Frugal innovation
Part # 1 What is frugal innovation?
Frugal innovation is about lowering the complexity and cost of producing a product - in a scalable and sustainable manner.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-frugal-innovation-revolutionizing-medical-rajendra-velagapudi
Affordability, simplicity, quality, and sustainability are 4 key values in frugal innovation.
http://www.strategy-business.com/article/00368
Part # 2 Transportation examples
What makes the http://www.tatanano.com/ cheap?
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7957671.stm
http://www.blablacar.com/ makes it simple for people to drive with each other and thereby save money.
Part # 3 Housing examples
http://www.yhbm.com/ uses a 3D printer to construct houses. This process saves up to 60% of construction waste, cuts production time by up to 70% and labour costs by up to 80%.
http://www.cnet.com/news/worlds-first-3d-printed-apartment-building-constructed-in-china/
http://www.wasproject.it/ uses a 3D mud printer to build low cost houses from mud a clay.
https://hbr.org/2016/02/tackling-big-global-challenges-with-low-cost-innovation
http://www.tarkett.com/ creates flooring products using rapidly-renewable materials such as walnut shells, pine resin, linseed oil, jute, and cork as well as recycled plastic material.
https://hbr.org/2014/12/what-frugal-innovators-do
https://www.airbnb.com/ make it simple for people to share apartments / houses with other people.
Part # 4 Energy examples
http://www.m-kopa.com/ is a a home solar system that comes in a kit containing a small solar panel, 2 LED lamps, an LED flashlight, and a mobile phone charger. Although the entire kit costs $200, Kenyans can purchase it with an initial deposit of $35 and pay off the rest by making a daily micro-payment of 45 cents using https://www.mpesa.in/. https://hbr.org/2016/02/tackling-big-global-challenges-with-low-cost-innovation
Placing a PET bottle in their roofs, people in the Philippines created light in houses fueled by the sun. Materials needed 1. PET soda bottle. 2. Galvanized iron sheet. 3. Rubber sealant. 4. Bleach. 5. Filtered water. http://literoflight.org/ http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-build-a-SOLAR-BOTTLE-BULB/
https://www.chotukool.com/ is a tiny refrigerator sold by http://www.godrej.com/. Instead of the traditional compressor, the https://www.chotukool.com/ refrigerator uses a computer fan to cool the air. It works on a battery and is lightweight, so you can easily bring the refrigerator with you.
Part # 5 Retail examples
Ingvar Kamprad, founder of http://www.ikea.com/, reduced costs for furniture assembly, storage, and transportation, by developing flat pack kits. The flat pack kits  took up less space than regular furniture,  enabled customers to assemble their furniture themselves in a simple way. http://www.business2community.com/business-innovation/learning-master-frugal-innovation-founder-ikea-01454878#PqyFPWFJj7mXjUcg.97
http://www.techshop.ws/ helped http://www.leroymerlin.com/ create maker spaces with 3D printers in retail stores. Thereby, they help customers save money and consume sustainably. http://www.strategy-business.com/article/00368
https://www.sparkschools.co.za/ provides education for less than what it costs to educate a educate a state-school student. https://www.sparkschools.co.za/ reduces costs by, for example, using modern technology and inviting parents to help with maintenance.