From Fictional Cities to the Cities of tomorrow

From fictional cities to the cities of tomorrow the need to green and redesign an urban world for a sustainable future

By Francesco Papa 1

From fictional cities to the cities of tomorrow the need to green and redesign an urban world for a sustainable future by

Francesco Papa MSc Climate Change, Finance and Management

And the participation of

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary _____________________________________________________ 7 Foreword _______________________________________________________________ 9

Bringing back the nature: _______________________________________11 a solution for a people communities and societies Health and well-being value ____________________________________________ 12 Mitigation and environmental value _____________________________________ 13 Economic and developmental value ____________________________________ 14

Redesigning cities: __________________________________________________ 17 for healthier, happier and sustainable communities China’s Momentum ____________________________________________________ 18 Green Successes _______________________________________________________ 20

Green Life Plan: ______________________________________________________ 23 Ideas, Designs and Plans to create a better future for London Plan overview __________________________________________________________ 24 London History _________________________________________________________ 24 Key Findings ___________________________________________________________ 25 Conclusions ____________________________________________________________ 27 Appendices Appendix 1: Panning Green: Green Life Plan from 2018 to 2023 __________ 29 Appendix 2: Economic Value Creation __________________________________34 Appendix 3: Health Value Creation _____________________________________ 35 Appendix 4: Environmental Value Creation _____________________________ 38 References ____________________________________________________________ 41

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‘Setting an example is not the main means of influencing others, it is the only means’ Albert Einstein.

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EXECTUIVE SUMMARY

Theme: Achieving change in cities to contributing to the transition This final report pictures an interest that I developed during my MSc in Climate Change, Finance and Management at Imperial College London. I wanted to describe the potential of smart and green cities not only for the environmental benefits but also for the innovative opportunities to create a futuristic world. I enriched my report by integrating my academic knowledge, my personal readings and also by interviewing four entities: the Crystal Building in London, the start-up Agricool in Paris, Hotels 1 in New York, the Venus Project in Florida and La Ferme du Bec Hellouin from the French movie ‘Demain’. I collected precious information and experiences to enhance my study and outline realistic solutions to build sustainable cities.

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The first part of my analysis highlights the benefits of greening cities to improve economy, development, health, safety, sustainability and climate to drive government actions.

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The second part explores successful projects with green applications to inspire urbanists and people for a leading transition.

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The last part seeks to set an example of what a green future may look like by designing a green plan for London.

4393 words (excluding tables of contents, titles, references, appendices, executive summary and summary boxes)

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FOREWORD How could you describe that feeling when you return to a natural site after a while?

I always remember how peaceful I feel when I hear the bright sound of birds, the wind on my cheek and the smell of the flora. A serenity that makes you be part of a world. The wildlife. Today, the madness of the city has let us forget that our planet is a treasury ensuring life, diversity and sustainability. Life because without animals, plants and water, humans will not subsist. Diversity because in one ecosystem coexists different kind of plants and living beings, building complementarities for subsistence. Sustainability because behind any individualities there is an interrelated world safeguarding heritage for next generations. However, this natural capital has been disrupted by modern civilisations for the sake of power, ownership and self-interest. Progress and development followed only one direction separating the human life from the nature. We created walls and dams thinking to stop the sea. We burned entire forests to produce food for people living miles away. And we built cities without considering the local environment. Unfortunately, this dictatorship reached the edge. The threat of Climate Change appears to be the inconvenient consequences of an environment left behind. People are now suffering from the increase of heat, the sea level rise, the concentration of air pollutants and the scarcity of water. Today I seek to confront our fears and highlight questions that need answers. Is our model of society sustaining future generations? How could we build and preserve a sustainable world? And more specifically how could we plan and design cities to value all living beings? For the last centuries, urban planners have designed cities disconnecting the human life from the wildlife. Cities were grounded in neoclassical theories, built by rational consumers and producers and guided by a competitive political and economic industry (Tiebout, 1956; Alonso, 1964; Berry and Horton, 1970). Dominant planning theories completely neglected pedestrianism, the role of the city as a meeting place and the need for a greener environment (Gehl, 2010). They built cities for people with individual and isolated buildings and little attentions in green and common spaces. In the United States, most of the towns were planned upon the concept of the car. Driving access was made available almost everywhere you go discouraging developments of green and public walking spaces. Sad is to acknowledge today the results of urban geographers.

Much of our urban world is grey polluted by industries, automobiles and wastes. Even the most modernised and richest cities have the poorest air quality standards. Limited space, noise, pollution, toxic soils, urban heat, accidents and car traffic picture the reality and the failure of an urban system that need to be reformed. In 2050, more than 70% of the world population will be living in cities and yet little opportunities have been developed by urban communities to guarantee health, safety and welfare (World Urbanization Prospects UN). In this report, I seek to inspire hope and raise activism by sharing the potential of innovative green urban projects to sustain a healthier planet and a legacy for future generations. I will support my writing with the famous research study ‘Cities for People’ of Jan Gehl along with other renowned urbanist and architect authors. And finally, I wish to explore the city of London as an example to suggest new ideas and areas of improvements in green urban design for a brighter future. The cities of tomorrow might look like Pandora or other fictional tales that we all dreamed about.

