoods, water oak (red oak group) was selected to represent the ring porous hardwoods, and sweetgum was selected to represent the diffuse porous hardwoods. Five types of tests were conducted: shear, hardness, compression parallel, compression perpendicular-to-the-grain, and static bending. Treatment consisted of three durations (2, 5, and 8 hours) and three temperatures (200, 300, and 400ºF). Ten specimens were tested for each species, test, duration, and temperature combination for a total of 1350 tests. After treatment, the specimens were placed in a conditioning chamber set for a standard 12%. After testing, the MC was determined for each specimen. As expected, as the treatment temperature increased, the specimen EMC decreased. The test results were not adjusted for MC because to remove this affect of the treatment would go counter to determining the effects of thermal treatments.

With shear, duration had no effect but temperature caused a decrease in strength. With hardness, there was an interaction but it appears that temperature does reduce strength somewhat. With compression parallel, an increase in temperature resulted in an increase in strength. With compression perpendicular, there appears to be no significant affect. With MOE, there appeared to be a slight increase in stiffness with higher temperature. With MOR, there is no significant affect.

M6

Structural Condition Assessment of Timber Structures Robert J. Ross, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Brian K. Brashaw, Program Dir., Natural Resources Research Inst., Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth, MN; Xiping Wang, Research Forest Products Technologist, and Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI

M7

The objective of this presentation is to provide an overview of structural condition assessment procedures for timber structures. We will examine causes of deterioration in structural timber systems and methods for inspection (including nondestructive assessment techniques and commercially available tools). Information will be presented on currently available literature and short courses available through the American Society of Civil Engineers.

1st Place Wood Award – Thermal Degradation of Bending Strength of Plywood and Oriented Strand Board: A Kinetics Approach Arijit Sinha,Wood-Based Composite Center Fellow and Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR The construction industry has relied heavily on wood and wood-based composites such as oriented strand board (OSB) and plywood for timber-frame construction. Therefore, it is highly imperative to categorize the response of wood-based composites when exposed to elevated temperatures for a sustained period of time. The essence of fire resistant structural design is to ensure that structural integrity be maintained during and after the fire, prevent collapse, and maintain means of egress. Another aspect is to assess post fire structural integrity and residual strength of existing structure. The objective of this project was: 1) to study the effect of exposure time on bending strength (MOR) of OSB and Plywood at elevated temperatures; 2) to interpret any relationships between different temperature and time of exposure using a kinetics model for thermal degradation of strength; and 3) to develop a master curve representing temporal behavior of OSB and plywood at a reference temperature. 1152 samples in total were tested in static bending as a function of exposure time and several temperatures. Strength (MOR) of both OSB and plywood decreased as a function of temperature and exposure time. These results were fit to a simple kinetics model, based on the assumption of degradation kinetics following an Arrhenius activation energy model. The apparent activation energies for thermal degradation of strength were 54.1 kJ/mole for OSB and 62.8 kJ/mole for plywood.

Furthermore, using the kinetics analysis along with time-temperature superposition, a master curve was generated at a reference temperature of 150º C which predicts degradation of strength with time on exposure at that reference temperature. The master curves show that although plywood has a higher initial strength, OSB performs better in terms of strength degradation after exposure to elevated temperature.

N1

Raman Applications in the Field of Wood Science Umesh P. Agarwal, Research Chemist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Like IR Raman spectroscopy provides detailed molecular information, but has not been used as widely due to a number of reasons.

Considering that a number of Raman techniques have now fully evolved and become user-friendly, this presentation will provide a review of the kind of information that can be generated and how one can make use of such information. Various techniques, including Raman imaging and FT-Raman, will be briefly described. Then, findings from the Raman mapping investigations of two composites, wood cell wall, and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) – polypropylene (PP), will be presented. Finally, information will be presented on yet another recently developed application, namely use of Raman to determine cellulose I crystallinity in woods.

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M-N

Shakti Singh Chauhan, Sr. Research Fellow, School of Forestry, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Early assessment of wood quality traits for solid wood production is gaining significant importance in tree breeding. However, very early assessment (1-2 year age) has been a challenging task due to: 1) the lack of quick and efficient methods of evaluating wood quality parameters in a small volume of wood in young trees, 2) concerns regarding the efficacy of early selection on wood quality for material to be grown on a long rotation (25+ years), and 3) the random distribution of reaction wood in young stems as reaction wood substantially differs in their bio-mechanical properties from the normal wood. This paper presents a novel approach for assessment of wood quality in one-year-old trees of Eucalyptus regnans, where trees were grown tilted to produce tension wood on the upper side of the stems and opposite wood or normal wood on the underside. Wood quality parameters, namely modulus of elasticity, basic density, longitudinal shrinkage, and volumetric shrinkage of both normal wood and tension wood, were assessed.

Also, longitudinal growth stresses were assessed in the leaning stems by sawing along the length through the pith and measuring the bending of two halves. A significant difference was observed in all the measured wood quality variables between the upper-side (predominantly tension wood) and the lower-side wood (opposite wood). A large variation in wood quality variables observed within the opposite wood demonstrates the unique approach for selection of breeding material with superior normal wood properties from one-year-old material by isolating and removing the influence of reaction wood. The approach can also be useful in understanding the variability in propensity to form tension wood in the breeding populations.

Michael C.Wiemann, Botanist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; G. Bruce Williamson, Prof. of Ecology, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA Wood specific gravity (SG) has long been used by foresters as an index to wood properties. More recently, ecologists have been relating SG to plant functional traits and to estimate biomass. For these purposes it is important to have non-destructive methods; this usually means sampling using increment borers. Use of cores often results in non-representative SG values, particularly if SG is not uniform within a stem. Here we present a sampling method, useful when the form of radial variation is known, that reduces the effort required to obtain representative wood samples.

Jérôme Alteyrac, Post-Doctoral Fellow, and Luis Valenzuela, Associate Prof., Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

Mapping Wood Characteristics of Tamarack (Eastern Larch) Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch Scott T. Miller, M.Sc. Student and Research Assistant, Mathew Leitch, Associate Prof., Chander Shahi, Assistant Prof., and Reino Pulkki, Prof., Faculty of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ.,Thunder Bay, ON, Canada This presentation gives a brief account of the work completed by the Lakehead University, Wood Science Testing Facility (LUWSTF) on the mapping of the wood characteristics of Tamarack (eastern larch); Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, grown in the Thunder Bay Seed Zone of North Western Ontario (NWO). This study is part of the larger LUWSTF research project for developing a knowledge base on the physical, mechanical, and chemical wood characteristics of the available forest inventory in NWO. The Tamarack study shows that resource attributes of wood produced by this tree species are very predictable when growth patterns are controlled. Although the literature indicates that Tamarack is a highly variable species, intensive mapping of changes in wood properties both radially and longitudinally shows clear zones of similarities and significant differences. The study suggests that controlling the growth patterns of Tamarack at the stand level will allow forest managers to produce predictable wood properties

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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N5

Thirty-six dominant and codominant trees of 27-years-old Pinus radiata (D. Don) were selected in an experiment divided into four stands of different tree spacing 2x2, 2x3, 3x4, and 4x4, located in the region of Biobio, Chile, to evaluate the variations of small specimen stiffness and density. The radial variation from pith to bark, longitudinal variation, and variation across stands were investigated. Two sets of data were used for this work, one obtained with SilviScan on radial strips at 2.5 m and 7.5 m stem height, and another one obtained on real specimens from static bending tests. The SilviScan radial data set (density, microfibril angle, MOE) was converted into virtual small specimens which size and location matched the real specimens of static bending (1x1x16). A correction of moisture content was undertaken to make possible a comparison between the two sets of data. Both dynamic and static MOE led to the conclusion that there were significant longitudinal variations of MOE. There was also an unexpected high stiffness for the 4x4 stand, which is discussed along with tree dimensions. Density presented few variations across stands, height, and radial position.

N4

Small Specimen Stiffness and Density of Radiata Pine Grown in a Chilean Plantation

N3

Measuring Wood Specific Gravity in Standing Trees

N2

Early Assessment for Wood Quality in Eucalyptus regnans

suited for a variety of end uses. Further, the study indicates that further research is needed to produce reliable prediction models for changes in wood characteristics at different age classes. Such a model would allow this fast growing Boreal species to be grown in a mixed wood stand, and commercially thinned at the appropriate age, when the desired resource attributes had been sufficiently developed. Finally, the study indicates that Tamarack is well suited for the growing bio-products market. It appears that the chemical composition of Tamarack is also highly predictable when growth patterns are controlled. However, further research is needed to formulate any hard conclusions.

N6

Structure-Property Relationships in Cell Walls of Wood Joseph E. Jakes, Student Training General Engineer, Daniel Y.Yelle, Ph.D. Candidate and Physical Science Technician, James F. Beecher, Group Leader, and Charles R. Frihart, Head of Wood Adhesives, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Donald S. Stone, Prof., Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI

N7

Wood science research is hindered by a lack of understanding in the underlying mechanisms controlling the cellular properties in wood.

Cell walls in wood are primarily composed of three polymers (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) and the organization and interactions between these polymers dictate the properties of the cell walls. Our approach to studying the structure-property relationships in wood cells is to selectively modify components of wood and then characterize the modified cell walls. Mechanical property comparisons between the unmodified and modified wood cells provide insight into the mechanisms controlling the properties of wood. Chemical modifications include plasticization with ethylene glycol, acetylation to modify hydroxyl groups in wood polymers, phenyl isocyanates to form carbamates from the hydroxyl groups or to bulk wood, pMDI to create an IPN in wood structure, and heat treatments. Cellular mechanical properties are characterized using our recently developed broadband nanoindentation creep method to assess viscoplastic properties over four orders of magnitude in deformation rate. Chemical analyses are primarily done using our 2D solution state NMR technique. In addition, ultrastructure and cellular structure will be characterized with optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy.

Determination of Structural Wood Quality on Standing Trees of Pinus radiata (D. Don) by using Stress Waves Guillermo Soto, Ph.D. Student, Luis Soto, Natalia Pérez, and Luis Sandoval, M.Sc. Students, and Jérôme Alteyrac, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Jean Pierre Lasserre, Mgr., Forestal Mininco, Concepción, Chile; Luis Valenzuela, Associate Prof., Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Eric Baradit, Prof., Universidad BioBio, Concepción, Chile

O1

The objective of this study was to estimate the mechanical properties, static modulus of elasticity (MOEs), and modulus of rupture (MOR) of the first and second logs and the whole stem, from measurements on standing trees of time of flight (ToF) of stress waves.

Thirty-six trees 28-years-old were selected in an experiment of four stands characterized by their tree spacing (2x2, 2x3, 3x4, and 4x4).

A measure of ToF with a TreeSonic instrument was made on each tree at breast height. Then the trees were cut down into two logs of 5 m long from which were obtained, at 2.5 m and 7.5 m height, small specimens (20x20x300 mm) for static bending tests. The average MOEs and MOR of specimens were allocated to each log, and in turn the average of two logs was assigned to the whole stem. A wood sample was removed at breast height to determine the log green density. Results showed that MOEs and MOR of both logs 1 and 2, and of the whole stem were well correlated with the ToF and MOEd. Stem MOE and MOR was used as an index for wood quality of standing trees and was shown to be predicted by MOEd and ToF with correlations for MOE of 0.75 and -0.74, respectively with MOEd and ToF, and correlations for MOR of 0.79 and -0.69, respectively with MOEd and ToF. Forest Products Society Evolution: Adapting to New Customer Base Stefan A. Bergmann, Executive Vice President, Forest Products Society, Madison,WI The world of forest products continues to change. Traditional forest products, such as solid wood, composite panels, and pulp and paper, are facing increasing competition from worldwide markets and non-wood products, as well as changing consumer attitudes.

Wood as a material is used in an ever-broadening array of bio-products, such as wood/non-wood composites and bioenergy. At the same time, forests are increasingly recognized for providing a broad range of ecosystem goods and services, along with contributing important public values, such as carbon sequestration and wildlife habitat. Emerging markets for green building and associated concerns over sustainability are indicators of these changing values and broadened understanding of forest products. In addition, technological innovations have transformed the way people access information and the pace with which they communicate. In order to remain relevant and competitive in this changing global environment of forest products, the Forest Products Society (FPS) is in the process of realigning itself along strategic priorities that will grow the value of the organization to members, non-members, and the public. In the last year, we have begun to address these issues by increasing the amount of our exposure, enhancing our use of electronic marketing, realigning our

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N-O organization’s brand identity, and implementing efficiencies. Examples include an upgraded electronic newsletter (eUpdate), dedicated conference web pages, and movement to an electronic peer-review process for the Forest Products Journal. These adjustments to our operations are important and more are planned in the next year, including far greater use of remote meeting technologies, such as interactive webinars, redevelopment of the FPS website and underpinning database, increased use of electronic versions of our publications, and enhanced use of social media. By using the latest in web-based and mobile device technologies, along with contemporary branding and marketing and reinvigoration of an interest-based structure for the organization, FPS will better be able to communicate with members, create a broader community of interest around forest products, and build bridges with new partners to deliver growing value.

Henry Quesada, Assistant Prof., and Johanna Madrigal-Sánchez, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA The goal of this paper is to measure the level of innovation activities in wood products industries located in Virginia using a case study methodology. Based on the innovation theory and previous studies in innovation, a questionnaire was designed to ask owners or general managers of a selected group of wood products companies in Virginia if they could mention or identify innovation activities classified into four categories: product, process, marketing, and organization activities. To analyze the data, firm’s demographics, a frequency table, and a strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat analysis were used to understand, describe, and explain how firms were developing their innovation activities. Results show that larger firms tend to impulse more innovation activities than smaller firms. Also, product innovation activities were more frequent than the other three types. Overall, this study helped to understand that wood products industries do not really understand the concept of innovation and they do not know how to measure innovation performance and its relationship with firm performance.

A.L. (Tom) Hammett, Prof., and Dan Hindman, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA Our graduates are increasingly finding jobs in the “green” sector – whether it be with for-profit or not-for-profit organizations. At Virginia Tech, we have begun the process of adding courses that focus on sustainability to help equip our students for this quickly changing landscape. We focus on our experience to build and introduce two courses: “Sustainable Green Enterprises” and “Green Building Systems.” And we incorporate forest products related issues in a recently introduced study abroad course, “Sustaining Human Societies and the Natural Environment.” We have found that these courses have appeal to students across the campus from a broad selection of majors outside the natural resources field. Perhaps these new courses will help us raise awareness about the “green” qualities of wood and other forest products? All three courses are integral parts of a new college major: Sustainability and the Environment. We will draw on student experiences during this process, and summarize the initial reaction from our clients – those who fund our work, hire our graduates, and collaborate on research and outreach activities.

Lucian A. Lucia, Associate Prof., Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC; Keith Schimmel, Prof., Dept. of Energy & Environmental Studies, North Carolina A&T State Univ., Greensboro, NC;Timothy G. Rials, Prof. and Dir. of R&D, Office of Bioenergy Programs, and Adam M.Taylor, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T University, and the University of Tennessee, Agricultural Experiment Station have developed a partnership funded by the Higher Education Challenge Grant Program of the USDA to pursue an academic program in biomass for graduate and undergraduate students. BioSUCCEED: BioProducts Sustainability, a University Cooperative Center for Excellence in Education will foster the development of trained personnel who will take an active role in the global biomass economy of tomorrow. This presentation will describe the development of an integrated course package that can be used to instruct anyone (teacher, student, corporate employee, policy maker) who will be involved in our future biomass economy.

P. David Jones, Assistant Extension Prof., H. Michael Barnes,Thompson Prof. of Wood Science & Technology, and Rubin Shmulsky, Prof. and Head, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS We often take for granted that people who work in industries that produce wood products or use wood to take products to market have a working knowledge of wood properties. In the past, this assumption was likely correct. Now, many in the industry are unable to solve problems associated with wood. Even more have little or no knowledge of the proper care that wood needs after it has been turned into a product. Because of tight budgetary constraints and difficult market conditions, many clients are unable

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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O5

Teaching Wood-Using Industries about Wood

O4

BioSUCCEED: An Academic Program in Biomass

O3

Making Forest Products Curriculums More Sustainable: Putting the “Green” into our Courses

O2

Measuring Innovation in the Wood Products Industry: A Case Study in Virginia

O6

to attend traditional workshops. Transferring the knowledge that we have in extension has to be delivered through webinars and other emerging technologies. The challenge is that traditionally we have provided much of this information through hands-on demonstrations that do not translate well to the newer delivery mediums. To overcome this, online modules must include easily obtainable materials that allow the non-traditional participant to perform the demonstrations using simple instruction. This project illustrates how this can be accomplished.

Exploring Third-Party Certification Programs in the Forest Products Industry Richard Bonsi, Program Associate, Aaron Maizlish, Dir., Chain of Custody, and Robert Hrubes, Sr.Vice Pres., Scientific Certification Systems, Emeryville, CA

P1

Efforts to prevent soil, water, and air pollution and preserve human, plant, and animal life have engendered several environmental groups and individuals to advocate responsible natural resource procurement, processing, and usage. However, meeting these expectations has led to a proliferation of environmental claims in the green marketplace confounding the ability of consumers to distinguish between credible and misleading claims. One way to demonstrate the credibility of these claims is third-party certification and the verification of companies’ compliance to relevant standards. Scientific Certification Systems (SCS), a California-based natural resource and environmental certification body, is one of the leading companies that offer third-party certification to a wide range of companies.

Notable forest conservation certification programs applicable to the forest products industry include forest management, chain-ofcustody, responsible procurement, legal harvest verification, and carbon offset / footprint verification. Companies are issued a broad spectrum of certificates depending on their scope of operation. For chain-of-custody, certificates are issued to companies operating on a single, group, or multi-site basis. The controlled wood and reclaimed material certificates are also important components of the chain-of-custody certification program. The fast growth in forest related certification programs may be an indication that responsible environmental stewardship is advancing. To uphold this pace, it is important to disseminate information about the promising opportunities in the forest-based certification area.

Numerical Approach to Support Phytosanitary Standards of Solid Wood Packaging Material in Drying Kiln Klaus Richter, Head,Wood Lab., Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Florian Schlegel, Diplom-Forstwirt (former Student), Oberkirch, Germany; Dominique Derome, Prof. and Group Leader,Wood Lab., Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland The presented work aims to analyze the given treatment times of BAFU (Federal Agency for Environment) in Switzerland and EPPO (European Plant Protection Organization) for Europe as phytosanitary measures for solid wood packaging material according to the regulations of ISPM 15. Therefore, experimental heat treatment tests are performed recording the increase of the wood temperature at various depths in relation to density, initial moisture content, and temperature. Results show that higher density leads to longer treatment times, which confirms data from literature. The influence of moisture content in the experiments appears to conflict with literature and simulation results, revealing shorter times at higher moisture content levels. The initial temperatures of 5°C and 15°C show a minor effect on the required treatment times. The experimental results and available industrial kiln-data are compared to a numerical simulation program (WUFI-2D) predicting the temperature regime in the wood depending on thermal and material properties and specific boundary conditions. As a result, WUFI-2D predicts the recorded data in the tests and the industrial data with various wood moisture contents, densities, temperatures, and kiln climates in good agreement. Based on these results, the predicted treatment times of WUFI2D with given conditions are compared to the recommended treatment times of BAFU and EPPO. The simulations reveal a different temperature regime in the wood. The new temperature-time schedule, based on the results of the simulation program, allows up to a wood thickness of 100 mm shorter treatment times, but demands longer treatment times for timber with thickness higher than 160 mm.

P2

Effects of Small Hardwood Sawmill Sawing Practices on Lumber Recovery in West Virginia Wenshu Lin, Grad. Research Assistant, Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., and Tony Goff, Research Technician, Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown,WV An assessment of hardwood log sawing practices was conducted in three sawmills across West Virginia to evaluate the effects of log sawing practices on lumber recovery. A total of 180 logs were measured in the field including red oak (Quercus rubra) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Log characteristics such as length, diameter, sweep, taper, and ovality were recorded. Log scale and grade were also determined. Sawing equipment characteristics were recorded including sawkerf, sawing variation, and rough green lumber size. Lumber volume recovery, lumber value recovery, and lumber grade for each log were analyzed among species, log diameter, and log grade. Two general linear models were developed to estimate lumber volume and lumber value recovery for small hardwood sawmills based on the characteristics of logs and sawing equipment. Factors that influence small sawmills conversion efficiency in this region were identified. The

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O-R results should provide sawmill managers with the information they need to aid in estimating the lumber volume and value recovery from logs, and help operators to improve their performance. The results also provide the basic data, which is used for comparing the simulation results produced by a computer sawing optimization system developed by authors.

Chang-Deuk Eom, Jun-Ho Park, and Yoon-Seong Chang, Grad. Research Assistants, and Hwanmyeong Yeo, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea While drying wood material, drying stress is generated by moisture profiles developed on the surface and then inside and mechanical restraining force of wood cells. Especially in the case of large timber, because of the large thickness of area to be dried, transport distance of inside moisture to the surface is long and great moisture gradient on the surface is generated. Because it takes a long time to dry, a lot of drying defects are generated. It is possible to reduce the drying time and generation of the drying defects by decreasing the distance of moisture transport path in wood through boring process. This study was intended to measure the moisture change on wood surface for analysis of moisture movement mechanism for moisture control using near-infrared ray. It is expected that moisture distribution on the surface and inside of the wood can be estimated and further controlled in unsteady state by determining surface moisture emission coefficient and diffusion coefficient. The drying stress generated on the surface and the inside was analyzed by theoretical and experimental method and the remained stress after drying was evaluated with destructive methods such as slice test.

Johanna Madrigal-Sánchez, Grad. Research Assistant, and Henry Quesada, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA; Isaac Slaven, Sustainable Energy Program Chair, IVY Tech Community Tech, Lafayette, IN

A Survey of Educational Needs and Online Training Perceptions in the Wood Products Industry Henry Quesada, Assistant Prof., Sam Conn, Dir. of IDDL, and Leslie Scarlett Sanchez, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forests Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA Members of various U.S. wood products industry associations (totaling 651) were surveyed to determine their education needs and quantify their interest in receiving continuing education via an online format. In the survey, respondents were asked to rank, in order of priority, their educational needs. With a 15.2% response rate, survey respondents (n=99) indicated that an online course in marketing is the primary need followed by an online course in business strategy development. Other subjects such as financial and cost management, lean thinking issues, and product and process innovation were also ranked as top education needs, given a list of 26 distinct subject areas. Moreover, 88% of members indicated in the survey that they are highly interested in receiving continuing education in a web-based online format.

Etienne Mathias, Scientist, CITEPA, Paris, France; Antoine Colin, Scientist, Inventaire Forestier National, Nogent sur Vernisson, France; Agneta Forslund, Scientist, INRA, Nantes, France; Jean-Michel Leban, Directeur de Recherche, INRA, Champenoux, France In Europe, the substitution effect of Harvested Wood Products (HWP) is considered to be a key impact in climate change mitigation.

There is, therefore, an increasing importance of the impact of the HWPs in greenhouse gas reporting and accounting for the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector. In addition, the French government has decided that in 2020, the amount of harvested roundwood should have increased by 15 million m3 per year (Puesch, 2009). In this work, we have three objectives: 1) Provide an assessment of the contribution of the HWPs in the French forests and wood products pool; 2) Forecast this pool by analyzing several scenarios for the future forest growth and harvest until year 2020; and 3) Perform a sensitivity analysis of the model outcomes with respect to changes in the parameter values. We used existing data from French datasets, including National Forest Inventory and wood products trade data, in order to calculate HWPs stock changes by using the Stock Change Approach for HWP

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R1

Impact of the Harvested Wood Products in the French Carbon Pool

P5

This presentation aims to portrait initial research on new theory and models for the successful implementation of business-model innovation under a sustainable framework for wood products industries. Manufacturing industries must find better ways to transform ideas into products and processes so that they can effectively and efficiently commercialize their products and increase market share and customer satisfaction. In today’s global marketplace, customers are becoming more sensitive to products and processes that are designed, produced, and delivered under the principles of sustainability. Visits to selected manufacturing sites in the microprocessor, medical device, and forest products industries and the use literature research, interviews, and direct observation will be performed to develop a business-innovation framework for wood products industries. A survey to validate, generalize, and compare the innovation framework will be given to a larger sample of manufacturing industries in the same industry sectors.

P4

Innovation Framework for the Wood Products Industry

P3

Analysis of Moisture Transfer and Drying Strain in Wood during Drying

R2

of Domestic origin (SCDA). The sensitivity analysis is mainly done for defining the accuracy needed for the wood density values and their variations within and between species and for the half live values of the main wooden products. The results provide a first assessment of the contribution of the HWP to the French carbon pool and permit us to define sound guidelines for building the appropriate wood density models.

The Carbon Footprint of Wood Chips for Energy Recovery Bernhard Zimmer, Sr. Researcher, Salzburg Univ. of Applied Sciences, Kuchl / Salzburg, Germany; Alexander Eberhardinger, Jr. Researcher, Technical Univ. of Munich, Munich, Germany

R3

Wood and energy from wood chips is both renewable and CO2-neutral. Wood has the C-plus effect! In addition to the carbon sink of “forests”, there is the carbon sink of “wood products”. It can be shown that there is a carbon mitigation by substituting energy from wood chips for fossil fuel. The method of product-related life-cycle assessment according to ISO standards (14040 to 14044) considers products “from the cradle to the grave” and identifies, quantifies, and evaluates all environmental effects in the course of the products’ life-cycles. This method also lends itself to calculating the CO2 sink potentials of wood and wood products. This is an important step towards the recognition of potential CO2-mitigating opportunities in the context of climate change policies. The overall findings from an investigation on the environmental impacts of different wood chip supply chains show the potential for wood to be CO2-mitigating.

Life-Cycle Assessment of Wood Panels Produced at an Oriented Strand Board Biorefinery Mason Earles, Grad. Research Assistant, and Anthony Halog, Assistant Prof., Forest Bioproducts Research Inst., Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME The objective of this study is: 1) to evaluate the life-cycle environmental impacts of oriented strand board (OSB) panels produced in a biorefinery setting, and 2) compare them to conventionally produced OSB panels. Recent research suggests that the hemicellulose feedstock extraction process has several environmental advantages, such as reduction in volatile organic compound (VOC) air emissions and reduced transportation impacts due to decreased mass per panel. Further life-cycle considerations, however, should be made with respect to changes in water usage, energy consumption and associated emissions, emission control technology operations, and carbon stocks and flows. Thus, it is the objective of this study to do so. We apply a life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to the OSB biorefinery system. The system boundary is from cradle-to-gate, including timber management and harvesting, feedstock extraction and panel production, and transportation. Data sources include existing studies on OSB manufacturing, laboratory-scale studies on hemicellulose extraction, and adjusted LCA studies on bioethanol production. We have collected this data and the LCA model is being constructed. We will examine multiple scenarios to create a range of possible results that represent unknowns in the commercialization process. The results will then be compared to the life-cycle impacts of conventional OSB production based on previous models.

Preliminary results will be presented to the technical interest group. Also, future direction will be discussed.

R4

Examining Woody Biomass Energy Consumption on Environmental Performance of Wood Flooring Products during Manufacturing Richard D. Bergman, Grad. Research Assistant, and Scott A. Bowe, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI Products with low environmental burdens have a competitive advantage and are in greater demand than products with high environmental burdens. Competing wood products consuming biomass energy tend to have less environmental impact than other nonrenewable products. Solid strip and engineered wood flooring are two such wood products that consume more woody biomass for energy than fossil fuel during manufacturing. However, some competing flooring products that just consume fossil fuels are gaining in the flooring market share. We will show the environmental impact of the two wood flooring products using life-cycle analysis on the consumption of woody biomass for energy. The analysis will include a description of the functional unit(s), the system boundaries, and provide critically reviewed LCI / LCA data. If the LCI / LCA wood flooring data are sufficiently comparable among nonrenewable floor product types such as ceramic tile and carpet, we will conduct a comparative assertion with each type of flooring product. However, it is likely that boundary conditions may not match across products and therefore cover the potential error associated with comparing when boundary conditions differ. We will also conduct a sensitivity analysis of burning less or more biomass during manufacturing to show the change in environmental impact.

S1

Microfibrillated Cellulose Production by the Combined Method of Hot-Compressed Water Treatment and Mechanical Grinding Seung-Hwan Lee, Sr. Research Scientist, and Fuxiang Chang and Takashi Endo, Research Scientists, National Inst. of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Biomass Technology Research Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan Bamboo and softwood pulp fibers were fibrillated by mechanical grinding after hot-compressed water (HCW) treatment. HCW treatment was very effective to remove partially hemicellulose and lignin, resulting in loosening the supramolecular network structure of the cell wall. The formation of nanospace in the cell wall was found by FE-SEM observation and the morphology of the obtained

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R-T

Production of Furfural and Hydroxymethylfurfural by Autohydrolysis and Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Wood: A Potential in-situ Board Resin James D. McSweeny and Mandla A.Tshabalala, Research Chemists, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI To understand the process conditions for production of furfural (FF) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from wood, samples of milled aspen wood were subjected to autohydrolysis by microwave heating in a sealed Teflon reactor. The experiments were designed to simulate the temperature and pressure variables of a fiberboard press, and their effect on the production of furans from the hemicelluloses. The experiments consisted of a series of timed reactions up to 60 minutes at 190°C and up to 100 minutes at 200°C. A Lewis acid catalyst AlCl3.6H20, was included in some of the reactions at 200°C, as a comparison to the autohydrolysis method. The autohydrolyis liquors were analyzed for liberated wood sugars and their dehydration products, FF, and HMF. At the higher autohydrolysis temperature (200°C), FF and HMF were produced at a higher rate. FF production reached a maximum level at about 70 or 80 minutes, while HMF continued to increase out to 100 minutes. At times equivalent to autohydrolysis reactions, catalyzed hydrolysis produced lower levels of FF presumably due to degradation reactions, including resin formation. HMF was produced at a higher level with the catalyzed hydrolysis reactions. The increased HMF production was most likely due to the hydrolysis of glucan from cellulose. The results suggest that FF production and resin formation could be enhanced with the addition of a Lewis acid catalyst to the wood particles, but that process variables need to be controlled in order to protect the cellulose from degradation reactions.

Yan Gu, Research Assistant,Yu-xiang Chen and Zhen-dong Zhao, Profs., Chang-tai Guo, Associate Prof., Dong-mei Li, Engineer, and Liang-wu Bi, Prof., Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China

Manufacturing Process of PT-Plybamboo and its Properties Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup, H. Hamdan, and M. Abd. Latif, Research Officers, Forest Research Inst. Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; M.T. Paridah, Lecturer, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; M. Siti Rafidah, Assistant Research Officer, Forest Research Inst. Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

S4

The color-lightening of rosin was achieved to give light-colored and qualified rosin that was improved at the optimal conditions for 4 Gardner color grades, while rosin was treated at 180 ~ 270°C for 1 ~ 4 h in inert gases. The color of rosin was deepened slightly at the initial, and then gradually lightened with the increase of treating temperature. The best color-lightening effect was observed from Pinus massoniana rosin. The acid number and softening point of rosin tended to decrease both accompanying with the colorlightening. According to a general consideration on main requirements such as color, acid number, softening point, and the others, the suitable treating conditions for rosin color-lightening were suggested to be as temperature 240 ~ 260°C and time 1 ~ 3 h.

S3

Study on Chromaticity Variation Relationships of Chinese Gum Rosin under High Temperature Treatment

S2

fibers was investigated by AFM and FE-SEM. Most of all, fibers showed nanoscopic diameters, showing big specific surface area (BET method). Nanocomposites with various polymers were prepared and characterized.

Plybamboo are naturally hygroscopic in that they shrink and swell when subjected to different environmental conditions. The hygroscopicity increases due to the removal of the epidermis and inner layer of the bamboo strips. One of the methods to enhance the properties of plybamboo is via impregnation modification using phenolic resin. The treatment improved the performance of the products when the resin bulked in the parenchyma cells. The present study was undertaken to develop a process to produce high dimensionally stable plybamboo for exterior application. The LMwPF resin was used to treat bamboo strips prior to being converted into plybamboo. The water absorption, thickness swelling, and linear expansion of phenolic-treated plybamboo (PTP) were significantly lower compared to those of untreated plybamboo. The MOR, MOE, and compression parallel-to-grain of the PTP were significantly higher compared to those of untreated plybamboo. After a one-year exposure test, the strength properties of PTP decreased by about 35% while the untreated plybamboo failed within five months after exposing to weather condition. Generally, the treatment of bamboo strips with LMwPF resins were found to significantly improve the properties of plybamboo.

Michael J. Lambrecht, Engineering Aid, Samuel L. Zelinka, Materials Engineer, Samuel V. Glass, Research Physical Scientist, Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Botanist, and Daniel J.Yelle, Ph.D. Candidate and Physical Science Technician, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI This talk presents basic research on the freezing of water and sorption isotherms in solid wood and isolated cell wall constituents.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed from 40°C to -60°C over a range of moisture contents on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) as well as on holocellolse and lignin isolated from the pine. Sorption isotherms were collected at 10°C, 25°C, and 40°C

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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T1

Multi-Scalar Thermodynamics of Wood-Moisture Relations in Loblolly Pine

T2

from 0% to 95% relative humidity (RH), in 5% RH steps. The effects of different sample preparation methods, including Wiley-milling, ball-milling, and exhaustive Soxhlet extraction, were examined with both techniques. DSC results were analyzed in parallel with sorption isotherms. The data reveal one thermal event in both freezing and melting corresponding to the solid / liquid phase transition of free water. The melting temperature of the free water within the specimen was undercooled several degrees compared to the transition temperature of water alone. The largest undercooling was observed at the lowest moisture contents that exhibited an endotherm. The melting enthalpy increased with increasing with moisture content. These results may eventually lead to a better understanding of woodwater relations, with implications for increased wood durability.

Monitoring the Moisture Content of Wet Stored Pine Logs using Time Domain Reflectometry Heath Raybon, M.Sc. Student, Laurence R. Schimleck, Associate Prof., Kim Love-Myers, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Joe Sanders, Research Coordinator, and Richard Daniels, Prof.,Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA; Edward Andrews, Forester, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA Presently, many forest products companies in the southeastern U.S. store large volumes of roundwood under wet storage. Log quality depends on maintaining a high and constant moisture content, however, limited knowledge exists regarding appropriate water application strategies. To ensure optimum wet storage practices, the moisture content of the stored logs must be monitored. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) provides a rapid, nondestructive method for measuring wood moisture content. Recently, we completed a pilot study that examined how well TDR worked in a functioning wet deck. Based on data provided by TDR, moisture content variation was examined within logs, between logs, and between tiers within the wet deck. This information has been used to establish two long-term trials based at wood yards in the southeastern U.S.

T3

Influence of Machine Setting and Wood Parameters on Crack Appearance in Scot Pine Joints Induced by Linear Welding Mojgan Vaziri, Ph.D. Student, and Owe Lindgren, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Technology, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Skellefteå, Sweden; Anthony Pizzi, Prof. of Industrial Chemistry, ENSTIB-LERMAB, Université Henri Poincaré – Nancy 1, Épinal, France

T4

The industrial application range of welded wood has been limited to interior use because of its poor moisture behavior. This paper deals with exploring the hypothesis to specify the welding factors that cause such sensitivity to water and increase moisture resistance of welded joints through controlling the production parameters. Influences of some welding / wood parameters like pressure, time, and heart / sapwood on crack time of weld line in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) were investigated. Axial samples measuring 200×20×20 mm from Scots pine were welded and a less destructive weathering test carried out. Samples were placed standing in 5-mm-deep tap water and then were taken out of the water one at a time and scanned in 10-minute intervals until the first crack appeared in the weld line.

An x-ray (CT) scanner was employed to monitor water movement and density change in weld lines during water absorption-desorption.

Welding pressure and welding time showed significant effect on appearance time of the crack in the welded zone. Data evaluation showed that a combination of 1.3 MPa welding pressure, 1.5 s welding time, and using heartwood leads to highest moisture resistance that appears as a short crack, located in the bottom of the welded zone.

Alternative Measures of Hardwood Flooring Hardness Sunil Ramachandra, Principal Scientist, and Steven W. Bukowski,Wood Scientist, Armstrong World Industries, Lancaster, PA Currently, the hardwood flooring industry widely uses the Janka hardness test. Although it is not a true evaluation of material hardness, the Janka hardness test is used as an indicator of flooring hardness or resistance to indentation. The Janka hardness test is not suited to engineered wood flooring with thin face veneers due to sample thickness limitations. As alternatives to the Janka hardness test, we propose the Armstrong Ball Drop indent test and the Armstrong Macro-indentation technique, which are suited to both solid hardwood flooring and engineered wood flooring with thin face veneers. The Janka hardness test evaluates the force needed to produce a given degree of indent on solid wood, or multiple layers of a face veneer. The Armstrong Ball Drop indent test evaluates the degree of indent for a given force on a finished flooring product, regardless of the product platform that a face veneer is attached. The Armstrong Macroindentation technique encompasses the two key aspects of hardness measurement – force and degree of indentation. The Janka hardness test is a raw material test. The Armstrong Ball Drop test is customer oriented, and the Armstrong Macro-indentation technique is akin to hardness measurement using nanoindentation, which is widely accepted in the nanoindentation field. In the article, we present the testing methodology of the Armstrong Ball Drop indent and the Armstrong Macro-indentation technique and compare the outcomes of these measures with those of the Janka hardness test for several wood flooring products including solid and engineered products.

U1

Growth,Yield, and Commercial Value Comparisons of Red Pine, White Spruce, and Black Spruce Plantations in Northwestern Ontario Chander Shahi, Assistant Prof.,Willard H. Carmean, Prof. Emeritus, Krish Homagain, MSc.F. Student, and Mathew Leitch, Associate Prof., Faculty

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T-V of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ.,Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Colin Bowling, Forester, Ministry of Natural Resources, Technology Development Unit, Kenora, ON, Canada Forest industries have been the economic backbone of Northwestern Ontario, but the current crisis in the forest industries has irreversible consequences for businesses, workers, and communities of the region. In the present crisis, it is imperative that the forest resources of the province are most efficiently managed. For timber management, this requires that the most productive and most commercially valuable species be grown and managed on each site. This study provides growth, yield, and commercial value comparisons of three of the most commonly found tree species in Northwestern Ontario – red pine, white spruce, and black spruce -- over three different spacings (1.8 m, 2.7 m, and 3.6 m). Our study, using growth data from the Thunder Bay Spacing Trial established in 1950 by Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, found that red pine produced much larger yields than the spruces over a period of 57 years. Red pine has an average site index of 20.7 m as compared to average site index of 19.1 m and 16.8 m of white spruce and black spruce, respectively. The average site index of each species decreased with wider spacings. Red pine was also found to have substantially large basal area as compared to the spruces and about double the number of trees, total volume and merchantable volume per hectare as compared to the spruces at 57 years age. In addition, red pine yields provided much higher commercial values for the production of value-added products such as quality saw logs, utility poles, and cabin logs.

