Busy, Busy Bees

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Presents...

3 Check It Out! 4 The Honey Factory 6 Honey-Raisin Cookies 7 If Bees Didn’t Buzz 8 Busy As a Bee 10 10 Bee Yourself 11 What Eats Bees?

12 12 Bees in the Attic 14 14 Puzzles 16 16 Making Honey 18 18 Draw Cartoon Bees 20 20 Bee Is a Busy Word 22 22 The Bees in Belize 23 Bee Funnies 24 24 Fuzzy, Buzzing Dynamos 26 26 10 Buzzworthy Facts 28 28 Cowboy Clark & Larry 29 29 Kidz Corner 30 30 Puzzle Solutions 2

Have you ever been outside when, suddenly, there was a bee buzzing around you? Is it a honeybee or its cousin the bumblebee? Whichever it is, your first instinct may be to run inside. Just don’t bother those busy bees! They are working hard to provide you with honey for your toast. How busy are they? The worker bees of the honeybee colony work around the clock, seven days a week. Bumblebees may not put in as many hours on the job, but they have to use more energy. Their wings beat two and one-half times faster than their honeybee cousins. That’s 160 times a second!

And besides that, they both have to be on the constant lookout for all the creatures that want to eat them for lunch. In addition to 25 different kinds of bee-eating birds, there are badgers, lizards, toads, snakes, and skunks that are ready to chow down.

After you finish this issue, maybe you’ll get busy like the bees. You could become a beekeeper, try your hand at drawing cartoon bees, or make our recipe for honey-raisin cookies. If reading about these busy creatures makes you tired, go ahead and take a nap. But once you are well rested, send us a note and tell us what you liked the best about these busy, busy bees!

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To make just one spoonful of honey, bees must visit 2000 flowers. They collect a few drops of sweet liquid from the heart of each one. Some flowers make nectar at only one time during the day. Bees somehow know the right time to visit those flowers. They can tell one kind of flower from another by color and smell.

When a bee finds a good source of nectar, she tells the other bees. They “talk” by dancing. Honeybees use the “round dance” if the flowers are near the hive. The “waggle dance” is for flowers farther away.

J. Marini/Shutterstock.com

To do the round dance, a honeybee moves in small circles. Other bees follow, touching her abdomen with their antennae, or feelers. They are picking up the scent of the flowers.

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There are two circles in the waggle dance. A straight line runs between them.

The bee wags her abdomen from side to side as she dances the straight line. If the flowers are to the north, she moves north while waggling. This tells other bees in what direction to fly. She waggles slowly if the flowers are far away. For closer flowers, she waggles faster.

A bee’s tongue is something like a drinking straw. She sucks nectar out of flowers with it. The nectar goes into a special “honey stomach,” not into her regular stomach.

Back at the hive, she spits the nectar into the mouths of other bees. They pass it back and forth. This mixes it with enzymes that change it into honey. Then the bees spit the honey into a wax honeycomb cell and dry it out by quickly fanning their wings.

The honeycomb cells were made by other bees. Liquid wax oozed out from under their abdomens. It quickly hardened into tiny bits of wax. Each bee chewed a piece of wax. At the same time, she worked it with her front feet until it was soft. It took many bits of wax to form all the honeycomb cells. The cells slant up to keep the honey from running out. When a cell is full, a bee puts a “lid” of wax on top.

The way bees make honey is one of nature’s miracles. Tiny honeybees know how to talk to each other. They know how to collect nectar, change it into honey, and store it.

A hive of bees is indeed an amazing honey factory.

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Try making these delicious cookies with your family.

In a large bowl, mix together: • 3/4 cup honey • 1/2 cup unsweetened applesauce • 2 eggs • 1 teaspoon vanilla Add 2 cups of raisins and mix again.

In a different bowl, stir together: • 2-1/2 cups flour • 1 teaspoon salt • 1 teaspoon baking soda Add the flour mixture to the honey mixture in the larger bowl. Mix everything together.

Preheat the oven to 375 degrees F. Drop cookie dough by teaspoonfuls onto a greased cookie sheet. Bake for 6 to 8 minutes.

Remove cookies from cookie sheet and let cool on a rack.

Enjoy your sweet honey treat!

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by Catherine Gray • illustrated by Jane Bodnar If bees didn’t buzz, What would they do?

Would they whistle, tap their feet, Or hum while they flew?

Would you like to hear a bumblebee Sing a little tune, While he flits from flower to flower In the middle of June?

Maybe he’d play a guitar And join a bumblebee band, Playing crazy bee music All across the land.

If bees didn’t buzz, What would they do?

Would they just sneak up behind you And then holler, “Boo”?

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by S. Allyn Kelley Have you ever heard of the expression “busy as a bee?” These insects’ lives are filled with chores. Bees live in groups called colonies. Different bees have different jobs.

Each does its part so the colony can survive and keep going strong.