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Bringing back nature A solution for people, communities and societies The world biggest cities are becoming increasingly congested and polluted. (Blanco et al, 2009). Pollution is killing people every day. And Congestion is braking cities’ efficiency and development. Green spaces are colossal opportunities that could heal urban ills and restore a city’s ecological integrity (Wolch, 2007). The nature has proprieties that could help people communities and societies with health, climate change and development. In urban design, this green identify refers to all indoors or outdoors urban spaces where a piece of nature can be integrated into the human space such as parks, forests, trees, green roofs, gardens, green walls, ‌ (Roy, Byrne & Pickering, 2012).

All these green considerations need to be embraced while designing edifices, buildings, public infrastructures and roads or planning circulation to shape sustainable cities.

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Health and well-being value

Summary The new habits of modern dwellers like watching TV have strongly decreased physical activity and led to health’s issues like obesity. Human activities have increased mortality with air pollution.

Recent studies demonstrated that green covers promote active lifestyles, heal from stress and solitude and reduce carbon emissions’ exposure. If every individual was spending $4 each year on planting trees they could save between 11,000 and 36,00 lives each year (BBC News, 2016).

Jan Gehl, architect Danish urbanist, professor and pioneer in urban modern planning theories improved cities like London, Copenhagen or Melbourne and wrote a famous book ‘Cities for People’ to illustrate the need to reconsider cities as meeting place where nature, animals and pedestrianism should lead design in urban planning to create sustainable and healthy cities.

Numerous changes in cities have opened up to new health’s challenges. The increased use of cars, the replacement of stairs by escalators, the time use behind a screen and the sitting in work offices have dramatically reduced body exercises on a daily basis. All these modern habits are fostering serious health issues such as obesity (Gehl, 2010). In the United States, 37% of the population in 2014 was affected by overweight. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015) Adding to that the increase of pollution due to greater carbon activities is killing people every day. According to the UN World Health Organization, 90% of the world population living in cities was exposed by harmful air pollution in 2014 (United Nations, 2014). In 2015, 1 million people died because of air pollution in India and mostly women and children were touched (International Energy Agency, 2016). In recent literature, green covers have been linked to health benefits.

(Bedimo-Rung, Mowen & Cohen, 2005; Kuo, Sullivan, Coley & Brunson, 1998). Green parks are the dojo of physical activities.

Many research studies in green space and health demonstrated the connection between park access and exercise (Brownson, Baker, Housemann, Brennan, & Bacak, 2001; Cohen et al., 2006, 2007; Diez Roux et al., 2007; GordonLarsen, Nelson, Page, & Popkin, 2006; McCormack, Rock, Toohey, & Hignell, 2010; Sallis, Floyd, Rodriguez, & Saelens, 2012; Evenson, Wen, Hillier and 128 Cohen, 2013). Indeed, green parks are attractive and foster active lifestyles. Gardens invite and encourage people to bike, walk and run. In Denmark, the most popular sport in 2008 was running due to a number of green space facilities (Gehl, 2010). Additionally, other studies showed the linkage between psychological well-being and green spaces (Ernstson, 2012). The park experience with plants and animals is a mental healer reducing stress and solitude (Ulrich, 1981; Ulrich et al., 1991; Woo et al., 2009; Fuller, Irvine, Devine-Wright, Warren, & Gaston, 2007). Furthermore, some British studies have outlined the positive impact of green exercise on mood and selfesteem (Barton and Pretty, 2010). Another research revealed that the interaction with the nature and the fauna nurtures child’s development and happiness (Kahn & Kellert, 2002).

Finally, a green cover also diminishes air pollution by absorbing carbon. The Nature Conservancy reported that one tree could reduce by 24% pollutant particles (The Nature Conservancy, 2016).

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Mitigation and environmental value Urban communities are suffering from the impact of climate change. Urban heat, sea level rise, intense rainfalls, extreme weathers are already affecting big cities like New York or London. These climates disturbances pose serious problems to water quality, human health and critical infrastructure. In the United Kingdom, the intensification of floods is becoming a major issue. The UK Climate Change Risk Assessment predicted up to ÂŁ6.5 Billion loss from flooding in a nonmitigation scenario (UK Climate Change Risk Assessment, 2012). Fortunately, introducing green infrastructures can strengthen cities to become more resilient and less vulnerable. Green covers hold strong mitigation and adaptation proprieties that enrich wildlife, air quality, climate and energy. To face extreme weathers, green infrastructures can mitigate flooding by reducing the stormwater discharges (Center for Neighborhood Technology, 2010). Abundant vegetation can diminish urban heat by dropping the air temperature and generating cooling process such as evapotranspiration. With a strategic positioning of green walls, floras can generate enough turbulences to disrupt vertical airflow and cool down temperatures (Lundholm & Peck, 2008). Trees and parks can filter the air and absorb carbon emissions. The city of Philadelphia reported that trees have decreased significantly the ozone cover of the metropolitan. Green spaces also cultivate habitat improvements. A park is the home of birds, reptiles, insects, mammals and amphibians. Such a biodiversity helps green infrastructures against erosion and sedimentation (Center for Neighborhood Technology, 2010). Finally, another strength of green covers regards their abilities to optimise energy.