Joseph M. Dahlen, Grad. Research Assistant, P. David Jones, Assistant Extension Prof., Lynn Prewitt, Assistant Research Prof., and Rubin Shmulsky, Prof. and Head, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS Kiln-dried softwood lumber, including southern yellow pine, is generally considered dry when the moisture content of the wood reaches below 19%. Emission studies conducted to date on southern pine have focused on the release of emissions from green to just below 19% moisture content. The Forest Products Department at Mississippi State University has received inquiries into the release of emissions when drying from 19% to interior levels, or approximately 6 to 8% moisture content. To study this, total volatile organic, as well as methanol and formaldehyde, were collected and analyzed during the kiln drying of southern yellow pine lumber from a pilot-scale kiln.

Johan Skog, M.Sc., Lic. Eng., and Johan Oja, Prof., SP Technical Research Inst. of Sweden, Skellefteå, Sweden Wood density is a material property closely related to the mechanical properties of the wood. This implies that, for species where strength grading is common (e.g. Norway spruce), the wood density is an especially important quality variable. If sawlogs were presorted based on predicted lumber density, this would lead to more homogenous mechanical properties in the sawn goods and would reduce the amount of rejects in the strength grading. By using the right logs for the right products, raw material use would be improved and a higher value could be extracted from each log. Using an x-ray log scanner, it is possible to measure inner properties of the logs, for example density. Sawmills that use an x-ray log scanner often have it installed in conjunction with an optical 3D scanner. The 3D scanner is used to measure the outer shape of the log and previous studies have shown that, for Scots pine logs, the precision in the density predictions can be improved by combining raw data from the x-ray and 3D scanners. To use this method for Norway spruce logs, it needs, however, to be verified for this species as well. In this study, Norway spruce sawlogs were scanned using industrial x-ray and 3D log scanners. Sample discs were cut from the top end of each log and after drying to 0% moisture content, the density was measured. The study shows that the density predictions were improved by using the 3D x-ray method relative to using x-ray data only.

Zehui Jiang,Yongde Yue, Xuhe Chen, and Yan Yu, Profs., International Center for Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, P.R. China; Zheng Wang, Prof., Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China Bamboo is a fast-growing renewable resource and a good substitute for wood. Prefabricated bamboo panel houses can be easily packed flat, shipped, and quickly assembled at sites, and would be an ideal solution for disaster victims. In recent years, ICBR has been actively developing prefabricated bamboo panel housing systems in cooperation with CAF and INBAR to alleviate the shortage of housing supply including emergency relief needs. In 2008, in cooperation with CAF and Fustar Bamboo Company, ICBR constructed 1400 m2 prefabricated bamboo panel houses for Sichuan earthquake affected areas. This paper introduces the structure and performance of the prefabricated bamboo panel houses. The main structure is made of a light steel frame, while roofing and wall panels are bamboo-based panels. All the components of these kinds of houses are prefabricated in the factory and standardized produced. Testing results show that the panel house performance including indoor-air quality, heat, and sound insulation of wall panels

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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V1

Prefabricated Bamboo Panel House for Disaster Relief

U3

Density Measurements in Norway Spruce Sawlogs Combining X-Ray and 3D Scanning

U2

Volatile and Hazardous Emissions Released during the Kiln Drying of Southern Pine Lumber Intended for Interior Applications

meet the requirements of Chinese National Standards for Permanent residence house.

V2

Market Opportunities for U.S. Forest Products in Central America Henry Quesada, Assistant Prof., and Scott W. Lyon, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

V3

In the future, there will be a greater need for international forest products in Central America due to increasing population size and deforestation. The purpose of this research was to determine strengths and weaknesses of U.S. wood product competitors in Central America. Potential market opportunities for U.S. forest product companies in Central America were evaluated and strategies were developed to increase exports of U.S. wood products to Central America. Research on secondary sources of information such as databases, market reports, and Central American newspapers was conducted to determine the current situation of the forest, the demand of local production, and potential for future production of wood products. Results show that the consumption of wood products in Central America is greater than four million m3 per year. Although 20% of consumption is met with imports, only imports from the U.S., Chile, and Brazil are considered to be high quality. Construction appears to be strong in Costa Rica, Panama, and El Salvador despite world economic crises. Wood product customers in Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras prefer low-quality products contrary to customers in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Panama, however, no apparent reason was identified. The best market strategies for U.S. wood product companies to access the Central American market are to partner with local wholesalers, offer higher value-added products than local suppliers, and keep prices similar to local competition. Results from this study will aid in developing guidelines for U.S. forest products companies to extend their international markets into Central America.

Analysis of Bond Line Density Profile in Plywood by X-Ray Densitometry Mingjie Guan, Associate Prof., Bamboo Engineering & Research Center, Nanjing Forestry Univ., Nanjing, P.R. China; Christopher G. Hunt, Research Chemist, and Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI The goal of this program is to understand the optimal penetration and infiltration necessary to provide a durable bond. The first step is to characterize the adhesive distribution in bondlines, so that realistic numbers can be used to model bondline properties. This work reports our analysis of PF adhesive penetration and infiltration in southern pine plywood using x-ray densitometry and microscopy. X-ray densitometer profiles are useful because PF has significantly higher density than wood. We will discuss how bondline characteristics such as width, density, and variability are characterized. Effects of specimen size will also be discussed.

V4

Development of High-Performance Hammer Milled Rice Straw Panel Xianjun Li, Associate Prof., School of Material Science & Engineering, Central South Univ. of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, P.R. China and Visiting Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, and Jerrold E.Winandy, Retired Research Wood Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Altaf H. Basta, Research Prof., Dept. of Cellulose & Paper, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

W1

The surface structure and silica distribution of rice straw was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Urea-formaldehyde (UF) and Polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) resin-bonded particleboards were made with hammer milled rice straw.

The effect of particle size and resin type on the physical properties of boards was examined. The SEM results show that there is a thin layer consisting of a compacted wax-like substance on the surface of the rice straw. The mechanical properties of pMDI resin-based boards initially increases then decreases as the hammer mill screen size changed from 25.40 to 1.588 mm. The thickness swelling, water absorption, and linear expansion of particleboards decrease with increasing particle size. Compared with pMDI resin bonded panel, the rice straw particleboard bonded using UF resin exhibits much poorer mechanical properties and dimension stability. The best result was obtained with 4% pMDI and particles prepared in a hammer mill with a screen size of 3.175 mm, which meets ANSI standard for wood particleboard in class M-2.

Wood as a Construction Material: Mechanisms Influencing Specifiers’ Choice of Building Materials Kristian Bysheim, Researcher, and Anders Q. Nyrud, Sr. Researcher, Norsk Treteknisk Institutt, Oslo, Norway Norwegian architects’ and civil engineers’ attitudes to using wood in major urban building constructions was investigated. Wood currently has a relatively small market share in urban construction. The principal objective was to develop knowledge about the mechanisms influencing key specifiers in their choice of building materials, and how, by taking heed of these mechanisms, to increase the use of wood as building material in urban building constructions. Structural interviews (n=15) and a quantitative survey (n=203) were carried out to acquire further knowledge about the specifiers making the decisions regarding choice of material, and the criteria forming the basis of the choice of material to be used when building in urban areas. The knowledge status and use of information sources among the specifiers was also investigated. The results give insights into the specification process, provide information for firms that would like to market wood

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V-X as a construction material, and give suggestions for how to position wood as a construction material in urban areas.

John H. (Buddy) Showalter, Dir.,Technical Media, American Forest & Paper Assn.,Washington, DC

An Electrochemical Method for Predicting Corrosion Rates of Metals in Contact with Wood Samuel L. Zelinka, Materials Engineer, and Douglas R. Rammer, Research General Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Donald S. Stone, Prof., Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI The voluntary withdrawal of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) for use in residential construction (December 31, 2003) has led to increased use of newer wood preservatives such as alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), copper azole (CuAz), and micronized copper systems. One difficulty in designing for corrosion performance with new preservative systems is the amount of time it takes to obtain results; previous exposure tests have taken up to 20 years. Standardized methods, such as the AWPA E-12 test do not correlate well with in-service performance because they use high temperature, high humidity environments, and it is unclear how to extrapolate these corrosion rates to realistic conditions. In this paper, we present an electrochemical corrosion test for metals in wood extracts and compare it with gravimetric solid wood exposure tests. The electrochemical method has good correlation with gravimetric test for steel and galvanized steel fasteners in several wood preservatives. Results of corrosion tests performed on wood treated with ACQ, CuAz, CCA, and micronized copper quaternary (MCQ) will be presented. The role of cupric ions and wood moisture content will be discussed.

Bruce Lippke, Pres. Emeritus, CORRIM, and Prof. Emeritus, School of Forest Resources, College of the Environment, Univ. of Washington, Seattle,WA Life-Cycle Inventory and Analysis (LCI / LCA) research on forest products is being extended to biofuel feedstocks such as forest residuals, thinnings, short-rotation crops, and mixed waste streams, along with liquid fuel processing alternative such as pyrolysis, gasification, and fermentation. Objectives to reduce carbon emissions have lead to policies to incentivize longer rotations, producing more ethanol, requiring renewable fuel standards for utilities, caps on carbon emissions, trading carbon contracts, and subsidizing biomass removals. Using life-cycle analysis, the imputed value of carbon for these policies varies from significant negative numbers to 100 times the value on current carbon exchanges. Using life-cycle analysis we can analyze which polices are effective in reducing carbon emissions and why, which is essential to reduce counterproductive policies. Understanding the movement of carbon from sustainably managed forests to product carbon pools and displacement of emissions from the use of fossil fuels while contrasting these market links with attempts to credit carbon one carbon pool at a time provides the key to better policies. We examine who really benefits from paying to remove forest residuals. We examine the alternatives builders have and the impact their decisions have on carbon emissions. We characterize the difference between crediting carbon savings to the builders / homebuyers, the product or ethanol producers, or the forest managers. We conclude that carbon credit systems cannot handle the complexity of integrated markets or multiple values, motivating instead decisions that increase one carbon pool or one ecosystem service at the expense of another.

Stephen J. Dinehart III, Pres., Heartland Business Consultants Inc., Middleton,WI; Ed Corrigan, Dir. of Finance & Operations, Cleantech Partners, Inc., Middleton,WI The objectives of this presentation are to: 1) Convey the importance of market prices for woody biomass feedstock development and financially-viable biofuel / biopower projects; 2) Convey the importance of a well-designed pricing mechanism for the generation of market prices that accurately reflect underlying supply and demand; 3) Explain the role of the Biomass Commodity Exchange (BCEX) as a pricing mechanism; 4) Demonstrate the BCEX Listing Platform. The topics to be discussed are: 1) The role of prices in eliciting feedstock production with natural resource stewardship; 2) The role of feedstock prices in project finance and operations; 3) How different pricing mechanisms can affect the quality of prices; 4) How an exchange as a pricing mechanism can reduce extraneous cost factors for better pricing; 5) BCEX’s operation as an exchange and a listing platform. The conclusions are: 1) The

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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X2

Building Woody Biomass Feedstock Prices – The Foundation for Market Success

X1

Biomass Value Policy Traps

W3

AF&PA’s Prescriptive Residential Wood Deck Construction Guide – DCA 6 was developed in 2007 to provide a concise recommendation for wood deck construction based on provisions of the International Code Council’s (ICC) International Residential Code (IRC). Provided as a free download from the American Wood Council website, DCA 6 averages over 27,000 downloads per month, attesting to its popularity with building officials, builders, and homeowners. Recent changes to the 2009 IRC prompted an update to the document. This paper outlines those changes and provides some background on their development.

W2

Wood Deck Guide Updated to 2009 IRC®

X3

future development of the woody biomass market will require development of a feedstock pricing mechanism; 2) An exchange can facilitate the rapid evolution of such a mechanism benefiting both industry and natural resource stewardship; 3) The BCEX has been designed to provide that mechanism.

Developing Biomass Markets and Supporting Biomass Communities using an Online Materials Exchange Model Norm Ruttan, Pres., iWasteNot Systems, Mallorytown, ON, Canada The objective of this presentation is to describe the elements of a typical trading system and to compare this (favorably) to a modern online materials exchange mechanism. Required elements for commodities trading systems are databases of supply (inventory & sellers), demand (market needs, buyers) integrated with a matchmaking and trading system. Additional tools, such as the ability to map supply inventory / demand along with provisions for providing news and information, including directories, guides, event calendars, etc. are positive elements for building up a trading community. iWasteNot Systems and partners have begun such a system for biomass supply / demand in the U.S. southeast, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and New York. Elements of this system are demonstrated and discussed against the standard ‘commodities exchange’ mechanism used for other materials.

X4

The Potential Impact of Increasing Wood Bio-Energy use on Forest Products Industries Kenneth Skog, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI;V. Alric Sample, Pres., Pinchot Inst. for Conservation, Washington, DC; Ralph Alig, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR; Peter J. Ince, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Gregory S. Latta, Sr. Faculty Research Associate, Dept. of Forest Engineering, Resources & Management, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR; Andrew D. Kramp, Research Associate, Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI; Eric M.White, Research Economist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR

X5

Federal legislation and policy initiatives may result in potentially large or limited increases in wood use to make biofuels, electric power, and heat energy. This presentation will provide results of U.S. Forest Service research that uses two forest sector models to project how alternate policy scenarios may drive wood energy use and: 1) change forest resources use and prices for logging residue, mill residue, pulpwood, sawlogs; 2) change markets for existing forest products (use and price for lumber, panels, paper); 3) change in trade of forest products; and 4) change land use between agriculture and forestry. Policy scenarios include: 1) implementation of a renewable fuels standard with biofuels production targets plus a 10% renewable electricity standard; 2) implementation of a renewable fuels standard plus a 20% renewable electricity standard; and 3) implementation of a renewable fuels standard plus a 20% renewable electricity standard with a provision that thermal energy production can qualify as if it were electric power in meeting the renewable electricity standard. The third scenario would give credit particularly to production of heat by combined heat and power plants. Thirty-year projections for forest products and agricultural markets are provided from the Forest and Agriculture Simulation Model (FASOM) and for forest products markets including global trade using the U.S. Forest Products Module combined with the Global Forest Products Model (USFPM / GFPM).

Western Forests: Critical Issues for the Next Decade Marcia Patton-Mallory, Bioenergy & Climate Change Specialist,Western Forestry Leadership Coalition, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO; Dana Coelho, Program Mgr.,Western Forestry Leadership Coalition, USDA Forest Service, Lakewood, CO

Y1

The landscape of western forests is changing dramatically due to changes in social, economic, and environmental conditions. The Western Forestry Leadership Coalition (WFLC) has recently developed reports exploring the “True Cost of Wildfire in the Western U.S.” and “Threats to Western Private Forests” and has updated the “Western Bark Beetle Report.” Each of these papers presents the potential for wood utilization in their response strategies. Highlighting the interrelatedness of issues facing western forests, at the same time as conversion pressures, climate change impacts, wildfire danger, and impacts from insects and diseases have been escalating, the traditional forest products industry across much of the west has been declining or has disappeared completely, exacerbating problems and/or decreasing capacity to address them. Although interest in forest biomass as a renewable energy source is increasing, there are significant challenges to making it a reality. This paper will provide an updated profile of the western forests as seen jointly from the perspectives of WFLC members, the state foresters, and federal land managers.

Study on Thermal Isomerization of Isopimaric Acid Yu-xiang Chen, Prof., Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China and Jiangsu Qianglin Biomass Energy Co. Ltd., Liyang, P.R. China; Zhen-dong Zaho,Yan Gu,Yu-ming Wang, Chang-tai Guo, and Liang-wu Bi, Prof., Inst. of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P.R. China The thermal reaction relationships of isopimaric acid were studied in detail through the high temperature treatment at 250-270º for 1-5 h by the protection of nitrogen, and the isomerization mechanism of isopimaric acid was illuminated, as which isopimaric acid remarkably isomerized to 8,15-isopimaric acid and sandaracopimaric acid. The higher thermal treatment temperature and the longer thermal

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X-Y treatment time, the faster isomerization rate of isopimaric acid. The isomerization rate of isopimaric acid to 8,15-isopimaric acid was bigger than that to sandaracopimaric acid. The isomerization of isopimaric acid tends to form more 8,15-isopimaric acid. The total content of pimaric-type resin acids remained relatively stable in the condition of 250-260º within 5 h or 270º within 3 h, although isomerization of isopimaric acid occurred as the main reaction. The total content of pimaric-type resin acids was obviously decreased in conditions of 270º over 3 h. It is remarkable that the cracking of resin acids occurred besides isomerization of isopimaric acid.

Qingzheng Cheng, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., and Joseph F. McNeel, Prof. and Dir., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources,West Virginia Univ., Morgantown,WV Bio-nanocomposites are expected as the next generation of materials for the future, opening up opportunity to replace conventional petroleum-based composites as a new, biodegradable, high performance, lightweight green material. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were isolated from the central Appalachian hardwood residues and hybrid poplar by acid hydrolysis with assistance of high-intensity ultrasonication after lignin was removed. The cellulose nanocrystals and poly(Vinyl Alcohol) were used to fabricate biodegradable nanocomposites by using casting method. Cellulose nanocrystals were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

The mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were analyzed by tensile test, AFM observation, and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The elastic modulus of PVA was significantly improved by the CNCs, while the strength of the composites was comparable with that of pure PVA. The results would be useful to promote the value-added cellulosic products.

Byung-Dae Park, Associate Prof., and Ho-Won Jeong, Grad. Student, Dept. of Wood Science & Technology, Kyungpook National Univ., Daegu, South Korea; Sang-Min Lee, Research Scientist, Division of Environmental Wooden Materials Engineering, Korea Forest Research Inst., Seoul, South Korea

Y3

Modification of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive by Acrylamide Copolymerization for Low Formaldehyde Emission

Y2

Cellulosic Nanocomposites from Hardwood Residues and Hybrid Poplar

In order to lower the formaldehyde emission of wood-based composite panels bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin adhesive, this study investigated the influence of acrylamide copolymerization of UF resin adhesives to their chemical structure, and performance such as formaldehyde emission, adhesion strength, and mechanical properties of plywood. The acrylamidecopolymerized UF resin adhesives dramatically reduced the formaldehyde emission of plywood. The 13C-NMR spectra indicated that the acrylamide has been copolymerized by reacting with either methylene glycol remained or methylol group of UF resin, which subsequently contributed in lowering the formaldehyde emission. In addition, an optimum level for the acrylamide for the copolymerization of UF resin adhesives was determined as 1% when the formaldehyde emission and adhesion strength of plywood were taken into consideration.

Alireza Javadi, Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Materials, Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,WI;Yottha Srithep and Jungjoo Lee, Research Assistants, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI; Srikanth Pilla, Post-Doctoral Scholar, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA; Craig M. Clemons, Materials Research Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Shaoqin (Sarah) Gong, Prof., Dept. of Materials and Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,WI and Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI; Lih-Sheng (Tom) Turng, Prof., Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI Solid and microcellular composites made of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) / poly (butylene adipate-coterephthalate) (PBAT) blend (weight ratio of PHBV:PBAT=30:70), recycled wood fiber (RWF) and nanoclay were prepared via a conventional and microcellular-injection molding process, respectively. The surface of the hydrophilic recycled wood fiber was modified by silane-treatment to improve its adhesion with the PHBV / PBAT blend. Various properties (e.g., morphology, thermal, and mechanical) were investigated. The addition of RWF (treated and untreated) and nanoclay reduced the cell size and increased the cell density of microcellular specimens. In addition, the addition of RWF and nanoclay increased the specific tensile strength and specific Young’s modulus, but decreased the specific toughness and strain-at-break in both solid and microcellular specimens.

Unlike neat PHBV / PBAT blend, microcellular PHBV / PBAT / RWF (both treated and untreated) composites exhibited significantly higher strain-at-break and toughness than their solid counterparts. The addition of RWF (treated and untreated) greatly increased the degree of crystallinity of PHBV in both solid and microcellular PHBV / PBAT / RWF composites, but the degree of crystallinity of PHBV in the solid specimens was higher than that of their microcellular counterparts. The addition of nanoclay slightly increased the degree of crystallinity of PHBV in the PHBV / PBAT / RWF / nanoclay composites. Finally, the addition of RWF (treated and

64th International Convention of the Forest Products Society - Madison, Wisconsin, USA - June 20-22, 2010

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Y4

Processing and Characterization of Microcellular PHBV / PBAT / Recycled Wood Fiber / Nanoclay Composites

untreated) and nanoclay resulted in an apparent increase in the storage moduli of the composites with the PHBV / PBAT / RWF (treated) composites exhibiting the highest storage modulus.

Y5

2nd Place Wood Award – Application of 2H NMR to Probe in-situ Organization of Lignocelluloses Sudip Chowdhury, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products and Macromolecules & Interfaces Inst., Louis A. Madsen, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Chemistry and Macromolecules & Interfaces Inst., and Charles E. Frazier, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products and Macromolecules & Interfaces Inst.,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA Fundamental understanding of the supramolecular structures of lignocelluloses is essential for their optimum utilization. This demands the development of new analytical tools to probe the effects of chemical and thermomechanical treatments on these biomaterials.

Discussed in this presentation is a well-known deuterium (2H) solution-state NMR; this is applied as a novel approach to probe the insitu orientation of wood-polymers. Wood is equilibrated below fiber saturation using a simple deuterated solvent and the 2H signal is measured. The orientation within the wood cell wall matrix imposes a motional bias to the solvent molecules, thus causing a residual quadrupolar coupling that would otherwise average to zero in isotropic conditions. The degree of quadrupolar coupling (splitting in Hz from the isotropic signal) is directly related to the degree of matrix orientation. The presentation will describe the effects of a wood modifier (hydroxymethyl resorcinol) and two different plasticizing solvents (ethylene glycol-D4 and N,N-dimethylformamide-D1) on the wood cell wall polymeric organization.

Z1

Stem Sinuosity in Loblolly Pine – Should we be Concerned?

P. David Jones, Assistant Extension Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS;Thomas R. Fox, Prof. of Forest Soil & Silviculture and Co-Director, Forest Nutrition Cooperative, Dept. of Forest Resources & Environmental Conservation,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA A survey of stem sinuosity severity and occurrence was conducted on six sites in North Carolina and South Carolina (USA) in stands approximately two years after establishment. Approximately 1400 trees on each site were measured for height, diameter, and degree of sinuosity in the stem at the beginning of the growing season and again after the completion of the growing season. Fifty-two percent of the trees increased in sinuosity over the growing season. Using stand records and observations by local foresters, two mature stands of loblolly pine were located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, where excessive stem sinuosity was reported to be present at ages 1-3. Seven trees were felled from each site. The 2.4 m butt logs were removed from each tree along with a 0.61 m bolt from the remaining felled tree. The lower 2.4 m logs were cut into thin slices using a portable band sawmill. Slices were then cut through the log progressing through the pith. A single veneer containing the pith from each log was then selected to be used to calculate log volume, juvenile wood volume, and the volume of sinuous growth. Seven trees at the two sites were found to have had severe sinuosity earlier in their lives.

Of the seven sinuous trees, three trees only took one year to correct the sinuous growth and return to a normal growth pattern. Two trees took an additional year to return to cylindrical growth, one tree returned to normal growth after the third year, and a single tree returned to a straight appearance by the end of the fifth year after the initiation of sinuous growth. Therefore, the sinuous portions of all seven trees were entirely contained within the juvenile core of the tree. The 0.61 m section was processed further. Clear static bending specimens were machined and tested. There was a difference between the mean MOE measurements of the mature wood. Trees that were found to be non-sinuous produced mature wood that was significantly stiffer than the sinuous trees.

Z2

Stand Structure, Growth Form, and Internal Structure of Natural Eastern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) in Northern Ontario, Canada Daniel Corbett, Forest Productivity Specialist, Northwest Science & Information, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,Thunder Bay, ON, Canada; Marek Holpit, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Faculty of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ.,Thunder Bay, ON, Canada Large northern Ontario forestry companies have traditionally focused on producing softwood lumber, as well as softwood and hardwood related pulp products. The preferred species used in the later part of the 20th century in these products were Black Spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), and Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). As a result of recent industry pressures and potential shifts to biomass harvesting, more information was required on under-utilized species to assess the value-added opportunity in their use. For encouraging new business, or diversifying current business, it will be essential to enable sound investment by providing accurate descriptions of local wood characteristics for the investor to efficiently assess the opportunity. To address this need, stand data and wood samples were collected for analysis and processed in a collaborative agreement between Lakehead University and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Northwest Science and Information, in 2009. This study presents results on stand structure, individual tree form, volume, internal structural characteristics, and commercial value aspects of Eastern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) grown in natural forest conditions on 23 sample sites in northern Ontario, Canada. Relationships are discussed between stand characteristics, individual tree characteristics, and within-tree structural characteristics.

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Y-AA

Charles Antwi-Boasiako, Lecturer, and A. Ayimasu, Researcher, Dept. of Wood Science & Technology, Kwame Nkrumah Univ. of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Timber anatomy, including fiber dimensions, influences wood physico-mechanical properties and durability. Understanding fiber properties among families would help identify timber potential for utilization standards, which is scant for tropical hardwoods. Thus, this work investigates fiber dimensions (i.e. fiber length, width, lumen width, and wall thickness) for six tropical hardwoods from three families – Meliaceae, Sterculiaceae and Ulmaceae. Splinters (2x2x2 cm), randomly taken from their heartwoods, were delignified in 1:1 glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide [at 60°C for 3 days] and teased out (IAWA, 1989; 1991). Measurements under the light microscope revealed that besides fiber wall thickness, differences exist between the timbers’ fiber dimensions (p < 0.05).

Meliaceae consistently recorded the highest dimensions then Sterculiaceae and Ulmaceae; fiber length ranged from 0.79 mm (for Ulmaceae) to 1.88 mm (for Meliaceae). Fibers of hardwoods of the Meliaceae meet pulp and paper specification regarding their strength properties, their wide widths and lumina facilitate beating, thus increasing surface-area for good inter-fiber bonds, while their thick-walls would yield more fibrous material per unit fiber for pulping. Their moderately long fibers would provide greatest specific gravity and much strength. However, fibers of the Ulmaceae meet specifications regarding high surface quality pulp and paper. Their short fibers would easily organize themselves to form smooth surfaces in paper production, while the narrow width and lumen would also resist beating, which would prevent crushing of fibers in pulping and papermaking. Such variations in fiber dimension between members of the families could be exploited by the wood industry for various applications including construction as well as engineering of fiber-based products.

Sangeeta Gupta, Scientist-in-Charge, and Dheerendra Kumar, Scientist,Wood Anatomy Discipline, Forest Research Inst., Dehradun, India In India, the family Lauraceae is represented by 16 ligneous genera, out of which 11 genera viz. Actinodaphne, Alseodaphne, Beilschmiedia, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya, Dehaasia, Lindera, Litsea, Neolitsea, Persea, Phoebe were studied covering 39 species.

Seventy-eight wood samples of these species were screened for fiber dimorphism. Parenchymas like Fibers (PLF) were found to be occasionally present in this family and have not been reported earlier. PLF were observed in 34 species both in wood section and maceration. In transverse section PLF appeared either in bands or as scattered patches without any definite arrangement, but adjacent to the vessels. The PLF was found to be species specific. However, within a species variation with regards to amount of septation was observed. The septation in PLF was observed to be independent of fiber septation. PLF were not observed in five species viz. Actinodaphne tedulingami, Alseodaphne semicarpifolia, B. fagifolia, Cinnamomum glanduliferum, and C. zeylanicum. Analysis shows weak correlation between length of fiber and PLF. Variation in length of PLF varies with sample. The length of PLF is shorter than the fiber while breadth was more in PLF. In all the samples, PLF were found to be empty. The reason for formation of PLF could not be ascertained.

Gi Young Jeong, Post-Doctoral Associate, Sustainable Engineered Material Inst., and Audrey Zink-Sharp, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA The effects of thinning and fertilization on density, ring width, and cell structure were analyzed at different sampling heights in loblolly pine trees. The thinned tree showed that with increment of growth ring number, density, ring width, latewood percentage, earlywood and latewood tracheid length, and tangential latewood cell wall thickness increased. The fertilized tree showed that with increment of growth ring number, density, ring width, latewood percentage, and ratio of cell wall thickness to cell diameter in earlywood and latewood increased. The thinned tree showed that with increment of height, tracheid length, tangential earlywood and latewood cell wall thickness, and radial earlywood cell diameter increased, but tangential latewood cell diameter decreased. The fertilized tree showed that with increment of height, latewood cell wall thickness increased, but latewood percentage decreased. Different forest management also influenced the interaction between anatomical properties. The correlation from the thinned tree was mostly related to the tracheid length and the correlation from the fertilized tree was mostly related to the cell dimension. Thinning treatment encouraged more interrelated anatomical properties, whereas fertilization treatment facilitated cell dimension growth with sacrificing other interrelated anatomical properties. Based on the results from this study, it can be concluded that certain types of forest management should be planned to obtain specific anatomical properties in terms of wood quality for the end use.

John F. Hunt, Research Mechanical Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Houjiang Zhang, Prof., and Zhiren

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AA1

Cantilever Beam Static Bending and Vibration Test Apparatus for Thin Composite Products

Z5

Effects of Thinning and Fertilization on Anatomical Structure of Loblolly Pine

Z4

New Report on Fiber Dimorphism in Secondary Xylem of Family Lauraceae from India

Z3

Inter-Family Variations in Fiber Dimensions of Six Tropical Hardwoods

Guo, Grad. Student, Beijing Forestry Univ., Beijing, P.R. China

AA2

A new cantilever beam apparatus is being cooperatively developed to measure static and vibration properties for small and thin samples of wood or composite materials. The apparatus applies a known displacement to a cantilever beam, measures static load and displacement, then releases the beam into its natural first mode vibration. The apparatus then records free vibrational displacement as a function of time. The static bending modulus is determined and then the free vibration frequency is used to calculate its dynamic modulus.

The log decrement is determined and used to calculate the loss modulus. This presentation will discuss the cooperative research work and preliminary data from the new apparatus.

Nanoindentation and Microscopic Characterization of PF / Bamboo Adhesive Bondline Yan Yu, Associate Prof., International Center for Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, P.R. China; Charles R. Frihart, Head of Wood Adhesives, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Zehui Jiang, Prof., International Center for Bamboo & Rattan, Beijing, P.R. China; Joseph E. Jakes, Student Training General Engineer, Christopher G. Hunt, Research Chemist, Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, and James F. Beecher, Group Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI

AA3

Bamboo is increasingly utilized in China and other Asian countries as a substitute for wood in most forest products. Bamboo is harder to bond than wood, which is generally attributed to the poor adhesive penetration in its transverse direction. In order to better understand how the adhesive distribution affects the bond durability of bamboo, more structural and mechanical information at a smaller scale are needed. We report here a definitive and high-resolution observation of resin distribution in the PF / bamboo bonding line using fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, nanoindentation was used to ascertain if PF resin was capable of penetrating into and mechanically strengthening the cell wall of bamboo. The microscopic observation revealed a definitive interface between PF resin and bamboo fibers. No PF resin can diffuse into the cell cavity of bamboo fibers and form a resin / bamboo fiber bonding interphase. Nanoindentation test further implied no or little PF resin existed in the cell wall of bamboo fibers even adjacent to the bond line as no improvement in both hardness or indentation modulus was achieved. On the contrary, PF resin can easily diffuse through parenchymal cells as far as 200 microns, to form a region of resin mixed with collapsed cells. It was therefore assumed that parenchymal cells contributed much to the bonding durability of bamboo through the mechanism of mechanical interlock, though they are far less strong than bamboo fibers in mechanical properties.

Effect of Moisture Content on the Nanomechanical Properties of Wood Cell Wall via Nanoindentation Yujie Meng, Grad. Research Assistant, and Siqun Wang, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Nanoindentation, serving as a tool for expressing mechanical properties at a small scale, is becoming more and more popular in biomass research areas. Moisture content (MC) has been proved to be an extremely important factor on the macromechanical properties of wood material. In order to better understand the water influence on microstructure in the wood cell wall, several sets of nanoindentation were performed on the S2 layers of wood cell wall while changing the MC of wood. Two different sample preparation processes were used, including embedding the specimen into epoxy resin and preparing specimen without epoxy resin. Results show a decrease of both hardness and Young’s modulus for non-embedded samples while increasing MC. Although there was reinforcement influence on the embedded sample, it still showed that the moisture decreased the mechanical properties same as non-embedded wood cell.

AA4

Study to Electromagnetic Shielding Plywood Laminated with Metal Sheets Keyang Lu, Assistant Prof., and Feng Fu, Researcher, Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI

AA5

Radiations from different electrical devices cause electromagnetic interference, which will influence the performance realization of other electromagnetic devices and cause health concerns. The aluminum plates used for electromagnetic shielding were laminated with the thin plywoods to prepare a new kind of wood-based composite. Their mechanic properties and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the composites were evaluated. The results showed that the static modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the composite was two times that of the raw plywoods and the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the composite was improved with the increasing use of the aluminum plates. It was also found that the composites made by laminating two aluminum plates met both electrical shielding and bonding requirements for a commercial electromagnetic shielding product.

An X-Ray Scanning Method for Measuring the Moisture Content of Wood during Hot Air Drying Xianjun Li, Associate Prof., School of Material Science & Engineering, Central South Univ. of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, P.R. China and Visiting Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Feng Fu, Researcher, Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China

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AA-BB The feasibility of measuring moisture content (MC) of wood during convective hot air drying by a new method of x-ray scanning nondestructive, using red oak and walnut as material and the x-ray density profiler, was evaluated. The results showed that the x-ray scanning nondestructive method could be utilized to determine continually the average MC and MC distribution for the same wood samples during drying. Compared with MC measured using oven-dry method, within a wide range of MC from 8-78%, the MC of wood could be measured by the method of x-ray scanning with high accuracy, and the maximum measured MC deviation was no more than 3%. The square of relevant coefficient of MC measured using oven-dry method and using x-ray scanning method for all wood samples dried in hot air was above 0.98. The method can provide a very useful tool for understanding internal moisture movement and moisture-related stress development.

Henry Spelter, Economist, Peter J. Ince, Research Forester, and Kenneth Skog, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI

Do Consumers Perceive Wood as a Natural Building Material?

Anders Q. Nyrud, Sr. Researcher, and Julie H. Arnseth and Kristian Bysheim, Researchers, Norsk Treteknisk Institutt, Oslo, Norway The use of natural building materials can improve users’ experience of the indoor environment. Visual representations of nature, natural objects and design elements, symbols of nature, etc. can evoke positive experiences in the built environment. Over the past decades, a number of empirical studies have documented that both passive and active experiences of nature may be beneficial for human health and well-being, for example reduced stress levels and increased well-being and positive emotions and feelings. In order to exploit the possible beneficial effects of natural building materials, there is a need for knowledge about which materials potential users perceive as natural. The present study investigates people’s perception of naturalness for various building materials. The study includes material samples from solid wood products, processed wood, engineered wood products, wood-based fiberboards, surface treated wood, masonry, wallpaper, tiles, metal, plastic, and glass. The study concluded that respondents are able to distinguish most products as either natural or artificial. Wood products are, in general, perceived as natural materials.

Howard N. Rosen, Staff Specialist, USDA Forest Service, Resource Use Research,Washington, DC

Assessing Consumer Demand for Wood Household Furniture Nathan E. Irby, Research Assistant, Sudipta Dasmohapatra, Assistant Prof., and Philip H. Mitchell, Extension Wood Products Specialist, Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC The global marketplace coupled with changing customer needs and the economic downturn has altered the dynamics of the traditional wood household furniture industry in the U.S. This project examines the consumer perceptions and motivations toward wood household furniture purchase with a focus on implications of branding of furniture products (either through an American brand or local branding), local sourcing of materials and production, and environmental attributes. By conducting surveys at home and furniture shows in Southern and Eastern U.S. (during Fall 2009 and Spring 2010) we seek to identify whether the aforementioned attributes will help to make the furniture businesses in the U.S. more competitive and profitable. Results of the study

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BB4

The use of wood has been an important and unique component in the development, history, religion, art, and literature of the United States. Wood culture is an interdisciplinary science to better understand the use and social aspects of wood from a cultural perspective, which opens new ways to understand wood from an economic, environmental, and social value perspective. This paper will examine the rich history of wood products from use by the early settlers, during our country’s strong industrialization, and by builders and wood craftsmen today. Also, wood is a product of our social culture; for example Paul Bunyan, church design, hunting instruments, and boats. This presentation will show how Wood Culture is a good marketing tool for the continued use of wood products. To further this effort on an international level, The International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), Division 5 Wood Products has recently added a new Wood Culture Working Party under the Forest Products Marketing and Business Management Research Group.

BB3

Evolvement of Wood Culture in the United States: A Good Marketing Tool

BB2

The North American forest products markets have been afflicted by the largest economic disruption since the 1930s. Recovery for solid wood products hinges on a rebound in the overall economic environment, particularly in housing. Housing’s recovery has thus far been halting and impeded by a substantial overhang of unoccupied units built in the prior boom, by falling prices, and rising numbers of unemployed or underemployed people. Counteracting these has been a stable of government measures to reflate real estate. Along with these, government programs and subsidies structured to boost alternative energy sources have created new opportunities for woody biomass.

BB1

Forest Products Emerging from the Recession

BB5

may be used by the furniture suppliers, manufacturers, and affiliated industries to improve their marketing and environmental objectives.

Increasing the Market Share for Softwood Glued-Laminated Lumber by Matching the Performance and Convenience of LVL Russell Gentry, Associate Prof., Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA The market for short-span glued laminated lumber beams (glulams), used in residential and small-scale commercial construction, has been greatly impacted by the widespread acceptance of laminated veneer lumber (LVLs). There are a number of factors that appear to work in favor of glulams: 1) the ability to be manufactured at a small scale; 2) the ability to be constructed from a wide variety of lumber grades, including low-grade juvenile wood; and 3) the potential for addition of FRP composite materials for increased elastic modulus and bending strength. In addition, as the market for plywood is being replaced by OSB, forests managed for the production of softwood veneers (the basic feedstock for LVLs) may soon be harvested for other uses – reducing the number of mature trees available for veneer production. This presentation will explore technical and cost-to-market hurdles for glulam products designed to compete head-to-head with LVLs. A prototype FRP-reinforced glulam beam, constructed with low-grade softwood lumber, will be used as the basis for an economic comparison with LVL.

