Architecture Level 5 Essay Haibin Fu
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Contents CHAPTER ONE ARC 550 AUB Harvard List of Figures
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ARC 550 LO4 Contextual Study
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ARC 550 AUB Harvard Bibliography
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CHAPTER TWO ARC 551 AUB Harvard List of Figures
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ARC 551 LO4 Contextual Study
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ARC 551 AUB Harvard Bibliography
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CHAPTER THREE ARC 552 AUB Harvard List of Figures
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ARC 552 LO4 Contextual Study
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ARC 552 AUB Harvard Bibliography
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CHAPTER FOUR Reflective Thesis Conclusion CHAPTER FIVE Epilogue
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Introduction ARC552 Dialogues with Future Scenarios Book 3: A4 Portrait This is a brief of a small scale Micro Vintner, a medium Music School and a large scale Poole Theme Park located in Poole, Dorset, UK This book is about three contextual studies in level 5. Urbanism of a Biking Path - 2000 words Children Playgrounds Architecture - 2000 words The Development of Poole Theme park- 4000 words Special thanks to Unit Leader: Channa Vithana Tutor(s): Channa Vithana & Richard Eastham/Richard Patterson Tech Dem: Michelle Lowe Subject Librarian: Andy Calvert
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Chapter One Urbanism of a Biking Path
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Urbanism of a Biking Path : 2
Urbanism of a Biking Path
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Image list Fig.1 - Haibin, F.(2013). The Micro Vintner. Poole Cycle Map Fig.2 -London Cycling Campaign (2007). [Online image]. Available from: http://lcc.org.uk/articles/ hyde-park-and-green-park [Accessed 15 October 2013] Fig.3 -Automobile Association (2008). [Online image]. Available from: http://www.theaa.com/ bike-rides/around-hyde-park-418710 [Accessed 15 October 2013] Fig.4 -MCM (2001). [Online image]. Available from: http://blog.mcmworldwide.com/w/?category=0&key word=&keyword2=&pageSeq=6&seq=419 [Accessed 15 October 2013] Fig.5 -Automobile Association (2009). [Online image]. Available from: http://unn.people.com. cn/GB/14794/21778/10404441.html [Accessed 15 October 2013] Fig.6 - Haibin, F.(2013). The Micro Vintner.
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Urbanism of a Biking Path : 2
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Urbanism of a Biking Path : 3
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oole is a coastal town located on the south coast of England, in the southwest of Dorset. This area dates back before the Iron Age, and the town’s name was given in the 12th Century. The town is famous for its port which is one of the most important ports in Britain with a population over 145,000. Poole is also an area that contains an old town and new town connected with a high street. The high street is the heart of Poole where it connects to the bus station, train station, and the harbour. There are many shops and restaurants on both sides of the high street. Every year the harbour and the historical area of Poole attract visitors from all over Europe. The high street is the focal point of the town where it plays an important part on the everyday life and being a touristic spot. The Micro Vintner is located on the North Street which is east side of the high street, opposite the Poole Methodist Church. This area has a history which dates from the 19th century. There are also many old buildings and modern buildings mixed together in that area. This is a good place for meeting as well. The suggested venue for development is a Micro vintner. The definition of vinter is a wine merchant, from Old French vinetier.
This essay will mainly focus on the Urbanism of a biking path in different spaces around Poole, comparing it with a national and a global context. It will focus on different issues that Poole face such as pathways, nodes, and districts. In addition that will be compared within larger scale cities such as London, Shanghai, Delft and Amsterdam.
Fig.1 - Poole Cycle Map
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Fig.2 - London Cycle
London and the biking system
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Fig.3 - Hyde Park Cycle Map well designed and organised. It is easy to find maps and signs at the junction of streets that allow for a better understanding of the path. The map in (fig 03) will clearly show every single street and road which is really hard to get lost in such a big city. Also, many routes are carefully designed for bicycles.
oole Park is a good place for cycling. Comparing that with Hyde Park in London that also serves a place for cycling has a better infrastructure for pedestrian and cyclist’s paths. For example, around central London there are several places in London where you can rent a bike at any time of the day. The cycle Moreover, that allows for more pedestrians to use a level. bike as a way of transportation around the central shops and high streets in London, allowing for faster, and easier connection between the park and the high streets. Therefore, that becomes a strategic plan for shops to attract customers by allowing an easier transportation method to reach to a certain shop. The idea of introducing a biking system around London is not just a method of transportation but becomes a sustainable way of transportation around the city. Furthermore, this allows for cheaper ways of transport, less congestion around the city, and a healthier way of transport. This vastly affects the way the city is planned. For instance London is planned within a path for buses, bikes, pedestrian pavements and streets for cars. However comparing the following with Poole, it appears to be that Poole lacks of a proper biking path that connects different districts into the high street and the main landmarks of the town. On the other hand, the cycling lane in London is clear, but in Poole it is easy to get lost by bike, and sometimes there are not enough roads for bikes and pedestrians which is dangerous. (fig 02). Comparing Poole with London, despite London being much bigger than Poole, the road system of London is
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hire system in London has reached a high London's bike hire scheme is on course to become the only Transport for London (TfL) system to make an operating profit, just 10 weeks after its launch. The project had its first appraisal by the Greater London Authority (GLA) transport committee. Jeroen Weimar from Serco, the operating company, told the committee: "As of this morning there are 94,500 members of the bike hire scheme and between them they have made over 1,068,000 journeys." There are currently 340 bike hire docking stations across the centre of London with 8,099 spaces. Serco and TfL aim to have 400 stations installed by March next year, with a station available every 300m. ( Frederika W, 2010)
Urbanism of a Biking Path : 5
HAIBIN FU On the other hand, it is hard to find many cycle routes in Poole. For example the high street is only for pedestrians, it is illegal to ride a bike on it. Many other roads are even too narrow to drive, and do not have space for cycle routes. Therefore, It is dangerous when people cycle in Poole. and there are only several roads can be chosen suitable for cycle. Also, there are not enough bike lock-ups which is a problem as well. Due to this problem, there is no cycle hire system as in London. Therefore, introducing a cycle hire at different districts around Poole will be an ideal way of connecting the micro vintner with the surrounding town of Poole. In addition, bike hire systems should be created around the three main districts in Poole that consist of the park, the high street, and the old town. This will allow for a path that runs from the train station connecting with the bus station into the park and down to the high street. All of these paths will have a cul de sac to the micro vintner. (fig 01).