Indeed, energy efficiencies help people to minimise the amount of energy they use and so decrease their overall carbon footprints. By cooling air, green walls reduce temperature fluctuations and energy needed to condition a building. Green facades also play a role as a protective adhesive from UV radiation, rain and wind pressure (Lundholm & Peck, 2008). Such a safeguard empowers and improves the building life expectancy and avoid the use of energy for supplementary constructions.

Summary

Urban communities are suffering from the impact of Climate Change. Fortunately, introducing green structures can strengthen cities to become more resilient and less vulnerable. Green covers enrich wildlife, improve air quality, generate energy savings and finally protect from extreme weathers.

Coastal Resiliency Coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Sea level rise is affecting these sites with erosion.

Additionally, the greater occurrence of extreme weathers results in habitat loss.

The introduction of green infrastructures to coastal resilience is called ‘living shoreline’. Such a structure can be created with plants, algae, rocks, reefs and sand to build natural barriers reducing erosion and flooding.

Vegetative shorelines provide also various environment benefits including aquatic habitat development, carbon sequestration and water quality improvement (IPCC, 2007).

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Economic and developmental value Summary Greening cities improve the local economy. Landscapes increase property value. The green industry is also a fast-growing segment creating jobs for millions of people.

Greening gardens help individuals to save energy and water. In tourism, green parks are attractive and generate millions of benefits.

Finally, urban agriculture embraces substantial opportunities to serve abundant food to all surrounding local communities at much higher volume than current industrials.

A Greener city means a better economy. Greening your streets, buildings, and homes create value for people, communities and societies. Urban green landscapes are attractive for both their esthetical and peaceful environments. Academic researchers from Quebec’s Laval University released a study on home sales and found that green attributes including trees, grass and flowers added a substantial market premium. (Des Rosiers, ThÊriault, Kestens & Villeneuve, 2002). Greening your houses can increase property values benefiting both developers and owners.

Another example is the CityLife in Milan, a new green modern district outside the city center but with property price equalling the luxury one in Brera central district. In the below graph, the CityLife district worth as much as the average of central location in zone 1.

CityLife Is al modern hub under construction and expected to be accomplished in 2018. With a half billion euro budget, world famous architects seek to reach the highest environmental quality standards. The project involves the construction of three skyscrapers and luxury residential buildings with more 50% of green space area. Citylife is equipped with latest smart technologies. All the installations use sustainable resources such as ground water, district heating and photovoltaics.

The project has been awarded with the gold level LEED certification.

Other studies in the US found that the value of homes decreased by $4.2 for each foot away from a greenbelt (College of Forest Resources, 2000). The Green industry is also the fastest growing market generating more than $95 billion in the United States (Hall, Hodges & J. Haydu, 2005). Such growth creates opportunities and jobs for local communities and cities. Additionally, green covers help to save energy and capital by dropping the use of water and air condition.

Source: http://www.city-life.it

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The California Energy Commission demonstrated that planting trees, vines and ground covers can make your home cooler in summer and warmer in winter. Other economic opportunities can be found in the tourism industry. Beautiful modern green infrastructures are attractive. The supertree grove in gardens by the bay at Singapore is a spectacular experience that generated billions in 2014 (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2014). In green agriculture, there are also immense savings potentials. La Ferme Du Bec Hellouin is a conglomerate of French agricultures using permaculture farming practices to cultivate and produce fruits and vegetables for local neighbourhoods. Using natural processes and mixing plantations, the farm gained success by producing higher volume per square meter at a lower cost than big industrials (HervĂŠ-Gruyer, 2014).

Another success story of urban farming is the adventure of the young start-up Agricool. They came up with the brilliant idea to create farm boxes in Paris to serve fresh and organic food to local communities (Figure 1). They are now implementing their ideas nationally to hope one day for a self-sufficient future producing abundant food and energy for everyone.

La Ferme du Bec Hellouin

Is the story of an engaged family that decided to leave cities and come back to the nature to produce food for the neighbourhood since 2007. They gained popularity with the movie “Demain, tout commence� where they explained the potential of permaculture practices to produce fruits and vegetables with high quantities in a narrow space.

Source: http://www.fermedubec.com

Agricool

Is the story of engaged friends, son of farmers that decided to move to the city and grow local fruits and vegetables. They created a system with containers to cultivate food without any pesticides, in the city of Paris. They started by producing strawberries at the Parc De Bercy and sold them for affordable prices. In 2017, they raised 4 million euros to move in a bigger factory and plan to target others big international cities.