CC1

Correlating Mechanical Properties of Loblolly Pine Strands under Different Forest Management with Wood Structure Gi Young Jeong, Post-Doctoral Associate, Sustainable Engineered Material Inst., and Audrey Zink-Sharp, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA

CC2

A previous study found that thinning and fertilization altered anatomical properties of loblolly pine associated with growth ring number and height. The current study used the wood blocks from the same population to evaluate the effect of the forest management on mechanical properties. A systematic link from the forest management, anatomical properties, and mechanical properties was obtained by correlating the test results with anatomical properties. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) from the different forest managed trees increased with increment of growth ring numbers, whereas MOE and UTS from the different forest managed trees showed different trends by height. Consistent trends of MOE and UTS with increment of growth ring number were related to the increment of density, tracheid length, latewood percentage, ratio of cell wall thickness, whereas inconsistent trends of MOE and UTS with increment of height were related to the mixture of increment or decrement of anatomical properties. Different forest managed trees also showed different correlation between anatomical properties and mechanical properties. Control tree had the greatest correlation between tangential latewood cell wall thickness and the mechanical properties. Thinned tree had the greatest correlation between ring width and the mechanical properties. Fertilized tree had the greatest correlation between density and the mechanical properties.

However, correlation between a specific anatomical property and mechanical properties from different forest managed trees was weak.

Different combinations of anatomical properties predicted much better for MOE and UTS of loblolly pine strands under different forest management, indicating R2 of 0.84 to 0.95.

Oil Palm Bio Waste: A Sustainable Source of Raw Material for Biocomposites – Waste to Wealth Approach Manojit G. Das, Mgr., R&D, Samling Global Ltd., Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia; Shovanjit Das, Mgr.,Wood Panel Division, Paralam Global Private Ltd., Arvi, Nagpur, Maharastra, India

CC3

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) makes great social, economic, and environmental contributions in South East Asia. About 90% of global palm oil and 10% of global oil and fats demand are covered by this region. Considering replantation and oil extraction, it’s also estimated that annually more than 70 million m3 of biomass resource is available from this region in terms of oil palm bio waste. However, disposal becomes a serious environmental concern, and all the disposed oil palm bio waste has great commercial potential in forms of mass and energy. In addition, the morphological properties and chemical compositions of the oil palm bio waste (empty fruit bunch, oil palm fond, oil palm trunk) reveal the suitability for making good quality biocomposites (Medium Density Fiberboard, High Density Fiberboard, Chipboard, Plywood, Block board). This presentation will cover the different technical, economical, and environmental aspects of oil palm bio waste and its conversion to biocomposites in forms of eco-friendly product, as a sustainable and reliable source of raw material for the future. Conversion of biocomposites from oil palm bio waste not only can boost the economy, but is a valuable option for waste to wealth and can contribute towards climate change.

Genetic Fingerprints and Wood Chemistry of Superior Eucalyptus Clones for Energy Production in Florida D.L. Rockwood, Prof. Emeritus, and Matias Kirst, Assistant Prof., School of Forest Resources & Conservation, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL When grown as short-rotation woody crops (SRWC) in Florida, E. grandis (EG) and E. amplifolia (EA) can produce up to 16 dry tons / acre / year in rotations as short as 2.5 years. Fast-growing, freeze-resilient EG and EA clones, very well-adapted to Florida’s varied soils and climates, in general, are genetically diverse. Of particular interest here is their genetic diversity for wood chemicals, especially lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. For representative EG and EA clones, the relative ratios of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were

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BB-DD determined. Identifying genes that control wood / lignin synthesis appears possible. Relatively few major genes may affect growth and lignin biosynthesis. Lignin biosynthesis in Eucalyptus is negatively correlated with diameter growth, and as a consequence, genetic reduction of lignin content may lead to higher biomass productivity and higher suitability for conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels.

Rupert Wimmer, Prof.,Wood Technology & Wood-Based Composites Unit, Georg-August-Univ., Göttingen, Germany; Martin Weigl, Researcher, Wood Kplus – Competence Center for Wood Composites & Wood Chemistry, Linz, Austria; Stefan Schöneberg, Student,Wood Technology & Wood-Based Composites Unit, Georg-August-Univ., Göttingen, Germany

Importance of Biomass Raw Material Uniformity: Specie, Collection, and Pre-Processing George A. Grozdits, Research Assistant Prof., and Mark D. Gibson, Prof. and Dir., School of Forestry, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, LA After the proof of concept is established and the manufacturing process has been developed, the key to successful manufacturing and subsequent product qualities is the raw material uniformity. Biological materials are variable? This inherent variability in conventional forest products manufacturing often was treated as part of the system. The variability is confronted by adjusting the manufacturing process “online during the run.” In biomass utilization, whatever it is, conversion-to-energy or manufacturing specific materials (alcohols, phenols, plastics, nanocrystalline cellulose), the incoming feedstock variability leads to process inefficiencies and lower product yields. “Online during the run” adjustment for changes in biomass can change product properties and even stall completely the manufacturing process. Specific examples: 1) 5% birch fibers on insulation board; 2) hardwood sawdust in roofing felt; 3) addition of long recycled fibers to hardboards; 4) combustion-chamber temperature drops due to water and oxygen content changes or feed material size changes; 5) stiff straw fibers improve cardboard stiffness; 6) poly-phenol and tannin yield changes due to bark and waxy epidermis contaminations; and 7) enzyme catalyst inhibition from microorganism contaminations.

Ye Liu, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, and Qixin Zhong, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Food Science & Technology, and Siqun Wang, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Recently, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), a solvent used in the textile industry for production of regenerated cellulose fibers, was found to be a possible candidate to pretreat lignocellulosic biomass for production of biofuels. We found that simple suspension of flours of corn stover, switchgrass, and pine in concentrated NMMO at an elevated temperature significantly enhanced the enzymatic saccharification from the pretreated biomass. This work focused on mechanistic understanding of enhanced sugar conversion after NMMO pretreatments by using pine flour as a model biomass. Specifically, the crystallinity, microstructure, and surface chemical compositions of pine flour were compared before and after NMMO pretreatments by x-ray diffraction, SEM, and FTIR-imaging, respectively. These properties were then correlated to kinetics of enzymatic saccharification. Our results showed that the highly ordered structure of fibers and closed cells in native pine flour were disrupted after pretreatment by concentrated NMMO. The FTIR-imaging data indicated a significant decrease of lignin content on pine flour surface after pretreatment. Cellulose crystallinity of pine flour decreased with an increase in NMMO pretreatment time and a decrease in the regeneration temperature.

Among the three parameters, crystallinity changes were highly correlated to the initial rate of enzymatic saccharification. It was proposed that: 1) cellulose inside pine fibers was extracted by NMMO during pretreatments, which altered the original crystalline structure of cellulose; and 2) the extracted cellulose precipitated on the surface of pine flour particles during regeneration, which resulted in a cellulose-enriched surface. The improved accessibility and lowered crystallinity of cellulose in pretreated pine flour

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DD1

Mechanistic Understanding of Enhanced Enzymatic Saccharification of Pine Flour Pretreated by NMMO

CC5

Selection of proper resources for wood-based panels has been a key question for decades. Increasing restrictions in the availability of wood resources have challenged the wood industry in many ways. Wood utilization needs to take advantage of the great variety of wood species and qualities. This contribution briefly reviews the research efforts done on the question of wood species in panel manufacturing. In our work, the use of different wood species and mixtures thereof to produce particleboards is presented. In Design-of-Experiments trials, two softwood species (Norway spruce and Scots pine), and three hardwood species (oak, poplar, and beech) were utilized for single-layer lab-produced particleboards. For each species, juvenile and mature wood as well as two wood qualities were used. Physico-mechanical and chemical parameters were measured from boards as well as the raw materials. Results show overall strong species dependencies, while juvenile-mature as well as wood quality effects turned out to be more specific. The various relationships can be split into direct and indirect ones. Mixed-design experiments allowed building quantitative models that can be used to design boards with specific profiles. To optimize resource utilization, future efforts will require an advanced model understanding as well as one-line control measures for improved process control.

CC4

Optimizing Resource Selection for Wood-Based Composites

facilitated the enzymatic saccharification. The fundamental characterization of biomass pretreated by NMMO may provide valuable information to develop strategies for enhanced conversion of lignocellulosics to biofuels and bioproducts.

DD2

Properties and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Hybrid Poplar Wood for Sugar Production Adebola Adebayo, Grad. Research Assistant, Qingzheng Cheng, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Jingxin Wang, Associate Prof., and Joseph F. McNeel, Prof. and Dir., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources,West Virginia Univ., Morgantown,WV One-year-old stemwood specimens of a hybrid poplar and its parents (Populous trichocarpa and Populous deltoids) were collected from a West Virginia experimental site and analyzed for their physical, chemical, and thermal properties. These wood samples were also pretreated with environmentally friendly mechanical / chemical treatments prior to enzymatic hydrolysis with a commercial enzyme for fermentable sugar production. Results indicated that specific gravity, anatomical, chemical, and thermal properties vary slightly among the three woods used in the experiment. Anatomically, there appears to be more vessels per unit area of the juvenile hybrid poplar, but with pore diameter not significantly different from its parents. The physical and chemical properties of juvenile hybrid poplar averaged 0.39 g/ cm3, 0.43 g/cm3 at the tree stem and stump, respectively. The extractive ranged from 11.9 to 12.5%, lignin ranged from 22.6 to 24.9%, and holocellulose ranged from 63.9 to 66.3% from the tree stem to the tree stump, respectively. The extractives and lignin contents of parents are slightly lower than the hybrid poplar. Proximate analysis indicated about the same volatile matter, carbon, and ash content between the hybrid poplar and its parents. Volatile content of hybrid poplar was slightly higher than others at the expense of lower carbon content.

Heat value among all the poplar trees was not significantly different. Sugar production via enzymatic hydrolysis from pretreated hybrid poplar gave comparable glucose yield when compared to its parents. Enzymatic hydrolysis result was mainly influenced by chemical pretreatment, pH, and time.

DD3

Beta-Xylosidase Patent for Conversion of Cellulosic Plant Cell Walls to Fermentable Sugars Robert Hennkens, Dir. and Vice Pres. of Development, Clearstream Technologies, LLC,Tucson, AZ; Douglas B. Jordan, Molecular Biologist, USDA, ARS, MWA, Fermentation Biology Lab., Peoria, IL Abstract of the Patent Disclosure Xylose-containing plant material may be hydrolyzed to xylose using a Beta-D-xylosidase which exhibits unexpectedly high activity. The enzyme has a kcat value for catalysis of approximately 185 sec-1 for 1,4-Beta-D-xylobiose (X2) when measured at a pH of 5.3 and a temperature of 25ºC; this is at least 10-fold greater than reported for other xylosidases at 25ºC and their optimal pH. The enzymealso has an isolectric point of approximately 4.4. When reacted at a pH between about 4.5 and about 7.7, the Beta-D-xylosidase exhibits surprisingly high activity for hydrolyzing xylose-containing plant materials to xylose. The xylose released from plant materials may then be converted to other secondary products such as ethanol by fermentation or other reaction. This Beta-D-xylosidase may be used alone or in combination with other hydrolytic or xylantic enzymes for treatment of lignocellulosic or hemicellulosic plant material hydrolysates or xylooligosaccharides.

DD4

Enzymatic Saccharification of Woody Biomass Enhanced by NMMO Pretreatment Ye Liu, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, and Qixin Zhong, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Food Science & Technology, and Siqun Wang, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN; Zhiyong Cai, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI To enhance enzymatic saccharification of woody biomass, an industrial solvent, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), was studied for development of a novel pretreatment process. Principally, polysaccharides in woody lignocellulosics can be dissolved in concentrated NMMO solutions at an elevated temperature and can be regenerated from the slurry by diluting with water and/or cooling. In this work, pine flour was used as a model woody feedstock, and the effects of pretreatment parameters on enzymatic saccharification were studied for different combinations of pretreatment time and temperature, NMMO to biomass mass ratios, and regeneration temperatures. The results showed that a higher pretreatment temperature, a longer pretreatment time, and a lower regeneration temperature favored the production of sugars. A higher mass ratio of NMMO to biomass up to 10:1 during pretreatments was also observed to facilitate the later saccharification. Among the conditions studied, pine flour pretreated at 140.4ºC for 1 h by the 83% NMMO at a solvent – solids mass ratio of 20:1 showed the best sugar conversion – the initial sugar conversion rate and overall conversion were approximately 12and 8-fold higher than the untreated pine flour, respectively. Because NMMO is not a caustic chemical and is reusable / recyclable and biodegradable, this work may be further developed into a pretreatment technology for production of biofuels and bioproducts from woody biomass.

DD5

The Effect of Dilute Acid Pretreatment on Anhydrosugars Yield during Fast Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Qi Li, Grad. Research Assistant, and Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS Fast pyrolysis is the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass by heat within a very small amount of time in the absence of oxygen, resulting

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DD-EE in the production of charcoal, bio-oil, and gaseous products. Levoglucosan is one of the major components in bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Previous research has shown that the maximum anhydrosugars in bio-oils produced by pyrolysis is nearly 36% if acid pretreatment is applied to demineralize the feedstock prior to pyrolysis; without such pretreatment the yield is 3%, or less. We have tested a new method based on pyrolysis of clear pine wood particles with a novel means of acid pretreatment. This method produces 50.8% of levoglucosan and other anhydrosugars. Bio-oils show a wide variation in composition depending on the lignocellulosic biomass used. There are many researchers studying biomass pretreatments to improve the quality of the products of fast pyrolysis. However, pretreatment influence on the chemical composition of the obtained pyrolysate remains poorly understood. It is necessary to understand all the factors that promote product specificity and maximize yields. Our research will describe the effect of physical and chemical factors on the composition of the pyrolysis products. These factors include those physical variables that define the reaction conditions as well as the influence of our pretreatment on the chemical state of the substrate. Cellulose-hemicellulose and cellulose-lignin interactions during fast pyrolysis will also be investigated in this study.

Srikanth Pilla, Post-Doctoral Scholar, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Zach Wright, Grad. Student, and Curtis W. Frank, Prof., Dept. of Chemical Engineering, and Sarah Billington, Associate Prof., Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA The construction industry is responsible for approximately 40% of U.S. landfill volume and consumes considerable natural resources both in fabrication of buildings and manufacture of building materials. Bio-based composites are being investigated for application in the building industry as a potential replacement for plastic and wood products. Specifically, a microbial polymer, polyhydroxybutyratevalerate (PHBV) combined with oak wood flour, is under investigation for mechanical and weathering properties in-service as well as their ability to biodegrade anaerobically when taken out-of-service. This paper will focus on several in-service properties of PHBVoak wood flour composites. In order to provide hydrophobicity to the wood flour and offer good adhesion with PHBV, various surface modifications are being investigated, including silane treatment. Mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural stiffness and strength are being evaluated as well as accelerated weathering testing wherein the composites are subjected to temperature, UV light, and moisture variations. The impact of weathering on composite mechanical performance is also being evaluated.

Kaiwen Liang, Post-Doctoral Research Associate, and Sheldon Q. Shi, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

Carbonization of Large Wood Samples at Low Heat Temperature Treatment to Produce Carbonized-Wood Template for Composite Material Bernard Randrianarisoa, Grad. Student, Dept. of Environmental Science & Forestry, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY The goal of this research was to develop an inert and lightweight material using the slow rate carbonization method invented by D. Nagles et al. in 1997, to separate treatments for sugar maple and southern pine focusing on developing a carbonization schedule appropriate for large wood samples. The schedules were designed to reduce the internal stress causing deformations and microchecks. The heat treatment was controlled with an argon flow and maximized at 400°C. The products were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively from each treatment.

Charles R. Frihart, Head of Wood Adhesives, and Holly A. Satori, Physical Science Technician, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab.,

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EE4

Challenges in Understanding Soy Adhesive Performance

EE3

The shortage of petroleum and the increasing concern regarding environmental issues have resulted in an intensive interest in using the renewable substances as alternatives for polymer applications. In this study, modified soybean oil, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil, was used as thermosetting resin. Kenaf bast fibers were incorporated into the bio-based acrylated epoxidized soybean oil resin matrix to fabricate bio-based composites. The kenaf bast fibers were obtained from a chemical retting process (5% NaOH aqueous solution at 110ºC for 1 hr). The kenaf fiber content in the composites varied from 30 to 60 wt%. A laminated sheet molding compound (LSMC) process was used to fabricate the composites with hand lay-up. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to evaluate the thermal decomposition behavior of the composites. The thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated through dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), three point bending test, and tensile test. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to analyze the chemical bonding formed between surface modified kenaf fiber and modified soybean oil. Fracture morphology was also examined to address interfacial compatibility at the interface between the surface treated kenaf fibers and modified soybean resin matrix. The structure, property, and fiber content relationship of soy-based polymer biocomposites was investigated.

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Kenaf Bast Fiber Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) Composites from Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil

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In-Service Testing of PHBV-Oak Wood Flour Biocomposites for the Construction Industry

Madison,WI; Rongxian Zhu, Associate Prof., Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China With synthetic adhesives, if we know the primary structure of the polymer, we can often understand the adhesives’ properties. For some of these adhesives, we may also need to understand the crystallinity or secondary structure to understand performance. However, even knowledge of the primary and secondary structures of proteins is not sufficient to understand their performance as adhesives due to their having tertiary and quaternary structures. Proteins are usually dispersed as globules in water and the structure of these globules can change depending upon the conditions. The changes in the globular structure was considered while evaluating the performance of soy adhesives for lamination bonding after modification with surfactants, salts, and co-solvents, and separating the soy proteins into their 7S and 11S fractions. Most of the soy adhesives did well for dry shear bond strengths, but performance was poorer under wet conditions.

For all the systems, addition of poly(amidoamine)-epoxy resins improves the wet strength of the soy adhesives.

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Sustainable Bio-Composites of West Coast Highways: Outline of a Viability Assessment Method Michael Karas, USDA NNF Fellow and Master’s Candidate, and Lech Muszynski, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

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There is an urgent need to find a sustainable way of utilizing woody biomass from wildfire prevention operations like forest thinning and forest fuel removal. In 2007 alone, the U.S. federal government spent nearly $2 billion to fight forest fires on federal lands (Daly 2008). Resulting woody biomass from these operations is currently burned on-site or converted to fuel. Fluctuations in petroleum prices suggest that converting this biomass to fuel alone may not be the most economically appropriate solution – alternatives need to be explored. Composite products using bio-particles can create consistent demand for woody biomass. This is expected to offset costs of removal operations and improve the economics of alternatives to burning (Mason et al. 2006). Highway systems employ a wide variety of roadside hardware and safety products on roadways and their perimeters. A majority of these products such as traffic signs, road markers, and guardrails are manufactured from nonrenewable materials. A significant portion of wood residue produced could be utilized in various highway related products due to widespread availability of raw material, the diversity of products, and large volume of roadside hardware. A conceptual framework for a systematic assessment of potential replacement or partial substitution of currently used materials with sustainable alternatives containing woody biomass has been developed. This procedure outlines necessary input information, inquiries, practical steps, and decision points necessary to determine if a product or its individual components are suitable for effective material replacement. This procedure is summarized in form of a visual chart. Three highway products are evaluated for biomasscomposite material substitution. Manufacturing processes and testing procedures are considered to develop products conforming to Oregon Department of Transportation requirements.

Sustainable Bio-Composites of West Coast Highways: Effect of Low-Grade Woody Biomass Content on Composite Properties Michael Karas, USDA NNF Fellow and Master’s Candidate, and Lech Muszynski, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR There is an urgent need to find a sustainable way of utilizing biomass from wildfire prevention operations like forest thinning and forest fuel removal. In 2007 alone, the U.S. federal government spent nearly $2 billion to fight forest fires on federal lands (Daly 2008).

Resulting woody biomass from these operations is currently burned on-site or converted to fuel. Fluctuations in petroleum prices suggest that converting this biomass to fuel alone may not be the most economically appropriate solution – alternatives need to be explored. Composite products using bio-particles can create consistent demand for woody biomass. This is expected to offset costs of removal operations and improve the economics of alternatives to burning (Mason et al. 2006). Highway systems employ a wide variety of roadside hardware and safety products on roadways and their perimeters. A majority of these products such as traffic signs, road markers, and guardrails are manufactured from nonrenewable materials. A significant portion of wood residue produced could potentially be utilized in various highway related products due to widespread availability of raw material, the diversity of products, and large volume of roadside hardware. For this to happen, however, the effects of combining low-grade woody biomass with polymers needs to be better understood. The objective of this study is to determine how various levels of content of locally available woody biomass from forest thinning, forest fire fuel removal, and urban wood waste, affect: 1) tensile properties (strength and elastic modulus), 2) impact toughness, and 3) resistance to UV exposure of small composite specimens. Included in the tests are wood-plastic composites made at three different loading levels, 20%, 40%, and 60% of wood flour by weight, with five types of woody biomass. In this presentation results of this study will be discussed.

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Cellulose Self-Reinforced Composites from Partial Dissolution William T.Y.Tze, Assistant Prof., and Lili Zhou, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

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Best Practices in Quality Management for Achieving Innovation Performance Scott Leavengood, Associate Prof. and Dir., Oregon Wood Innovation Center, Dept of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR;Timothy R. Anderson, Associate Prof., Dept. of Engineering & Technology Management, Portland State Univ., Portland, OR

A Study of Innovation and Change Management in Ghana’s Forest Products Industry A.L. (Tom) Hammett, Prof., and Richard Bonsi, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA Implementing change in any business organization is onerous. Nevertheless, the need for change and innovation in businesses cannot be overemphasized in today’s changing world. Several dynamics and market forces have triggered changes in various processes in the forest products industry. This justifies our study, which determined the feasibility of introducing bamboo as a raw material to supplement the dwindling stock of traditional timber species for Ghana’s forest products industry. The managing directors of the industry and the heads of relevant institutions were canvassed to determine the barriers to the adoption of bamboo and to develop the management strategies that are necessary to implement the change from wood to bamboo utilization. The study revealed that, in the current situation, most forest products companies in Ghana are interested in using bamboo as a raw material but are constrained by existing barriers. To successfully introduce bamboo in the industry, the study has suggested some policies that need to be developed by the government. In addition, strategies for creating awareness about bamboo and triggering desire in companies to use the material are proposed. The study’s proposed change management framework also includes strategies for creating the requisite knowledge for bamboo utilization. The strategies necessary for enhancing the ability of firms to adopt bamboo and sustain the process are also presented in the framework.

Sudipta Dasmohapatra, Assistant Prof., and Ronalds Gonzalez, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC The purpose of this study is to explore the dimensions of relationship between hardwood lumber buyers and suppliers in the U.S. An electronic survey of hardwood lumber buyers in the U.S. (n=78, 14.4% response rate) showed that the value of relationships perceived by the buyers is a trade-off between product quality, service know-how, time-to-market, and social benefits, as well as price and process costs in a supplier relationship. Factor analysis of a set of relationship attributes and a subsequent regression model (dependent variable-perceived value and satisfaction; independent variable-relationship attributes) shows that the overall perceived satisfaction and value of a supplier would increase if the supplier could improve the strength of their know-how in partnering

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Relationship Value in the Hardwood Lumber Industry

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In many business sectors today, focus on quality as a competitive tool has been replaced by a focus on innovation. This has led some quality professionals to ask: “Is quality dead?” Research exploring connections between quality management, innovation, and company performance indicates that quality is necessary, but insufficient in today’s business environment. So, while quality may not be “dead,” long-term success will depend on firms’ abilities to innovate as well. In short, the task facing managers is not whether to focus on quality or innovation, but how to focus on quality and innovation. The challenge is: How can companies adapt their management practices to achieve innovation performance in addition to quality performance? To answer this question, forest products manufacturers were surveyed about their quality management practices and performance with respect to both quality and innovation. Survey results were analyzed to identify two categories of high-performing firms: 1) those that were achieving primarily quality outcomes and; 2) those that were achieving both quality and innovation outcomes. Executives from three firms in each category were interviewed to provide detail on the management practices used by the companies. The interviews were then examined to identify similarities and differences in practices between the two categories of firms. Results indicate that firms achieving both quality and innovation performance take a more proactive approach to: 1) identifying industry best practices (i.e., benchmarking); 2) cross-training and empowering employees; and 3) identifying and communicating customer needs. Specific best practices in these areas will be discussed in the presentation.

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The objective of this research was to combine the concepts of all-cellulose composites and green solvent to produce and mechanically test a biomaterial that is expected to have a low environmental impact. Cellulose powder was partially dissolved in an ionic liquid, which has the advantages of being thermally stable, non-flammable, low in vapor pressure, and recyclable. The dissolved phase of cellulose, upon precipitation, was converted to a matrix binder around the undissolved cellulose to result in composites of regenerated cellulose reinforced in-situ by native cellulose. X-ray diffraction and tensile tests were performed on the cellulose / cellulose composites. The mechanical properties of the composites will be discussed in light of the volumetric ratio of the reinforcing and matrix phases, which was manipulated by controlling the duration that cellulose was soaked in the ionic liquid.

with the buyer. In other words, partnering with the buyers and helping them to speed up product development, performing better at presenting the buyer with new products, help and support in getting the buyers products to market faster, and helping to improve the buyer’s existing products are the key attributes that will help in improving supplier profitability.

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Environmental Properties of Construction Materials Kristian Bysheim, Researcher, and Anders Q. Nyrud, Sr. Researcher, Norsk Treteknisk Institutt, Oslo, Norway Norwegian consumers’ perception and comprehension of building materials were investigated. Increased focus on the environment and environmental properties of building materials has been identified as a substantial market opportunity for the wood industry. In a series of focus groups, consumers’ perceptions of building materials and comprehensions of the environmental properties of building materials were explored. Based on analysis of the data, multiple interpretations of environmental products were identified. How consumers identify environmentally-friendly products and how environmentalism influences purchasing decisions were also identified. The results indicate a need for a better understanding of the various connotations (i.e. emotional associations) associated with the notion of environmental products, and how this influences consumer behavior.

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Trade Associations and Group Certification Programs: How can they Impact the Certification Movement?

Iris Montague, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Princeton,WV Certification has been a heavily debated topic during the past few years, especially within the hardwood forest products community.

One of the issues heavily focused upon has been the ability of current certification systems to meet the needs of hardwood landowners and manufacturers in an efficient and economically feasible manner. To address these issues and promote the sustainability of U.S. forests, governmental and environmental agencies and forest products trade associations have become involved in the certification movement.

These organizations have stepped in to assist landowners and manufacturers by creating group certification programs and/or providing information and tools necessary to obtain certification. The objective of this research is to determine if forest products trade associations and group forest-certification programs have any impact on the certification movement. Research was conducted through a mail-based questionnaire distributed to 1,239 primary hardwood manufacturers in the Appalachian region and case studies of the Appalachian Hardwood Manufacturers Inc. (AHMI) Association, the National Wood Flooring Association (NWFA), and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Of the 189 respondents to the survey, 54% indicated they were members of a trade association. The study’s results indicate there is a significant relationship between certification status and trade association membership. The case studies showed that AHMI, NWFA, and the state of Indiana are instrumental in increasing the awareness of certification and providing the necessary tools their members need to become certified. These entities have also been instrumental in helping to increase the supply of certified raw material and the number of certified forest products manufacturers.

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Social Perceptions of the Bio-Energy Industry in the Southeastern U.S. Steven Tyler Pires, Grad. Research Assistant, and Sudipta Dasmohapatra, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC Rising interest in producing renewable energy coupled with strong concerns of reducing U.S. foreign oil dependency have sparked major investments in the biofuel industry. Biofuel production has the ability to be both ecologically sustainable and economically attractive. For this reason, plans for expanding this industry in the Southeastern United States are steadily increasing. An abundance of research about biofuel production focus on the technical components, and while these areas of research are critical to its success, public acceptance of biofuels that will ultimately affect the implementation and use has had little consideration. The purpose of this study is to assess the perceptions of various stakeholder groups (general consumers, government, non-profit organizations, non-governmental organizations, regulatory agencies, academia, forest landowners, and industry professionals) concerning bio-energy industry, specifically focusing on biofuels for transportation within the Southeastern United States. Data will be collected from the stakeholder group using an electronic survey in the spring of 2010. Results will be utilized to create targeted educational tools and content geared toward the general public.

The data obtained from this study will also be used to guide industry professionals and policymakers in making informed decisions about expanding the use and production of biofuels.

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Engineered Materials from Biological Structures: Challenges and Developments Chris Byrne, Prof. of Mechanical Engineering,Western Kentucky Univ., Bowling Green, KY Since its inception 15 years ago, the technology for producing advanced materials from cellulosic precursors has seen tremendous developments in scientific understanding and in methods of manufacture. Multiple researchers across the globe have reported on developments in producing ceramics, composites, and carbon monoliths using wood and other plant materials as a main ingredient.

This has created new horizons in materials manufacturing methods and in the use of biologically-evolved structures. This presentation

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FF-GG will highlight developments reported in making these materials, and then describe carbon-polymer composites produced from wood. Wood is carbonized to produce a porous, crack-free monolith that is then impregnated with a polymer to produce a fully dense material. The resulting material retains the grain features of the wood utilized and exhibits a black, but lustrous appearance that changes with lighting conditions. The result is a hard, wear-resistant material that has qualities similar to Ebony and Blackwood with properties comparable to Corian® countertop materials. Mechanical properties including hardness, scratch resistance, and acoustic characteristics of the materials will be presented. The properties and physical characteristics are described as they relate to the applications of flooring, countertops, and musical instruments. Examples of manufactured components will be presented that demonstrate capabilities for production.

Thomas L. Eberhardt, Research Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA; Sandeep Agnihotri, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and Nicole Labbé, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN; Madhavi Martin, Research Scientist, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge,TN; Pyoungchun Kim, Grad. Student, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN

GG2

Development of Carbon-Based Adsorbents as Value-Added Products from the Carbonaceous Ash Obtained as By-Product of Wood Gasification

Processing of wood chips in a pilot-scale gasification plant affords a carbonaceous ash as a by-product. The term “char ash” has hitherto been used to account for the nearly equal amounts char (e.g., amorphous carbon, hydrocarbons) and ash (e.g., carbonates, silicates) components. The intractable nature of this material has presented issues with its characterization by elemental analyses; whereas metal carbonates are rendered soluble, silicates and amorphous carbon remain as residues. Preliminary work with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) coupled with the generation of multivariate models shows promise as a means to rapidly carry out an elemental analysis of both soluble and insoluble inorganic components. Whereas the carbonaceous component of the char ash is of particular interest for sequestering carbon in soils, alternative industrial applications may present advantages.

Classification of a char ash sample through a series of screens, and a subsequent acid treatment, afforded a low-ash (<2%) char.

Thermal and ozone treatments of this char, and the original char ash from which it was derived, are being explored as options to increase the capacity of the carbon as an adsorbent for volatile organic compounds. Results from the chemical and physical characterizations of the char ash, and its isolated components, will be discussed in terms of recovering value, thus improving the economics of producing electricity from biomass.

Sung-Min Kwon, Researcher, and Nam-Hun Kim, Prof., Dept. of Dept. of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National Univ., Chuncheon, South Korea The objective of the study is to clarify the transformation characteristics from wood to charcoal. The change of cell wall morphology, crystal structure, and chemical structure of the wood carbonized at various temperatures have been investigated using SEM, x-ray diffractometer, and FTIR spectroscopy for simultaneous comparative analyses. Weight losses, pH, and heating value have been also examined to analyze the unique transition characteristics from wood to charcoal.

Graphitization of Natural Cellulose into Carbon Fiber Sheldon Q. Shi, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Dongmao Zhang, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Chemistry, and Dongping Jiang, Research Associate, and Wen Che and Jinshu Shi, Grad. Research Assistants, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS The research herein describes an innovated graphitization process to convert cellulose into carbon fiber for polymer composite reinforcement. Wood fibers are used as raw materials for the graphitization process. Nanotechnology is employed to initiate the graphitization process for the conversion of cellulose into carbon fiber. Analytical tools, such as x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman Spectra analyses, are employed to examine the structures of the converted carbon fibers. Atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to characterize the stiffness property of the converted fibers. The spectrums from XRD and Raman analyses showed that a high crystalline formation has been obtained for the converted carbon fibers. Several potential applications of the resulted carbon fibers converted from the cellulose are also exploited.

Xinfeng Xie, Research Scientist, and Barry S. Goodell, Prof. of Wood Science & Technology, School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME The effects of heating rate on some selected physical properties of carbonized maple (Acer saccharum) wood were investigated by comparing the dimensional shrinkage, electrical resistivity, Young’s modulus, and the evolution of turbostratic crystallites in maple

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GG5

Effect of Heating Rate on Selected Physical Properties of Carbonized Wood

GG3 GG4

Transition Characteristics of the Wood Cell Walls and their Properties during Carbonization

hardwood samples carbonized at 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C under two different heating regimes: 3°C h-1 and 60°C h-1. Important carbonized wood properties that developed at high temperature using faster heating rates could also be produced using slow heating rates and lower temperatures. Further, slow heating rates promoted the formation and growth of graphene sheets in turbostratic carbon structures, which had a significant influence on the electrical resistivity and Young’s modulus of the carbonized wood. The results indicate that the graphene sheets of the turbostratic crystallites formed during wood carbonization were arranged parallel to the axial direction of wood cells and at an angle to the circumference of wood cells in the cross sectional plane. With regard to production of carbon products: A reduction in the rate of heating may be beneficial with respect to char properties and the prevention of crack production during manufacture of large monolithic carbon specimens from wood and wood-based materials.

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New Zealand Wood Processing Research: Past Accomplishments and Future Opportunities Tom Richardson, CEO, Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand Export of forest products has shaped New Zealand’s development since the earliest European interactions with Maori. Within a few decades of the 1769 observation by Captain James Cook that New Zealand’s endemic trees could yield ship masts “that no country in Europe could produce,” Maori chiefs were supplying spars and timber bound for overseas markets. A century later these native forests had been reduced to such an extent that exotic species trials were underway to safeguard future domestic wood supplies. The success of these trials set the stage for New Zealand’s world-leading development of fast-growing softwood plantations. Concerted forest products research began in 1910 with pulp and paper making evaluations. This research extended rapidly to encompass sawmilling, drying, and timber appearance and performance testing. As the pioneer of fast-growing plantation softwoods, New Zealand was the first country to face and solve many of the challenges of converting these resources to forest products. Pulping, sawing, material segregation, and drying technologies developed by our institute were deployed in New Zealand, and then internationally, as fast-grown plantation softwoods expanded globally. These technological lineages remain under active development at our institute and create benefits in most of the world’s softwood processing regions. Current research programs integrate these historic strengths with investigations on fundamental wood fiber composition, modification and performance, and fiber-water interactions. New bio-based products such as specialty chemicals, energy products, and new wood-based composites will be required for New Zealand to realize the full benefit of an increasing volume of sustainably grown wood.

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Shaping the Profile for Future Demands – Wood Research at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research (Empa) Klaus Richter, Head,Wood Lab., Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland Activities in wood testing and research at Empa date back to the 1920s when the buckling of wood members was investigated, followed by comprehensive technological characterization of homegrown lumber. An independent wood laboratory was established in the 1940s. Today’s activities aim at combining material science and engineering methods to develop new knowledge and innovative concepts for an optimized performance of Switzerland’s only bio-based, renewable material resource, as structural timber, engineered wood products, and wood-based composites. In the focal activity 'Functionalization of wood and wood constituents' wood, either as bulk material or as isolated wood constituents, modified with innovative methods to improve its properties and to develop new product with improved performance, we 1) isolate and chemically functionalize nano-scaled cellulose fibrils for value-added compounding in technical composites; 2) apply wood-decay fungi to improve wood permeability and the acoustic properties of tonewood quality and we isolate and characterize the biocatalytic potential of purified enzymes; 3) investigate new methods to control wood moisture and counteract photodegradation mechanisms at the wood surface (application of photoinitiators). In the focal activity 'Reliability and performance of wood components and timber structures' we aim to: 1) elucidate the role of moisture as most relevant environmental stressor for the behavior of wood in a multiscale approach; 2) enhance the loadbearing-capacity and durability of timber products and connectors (strength, stiffness, fatigue, corrosion); 3) increase the weathering durability of exposed wood components; 4) improve the design of glued- and crosslaminated timber members with regard to safety and economy.

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Utilization Research at the Chinese Academy of Forestry Kelin Ye, Research Prof. and Dir. of CRIWI, Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China The wood industry in China, before 1978, served the domestic market with its local natural forest resource for non-structural use on a small production scale. At that time, utilization research at the Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF) was focused on wood properties from China’s natural forests, conventional lumber drying, preservation treatment, and plywood and hardboard manufacturing. These research areas focused on the rational saving and comprehensive utilization of wood. From 1978 to today, China has improved its manufacturing capability by developing large production scale facilities that serve both the domestic and international markets with

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HH its forest resources for non-structural use. Utilization research at CAF was correspondently enlarged to study wood properties from China’s plantation forests as well as imported wood, new lumber drying technologies, eco-friendly preservation treatment, plywood, particleboard and MDF manufacturing technology, and utilization of available fibrous raw materials. The goal continues to focus on the rational saving, comprehensive use and recycling utilization of our wood resources. Along with economic globalization and combating climate change, the wood industry will continue serving international and domestic markets in structural and nonstructural use on a large production scale while striving to increase development speed. Utilization research at CAF should be further extended to processing, manufacturing and application technologies, such as properties of wood from less-commercially-used resources, energy saving technology, more friendly preservation treatments, and high-performance wood-based materials and wood structures.

Nobuaki Hattori, Prof., Graduate School of Agriculture,Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture & Technology and Pres., Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, Japan The International Association of Wood Products Societies (IAWPS) was founded in 1995, with a mission to foster the creation of a sustainable society that focuses on the wise use of forest and wood products. The objective of this presentation is to: 1) provide background information of the IAWPS, including a brief history, its mission, and a summary of current member organizations; 2) review the last IAWPS conference, which was held in Harbin, China; and 3) summarize current activities.

The Changing Forest Sector Innovation System in Canada Pierre Lapointe, President and CEO, FPInnovations,Vancouver, BC, Canada Canada is a forested nation with the result that the forest industry became a very important part of the Canadian economy. In recent years, this industry has faced tough economic times and growing international competition. Recognizing that the long-term viability of Canada’s forest sector depends on diversification and innovation, the Canadian industry, the federal and provincial governments, and the academia partnered to chart a course aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the Forest Sector Innovation system. Canada’s forest innovation efforts are guided by three objectives: 1) rethinking how the forest industry does business, 2) developing the “next generation” of forest products and processes, and 3) remodeling the way forest research is conducted and applied. This presentation will discuss some of the limitations of the innovation system, review actions taken to correct some of the limitations or fill gaps in the system. The presentation will highlight examples that provide indications that transformations are underway and achieving promising results.