Shanghai and its biking system
There are many cities in the world which have a very good cycling path system. For example, New York, Barcelona and Shanghai. Comparing London with Shanghai, both of them have the similar Bicycle sharing system. In preparation for the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, China, Shanghai launched a limited bike share programme which are accessible by RFID cards. Shanghai planned to expand to 3,500 Bicycle Hot
Fig.4 - London biking system Spots throughout the entire city by 2010. (Minhang Times, 2011) (fig 05). Therefore the cycling path way in Shanghai is also can be shown on this side. Due to the geometric flat landscape, it is the best place for cycling. The urbanism in Shanghai is even more crowded than London. (fig 05).Similar traffic problems happen here, too. Then cycling became a good transport way in normal life. The
Fig.5 - Shanghai biking system
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Fig.6 - The Micro Vintner main difference in urban form between Poole and Shanghai is Poole often has no through roads. However, Shanghai street design is always connected to each other, even tiny roads can lead to each other, there are rarely no through roads. The cycling path in Poole should be redesigned and rebuilt. Apart from roads, during the night, the lights system of Poole is worse than Shanghai, because there are not enough road lamp so the cycling path is even worse than the daytime. Another reason that is Shanghai has quite a lot of buildings rather than houses, so the lights need to be more shining to support the working area. The last point is about the junction, because of the divisions, bike sometimes need to wait the traffic light on the pedestrian. This problem lead to the bike lost some of its time save advantages, need to take more time on waiting for the traffic lights. If Poole can establish a bicycle sharing system as other cities, the best place to put the bikes are the place where tourists arrived and the shopping centre, in the middle of the high street, and the port which let the people can reach Bournemouth as well. Then the Micro Vintner is the best place of the centre key area. People can rent the bikes in other area and follow the clear sign to the Micro Vintner to return the bike or taste a cup of local wine or beer and carry on their journey. The bike here becomes a way finding tool for the micro vintner. This will attract more tourists and bring life to Poole’s high street, whether during the summer or winter, daytime or night, everyone will enjoy the biking paths. 10
The micro vintner and the bike system
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he redevelopment of Poole’s infrastructure is very important, as there are many mistakes in the master planning of the town. Therefore, the micro vintner creates an opportunity to redesign the central districts, the park, the high street and the old town. The micro vintner will introduce a system that is similar to London, and shanghai, where Poole will be recognized as the biking town. The idea of introducing bikes will create a path for the younger and middle-aged society to enjoy the bike ride as a pathway to the shop. This becomes a journey to reach to the shop where the making of the wine becomes the next step. The proposal will be as follow, firstly to create bicycles parking and an electronic hire system around the different landmarks, and districts around Poole. Secondly is to create a pathway that will lead from the landmarks to one end destination that is the micro vintner where the shops program will consist of a biking parking and a bike hire system as well. Lastly, is to create ground lights into the path that will lead to the micro vintner. The lights will allow for the path to direct pedestrians to the shop by following the light, as well as to the bikers.
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Bibliography Brawne, M. and Meier, R. (1992) Museum fur Kunsthandwerk - Richard Meier. Phaidon. Watts, A. (2010) Modern construction roofs. Wein: Springer. (Modern construction series). Prewett Bizley Architects. (2008). Pezo Natural light plan. [online] Available at: http://www.architecturebuildings.com/parr-house-in-chiguayante-chile-bypezo-von-ellrichshausen-architects/view-pezo-archskylight-natural-light-plan/[Accessed: 23 Oct 2013]. Hewilliams. (2010). Williams ICEHZ2 / OMHDRD11. [online] Available at: http://hewilliams.com/ lighting%20guide/LGV31326.pdf [Accessed: 11 Oct 2013]. Rockwool. (2012). Rockwool Insolation Flexi, [online] Available at: http://rwiumbracouknew. inforce.dk/media/295681/ablative%20coated%20 batt.pdf [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013]. First Choice. (2005). Central heating systems, [online] Available at: http://www.firstchoiceplumbing. co.uk/services-2/central-heating/central-heating/ [Accessed: 30 Oct 2013]. Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
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Chapter Two Children Playgrounds Architecture 12
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Children Playgrounds Architecture : 1
Children Playgrounds Architecture
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Children Playgrounds Architecture : 2
Image list Cover sheet - Unknown (1993) Children in the playground of St Peter and St Paul Primary School[image online]Available at: http://boltonworktown.co.uk/ wp-content/uploads/1993.83.03.32.jpg [Accessed: 2 Feb 2014]. Fig.01 - Unknown (2013) Seesaw Sketch[image online] Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/8/81/SeesawWithKids_wb.png [Accessed: 2 Feb 2014]. Fig.02 - Unknown (2013) Old playground [image online] Available at: http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/ Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/2/22/1361548305512/ Playground-1970s-010.jpg [Accessed: 14 Feb 2014]. Fig.03 - Modern playground[image online]Available at: http://www.beckwithinteriors.com/ [Accessed: 14 Feb 2014]. Fig.04 - Archined. (2008). Dijkstraat 1954 [image online]Available at: http://www.archined.nl/uploads/ pics/dijkstraat_01.jpg [Accessed: 28 Feb 2014]. Fig.05 - Unknown (2013) Aldo van Eyck [image online]Available at: http://blogs.unlp.edu.ar/ taller5fau/files/2013/05/69251_580791608616484_19 18733773_n.jpg [Accessed: 29 Feb 2014]. Fig.06 - Qiang, S. (2013) Kic Park dawn [image online]Available at: http://www10.aeccafe. com/blogs/arch-showcase/files/2013/01/DSC_1540_ ad.jpg [Accessed: 8 March 2014].
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Fig.07 - Sikolski, I. (2013). Google Tel Aviv slide [image online]Available at: http://www10. aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/files/2013/03/ P1200567.jpg [Accessed: 8 March 2014]. Fig.08 - Boegly, L (2013) Kindergarten and primary school in Saint Denis [image online]Available at: http://www.detail-online.com/uploads/pics/parreira_ saint_denis_TINO_HAL_ECO_02.jpg [Accessed: 10 March 2014]. Fig.09 - Haibin, F.(2014). Google map Fig.10 - Haibin, F.(2014). The Music School Fig. 11 - Unknown (nd) Cambria city playground [image online]Available at: http://4.p.blogspot. c o m / - Z d A U U 5 k Q L c c / T f w M L o l z k EI / AAAAAAAAH i M / X r i Vy 0 j R 4 B M / s 1 6 0 0 / Cambria%2BCity%2BPlayground%2BNo.%2B2%2B. jpg [Accessed: 10 March 2014].