Source: https://agricool.co

120 times more productive conventional farming

than

32meter square container using 100% renewable energy supplied by Enercoop

Using hydroponic techniques, the container use only 0.10 litre of water per week per plant

Figure1: Cooltainer: the urban farming box of Agricool

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Redesigning cities For healthier, happier and sustainable communities

Despite the terrible impacts, dealing with Climate Change also comes with exciting opportunities. Opportunities to change and shape a new world with the latest innovation thinking. This green transition might be the most promising trend for a futuristic world living with plants, animals, and people. Due to the exponential evolution of our urban spaces, cities are the key elements of this transformation. Demands in redesign and planning will grow to build the cities of tomorrow. This part will introduce a list of major green design guidelines of China government and share the success of some green projects from famous French and

Italian architects and other urban designers.

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China’s momentum

From the historic Paris Climate Conference in 2015, President Xi Jinping committed China to become a global leader in tackling Climate Change by embracing a new pattern of urbanisation. ‘With cities consuming threequarters of the China’s energy, the fate of this initiative carries global significance’ (Pike & Huang, 2016). The China Development Bank, in partnership with Energy Innovation recently released a report of guidelines to define China’s new urban model. These green and smart recommendations capture a global experience on how to create a sustainable city. With basic and simple structures, findings depict that every city can be green and smart.

Figure 2: 12 smart and green guidelines of Energy Innovation

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Summary China committed to tackle climate change and embraced a new urban transformation by setting up green guidelines to design cities. The report highlights the importance to improve structures by basic green guidelines. The core changes have to come from urbanists and designers before the use of technologies.

Liuzhou, city forest Stefano Boeri architects’ agency plans to release a futuristic project in South of China for 2020. The city will be covered by more than 1 million plants and 40 000 trees and will be auto-sufficient by combining together solar energy and geothermal energy. The Italian architect aim to develop these concepts of city forest across the globe.

Source:www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.ne t/en/portfolios/liuzhou-forest-city/

In figure 2, the 12 green guidelines draw the importance of simple infrastructure improvements like low carbon energy and water efficiency. While the 6 smart guidelines focus on creating a system that supports the implementation of green practices upon six categories: telecommunications, mobility, energy management, governance, public services and safety. The smart technologies only provide assistance to foster the green development but the core changes have to come from green urban planners and designers. The 12 guidelines highlight that few key actions taken by urbanists can be critical in creating a liveable and sustainable city. To foster these applications, strong and relevant polices need to be incorporated in urban planning for a rapid and efficient transformation. Due to the application of strict car policies, the city of Guangzhou developed an extensive green walking and cycling space to protect the pedestrian culture. With the implementation of free vehicle zones, the city took a new look fostering walking access to a range of goods and services without depending on cars. In the smart side, the report emphasises the potential of technologies in bringing social, environment and economic benefits. Smart management systems such as smart meters or grids can help to make consequential savings in energy and cost. Other smart innovations improve public services. As an example, a sophisticated digital platform in Stockholm supports residents with registration for different kind of activities in the city. (China Development Bank Capital & Energy Innovation, 2015).

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1 Hotels, New York

Green Successes

The High Line, New York A group of passionate and dedicated fund raisers created ‘the friends of the high line’ initiative to inspire urbanists to support the common good in one of the biggest city in the world. The project is an elevated public park on top of an old freight rail that opened in June 2009. The urban structure has brought enormous benefits to the Manahan’s landscape resulting in air quality improvements and recreational opportunities for people.

The popularity has been so successful that new permits have been launched to expand the high line and develop projects surrounding its neighbourhood. These investments of billions of dollars help to create more than 12 000 jobs, 423 000 square feet of new office space and 85 000 square feet of new art galleries (De Roo, 2015).

The luxury chain of 1 Hotels is a beautiful concept merging the human and the natural space together. The hotel pictures a forward thinking with green education initiatives to help guests behaving sustainably. The core fabric of home accessories is all reused, reduced and renewed. Buildings use only low carbon resources to power electricity and heating. All the food provided is fresh and organic. And you can count more than 1000 plants in one hotel. The chain also invests its profits to plant more than 875 million trees annually. This luxury guesthouse is also a home of ideas: free fresh fruits are available everywhere to foster good eating habits, candles are used during dark times to power light in common spaces, shower timers are used as reminders to consume less water and finally, the hotel proposes meditation lessons to reconnect people with the natural environment.

Source: www.1hotels.com

Vertical Forest, Milan

The ‘Bosco verticale’ is a green skyscraper with more than 13 000 plants and 700 trees of 90 different species designed by Stefano Boeri agency

for a cost of 2 billion euros. The vegetation habitat provides incredible

benefits in terms of dust absorption, air quality, temperature mitigation,

humidity mitigation and evapotranspiration. The vertical forest is an

exemplar of urban innovations integrating genius irrigation and structure

systems to enable the life of natural environment on a vertical infrastructure (Giacomello, 2015).

Figure 3: Bosco dimensions and benefits 20

Vancouver Convention Center

The Venus Project, Florida

The Convention Center is a building

following an ecological approach based a 24, 281 m2 living roof. on lands used and The foundation system is designed as an artificial reef. The roof is used as a

permeable surface to collect rain water

and reduce the heat island effect. This

green cover includes more than 400,000

local plants all native. This construction has

a spectacular sense of connectivity and space merging the interior with the exterior environment (De Roo, 2015).

Crystal Building, London

The Crystal Building in London is one the world’s most sustainable building reaching both BREEAM and LEED accreditations.