Ali Harlin, Prof. and Industrial Biomaterials Programme Manager,VTT,Technical Research Centre of Finland The BioRefine Programme for 2007-2012 by Tekes – The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology & Innovation generates a strong platform for development in new and unique expertise in the processing of biomass and applies it to the creation of processes, products, and services related to biorefineries.The program budget totals €137 million.This program aims to develop innovative technologies, products, and services based on national strengths and in general for the international market as well as to promote biofuels as a major goal set out in Finland’s energy policies. Forestcluster Ltd. is responsible for the operation of the cluster’s strategic center for science, technology, and innovation. Its task is to initiate research and innovation programs and to channel research funds to selected focus areas. Future Biorefinery (FuBio) 2009-2014 is the second research program of Forestcluster Ltd.The effective financing decisions, adding up to app. 18.7 M€, covers the first two years.The main financiers are Tekes, the industrial owners of Forestcluster Ltd., and directly by the four owner universities and the two owner research organizations.The main objective of the FuBio research program is to build a strong knowledge platform in the field of wood biorefinery R&D in Finland.VTT is the Technical Research Centre of Finland, whose Industrial Biomaterials spearhead program 2009-2013 develops technologies and competencies utilizing basic skills in chemistry, biotechnology, process technology, material science, modeling, and analytics.The spearhead program will cooperate closely with the Finnish strategic centers for science, technology, and innovation, namely Forestcluster Ltd., Cleen Ltd., and Fimecc Ltd.The program budget is some €14 million per annum. Especially interesting target sectors are the plastics, process, forest, and energy industries as well as packaging and building. Operated in the frame of the Industrial Biomaterials are also two marked research consortia – VTT, Aalto University,TKK, and UPM established in 2008 an internationally unique Finnish Centre for Nanocellulosic Technologies. It aims to create new applications for cellulose as a raw material, substance, and end product.

The Finnish Centre of Excellence in White Biotechnology – Green Chemistry Research is a status given to VTT by the Academy of Finland for the years 2008-2013.The CoE is committed to developing new biotechnological and chemistry methods for the efficient production of chemicals and materials from renewable natural resources.The activities together form an internationally marked research in the field forest

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Forest-Based Biorefinery Programs in Finland

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Activities of the International Association of Wood Products Societies

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based refinery, which has high importance for the economy and industrial future of Finland and will be based on sustainable use of natural resources and forests after 2030.

A Contrast of Eastern United States and Foreign Hardwoods – Is there a Consumer Preference for U.S. Hardwoods?

Delton R. Alderman, Research Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Princeton,WV

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In today’s globally competitive marketplace, product distinction is a key to success. Hardwood lumber in the eastern U.S. is unique because of the large number of marketable species and price variability across species. Each hardwood species has a unique array of physical attributes – color, grain, texture, and machinability. Furthermore, hardwood value is primarily derived from those physical attributes that collectively comprise these appearance attributes, which include ring count (e.g., fine, medium, and loose), grain texture (e.g., fast-slow, slow-fast growth patterns) and color (hue, variable, and/or consistent color). With unprecedented competitive threats, improving the market environment for eastern U.S. hardwoods is paramount; thus product distinction is a key to success.These findings can be directly utilized by hardwood producers and manufacturers of hardwood products to produce products with the final end-consumer in mind. Consumer data for eastern hardwoods and foreign species, which also included ring density count and grain texture preferences, were collected via field studies in Virginia, Maryland, Wisconsin, and Massachusetts. Analysis of the data indicates a preference for a foreign hardwood species, consistent texture, and for medium ring density.

The objectives of this paper are: 1) Discern if U.S. consumers have a preference for selected eastern hardwood species. In addition, investigate ring count (e.g., fine, medium, and loose) and grain texture (i.e., fast-slow, slow-fast growth patterns (variable vs. consistent)). Identify attributes, opportunities, and weaknesses of eastern U.S. hardwoods. 2) Determine how differences in select eastern hardwood attributes, if present, might affect the potential use of hardwood in various hardwood sectors.

Introducing E Nitens from Chile to U.S. Markets – A Model for Similar Species Introductions Leonard M. Guss, Pres., LGA Inc.,Woodinville,WA Many countries seek to establish a sound and continuing market for wood products of species either indigenous to their country or plantation. Doing this in a methodical way involves considerations of timber supply volume and quality, capabilities and interests of providing mills, and especially an assessment of the market. Such an evaluation must include the technical specifications and parameters that must be met for a new species to be considered. This is especially important in cases where the would-be exporting company or group lacks all the laboratory equipment and standards certifications that are required for engineered wood products or their components. In this case, the country is Chile and the species is eucalyptus nitens. E nitens is well known as derived from Australia and some other countries in South America, but its development as a major enterprise is new to Chile. Chile, of course, has had great success with a prior such species – radiata pine. We would discuss the steps taken in the market and technical studies to establish an economic position for e nitens products from Chile and the progress towards stated goals.

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Global Calibrations for Estimating the Wood Properties of Pine Species Laurence R. Schimleck, Associate Prof.,Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA; Gary R. Hodge, Prof., and William Woodbridge, Database Administrator, Camcore and Dept. of Forestry & Environmental Resources, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC

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Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid method for estimating a wide range of wood properties. Wood properties are estimated using calibrations based on a training set of characterized samples. Frequently, the calibrations are based on samples from an individual species from a single site and are therefore specific to that species / site combination. Multiple-site, multiple-species wood property calibrations are a desirable objective for tree improvement programs that frequently have to assess the wood properties of many species, grown on a range of sites. Such broad-based (or global) calibrations are common in agriculture, where extremely large spectral databases have been compiled; however, the scale of this work has yet to be duplicated in wood-related research. The development of global wood property calibrations for a range of tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate pine species will be described.

A total of 14 pine species (2 species had 2 varieties) and 3 hybrids, grown on 19 different sites in 6 countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, South Africa, and Venezuela) were utilized. Strong calibration statistics were obtained for air-dry density, microfibril angle, and stiffness.

Consumer and Manufacturer Perceptions of Edge-Glued Panels Made from Alaskan Hardwoods David L. Nicholls, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Sitka, AK; Matthew S. Bumgardner, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH;Valerie A. Barber, Research Assistant Prof., Forest Products Program, Univ. of Alaska-Fairbanks, Palmer, AK Edge-glued panels are a versatile product that could be within the reach of many smaller wood products firms. This study evaluated preferences of consumers and manufacturers towards edge-glued panels from Alaskan red alder and paper birch. A total of 11 panels

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A were constructed, including different levels of character-mark features such as knots and natural stain. We found strong preferences for the birch panel having high levels of natural stain. This panel was also the highest rated panel on three attributes (character marks, grain consistency, and overall color). Both residential consumers and wood products producers preferred birch panels featuring natural stain to birch panels featuring knots. Both groups also preferred red alder panels that were either clear or with high levels of character (but not intermediate levels of character). Residential consumers favored birch panels (versus red alder panels) to a greater extent than did wood product producers and generally were less familiar with red alder than were producers.

Martin Amoah, Lecturer, Reynolds Okai, Prof., and Joseph Appiah, Grad. Student, College of Technology Education, Univ. of Education Winneba, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana

Conjoint Study of the Reaction to Wood Product Labels Including Certification, Price, and Forest Origin Information between U.S. and U.K. Consumers Zhen Cai, Research Assistant, and Francisco X. Aguilar, Prof., Dept. of Forestry, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO

Character-Marked Red Alder Lumber: Profiled Panel Product Preferences by Residential Consumers Valerie A. Barber, Research Assistant Prof., Forest Products Program, Univ. of Alaska-Fairbanks, Palmer, AK; David L. Nicholls, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Sitka, AK This study considered red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) paneling having various levels of character marks ranging from clear wood to high levels of character. Residential consumers evaluated four panels in Anchorage and Fairbanks, AK, and selected their overall favorite panels for potential use in their homes. The panel attributes, character marks, grain consistency, and color were also evaluated for each panel. There were statistically significant differences between male and female respondents in their attribute ratings for three of the four panels. There were also statistically significant differences in color attribute ratings between Anchorage and Fairbanks respondents for the panels having high levels of character. For all four panels, there were highly significant differences in mean ratings among the three attributes (character marks, grain consistency, and color). A broad finding of this study was that market location was generally more significant than gender in influencing attribute ratings. These results suggest that even though strong preferences may exist for clear wood in tongue and groove panels, consumers can perceive character mark features differently.

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II7

Forest certification has evolved into a market-based tool widely adopted in countries around the world. Information of stewardship management of forest resources may significantly influence consumer purchasing preferences. Past studies have explored consumers’ preferences for certified wood products, yet little has been done to compare reactions across countries using profile-based models to explore effects of disclosure of different pieces of product information. This research used a conjoint analysis of a ready-toassemble wood table to compare consumers’: 1) purchasing preference for region of origin (tropical forests, temperate forests, or no information provided); 2) credibility of certifying institution (government agency, non-government organization, or no certification); and 3) willingness to pay a price premium (0%, 10%, 20%) in the U.S. and U.K. Data was collected using two online surveys with over 1,000 participants from each nation and analyzed using a conditional logistic model. Results indicate fewer U.S. consumers (39.51%) understand the concept of forest certification than U.K. consumers (64.38%). Preliminary analysis suggests a 4% price premium for a certified wooden table exists in these two countries holding all other information variables constant. In both countries, agency trust and region of origin strongly influence consumers’ purchasing preferences. U.S. respondents expressed a lower level of credibility on both non-government agency and government agencies compared to U.K. respondents. The disclosure of information of wood products coming from tropical forests has a considerable negative effect on consumer preferences in both countries. U.S. consumers have a stronger preference for wood products sourced from temperate over tropical forests.

II6

On account of depletion of tropical forests, industrial utilization of branches and roots of tropical timber species has been a subject of interest to researchers and industry. This study investigated the physical and mechanical properties of branch, stem, and root wood of iroko (Milicia excelsa) and emire (Terminalia ivorensis). The study showed that the root wood of iroko and emire exhibited the highest basic density of 760 kg/m3 and 620 kg/m3, respectively; while the basic densities of the branch and root wood of emire (537 kg/m3) were comparable. The differences in the MOE values among the wood types of iroko and emire were found to be statistically insignificant. The MOR value of the branch wood of emire (73 MPa) was found to be statistically significantly higher than that of the stem wood (71 MPa). However, there was no difference between the MOR values of the branch and stem wood of iroko (64 MPa).

Basic density of all the wood types was found to be a good predictor of MOE in static. With exception of the root wood of emire, significant but low correlations were found for the regression relationships between MOE and MOR of the other wood types of emire and iroko. For the emire stem wood, MOE explained about 41% of the variation in the MOR of the wood type. The paper concludes that it is possible to substitute the branch and root wood of iroko and emire for stem wood in many applications.

II5

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Branch, Stem, and Root Wood of Iroko and Emire

Find a Poster Presentation

HISTORY OF FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SUNDAY, JUNE 20, 6:00-7:30 pm

University The Oregon Forest Research Laboratory (FRL) was chartered in 1941 as the Oregon Forest Products Laboratory and charged to conduct research to help the state’s forest products industry.

The lab was very active in solving many problems related to improving sawing productivity, drying, wood preservation, staining and chemistry problems, mechanical properties of wood and glulam, and many others. In the 1950s and early 1960s, the FRL was instrumental in helping the industry utilize residues that could no longer be burned with the ban on teepee burners.

The Physical Research Lab was constructed of many new composite materials developed by FRL scientists. The lab was separate from the forest products academic programs until a merger in the 1960s. FPS member Helmuth Resch was appointed the first Department Head in 1970 and the merged program began to move away from a technical service organization to a broader emphasis on longer-term and more fundamental studies.

Graduate and undergraduate programs were integrated with the research activities. Today, the FRL is a highly respected State-wide Public Service Agency with a broad mission of discovery and problem-solving for all aspects of the broad forest sector in the Pacific Northwest. FRL faculty are integrated within the teaching and outreach mission of the Department of Wood Science & Engineering as well as the other academic units of the OSU College of Forestry. This poster captures archive pictures of some of the former OSU faculty who were also active members during the first 60 years of the Forest Products Society.

POSTER 1 – National Conservation Legacy & Education Center A National Conservation Legacy & Education Center, to be built in Missoula, MT, will showcase the engineered wood products used in its construction and highlight historic contributions of forest products research in development of these products.

The center will use the history of the Forest Service and its partners to demonstrate the importance of forests and forest resources in the nation’s development. It will house collections and archives, present dynamic exhibits, and offer interpretive and educational programs that pass down the conservation legacy and stewardship ethic of the Forest Service and its cooperators and partners. The center will also serve a conservation education role, both for on-site visitors and beyond its doors through traveling and online exhibits. Forest products industry and research partners can sponsor online exhibits and education programs on forest products and their impact on conservation in the past, in the present, and for the future. Partners can also co-host exhibits featured in the traveling and temporary exhibit hall at the center.

The timber-frame construction in the lobby of the building will feature support posts made from 24 different wood species from sources throughout the country. Visitors will learn how each species played a role in the development of the United States.

POSTER 2 – Composite Materials & Engineering Center, Washington State University

POSTER 4 – Forest Products Laboratory – Celebrating 100 Years of Innovation

The Composite Materials & Engineering Center (CMEC) was instituted in 1949 as the Wood Technology Section in the newly established Washington State Institute of Technology. The Wood Technology Section functioned as a laboratory and remained in existence throughout several university reorganizations until 1985. At that time it was established as a separate engineering laboratory in the College of Engineering & Architecture, and renamed the Wood Materials & Engineering Laboratory (WMEL).

In 2009, CMEC was established and its organizational structure, including the WMEL, more accurately reflects the broad scope of programs that have been in place for many years. CMEC provides a unified program of research, education, and technology transfer in the areas of basic research, sustainable composite materials, processing innovations, and enhanced design methodologies for structural performance and public safety. This poster shows the history of the center, now 61 years old; highlights key research conducted through the first 50-plus years; and presents CMEC’s innovative research, laboratories, institutes, and accredited testing facilities.

Since 1910, the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) has conducted research and promoted the efficient, sustainable use of wood resources. This poster provides a brief overview of FPL. It will highlight several significant accomplishments, including FPL contributions on the basic anatomical, physical and mechanical properties of wood, the development of engineered wood products, our longstanding work in wood preservation, and advances in papermaking and recycling. Its current emphasis areas, which focus on advanced composites, nanotechnology, forest biorefinery and biomass utilization, advanced structural research, and the development of uses for undervalued materials as a means to improve forest health, are highlighted.

POSTER 5 – University of Minnesota Duluth, Natural Resources Research Institute, Forestry & Forest Products Founded by the state legislature in 1983, the University of Minnesota Duluth’s Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI) fosters the economic development of Minnesota’s natural

POSTER 3 – Oregon Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State

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resources in an environmentally sound manner to promote private sector employment. Housed in the U.S. Air Force’s abandoned SAGE building in Duluth has proven to be an excellent home for NRRI’s science labs and industrial research.

Prior to 1985, when NRRI remodeled and moved in, the SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment) housed military personnel of the Air Defense Command, a branch established by the War Department in 1940 to help defend the U.S. against air attacks. The Forestry and Forest Products programs have developed strong research, outreach and technology transfer programs capable of helping support NRRI’s focuses on industrial economic development. In cooperation with industry, government and university cooperators, these research programs focus on forest productivity and wood fiber supply, wood composites and residue utilization, chemical extractives, wood products manufacturing, nondestructive evaluation, industrialized building systems and wood modification. This poster shares NRRI’s history and research facilities while highlighting key research and outreach conducted through the first 25 years.

Wood Composites Panels

ADVANCES IN WOOD-BASED MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, AND PROCESSES MONDAY, JUNE 21 (8:00-2:30 pm; authors available at posters from 1:30-2:30 pm)

Nadir Ayrilmis, Research Wood Scientist, Zeki Candan, Ph.D. Candidate, and Turgay Akbulut, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products Engineering, Istanbul Univ., Istanbul,Turkey; Ozgur Deniz Balkiz, Dept. of Forest Products, Central Anatolia Forestry Research Inst., Ankara,Turkey

POSTER 1 – Luffa Cylinderical-Based Inorganic Bonded Particleboards: Its Reactions to Bending Force and Moisture Movement Babatunde Ajayi, Prof., Dept. of Forestry & Wood Technology, Federal Univ. of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria Inorganic-bonded particleboards were manufactured from Luffa cylinderical with Portland cement as binder and calcium chloride as catalyst. Boards were made at three levels of cement / Luffa cylinderical ratio and three levels of board density, giving nine experimental boards. The modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), and linear expansion (LE) were evaluated to examine the effects of these production variables on board strength properties and dimensional stability. The study shows an increase in MOR and MOE along the same direction as the production variables, but TS and WA and LE had an inverse relationship with production variables. Their effects on properties examined were significant. The strongest and most dimensionally stable board was produced at the highest levels of cement / Luffa cylinderical ratio and board density as they strongly resist the force of bending and springback. From this study, Luffa cylinderical proved to be suitable for the manufacture of inorganic-bonded particleboard after hot water treatment. This study set up a pace for further research efforts on the use of other agriculture byproducts for platen panel products.

POSTER 2 – Real-Time Prediction of Mechanical Properties of

Nicolas Andre, Research Scientist, and Timothy M.Young, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN; Philip Zaretzki, Quintek Measurement Systems, Knoxville,TN This study focuses on the real-time prediction of mechanical properties such as internal bond (IB) and modulus of rupture (MOR) for a wood composite panels manufacturing plant. As wood composite panel plants periodically test their products, a data fusion application was developed to properly align laboratory mechanical test results and their corresponding process data. Fused data are employed to build regression models that yield real-time predicted IB and MOR values when new process data are generated. Prediction results will be shown for IB and MOR, along with some of the features available in the custom process modeling application such as regression model scaled estimates, regression model profiler, and Pareto charts.

POSTER 3 – Effect of Sanding on Surface Characteristics of Medium Density Fiberboard Made from Rhododendron Wood

The objective of this research was to examine the effects of sanding on surface quality of medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels made from Phododendron ponticum L. wood. The panels were sanded with different types of abrasive grit sizes: 60, 60+80- or 60+80+120-grit. Surface absorption and surface roughness of the panels were determined based on EN 382-1 standard and by using a fine stylus profilometer, respectively.

Sessile water drop technique was used to determine contact angle (CA) values of the panel surface. The results indicated that sanding process improved surface smoothness of the panels.

However, wettability and surface absorption of the panels were negatively affected by increasing grit size. MDF surface that was sanded with 60-grit size was more certainly wettable, lower CA values, compared to those that were sanded with 60+80+120-grit size. For example, the average CA value of the panels sanded with 60-grit sandpaper was 43.3° as compared to the panels sanded with 60+80+120 grit sand paper, which was 76.1°. Rougher surface was more wettable and absorbent compared to smoother surface. Based on the findings obtained from the present study, sanding has a significant effect on the wettability, surface roughness, and surface absorption of the MDF panels, which could provide useful information on their ability to bond.

POSTER 4 – Bending Properties of Plywood Panels Made from Thermally Compressed Veneers

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Zeki Candan, Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Forest Products Engineering, Istanbul Univ., Istanbul,Turkey; Armando G. McDonald, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID;Turgay Akbulut, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products Engineering, Istanbul Univ., Istanbul,Turkey The goal of this study is to evaluate the bending properties of plywood panels made from thermally compressed Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) veneers. Veneer sheets were compressed using pressure levels of 1.0 N/mm2, 2.0 N/mm2, and 2.5 N/mm2 at two temperatures of 180ºC and 210ºC for three minutes using a hot-press. Three plywood panels were made from each test condition (pressure and temperature) plus a set of control panels were made giving a total of 21 panels for evaluation. Modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) values were determined by three point bending tests. The results obtained in this study showed that thermally compressing of the veneers positively affected the bending properties of the panels. The MOR and MOE values of the panels improved with increasing press pressure level and decreased as temperature increased. It seems that thermally compressing procedure of veneers could be considered as an alternative technique to enhance bending performance of plywood panels that use structural applications.

period, and varnish type, red color tone was the highest in pine + short-term of dipping + acrylic varnish while it was the lowest in Oriental spruce + short-term of dipping + synthetic varnish. It could be concluded that the impregnation process, impregnation period, and varnishes applied during tests showed increasing impact for red and yellow color tone values of the specimens.

POSTER 6 – Improvement of Dimensional Stability in Structural Wood Composites by Nanomaterial Reinforcement Zeki Candan, Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Forest Products Engineering, Istanbul Univ., Istanbul,Turkey Dimensional stability is one of the most important performance properties for wood composites. Nanoscience and nanotechnology could be used to produce various materials with enhanced end-use properties. The objective of this study is to improve the thickness swelling and water absorption of the structural wood composites by nanomaterial reinforcement.

Plywood and oriented strand board samples were treated with a nanotechnology compound which consists of nanosilica solved in water. Both 2h and 24h thickness swelling and water absorption values were determined. The results obtained in this study showed that thickness swelling and water absorption values of the treated composites significantly decreased. It indicates that using nanotechnology dimensionally stable wood composites could be produced for structural applications.

POSTER 5 – Effects of Impregnation Chemical on Red and Yellow Color Tone of Wood Musa Atar, Associate Prof., Dept. of Furniture & Decoration, and Hakan Keskin, Associate Prof., Dept. of Industrial Technology, Gazi Univ., Ankara,Turkey; Zeki Candan, Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Forest Products Engineering, Istanbul Univ., Istanbul,Turkey

POSTER 7 – Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals-Reinforced Resin Matrix Emmanuel Atta-Obeng, Grad. Research Assistant, Brian K.Via, Maria L. Auad, and Moabing Tu, Assistant Profs., and Oladiran Fasina, Associate Prof., School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL

The effects of impregnation with Imersol-aqua on the red and yellow color tone of wood materials and varnishes were investigated in this study. Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis L.), and Uludag fir (Abies bornmulleriana L.) wood were impregnated with I-aqua by short-term (S), medium-term (M), and long-term (L) immersion techniques in accordance with ASTM D 1413 and producer’s definition. After impregnation process, surfaces of the specimens were coated by synthetic (Sn), acrylic (Ac), water-based (Wb), and polyurethane (Pu) varnishes. Red and yellow color tone values of the wood specimens after varnishing were determined according to ASTM D 2244 standard. Results obtained from this study showed that based on the wood, varnish type, and impregnation period, yellow color tone was the highest in pine, medium-term dipping, and synthetic varnish, whereas it was the lowest in fir, long-term dipping, and water-borne varnish. Considering the interaction of wood type, impregnation period, and varnish type, yellow color tone was the highest in fir + medium-term of dipping + synthetic varnish and the lowest in spruce + long-term of dipping + water-borne varnish. In respect of red color tone; pine, longterm dipping, and synthetic varnish had the highest value whereas fir, short-term dipping, and water-borne varnish had the lowest value. Considering the interaction of wood type, impregnation

Polymeric resins can effectively transfer and distribute stresses thereby increasing the strength and stiffness of composites produced. Recent applications of nanotechnology make it possible to reinforce the polymer matrix with natural fibers that can equal synthetic ones in strength. The application of natural fibers (cellulose nanocrystals) as reinforcement in composite materials requires a strong adhesion between the fiber and the matrix (typically a thermoset or thermoplastic resin).

Generally, the mechanical and other physical properties of the composite produced are dependent on the fiber content. The goal of this research was to engineer high strength composites by investigating the effect of different loading of cellulose nanocrystals reinforcement in terms of % weight on the thermal and mechanical properties using Phenol-Formaldehyde (PF resin) as the polymer matrix. Another objective was to ensure the adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix occurred.

To achieve this, we obtained cellulose nanocrystals by treating Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) by acid hydrolysis in a concentrated sulfuric acid solution (64 wt% sulfuric acid in water).

The cellulose nanocrystals were dispersed by ultrasonic agitation

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in isopropyl alcohol. Subsequently, the Isopropyl suspension of cellulose nanocrystals was added to the PF resin and mechanically stirred to complete dispersion. The morphology and dispersion characteristics of the cellulose nanocrystals and the reinforced polymer matrix were examined using SEM. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used in obtaining the degradation and curing properties of the matrix. The effect of fiber loading on composite mechanical properties was also investigated.

(MC), pressing pressure, and pressing time. Static bending and tensile properties of the cold-pressed mats are evaluated.

Response models are developed to optimize the processing parameters with the objectives of: 1) acceptable mat integrity, and 2) minimum bending stiffness of the mat. A correlation between the reduction of mat cross sectional area and minimum bend radius is developed from the experiment data.

POSTER 8 – Characterization of PF / PVAc Hybrid AdhesiveWood Interaction

Tony Cameron, Grad. Student,Vikram Yadama, Assistant Prof. and Extension Specialist, and Karl Englund, Research Assistant Prof., Composite Materials & Engineering Center,Washington State Univ., Pullman,WA;Valerie A. Barber, Research Assistant Prof., Forest Products Program, Univ. of Alaska-Fairbanks, Palmer, AK

Yang Cao, Grad. Student, and Vikram Yadama, Assistant Prof. and Extension Specialist, Composite Materials & Engineering Center, Washington State Univ., Pullman,WA Hybrid adhesives, a combination of two or more adhesives, could potentially be advantageous to apply in wood composites industry to provide multi-functionality, such as required bonding strength at various stages of thermo-forming. In this project, phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) binary adhesive system for a profiled wood composite was investigated. Through this system, initial tackiness between wood strands can be achieved in the first stage and durable bond upon completion of curing in the second stage. To characterize the binary adhesive-wood surface interaction, a comprehensive and persuasive understanding at different scale levels is needed. At a macroscale, bond strengths of PF / PVAc resin with different blend ratios were studied; at microscale, the corresponding wood penetrations were quantified. At nanoscale, penetration of adhesive into the cell wall will be examined by measuring change in cell wall modulus and hardness adjacent to the bond line using nanoindentation.

Finally, at a larger scale, the sequences of adhesive application on oriented strand composites properties will be investigated.

This poster will focus on the results of these investigations.

POSTER 9 – Initial Bonding Development of Cold-Pressed Wood Strand Mat using PF / PVAc Hybrid Adhesive Yi Wang, Ph.D. Student, Composite Material & Engineering Center, Washington State Univ., Pullman,WA A combination of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) is proposed as the adhesive system for roll forming of wood strand composites. Wood strand mat blended with PF / PVAc hybrid adhesive is pressed at room temperature, so that weak initial bonding can be developed to maintain mat integrity and architecture during the subsequent thermal forming process. Durable bonding will be formed when a final cross-sectional shape is achieved. In this research, wood strand mats are cold pressed at different conditions to examine their effects on the initial bonding development. These parameters include PF / PVAc ratio, wood moisture content

POSTER 10 – Coupled Weathering Effects on Strength, Stiffness, and Creep Behavior of Wood-Plastic Composites

Environmental exposure influences on mechanical properties, as well as viscoelastic response, of extruded wood-plastic composites (WPC) was investigated. Specimens were planed down and exposed to a combination of ASTM conditioning protocols consisting of ultra violet light exposure and freezethaw cycling. Once conditioned, specimens were subjected to static flexure and long-term (90-day) creep testing to determine the influence of coupled weathering on mechanical performance. Static flexure results indicated a significant influence of weathering of specimens upon values of strength, stiffness, and strain to failure. Coupled weathering created larger influences upon flexural properties than independent weathering. However, results suggest that freeze-thaw cycling had a significantly larger affect than UV exposure. Weathering of WPC caused significant increases in flexural creep strain as well, especially within the first minute of sustained loading. This is believed to occur as a result of the large influence weathering has upon static response of composites. Consequently, increases in creep strain after one minute and creep strain rates from weathering were not found to be statistically significant.

Although not statistically significant, coupled weathering of specimens appeared to have a larger influence upon creep strains than independent weathering with freeze-thaw cycling and UV exposure.

POSTER 11 – Bamboo-Based Structural Board from Laminated Circumferential Sections Wanli Cheng, Prof., and Baiping Liu, M.Sc. Student, College of Material Science & Engineering, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China; Jianbo Zhou, Ph.D. Student, and Wansi Fu,Vice Dir., Beijing Forestry Machinery Research Inst., Beijing, P.R. China Bamboo has been widely used in the manufacture of composites such as plywood and particleboard. The utilization rate of bamboo in plywood manufacture is only 17-25% due to the natural hollow structure of bamboo. The objective of this study was to develop a new structural bamboo-based

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material, which is made from laminated circumferential sections of bamboo. The bamboo utilization rate of the new product will be significantly enhanced, aiming at 75%. Boards were manufactured by laminating glued circumferential sections of bamboo in the same direction using a high-frequency press. The effects of adhesive types, loading levels of adhesives, and pressing conditions on the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo-based structural board were investigated. The important finding was that bamboo-based structural panel has comparable properties with the commercial laminated veneer lumber (LVL). The results also showed that panels made with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin had lower performances than those of panels with polymeric diisocyanato-diphenylmethane (P-MDI) resin; however, both results are comparable with the commercial wood-based LVL. The board had satisfied properties when the loading level of PF resin was at 250 g/m2. The optimum condition of high-frequency pressing was also addressed in the paper.

Non-destructive commercial ultrasonic grading provides laminated veneer lumber (LVL) manufacturers a means for sorting veneer based on average ultrasonic propagation time (UPT) and/or average dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd). While this may provide reliable estimations of modulus of elasticity (MOE), little is known about the influence of veneer defects on strength properties of veneer and LVL. It was hypothesized that inclusion of veneer defect and growth ring pattern measures, obtained via optical scanning, would improve LVL static tensile strength (Ft) property predictions. Non-destructive and destructive testing on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) veneer and LVL was performed to evaluate improvements in LVL Ft property predictions. Various models based solely on density, optical, and ultrasonic system measures, as well as various combinations of systems measures, were developed for LVL property predictions.

LVL static Ft was best predicted using overall average veneer measures comprising the entire LVL material. Specifically, integration of optical and ultrasonic measures (i.e., combined system model), which included average defect, growth ring pattern, and MOEd measures comprising the LVL material, best explained the variation in LVL static Ft values (R-squared = 0.65).

Results suggested improved LVL Ft predictions could be achieved by integrating ultrasonic and optical systems. Additionally, the optical model, which included average defect, growth ring, and density measurements, better explained the variation in LVL static Ft values (R-squared = 0.58), as compared to the MOEd (R-squared = 0.52) and UPT (R-squared = 0.31) models. As a result, the developed optical system showed promise as a suitable veneer grading system.

POSTER 12 – Fatty Acid Formulations for Wood Protection Carol A. Clausen, Supervisory Research Microbiologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Robert D. Coleman, Pres., Summerdale, Inc.,Verona,WI;Vina W.Yang, Microbiologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Environmentally-friendly biocides are needed for long-term protection of wood-based materials from mold growth. Mold inhibiting formulations containing synergistic combinations of ingredients derived from natural sources is commonly recognized as a promising approach for the next generation of wood protectants. Although fatty acid (FA)-based chemistry has been used successfully in food sanitation and agriculture, little exploration relating to new mold inhibitors for wood and wood products has occurred. Low molecular weight, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids combined with selected adjuvants can effectively inhibit mold spore germination. Specifically, formulations containing valeric or pentanoic (C5), hexanoic or caproic (C6), heptanoic (C7), caprylic or octanoic (C8), pelargonic or nonanoic (C9), and decanoic or capric (C10) saturated fatty acids demonstrated efficacy against mold growth for up to 12 weeks in ASTM D4445 standard laboratory test for mold. Pressure-treated wood was more resistant to mold growth than wood dip-treated with FA formulations.

POSTER 14 – Utilization of Post-Consumer Textile Waste Fibers to Manufacture Sustainable Composite Materials David B. DeVallance, Assistant Prof., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, Holly Lentz, Assistant Prof. and Program Chair, and Kathryn Eason,Visiting Assistant Prof., Division of Design & Merchandising, and Jody Gray,Wood Products Specialist, Division of Forestry & Natural Resources,West Virginia Univ., Morgantown,WV Post-consumer textile waste is a broad category that includes unwanted / discarded household textile and clothing articles. In 2008, 12.4 million tons of textiles were generated. Post-consumer textile waste comprises approximately 4% of landfill space. Given the large amount of available textile waste, there is potential to recycle this material as a partial fiber substitute in many wood-based composite materials. In addition to recovering postconsumer textile waste, as opposed to land filling, use of recycled fibers presents an opportunity for wood-based composites to achieve points under various green building programs. Many wood-based panels use a significant amount of pre-consumer waste (e.g., sawdust, chips, etc.). Post-consumer waste, however, is less common when manufacturing wood-based structural-use panels. Opportunities exist to use post-consumer textile fibers,

POSTER 13 – Using Optical Scanning as Means to Predict LVL Tensile Strength David B. DeVallance, Assistant Prof., Division of Forestry & Natural Resources,West Virginia Univ., Morgantown,WV; James W. Funck, Courtesy Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR and Unit Manager, Nondestructive Evaluation, Weyerhaeuser NR Co., Federal Way,WA; James E. Reeb, Associate Prof. and Manufacturing Extension Specialist, Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

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not only as filler materials (i.e., material located in the core), but as reinforcements to improve mechanical properties of woodbased composites. The overall objective of this project was to collect preliminary data related to using post-consumer textile waste as replacement and/or reinforcement fibers in a variety of wood-based composite materials. Specific objectives of this proposed project included: exploring how refining (i.e., grinding) techniques influenced the recycled fiber quality, manufacturing of recycled textile fiber / wood-based composites, and investigating the impact that varying recycled content amounts of cotton and polyester had on the final composite’s physical and mechanical properties. Preliminary results have indicated recycled fibers can be successfully implemented as fillers in wood-based composite materials. Work is underway to evaluate any enhancement in wood-based composite panel mechanical properties.

POSTER 15 – Morphological and Mechanical Characterization for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) and MFC-poly(lactic acid) Nanocomposites Jie Ding, M.Sc. Student, Lech Muszynski, Assistant Prof., and John Simonsen, Associate Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR Biopolymer-poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a renewable, sustainable, carbon-neutral, and recyclable material. In this research, PLA is investigated as a potential replacement for petroleumbased polymers in advanced nanocomposites reinforced with Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). This advanced MFC-PLA bio-based composite material is expected to allow for the substitution of petroleum-based plastics in various markets and applications. Developing efficient composites for various applications requires good understanding of the structureproperty relationships between the nanocellulose reinforcement and the polymer matrix. The objective of this study is to develop effective methods for mechanical and morphological characterization of isolated MFC and to investigate the effect of these characteristics on MFC-PLA composites. A method for optical strain measurement of transparent thin films has been developed by employing Digital Image Correlation (DIC), in order to determine the failure patterns of bulk MFC-PLA nanocomposites, as well as elastic properties such as Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile stress, Poisson’s ratio, and toughness.

Samples of pure PLA matrix were used as reference. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Focused Ion Beam (FIB), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), combined with image analysis procedures are employed to determine morphological characteristics of MFC and the MFC-PLA nanocomposites. Morphological characteristics of individual MFC strands such as size, aspect ratios, shape, and their statistic distribution, as well as morphological characteristics of nanocomposites such as MFC strands distribution, orientation, and degree of agglomeration within the PLA matrix are

currently under investigation. Preliminary results will be presented.

POSTER 16 – Sustainable Bio-Composites for West Coast Highways: Utilization of Low-Grade Woody Biomass in Highway Products Michael Karas, USDA NNF Fellow and Master’s Candidate, Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR There is an urgent need to find a sustainable way of utilizing biomass from wildfire prevention operations like forest thinning and forest fuel removal. In 2007 alone, the U.S. federal government spent nearly $2 billion to fight forest fires on federal lands (Daly 2008). Resulting woody biomass from these operations is currently burned on site or converted to fuel. Fluctuations in petroleum prices suggest that converting this biomass to fuel alone may not be the most economically appropriate solution – alternatives need to be explored.

Composite products using bio-particles can create consistent demand for woody biomass. Utilization of this woody biomass in value-added products is expected to offset costs of removal operations and improve the economics of alternatives to burning (Mason et al. 2006). Highway systems employ a wide variety of roadside hardware and safety products on roadways and their perimeters. A majority of these products such as traffic signs, road markers, and guardrails are manufactured from nonrenewable materials. A significant portion of wood residue produced could potentially be utilized in various highway-related products due to widespread availability of raw material, the diversity of products, and large volume of roadside hardware.

This project is concerned with the question of whether WPCs using low-grade woody biomass can be used to make functional highway products that will meet agency standards. This poster outlines the project concept, WPC material manufacture, and conclusions that can be drawn from the manufacturing process and testing.

POSTER 17 – Preliminary Characterization of Tar Compounds Present in the Carbonaceous Ash Resulting from Wood Gasification Thomas L. Eberhardt, Research Scientist, and Jolie Mahfouz and Karen G. Reed, Physical Science Technicians, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA The producer gas resulting from biomass gasification is often filtered to remove particulates before combustion or downstream processing. Operating parameters are optimized to limit tar levels that can present problems in both filtration and producer gas utilization. Tar that does not escape filtration remains with the char ash that is collected as a solid by-product.

While this may seem advantageous to prevent accumulations in downstream combustion or processing equipment, tar

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present in the char ash may present limits to the utilization of this by-product. Samples of char ash were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy both before and after extractions with either acetone or toluene. Yellow tars, in yields of 0.6 to 1.2%, indicated the presence of small amounts of semi-volatile organic compounds. FTIR spectra of the tars were consistent with the presence of aromatic structures. The tar extracted by steeping the char ash in toluene was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compounds detected included naphthalene, 1-methyl-napthalene, 2-methyl-naphthalene, and 2-ethenyl-napthalene. Results from the chemical and physical characterizations of the char ash, and its isolated components, will be discussed in terms of recovering value, thus improving the economics of producing electricity by biomass gasification.

well as for WPC (with untreated / natural wood particles), even though, in many cases, the customer is unable to recognize the reason for the wood failure to be due to fungal attack. The labtesting of durability still uses standardized test for solid wood or wood-based products. The mode of action is widely scrutinized and known. In the case of WPC, the mode of action still needs to be elucidated. A comparison between three standard lab tests was performed. Respectively, the material properties for the test were performed according to EN 12038, EN 12038 (adapted), and ASTM D2017 (adapted). Three different fungi species were used for the test. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the WPC samples before testing was too low to allow fungi colonization. A water uptake treatment was necessary. After exposure to the fungi an uneven distribution of the mycelia was observed. The adaption of EN 12038 allowed a testing of the treated wood fibers itself and showed a significant influence on the durability. The combined test set-up of EN12038 (adapted) and ASTM D2017 with feeder strips resulted in significant weight loss of WPC. Weight loss of WPC with modified wood particles was lower than that of unmodified particles. In the case of WPC, an adaptation of the standard test procedures regarding moisture content, test duration, and fungus species is necessary.

POSTER 18 – Performance of Wood-Cement Boards in Tropical Environment Joseph Adeola Fuwape and Amos Oluyege, Profs., Dept. of Forestry & Wood Technology, Federal Univ. of Technology, Akure, Nigeria The performance of wood-cement boards as constructional material for housing projects in Nigeria was evaluated. Composite boards were produced at five different ratios and four density levels. The mechanical properties, screw withdrawal resistance, and dimensional stability of the boards were determined. The long-term performance of the boards was assessed through accelerated aging tests and evaluation of the boards to termite attack. The flexural creep behavior of the boards was investigated at different stress levels in a regulated relative humidity and temperature environment. The modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bond (IB) strength of the boards increased with cement content and nominal board density.

The strength properties of the boards remained stable after accelerated aging treatments. The boards had high values of screw withdrawal and termite attack resistance. Creep deflection of the boards increased with increase in stress level while high relative humidity had adverse effect on creep deformation and recovery.