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Children Playgrounds Architecture : 3
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he playground plays a very important role in children’s normal life. People need green spaces, especially for young person. Children are imaginative, creative, and active. Children of all age groups are influenced by their surroundings, particularly schoolaged children (Frost, 2010). Children need safety playground to grow up. So the playground become one of the most important issue in urban planning.
Fig.01 Seesaw Sketch
A playground can be defined as A playground, Play Park of play area is a place with a specific design for play. Usually a playground is designed for children, but some playground are being designed for other aged group. It might be indoors but is typically outdoors. (Double- Tongued dictionary, 2006) Moreover, playground is not just a natural sitting and play area, it is not only have facilities for playing informal games of adult sports but also public playground equipment refers to equipment intended for use in the play areas of parks, schools, child care facilities, institutions, multiple family dwellings, restaurants, resorts, and recreational developments, and other areas of public use.
Fig.02 Old playground
A type of playground called a plays cape is designed to provide a safe environment for play in a natural setting. This essay will analyse playgrounds in urban areas and typology (the classification of characteristics common to buildings or urban spaces) in England and around the world. (219words)
Fig.03 Modern playground
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Children Playgrounds Architecture : 4
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he playground is very popular in England, there are many playgrounds in England which are built in 19 century already hundred years ago. For example, in London there are many famous playground such as Diana memorial playground, Mint street adventure playground and crumbles castle adventure playground seat in different area. All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design of space that contains, cuddles, exalts, or stimulates the persons in that space. (Johnson. P, nd)
A playground is not simply space where children play. The old school playground might have been just several seesaws and a rope bridge. However, modern architecture needs to included more details. Safety is the most important issue, it can be a canopy to prevent water and a place to be free, to express. Amsterdam is a city which have very good playgrounds and focus on this issue quite early. In Amsterdam alone, between the ‘50s and ‘70s, Aldo van Eyck designed over 700 playgrounds. The Dutch architect was 28 in 1947, the year he began working at the Department of City Development there. To van Eyck, the playground was a project type that he used to test the connection between non-hierarchic compositional elements, and for everyone else, he wanted it to be an extraordinary learning opportunity. (Nicolin. P, 2012) In Aldo van Eyck (1918-1999) age, he is one of the famous architect, lots of playgrounds has been built. Though these playgrounds may not been use today, at that time, thousands children became more creativity and happier because of him. For example, Dijkstraat in 1954 (Fig. 04), before the land use is just a abandoned space, it might be quite dangerous for children to play, after his redesign of the area transfer to a playground, it attracts more children and it became safer as well. Though it might be old fashion today, in his age many children saved an unforgettable member of the playground. This is the power of the playground. 16
Fig.04 Dijkstraat 1954
Fig.05 Aldo van Eyck
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Children Playgrounds Architecture : 5
Kic Park (Shanghai) Playgrounds are existing in everywhere around the world. A playground is a place for people to relax and it is does not have to be too big, such as Shanghai Park. Although, this is a really tiny park in the central of residential area. It bring lively to people. People can seat on the timber and enjoy the dawn, even at night it still a good place to stay. It is a 24 hours playground for everyone. The design of the playground is quite unique. The initial idea is just take a piece of paper and curve several rectangle on it, and then try to make some timber seats and green space in the middle. It is looks so simple, even the idea. However, when it has been built and local people engage with this small playground. It suddenly shows the power of the little timber green space. It connects well to the city center and the surrounding area immediately become vivid, it become a meeting space for both children and adult. It is not just simply a green space but a open space for everyone to relax. Google Tel Aviv in Israel is one of the best work space around the world. It is famous for the warm environment and home atmosphere. Every single detail has been well designed and organised. Such as the cafe with plenty of sun shine and white sofa to make sure the seats would not be so hot. Although the Google logo also appear at everywhere to build the company awareness, it still like a part of the playground to let people believe it should be there at first. (Fig. 7) Sometimes, the ceiling might not be decorated or blocked, it still looks nice with the surrounding environment. A slide has been created connect with the office and rest area. Not only for children to play, but also for adult to relax.
Fig.06 Kic park
In google office around the world. It is hard to find a place looks like an office area, instead every area makes people to feel they have come to a playground or on holiday. This is the key concept of buildings, not only for companies, but also for schools and other buildings, especially for music school. Students have to face instruments and bear noise every day. A playground look like music school is what they need indeed.
Fig.07 Google office 17
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Children Playgrounds Architecture : 6
The kindergarten and primary school in Saint Denis is one of the successful good sample. The idea of converting the former factory hall to a modern school, so a new school with a sports hall is also used by local clubs has been created. The adjoining access tower with changing facilities serves this section, too. As one reminder of the previous function, the old industrial brick chimney stack has been retained and restored after the refurbishment. Moreover, timber as the main material to protect children. The blue soft ground create a beautiful space as a playground to let students grow up in a happy atmosphere. The natural materials some time help student to be more environmental and more creativity. Playgrounds in twin cities There are four main types of playground . Traditional , Designer, Adventure and Creative/comprehensive. Traditional playground is a model where play is seen as synonymous with physical exercise and recreation. Typified by “mass produced� gym equipment, grey tarmac and a high percentage of green, which is the recreation field or sports field. Traditional playgrounds promote gross motor skills.(Malone, 2003) There is a big difference between east and west countries. The figure 07 on the top shows the playgrounds in google map in traditional Chinese city in Dalian. Dalian is a coastal city located in northeast of China. There are about 200 meters per playground that can be found in the city. These playgrounds often consist of a big race field and several facilities such as swings, sandbox and parallel bars inside. The area and shape are quite similar with each other, always with a rectangle shape, the area of the playgrounds are from 3000 square meters to 5000 square meters. Compared with Dalian, Bournemouth (Fig.07 below) is a coastal city in the southwest of England, is the same size and have the similar climate with Dalian which also can present for some towns in England. It have less public playgrounds in city center, instead there are more private garden mixed with some playgrounds almost behind every house. On the other hand, the public playground is well connected with each other, the area is quite big with greens and the size is random, most of the shape is round or line. 18
Fig.08 kindergarten and primary school in Saint Denis
Fig.09 Google map
HAIBIN FU The music school Children are imaginative, creative, and active. Children of all age groups are influenced by their surroundings, particularly school-aged children (Frost, 2010). School-aged children’s physical, emotional, social, and intellectual developmental characteristics are influenced by their surrounding environments. Today, uniform playgrounds are diminishing the opportunities for youth to develop their personal creativity and imagination through play (Thompson,S 2005)
Children Playgrounds Architecture : 7 Finally, D zone is for parking area and another playground which including a bigger fountain with green area surrounded so that allowed people to play with it and have fun. Bike tables and seats are around this area to make this space more fun. Moreover, all of the playgrounds in music school have plenty of sunshine during the whole day with good weather cause there is no other buildings in the south. In terms of a better study environment. There are also several indoor playgrounds for students during the bad weather.