Designed by Wilkinson Eyre, the structure sources its inspiration from the shape of a crystal, an esthetical design that helps to absorb more light into the building. The Crystal powers 100% of the electricity from renewable resources such as solar powers and a ground source heat pump. This building also outlines the implementation of a successful smart system with more than 3500 data points to control energy and water. The collection of rain water also aids to irrigate the site.

Source: www.thecrystal.org

The Venus project reflects the utopic future of Jacques Fresco, a futurist, urbanist, professor and researcher who spent its entire lifetime to promote solutions to build a better society. His work was awarded by the United Nations.

This project represents a vision where rules, barriers and money are abolished. People live in harmony with the nature and devote their times to creativity, art and education. Cities are planned upon the concept of a resource-based economy. A idea defines as follow: we don’t have enough money to feed everyone but we have enough resources to feed generations and generations. With the use of an efficient system, we can distribute equally resources.

Resources are in abundance and a part of this solution must come from clean energies that give unlimited access to a source of energy. This new society will be fully dependent low carbon technologies such as: geothermal; controlled fusion; solar; photovoltaic; wind, wave, and tidal power; and even fuel from the oceans and will serve free food and health care. Jacques Fresco emphasised also the potential of circular cities run by a powerful and centralised computer. Circular city designs require indeed less energy due to the symmetry of the structure enabling a better distribution of energy. The researcher also introduced the idea of cities on the sea as a solution to accommodate a growing population. Indeed, lands will become scarce in a sooner future and vertical extension development could be a problem for the human scale. Sea cities may be the solution to solve the urban ills by approaching a new world in the marine life. Such cities could serve as a sea aquifer and help to promote mariculture farming without jeopardising the marine environment.

Source: www.thevenusproject.com

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Green Life Plan Ideas, Designs and Plans to create a better future for London

To concretely illustrate the aim of this report, I will try to draw a map of ideas to green the

city of London with a 6 year plan including simple and realistic programs already applied around the world. I want to go beyond expectations and call for ambitious actions that will change behaviours to transform a

grey city into a green city.

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Plan Overview It is well known fact that local government bodies lack of ambitions when it comes to create an effective environmental plan for their cities. However, the threat of Climate Change became so strong that if we hope to avoid irreversible consequences we need to act aggressively for a change. Green Life Plan is a comprehensive outlook towards a sustainable future with fewer cars, more green covers and more social interactions. The plan will produce results over a 6-year period from 2018 to 2023 and will be self-financed by the population of London due to the application of strong taxes and regulations. The plan included the following ideas: •

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A severe driving charge in zone 1-2 that exponentially increases every 6 months.

The charge will be monitored by an effective video camera system. Tax exemption will apply for Taxis and buses and will be less expensive for electric cars.

A high garbage tax that exponentially increases every 6 months for every household who does not recycle.

A strict plastic bag charge that exponentially increases every 6 months in every London stores.

Planting trees and plants in streets, undergrounds, parks, places, parking, buildings and pedestrian areas.

Financial incentives given to every household to create fruit and vegetable gardens.

Installation of smart meters in every London homes, houses and buildings.

Mandatory public community vegetable gardens in each district of London.

Investments in safe biking lane in the city.

Expansion of the public electric car sharing vehicles e.g. Bluecity.

Investments in electric charging stations.

All taxis and buses will be electric.

Elevator parking Mandatory Sustainability & Climate Change module in schools, high-schools and university programs.

London History

Known as a world financial hub, London has seen significant transformations in the urban environment. With more than 8 million people and 2.6 million car owners, the carbon footprint of the city is alarmingly high. Nearly 9000 persons died each year in London because of air pollution and yet little is done to change the climate. The mayor of London, Sadiq Khan is running a short-term plan lacking of ambitions. There is a small £11 congestion charge only in the inner center while the whole city is suffering from air pollution, traffic jams and roads collisions. In figure 4, we can see that more than half of the city is affected by harmful air population. The mayor also aims to plant 42 000 trees in 3 years but this initiative is really not enough to overcome London urban ills.

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Figure 4: London Air pollution level

We have to push the vision forward to ensure safety in transportation, sustainability for generations and happiness for populations. This change needs to be embraced with a strong and aggressive plan that aims to foster a progressive transition and a change in behaviours.

We also must address the threat with an effective plan targeting the main drivers of air population in London such as fuel vehicles that account for 40% of the capital’s air pollution.

We need to build a new society where the use of car needs to be replaced by green covers with biking and walking paths that lead the way to circulate around the city.

Key findings

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£2 million gain net value 272 million trees planted 8000 electric car sharing vehicles 2000 more Electric Charging stations 600 Km of biking lane The usage of plastic bag decreased by 99% The number of drivers decreased by 83% 99% of the Londoners recycled wastes Daily bike journeys increased to 2.6 million 23 000 lives saved due to a better air quality 71% decreased in number of people affected by obesity 50% decreased in number of people affected by mental disorders 92% decreased in road accidents 700 000 jobs created Property value increased by 100% 159 million of ton of Co2 avoided 3 million ton of Co2 absorbed £4 Billion avoided cost of Climate Change Impacts Education in Climate Change raise awareness and actions

The findings are based on my analysis of the impact of my 6- year plan called Scenario 2, the Scenario 1 is the forecast of the impact from 2018 to 2023 without the application of my plan.