The boards satisfied standard specifications of panel products for external use.

POSTER 20 – Long-Term Creep of Wood-Plastic Composites Subjected to Bending Scott Hamel, Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI Thermoplastic polymers within wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are known to experience significant time-dependent deformation, or creep. While extensive work has been done on the creep behavior of pure thermoplastic polymers, little information is available on the effects of mixing these polymers with large amounts of wood or other bio-based fillers. As the market increases for structural WPC products that may be subjected to sustained loads, it is imperative that this creep behavior be understood to ensure public safety and infrastructure reliability.

The mechanical response of WPCs to load is time-dependent, stress-dependent, temperature-dependent, and different in tension and compression. We measured the time-dependent deformation of several WPC formulations in tension, compression, and flexure at different temperatures and stress levels. We found that the power law (Findley, Shapery, etc.) can be used to represent the time-deformation data for various loading conditions and materials. We also found that 50% tension specimens failed between 20 and 130 days while still in primary creep. While the response of the compression and flexure specimens was similar, they have not experienced failure in over two years of testing.

Analysis is ongoing to reconcile these disparate behaviors.

POSTER 19 – Fungal Degradation of Wood Polymer Composites with Chemically Modified Wood Particles – Adaptation and Modification of Test Designs Timo Grueneberg, Ph.D. Student, Andreas Krause and Carsten Mai, Profs., and Holger Militz, Prof. and Dir., Dept. of Wood Biology & Wood Products, Georg-August-Univ., Göttingen, Germany Wood-polymer composites (WPC) as hybrid materials are widely used and generally known with regard to their properties for several years. Nowadays, chemically modified wood particles (e.g. acetylated or furfurylated by-products or even specially treated particles (silanes or others)) reach increasing market shares. The decay mechanisms of the fungi are well known for solid wood as

POSTER 21 – Opportunity and Market of Oriented Structural Straw Board in China Guangping Han, Prof., College of Material Science & Engineering,

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Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China; Krijn D.K. Leendertse, Pres., Panel Board Holding BV,The Hague, Netherlands;Wayne Wasylciw,Technical Dir., Forest Products Testing Lab., Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, AB, Canada To date, various efforts have been making non-structural straw panels with a mixed degree of success. Raw material and binder costs, plus various technical challenges, are making it difficult to achieve commercial viability. A more attractive area for straw-based panels to enter is the structural panel market. Making straw-based oriented strand board has proven to be a daunting task, however. The Alberta Research Council’s Forest Products business unit has developed a technique in cooperation with Panel Board Holding BV (PBH) whereby a straw tubule can be sheared longitudinally while maintaining a relatively long “strand.” The result of this technology is an “opening up” of the straw tube to allow even distribution of the binder on all strand surfaces. The long strand allows for the development of a high strength to stiffness ratio. This makes the oriented structural straw board (OSSB) comparable to woodbased oriented strand board (OSB) in physical and mechanical properties at comparable densities. Straw length, panel resin content, and panel density were different variables used in the study to quantify OSSB performance. PBH has built up the world’s first OSSB factory in China. OSSB has recently been proposed for use in China as building materials for local housing in earthquake-hit areas and rural areas. The applications of OSSB will open a new era of building products in China. This paper will outline the properties of OSSB panels and its application in China.

POSTER 22 – Properties of Sandwich-Type Panels Made from Bamboo and Rice Straw Songklod Jarusombuti, Associate Prof. and Head, Dept. of Forest Products, Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok,Thailand; Salim S. Hiziroglu, Prof., Dept. of Natural Resource Ecology & Management, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK; Piyawade Bauchongkol and Vallayuth Fueangvivat,Wood Technologists, Forest Products Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok,Thailand This study presents the evaluation of some important properties of sandwich-type panels made from bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) and rice straw (Oryza sativa). A total of 32 experimental panels with an average target density ranging from 0.65 to 0.80 g/cm3 were produced. The sandwich-type experimental panels were made from a mix of 95% bamboo and 5% rice straw particles as the core layers and a mix of 95% bamboo and 5% rice straw fibers as the face layers. Mechanical properties of the specimens, including modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bond strength, hardness, face screw holding strength, formaldehyde emission, thickness swelling, and surface roughness, were determined. Experimental results showed that both physical and mechanical properties of the

samples were favorable. Panel type D, with 50% fiber and 50% particle and a density of 0.80 g/cm3, had the highest strength characteristics. Mechanical properties of the panel satisfied the minimum requirements for interior particleboard panels for general use based on Japanese Industrial Standard A-5908 of 1995. It appears that using only 5% rice straw did not adversely influence overall properties of the samples. This study indicates that bamboo and rice straw furnish can be used as a viable alternative to wood in the form of three-layer, sandwich-type panels with enhanced surface quality as substrate for thin overlays to manufacture panels products for furniture and cabinet units.

POSTER 23 – Strand Board Panels Manufactured from Eastern Redcedar Salim S. Hiziroglu, Prof., Dept. of Natural Resource Ecology & Management, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK This study evaluated some of the properties of experimental strand board panels with random flake alignment manufactured from low-quality eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) logs.

Five low-quality eastern redcedar trees with an average DBH breast height of 150 mm were harvested in southern Oklahoma.

Logs were cut into 150 mm long sections and were soaked in water prior to generating strands. The furnish was dried to 3% moisture content (MC) in a laboratory type oven prior to the adhesive blending process. An average of 8% liquid phenolformaldehyde adhesive having oven dry weight of strands with a solid content of 51% was sprayed to the material in a rotating drum equipped with a pressurized atomized gun. Single-layer hand-formed mats with random distribution of strands were manufactured on a frame with dimensions of 500 mm by 500 mm. A total of 20 panels, 10 for each density level, namely 0.65 g/cm3 and 0.78 g/cm3 were produced for the experiment.

Mechanical properties including modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bond (IB) strength of the panels in addition to their thickness swelling characteristics were evaluated. As expected, mechanical properties of the samples improved with increasing panels density. Panel type-A (0.78 g/cm3) and type-B (0.65 g/cm3) had 3,331 MPa, 2,845 MPa, 21.3 MPa, and 17.5 MPa for MOE and MOR values, respectively.

Thickness swelling for 2-hr and 24-hr water soaking ranged from 6.32% to 18.41%. Both physical and mechanical properties of the panels showed acceptable and comparable results to those found in past studies that used other species to manufacture similar type of product. Based on initial findings of this study, it appears that eastern redcedar, which is an under-utilized invasive resource, can have the potential to be used as raw material for structural panel manufacture.

POSTER 24 – Bamboo (Denrocalamus asper) as Raw Material for Composite Panel Manufacture in Thailand Salim S. Hiziroglu, Prof., Dept. of Natural Resource Ecology &

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Management, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK;Vallayuth Fueangvivat and Piyawade Bauchongkol,Wood Technologists, Forest Products Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok,Thailand; Songklod Jarusombuti, Associate Prof. and Head, Dept. of Forest Products, Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok,Thailand;Worakit Soontonbura, Forest Products Division, Royal Forest Dept., Bangkok,Thailand

between mechanical and physical properties, which are associated with variability in growth patterns. Test results provided higher values of the examined properties in comparison with the values published in the literature. The study suggests that Eastern White Cedar is very suitable for a variety of outdoor uses, such as outdoor furniture and wood structures. At present, it is very hard to provide any direct conclusion as we are still modeling the study results. However, the knowledge collected from this study will help us to better understand how to manage Eastern White Cedar wood characteristics during stand tending activities. The study also provides us with a map of wood properties, which should allow the forest industry to maximize wood utilization of Eastern White Cedar by producing a value-added wood product.

Bamboo is one of the most diverse groups of plants in the grass family that belongs to the sub-family of Bambusoidae. It is widely recognized as an important non-wood resource due to not only its excellent mechanical properties, but also its high socioeconomic benefit. This study reviews some of the findings of various past and ongoing research projects carried out to manufacture composite panels from bamboo (Denrocalamus asper) in Thailand. Experimental panels including particleboard, medium density fiberboard (MDF), and sandwich-type panels having fibers on the face layers and particles in the core layer were made. Bamboo clumps were harvested in Khon Khen, Prachin Buri bamboo plantation in Thailand. Bamboo samples were reduced into chips using a commercial chipper before they were hammermilled for particle production. Both physical and mechanical properties of above experimental boards were evaluated. Average values of modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of particleboard and MDF samples were determined as 2,424 MPa, 22.57 MPa, 2,200 MPa, and 22.70 MPa, respectively.

In the case of sandwich-type panels, such values were 1,840 MPa and 20.91 MPa. In addition to the bending properties -- internal bond (IB) strength and physical properties including thickness swelling -- water absorption of all types of samples resulted in satisfactory values based on Japanese Standards for panels use for interior purposes. Surface roughness of MDF and sandwich-type panels was also evaluated using stylus-type equipment. It appears that bamboo, which is considered an under-utilized species, may provide profitable and marketable panel products in Thailand.

Such panels are not only environmentally friendly, but also one of the alternative ways to convert bamboo in value-added products.

POSTER 26 – Mechanical Properties of Thermo Forest Products Treated Materials Jim Riffel, M.Sc. Student, Faculty of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ.,Thunder Bay, ON, Canada Over the past century, the Canadian forest industry has been steadily increasing in its proficiency to extract timber as well as lumber production. With a declining volume of old-growth virgin forests, more specifically mature cedar forests, alternative wood preservation strategies are in high demand. Therefore, there is a demand for chemical-free treatments that elongate the life span of untraditional materials to be used in outdoor applications.

This, along with growing environmental concerns, increases the profitability of treated lumber without the use of harmful chemicals. This study will evaluate the thermally-modified materials being produced by Thermo Forest Products of Kakabeka, Ontario.

These materials are to be used in both indoor and outdoor applications. Tests will be performed to assess the treatments’ end results. The material will be tested in the Lakehead University Wood Science & Testing Facility (LUWSTF) for its mechanical properties before and after thermal modification. The tests to be performed include hardness tests, three point flexure tests, as well as compression and taber tests. Also, a comparison of the anatomical properties of pre- and post-treated materials will be performed using a Scanning Electron Microscope. This study will prove that the material being tested from Thermo Forest Products has acquired improved mechanical properties and physical appearance. The study will also prove that the process not only improves these qualities, but that it does so without the impregnation of chemicals. The short-term objectives are to prove the above statements. This will start a wide range of research on the mechanical properties of other thermally treated wood species as well as some long-term studies on the effects of ground penetration and UV exposure.

POSTER 25 – Whole Tree Mapping of Mechanical and Physical Properties of White Cedar (Thuja Occidentalis) in North Western Ontario Marek Holpit, Post-Doctoral Fellow, and Mathew Leitch, Associate Prof., Faculty of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ., Thunder Bay, ON, Canada This research is based on limited information about the Boreal forest species Eastern White Cedar (Thuja Occidentalis). The study involves creating whole tree maps for this under-utilized tree species grown in North Western Ontario. These maps included mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. The study focuses on the change of within tree wood properties from the pith to bark and from the stem butt to the apex in Eastern White Cedar.

Changes in growth patterns are also reviewed in relationship to changes in wood characteristics. The results show variability

POSTER 27 – 3D Engineered Fiberboard Panels – Design and Panel Properties John F. Hunt, Research Mechanical Engineer, Hongmei Gu, Research Associate, and Robert H. Falk, Research Engineer, USDA Forest

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Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI 3D engineered fiberboard has been developed at the USDA Forest Products Laboratory. Based on the engineered molded fiberboard concept, multiple fiber sources, such as recycled corrugated containers, recycled newsprints, and farm waste biosolids are used to produce engineered panels. The engineering process is being developed based on heat and pressing schedule, different fiber materials, and panel core geometry. Panel physical and mechanical properties are measured and tested for different designed panel configurations. Comparison of the process and properties with the traditional MDF and particleboard shows that the newly developed 3D engineered fiberboard can be designed for similar performance with less fiber. The new product is also focusing on utilizing low-cost and under-utilized recycling materials for building the green environment.

POSTER 28 – Moisture Effect on Water Permeability in Wood Su Kyoung Chun, Prof., Sheikh Ali Ahmed, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, and Ae Ju Kim, Ph.D. Research Associate, Dept. of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National Univ., Chunchon, South Korea; Song Ho Chong, Sr. Researcher, Dept. of Forest Resources Utilization, Korea Forest Research Inst., Seoul, South Korea The liquid permeability was examined on Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc.), Eunsasi poplar (Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee), and Konara oak (Quercus serrata Thunb.). This technique was used for the measurement of void volume filled (%VVF) at different moisture regime (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70%). Samples were treated with distilled water via a schedule of full-cell impregnation. The treating schedule was 15 minutes vacuum (-82.7 kPa) followed by pressure (1,471 kPa) for 60 minutes at room temperature. A significant relation between moisture content (MC) and permeability (the fractional void volume) was established. The water permeability was decreased above the fiber saturation point (FSP) whereas it increased below the FSP due to the effect of the voids available in woods. MC below 20%, no significant increase in water permeability was observed. A negative relationship was found between MC and water uptake (i.e. water uptake decreased when MC was increased). The overall permeability and water uptake trends were found like poplar>pine>oak.

POSTER 29 – Variation of Liquid Penetration in Ray Cells of Three Different Wood Species Su Kyoung Chun, Prof., Sheikh Ali Ahmed, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, and Ae Ju Kim, Ph.D. Research Associate, Dept. of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National Univ., Chunchon, South Korea; Song Ho Chong, Sr. Researcher, Dept. of Forest Resources Utilization, Korea Forest Research Inst., Seoul, South Korea This experiment describes the variation of liquid penetration speed in ray cells of a softwood species, Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc.), a diffuse porous wood species, Eunsasi

poplar (Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee), and a ring porous wood species, Konara oak (Quercus serrata Thunb.). Capillary uptake of 1% safranine aqueous solution was measured in different ray cells and compared. Safranine aqueous solution was used for its brilliant color and staining properties. In this method, the capillary flow of safranine solution was video captured and the penetration depth was measured in different ray cells by converting the video file to still image in 15, 30, 45, and 60 seconds time fraction. The penetration speed was measured and expressed in µm/sec. In softwood species, ray parenchyma and ray tracheid played an important role in lateral conduction and they were found highly conductive. In pine, liquid penetration speed in ray tracheid was found 1.9 times lower than that in ray parenchyma. But in hardwood species, despite presence of abundant rays, the liquid penetration depth / speed in ray parenchyma was found very low in comparison with softwood species. The penetration speed in ray parenchyma of pine was six and seven times higher than that of poplar and oak, respectively. In addition, when poplar and oak were compared, the liquid penetration speed in ray cells of poplar was found to be 1.2 times higher than that of oak. At the beginning, the penetration speed of liquid was high and then gradually decreased over time.

POSTER 30 – Chemically Separated Sugars from Rapeseed Cake with Various Hydrolysis Conditions Han-Seob Jeong and Hye-Yun Kim, M.Sc.Students, and Ho-Yong Kim, Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea; Sye Hee Ahn, Prof., Division of Life & Environmental Resources, Daegu Univ., Seoul, South Korea; In Yang, Assistant Prof., Research Inst. of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea; In-Gyu Choi, Prof., Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea Rapeseed cake, which is an organic waste from rapeseed oil production, is available and is an eco-friendly resource with very low cost and high content of dietary fiber. This research was carried out to analyze the separated sugar contents of rapeseed cake and to investigate the effects of the various concentrations of acidic, alkaline solvents used for the hydrolysis of rapeseed cake, and concentrations of rapeseed cake in each solvent on the sugar yield. Ground rapeseed cake was prepared by 0.5 g, 1 g, and 2 g in 0.5%, 1%, and 2% 100 mL solvents such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide and then hydrolysis for 5 and 15 min at 121º. After hydrolysis, HPLC equipped with RI detector was used to analyze sugars such as sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, and arabinose separated from rapeseed cake. The degradation rate of rapeseed cake was the highest in hydrochloric acid condition. As the concentrations of solvent used for hydrolysis of rapeseed cake was increased, the degradation rate of rapeseed cake was also increased significantly. Total sugar contents were the highest in

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hydrochloric acid condition and it was increased with the increase of concentrations of solvent used for hydrolysis of rapeseed cake. However, as the concentrations of rapeseed cake used for hydrolysis were increased, total sugar contents were decreased and exceptionally in sodium hydroxide condition sucrose was observed.

POSTER 31 – Whitening Effect and Cosmeceutical Activities of Cryptomeria japonica Extracts Seon-Hong Kim and Su-Yeon Lee, M.Sc. Students, Ki-Seob Gwak, Ph.D. Student, and Jun-Jae Lee and In-Gyu Choi, Profs., Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea Cryptomeria japonica is one of the widely distributed conifers in southern region of Korea and is known as the popular material for housing. Bioactivities of extracts from leaves, barks, and heartwoods have been investigated by many researchers because C. japonica contains the secondary metabolities, such as terpenoids in heartwood and tannin in bark. Recently, because of safety problems, efforts have been focusing on new approaches to cosmetic preservation in using natural products. These natural products are the popular material for cosmeceutical components. The use of botanical materials such as essential oils in cosmetic formulations at relatively high concentrations is likely to provide a benefit to human skin. However, there has been little investigation concerning the application of C. japonica extracts in the cosmetic industry, and it showed anti-aging effect, wrinkle care, enhancement of skin elasticity, and so on. The aim of this study is to analyze the detailed components and prove the cosmeceutical activities of extracts from C. japonica by measuring the Tyrosinase inhibitory effect, electron-donating ability, superoxide dismutase like activity, and astringent activity. Raw materials will be extracted with three methods (ethanol extraction, sonication extraction, and hot water extraction). Results of this study will be expected to show the possibility of extracts of C. japonica as a good material in the cosmetic industry, especially in whitening, anti-aging, and contraction of facial pores.

POSTER 32 – Microbial Biotransformation of Monoterpene by Basidiomycetes Su-Yeon Lee, M.Sc. Student, Ki-Seob Gwak, Ph.D. Student, Seon-Hong Kim, M.Sc. Student, and Jun-Jae Lee and In-Gyu Choi, Profs., Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea Microbial biotransformation is the changing process of a substrate to another by the chemical reaction by biocatalyst. Especially of interest is the microbial biotransformation of terpenoids because it allows the production of flavors and fragrances under mild reaction conditions. Also, products produced by biotransformation processes may be considered as “natural” and satisfy consumer’s demand for natural products. As the substrate, monoterpenes of terpenoids are the popular starting material for biotransformation because of its widely spread and cheap availability. Monoterpenes

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such as α-pinene, ß-pinene, and limonene are used in large quantities in the chemical industry for transformation into more valuable terpenoids because the price of these bulk terpenoids is relatively low. These inexpensive sources, which made them easy to discover in fragrant plant material and readily obtainable by simple distillation of plant parts, lent to them the essential oil.

Many studies about microbial biotransformation of terpenoids have carried out using enzymes and whole cell of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Isolation and purification of the relevant enzymes can be expensive and difficult. Besides, whole cell biocatalysts may be cheaper and simpler to obtain than isolated enzymes. However, the number of microorganisms for microbial biotransformation of terpenoids was restrictive. Although basidiomycetes of wood-rot fungi had potential availability for biotransformation of terpenoids due to their oxidase and hydrolase, studies using basidiomycetes was little carried out. In this study, whole cells of the basidiomycetes will be used for biotransformation of monoterpenes, such as α-pinene easily obtained around, and more valuable terpenoids produced by basidiomycetes.

POSTER 33 – Energy Consumption Estimation during Kiln Drying of Yellow Poplar Jun-Ho Park, Chang-Deuk Eom,Yoon-Seong Chang, and Kiyoung Son, Grad. Research Assistants, and In-Gyu Choi, Jun-Jae Lee, and Hwanmyeong Yeo, Profs., Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea A lot of energy is required for drying of wood. Effort to reduce the energy consumption for drying has been continued. This study measured the energy consumption during kiln drying of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Temperature and MC decrement in wood was simulated with numerical approach during the drying process. Moisture content (MC) decrease, the simulation during 120 hr drying shows a similar tendency with the reduction of MC in actual drying process. The energy for drying wood was classified in thermodynamic energy required for removing moistures from wood, the thermal energy required for heating the air existing inside the dryer, and the thermal energy required for heating the insulation wall of the dryer, and each of them were estimated.

It was found that it took a big portion of improving energy efficiency to the thermal energy to compensate for the heat loss from the system during drying process. It is expected that this study will provide a way to reduce drying energy consumption and improve the drying schedule.

POSTER 34 – Strengthening America’s Past-Time David E. Kretschmann, Research General Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Scott Drake,Vice Pres. of Operations,TECO, Sun Prairie,WI; James A. Sherwood, Prof., Univ. of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA; Carl N. Morris, Prof. of Statistics, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA Since the early 1990s, changes in wood species used in bat

manufacturing, bat geometry, and unregulated slope-of-grain production specifications led to a large number of broken bats in the 2008 Major League Baseball (MLB) season. Several players, coaches, umpires, and fans sustained injuries due to “multiple-piece failure” bat breakage. To find out why this had become such a problem, MLB’s Safety & Health Advisory Committee convened a panel of experts in 2008 to examine the bat manufacturing process. Wood scientists, industrial woodproduct certification specialists, statistical analysts, and laboratory and field testing experts began to discuss the problems and develop solutions. Dave Kretschmann has teamed up with other experts including Dr. James A. Sherman, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Massachusetts at Lowell – who is also Director of the Baseball Research Center – and Dr. Carl N. Morris, Professor of Statistics at Harvard University and Timberco, Inc. dba (TECO), an independent, accredited certification and testing agency for structural and non-structural wood products. In December of 2008, the MLB Safety & Health Advisory Committee, in agreement with the MLB Players Association, accepted a list of nine recommendations intended to reduce the frequency of multi-piece bat failures.

All recommendations were implemented in the 2009 season.

Because of these and other adjustments, multi-piece failure rates dropped by 30% in 2009 compared to the 2008 season.

Bats still break as much as ever, he says, they just aren’t breaking into multiple pieces nearly as often. Bat breakage that occurs now is more likely because of the geometric design of the bat or the density of the wood rather than slope-of-grain issues.

Research continues to address geometric design concerns. The goal is to suggest adjustments to the criteria for the geometry of the bats to make them more durable. We are also looking at criteria for standardizing the samples of wood that can be used in relation to specific gravity and density of each billet and the corresponding end product, the bat itself, and assessing the impact of other key variables, such as bat geometry and drying, that cause bats to break into multiple pieces. The aim of this work is to ensure a standardized process for bat manufacturing so that the danger of multiple-piece failure is reduced as much as possible and that America’s favorite pastime remains as safe and fun as always, for generations to come.

POSTER 35 – Long-Time Cyclic Gas Adsorption Properties of Charcoal Board and Overlaid Charcoal Board Seog Goo Kang, Adjunct Assistant Prof., In Su Seo, Grad. Student, and Hwa Hyoung Lee, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Chungnam National Univ., Daejeon, South Korea Long-term cyclic gas adsorption is greatly required for improving the indoor serviceability of charcoal board as an interior building material. The charcoal board has been developed not only for solving the home environment problems originated from the emission of formaldehyde and TVOC from indoor

finishing materials, but also for adsorbing radon gas emitted from the concrete building, while providing excellent functional properties such as high moisture adsorption, antimicrobial property, electromagnetic wave blacking property, high farinfrared emissivity, and high dimensional stability. In this work, the charcoal board was made with non-formaldehyde resin (PVA and MDI) and charcoal powder by 3 stage pressing cycles.

The general properties and the long-term cyclic gas adsorption properties were evaluated. The physical properties of board were as following: density 0.68~0.69 g/cm3, moisture contents 6.19~6.84%, bending strength (MOR) 31.2~40.6 kgf/cm3, internal bonding strength 11.45-17.5 kgf/cm3. The specimens, which were located in the ambient laboratory room, have been measured repeatedly with the ethylene gas adsorption value with the condition of 15-20 ppm ethylene gas in test vessel, respectively. Nonwoven fabric (thickness:0.12 mm) and printed thin paper (thickness:0.04 mm, basis weight 40 g/cm3) were used for overlay on charcoal board. The ethylene gas adsorption of charcoal board was higher than that of white charcoal itself and there was no significant difference between overlaid charcoal board and non-overlaid white charcoal board. The 6-year test showed the charcoal boards have maintained 8.7-10.5 ppm/50cm3 of adsorption.

POSTER 36 – Production of Anhydrosugars for Fermentation into Ethanol by Fast Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Qi Li, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Forest Products, Fei Yu, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, and Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS Production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass by microbial production of ethanol has shown promise, but has been slow to develop. Thermochemical production of ethanol has been pursued to avoid use of strong acids for biomass hydrolysis, high water consumption, and cost of enzymes. Researchers have proposed that production of ethanol by production of sugard via pyrolysis is an economic route and would also avoid the use of strong acids and the requirement for enzymes. Maximum anhydrosugars in bio-oils produced by pyrolysis is 36% if a mild acid pretreatment is applied to demineralize the feedstock prior to pyrolysis; without such pretreatment the yield is 3%, or less. We have tested a new method based on pyrolysis of clear pine wood particles with mild acid pretreatment and modification of the pyrolysis process. This method produces 50.8% of levoglucosan and other anhydrosugars. Separation of the anhydrosugars from the bio-oil is performed by water fractionation in which equal parts of water are added to the raw bio-oil. The anhydrosugars are contained in the separated aqueous fraction (71% by weight) that is separated from the lignin fraction (29% by weight). Hydrolysis of the aqueous fraction was performed to produce a high glucose yield. A

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method applied by previous researchers was employed to remove phenols, furfurals, and other microbial inhibitors. Our research will determine the yield of ethanol from the glucose-rich aqueous fraction. Development of this pyrolytic route to ethanol will provide an alternate route to production of bio-ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass.

POSTER 37 – Upgrading Pyrolytic Oils from Lignocellulosic Biomass by Esterification Jingming Tao and Qi Li, Grad. Research Assistants, Dept. of Forest Products, Fei Yu, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, and Philip H. Steele, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS Raw bio-oils from biomass fast pyrolysis have high acid value, polymerize over relatively short periods of time, and have higher heating value (HHV) of approximately 18 MJ/kg compared to about 45 MJ/kg for petroleum fuels. A new ASTM standard for bio-oil based boiler fuels has been released allowing ratings of both raw and upgraded bio-oils. The objective of this study was to develop a novel upgrading process to produce a boiler fuel from upgraded bio-oil to reduce acid value, slow polymerization over time, and increase HHV. Loblolly pine wood was pyrolyzed at a feed rate of ~7 kg/h in a proprietary auger reactor to produce study bio-oil with 65% yield. The pyrolytic oil was then upgraded by esterification over acid catalyst. The influence of reaction conditions such as reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst content relative to upgraded bio-oil properties were examined, and optimal conditions were identified. Physical and chemical analyses were performed to compare characteristics of raw and upgraded bio-oils. The acid value of upgraded bio-oil was lowered by 55%. Aging test was also performed to test the stability of upgraded bio-oils during the storage under various temperatures. GC-MS analysis showed that esters in the upgraded bio-oil were increased. Upgrading bio-oils by esterification is a simple and cost-effective approach to converting the pyrolytic bio-oils into a stable boiler fuel.

POSTER 38 – Influence of Degree of Beetle-Killed Spruce Deterioration on Wood-Plastic Composite Properties

(partially and highly deteriorated) trees were selected to determine suitability of wood for manufacture of extruded, wood-plastic composites (WPC). Trees were selected and sampled from two sites based on visual characteristics. Three 2.4-m (8-ft) logs were taken from each tree: one at the base, one from below the 10 cm (4 in) top, and the third equidistant between those two. A mixture design to evaluate influence of deterioration on WPC mechanical and physical properties was applied. WPC deck boards were manufactured and tested according to ASTM 7032-05 in static bending and temperature (high and low), moisture, and freeze-thaw effect. Water absorption and thickness swell were also measured. Findings show that WPCs can be produced from beetle-killed spruce regardless of deterioration level and they have comparable mechanical and physical properties to the control sample manufactured from pine. Wood flour from deteriorated wood improved moisture resistance. Water absorption and thickness swell rates of beetlekilled WPC were lower than WPC manufactured from pine wood flour, possibly due to greater encapsulation of finer particles by the thermoplastic and collapse of fiber bundles during extrusion process.

POSTER 39 – Demand Drivers and Price Supports for Bioethanol Use as Fuel in the United States – A Brief Review Ning Lu, Grad. Research Assistant, and Robert W. Rice, Prof., School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME Fuel ethanol, especially cellulosic ethanol, will play an important role in renewable fuel development. This poster reviews the main factors, MTBE phasing out, and fuel ethanol price support policies, which drive the fuel ethanol demand growing in the U.S., and draw the conclusion that MTBE phasing out will push the demand in the short term. In the long run, federal and state price support policies play a dominant role on the fuel ethanol demand in the U.S. Further, this poster has a brief review on the status of cellulosic ethanol. In the current state of technology, high capital cost for cellulosic ethanol production, compared to cornbased ethanol, is the biggest hurdle for future cellulosic ethanol production.

POSTER 40 – Investigation on Mechanical Properties of PVC – Abies Wood Flour Composites

Eini C. Lowell, Research Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR;Vikram Yadama, Assistant Prof. and Extension Specialist, Composite Materials & Engineering Center,Washington State Univ., Pullman,WA; Nels R. Peterson, Design Engineer, PCS Structural Solutions,Tacoma,WA; David L. Nicholls, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Sitka, AK

Mostafa Madanipour, Assistant Prof., Islamic Azad Univ., Astara Branch, Iran This investigation used Abies wood flour to make reinforced PVC composites. Both the size and addition rate of wood flour used for reinforcing the PVC were variables studied. For addition rates, 10, 20, 30, and 40% by weight wood flour were selected. For particle size, wood flour particles were screened using mesh sizes of 40, 60, 80, and 100. A silane coupling agent was also used in the resin injection molding and composite extrusion method. Selected mechanical properties of the Abies reinforced PVC composite

Tree mortality from bark beetles has impacted over a million acres on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Over the course of the epidemic, some stands have experienced up to 95% mortality.

Currently, trees are in varying stages of deterioration and represent a hazardous forest condition. Live and beetle-killed

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were evaluated. Tests subjected the samples to tension, bending, and impact forces. Results for these tests are discussed for samples made with 40% wood flour passing a 100 mesh screen.

Also discussed are results of impact strength testing of notched specimens for samples made with wood flour that passed a 40 mesh screen and added at a 10% by weight level.

POSTER 41 – Influence of Species and Treatment on Termite Feeding Deterrence of Chemically Treated Wood T. Eric McConnell and Nathan Little, Grad. Research Assistants, Sheldon Q. Shi, Assistant Prof., and Tor P. Schultz, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS Research has shown that chemical treatment of hardwoods improves the manufacturing parameters for producing wood composites. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical treatments on three southern hardwoods’ resistance to Reticulitermes flavipes. Water saturated samples of yellow-poplar, sweetgum, and red oak were heated at 150ºC for 30 minutes in two solutions (water and 1.0% NaOH).

Treated and untreated control samples were subjected to the AWPA E1-09 no-choice termite test where mass loss (%) due to R. flavipes was determined. The species and solutions independently and significantly affected the mass loss. Treated wood material showed a higher degree of termite degradation compared to the untreated controls.

POSTER 42 – A Comparative Study on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Laminated Veneer Lumber and Plywood Manufactured with Wood from Trees Grown under Short Rotations in a Tropical Climate Carolina Tenorio Monge, Ingeniera Forestal, Róger Moya Roque, Doctor en Ciencias Forestales, and Diego Camacho and Freddy Muñoz, Ingeniera Forestals, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (Technology Inst. of Costa Rica), Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal (School of Forest Engineering), Cartago, Costa Rica Laminated veneer wood products, such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL) or plywood (PW), have grown in importance in recent years. The objective in this study was to evaluate and compare the properties of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) bonded panels fabricated with veneers from Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, and Acacia magnium trees that were plantation grown under fast rotations. Results for plywood manufactured with these species demonstrated that physical and mechanical properties were comparable to solid wood having a specify gravity equal to 0.60. Therefore, these panels should qualify for listing under species groups 1 and 2 of United States voluntary product standard, PS 1-95. Physical properties were statistically different among species, but no difference was found in water absorption. Select mechanical properties, such as hardness, glue-line shear, modulus of rupture (perpendicular), and nail and screw withdrawal were statistically different among species. No

differences were found for modulus of elasticity, tensile strength parallel-to-grain, or tensile strength perpendicular-to-grain.

Differences observed were attributed to the specific gravity of the specimens tested.

POSTER 43 – Use of Solar Powered Dryers for Conditioning Sawn Timber of Teak (Tectona grandis) Harvested from Plantations in Costa Rica Cynthia Salas G., Ingeniera Forestal, and Róger Moya Roque, Doctor en Ciencias Forestales, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (Technology Inst. of Costa Rica), Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal (School of Forest Engineering), Cartago, Costa Rica Adding value to timber products by drying them is a limiting factor for the Costa Rican producer who does not have access to the technology that would enable them to dry wood in an economical and efficient way. The use of solar drying technology is one option being researched in the School of Forest Engineering, Costa Rican Institute of Technology. This research is designed to validate the use of solar drying for use with sawn timber of teak (Tectona grandis) harvested from fastgrowing plantations. By drying teak wood using this technology during the dry season, a final moisture content (MC) of 12% was achieved after 33 days. For air drying, it took 45 days to bring the MC down to only 18%. The defects found in the teak wood dried using either solar power or air drying were similar.

However, there were significant differences in defects when compared to conventional drying. Solar drying of teak was shown to be comparable to air drying and conventional drying over three distinct seasons (dry, transition, and rainy). Further, it was shown that the drying quality was comparable between air and solar dried teak lumber. The results conclude that solar drying is an excellent alternative to air drying, which is the most common method currently used in Costa Rica.

POSTER 44 – Purification of Proanthocyanidin in the Hot Water Extract from Pinus radiata Bark using DIAION HP20 Sung Phil Mun, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Technology, Chonbuk National Univ., Jeonju, South Korea Proanthocyaniodin (PA) is a potent antioxidant and a natural polyphenol composed of flavan-3-ol subunits. It has various physiological activities and remarkably exists in P. radiata bark.

Sephadex LH 20 is a well-known adsorbent for purifying PA, but it is very expensive, which causes difficulties in industrial production of PA. Therefore, to prepare high purity PA, we have tested various commercial adsorbents and found that DIAION HP 20 is a fascinating adsorbent to recover the useful polyphenol, PA, from hot water extract (HWE) of P. radiata bark. However, small amounts of hydrophobic compounds and low-molecular-mass polyphenols were also adsorbed onto it.

For the application in the field of medicine, nutrition, and health, it should be highly purified. In this experiment, to remove the

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Amburgey, Giles Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS; Daniel L. Cassens, Professor of Forest Products,Wood Research Lab., Purdue Univ.,West Lafayette, IN; H. Michael Barnes,Thompson Professor of Wood Science & Technology, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS;W. Ramsay Smith, Global Research Dir., Arch Wood Protection, Inc., Conley, GA;Tom Kohlmeier, Chairman of the Board , SEEMAC, Inc., Carmel, IN; Kris Owen, Mgr., Codes & Product Applications, Arch Wood Protection, Inc., Conley, GA; Robert Leavitt, Professor Emeritus, and Daniel Warner, Technician,Wood Research Lab., Purdue Univ.,West Lafayette, IN

above-mentioned impurities, we introduced the sequencing solvent extraction before the adsorption onto DIAION HP20 of P. radiata bark HWE. When the HWE was extracted successively with n-hexane, and EtOAc, the yield of the extracts was 4.3% and 23.4% of total solid in HWE, respectively. The aqueous layer after solvent extraction was subjected to the adsorbent and recovered by washing with absolute alcohol, yielding about 50%. Recovered materials showed very similar in molecular weight distribution, average molecular weight, and polydispersity as well as 13C NMR spectrum of purified PA from P. radiata bark. This means that the pre-extraction with organic solvents prior to the adsorption onto DIAION HP20 of HWE was a very effective method for the preparation of the pure PA from HWE. POSTER 45 – Fractionation of Proanthocyanidins with Different Degree of Polymerization from Hot Water Extract of Pinus radiata Bark Sung Phil Mun, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Technology, and Bo Hee Kim, Dept. of Food Science & Technology, Chonbuk National Univ., Jeonju, South Korea Pinus radiata bark is one of the richest sources of proanthocyanidin (PA), which is a potent antioxidant and has attracted increasing attention due to its physiological benefits.

The physiological activities of PA largely depend on its chemical structures and particularly its degree of polymerization (DP).

Therefore, it is required to establish an effective fractionation method of PA with different DP. Many chromatographic separation methods of PA have been developed, but there is no perfect method satisfying the simplicity, separation efficiency, and the scale of treatment. We have tested in several commercial adsorbents for the selective adsorption of PA in the hot water extract (HWE) from P. radiata bark and found that DIAION HP20 showed the excellent adsorption ability for PA and lowmolecular-mass polyphenols. Various concentrations of aqueous alcohol (5-50%) used as desorption solvent were very useful for the fractionation of PA with different DP from the materials adsorbed onto DIAION HP20. The average Mw increased by increasing the alcohol concentration. The elution of 5% to 10%, 20%, and 50% of aqueous alcohol made possible to elute mainly procyanidin trimers, tetramers, and heptamers, respectively. The fraction obtained from 50% aqueous alcohol elution showed very similar in the results of 13C NMR and MALDI-TOF mass analyses on pure polymeric PA. From these results, this method can be easily adapted to large scale fractionation in an industrial process because it consisted of only simple adsorption and subsequent aqueous alcohol desorption, and does not contain any toxic organic solvents, acids, and bases.

Yellow poplar was a standard building material east of the Mississippi River from colonial days to the early 1900s. Thus oldgrowth yellow poplar is prevalent, especially as siding, in historic buildings. New-growth yellow poplar is abundant, fast grown, fast drying, easily worked, relatively low-valued, good strengthto-weight ratio, and located near major construction markets.

However, new-growth yellow poplar is especially susceptible to decay. For new-growth yellow poplar lumber to be considered for new exterior construction it should be preservative-treated for adequate protection for above-ground use while maintaining its outstanding paint weathering performance (Purdue/USFPL research). Cooperative research by Purdue University, Mississippi State University, and Arch Wood Protection, Inc. addresses this challenge. Research results show that sapwood and heartwood of new-growth yellow poplar treated with Wolman® AG with water repellent is as decay-resistant as similarly treated southern yellow pine. AG with water repellent-treated southern pine is commercially available as Wolmanized® L³ Outdoor® Wood.

Wolman® AG is a nonmetallic, water- and carbon-based, lowimpact preservative. Long-term paint weathering performance of AG with water repellent-treated yellow poplar, as predicted by comparative lab tests, is expected to be comparable to the outstanding performance shown earlier in Purdue research.