By integrating art into playgrounds, these environments will offer children greater opportunity for developmental enrichment through their interactions with the site. Playgrounds are often built in school as well. It is a part of normal school and it is necessary to have some space for playgrounds. The music school is a normal middle scale music school located in Poole, between the Light house and Merck house. The major part of the Music school is playground. The concept of the music school is to have more playgrounds for students and local public to use this area as a meeting place, free access for everyone. There are many playgrounds in the music school, because playgrounds play a basic important role in students’ lives, especially for the students who major in music. They are more under pressure and they need more social space and more quite leisure space for clam down and relax. The music school can be separate into four zones. All of the zones have playgrounds. First of all, A zone is a sport zone which contains green space in the south, fountain and shelter and ladder in the middle and a small one floor house which people can play pool and table tennis in it. The small timber house is seat in the south of the Merck house, so that plenty of sunshine can reach this area. Then, the playgrounds and green garden also located at the top of the B&C zones as well. In terms of getting better view and more sun shine, the idea is to put them on the roof of the Music school. Fences are around the roof so that to keep safety of children to provide a better playground.
Fig.10 The music school 19
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Fig.11 Cambria city playground Conclusion
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hildren have a unique and direct experiential way of knowing the natural world. This affinity with nature is judged not by its aesthetics but rather by the nature of their interaction with it (Stoecklin, 1998).
It is impossible for architects to build a perfect playground, because the nature is the best playground. However, what can architects do is to thinking about more aspects and try to improve the space, safty is clearly a concern, but also allowing children to express themselves. The idea of the music school combained with the playground should allowed children more oppotunity to be creative through play. (2014 words)
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Children Playgrounds Architecture : 9
HAIBIN FU Literature Search
Bibliography
Disinger, J.F. (1990). “Needs and Mechanisms for Environmental Learning in Schools.” Educational Horizons 69(1): 29-36.
Eyck, A.v., Ligtelijn, V. (ed.) and Strauven, F. (ed.) (2008) Aldo van Eyck writings : vol. 1 : The Child, the City and the Artist : an essay on architecture the inbetween realm. Amsterdam: SUN.
Eduction Development Center, Inc. and Boston Schoolyard Funders Collaborative (2000). Schoolyard Learning: The Impact of Schoolgrounds. Boston: Education Development Center, Inc. and Boston Foundation. Evans, J. (1995a). “Children’s Attitudes to Recess and the Changes Taking Place in Australian Primary Schools.” Research in Education 56: 49-61. Frost, J.L. (n.d.). “Child Development Playgrounds.” Eric Doc ED281632.
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Harvey, M. (1989). “The Relationship between Children’s Experiences with Vegetation on Schoolgrounds.” Journal of Enviromental Education 21(2): 9-18. Hasluck, L. and K. Malone (1999). “Location, Leisure and Lifestyle: Young People’s Retreat to Home Environments.” In Shehan, C., ed. Through the Eyes of the Child. Connecticut: Jai Press. Maxey, I. (1999). “Playgrounds: From Oppressive Spaces to Sustainable Places?” Built Environment 25(1): 18-24. Murdoch, K. (1993). Ideas for Environmental Education. Melbourne: Thomas Nelson Australia. Young, K. (1990). Learning through Landscapes: Using Schoolgrounds as and Educational Resource. Winchester: Learning Through Landscapes Trust.
Reyes, L.L. (2008) B Street; the notorious playground of Coulee Dam [E-Book]. Available at: http://site.ebrary. com/lib/aib/Doc?id=10640402 Seattle: University of Washington Press. (Accessed: 11 February 2014). Marsh, K.M. (2008) The musical playground; global tradition and change in children’s songs and games [E-Book]. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ aib/Doc?id=10288509 Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. (Accessed: 11 February 2014). Jonathon,K. (2006). Double- Tongued dictionary Virtual words : language on the edge of science and technolog. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 121. Johnson. P, nd. Director of the Architecture Department at the Museum of Modern Art Nicolin. P, (2012) A playground for grown-ups. [online]Available from: https://www.domusweb. it/en/architecture/2012/11/29/a-playground-forgrown-ups.html [Accessed 5 Feb 2014] Frost, (2010) A world without play:A literature review [online]Available from: http://www.playengland.org. uk/media/371031/a-world-without-play-literaturereview-2012.pdf [Accessed 5 Feb 2014] Gerth, A. (2010) Integerating art into playgrounds a typology [online]Available from: http://krex.k-state. edu/dspace/handle/2097/8764?show=full [Accessed 5 Feb 2014]
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Chapter Three The Development of Poole Theme Park 22
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The Development of Poole Theme Park : 1
The Development of Poole Theme Park
Final print 21th May 2014 23
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The Development of Poole Theme Park : 2
Image list Cover sheet - Haibin Fu. (2014). Poole theme park
Fig.10 - Iwan Baan. (2011). Detail Rock Climbing
Fig.01 - Shaun Matthews Photography. (2013). Poole Park [image online]Available at: https://www.flickr. com/photos/lowlevelaerialphotography/6304127130/ sizes/l/in/photostream/ [Accessed: 20 Apr 2014].
Fig.11 - Iwan Baan. (2011). Youth Factory, plan
Fig.02 - Unknow. (nd). Poole Park land train [image online]Available at: http://farm4.staticflickr.com/317 5/2943253872_8c0254d666_z.jpg[Accessed: 22 Apr 2014].