This study helped me to understand that the key drivers of Co2 emissions were not necessarily the core drivers of air pollution and this important distinction must be apprehended while tackling Climate Change in the city. Note that all data are approximations based upon info and trends from UK government reports and online secondary sources (Refers to the appendices and the excel files for an illustrated and detailed analysis of the study).

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CONCLUSION

Since the apparition of human life on earth, the nature has been a mother supporting our needs by providing us safe water, nutritive food and pure air. But, the kindness of our planet now reached a peak and it is time to acknowledge that the excessive use of nonrenewable resources will threaten our survival. The obvious solution to avoid Climate Change is to reconsider the greenness of our world and integrate it into our daily lives, and never forget that the nature has unique proprieties allowing diversity to cohabit with harmony. Today, a city is the perfect representation of a disproportionate way of life with an unequal and unbalanced use of energy and space. And since 70% of our world will live in cities in the future, greening urban landscapes remain the main option to seek sustainability and legacy for the next generations. By gathering the latest innovation thinking, greening cities offer wonderful opportunities to transform communities into revolutionary societies with abundant food and energy for everyone. Adding a piece of nature in our streets is an easy solution that requires only the will of people before the use of any technologies. With an ambition and balanced plan as the Green Life plan, we could create futuristic cities and embrace a new millennium with zero carbon emissions.

Many solutions have proven to the world that green benefits outweigh any expectations.

Urbanist needs to source inspiration from these potential projects and brilliant minds like Vincent Callebaut who imagined a green Paris in 2050 or Jacques Rougerie who designed an ecological city in the water named ‘the city of Meriens’ to build together the cities of tomorrow (Vincent Callebaut Architectures, 2015; Jacques Rougerie Fondation, 2015).

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Appendix 1

Planning Green: Green Life Plan from 2018 to 2023

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Driving Charge Program

London is actually operating a daily congestion fee of £11.50 in the inner city and will run a £10 pollution charge for the oldest vehicles in October (Transport for London, 2017). While more than half of the city is affected by air pollution, these charges only applied in week days during working hours in the inner center (Figure A).

Figure A: Driving Charge Zone vs Air Pollution level in the entire city This initiative is not enough to overcome the London ills. In fact, air pollution is affecting most of the areas outside the charge zone. Additionally, car accidents occur in the entire city and not only in the center. By restricting cars pollution in a larger area, we benefit all Londoners reducing traffics, accidents and improving air quality. My idea was to reflect beyond a simple driving charge and foster a change in behavior while using the actual video camera system to record and monitor vehicles.

Figure B: London Map of Underground Zones

In figure B, the actual driving charge zone is very small compared to the whole center of London which is supposed to be in zone 1. My effective charge will apply in zone 1 and 2. The charge will increase exponentially every six months and also operate on weekends for a less expensive fee constraining Londoners to find alternatives to circulate in London. Zone 1 and 2 are well deserved in public transport and to cycle from the border limit of zone 2/3 to the inner center only takes 30 minutes. Such a better option than driving from zone 2 to the inner city which can sometimes take hours during peak times.

The Charge would also apply to electric vehicles for a less expensive charge to give incentives to buy electric cars. Only buses, taxis, polices, disabled, emergency, government vehicles would be exempted from the tax. All the gains would be used to invest in the other initiatives of the plan.

Total gain from the driving charge program: £19 billion

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•

Waste Charge Program

In London, 70% of households do not recycle and compost (Rosehill, 2017). If everyone was responsible with rubbishes, garbage wastes will emit almost zero carbon emissions. Today, there is no action done to penalise people who do not recycle while there is an existing collecting process in place in every district of London. Similarly, as the driving charge, the waste charge will increase exponentially every six months and all the collected gains would be used to finance other initiatives of the plan.

Total gain from the driving charge program: £7 billion •

Plastic Bag Charge Program

There is actually in place 5p plastic bag charge in the United Kingdom. It was a quite effective to drop the usage of bags, however no future actions are planned by the governments and local authorities to move forward with this program. In a rich city like London, a 5p plastic bag charge is not enough to dissuade Londoners from buying them. In fact, even alternative biodegradable bags are usually more expensive. Plastic bags need to be the last option to constrain change in citizens’ habits. The charge has to be more expensive and need to increase exponentially every 6 months in every London stores. Equally, as the driving charge and the waste charge, the plastic bag charge, all the collected gains would be used to support other programs of Green Life.