Market analyses by SEEMAC, Inc., Tri State Forest Products and Arch Wood Protection, Inc. are underway to determine the financial feasibility of introducing Wolman® AG with water repellent-treated yellow poplar in the new construction market and for historic preservation / restoration. Will something old be new again?

POSTER 47 – Microwave-Assistant Wood Liquefaction and its Application on Rigid Polyurethane Foam Preparation Hui Pan, Assistant Prof., Calhoun Research Station, LSU AgCenter, Calhoun, LA; Zhifeng Zheng, Associate Prof., Southwest Forestry Univ., Kunming, P.R. China; Chung-Yun Hse, Principal Wood Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA Polyurethane foams were prepared from the liquefied wood polyols, which was obtained by the liquefaction of southern pine wood in the presence of polyhydric alcohols using microwave as an energy source. The effects of acid type (sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid) and liquefaction time on the properties of

POSTER 46 – Preservative-Treated Yellow Poplar Lumber for Above-Ground Use Michael O. Hunt, Professor Emeritus of Wood Science,Wood Research Laboratory, Purdue Univ.,West Lafayette, IN;Terry L.

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liquefied biomass-based polyols were investigated. The influences of isocyanate index on the properties of polyurethane foams were also discussed, and feasible formulations for preparing liquefied biomass-based polyurethane foams were proposed.

The results indicated that the foams prepared from such liquefied wood polyols obtained by microwave-assistant liquefaction exhibited excellent mechanical properties.

POSTER 48 – Development of Superhydrophobic Wood by Chemical Bath Deposition Cheng Piao, Assistant Prof., Calhoun Research Station, LSU AgCenter, Calhoun, LA; Chengyu Wang, (former Visiting Scientist), Associate Prof., Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China Fungal decay of wood in service results in billions of dollars of losses annually in the United States. Each year, about 10% of the timber cut in the United States is used to replace wood in service that has decayed. However, environmental restrictions are limiting or eliminating the use for wood preservation of broad spectrum biocides that cause long-term environmental pollution. Excess moisture is the single most important factor that degrades the performance and facilitates the growth of fungi in wood. Without sufficient moisture, fungi will fail to grow even in products such as wood utility poles that are exposed to exterior environments. The aim of this study was to develop superhydrophobic wood, of which the moisture content will be below 20% in exterior and interior applications. Nanoparticles that were cultivated on wood cell-wall surface grew into nanorods of variable heights, creating micro- and nano-scale roughness. After self-assembling monolayer (SAM) modification, a superhydrophobic nanolayer was developed on cell-wall surface, which showed a water contact angle of up to 153.5°.

The procedure for hydrophobic transformation is simple and could be a potential, environmentally benign approach for wood protection and preservation.

POSTER 49 – Laminated Structural Beams Fabricated from Small-Diameter Timber: Preliminary Results Cheng Piao, Assistant Prof., Calhoun Research Station, LSU AgCenter, Calhoun, LA In recent years, forest health and safety have become a major concern for public and private forest lands nationwide. A design that efficiently, massively, and economically engineers small round timber into structural members would greatly improve the value of small-diameter timber and provide new options for forest management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of engineering small-diameter timber into laminated structural beams. Southern pine small-diameter timber of 4 to 9 in diameter at breast height (DBH) was used as materials. Feather-joint number and distribution in a beam will be evaluated for their effects on the mechanical and acoustic properties of the laminated beams.

POSTER 50 – Formation of Needle-Shaped Carbon Nanostructure in Wood-Based Panels during Carbonization Sang-Bum Park, Jong-In Kim, Sang-Min Lee, and Jong-Young Park, Research Scientists, and Seon Hwa Lee, Jr. Research Scientist, Dept. of Wood Resources Utilization, Korea Forest Research Inst., Seoul, South Korea; Jae-Hyeok Jang, Grad. Student, and Nam-Hun Kim, Prof., Dept. of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National Univ. Chuncheon, South Korea Environmentally friendly carbonized boards have been developed to remove harmful ingredients in indoor air. In this study, four types of wood-based materials such as wood, plywood, medium density fiberboard (MDF), and particleboard (PB) were carbonized at various temperatures from 400ºC to 2000ºC. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction methods were employed to investigate the structural characteristics of each sample obtained at various carbonization temperatures. Both top and bottom of wood-based materials were pressurized with a heat-resistant steel panel, and then were carbonized under the inert condition. Dimension of boards shrunk a little, but a big deformation did not occur after carbonization. Specific surface area of carbonized boards made from 800ºC to 1,000ºC was almost the same with that of wood charcoal. Over 1,200ºC of carbonization temperature, nanosized needle-shaped structures appeared in the cell lumen of charred materials. These needle-shaped structures were mostly consisted of carbon, and increased little by little with increase of carbonization temperature. It is considered that the appearance of needle-shaped structure might be closely related to a change of charcoal to graphite.

POSTER 51 – Manufacture of Carbonized Boards using WoodBased Panels and their Application to Calligraphy-Carving Products Sang-Bum Park, Jong-In Kim, Sang-Min Lee, and Jong-Young Park, Research Scientists, and Seon Hwa Lee, Jr. Research Scientist, Dept. of Wood Resources Utilization, Korea Forest Research Inst., Seoul, South Korea; Nam-Hun Kim, Prof., Dept. of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National Univ. Chuncheon, South Korea We have developed a new pressurized carbonization technique that uses wood-based panels to produce crackfree carbonized boards. In this study, we carbonized wood, plywood, particleboard, and fiberboard at various carbonization temperatures from 400ºC to 2,000ºC. Dimensional shrinkage, weight loss, and density were investigated. A carving technique was introduced to use carbonized boards as an art working base material like a panel for calligraphy-carving product. Crack-free carbonized boards were successfully obtained through the newly developed carbonization technique. No noticeable difference in shrinkage and weight loss was observed for all samples, but shrinkage in width for wood was larger than others. Mediumdensity fiberboard showed slightly higher shrinkage in thickness

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than others. The smallest shrinkage was observed in wood.

Density change of carbonized boards was less for fiberboard and more for wood than others. It has been found that the carbonized fiberboards can be used for calligraphy-carving. Thin fancy veneers were overlaid on the surface of fiberboards; letters, figures, and patterns were embossed on the surface and carbonized in the carbonization furnace; then cooled and embossed parts colored.

The products may adjust humidity, protect electromagnetic wave, and adsorb harmful materials. These kinds of calligraphy-carving products might be employed in visual art areas.

and characterizing internal three-dimensional structures of fibrous materials. The stress-strain properties of thin slices, including two layers of binarized images of a paper sample, were studied using a meshed finite element method. Stress distributions were obtained for idealized uni-axial loads applied at two boundaries. Localized stress concentrations at the pore fiber interfaces and preferential pathways for stress propagation and distribution between the two boundaries are observed. This method is being expanded to include full-volume analysis of larger samples. The method would be applicable for bio-based composites and solid wood structures.

POSTER 52 – Effects of Local Non-Uniformity on Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media

POSTER 54 – Determination of the Effectiveness of Pyrolysis Oil as a Moisture-Resistant Treatment for Wood

Shri Ramaswamy, Prof. and Dept. Head, Huigang Zuo, Amod Modak, and Matthew Ryan, former Grad. Students, and Sho S.Takagaki, PostDoctoral Associate, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

Thomas J. Robinson, Ph.D. Candidate, and Brian K.Via and M. Tu, Assistant Profs., School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, and S. Adhikari, Assistant Prof., and O. Fasina, Associate Prof., Dept. of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL; E. Carter, Research Soil Scientist, USDA Forest Service, G.W. Andrews Forestry Sciences Lab., Auburn, AL

Drying is one of the most energy-intensive steps in any process industry, especially in papermaking, with through air drying being a commonly used type of drying of high-quality tissue and towel products. Better understanding of this process can lead to further improvements in energy efficiency and good resource utilization.

A representative elementary volume method was used to model the fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer during through drying in heterogeneous porous bio-based materials specifically here, tissue and towel products. Non-uniformities in porous materials can play a significant part in the convective and diffusive transport of fluid, heat, and mass. This study also approaches the problem giving experimental results and corresponding numerical simulation results. The experiments report continuous data in transient test runs with measurements of temperature and velocity at distributed locations in the domain immediately downstream of the porous materials. The numerical model provides results of the effects of different non-homogeneities such as distributed holes or distributed regions of varying permeability and moisture content. Numerical and experimental test results when compared indicate general agreement with the main differences with regard to details of the drying curve features. This provides a tool for studying the role of non-uniformity in fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer in porous media as is important in the processing of biobased forest products.

POSTER 53 – Predicting Mechanical Properties of Fibrous Materials using Three-Dimensional Structures Shri Ramaswamy, Prof. and Dept. Head, Sho S.Takagaki, PostDoctoral Associate, and Yves Defrenne, former Grad. Student, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Fibrous materials such as paper, board, and bio-based composites have complex internal structures. Micrometer-scaled x-ray computed tomography (CT) is a viable technique for visualizing

With the increase in global demand for petroleum-based products, the wood products industry has turned increased attention to the development of plant-based substitutes for traditional wood treatment options. In previous research, pyrolysis oil has demonstrated an ability to deter the growth of wood degrading microorganisms, and is currently being explored as an economically viable wood preservative. In this work, the use of pyrolysis oil as a moisture-resistant treatment for wood is explored to determine the applicability and optimal conditions for wood impregnation. The raw pyrolysis oil was separated into its non-aqueous and aqueous phases. The non-aqueous phase, rich in phenolics, was diluted to varying degrees with methanol and impregnated into solid wood elements using either vacuum soak, pressure soak, or direct application prior to hot-pressing.

Combinations of these techniques using varying soak times and pressures were also explored to determine the methodology for attaining the greatest retention of the non-aqueous phenolic fraction. In order to determine the water repellency of the impregnated wood elements, sorption isotherm response was measured and fitted to Hailwood-Horrobin and Hasley models.

Through the use of varying impregnation levels and data attained from the sorption isotherm analysis, the most efficient and costeffective methodology for using pyrolysis oil as moisture-resistant wood treatment can be determined.

POSTER 55 – A Comparison in using FTIR to NIR Spectra when Predicting Strand Density Prior to Composite Manufacture Brian K.Via, Assistant Prof., School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL The objective of this study was to compare the prediction capability of southern pine strand density from NIR or FTIR-ATR

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spectra. The strands were random in orientation; therefore, there was no control for the radial, tangential, or transverse surface. NIR models exhibited better prediction capability (R-Square = 0.82) than FTIR (R-square = 0.68). Both models were developed using five factors for fair comparison. A primary bias in the experiment for the NIR technology was that the spot size (5 mm diameter) was close to the dimension of the wood specimens (~10 by 10 mm) resulting in most of the area being exposed to the NIR light source. Alternatively, the FTIR spectra had a diamond spot size less than 1 mm.

As such, the spectra had to separately be acquired from the latewood and earlywood region and then a weighted average spectra (based on percent latewood) was computed prior to multivariate modeling. Despite the care applied during data acquisition, this method still appeared to add error to the measurement and assumed that percent latewood and sample densities were highly correlated. This research was useful because it demonstrated the applicability and superiority of using NIR spectra to monitor flake density over FTIR. As more manufacturers turn to vibration spectroscopy to predict multiple traits from the same strand (like resin content), co-monitoring strand density from the same spectra (NIR or FTIR) might also be possible.

POSTER 56 – Multivariate Modeling of Composite Strand Density from FTIR Spectra Brian K.Via, Assistant Prof., and Thomas J. Robinson, Ph.D. Candidate, School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL The primary objective of this study was to determine the ability of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy to predict the density of commercial wood composite strands of random orientation (i.e. the radial, tangential, or transverse face was randomly oriented). The random orientation appeared to yield models that required more factors for prediction than in the literature.

Principal component regression (PCR) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models were developed from raw and first derivative spectra. A PCR model coupled with a first derivative pretreatment exhibited the best calibration statistics. MLR was also good at prediction and often used less factors, but exhibited higher prediction error. Additionally, sometimes MLR models exhibited high multicollinearity between wavenumbers resulting in inflation of model coefficients. Finally, PCR was very useful for identification and interpretation of important wavelengths.

Earlywood and latewood based spectra exhibited differences in carbohydrate associated bands (1000 and 1060 cm-1). Cellulose associated wavenumbers were identified as being important at 1110, 1160, 900 cm-1 while lignin associated wavenumbers at 1504, 1456, and 1648 cm-1 were identified as influential on density prediction.

POSTER 57 – The Effect of Sampling Height on the Variation of Gross Calorific Value in Longleaf Pine in Relationship to

Extractives and Lignin Content Chi-Leung So, Assistant Prof., School of Renewable Natural Resources, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA and USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA;Thomas L. Eberhardt, Research Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA Literature reports have linked fuel value to extractives and/ or lignin contents, and to which has the greater effect. In the current study, extractives and lignin determinations were carried out on twenty 70-year-old longleaf pine trees and compared with their corresponding fuel values. Three-inch disks were cut at breast height and mid-height along the bole of the tree and their gross calorific values were found to range between 19-24 MJ/kg. The variation in these values was found to be strongly correlated to the extractives content. This was true whether the samples were obtained at breast height, with a larger extractives variation, or at mid-height with a smaller variation. Thus, indicating that the extractives distribution within a tree can be an indicator of the fuel value distribution within in a tree. Gross calorific values determined after extraction were found to be clearly lower than that prior to extraction. Lignin determinations after extraction still provided a weak relationship, even with a smaller variation throughout the tree.

POSTER 58 – Effects of Four Catalysts on MelamineUrea-Formaldehyde Resin Structure and Performance of Particleboard Qi-Ning Sun, Grad. Student, School of Renewable Natural Resources, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA and USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA; Chung-Yun Hse, Principal Wood Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA;Todd F. Shupe, Prof., School of Renewable Natural Resources, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA Melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin was synthesized by four catalysts (H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, and NaOH/NH4OH) with F/U/M molar ration of 1.38/1/0.074. For H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4 catalysts, MUF resin was prepared by two processes – the first stage pH was set at 1.25 (H3PO4 pH=1.6) and second stage pH was set to 5.0. For NaOH/NH4OH catalyst, the MUF resin was only set at pH=5.0 at initial stage. Four catalysts exhibited different characteristic in MUF resin synthesis and performance of particleboards. Comparing with H2SO4 and H3PO4, HCl yielded the relative lowest formaldehyde emission and best MOR of particleboard; NaOH/NH4OH gave the best IB strength, IB strength after 24 h cold water soak, MOE, and lowest water absorption, thickness swelling of particleboard. In addition, HCl and NaOH/NH4OH catalysts also extended the storage life and got less free formaldehyde of resin. On the basis of FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectra, four catalysts brought different influences on resin chemical structures, H2SO4, HCl, and NaOH/NH4OH improved the property of MUF resin and

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performance of particleboards in varying degrees by yielding properly proportion of methylene, hydroxymethyl, ether, amino and imino groups. H3PO4 evidently increased the degree of polymerization via condensation polymerization to form crosslinked molecular structure with more side-chain branch groupings under low pH conditions, thereby resulted in higher viscosity, higher free formaldehyde of resin and formaldehyde emission, shortest storage life, which made against its application.

types of materials. It was also found that thickness swelling of the samples could be used as an index for SWR reduction of the samples since SWR is related to the internal bond strength properties of such panels. Five-cycle VPSD treatment resulted in 30% reduction of SWR of particleboard samples, which could be comparable to the aging effect of five-year outdoor exposure.

Data from this work can be used to establish some kind of relationship between SWR retention of the samples and the treatment cycles.

POSTER 59 – Liquefaction of Bagasse for Polyol Production

POSTER 61 – Characterization of Bio-Based Nanomaterial Reinforcement of Polymer: Isolating Effects of Adhesion from Dispersion

Xianglin Zhai, Grad. Student, and Todd F. Shupe, Prof., School of Renewable Natural Resources, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA; Chung-Yun Hse, Principal Wood Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA

William T.Y.Tze, Assistant Prof., and Jesse Lund, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

Microwave radiation was used as the sole heating source in order to establish a rapid liquefaction technique converting sugar cane bagasse into polyol production. The liquefaction of bagasse in the presence of organic solvents (i.e., ethylene glycol, ethylene carbonate, glycerin) using phosphoric acid as the acid catalyst was studied. The effects of bagasse / solvent ratio, heating method, liquefaction temperature, heating time, and catalyst content on liquefaction were investigated. The results indicated that the bagasse / solvent ratio was the key factor of liquefaction fraction.

The hydroxyl values of the polyols obtained were in the range from 280 to 400, being suitable for the preparation of rigid polyurethane foam.

The objective of this research was to investigate adhesion effects in compatibilized nanocrystalline cellulose-polystyrene composites without perturbations of the filler dispersion effects. Poly(styreneco-maleic anhydride) was blended at various loading levels to polystyrene. The modified polymer was infused into preformed mats of nanocrystalline cellulose. This approach ensures a uniform distribution of nanocellulose throughout the composite regardless of cellulose / polymer interactions. Changes in the measured mechanical properties of variously compatibilized composites could then be attributed to adhesion effects. The roles of poly(styrene-comaleic anhydride) in promoting nanocellulose / polystyrene adhesion will be discussed.

POSTER 60 – Effect of Moisture Treatments on the Screw Withdrawal Resistance of Roof Sheathings for Photovoltaic Module Shigehiko Suzuki, Prof., and Yoichi Kojima, Assistant Prof., Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka Univ., Shizuoka-shi, Japan; Ichiro Yamasaki, Sr. Researcher, Photovoltaic Power Generation Technology Research Assn., Tokyo, Japan Use of photovoltaic units known as the solar panel is getting more popular in residential buildings as an energy source in Japan. Generally, these panels are fastened by screws on the roof sheathing and durability of the connections plays an important role on their service life. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate influence of aging treatments on screw withdrawal resistance (SWR) of such connections on wood composite substrate panels. Samples from three kinds of woodbased panels, namely plywood, oriented stand board (OSB), and particleboard fastened with stainless-steel screws were used for the experiments based on Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS-A 5908). The specimens were exposed to treatments of hot water, boiling water, and a cycle of vacuum-pressure soak-dry (VPSD) to evaluate their aging characteristics. The results indicated that all three types of treatment processes remarkably deteriorated the samples reducing their SWR values. It appears that particleboard samples were influenced most adversely among the three

POSTER 62 – Using Design for Manufacturability (DFM) for Custom Furniture Engineering Design Henry Quesada, Assistant Prof., and Chao Wang, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA Furniture manufacturers are facing increasing pressure from rapid product updates. They are trying their best to lower cost and increase their pace of new products introduction. As 70% of production cost is determined from design processes, manufacturers are struggling with how to find best design solution to facilitate furniture engineering design. An optimized engineering design methodology will not only eliminate part proliferation, quicker time-to-market, and reduce development cost, but also can ensure optimized manufacturing processes and avoid material wastes and production errors. Our research is focused on using 3D CAD technology to implement Design for Manufacturability guidelines in furniture engineering design. Through former engineering experience, we found that some parts that share similar product architecture attribute most to the design of new parts such as drawers, face panels, and doors in cabinet furniture.

They can be grouped to form standardized drawing models and new part models could be built based on part commonality of

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established standard part models. This notion could be well implemented through SolidWorks 3D design features. In the research, we will establish a 3D common part and feature retrieval pool to facilitate engineering design of new furniture products, and make potential analyses on the savings of development costs and time through case studies. A 3D CAD solution combined with Design for Manufacturability (DFM) guidelines will give furniture manufacturers more strength in the marketplace to help them reduce development cost, shorten time-to-market, and improve product quality.

POSTER 63 – Potential of Rapeseed Flour Remained from the Production of Bio-Diesel as Wood Adhesives In Yang, Sr. Researcher, Gyu-Seong Han, Prof., Jae-Hoon Jeong and Myung-Jin Jun, Undergraduate Research Assistants, Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, Chungbuk National Univ., Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea; Sei Chang Oh, Prof., Dept. of Forest Resources, Daegu Univ., Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, South Korea; In-Gyu Choi, Prof., Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea Rapeseed has extensively been used as a raw material for the production of bio-diesel in Europe Unions. However, high production cost of the bio-diesel is the chief obstacles for the expansion of its uses. Therefore, further research is required to reduce the production cost of bio-diesel manufactured from rapeseed. In our study, the potential of rapeseed flour, which is a residue produced from the manufacture of bio-diesel or edible oil, as wood adhesives was examined as a way of cutting the production cost. Firstly, rapeseed flour was hydrolyzed in water (0%) and sulfuric acid solutions (1% and 3%) at 70ºC for 60 min, and then the hydrolyzates were mixed with phenol-formaldehyde prepolymers (F/P = 1.8, 2.1, and 2.4) to formulate adhesive resins. The adhesive resins were used for the fabrication of plywood panels, and then the adhesive strength and formaldehyde emission of the plywood panels were measured to examine the applicability of the adhesive resins for the production of plywood panels. The shear strengths of all plywood panels fabricated with rapeseed flour-based adhesive resins exceeded 0.6 N/mm2, which is a minimum requirement of KS standard for general plywood. The formaldehyde emission of the plywood panels fabricated with the adhesive resins formulated with 1.8-F/P PF prepolymer was less than 0.5 mg/L, which is E0 level specified in the KS standard. Therefore, it is thought that rapeseed flour can be used as a raw material for environmentally friendly adhesive resins, and consequently the application of the adhesive resins will contribute to the extensive use of bio-diesel from rapeseed.

POSTER 64 – Rapid Detection of Knot Defect in Masson Pine Veneer by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Multivariate Data Analysis

Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of Toronto,Toronto, ON, Canada; L.V. Bin, Prof., Hai-qing Ren, Prof., and Ling Chen, Dr., Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China Knots are the major defects that degrade veneers. Therefore, it’s important to rapidly and accurately detect knot in veneer.

The method for detecting knot in veneer by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis (SIMCA and PLS-DA) and effects of spectra pretreatment and wavelength range on the discriminant accuracy of the model were investigated in this study. The result shows NIR spectroscopy coupling with SIMCA and PLS-DA can rapidly detect the knot in veneer. The discriminant accuracy of discriminant models for raw spectra, first-derivative spectra, and second derivative spectra of samples with or without knot are more than or equal 90%. Both the discriminant accuracy of model based on wavelength ranges of 500-2500 nm and that of 1000-2500 nm are well and higher than that of 500-1000 nm. It indicates that model based on wavelength range of 1000-2500 nm can be used to rapidly detect the knot in veneer.

POSTER 65 – Coextruded PE-Based Wood-Plastic Composites Fei Yao, Post-Doctoral Researcher, and Qinglin Wu, Prof., School of Renewable Natural Resources, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA In this study, coextruded polyethylene / wood-flour composites with neat high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or WPC shell layers were manufactured. The influence of wood loadings and thickness of shell layers on the mechanical and water absorption properties of resultant composites were investigated. Core-shell coextrusion structure can significantly improve flexural and impact strengths of composites, but may reduce the modulus.

The shell layer protected coextruded composites from moisture uptaking and dimensional instability. When shell thickness was fixed, impact strength was sensitive to wood loading in shell layer while flexural modulus was not. More wood loading in shell layer caused worse water resistance, but did not cause obvious dimensional change. When wood loading in shell layer was fixed, the increased shell thickness affected modulus negatively, but increased impact strength significantly. It also helped to reduce water uptaking, but did not improve dimensional stability remarkably. Based on these results, we suggested that high wood loading (say, >25%) in shell layer should be avoided and shell thickness should be kept as thin as possible in order for coextruded recycled PE-based WPC to reach a balanced properties. Modulus improvement should also be paid special attention in future research on this topic.

Zhong Yang, Associate Prof., Research Inst. of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P.R. China and Post-Doctoral Fellow,

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ADVANCES IN WOOD-BASED MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, AND PROCESSES (CONTINUED) TUESDAY, JUNE 22 (8:00-2:30 pm; authors available at posters from 1:30-2:30 pm)

The feasibility study will provide an estimate for the return on investment of developing a wood pellet plant on or near by the Hofmann Forest.

POSTER 3 – Influence of Fiber / Matrix Nano-Interphase on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

POSTER 1 – Nanocellulose / PLA Adhesion: Evaluation using a Micro-Raman Tensile Technique Jin Yao, Grad. Research Assistant, and William T.Y.Tze, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; Melissa Taylor, Grad. Research Assistant, and John Simonsen, Associate Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR

Sandeep Sudhakaran Nair, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN

The objective of this research was to investigate the feasibility of using Raman-tensile tests to evaluate interfacial bonding between polylactic acid (PLA) and cellulose nanofillers. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was modified with oligomeric lactic acid. The modified MFC was loaded into a PLA solution before being cast into a film. The nanocomposite films were subjected to tensile loading during which Raman spectroscopy was conducted under a microscope. The Raman spectrum of MFC was isolated from the spectrum of its composites. The stress-sensitive Raman bands of cellulose were analyzed for wavenumber shift, which is an indication of load transfer from the PLA matrix to MFC. The inferred load transfer will be discussed in the context of adhesion promoted by surface modification.

POSTER 2 – Technical and Economical Feasibility Study of a Wood Pellet Mill Utilizing Mixed Biomass from the Hofmann Forest Javon Marcell Carter, Grad. Student, Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC Currently, fire-suppressed pocosin vegetation blankets significant acres in eastern North Carolina. This vegetation is the result of years of wildfire suppression activity, which has resulted in indiscriminate ecosystem conversion of natural plant communities into fire-suppressed plant associations. This vegetation is also recognized as a significant public safety hazard because of the large build up of wildfire fuels. The conceptual objective of this project is to use wood pellets as an alternative commercial use for pocosin biomass that might offset removal costs during activities designed to reduce wildfire risk. The technical study simulates a harvesting system that uses a FTX 440 Crawler equipped with a collection wagon. Biomass was collected from the Hofmann Forest where whole ingredients were chipped in a chipper and then ground in a hammermill. Pellets with an equilibrium moisture content of 18% were produced using a pellet mill equipped with a 4.4 mm x 35 mm die (11/64 in x 1-3/8 in). The pellets produced are being tested for density, chlorides, ash content, and heat energy content. After concluding that pellets can in actual fact be produced and the obtained results from testing are satisfactory, the feasibility study was conducted.

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The quality of stress transfer across the fiber / matrix interphase plays a major role in the final mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPC). A better knowledge of the interphase properties is essential for evaluating the macroscale properties of composites. Several studies have shown that the interphase widths formed in NFRPCs are very narrow, usually less than 200 nm. Until now, researchers have not been able to measure the exact mechanical properties of interphase in NFRPC, mainly due to the lack of measurement techniques with such nanoscale spatial resolution. The purpose of this project was to characterize the interphase thickness in cellulose fiber reinforced polypropylene composites by measuring for the first time the mechanical properties of the interphase with contact resonance force microscopy (CR-FM).

The influence of different chemical treatments on the interphase properties was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase imaging, nanoindentation, and quantitative mapping of mechanical properties with CR-FM. A gradient in modulus across the interphase region was observed that ranged between the modulus of the fiber and that of the bulk polymer. The use of maleated polypropylene (MAPP) and silane coupling agents was found to have a significant effect on the interphase thickness and modulus distribution. The small tip radius (5 nm to 50 nm) used in CR-FM enables true nanoscale spatial resolution, combined with its ability to provide quantitative modulus images, is used for the first in the interphase study of NFRPCs. This technique made it possible to investigate the mechanical properties of interphases as narrow as 50 nm in NFRPCs. The bulk properties of the composites were also measured and correlated with the properties of the interphase. The results from this research demonstrate a new technique to evaluate the nanoscale mechanical properties within the interphase to help optimize the design of NFRPC products.

POSTER 4 – Manufacturing Technology and Application of Sliced Bamboo Veneer Yanjun Li, Chungui Du, and Zhikun Liu, Profs., Zhejiang Forestry Univ., Linan City, Zhengjiang, P.R. China; Siqun Wang, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN This paper presents a method for manufacturing a bambooveneer-based product similar to the veneer. The process includes sawing bamboo into bamboo sheet material, assembling and

gluing the bamboo sheet material into a wide-width bamboo plate plywood by hot pressing, then making a square-edged bamboo by cold pressing, slicing the bamboo square into bamboo veneers, and finally, bonding the sliced bamboo veneer with a nonwoven fabric (paper) by crosswise jointing the wide-width sliced bamboo veneer product. This product could overcome the shortcomings that bamboo veneers with a common size have had, such as severe brittleness, easily damaged, and narrow width. This practice provides a new way of making a fine and full utilization of bamboo resource; it can be widely used in wood-based panels, furniture, decoration, and so on.

HELPING INDUSTRY MEET 21ST CENTURY CUSTOMER NEEDS POSTER 5 – Is There A Consumer Preference for Select Hardwood Species?

Delton R. Alderman, Research Scientist, and Iris Montague, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Princeton,WV This project study focused on discerning consumer hardwood preferences and how these preferences can be used by hardwood products manufacturers. These preferences provide an opportunity for product distinction, which should enable eastern hardwood manufacturers to differentiate their product. By researching consumers in different locales, we have developed a first snapshot of consumer preferences. Hardwood producers – furniture, cabinet, molding, and millwork, and other value-added manufacturing industries located in the eastern United States -- may find it beneficial to incorporate these findings into their management and marketing strategies. The study included more than 1000 subjects from six cities in the Southern, Northeastern, and Midwestern regions of the United States. We found that consumers preferred the following species (in order): Lyptus®, black cherry, white oak, and European beech. In a similar vein, consumers’ willingness to pay (for an end-table product) resulted in the same species ranking. For nearly all species, the highest rated wood attributes were color and color intensity, and ring density and ring pattern.

POSTER 6 – Thermal Environments Evaluation of a Wooden House using Infra-Red Thermal Image and Temperature Difference Ratio (TDR) Yoon-Seong Chang, Jun-Ho Park, Chang-Deuk Eom, and Se-Jong Kim, Grad. Research Assistants, Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea; Joo-Saeng Park, Research Scientist, and Moon-Jae Park, Dir., Dept. of Forest Resources Utilization, Korea Forest Research Inst., Seoul, South Korea; Jun-Jae Lee and Hwanmyeong Yeo, Profs., Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul South Korea Through the centuries, the economic value of wood and

the practical worth of it are verified in various areas, such as design, structure, and finishing as the processing and managing skill develops. Recently, extended supplies of wooden houses, recognized as eco-friendly living spaces, are expected to contribute in attaining national goals: establishment of a lowcarbon and sustainable society. The design and construction technology of wooden houses, as a part of architecture in Korea, are now growing. Because of this immaturity of technology, there can be some mistakes in designing and constructing wooden houses, which results in cracks. Frequently, these cracks are the main cause of heat loss of a wooden house. As the price of oil goes up high, energy efficiency for heating and cooling also needs to be improved. To make the consumption of this energy more efficient, we need to find easier and faster ways to detect it. In this study, according to ISO 6781, ASTM C1060:90, KS F 2829, using Temperature Difference Ratio (TDR), insulation property of the test house was evaluated. For this study, first, the test house was divided into sections. By using infra-red camera, IR tomographies of indoor and outdoor surface temperatures were taken and those of plane, corner, and joint sections were analyzed. By infra-red thermal image, not only heat loss through corners and windows could be evaluated quantitatively, but also invisible defects could be detected. If new TDR index based on each country’s weathering condition is proposed, it is expected to minimize the energy load by preventing heat loss at a newly built wooden house and to help improve energy efficiency in renovating old wooden houses.

POSTER 7 – Assessing the Impacts of Mechanized Harvesting on Sawlog and Small-Diameter Utilization in Wisconsin Scott A. Bowe, Associate Prof. and Wood Products Specialist, Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI; Matthew S. Bumgardner, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH; Janice K. Wiedenbeck, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Princeton,WV The forests of central and northern Wisconsin are a mix of northern hardwood and softwood species, as well as sawlogsized and pulpwood-sized material. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the majority of harvested wood volume in the central and northern portions of the state involve mechanical operations as opposed to chainsaw operations, even for higher grade and larger diameter sawlog material. This is in contrast to the primarily chainsaw-based operations in the hardwood sawtimber regions of southwestern Wisconsin. Mechanized practices can benefit utilization in terms of processing to a smaller top diameter, and can increase the speed and efficiency by which smaller-diameter timber is harvested. However, such practices could have negative impacts on sawlog utilization in terms of log splitting and leaving usable wood on the stump, with subsequent loss of value to landowners and loggers. Specific study results

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are forthcoming.

study has suggested some policies that need to be developed by the government. In addition, strategies for creating awareness about bamboo and triggering desire in companies to use the material are proposed. The study’s proposed change management framework also includes strategies for creating the requisite knowledge for bamboo utilization. The strategies necessary for enhancing the ability of firms to adopt bamboo and sustain the process are also presented in the framework.

POSTER 8 – Understanding and Overcoming the Barriers to Continuous Process Improvement Adoption among Hardwood Sawmills in Wisconsin Steven S. Hubbard, Grad. Research Assistant, and Scott A. Bowe, Associate Prof. and Wood Products Specialist, Dept. of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI Global market competition, a troubled domestic economy, and a downturn in the U.S. housing market have created unprecedented challenges for the U.S. forest products industry in recent years.

These factors are contributing to increased sawmill closures; negative repercussions including lost jobs associated with these closures have impacted many communities. Continuous process improvement (CPI) methodologies have been developed for manufacturing and service organizations. While these strategies have been successful in other industry segments, they are not widespread in the U.S. Forest products industry. This study identified prominent barriers to implementing these tools for hardwood sawmills in Wisconsin. During the summer of 2009, an on-site survey was administered to mid- to large-size sawmills in Wisconsin. An adjusted response rate of 73% was obtained.

Results of the survey indicate sawmills were unfamiliar with CPI tools and their use. Further, business structures at these mills may not support the organizational wide participation needed to be optimal. Coupling an understanding of these barriers with theory developed by Roger’s and Lewin, a new model is proposed that can assist extension and other informants to introduce the components needed for successful CPI efforts in these mills.

POSTER 9 – A Study of Innovation and Change Management in Ghana’s Forest Products Industry A.L. (Tom) Hammett, Prof., and Richard Bonsi, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA

POSTER 10 – Making Forest Products Curriculums More Sustainable: Putting the “Green” into our Courses A.L. (Tom) Hammett, Prof., and Dan Hindman, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA Our graduates are increasingly finding jobs in the “green” sector – whether it be with for-profit or not-for-profit organizations.

At Virginia Tech we have begun the process of adding courses that focus on sustainability to help equip our students for this quickly changing landscape. We focus on our experience to build and introduce two courses -- “Sustainable Green Enterprises” and “Green Building Systems” -- and the incorporation of forest products related issues in a recently introduced study abroad course, “Sustaining Human Societies and the Natural Environment.” We have found that these courses have appeal to students across the campus from a broad selection of majors outside the natural resources field. Perhaps these new courses will help us raise awareness about the “green” qualities of wood and other forest products? All three courses are integral parts of a new college major: Sustainability and the Environment. We will draw on student experiences during this process, and summarize the initial reaction from our clients – those who fund our work, hire our graduates, and collaborate on research and outreach activities.

POSTER 11 – Formaldehyde Testing Capabilities for the 21st Century David M. Harmon, North American Technical Mgr., Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc., Springfield, OR

Implementing change in any business organization is onerous.

Nevertheless, the need for change and innovation in businesses cannot be overemphasized in today’s changing world. Several dynamics and market forces have triggered changes in various processes in the forest products industry. This justifies our study, which determined the feasibility of introducing bamboo as a raw material to supplement the dwindling stock of traditional timber species for Ghana’s forest products industry. The managing directors of the industry and the heads of relevant institutions were canvassed to determine the barriers to the adoption of bamboo and to develop the management strategies that are necessary to implement the change from wood to bamboo utilization. The study revealed that, in the current situation, most forest products companies in Ghana are interested in using bamboo as a raw material, but are constrained by existing barriers. To successfully introduce bamboo in the industry, the

The objective of this paper is to improve the accuracy and credibility of formaldehyde emissions measurements at very low concentrations. Topics include: 1) CARB regulations force emissions to much lower levels, and also create stringent validity requirements on data; 2) labs just meeting the minimal requirements of ASTM E1333 or ASTM D6007 were not adequate. Discuss versus CARB requirements; and 3) changes made to achieve accuracy and credibility improvements.

Disclose new baseline performance. Conclusions: 1) credibility demonstration through ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation. Independent Laboratory; 2) accuracy verified through interlaboratory comparisons, including CARB global interlab proficiency exercise.

POSTER 12 – Insulation Properties of Green Timber Wall Panels

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POSTER 14 – Social Perceptions of the Bio-Energy Industry in the Southeastern U.S.

Sang Sik Jang, Prof., and Yuni Kim, Grad. Student, Dept. of Forest Products, Chungnam National Univ., Daejeon, South Korea; Soon Kwan Kwon, Pres., Daelim E&C Co. Ltd. Recently, properties related to green have been emphasized in every field of our lives, especially in construction. Even though timber buildings have originally green properties, we need to give more green properties to timber buildings. In Korea, the government announced two million units of green home construction by the year 2018. To fulfill the requirements as a green home, roof, floor, and wall structures in timber buildings shall be improved in terms of insulation properties. In this research, green timber wall panels were developed that use thick lumber wall panels instead of wood-based sheathing material.

In green timber wall panels, three layers of insulation can be combined depending on the desired insulation levels. For low level insulation, only middle insulation layer can be applied. For higher insulation level, middle insulation layer can be combined with inner or outer insulation layer. To achieve the highest insulation level, all three layers of insulation can be applied. In this research, the effects of various combinations of insulation layers were measured and compared with the insulation properties of conventional light-frame timber wall panels. Wall specimens were manufactured as the size of 900 mm x 900 mm and installed between two chambers in which temperature was maintained as minus 20º (outside environment of winter) in one chamber while 25º temperature and 90% relative humidity (inside environment of residential buildings) were maintained in the other chamber. For various wall structures, temperatures and relative humidities inside of wall panels were measured together with temperatures of both surfaces of the specimens.

In addition to the temperature and moisture changes, electricity consumptions were also measured and compared to each other to check the efficiency of insulation for each wall structure.

POSTER 13 – Evaluation Results of a New Interior-Grade Wood Composite Binder Resin Having Low Formaldehyde Emission Moon G. Kim, Prof., Sang Y. Lee, Research Associate, and Badamkhand Sukbaatar, Grad. Student, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS; Hui Wan, Research Scientist, FPInnovations, Québec City, QC, Canada A new interior-grade wood composite binder resin system has been developed and the performance was evaluated by manufacturing laboratory particleboard and testing the boards for physical properties and formaldehyde emission values.

The test results showed that the new resin system has a high flexibility in adhesive applications and significantly reduces the formaldehyde emission potential of various interior-grade wood composite panels. Detailed particleboard strength / water soak test data and perforator formaldehyde content values are presented.