Fig.12 - Kazuyo Sejima. (2009). Serpentine 2009 overview [image online]Available at: http://i.telegraph. co.uk/multimedia/archive/02235/2009_2235561k.jpg [Accessed: 5 May 2014]. Fig.13 - Kazuyo Sejima. (2009). Serpentine 2009 detail
Fig.03 - Haibin Fu. (2014). Poole park feature
Fig.14 - Kazuyo Sejima. (2009). Serpentine 2009 night
Fig.04 - Unknow. (nd). Bartholomew Fair [image online]Available at: http://spitalfieldslife.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/01/Bartholomew-Fair.jpg [Accessed: 24 Apr 2014].
Fig.15 - Kazuyo Sejima. (2009). Serpentine 2009 sketch [image online]Available at: http://eliinbar.files. wordpress.com/2011/06/001-copy.jpg [Accessed: 30 Apr 2014].
Fig.05 - Unknow. (nd). Vauxhall Gardens [image online] Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_4OjwCxZtl08/ S8NAFJHSjkI/AAAAAAAAAVM/HTRTwn2h85w/ s1600/Tom+and+Jerry+Vauxhall.jpg [Accessed: 24 Apr 2014].
Fig.16 - Morgans Wonderland. (2010). Morgans Wonderland1 [image online]Available at: http://www.morganswonderland.com/images/ MorgansWonderland-6711.jpg [Accessed: 20 May 2014].
Fig.06 - Unknow. (nd). Ferris-wheel [image online] Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/d/de/Ferris-wheel.jpg[Accessed: 27 Apr 2014].
Fig.17 - Morgans Wonderland. (2010). Morgans Wonderland2 [image online]Available at: http://www.morganswonderland.com/images/ MorgansWonderland-6520.jpg [Accessed: 21 May 2014].
Fig.07 - Unknow. (nd). Expo, London 1851 [image online]Available at: http://www.dhm.de/archiv/ ausstellungen/victalb/glas_p.jpg [Accessed: 28 Apr 2014]. Fig.08 - Jazzmanluc. (2011). Cinderella Castle [image online]Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Cinderella_Castle_Magic_ Kingdom_07_Edited.jpg [Accessed: 29 Apr 2014]. Fig.09 - Iwan Baan. (2011) Youth Factory, Merida [image online]Available at: http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/ wp-content/uploads/2011/07/1309981578-img-0415. jpg[Accessed: 30 Apr 2014].
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Fig.18 - Morgans Wonderland. (2010). SMorgans Wonderland3 [image online]Available at: http://www.morganswonderland.com/images/ MorgansWonderland-6711.jpg [Accessed: 22 May 2014]. Fig.19 - Unknow. (2013). a deserted theme park north of Beijing [image online]Available at: http:// news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/62248000/ jpg/_62248336_china_624.jpg [Accessed: 20 Apr 2014].
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Image list Fig.20 - Lucky, Pants. (2013). Abandoned Theme Park, Camelot [image online]Available at: http:// w w w. o ff b e a t a t t r a c t i o n s . c o . u k / w p - c o n t e n t / uploads/2013/05/8759033550_ed9782815b_c.jpg [Accessed: 22 Apr 2014]. Fig.21 - Unknow. (nd). A desigh route of Maigic Kindom [image online]Available at: http://themeparklife.files. wordpress.com/2011/11/parade-route.jpg [Accessed: 22 May 2014]. Fig.22 - Haibin Fu. (2014). Poole park night Fig.23 - Haibin Fu. (2014). Poole Park 1:10000 Fig.24 - Haibin Fu. (2014). Poole park development Fig.25 - Haibin Fu. (2014). Poole park zones Fig.26 - Haibin Fu. (2014). Poole park part 1 Fig.27 - Haibin Fu. (2014). Poole park model Fig.28 - Haibin Fu. (2014). Poole park montage Fig.29 - Unknow. (1997). The Truman Show poster [image online]Available at: http://images. moviepostershop.com/the-truman-show-movieposter-1997-1020221126.jpg [Accessed: 22 May 2014].
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P
ark play a very important role in people’s normal life. If there is a city, it must have parks. People need green spaces to live, and park is a kind of safe green space. So, the parks become one of the most important issues in urban planning. The green space is the basic form of park, and there are also several types of a park such as national parks, urban parks, country parks and private parks. The urban park is the most common and popular type in the lives of city residents. In future scenarios, urban parks will be more specifically developed and transformed into theme parks, in order to show the area that has been better used. The shape and function is influenced by different landscapes and cultures. In addition to suit future life and enable people to reduce their stress and allowed more people to engage with the limited space.
Fig.01 Poole Park
A theme park can be defined as An amusement park or theme park is a group of entertainment attractions, rides, and other events in a location for the enjoyment of large numbers of people. An amusement park is more than a simple city park or playground, usually providing attractions meant to cater specifically to certain age groups, as well as some that are aimed towards all ages. Theme parks, a specific type of amusement park, are usually much more intricately themed to a certain subject or group of subjects than normal amusement parks. (Adams, 1991)
Fig.02 Poole Park land train
Moreover, in future scenarios, theme parks will become the developed form of urban parks and replace them. The difference between urban park and theme park is the theme park is more complex and functional. This essay will critically analyse the history of theme parks, the rise of theme parks and its current form and use. Precedents analysis such as Youth Factory in Merida and Serpentine Gallery 2009 in London. The second part is the development of Poole Park and how this urban park can be transformed into a theme park. (338 words) 26
Fig.03 Poole Park feature
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History
F
irst of all, the relationship between the amusement park and theme park is theme park has a theme to express rather than just some rides to play, it is a kind of amusement park but it is the higher form. Then about the history of the amusement park, there is a quotation describes as. The amusement park evolved from three earlier traditions. The oldest of these traditions, was the periodic fair of the Middle Ages - one of the earliest was the Bartholomew Fair in England, which began in 1133. By the 18th and 19th century, they had evolved into places of entertainment for the masses, where the public could view freak shows, acrobatics, conjuring and juggling, take part in competitions and walk through menageries. (University of Sheffield, 2007)
Fig.04 Bartholomew Fair
The information describes some interesting features. With the developing economy and culture, more theme parks will be built is a trend. Because people need more places to relax and spend the surplus money. So, since that time, more and more theme parks have been built in order to let people have better lives. Though some strange events like freak shows appeared at once, it can be seen as a kind of people’s demand. There is an example of the earlier theme park. The Vauxhall Gardens, founded in 1661 in London as one of the first pleasure gardens. The difference from other gardens is that the site had an admission fee because there were too many attractions. Also, customers were willing to pay for the entrance charges to see this private garden. It is not only just a garden, but also including tightrope walkers, hot air balloon ascents, concerts and fireworks. Thus, it is also a space for social diversity. This is the early form of the theme park. The some specific machines had been built on for amusement and sightseeing, for example the first Ferris Wheel, during the World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893 in Chicago. It is the early form of today’s London eye.