Total gain from the driving charge program: £11 billion •

Green Cover Program

The mayor of London plans to invest £750 000 to plant 42 000 trees in London for three years. It is a good start but not enough with the growing population and the lack of green spaces in some capital’s districts (London City Hall, 2017). Many central and concentrated places do not have any green cover (Figure C), Oxford circus is a perfect example of a concentrated place with many cars and people and no green spaces. I want to address these green gaps with an ambition green cover program that targets streets, places, parks, parking, pedestrian areas but also underground, buildings and roofs by: From 2018 to 2023 Planting 6 million street trees Planting 3 million park trees Planting 11.5 million trees in places, pedestrian areas and parking Planting 600 000 plants and wall plants in underground Planting 252 million plants and trees in buildings and roofs Total cost of the green cover Program: £5.6 billion

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Figure C: London Popular Places Greening underground is an idea that was first implemented in the city of Seoul in South Korea, the subway was growing plants without sunlight (Figure D, right photo). In a study of city lab, London’s underground could be even more polluted than central streets (CityLab, 2017). The creation of plant walls could help to tackle this problem. In figure D, some cities in the United States have successfully designed roads while integrating green spaces (Richmond, VA, left photo).

Figure D: Adding green covers in cities

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•

Garden Incentive and Community Program

This program is designed to help every household in London to grow their own fruits and vegetables by offering financial incentives to create a vegetable garden. The project also aims to create public community gardens in each district of London to foster local food consumption (Figure E). This project could help millions of Londoners in food savings and nutrition quality.

Figure E: Community gardens in the city The French farm Bec Hellouin is a good example of a community gardens serving the local neighborhood. They actually produced more than industrial using smart farming methods to achieve quality and quantity.

Total cost of the green cover Program: £644 million •

Smart Meter Program

Smart Meter efficiency is well known, the most efficient ones help to save up 40% of energy every year. Within this program, we ensure the installation of smart meters for every household and building in London.

Total cost of the program: £500 million •

Biking Lane Program

In London, there is only 50 km of biking lanes available while the surface of the city approximates 1572 km2. In order to drive behavior and change, the city has to offer more biking facilities and infrastructures in a safe and pleasant environment. The program aims to invest more than 600 km of additional safe biking lanes along each district of London.

Copenhagen has a beautiful success story with cycling. Due to new biking lanes, bikers lead the way in this Danish city, more than 50% of citizens circulate with a bicycle (Cycling Embassy of Denmark, 2017 & Figure F).

Total Cost of the program: £300 million

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•

Figure F: Copenhagen biking lanes Public Facility Program

This program aims to extend transport facilities in replacement of the dropping use of cars by ensuring electric circulation around the city. The first project seeks to develop the use of the ‘bluecity’ electric car in every district of London. Again, this car sharing program is not enough ambitious with less than 3000 available cars for a city with 8.7 million citizens while this kind of ideas are already well advanced in some cities like Paris with Autolib or Milan with Car2go or Enjoy (Cityam, 2017). The Green Life plan extends this program to create 8500 additional cars in 6 years. The second project aims to transform 9000 buses and 27000 taxis with electric powers (Figure, G) and investing in 1500 additional charging electric stations. Finally, the last project finances 160 new elevator free parking structures with 75000 car spots in Zone 2 and 3 for all citizens living outside London.

Total Cost car sharing program: £85 million Total Cost bus and taxi program: £2 billion Total Cost charging station program: £148 million Total Cost parking program: £978 million

Figure G: Electric Momentum •

Green Education Program

This last program ensures to create a fully comprehensive plan by incorporating new values in education. Green education raises awareness and motivates actions. The aim is to introduce a mandatory Sustainability and Climate Change module in London schools, high schools and universities. This introduction would be part of a redesigned education program that should apply nationally.

Total cost: not available

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Appendix 2: Economic Value Creation The plan helped to create more than 600 000 jobs and a significant portion was generated with trees planting (Table 1). From 2018 to 2023, the property value doubled and was strongly correlated with the increase of green covers and air pollution removal (Figure 5).

SECTOR Trees Planting Trees Maintenance Garbage Checking Charging Stations Infrastructure Charging Stations Maintenance Smart Meter Installation Smart Meter Maintenance Biking Lanes Infrastructure

2018-2023 240,000 9,600 44,627 28,531 4,565 44,627 446 6,000

Biking Lanes Maintenance Electric Buses Manufacture Electric Taxis Manufacture Community Gardens Maintenance Car Sharing Installation Car Sharing Maintenance Government Taxes

600 89,850 116,500 11,869

Parking Total

60,000 696,717

17,103 86 22,313

Cost in £

%

Total Maintenance Cost Total Greening Cost Total Household Cost

£27,292,384,016 £5,622,000,000 £1,129,289,275

Total Infrastructure Cost

£1,278,000,000

13 7 26 1

Total Public Facilities Cost

£2,360,573,749

54

Total Cost

£37,682,247,040

100

Gain in £

%

Total Gain Driving Charge Total Gain Bag Charge Total Gain Rubbish Charge

£19,268,301,730 £11,453,589,475 £6,962,637,845

51 30 18

Total Gain

£37,684,529,050

100

Net Value

£2,282,010

Table 5: London Total Gain from 2018 to 2023

Table 1: Jobs Creation in London from 2018-2023 Scenario 2

3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 2018

2019

2020

Cumulated Ton of CO2 Removal

2021

2022

2023

Property Average Value £

Figure 5: London Property Value evolution from 2018 to 2023 in Scenario 2 Regarding the financing incomes, the gain for total charges overcome the investment cost of Green Life plan. The net gain value is around £2 million.