Steven Tyler Pires, Grad. Research Assistant, and Sudipta Dasmohapatra, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC Rising interest in producing renewable energy, coupled with strong concerns of reducing U.S. foreign oil dependency have sparked major investments in the biofuel industry. Biofuel production has the ability to be both ecologically sustainable and economically attractive. For this reason, plans for expanding this industry in the Southeastern United States are steadily increasing. An abundance of research about biofuel production focuses on the technical components, and while these areas of research are critical to its success, public acceptance of biofuels that will ultimately affect the implementation and use has had little consideration. The purpose of this study is to assess the perceptions of various stakeholder groups (general consumers, government, non-profit organizations, non-governmental organizations, regulatory agencies, academia, forest landowners, and industry professionals) concerning bio-energy industry, specifically focusing on biofuels for transportation within the Southeastern United States. Data will be collected from the stakeholder group using an electronic survey in the spring of 2010. Results will be utilized to create targeted educational tools and content geared toward the general public. The data obtained from this study will also be used to guide industry professionals and policymakers in making informed decisions about expanding the use and production of biofuels.

POSTER 15 – A Real-Time, Web-Based Optimal Biomass Site Assessment Tool: BioSAT Timothy M.Young, Associate Prof., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN; James H. Perdue, Biomass & Bioenergy Liaison, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Knoxville,TN; Andy Hartsell, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory & Analysis, Knoxville,TN; Donald G. Hodges, Prof. and Dir., Dept. of Forestry,Wildlife & Fisheries, and Timothy G. Rials, Prof. and Dir. of R&D, Office of Bioenergy Programs, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,TN In 2007, the U.S. Forest Service and Southeastern Sun Grant Center formed a partnership to provide research, policy, and business practitioners with innovative, biomass to energy, research that accommodates regional l differences in available biomass supplies, infrastructure capacities, and environmental benefits for the South and beyond. BioSAT grew from the idea that stability of biomass markets hinge on improved methods to display the risk and cost of supply and logistics from farm / forest gate to collection facility. We provide the user the unique opportunity to interact with the BioSAT dashboard to obtain business analysis of the biomass market. The BioSAT (Biomass Site Assessment Tools) helps rapidly screen and optimally site

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biomass collection or processing centers by zip code for the 33 Eastern United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin). Phase 1 of BioSAT estimates the total cost, average total costs, and marginal costs ($/dry ton) of biomass at the mill gate. The cost of the resource, harvesting cost, and transportation cost are included in the estimate. Phase 1 will contain information regarding softwood and hardwood woody biomass, which includes clean and unclean mill residues, logging residues, plantation thinning, urban waste, other removals, and total dry biomass. Pulpwood and sawtimber growth, removals, mortality, and total inventory are taken into account.

POSTER 16 – Potential of Bamboo as Bio-Based Constructional Products Y.C.Tripathi, Scientist-E and Head, Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo & Rattan, Aizawl, Mizoram, India The uprising of bamboo products as wood substitutes is an area of great strategic importance having great market potential.

Its wide distribution and availability, rapid growth rate, superior technological properties, and easy handling make bamboo an ideal material for countless uses. Its industrial potential in the manufacture of a number of constructional products like laminated boards, bamboo fiber-cement board, flooring, wood substitute, etc. provides enough opportunity for employment and income generation and at the same time ensures efficient and sustained utilization of available resources. Bamboo panels have proved their merit as ideal replacement for wood in several applications. The products that can be made from laminated bamboo strips include: flooring boards, wallboards, dowels, and moldings. These products have the advantage that they are harder wearing than many hardwoods, softwood, and particleboard alternatives in the market. Of these products, flooring boards are becoming very popular worldwide and growing markets have already been established in Japan, Europe, and North America. In China alone, there are more than 100 manufacturers of bamboo flooring boards, with a total output of approximately 10 million square meters. Bamboo flooring provides a unique and sensible solution for interiors – from homes to offices and even basketball courts. Besides the pleasing luster and trademark grain of the bamboo culm, bamboo flooring is resistant to moisture, pressure, and damage. It is also flexible, acts as sound insulation, lasts longer than wood, and is less expensive. The paper discusses the issue related to innovative technical inputs, marketing finesse, and renewed commitment through which bamboo could take on its role as material of the future.

Manufacturers’ Suppliers Leslie Scarlett Sanchez, Grad. Research Assistant, and Henry J. Quesada, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA The growth of international trade of the last decades created the need to improve not only transportation, infrastructure, and technology, but also the elements used during the transportation process such as handling, loading, unloading, warehousing. One of these elements is the pallet. Pallets play an important role in the transportation of goods. They are not only used in warehouses and commercial centers, but also in all those activities that require an efficient way of transportation. Pallets allow reducing time and costs by facilitating handling and transportation of raw and in-process materials, or finished products from the supplier to the manufacturer, from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, and then to the retailer. In the United States, 1.9 billion pallets are used each year. Although pallets are manufactured with a variety of materials, wood is by far the most common. Solid wood pallets represent 90% to 95% of the pallet market. Since the use of wood pallets is expected to grow, the sourcing of materials for pallet manufacturing requires attention. It is believed that pallet producers will face increasing challenges from growing competition for wood fiber, particularly from wood-based composites, paper and paperboard, and biomass for energy.

Imports of pallets and pallet materials can represent an important sourcing solution in the near future. According to the Census Bureau, pallets and container imports have grown from 400 million dollars to over 550, from years 2000 to 2007. This research project aims at understanding the importance of wood pallet imports in the U.S. market, present and future, and learning the factors that mostly affect purchasing decisions of pallet importers from a supply chain management perspective. The outcomes from this study will benefit the wood pallet industry and its suppliers by identifying the attributes that are most important for customers, and the potential growth of U.S. markets for pallet exporters in other countries.

POSTER 18 – It’s Not Easy Being Green – Consumer Perceptions of Treated Wood as a Sustainable Material Nathan E. Irby, Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC; Kevin W. Ragon, PostDoctoral Research Scientist, School of Renewable Natural Resources, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA;T. Eric McConnell, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS How does treated wood constitute as a sustainable material?

Understanding the “how” just may be the answer that removes the variability in the terminology of “green” that has created confusion in the public’s perception of treated wood products.

Wood products are created by environmental stewards (such as: foresters and wood scientists) and engineers that are caretakers

POSTER 17 – Identifying Success Factors for U.S. Wood Pallet

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of natural resources. Studies have shown that treated wood structures not only provide economic, environmental, and social benefits to humans, but they also provide increased diversity in habitats. Wood durability ensures that less wood will be taken from the forest, it supplies power, recreation, structurally secure homes, habitat to estuaries, and access to our forests for youth and the handicap. A survey is being compiled to assess consumers and non-consumers perception of treated wood, it will aid in creating information to help educate the general public of the volume of wood inventories, the environmentally responsible industrial practices of wood products, proactive approaches to creating new safe products, and recycling steps taken by the industry. We believe the treated wood industry will add social as well as environmental and economic value to their products by promoting their use of wood as a sustainable material. Wood is renewable and wood treatments increase the life span of wood products by reducing the need for more wood from the forest; responsibly reducing use is the first step of Reducing, Recycling, Reusing, and Renewing.

FURTHERING THE UNDERSTANDING OF WOOD PROPERTIES POSTER 19 – Hardwood: Its Swelling and Shrinkage during Drying Process Agron Bajraktari, Prof. and Dean, Bujar Pira and Ibrahim Cunaku, Assistant Profs., and Muhamet Ymeri and Sejdi Hoxha, Assistants, Dept. of Wood Technology, Faculty of Technical Applied Sciences, Univ. of Prishtina, Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo The aim of the study was to analyze and investigate the shrinkage and swelling of the most popular (or rather main species) hardwood in Kosovo, beech, and oak. There have been a lot of studies about wood swelling, however, only a few studies have been carried out regarding the longitudinal swelling of wood. Thus, alongside the swelling about other axes, the longitudinal swelling was analyzed. In order to analyze the moisture content, element ratio, as well as the specific gravity of the wood, both longitudinal and tangential swelling of nine diffuse porous woods were investigated. The moisture content with nonlinear relation was correlated with the longitudinal and tangential. Woods expanded with the increase of moisture contents, especially in those cases where there was high moisture content under fiber saturation point. Beech and oak woods in desorption process did swell to a degree, while they shrunk in adsorption process. While tangential swelling was linked to the specific gravity of the wood (the element ratio of ray and parenchyma cell), longitudinal swelling, on the other hand, was linked to many factors. These factors mostly should affect the longitudinal swelling; however, these factors are not examined in this study. Based on the findings, tangential swelling was considered to be effected mainly by specific gravity while the longitudinal swelling was affected indirectly by the tangential

swelling.

POSTER 20 – Changes on the Surface Color in Wood during Drying Process Agron Bajraktari, Prof. and Dean, Dept. of Wood Technology, Faculty of Technical Applied Sciences, Univ. of Prishtina, Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo; Süleyman Korkut, Prof., Faculty of Forestry, Düzce Univ., Düzce,Turkey; Bujar Pira, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood Technology, Faculty of Technical Applied Sciences, Univ. of Prishtina, Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo; Oner Unsal, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products Engineering, Istanbul Univ., Istanbul,Turkey; Bashkim Thaqi, Assistant, Dept. of Wood Technology, Faculty of Technical Applied Sciences, Univ. of Prishtina, Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo The aim of this study was to analyze the formation of kiln brown stain in wood during its drying process, respectively, to identify the useful techniques to study its formation in order to measure the change in color of the wood surface (in a single board wood sample) during drying process. The samples of wood were taken from the beech-woods of Kosovo and were sampled carefully, in their green state, by way of removing any damaged surface.

During the drying process, the surface intact tracheids make the evaporative front to remain at the surface. Thus, the appearance of color arises immediately at the surface. Following that, the color can be assessed with the help of a spectrophotometer throughout the drying process, with no need to further modify (slice) the sample. In order to measure the shift in wood color from green to EMC (equilibrium moisture content) with regards to the drying schedule used, additional tests were done. During each stage of the drying process, the samples were held at the EMC in order to establish how the color changed below fiber saturation point and the findings of this study showed that the wood color continued to change further. The change in color showed a rise in the complexity of the varieties of colors. In order to quantify the scale of color expansion at different temperatures, with the help of the developed techniques, additional tests (experiments) were carried out. The color development and a correlation between temperatures over the range 50°C to 80°C (increasing significantly above 65°C) were presented in the results of the study.

POSTER 21 – In-Tree Longitudinal and Radial Variation of Bending and Compression Strength in the Wood of Pinus uncinata Mill. ex Mirb.

Paloma de Palacios, Lecturer, Luis G. Esteban, Sr. Lecturer, Francisco García Fernández, Lecturer, and Antonio Guindeo, Prof., Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes – Cátedra de Tecnología de la Madera, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Marta González, Engineer, Asociación de Investigación Técnica de las Industrias de la Madera y el Corcho (AITM), Madrid, Spain; Ruth Moreno, Student, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes – Cátedra de Tecnología de la Madera, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Mountain pine (Pinus uncinata Mill. ex Mirb.) in Spain is a relict conifer restricted to a limited area in the Spanish Pyrenees and the Iberian Mountain System. For the first time, a study has been made of its physico-mechanical characteristics using a representative sample of the species. This study analyzes static bending strength and axial compressive strength, and assesses variation in behavior in the longitudinal and radial directions of the tree using defect-free test pieces of small dimensions in accordance with Spanish standards. The wood analyzed was taken from mature trees located in the Spanish region of provenance nº 1 (Central Pyrenees). In the radial direction, both properties increase the further the test pieces are from the pith, following an inverted parabola, and decrease in the proximity of the bark, although compressive strength starts to increase slightly. In the longitudinal direction, bending strength decreases with tree height following a parabola, which indicates recovery in the highest part of the tree analyzed, whereas compressive strength increases from the base and reaches a maximum in the central part of the tree, after which it decreases.

POSTER 22 – A Comparative Study of Static and Dynamic Testing on Residential Wood Roof Sheathing Panels Craig Dixon, Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil & Coastal Engineering, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL Wood sheathing attached to wood trusses or rafters is the predominant structural system used in residential roof construction throughout the United States. The premature failure of nailed connections in these systems has been welldocumented after hurricanes for many decades. The resulting structural failures and water damage to these homes contributes largely to enormous annual economic losses from hurricanes.

The systemic failures may be due to underestimations of dynamic wind forces or overly conservative design approaches based on ultimate capacity determined by testing. As no test standard for the performance of the sheathing-to-truss connection currently exists, this experimental research evaluates the wind resistance of 4 ft by 8 ft OSB sheathing fastened to 2 in. by 4 in. wood framing members. Static uplift pressure testing is the accepted method for evaluating wind resistance of building envelope components, but it is believed that it does not account for the dynamic effects of wind turbulence experienced in hurricanes. The purpose is to compare the mean failure pressures of statically tested panels (modified ASTM E330, Method B) to panels subjected to a wind tunnel derived pressure trace. Thirty laboratory-fabricated specimens and 16 specimens harvested from two existing homes were tested using a 4 ft by 8 ft pressure chamber. Results show lower failure pressures for dynamically tested panels, though the difference was not statistically significant. A preliminary rainflow analysis and model for dynamic impact shows an inverse correlation between trace dynamism and failure pressure. Further investigation into this dynamic interaction is underway.

POSTER 23 – Characterization of Pyrolytic Bio-Oil from Selected Tropical Sawmill Wood Residues Joseph Adeola Fuwape, Prof., Dept. of Forestry & Wood Technology, Federal Univ. of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Sawmill wood residues of Ceiba pentandra, Terminalia superba, and Triplochiton sclerexylon were converted to bio-oil in a fixedbed reactor at different pyrolysis conditions to determine the effect of temperature on product yield, bio-oil composition, and combustion properties. The pyrolysis conversion temperatures were 300ºC, 400ºC, and 500ºC, respectively. Bio-oils were characterized by GC-MS, FTIR, and H-NMR spectroscopy.

The combustion characteristics of the pyrolytic oil viz: viscosity, flash point, pour point, and heating value were determined and compared with the properties of some other plant oils and conventional fuel sources. The highest oil yield was obtained at 400ºC. The highest and lowest viscosity values for the pyrolytic bio-oil are 387.77±155.16 and 174.77±12.85, respectively. The flash point of the pyrolytic bio-oil ranged from 185.33±3.47 to 236.78±3.70. Triplochiton sclerexylon and Ceiba pentandra has the highest and lowest value, respectively. The pyrolytic oil pour point values were between the range of 3.50±0.33 and 3.83±0.33.

Ceiba pentandra had the lowest pour point value. The heating values of the pyrolytic oil ranged between 32310.38±319.01 and 32972.45±133.80. The pyrolytic oil from the sawmill wood residues have high heating values and good combustion characteristics appropriate for production of liquid fuel, while results of chromatographic and spectroscopic tests indicated that the bio-oils are suitable for production of chemical feedstock for industrial application.

POSTER 24 – Effect of Seasonal Temperature Changes on Acoustic Evaluation of Trees and Logs Shan Gao, Ph.D. Candidate, College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China, and Visiting Student, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI As acoustic wave technology becomes more and more widely used in forest industry for quality control and material evaluation purposes, environmental factors begin playing an important role in field operations. One of the key questions in field application is how seasonal temperature changes affect acoustic properties of trees and logs and what impact does it have on interpretation of acoustic measures. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of operating temperature (T0) on acoustic wave velocity (AWV) of standing trees and logs and build theoretical models for adjusting AWV for temperature differences as acoustic testing is performed in different climate and different seasons.

Field acoustic measurements have been conducted on trees and freshly cut logs at a 45-year-old red pine plantation stand in Arena, Wisconsin. AWV of trees and logs and ambient temperature were monitored over a period of 7 months (data will be continuously collected through next 5 months). Our preliminary

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results show that AWVs of trees and logs are significantly affected by ambient temperature when wood is in frozen state.

As ambient temperature decreased, AWV of trees and logs increased approximately 55 and 160 m/s per °C, respectively.

As to logs, a much steeper change occurred in the AWV-T0 relationship near freezing point. We discuss factors that cause this behavior in frozen trees and logs and propose a theoretical model for describing the AWV-T0 relationship as a function of moisture content (MC) and modulus of elasticity (MOE).

POSTER 25 – Modeling the Effect of Altered Chemical Composition on Hygroelastic Properties in Transgenic Aspen Wood Laszlo Horvath, Ph.D. Student, and Ilona Peszlen and Perry Peralta, Associate Profs., Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC; Bohumil Kasal, Prof., Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Penn State, University Park, PA The mechanical properties of transgenic aspen wood with modified lignin content and structure in saturated condition were found to be about 60% lower than those of the wild type. This reduction cannot be explained by the differences in morphological and physical properties of the wood and the cell wall (Horvath 2009). Therefore, a three-dimensional micromechanical model using finite element method was developed to explore the influence of chemical content and composition on the hygroelastic properties of genetically engineered aspen wood. In the model, cylindrical hardwood fibers containing three cell wall layers (S1, S2, S3) and connected with an isotropic compound middle lamella were considered.

The elastic properties of each cell wall layer were calculated using the Halpin-Tsai equations (Halpin and Kardos 1976) while incorporating moisture-related changes such as swelling and softening. Three scenarios were tested: 1) the lignin content and the elastic properties of the hemicellulose are reduced; 2) the elastic properties of the compound middle lamella are reduced to allow more flexibility to the layers; and 3) the connection at the interface of the microfibril assembly and the matrix is altered by a series of boundary conditions. The model reveals that the chemical composition has significant effect on the hygroelastic properties of the transgenic aspen with modified lignin content and structure.

POSTER 26 – Relationship between Incipient White-Rot Decay, Weight Loss, Compression Strength, and Chemical Composition of Transgenic Aspen Zhouyang Xiang, Research Assistant, and Ilona Peszlen and Perry Peralta, Associate Profs., Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC The objective of this study is to evaluate the compression strength, weight loss, and chemical composition of transgenic aspen (Populus tremuloides) degraded by a white-rot fungus,

Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. One wild-type aspen and two types of genetically modified young aspen (decreased lignin content and increased syringly / guaiacyl ratio) were used for the study.

Each type of aspen was divided into four groups: a control group, a sterilized group, and two groups colonized with the fungus.

One of the two colonized groups was exposed to the fungus for two weeks, while the other was exposed to the fungus for four weeks. Weight loss and compression strength was measured for all four groups. Then, using wet chemistry methods, lignin and cellulose contents were determined. A high-performance liquid chromatography technique was used to measure wood hemicelluloses. Chemical component changes were analyzed.

The results of the study will be discussed in this presentation.

POSTER 27 – Moisture Sorption Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Wood and Wood-Based Composites Rebecca E. Ibach, Research Chemist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; B. Kristoffer Segerholm, Researcher, KTH Royal Inst. of Technology and SP Technical Research Inst. of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden; Samuel V. Glass, Research Physical Scientist, Christopher G. Hunt, Research Chemist, Michael J. Lambrecht, Engineering Aid, Mandla A.Tshabalala, Research Chemist, Alex C.Wiedenhoeft, Botanist, Daniel J.Yelle, Ph.D. Candidate and Physical Science Technician, and Samuel L. Zelinka, Materials Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Wood and wood-based composites are generally used in applications where moisture is present. Changes in moisture content (MC) affect the properties, performance, and durability of these materials. It is therefore of utmost importance to understand the kinetics of water vapor sorption and diffusion as well as equilibrium MC. The USDA Forest Products Laboratory recently acquired a gravimetric moisture sorption instrument that measures vapor sorption kinetics and isotherms very precisely. The instrument has a microbalance with a resolution of 0.1 µg and can accommodate specimens ranging from a few milligrams to a few grams. Relative humidity is controlled by mixing dry and saturated air streams, which provides stable conditions over long times and allows for rapid step changes.

Additionally, organic vapors can be used in place of water vapor. Temperature is precisely controlled and can be varied over a broad range. This poster will highlight some current and proposed research activities using this instrument: 1) investigation of moisture sorption kinetics and isotherms for solid wood and isolated cell wall constituents over a range of temperature and relative humidity levels; 2) moisture diffusion into wood plastic composites (WPCs) with UV-aged, decayed, and reference surfaces; 3) sorption kinetics of volatile organics in chemically modified wood to provide information about the chemical compatibility between the wood material and the products applied on them; 4) determination of the effect

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Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Lee Mangum and Leslie Parker, Grad. Research Assistants, and Tor P. Schultz and Susan V. Diehl, Profs., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

of nanocomposite and nanostructured wood coatings on water vapor permeability.

POSTER 28 – Appearance of the Biseriate and Multiseriate Ray in Chestnut Woods

POSTER 29 – Annual Ring Formation of Commercial Wood Species Grown in Chuncheon, South Korea

The process of wood decay is an intricate series of biochemical and chemical reactions that are greatly influenced by the hundreds of fungal species found on environmental samples of wood. There are a wide assortment of molecular techniques that are used to identify wood decay organisms and their specific activities.

In this study, three molecular procedures were used to decay wood and determine the number of varying species present in individual samples. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) is a physical separation technique that is used to rapidly determine the number of species in a mixed culture. For this study, DGGE was performed as a preliminary assay to detect the species count within each sample. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) utilizes fluorescent tags (primers) to identify multiple species in a given sample. T-RFLP was also performed to determine the species count in a given sample.

Cloning is a procedure that inserts DNA fragment mixtures into a vector then promotes growth of exact replicates to determine the number and identity of species in a sample. In this study, DNA fragment mixtures were cloned into an Escherichia coli vector to determine the number of multiple species. Further analysis by this method determined the identity of species for the environmental samples by DNA sequencing. The goal of this study was to compare these varying techniques and determine which method is more efficient for evaluating the range of species contained in individual environmental samples.

Sung-Min Kwon, Researcher, and Nam-Hun Kim, Prof., Dept. of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National Univ., Chuncheon, South Korea

POSTER 31 – Characterization of Biodeterioration Genes and Proteins Expressed during Decay of Different Wood Types in Forest Soil

The characteristics of the growth ring formation are influenced by climate and environmental conditions. Tree growth is originated from cambial zone, and the period of cambium division greatly varies with species and growth conditions. In this study, the activities of cambial zone, the formation of earlywood and latewood, and the formation of pit, resin canal, and tylosis in an annual ring were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy to find out the growth characteristics of two softwoods (Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida) and two hardwoods (Castanea crenata and Populus tomentiglandulosa) grown in Chuncheon, Korea. From the experimental results, it could be concluded that the annual ring forming process was significantly different among the sample trees even though the trees were grown under the same conditions.

Young-Min Kang, Grad. Research Assistant, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS

Jae-Hyuk Jang, Grad. Student, Dept. of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National Univ., Chuncheon, South Korea; SeonHwa Lee, Assistant Researcher, Korea Forest Research Inst., Seoul, South Korea; Sung-Min Kwon and Gu-Joong Kwon, Researchers, and Nam-Hun Kim, Prof., Dept. of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National Univ., Chuncheon, South Korea Chestnut (Castanea crenata S. et Z.) is an important source for fruit trees in Korea. Nowadays, old-aged chestnut wood over 30 years old is increasing, and we need some valuable information on the woods for the effective utilization. Up to now, many papers reported that chestnut has uniseriate ray or rare biseriate ray. In this study, we focused on the occurrence of biseriate and multiseriate ray in the seven chestnut cultivars (Tanzawa, Ibuki, Arima, Gingyose, Tsukuba, Riheiguri, and Mansung) grown in Korea. The frequency of uniseriate ray was high in pith side, while that of biseriate and multiseriate rays was high in bark side.

Also, ray height of pith side was higher than that of bark side.

The occurrence of biseriate and multiseriate rays per 2 mm in bark side was higher than that of pith side. Especially, Tanzawa, Ibuki, Mansung, and Tsukuba showed significantly high frequency of biseriate and multiseriate rays in bark side, whereas Ginyose, Arima, and Riheiguri showed low frequency in both sides.

POSTER 30 – Determining Basidiomycete Species Richness on Different Preservative-Treated Wood in Contact with Soil Katie Jenkins, Grad. Student, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS and Research Microbiologist, USDA Forest

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The most damaging wood-decay microorganisms are white- and brown-rot fungi because they produce enzymes that attack the structural components of wood. The objective of this study was to determine decay genes and proteins produced during biodeterioration of three different wood types. Untreated pine, western red cedar, and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) treated pine stakes were tested for decay in a soil bed decay test for 18 months. Wood stakes were sampled bimonthly for dynamic MOE, visual decay rating, basidiomycetes screening, gene expression of decay enzymes, and protein profiling. After 6 months, the MOE loss of untreated pine (25-45%) was significantly higher than that of cedar (6-18%) and ACQ-treated pine (7-19%), but no significant difference between cedar and ACQ-treated pine was observed. Visual decay rating data paralleled MOE loss at each sampling time. Phlebia radiata (Pr) was identified on all samples at four months. Pr-lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase

were expressed approximately equally on pine and ACQtreated pine at most sampling times. However, the expression of Pr-laccase was higher on ACQ-treated pine at most sampling times than untreated pine. No Pr-decay genes were expressed on cedar at any sampling time. Proteins were first detected on pine and ACQ-treated pine at six months and continued to increase through 18 months, however, proteins on the cedar were detected at 14 months through 18 months. Proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and the NCBI database.

Results show that the naturally durable properties of cedar reduce both the wood decay community and its activities in comparison to untreated pine and ACQ-treated pine.

POSTER 32 – Environmental Concentrations of Chromium, Copper, and Arsenic near a Wetland Boardwalk Stan Lebow, Research Wood Scientist, and Daniel Foster, Chemist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Environmental accumulation of preservative adjacent to a chromated-copper-arsenate- (CCA-C) treated wetland boardwalk was evaluated. Soil and sediment samples were collected before construction and 0.5, 2, 5.5, 11, 24, 60, and 131 months (11 years) after construction and analyzed for total chromium, copper, and arsenic concentrations. Environmental concentrations varied with time, proximity to the treated wood, and between riparian and aquatic locations. Concentrations of leached components in the soil developed slowly, were greatest at the 60-month sampling, and declined at the 131-month inspection. Soil samples with elevated levels of copper and chromium were confined to directly under the drip line of the boardwalk, and arsenic appeared to be limited to within 0.3 m (1 ft) of the structure. Concentrations of leached components in the sediments increased more quickly than those in the soil and tended to reach maximum or near maximum levels within the first year. However, concentrations of arsenic and copper in sediments directly under the walkway reached maximum levels after 60 months, before declining at the 131-month sampling.

POSTER 33 – Mapping the Wood Characteristics of Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra) Scott T. Miller, M.Sc. Student and Research Assistant, Faculty of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ.,Thunder Bay, ON, Canada The Northern Boral Forests present unique challenges to the forest industry. Remote and isolated communities have little infrastructure and knowledge is limited to the characteristics of forest types rather than individual tree species. Research is needed on how to identify the wood properties of North Western Ontario (NOW) tree species. Developing the needed knowledge base is one of the goals of Lakehead University Wood Science & Testing Facility’s (LUWSTF) Research Program (Leitch, M. 2008). In particular, the mapping of NWO’s tree

species for wood characteristics is one of the current studies in progress. This report outlines the progress made, by LUWSTF, in mapping the mechanical properties of Black Ash found in the Barril Watershed northwest of Thunder Bay, Ontario. The study briefly outlines the limited literature available on Black Ash and the species’ physical properties. The study mapped the changes in mechanical properties of two mature Black Ash trees, focusing on their potential for use in value-added wood products. The study shows that Black Ash possesses the raw resource attributes that can be potentially used for a variety of value-added wood products. For example, the wood of this species seems to be suitable for bio-fuels, flooring, and furniture.

Since this study is based on a limited sample size, it is difficult to make any definitive conclusions. However, the results show that this Boreal tree species warrants more intensive study.

POSTER 34 – Wood Density Modeling in Black and White Spruce Wei Xiang, Ph.D. Candidate, and Mathew Leitch, Associate Prof., Faculty of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ., Thunder Bay, ON, Canada As a component of the whole NSERC ForValueNet network, a wood density model for variation of internal wood density characteristics is being developed. This model will also be utilized in the sawmilling products recovery model, the valueadded wood products recovery model, and will be linked to the process-based growth model. The variation of average wood density will be studied and measured within Black Spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) V.) stems from the pith to the bark and along the stem height using x-ray densitometry. This variation will be modeled using nonlinear functions. It is assumed that wood density of individual growth rings can be predicted using cambial age, radial width, and stand density. However, high variability exists not only within a tree (intra-tree), but also among trees (inter-tree) because wood density is unsteady and tanglesome based on genotype, site conditions, and forest management.

Consequently, a preliminary model for the variability of wood density and densitometry data will be presented from one site (North Ontario) in order to better understand the intra-tree variation. Then the preliminary model will be calibrated and validated by using datasets (multiple sites across Canada) using sites of various stand indices and the final model will be reparameterized.

POSTER 35 – Tracking Fungal Competition during the Initial Decomposition of Wood Zewei Song, Ph.D. Student, Jonathan S. Schilling, Assistant Prof., Shona Duncan, Post-Doctoral Associate, Mike Sadowsky, Prof., and Andrew Vail, M.Sc. Student, Dept. of Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

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Fungi are the major decomposers of wood in natural and manmade systems. In most cases, fungi have to coexist with other species, but remarkably little is known about the behavior of single fungi in complex communities and the influence of fungal competition to decomposition. In our research, we studied the decomposition of pine, oak, and birch invaded by two fungi – a brown rot (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and a white rot (Irpex lacteus).

Fungi were cultured in both single and mixed treatments for up to eight weeks. The biomass of specific fungi was quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) method, using ergosterol measures in pure culture to relate nucleic acid content to fungal biomass. Both fungi and wood type had a significant effect on decomposition.

G. trabeum caused two times more weight loss than I. lacteus in mixed treatments in pine and birch, but weight loss of oak was similar in all treatments. Contrary to weight loss, oak had more lignin loss when invaded by I. lacteus and mixture, while lignin loss had no difference in pine and birch. qPCR and ergosterol analyses indicated that G. trabeum was outcompeted by I. lacteus when competing for wood substrate. For single culturing, G. trabeum had much larger biomass in pine and birch, while I. lacteus in oak had three times more biomass than in pine and birch. Our research indicates that wood type and fungal combination both have significant effect on fungal colonization success, and that this can be tracked among specific isolates using qPCR. POSTER 36 – Investigation of Moisture Content Distribution in Wood and Wood-Based Materials Placed between Different Moisture Environments

from an Electrochemical-Thermodynamic Standpoint Mike H. Freeman, Independent Wood Scientist, Memphis,TN; Paul Kovacs, Corrosion Consultant, SynergEthics, Germantown,TN Since the loss of Chromated Copper Arsenate for use in residential treated wood applications, many new wood preservative systems have been successfully used and launched.

One of these systems, Alkaline Copper Quanternaries, showed significant corrosion in some situations. Conversion of the noncopper Co-Biocidal compound from Chloride to a Bicarbonate / Carbonate counter ion significantly helped mitigate corrosion to fasteners and metals in contact with this treated wood. Further advancements have been noted by the elimination of either ammonia or amine solubilizing agents with the introduction of micronized systems as well. To date, no one has investigated the underlying thermodynamic driving forces and steady state equilibrium conditions of these complex electrochemical systems based on comprehensive theoretical and experimental considerations. This paper introduces these complex concepts using simplified Pourbaix Diagrams and Models and further introduces a new, never before revealed equation – which we call the Kovacs-Freeman Equation and Model – to explain these complex phenomena in simple terms.

POSTER 38 – Effects of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Selected Wood Species Julius B. Adewopo, Grad. Research Assistant, School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Arkansas, Monticello, AR

Takashi Tanaka, Grad. Student, Graduate School of Agricultural & Life Sciences, Univ. of Tokyo,Tokyo, Japan; Stavros Avramidis, Prof., Dept. of Wood Science, Univ. of British Columbia,Vancouver, BC, Canada; Satoshi Shida, Associate Prof., Graduate School of Agricultural & Life Sciences, Univ. of Tokyo,Tokyo, Japan The objective of this study is to investigate bound water mobilities in wood and wood-based materials placed between different humidities and temperatures. Changes of moisture content (MC) profiles in the through-thickness direction of Japanese cedar boards, five-ply softwood plywoods, and sheathing insulation boards were measured using soft x-ray. The MC profile in Japanese cedar boards at equilibrium were almost in a straight line shape joining the points of the equilibrium MCs at both sides. Density variation derived from the presence of earlywood and latewood had no apparent effect on the MC profile. MC of plywoods was varied especially with the veneers, while the MC of the center veneer was highest. Presence of adhesion layers was thought to be a strong factor for water mobility in plywoods.

MC in sheathing insulation boards was much more quickly equilibrated than the other boards and was almost in linear shape at equilibrium. The asphalt waterproof surface of the sheathing insulation boards didn’t affect bound water movement.

POSTER 37 – Metal and Fastener Corrosion in Treated Wood

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Heat treatment has been assessed as an eco-friendly means to reduce wood’s dimensional-instability and biodeterioration under varying ambient conditions. However, irreversible losses in mechanical properties have been reported to occur when wood is subjected to elevated temperatures, due to the autocatalytic breakdown of the cell-wall constituents. The reduced strength of heat-treated wood is a disincentive for its extensive use in structural applications where high-strength quality is important.

Thus, improved durability must be balanced with the preservation of the mechanical properties of heat-treated wood. Furthermore, thermal treatment of wood is a relatively new technology in North-America compared to European countries and treatment conditions should be adapted to North-American species. The strength properties of heat-treated Water oak, sweetgum, and Loblolly pine were assessed to quantify the effects of varying temperature levels, up to 400ºF, and duration, up to 8 hrs, on static bending, compression strengths, shear strength, and hardness. Two-factor ANOVA, and one-factor ANOVA (where there is temperature-duration interaction) of results coupled with Tukey pairwise comparison (α = 0.05) indicated effects ranging from indicative differences in MOE to significant increment and decrement in other strength parameters. Generally, strength properties for the three species were optimally preserved, or peaked and broadly improved, in specimens treated at 300ºF

for 8 hrs. This study provides a knowledge base for process optimization in heat-treatment industries, and for the usage of heat-treated wood in structural applications.

GENERAL (OTHER) POSTER 39 – Rapid Nondestructive Assessment of Decayed Southern Yellow Pine by Diffuse Reflectance near Infrared Spectroscopy Benny L. Green, Grad. Student, P. David Jones, Assistant Extension Prof., and Darrel D. Nicholas, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS; Laurence R. Schimleck, Associate Prof.,Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA; Rubin Shmulsky, Prof. and Head, Dept. of Forest Products, Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS The use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the assessment of wood decay in southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) wafers subjected to laboratory soil block decay tests was investigated.

The wafers were measured by mass loss analysis, NIR spectroscopy, and compression strength once before and after exposure. Calibrations (mass loss, compression strength, and exposure period) were developed by using untreated and mathematically treated (first derivative, second derivative, and multiplicative scatter correction) spectra collected from the cross-sectional and radial face of the wafers. Strong correlations were acquired from all three calibrations for decay measurement. For the cross-sectional test, mass loss was the strongest with an R2 of .98, while compression results were not far behind with an R2 of .97, and exposure period resulted in an R2 of .96. Calibrations developed with NIR spectra collected from the radial face also produced strong results. Exposure period calibrations produced the strongest results with an R2 of .97, followed by compression strength (R2 = .94), and mass loss with an R2 of .91. Results indicate that NIR spectroscopy could measure the earliest stages (1-10 days of exposure) of decay.

POSTER 40 – Reusing Reclaimed Framing Lumber and Flooring in Construction: Measuring Environmental Impact using Life-Cycle Inventory Richard D. Bergman, Research Forest Products Technologist, Hongmei Gu, Research Associate, and Robert H. Falk, Research Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI With green building concepts becoming mainstream in the construction field, building professionals such as architects and building contractors need design tools to evaluate the environmental impacts of their building practices. One new building practice includes reusing reclaimed wood materials and the potential environmental impact reduction. Framing lumber and wood flooring are two commonly reclaimed materials from deconstruction (building removal) sites reused in new buildings and remodeling projects. This paper presents materials

and energy data collected from the deconstruction industries through an intensive survey exercise using Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials Research Guidelines. A life-cycle inventory (LCI) approach will be applied for tracking the reclaimed material. This will show how the material flows through the different unit processes beginning at the deconstruction site and ending at a new building site.

Modeling the weight-averaged material and energy data will provide an estimate for the environmental impact of the two reclaimed materials. Results from the LCI will show the energy and carbon footprint from such material recovery and the associated transportation. This will provide building professionals a design tool to directly and accurately assess the environmental consequences (as measured by carbon and energy release) when specifying virgin or reclaimed materials.

POSTER 41 – Impacts of Herbicide Application on Timber Quality and Value: A Case Study in Northern Ontario Krish Homagain, M.Sc.F Student, Faculty of Forestry & the Forest Environment, Lakehead Univ.,Thunder Bay, ON, Canada Intensive silvicultural practices, including herbicide application for establishment of conifer regeneration, have been followed to achieve major gains in forest productivity in the Boreal region of northern Ontario. Vegetation management alternative research efforts have been led by the Vegetation Management Alternatives Program (VMAP) since 1991 to ensure that forest management on Crown lands is socially acceptable and consistent with emerging principles of ecosystem management.

This program has made substantial progress in developing and refining a number of alternatives to aerial herbicide application, including: manual / mechanical cutting, and ground application of herbicides. Sixteen-year post treatment periodic remeasurement data of crop tree characteristics from six different sites of northern Ontario were used to study the differences in standing tree quality grades and value of fiber production using different conifer release treatments. A randomized complete block design experimental set up was used to statistically compare the differences of timber production quality grades within the release treatments and sites. The economic efficiency of different alternative release treatments was compared by using forest vegetation simulator Ontario (FVSOntario) to assess gains in forest productivity and predict future value of fiber production at different rotation ages. Initial results exhibited that herbicide-treated plots are economically efficient as compared to mechanically treated and control plots. The results from this study are expected to serve as a pragmatic tool to revisit the current government policies for the application of herbicides and in choosing the best alternatives from a timber quality perspective.

POSTER 42 – Selection of White Rot Fungi for Biodegradation of Aroclor 1254 and 1260 and Analysis of the Degradation

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firm influences impact innovation in the hardwood veneer industry; and 3) provide recommendations for firms to adapt their innovation strategies in a changing business environment.

Chang-Young Hong, M.Sc. Student, Ki-Seob Gwak, Ph.D. Student, Seon-Hong Kim, M.Sc. Student, and In-Gyu Choi, Prof., Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea White rot fungi are known to degrade a variety of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and phthalates. In this study, seven white rot fungi were used to degrade Aroclor 1254 and 1260, which is a mixture of PCB congeners and contains 54 and 60% chlorine by weight with an average of 5 and 6 chlorines per biphenyl molecule, respectively. At first, the resistance of white rot fungi depending on concentrations of Aroclor 1254 and 1260 was observed in Malt extract agar (MEA) medium. Each of Aroclor 1254, 1260 was spiked in medium at initial concentrations from 1 to 50 ppm. As concentrations of Aroclors increased, mycelial growth of white rot fungi was inhibited. In terms of the difference of mycelial growth depending on concentration, it showed that the difference of Cystidodontia isubellina was less than that of others. In the end, based on this result, it was considered that C. isubellina was appropriate for this study. For biodegradation rate of Aroclors, a low-nitrogen liquid medium was used and Aroclors were spiked 10 ppm in the medium. So far, the test of degradation rate of Aroclor 1260 was completed and that of Aroclor 1254 is ongoing. The liquid sample was taken every four days for 13 days.