Fig.05 Vauxhall Gardens
Fig.06 Ferris-wheel 27
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The rise of theme parks The concept of a fixed park for amusement was further developed with the beginning of the world’s fairs. The first World fair began in 1851 with the construction of the landmark Crystal Palace in London, England. The purpose of the exposition was to celebrate the industrial achievement of the nations of the world and it was designed to educate and entertain the visitors. (Mattie, 1988) During that time the industrial revolution, London is once the centre of the world. The great exhibition in 1851, information still can be found in lots of museums and galleries today, for instance Victoria and Albert Museum. The world’s most famous theme park in 20th centry should be Disney. The first Disney world is Cinderella Castle in Magic Kingdom, built in 1955. The previous land is just normal green space landscape, then a group of rides emerge and the amazing world was built just by an idea that people want a world that allowed them to enjoy another life and feeling of escape. All of these things are based on a theme or several distinctly themed areas. Currently, Disney runs 11 theme parks at five locations worldwide. Although many other parks trying to copy its ideas, it is the most successful theme park today.
Fig.07 Expo, London 1851
However, the large theme parks like Disneyland cost too much. Not all the city has that money and land to build a theme park like that. Also, large theme park needs numerous tourists to support and not every city has that ability to attract that number of tourists. It is utopia to transform urban park into theme park in most of the cities and towns. Thus, another type of theme park is needed. Theme park should take small space and cost few and accessible for all, even for disable people and refugees. Before discussing about what kind of theme park can be built in the ordinary city and town, the types of amusement park should be clarified. There are 3 main types of amusement park. Educational theme parks, Family-owned theme parks and regional parks. This essay is focused on educational theme parks. Fig.08 Cinderella Castle 28
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Today’s theme park Today, theme park become variety, not only places that charge entrance fee, but also can be a free leisure centre provide sports and other activities that only charge a little for the facilities use like classroom or totally free service by local council. There are many successful examples of theme park. For example, the Youth Factory in Merida. Skateboarding, rock climbing, dancing, and park our represent just a handful of the myriad activities supported by this iconic recreation centre. Conceived as an expansive canopy open to the city, the colourful and geometric project functions as a dynamic, multipurpose space for sports and outdoor activities. Supported by a series of muscular glowing modules that house internal programs, the canopy protects visitors from the rain and sun. The undulating translucent roof hovers like a light cloud over the centre. One face of the tessellated canopy flattens into a vertical climbing wall, challenging the distinction between building and urban activator. (Klanten. 2012) The theme park should be a place that is integrated for everyone instead of having high entrance charges. The youth factory in Merida is a theme park that lets people engage with the facilities. Youths bring their own bicycles and skateboards, get together and meet in this energetic place to practice and have competition in this park. It is also a park that opens for 24 hours, plenty of lights during the night to create a space for everyone, even a shelter for refugees. However, the design looks simple, just like a small child’s painting, behind the story, every material is chosen carefully and every angle looks reasonable. The green and yellow colours on the rock climbing which have been chosen become a sample of this project. The green space surrounding the whole park and there is not fence to block people outside. Children can have drawing lessons in the classroom which is the part of the column support the canopy stand. Teenagers can play outside with their bikes to improve their skill. This makes the Youth Factory become lively and energetic.
Fig.09 Youth Factory, Merida
Fig.10 Detail Rock Climbing
Fig.11 Youth Factory plan
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Another famous project is in London Hyde Park, the Serpentine Gallery is also a good example of the today’s park, especially for the 2009 SANAA one. Arup will provide all the engineering and specialist design solutions for the Pavilion. Arup Director David Glover commented: “Arup’s eighth year of commitment to the Serpentine Pavilion reflects our belief in the project and the positive experience our teams get from collaborating with some of the most exciting architects of our time. This year’s Pavilion is sure not to disappoint and will doubtless reflect the exciting dynamism that SANAA bring to all of their projects.” (SANAA et al. 2009) The serpentine 2009 is a successful project and a intergraded holiday park. The architects create an aluminium canopy supported by the thin columns, the shape of the canopy is curve in different height level between the trees. Then, put some chairs and tables under the canopy, it become a meeting space for people either in the day or in the evening. The feature of this project is the aluminium canopy have the same physical property with mirror that allowed people to see their selves. It is a quite modern idea. Everyone is welcomed, no matter young or old, rich or pool, enable or disable. However, the project is not everything perfect. Some people hate the concrete ground, think if it can be wood or tile will looks better. The shining aluminium canopy might be too modern and not thick enough to be a shelter. Because of the designer want to keep the roof clear, the lights cannot set on it, so during the night. It is not looks as smart as in the day. The wind and fly insects can easily enter the project, though it might be influenced by the budget. All in all, it is still a good example of modern theme park. One of the theme park’s most important features is to have a leading theme. Such as adventure theme park, water theme park, Harry Potter theme park and Legoland. The leading theme becomes the most attractive features of the theme park. The successful theme park must be supported by a good theme. Apart from the theme, the accessibility of parks are also a very important feature for the future scenarios of the theme park. 30
Fig.12 Serpentine 2009 overview
Fig.13 Serpentine 2009 detail
Fig.14 Serpentine 2009 night
Fig.15 Serpentine 2009 sketch
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Accessibility A good theme park, or even just a playground need to make its playgrounds accessible for all. It should be a compulsory feature in theme parks. When you hear the word ‘disabled,’ people immediately think about people who can’t walk or talk or do everything that people take for granted. Now, I take nothing for granted. But I find the real disability is people who can’t find joy in life and are bitter. (Garr, 2007)
Fig.16 Morgan’s Wonderland1
It is a important issue to provide disable access, it can show the civilization level of the place. Even for theme park, though not all facilities can do accessibility, for instance, rock climbing and bungee jumping. However, most programmes can make disable access, though it may cost much, even not many disable people will use the facilities, but in the future scenarios, it is a trend to think more and make the world better for everyone. Morgan’s Wonderland is the first large theme park for those with special needs, a good example which the park is high-tech, fully accessible. Also, they do not charge entrance fees for disable people, this become another successful reason.