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Appendix 3: Health Value Creation

250

200

150

100

50

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Scenario 1: Deaths by road accidents Scenario 2: Deaths by road accidents

Figure 6: London Road Accident Deaths from 2018-2023

60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 2018

2019

Scenario 1: Accidents in Road Collisions

2020 Scenario 1: Causalities

2021

2022

2023

Scenario 2: Accidents in Road Collisions

Scenario 2: Causalities

Figure 7: London Accidents and Causalities evolution from 2018 to 2023

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2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

2018

2019

2020 Scenario 1

2021

2022

2023

Scenario 2

Figure 8: London Obesity Evolution from 2018-2023

4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 2018

2019 Scenario 1

2020

2021

2022

2023

Scenario 2

Figure 9: London Mental Disorders Evolution from 2018 to 2023

36

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Deaths Scenario 1

20,500

22,601

24,918

27,472

30,288

33,392

Deaths Scenario 2

156,600

626,400

1,409,400

2,505,600

3,915,000

5,637,600

Ton of Co2 Removal

19,600

17,693

15,228

12,075

8,738

5,714

Life Savings

900

4,908

9,690

15,397

21,550

27,678

Table 2: Air Pollution Effects From 2018 to 2023

3000000

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

0 2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Figure 10: London Daily Bike Journey under Scenario 2 from 2018 to 2023 Green Life Plan brought strong benefits in health and well-being for Londoners. First of all, the decreased use of cars reduced the number of accidents, causalities and deaths in road collisions. In figure 6, we can observe that the number of deaths almost came to 0. Similarly figure 7 shows the decrease of accidents and causalities from 2018 to 2023. Moreover, there are almost 2 million people in London touched by Obesity. The investment in green covers and biking lanes with Green Life plan helped to foster exercises and outdoors activities. Under the plan, Obesity in London reduced by 71% (Figure 8). This reduction could be also explained by Figure 10 with the strong increase of Daily bike journey. Additionally, trees heal mental diseases by bringing more life and happiness. More than 2 million persons are affected by metal disorders in London. The plan aided to reduce by 50% the number of diseased people. Finally, in table 2, we can see that the removal of Co2 had a strong impact on the air quality saving more 22 000 lives.

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Appendix 4: Environmental Value Creation Emitted Carbon Emissions

Ton of CO2 from Plastic bag Ton of CO2 from Car Ton of CO2 from Garbage Ton of CO2 from Households Total

Ton of CO2

%

Carbon Cost Ton of CO2

540,471 1,385, 460 10,234,284 98,536,603 109,312,743

0 1 9 90 100

£13,511,775 £34,636,500 £255,857,100 £2,463,415,075 £2,732,818,575

Avoided Carbon Emissions

Ton of CO2 from Ton of CO2 from Ton of CO2 from Ton of CO2 from Ton of CO2 from Total

Plastic bag Car Garbage Households Public Transport

Ton of CO2

%

Carbon Cost Ton of CO2

1,921,920 4,743 648 29,405,376 123,170,754 2,294,556 159,241,698

1 3 18 77 1 100

£48,048,000 £118,591,200 £735,134,400 £3,079,268,850 £57,363,900 £4,038,406,350

Absorbed Carbon Emissions Ton of CO2 from Street Trees Ton of CO2 from Park Trees Ton of CO2 from Parking, Places Trees Ton of CO2 from Underground Plants Ton of CO2 from Building Plants Total

Ton of CO2 393,120 204,750 786,240 31,590 1,638,000 3,053,700

Net Value of Ton of CO2 Emitted Cost of CO2 Emitted Avoided Climate Change Impact Cost

% 13 7 26 1 54 100

Carbon Cost Ton of CO2 £9,828,000 £5,118,750 £19,656,000 £789,750 £40,950,000 £76,342,500

107,643,118 £2,691,077,950 £4,038,406,350

Table 3: London Carbon Emissions under scenario 2 from 2018 to 2023 In this table, we can conclude that Green Life plan was an effective way to cut down emissions from the biggest drivers. Reducing energy consumption shows significant changes for the London carbon footprint. Almost 90% of emissions was due to energy consumption in London.

The impact of garbage recycle treatments pictures also a great saving effect almost 18% emissions avoided. Also, 3 million ton of Co2 was absorbed by Trees and this number is supposed to increase along the year. Overall, we avoided paying £4 billion for related climate impacts. In addition, in figure 11, the drop of fuel cars is significant with a decrease of 99%. In 2023 less than 4000 people would be circulating in high carbon emission cars. On the other hand, electric vehicles skyrocketed to more 200 000 units. Finally, in figure 12, 99% of households will recycle wastes in 2023.

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1,200,000

1,000,000

800,000

600,000

400,000

200,000

2018

2019

2020

Electric vehicles

2021

2022

2023

Fossil Fuels vehicles

Figure 11: London Car Type Evolution under Scenario 2 from 2018 to 2023

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Figure 12: London Households Not Recycling Scenario 2 from 2018 to 2023

39

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