After extracting the residual Aroclor 1260, GC/ECD analysis was performed. Maximal degradation of Aroclor 1260 was 17.96% for 13 days, indicating that in comparison with a similar study using P. chrysosporium, high degradation rate was obtained by C. isubellina.

POSTER 43 – Understanding External Firm Factors Impacting Innovation in the Hardwood Veneer Industry Amy D. Jahnke, Grad. Student, Dept. of Wood Science & Forest Products,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,VA Innovation research in the wood products industry has historically focused on factors that the firm can influence or control (i.e. climate for innovation, organizational culture, job satisfaction, etc.) (Hovgaard & Hansen, 2004), as opposed to factors external to the firm that it may not be able to directly influence or control (political, economical, social, technological, or ecological) (Andrews, 1999). In order to assess how forest industry firms may best juggle competing external influences and adapt their innovation strategies to a changing business environment, a pilot study of hardwood veneer industry firms in Austria and Germany was conducted in the summer of 2009. Top management of each firm was interviewed to identify external influences that greatly impacted their ability to innovate in five areas. In addition, experts in the areas of each external influence were interviewed to better understand how hardwood veneer industry firms may be impacted. This poster presentation will: 1) introduce a model for innovation in the forest products industry based on Schumpeter’s five factors of innovation; 2) describe how the major external

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POSTER 44 – Detoxification and Fermentation of Hydrolysates of Oxalic Acid-Pretreated Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) using Pichia Stipitis Hye-Yun Kim and Nahyun Park, M.Sc.Students, Ho-Yong Kim, Ph.D. Student, and Hwanmyeong Yeo and In-Gyu Choi, Profs., Dept. of Forest Sciences, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, South Korea The main purpose of this research is to consider what detoxification process is most effective to produce ethanol with little loss of biomass through fermentation of hydrolysates. In the previous study, oxalic acid pretreatment was submitted to yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) chips and it was indicated that a sufficient amount of fermentable monosaccharides can be extracted to liquid fraction with low degradation of sugars at the modest condition. After acid pretreatment, xylose-abundant liquid fractions are fermented by pentose fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis.

However, hydrolysates are likely to contain significant amounts of organic compounds, which inhibit the fermentation process, such as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, acetic acid, phenols, and several kinds of low molecular elements derived by the decomposition of lignin and other components of biomass. Therefore, in order to obtain a higher ethanol yield, extra processes are required to remove inhibitory compounds and utilize the hydrolysates besides solid residue. To the hydrolysates, conventional detoxification including over-liming, and the addition of surfactant and adsorbent will be applied at different conditions, and inhibitors will be quantified to determine influence of each process to liquor.

Especially, because more than a certain amount of phenol is likely to hinder the activity of yeast sensitively, extraction of phenols using organic solvents such as dichloromethane or ethyl acetate will be performed.

POSTER 45 – Dimensional Stability of Juvenile Woods Treated with Polyethylene Glycol in Different Conditions Gu-Joong Kwon, Researcher, and Nam-Hun Kim and Kun-Woo Chun, Profs., Dept. of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National Univ., Chuncheon, South Korea This study was carried out to investigate the dimensional stability of juvenile wood treated with PEG in different conditions. Three species of softwoods and eight species of hardwoods were used for this study. The investigation includes shrinkage, weight gain, bulking effect for dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and changes of dimension at the early adsorption-desorption stage of PEG treated woods. The distribution and penetration of PEG molecules into the cell wall were also analyzed by SEMEDS methods. Shrinkage of the sample woods decreased with increasing concentration of PEG in all specimen and indicated the lowest value in the 30% PEG concentration. Weight gain and

bulking effect of the woods treated with PEG increased with increasing concentration of PEG. Softwoods showed better dimensional stability than hardwoods, and diffuse porous woods were better than the dimensional stability of ring porous woods.

Softwoods and sargent cherry woods treated with PEG 1000 and 2000 during the adsorption-desorption were significantly changed, but mongolian oak was slightly changed. The mechanical properties such as compressive, bending, and shearing of woods treated with PEG were slightly decreased. Absorbed energy in impact bending of all species did not show any significant differences between untreated and PEG-treated woods. The results of SEM-EDS supported the possibility of penetration of PEG molecules into the wood cell wall, and so it is considered that the molecules of PEG make a great contribution to enhance the dimensional stability of wood. It was suggested that the dimensional stability of wood was affected by PEG concentration, and characteristics of wood structure.

POSTER 46 – Computed Tomography Image Analysis for Tree Decay Detection

market. During the last decade, the Chinese furniture industry has rapidly grown and was ranked as the first producer worldwide. The prosperous development of the Chinese furniture industry was considered a result of low production costs, especially a cheap and large labor force. But unfortunately, work motivation of employees and its potential in Chinese furniture enterprises was neglected by managers and even academic researchers. Therefore, an exploratory study was conducted to reveal the motivation potential of employees and to compare the differences among different groups based on characters of employees, such as sex, age, educational level, and working experience. A survey was carried out in four Chinese furniture enterprises with the modified questionnaire based on the Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) in Chinese. The resultant survey was validated with 228 respondents holding 46 distinct jobs.

Based on the study, we recommend that managers in Chinese furniture enterprises devote more effort to learn about their employees and benefit from improving the human resource system and motivating employees.

POSTER 48 – Chemical and Functional Properties of Fungal Derived Bio-Plastics: Potential Industrial Applications

Li Li, Ph.D. Candidate, College of Engineering & Technology, Northeast Forestry Univ., Harbin, P.R. China, and Visiting Student, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI A large percentage of living trees have some form of internal decay that reduce economic values of our forests and introduce potential safety hazard in urban and metropolitan areas. An accurate and reliable method that is capable of detecting any forms of decay in trees will be of great value to the forest management, wood processing, and public safety. Field investigations of a variety of nondestructive testing technologies for such applications have showed great success for detecting moderate to severe internal decay in trees, but detection and characterization of early stage of decay still constitute a challenge. The objectives of this study are to assess the ability of computer tomography (CT) imaging to identify incipient wood decay in trees by characterizing local mechanical properties of the trunk cross section. The results indicated that CT images with reasonable resolutions are technically achievable in living trees. The CT Hounsfield value is found to have strong relationships with local wood properties (hardness, modulus of elasticity, and compressive strength) that are sensitive to wood incipient decay. CT images can thus be transformed to wood property mappings to serve the purposes of decay detection and tree hazard evaluation.

Arturo Rodriguez Uribe, Ph.D. Candidate and Research Assistant, Mohini Sain, Prof. and Dir., Centre for Biocomposites & Biomaterials Processing, and Robert Jeng, Research Associate, Faculty of Forestry, Univ. of Toronto,Toronto, ON, Canada

Na Yu, Ph.D. Candidate, Inst. of Forest Utilization & Work Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Univ., Freiburg, Germany

Starch is a carbohydrate reserve material isolated in abundance from agricultural staples such as corn, potato, and tapioca root at low cost, which exhibits thermoplastic behavior. Therefore, it has become one of the most promising alternatives to replace traditional plastics in certain market segments, such as the food packaging industry. However, this natural polymer competes with many synthetic materials that often outperform starch in molecular design, charge adjustment, viscosity characteristics, and binding properties. Moreover, due to its moisture sensitivity, starch results in a poor substitute for synthetic plastics. In order to increase the general properties and/or reactivity of starch, a relatively small number of chemicals are currently used, but the use of enzymatic and/or microbial treatments (fungi and bacteria) may open fascinating opportunities at competitive costs. It is well known that fungi have the ability to produce enzymes and/or various exo-metabolites having a great potential for industrial applications. This work describes a number of chemical and physical properties as well as technical processing parameters of a novel polysaccharide derived from the interaction of starch with fungal exo-metabolites (exopolysaccharides and/or protein like compounds). Some practical applications illustrate the improvement of the functional properties of starch after the treatment.

Wood-based furniture as high value-added wooden products makes up important parts of the Chinese forest products

POSTER 49 – Resilient Home Education and Outreach: Assessing the Effectiveness of Different Media Types

POSTER 47 – Work Motivation of Employees in the Chinese Furniture Industry: An Exploratory Study

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Tyler Strayhorn, Grad. Research Assistant, Dave Tilotta, Associate Prof., Philip H. Mitchell, Extension Wood Products Specialist, and Sudipta Dasmohapatra, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC In the disaster mitigation community, one of the most vital tasks is that of information transfer prior to natural disaster events and following them. In a gap analysis performed by the Resilient Home Program, it was discovered that one of the greatest needs for home resilience was that of information transfer of the best construction technology, materials, and techniques for roof and wall systems to prevent the effects of high wind, wind driven water, and flooding. To address this gap, information on the state of the art was collected from federal agencies, as well as scholarly articles and technical reports, to form an inclusive body of information. This information was then used to address the key need for information transfer to homeowners. Three types of media including pulp board coasters, tri-fold pamphlets, and a web-hosted video were created in order to assess stakeholder response. Several focus groups were held yielding information regarding the amount of information that was retained from the different media types as well as how likely participants would be to seek out and use the media.

transportation, residential, and industrial uses. We evaluate the benefits of deriving a large portion of electrical energy from hydropower, and also the potential role of forest ecosystems in sequestering carbon to further reduce carbon footprints. We use Socolow’s wedge approach to identify areas that could contribute the greatest reductions to Sitka’s greenhouse gas emissions. We prioritize individual wedges, identifying the number and relative sizes of wedges. Areas having high potential to reduce Sitka’s carbon footprint include: reduced fossil fuel use for transportation, energy conservation for home heating, and potential increases in electricity for both transportation and home heating. Over the next decade, it may be realistic to consider certain applications that are based almost exclusively on renewable sources. However, development of at least one major hydroelectric project will be key to increasing generating capacity to meet community needs. In small communities such as Sitka, rapid diffusion of new technologies and energy conservation practices can be an asset, and this could very well become a key towards carbon footprint reductions.

POSTER 52 – Cordwood Energy Systems for Community Heating in Alaska – An Overview David L. Nicholls, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Sitka, AK;Tom Miles,T.R. Miles Technical Consultants, Inc. Portland, OR

POSTER 50 – Quick Moisture Measurement with Time Domain NMR Minghui Zhang, Prof., Inner Mongolia Agricultural Univ., Hohhot, P.R. China; Rado Gazo, Prof., Dept. of Forestry & Natural Resources, Purdue Univ.,West Lafayette, IN

Wood has become an important energy alternative in Alaska, particularly in rural areas where liquid fuel costs can be substantial.

In some cases, wood fuel is readily available to communities and, if used for energy, may also mitigate wildfire hazards. Many Alaska villages are now considering wood for community heating, several have completed feasibility studies, and others are moving forward with design and construction activities. Advantages of high efficiency cordwood systems include low particulate emissions, limited labor requirements for stoking firewood, and the potential for two or more burners to be used together, providing greater flexibility to meet changing heat loads. In this poster, we provide a qualitative review of factors such as wood fuel availability, cordwood system size, wood fuel cost, wood quality, labor, fuel drying, and underground piping. Other general observations are noted, based on case studies of several cordwood systems in Alaska.

A new and quick method for moisture measurement with time domain NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) is proposed. In this method, copper sulfate solution is used as a marker for wood moisture content (MC) measurement. The experiment data shows this method gets not only the accurate MC measurement with only once weighting, but also bound and free water ratio easily.

POSTER 51 – Sitka, Alaska Carbon Footprint – Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential through 2020 David L. Nicholls, Research Forest Products Technologist, and Trista Patterson, Research Economist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Sitka, AK Sitka, Alaska is a community of close to 9,000 residents in a remote area having an isolated grid electric system and a limited road network. Presently hydroelectric power provides almost all of the electricity. Extensive forests surrounding Sitka are also capable of providing an array of ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration and a sustainable supply of wood fuel. Our study evaluates the carbon footprint of present day Sitka, Alaska and how community energy management strategies can help reduce this footprint over the next decade. A pathway is outlined by which Sitka could substantially reduce its CO2 emissions for

POSTER 53 – Characterization of Gum Arabic Binders for 7.62mm Ammunition Charles R. Frihart, Head of Wood Adhesives, and James F. Beecher, Group Leader, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI; Gary Chen, U.S. Army RDECOM-ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ Misfiring of 7.62-mm ammunition has been a long-term and sporadic problem. The gum arabic used as a binder in the primer composition is believed to be the major factor contributing to the problems. As confirmation of the suspicion, there also have been

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recurring problems with inconsistent primer mix upon vendor change for gum arabic. Gum arabic is a natural product from the Acacia trees. Because the gum arabic comes from natural sources, the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of this material may vary and contribute to primer malfunctions.

The gum properties may also be altered by thermal treatment subsequent to harvesting. Samples of gum arabic from three potential suppliers were characterized to determine the extent of property variation and gain insight on which are the most important characteristics. The tests that were performed included those listed in FED Spec JJJ-A-20, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, particle size analysis, surface area analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Other tests conducted include thermal analysis, rotational apparent viscosity, moisture adsorption, rate of dissolution, optical rotation, surface tension, color analysis, adhesion tests, molecular weight, infrared spectroscopy, sugar analysis, nuclear magnetic analysis, uronic acid content, metals analysis, viscosity, shelf life, and moisture loss. One gum arabic sample consistently gave better adhesion strength (peel, shear, and pellet friability tests); this sample also exhibited more of the higher molecular weight component (gel permeation chromatography). The higher molecular weight was also reflected in higher solution viscosity. This characterization information is helpful in selecting commercial synthetic polymers for consideration as replacements for the gum arabic in order to achieve a binder with more consistent properties.

POSTER 54 – Assessing Roundwood Connections Thomas M. Gorman, Prof., Dept. of Forest Products, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID; David E. Kretschmann, Research General Engineer, and Marshal Begel, Structural Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI In an effort to encourage the development of value-added engineered applications for small-diameter round timber, research is being conducted jointly between the University of Idaho and the USDA Forest Products Laboratory to develop and verify design guidelines for connections with specific application to round timbers. Our overall objective is to provide potential users with a number of connection options applicable to the fabrication of engineered, round-timber structural components and systems for timber bridges, residential floor and ceiling joists, and roundwood truss components. The objective of this particular study is to evaluate three different connections for roundwood members made of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine. The first connection is a bolt-and-plate style typically used in structural log assemblies. The second and third connections are new designs intended to reduce cost and/or achieve higher design loads than connections currently in use.

POSTER 55 – Discounted Cash Flow Valuation of Urban Trees and Forests Thomas J. Straka, Prof., and Kristin L. Heffelfinger, Grad. Research

Assistant, Dept. of Forestry & Natural Resources, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC Urban trees and forests have distinct costs and benefits that can be evaluated financially. While there are appraisal methods commonly used to value individual trees and urban forests, one that is difficult to use in practice is discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. This is the only appraisal method that accounts for the time value of money and allows for the temporal comparison of benefits and costs. Current timber appraisal methods are discussed for urban situations and DCF analysis is presented as a viable supplemental appraisal method for valuation of urban trees. Mathematical constructions facilitating the use of DCF analysis in urban forestry are presented as a means to alleviate challenges in DCF analysis. Simple models are presented that allow for solution of DCF type urban forestry valuations using conventional computer software valuation packages. The DCF model includes 12 urban tree benefits: energy savings, wind barrier, soil enhancement, privacy benefits, sound barrier, carbon sequestration, air quality, storm water, recreation and health, aesthetics, local economic development, and district product enhancement. Four costs were considered in the model: planting, maintenance, disease, and removal. Benefits and costs are individually addressed in terms of their unique timing in the life of individual trees and urban forests and the associated problems in discounting methodology. Explicit formulas are presented to address each DCF situation. The formulas are incorporated into models that fit neatly into conventional forestry valuation software packages.

POSTER 56 – Land of Neocene Forest – A Xylem Topology and Dendrochronology Study: Neocene Cypress and Redwood Forest – Now a Viable Source for Biomass Energy Eszter Antalfi, Sándor Molnár, Fehér Sándor, and Börcsök Zoltán, Anthropologists, Univ. of West Hungary, Sopron, Hungary; George A. Grozdits, Research Assistant Prof., and Mark D. Gibson, Prof. and Dir., School of Forestry, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, LA In the North Central region of Hungary, in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, a large fossil deposit of lignite is being taken to Hungary’s largest electric power generation facility. The 12- to 16-meter-thick fossil layer is only 60-61 m below the surface. It is surface mined with customary surface excavating equipment and the lignite is transported on conveyors to the power plants. To date, the excavation is 2 km long and various widths, which are determined by the valley formed by the river.

The excavation provided information on the topography and formation of the biomass deposit. A number of publications describe this Holocene age. This poster describes the fossil forest of cypress and redwood found in a river bend. Sixteen tree trunks, several meters in diameter, were found still standing with their wood structure relatively well preserved. The preservation of the large tree trunks is attributed to a sudden, if not

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catastrophic, formation / deposition of 6 m high river-wash sand dunes that kept the trees standing. The fairly sudden deposition of sand helped the preservation of ground fauna, including young trees as well as decaying wood, on the forest floor and driftwood deposition. The standing mature tree trunks, the remnants of decaying wood on the ground, and young trees provide a glimpse into the living Neocene forests. The preserved biomass allowed taxonomic, xylem topology, and dendrochronology studies. The trees were identified as Taxidium distichum (L.) Rich. and Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. Xylem microstructures such as ray parenchyma structures had cupressoid and taxodioid pitting. The longitudinal parenchyma end-walls were thickened. The bordered pits were in 2-3 rows and their torus was still observable. Physical and mechanical properties such as the original density and shrinkage potential reflecting dimensional stability and strength of the wood could not be determined. However, the annual ring patterns suggest extremely slow growth, or short growth seasons, or frequent changes in growing conditions. The trees were at varying numbers of growth rings -- some had 300 to 400. This work was done at University of West Hungary and presented on the web at http://www.fataj.hu/2009/index.php, FATAj-online -Fosszililis mardványok 2009.06.11. Translation and further studies of micrographs were done at Louisiana Tech University.

POSTER 57 – Durability of Alaska Yellow-Cedar in Mississippi and Wisconsin Stake Tests Bessie Woodward, Microbiologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI; Paul Hennon, Research Plant Pathologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Juneau, AK; Patricia K. Lebow, Mathematical Statistician, and Stan Lebow, Research Wood Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab., Madison,WI Alaska yellow-cedar (AYC) is increasingly used for applications where durability is important, and the degree of natural durability of this species continues to be evaluated. This paper reports on stake tests conducted as part of a larger project to evaluate the properties of AYC timber in Alaska. AYC trees felled from Tongass National Forest were divided into “small” and “large” diameter classes. Stakes were cut from the inner and outer heartwood of each size class and placed into exposure plots in Mississippi and Wisconsin. Southern pine stakes were included for comparison. The stakes were visually rated for evidence of decay and/or termite attack for eight years in Mississippi and 12 years in Wisconsin. AYC stakes were more durable than Southern Pine stakes in both Mississippi and Wisconsin, but there was little practical difference in the durability of AYC cut from different diameter classes or heartwood locations. AYC stakes in Mississippi suffered noticeable attack by both decay and termites within one year. This deterioration progressed steadily, with over 50% of the stakes destroyed within seven years. Deterioration of AYC stakes was slower in Wisconsin, with over 70% of the stakes remaining in

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test after 12 years. However, average ratings declined to between conditions “7” and “8” within four years in Wisconsin. These results indicate that although AYC is more durable than Southern Pine, untreated AYC may not be sufficiently durable for ground-contact applications with a high consequence of failure or where a long service life is required.

POSTER 58 – 1st Place Wood Award – Thermal Degradation of Bending Strength of Plywood and Oriented Strand Board: A Kinetics Approach Arijit Sinha,Wood-Based Composite Center Fellow and Grad.

Research Assistant, Dept. of Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR The construction industry has relied heavily on wood and woodbased composites such as oriented strand board (OSB) and plywood for timber-frame construction. Therefore, it is highly imperative to categorize the response of wood-based composites when exposed to elevated temperatures for a sustained period of time. The essence of fire resistant structural design is to ensure that structural integrity be maintained during and after the fire, prevent collapse, and maintain means of egress. Another aspect is to assess post fire structural integrity and residual strength of existing structure. The objective of this project was: 1) to study the effect of exposure time on bending strength (MOR) of OSB and Plywood at elevated temperatures; 2) to interpret any relationships between different temperature and time of exposure using a kinetics model for thermal degradation of strength; and 3) to develop a master curve representing temporal behavior of OSB and plywood at a reference temperature. 1152 samples in total were tested in static bending as a function of exposure time and several temperatures. Strength (MOR) of both OSB and plywood decreased as a function of temperature and exposure time. These results were fit to a simple kinetics model, based on the assumption of degradation kinetics following an Arrhenius activation energy model. The apparent activation energies for thermal degradation of strength were 54.1 kJ/mole for OSB and 62.8 kJ/mole for plywood. Furthermore, using the kinetics analysis along with time-temperature superposition, a master curve was generated at a reference temperature of 150ºC which predicts degradation of strength with time on exposure at that reference temperature. The master curves show that although plywood has a higher initial strength, OSB performs better in terms of strength degradation after exposure to elevated temperature.

POSTER 59 – Exploring Third-Party Certification Programs in the Forest Products Industry Richard Bonsi, Program Associate, Aaron Maizlish, Dir., Chain of Custody, and Robert Hrubes, Sr.Vice Pres., Scientific Certification Systems, Emeryville, CA Efforts to prevent soil, water, and air pollution and preserve human, plant, and animal life have engendered several

environmental groups and individuals to advocate responsible natural resource procurement, processing, and usage. However, meeting these expectations has led to a proliferation of environmental claims in the green marketplace confounding the ability of consumers to distinguish between credible and misleading claims. One way to demonstrate the credibility of these claims is third-party certification and the verification of companies’ compliance to relevant standards. Scientific Certification Systems (SCS), a California-based natural resource and environmental certification body, is one of the leading companies that offer third-party certification to a wide range of companies. Notable forest conservation certification programs applicable to the forest products industry include forest management, chain-of-custody, responsible procurement, legal harvest verification, and carbon offset / footprint verification.

Companies are issued a broad spectrum of certificates depending on their scope of operation. For chain-of-custody, certificates are issued to companies operating on a single, group, or multi-site basis. The controlled wood and reclaimed material certificates are also important components of the chain-ofcustody certification program. The fast growth in forest related certification programs may be an indication that responsible environmental stewardship is advancing. To uphold this pace, it is important to disseminate information about the promising opportunities in the forest-based certification area.

POSTER 60 – New Faculty Name Reflects Mission to Meet Modern-Day Forestry Challenges Ulf Runesson, Associate Prof., Interim Dean, and Chair HBScF Program, Mathew Leitch, Associate Prof. and Dept. Head,Wood Science, and Brent Forbes, Masters Candidate and Outgoing Pres., Lakehead University Forestry Students Association, Lakehead Univ., Thunder Bay, ON, Canada

POSTER 61 – Modification of Lignin via Chemical Incorporation of Amino Acids Brett G. Diehl, Forest Products Grad. Fellow (Ph.D.), School of Forest Resources, Ming Tien, Prof., Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Nicole R. Brown, Associate Prof. of Wood Chemistry, School of Forest Resources, and Fang Cong, Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State, University Park, PA The goal of this research was to prove that a covalent bond can form between a lignin monomer and an amino acid. We plan to genetically modify tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) such that it incorporates amino acids into its lignin network, thus disrupting the network or creating a less highly cross-linked polyphenolic system. When the tree is harvested and the cellulose is extracted, the wood will not be treated with a traditional chemical cocktail, but will first be enzymatically treated with proteases that bind to the amino acids. If the amino acids are sufficiently anchored to the lignin, through covalent bonding for example, a substantial amount of lignin will be removed with the amino acid-bound protease. Removing part of the lignin network will weaken the remaining lignin making it much easier to degrade. We have reacted coniferyl alcohol with tyrosine, tyrosine methyl ester, cysteine, and threonine, using hydrogen peroxide as an initiator and horseradish peroxidase as a catalyst.

Mass specimen results appear to indicate that cross-linking between coniferyl alcohol and amino acids is occurring. The next step is to use NMR to prove the chemical structures of these compounds and confirm that cross-linking is occurring before we attempt to achieve cross-linking in vivo.

Lakehead University’s Faculty of Forestry and the Forest Environment is pleased to announce it has changed its name to the Faculty of Natural Resources Management. The Faculty has also restructured its undergraduate programming. Both changes have been approved by Senate and are effective immediately.

Dr. Ulf Runesson, the Faculty's Interim Dean, says the change reflects the right direction at this point in time. "Our new name better describes our mission to meet related challenges and opportunities, such as adapting to climate change, responding to new economic realities for Ontario, and engaging a more informed and motivated public in the stewardship of Ontario’s significant forest estate." As part of this initiative, the Faculty now offers Honours Bachelor of Science undergraduate students a Wood Science specialization in their 3 and 4 years. The Faculty of Natural Resources Management at Lakehead University recognizes the need for this specialization to meet the constant pressures placed on the forest environment.

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Convention Information

Registration Hours

Complimentary Breakfast

Sunday, June 20, 10:00 am–6:00 pm

Monday and Tuesday, 7:00-8:00 am

Monday, June 21, 7:00 am–5:00 pm Tuesday, June 22, 7:00 am–5:00 pm FPS Logo Merchandise

All technical registrants are invited to enjoy complimentary coffee and bagels on Monday and complimentary coffee and scones/ granola bars on Tuesday. This includes full registrants, 1- and 2-day registrants, Retirees, and Students.

FPS logo merchandise will be on display throughout the week at the FPS Registration Desk and will be available for purchase.

Pre-Convention Tour – Tour of Taliesin Saturday, June 19 A tour of Taliesin, home of Frank Lloyd Wright took place on Saturday, June 19. The Hillside Tour provided an intimate look into 60 years of the life of one of America’s greatest architects, and into the lives of the family that inspired him. Wright designed Hillside in 1902 for his aunts, who ran an innovative children’s boarding school based on the motto “learn by doing."

Wright’s building, as innovative as the school it housed, is situated on land cleared by his pioneering grandparents. After his aunts retired, Wright reopened their building and expanded it to accommodate a community of architects and designers…a community that continues to live and work at Hillside to this day. Highlights of the tour included the charming, light-filled Assembly Hall, the dramatic 5,000-square-foot Drafting Studio, the Romeo and Juliet Windmill Tower, and the jewel-like Theater. This tour is a great introduction to Frank Lloyd Wright’s life, work, and philosophy.

Student Poster Competition A Student Poster Competition will be held at the 2010 International Convention. New this year – a recognition program with monetary awards for the top posters and the latest in FPS logo apparel for participants!

Student Appreciation Luncheon Sunday, June 20 (12:00-1:30 pm) You will enjoy good food and great fellowship/networking opportunities with FPS Student Members and all in attendance at the Student Appreciation Luncheon. One Student Appreciation Luncheon ticket is included in the full-fee technical registration and student registration fees. Retirees, 1- and 2-day registrants, family members, and guests may purchase tickets.

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Official Luncheon and Annual Business Meeting Monday, June 21 (12:00-1:20 pm) Join colleagues and guests at the annual Official Luncheon. Outgoing officers will be honored, new officers introduced, and Society awards presented for contributions to the forest products industry and the Society.

This year’s Annual Business Meeting will be conducted during the Official Luncheon. Please plan to attend this important meeting, which includes installation of officers. One Official Luncheon ticket is included in the full-fee technical registration and student registration fees. Retirees, 1- and 2-day registrants, family members, and guests may purchase tickets.

Presentation of the 2010 L.J. Markwardt Wood Engineering Award Presentation of the 2010 Wood Awards Presentation of the 2010 Wood Engineering Achievement Award Presentation of the 2010 Fred Gottschalk Memorial Award Installation of New Executive Officers Annual Business Meeting Monday Evening Reception Monday, June 21 (7:30 pm) FPS Incoming President's Welcoming Reception – All Invited, including those from other associated Forest Products and Wood Science meetings and events being held in Madison that week. The Reception will be at the Great Dane, 123 East Doty St., Madison. Hors d'oeuvres and cash bar. Please come and meet incoming President Barry Goodell, other FPS Board and staff members, and all your friends and colleagues at this informal event. Cosponsored by the UMaine, School of Forest Resources.

Take a Student to Lunch Tuesday, June 22 (12:00–1:30 pm) This is an opportunity for you to spend time with one (or several!) of our FPS student members. If you would like to take one or more of our student members out to lunch during this time slot, please leave your business card at the registration desk.

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Paul Bunyan Party Tuesday, June 22 (6:00–9:00 pm) This year’s event will be held on the roof top of the Monona Terrace Community & Convention Center.

Monona Terrace opened its doors on July 18, 1997 after nearly 60 year of debate. It was first designed by Wisconsin native and internationallyrenowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1938 as a cultural, governmental, and recreational building. Wright reworked the design several times between 1938 and 1958 before signing off on the final plans 7 weeks before his death in 1959.

Paul Bunyan Party evening festivities include a performance by The Fiddlin’ Foresters (www.fiddlinforesters.gov). The Fiddlin’ Foresters are proud to be known as the “official old-time string band of the U.S. Forest Service”. They are a special musical group composed of Forest Service employees and volunteers from the Rocky Mountain Region. Since 1994, they have performed over 180 inspirational, educational, and entertaining interpretive programs illustrating the importance of natural resource conservation and public land stewardship throughout the country.

The Fiddlin’ Foresters have developed several interpretive musical programs – including presentations on New Century of Service and Wildland Fire – which use old-time music, songs of the American west, and novelty tunes and appropriate visuals highlighting the important contributions national forests and grasslands have made to the American economy, landscape, and culture over the past century. The performance of music, visuals, and lively humor has produced an emotional and inspiring connection to the land and the agency with audiences of all ages and cultures.

You’ll enjoy a buffet dinner of Roast Top Round of Beef with Au jus & Horseradish, Chicken Marsala, Fresh California Medley, Sugar Snap Peas & Matchstick Carrots, Parsley Buttered New Potatoes, Brown & Wisconsin Wild Rice Pilaf, House Salad with Champagne Mustard Vinaigrette, Spinach & Cranberry Salad with OrangeBalsamic Vinaigrette, Bakery Fresh Rolls & Butter, and Coffee, Tea or Milk. Beer on tap will be provided; a cash bar will also be available.

One Paul Bunyan Party ticket is included in the full-fee technical registration and student registration fees. Retirees, 1-and 2-day registrants, family members, and guests may purchase tickets.

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Celebration and Tour 100th Anniversary of the founding of the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory and tour of its new research facility Wednesday, June 23 (8:00 am-12:00 pm) You’re Invited…Attendees of the Forest Products Society’s 64th International Convention are invited to a centennial celebration at the USDA Forest

THE LEOPOLD SHACK AND FARM

Products Laboratory (FPL) on Wednesday, June 23.

To commemorate 100 years of innovation, invited

Post-Convention Tour

guests and employees will gather outside FPL’s new

Tour of The Leopold Legacy Center and The Leopold

Centennial Research Facility for a ribbon cutting

Shack and Farm

ceremony. The official program will begin at 9:00

Wednesday, June 23 (12:00-6:00 pm)

am with FPL Director Chris Risbrudt hosting the

The Leopold Legacy Center serves as both a

event. Invited speakers include: USDA Secretary of

headquarters facility for the Aldo Leopold Foundation

Agriculture Tom Vilsack, U.S. Senators Herb Kohl

and a visitor center and meeting facility. The building

and Russ Feingold, Congresswoman Tammy Baldwin,

was constructed to meet the highest standards in

Governor James Doyle, Forest Service Chief Tom

green building. Learn about features like solar power,

Tidwell and Deputy Chief of Research Ann Bartuska.

geothermal, and sustainable building materials that

A reception will follow with entertainment by the

make this one of the “greenest” buildings in the world.

Fiddlin’ Foresters. Guests will be welcome to tour the

It has received the U.S. Green Building Council’s

90,000 square foot research facility where displays,

LEED™ platinum certification.The Leopold Shack and

exhibits, and ongoing research will be highlighted.

Farm – A National Historic Landmark, "the Shack" is

Transportation will be provided by Badger Coaches.

located along the Wisconsin River where Aldo Leopold

The shuttle bus will pick-up at 8:00 am and drop-off at

and his family stayed during weekend retreats. It is also

12:00 noon from the Level 4 entrance of the Monona

the site that inspired many essays in A Sand County

Terrace Convention Center.

Almanac. A Wisconsin-style brat fry follows the tours.

The cost for this tour is $50 (includes transportation, entrance fee, box lunch, and brat fry). Transportation will be provided by Badger Coaches. The bus will depart at 12:00 noon from the Level 4 entrance of the Monona Terrace Convention Center.

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64TH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION PLANNING COMMITTEE Robert J. Ross (General Chair), USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,WI Robert J. Ross is currently a Project Leader in the Engineering Properties of Wood, Wood-Based Materials & Structures research work unit at the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, WI. He has authored or coauthored over 200 technical reports and publications and holds 24 U.S. and foreign patents.

His work focuses on the development and use of nondestructive evaluation technologies for a variety of wood products and structures. Dr. Ross has been a member of the Forest Products Society (FPS) since 1977.

He has served in numerous roles, currently as General Chair of the 2010 International Convention. He holds B.S. (Wood Utilization) and M.S. (Engineering Mechanics) degrees from Michigan Technological University and a Ph.D. (Engineering Science) from Washington State University.

Stefan A. Bergmann (FPS Representative), Forest Products Society, Madison,WI John R. Shelly (FPS Board Representative), University of California-Berkley, Richmond, CA Barry Goodell (FPS Board Representative), University of Maine, Orono, ME Paul Merrick (FPS Board Representative and Technical Program Chair),Weyerhaeuser, Federal Way,WA Xiping Wang (General Session Co-Chair), USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,WI Richard E. Schebler (General Session Co-Chair), Pella Corporation, Pella, IA Pamela J. Byrd (Paul Bunyan Party Co-Chair), USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,WI R. Bruce Allison (Paul Bunyan Party Co-Chair), Allison Tree Care, Inc.,Verona,WI Scott A. Bowe (Student Activities Chair), University of Wisconsin, Madison,WI FPS 2009-2010 EXECUTIVE BOARD Executive Officers President – John R. Shelly, University of California-Berkeley, Richmond, CA President-Elect – Barry Goodell, University of Maine, Orono, ME Vice President – Paul Merrick,Weyerhaeuser, Federal Way,WA Past President – Anthony K.Weatherspoon, Michigan DNR, Lansing, MI Executive Vice President – Stefan A. Bergmann, Forest Products Society, Madison,WI Regional Board Members East Central Region – Eva Haviarova, Purdue University,West Lafayette, IN Eastern Canadian Region – Herve Deschenes, FPInnovations, Québec City, QC, Canada Northeast Region – Paul M. Smith, Penn State, University Park, PA Northwest Region – Thomas McLain, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR South Central Region – Niels de Hoop, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA Southeast Region – Joe Chen,Timber Products Inspection, Conyers, GA Southwest Region – Vincent Bricka, California Cedar Products Co., Stockton, CA West Central Region – Steve G.Winistorfer,TECO, Sun Prairie,WI

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CORPORATE MEMBERS

Gold American Forest & Paper Assn., Washington, DC APA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The Engineered Wood Assn., Tacoma, WA

LSU-Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA

Arch Wood Protection Inc., Smyrna, GA

PFS Corporation, Cottage Grove, WI

FPInnovations, Vancouver, BC, Canada

TECO, Sun Prairie, WI

ILevel by Weyerhaeuser, Federal Way, WA

Windsor Mill, San Rafael, CA

Silver Bright Wood Corp., Madras, OR Huntsman Polyurethanes, The Woodlands, TX

Professional Service Industries Inc., Eugene, OR

National Hardwood Lumber Assn., Memphis, TN

Composite Panel Assn., Leesburg, VA

Natural Resources Research Inst. (UM-Duluth),

Timber Products Inspection, Conyers, GA

Duluth, MN

Western Wood Products Assn., Portland, OR

Bronze Andersen Corp., Bayport, MN California Redwood Assn., Novato, CA Certiwood Technical Center, North Vancouver, BC, Canada

National Casein Co., Chicago, IL Norjohn Ltd., Burlington, ON, Canada

Columbia Forest Products Inc., Greensboro, NC

Palmer Research & Extension Center, Palmer, AK

GMO Renewable Resources, LLC, Boston, MA

Pella Corp., Pella, IA

Jeld-Wen Inc., Klamath Falls, OR

Qualtim Inc., Madison, WI

Kimball International Inc., Jasper, IN

Roy O. Martin Lumber Co. LLC, Alexandria, LA

Kop-Coat Inc., Pittsburgh, PA

Sherwin-Williams Co., Cleveland, OH

Material Testing Institute (MPA), University of

Swain Pentech Inc., Seymour, IN

Stuttgart, Germany Mid-South Engineering Co., Hot Springs, AR

Wagner Electronic Products Inc., Rogue River, OR Wood Machinery Mfrs. of America, Philadelphia, PA

For more information on corporate membership in the Society, please contact contact Megan Duckert at + 1 608-231-1361, ext. 201 or mduckert@forestprod.org

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Maps

LEVEL 4 - MEETING ROOMS/GRAND TERRACE

LEVEL 5 - WILLIAM T. EVJUE ROOFTOP GARDEN

137

Since 1933

Product Certification

Forest Products Laboratory For 100 years, the Forest Products Laboratory has worked to develop products that improve the quality of life for all Americans while sustaining the health of our Nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s forests.

Please join us for a Centennial Celebration and Dedication Ceremony on Wednesday, June 23, 2010, at 9:00 a.m.

USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory One Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison, Wisconsin 53726-2398

Structural Panels Engineered Wood Products Wooden Baseball Bats CARB - Formaldehyde Emissions International Client Base USA, JAS, CSA, CC Standards

Product Testing Formaldehyde Emissions Adhesives Deck and Guardrail Systems Structural and Non-Structural Wood Products

Green Home Certification Green Home Inspection Manufactured Home Audits Green Land Development Green Building Consulting

TECOtested.com TECOverified.com Corporate Office: Sun Prairie, WI Test Laboratories: Eugene, OR and Shreveport, LA

PROGRAM BOOK CREDITS Book Editor

Julie Lang, Conferences & Meetings Director,

Forest Products Society

Proofreading

Debra Illingworth Greene

Concept & Design George Jerzy Hornik Photography

Forest Products Society, Monona Terrace,Taliesin,The Great Dane,

Greater Madison Convention & Visitors Bureau, Aldo Leopold

Legacy Center, USDA Forest Products Laboratory

Printing

Service Printers

Printed with soy ink on paper with recycled content.

MMX Š Forest Products Society

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