Fig.17 Morgan’s Wonderland2
For the curious, there’s the Sensory Village with its abundance of light, touch and sound. The carousel can lift wheelchairs up and down, and off-road vehicles are fully accessible to wheelchair-users. There’s a music garden, water play area, pirate’s island, an amphitheater and the Wonderland Express a locomotive that runs through landscapes reminiscent of exotic, faraway lands. The park also offers guests special bracelets with microchips so they can keep track of children who may wander off. The radio frequency technology enables users to check on children from screens located all across the park. (Berman, 2010) Architecture is a subject that making better environment for creatures. Not only consider of disable people, but also should consider of animals and plants. Theme park is only a normal form of architecture, if theme park will think of accessibly issue, then it will be a successful theme park.
Fig.18 Morgan’s Wonderland3
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On the other hand, not all theme parks have a successful story. For example, a deserted theme park north of Beijing and Abandoned Theme Park in Camelot. The attraction at Charnock Richard, near Chorley, has been open for 29 years and employs more than 150 people during summer months. Operator Knights Leisure announced it would not reopen for the 2013 season. Roy Page, managing director of Knights Leisure, said poor summer weather and events such as London 2012 and the Queen’s Jubilee hit visitor numbers. He said: “Following a number of years of declining visitor numbers, the 2012 season proved particularly challenging. (BBC, 2012)
Fig.19 a deserted theme park north of Beijing
The main reason that theme park has been abandoned is there is not enough tourists to support the park run. Another reason is that these parks are quite far to town centre and there are no resident near the park. If urban parks can be transformed into theme park like Youth Factory in Merida, then, the theme park would not cost much, the local people can often visit and engage with it. Moreover, it is not a place with rides or other things people have to pay for. The theme park is a place that people can do sports and have fun without paying anything. The reason of the abandoned theme park are variety, the declined of the tourist is due to the high charge and the park is far from the residential area. Also, another problem is many people just been there once and then they never want to visit again. Therefore, to think deeper about this question, theme park is always run the same facilities and having the same activities every day. A difference between the theme park and urban park is theme park often has a designed route for tourists to let them follow from start point all the way to the end of the park. Therefore, to critical think about this feature, some people like the feeling of been controlled by someone else just for a while, escape from the real world and leave all the troubles behind, just enjoy the moment, followed by the designers thought to finish the adventure trip. On the other hand, some people do not like the feeling of being controlled; they want to choose their own way instead of following the instructions. 32
Fig.20 Abandoned Theme Park, Camelot
Fig.21 A designed route of Magic Kingdom
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So, can theme parks become a place that are not only for the people who want to be controlled, but also the people who have freedom to choose their own way, this is a problem for theme parks to solve in the future. Poole park is a theme park that has space for both kinds of people. They can either try to follow the already designed route or choose their own way.
Poole theme Park Poole Park is urban park with 124 year old history located in Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom. It is located in the east of the old town, only less than 500 meters to the Bus station. The area is 45 hectares of which 24 hectares are water. So in other words, more than half is water. Poole Park is our premier open space in the Borough of Poole. The town centre location, historic landscape and wide range of attractions provide year round interest for both residents and visitors and it is one of the landmark spaces that makes Poole such a special place to be. (Butt,2013)
Fig.22 Poole Park night
The idea at first of develops Poole Park is to build a big water theme park due to Poole is a quite famous tourist town. After some research has been done, the deep of water is only between one and half meter deep. The focus has been moved from water to land. There are quite lot spaces which are covered with green and seldom used and Poole is also famous for the pottery. Therefore, the concept of doing a sports and pottery theme park replace the initial idea. Poole Park will be separate into two parts. If the Part one is successful, then the park two will be built. The advantages of the Poole Park are it is located between the Bournemouth and Poole. The park is surrounding by the residential area which already have a lot of people to visit every day. Moreover, though Poole with a total population of over 400,000, during the summer a huge number of tourists will visit Poole every year. Furthermore, Poole offers a variety of events every year from April until September. if some of the events happen in the Poole theme park, that will be a good place to visit.
Fig.23 Poole Park 1:10000 33
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To use the Youth Factory and Serpentine Gallery as precedent studies. The columns should be large enough to support the roof that allowed people to walk on it, then, another canopy on the first floor to keep people from bad weather and strong sun shine. The idea of the theme park is use a steel I beams to support a huge aluminium canopy to make a shelter cover the ground activities keep out of the bad weather. Then, also connected the separate buildings together. So that people can reach the other buildings without take an umbrella during the raining days. With the development of the Poole Park, the canopy will go all the way along to cover in the future. In this essay, it will only talk about the details of the Part one section one of Poole park which is already been designed. The Part one, section one is transfer the existing green space into a mixed area. The shape of the area has changed several times due to the activity inside and aesthesia suit for the local existing houses. This area including five zones which are business, sports, restaurants, reading and leisure. First, the business zone including a five floors about 20 meters high hotel and some green space with sun chairs on it. The hotel will prove accommodation for the enlarge tourist and working area for improving local economy and Poole park offices to deal with the future statistics about the park. Then, the sports zone is made of rock climbing, skateboard and cycling playgrounds to let the teenager have a nice environment to practise and enjoy sports even in bad weather. Next to the sports is the restaurant zone which lead by the other half of the Micro Vintner and some others restaurant. There are also some bike tables at the outside to allowed cyclists to have something to eat and chat together without leaving their bikes. Then the biggest part is the reading zone. In the middle is a bookshelf puzzle which is 12 meters long and 10 meters wide. This puzzle used 40 book shelves combined together, each bookshelf is 3 meters long 0.6 meter wide and 2 meters high accommodate 900 books in average each shelf and 36,000 books all together, also they can be moved easily. Moreover, the light ground light up the shelf and make the aluminium roof reflect the reader and books more clearly like a mirror. The idea of this puzzle is inspires by the Chinese architect Li Xiaodong, his work sensing space. 34
Fig.24 Poole Park development
Business zone sports zone restraunt zone reading zone Ballon zone
Fig.25 Poole Park zones
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Detail model position
hotel skateboard area rock climbing
sun chairs
bike tables micro vintner
Poole eye
music school book shelf puzzle seating area
pottery school
canopy leading to children playground
Fig.26 Poole Park part1 On both side of the puzzle are circle seats for the reader. Maximum for 320 people to seat at a time. On the left hand side is a house for music and other social activities during the summer. On the right side is the pottery school which is half two floors high access to the walk canopy. The theme pottery is because Poole is famous for its pottery and Poole Quay. The canopy is also connecting to the south which is the children playground. The last part is for the 15 meters wide balloon, Poole Eye. The same size of the Bournemouth Eye. The idea of develop Poole park is not cutting off the green space to build more buildings and modern things. Instead, keep 30% of the green space and build more roof gardens. To build a 24 hour use theme park need to have enough lights and night activities to support this theme park. Therefore, make some local competitions and 24 hour study room is necessary. To create a nice environment and then encourage local residents and music school students to come. In addition, build a hotel in this theme park is also an essential point. Because during the night, if the pottery school is closed and not many people stay in the park, it might turn into a terrible place that with newspaper flying with criminal. If there is a hotel with guards and tourist boating on the lake, it will be the most beautiful scene.
Fig.27 Poole Park model
Fig.28 Poole Park montage
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T
his is the future scenarios of Poole sports and pottery theme park. Main target is for local residents, especially for young people. To let the children engage with Poole theme park, so that have nice environment to grow up. Children have a unique and direct experiential way of knowing the natural world. This affinity with nature is judged not by its aesthetics but rather by the nature of their interaction with it. (Stoecklin, 1998). It is impossible for architects to build a perfect project, because it is always have room to improve. However, what can architects do is to thinking about more aspects and try to improve the space, safety is clearly a concern, but also allowing children to express themselves. Moreover, accessible for all, make disable people feel themselves with no difference to others, after solved this problem, how people use the space, then should concern about the aesthesia of the architecture. By the same token, about theme parks, the park is more important than theme. The word ‘theme’ is only a adjective of park, it is a kind of definition about the noumenon ‘park’. For instance, ‘beautiful architecture’ the thing-in-itself is architecture, without architecture beautiful is nothing only in this circumstance. Of course, the word ‘theme’ is very important as well, it attract more peoples’ eyes than the ‘park’.
(3825words)
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Fig.29 The Truman Show poster The Truman show 1988, Christof: We accept the reality of the world with which we are presented.
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Bibliography 1. Adams, Judith A. (1991) The American Amusement Park Industry: A History of Technology and Thrills. Boston: Twayne Publishers 2. BBC. (2012) Camelot Theme Park in Lancashire closes down 3. Berman,G. (2010) Morgan’s Wonderland, First Large Theme Park for Those With Special Needs, Opens Saturday ABC news 4. Bonfilio, P. (2000) Fallingwater - the model. New York: Rizzoli. 5. Butt, J. (2013). Poole Park Management Plan 6. Eyck, A.v., Ligtelijn, V. (ed.) and Strauven, F. (ed.) (2008) Aldo van Eyck writings : vol. 1 : The Child, the City and the Artist : an essay on architecture the in-between realm. Amsterdam: SUN. 7. Garr,T. (2007). Ability magazine. Library of Congress 8. Gehry, F. (2008) Frank Gehry : Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2008. London: Koenig. Price 9. Haney, D.H. (2010) When modern was green : life and work of landscape architect Leberecht Migge. London: Routledge. 10.Klanten, R. (ed.) (2012) Going public. public architecture, urbanism and interventions. [edited by Robert Klanten ... [et al.]. Berlin: Gestalten. 11.Klanten, R. (ed.) and Feireiss, L. (2009) Spacecraft 2 : more fleeting architecture and hideouts. Berlin: Gestalten.
15. LANDSCAPING (1989) Landscaping directory. Landscape Promotions.
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the
16. Mattie,E. (1988) World’s fairs. New York: Princeton Architectural Press 17. Naukkarinen, O. (2007) Art of the environment. [Helsinki]: Okka, Foundation for Teaching, Education and Personal Development. (Publication series of the University of Art and Design Helsinki. B,, 86). 18. Savage, F. and Braithwaite, D. (1975) Savage of King’s Lynn - inventor of machines & merry-gorounds. Patrick Stephens. 19. SANAA et al. (2009) SANAA : Serpentine Gallery pavilion 2009. London: Koenig. 20. Scott-Stewart, D., Williams, M. and Keen, G. (1974) Fairground snaps. Pleasant Pastures. 21. Serpentine Gallery. (2013) Sou Fujimoto : Serpentine Gallery pavilion 2013. London: Koenig. 22. Star smore, I. (1975) English fairs. Thames & Hudson. 23. Stoecklin, V. (1998) Children’s Outdoor Play & Learning Environments: Returning to Nature 24. Switzerland. Bundesamt für Kultur and Geiser, R. (ed.) (2008) Explorations in architecture : teaching, design, research. Basel; Boston: Birkhäuser. 25. Turner, T. (1986) English garden design - history and styles since 1650. Antique Collectors Club. 26. University of Sheffield. (2007) National Fairground Archive .
12.Koolhaas, R. and Obrist, H.U. (2011) Project Japan : metabolism talks. Köln; London: Taschen.
27. Velux (2008) Light of tomorrow : international Velux award 2008 for students of architecture. Milan: Arbitare Segesta.
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28. Vernon, S. (2009) Landscape architect’s pocket book. Amsterdam: Architectural.
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29. Wyatt, M. (1996) White knuckle ride - the illustrated guide to the worlds biggest and best roller coaster and thrill rides. Salamander Bks. 37
Chapter Four Reflective Thiese Conclusion 38
Reflective Conclusion This book is combined Level5 Three term essay works all together plus page layout design and recheck grammar and vocabulary mistakes. In the first chapter, analyse the relationship between urbanism and biking path. Then the second chapter is about the Music School which is focus green space and playgrounds, also about children. The third chapter is the final 4000 words essay discuss about the theme park history and now, also relevant the project Poole Theme Park. Location: Arts University Bournemouth (AUB) Date: 22th May, 2014 Author: Fu Haibin Pages: 39
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