Bees are so busy flying about, that they buzz. The quick movement of their wings against the air produces this sound. Bees flap their wings up to 200 times a second. If they slowed down, we wouldn’t have a warning that they were close by.

In a colony, a bee is either the queen bee, a drone bee, or a worker bee. It is the queen’s job to lay eggs.

She can lay 2000 eggs in just one day! The queen is the largest bee in the colony, and she may live Drones have larger eyes up to five years. Most other bees only live a than workers. few months. (Can you find the queen bee on this issue’s cover?)

worker bee

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Baby honeybee hatching out of a honeycomb

Large queen in the middle of workers.

See the larvae in the honeycomb?

These two larvae will become queens.

Drones are males. They cannot sting. Only female bees can do that. Each colony has about 100 drones. Their job is to mate with the queen so she can produce eggs.

Once the drones have done their jobs, they are sometimes thrown out of the colony.

Worker bees are always female. They start out as house bees, and their job is to clean the nest or hive. Then they become nurse bees. Once the queen lays eggs in a honeycomb, these eggs become larvae. Nurses have the job of feeding larvae bee milk (which isn’t anything like the milk we know) and bee bread. This is a mixture of nectar, honey, and bee saliva. Soon each larva weaves a cocoon around itself, and a pupa forms inside. Within two weeks, a metamorphosis, or change, takes place. The pupas become bees! A few may be born royal queens, some are drones, and the others are workers. A colony can only have one queen, so if another queen bee is born, it leaves the colony or fights the older queen until only one queen remains.

Can you believe that a worker bee takes on all of her tasks without a break and becomes a wax-making bee in just about a month? Whether it’s going from job to job and from place to place, laying millions of eggs, or mating with the queen, bees sure are busy!

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by Neal Levin

by Beth Lucas Have you ever wondered what could eat a bee without getting stung? Birds are the largest group of bee-eating animals. The European bee-eater think bees are quite delicious!

To catch bees, they perch on tree branches and wait patiently. Once they catch a bee buzzing by, they bring it back to their tree. Then they pound and rub the bee against the branch. This takes all the poison out of the bee and also removes the stinger. Then it’s chow time! These birds can eat several hundred bees a day.

honey badger

European bee-eater

Honey badgers also eat bees. They like both bees and honey. To locate a beehive, honey badgers get help from birds called “honeyguides.” These birds also like finding bees, and they work with honey badgers to get dinner. The honeyguide flies around until it finds a bee nest in a tree. Then it looks for a honey badger to break into it. The badger follows the honeyguide to the nest, and then the wrestling match begins! The badger rips off the tree bark and tears through the wood with its claws. The bees get into quite a stir. While they are flying about, the badger eats as much honey and bees as he can. The honeyguide eats bee eggs and beeswax as fast as it can. Together, they form a successful team.

Besides bee-eating birds and badgers, lizards, toads, snakes, spiders, and skunks also like to eat bees.

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by Theresa Martin • illustrated by Ginny Pruitt

"Mom," Ben shouted, running downstairs. "We have bees in our house! I heard them humming in the walls."

"Nonsense," Mom said, pouring honey onto Ben's cereal. "Bees live in hives, not houses. You've seen the bee man's hives in the country."

After breakfast, Ben went outside. He heard humming there too.

Dozens of bees flitted among the flowers. Ben frowned.

"Hey, Ben. Do you want to play catch?" His next-door neighbor Frank stood on the sidewalk with a ball. Ben forgot the bees and jumped up. They tossed the ball between them. Once, Frank had to run backwards into the grass to catch it.

"Ouch!" he cried. "I got stung." Frank sat in the grass and looked at the bottom of his foot. Ben ran to get Mom, who came out with tweezers and baking soda.

She pulled the stinger out of Frank's foot. Then she mixed a paste of baking soda and water in the palm of her hand.

"This will neutralize the acid in the venom," she said. "It'll help your foot feel better." Ben helped Frank hop to his own house.

Later, Ben told Mom, "There really are too many bees out there."

"It's summer," Mom said. "You should wear shoes until the clover stops blooming."

That evening, Mom pointed to a wet spot on Ben's bedspread. "This is honey!" she said. "You know you're not supposed to bring food in here."

"But I didn't!" Ben protested. "I haven't had honey since breakfast. It was probably the bees."

That night, Ben lay listening to the humming. He was sure they were right there above his head. What if they came and stung him? A movement from the light fixture overhead caught his eye. Something dripped down. Ben leaped up and raced down the hall and asked his mother to come into his room.

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"What is it?" Mom sighed.

Ben turned on the light. Another drop fell. Mom climbed onto a chair for a closer look.

Something oozed from under the fixture’s rim. She touched it.

"It's honey!" she exclaimed. "And there's a humming sound. Do you suppose there are bees in there?" Ben shrugged. His mother climbed down and hugged him.

"I guess you were right," she said. "Let's call the bee man."

In the morning, the bee man came. "It's bees, all right," he called from the attic.

"Sometimes they come in under the eaves." He put on his bee suit with a net covering his face. He lifted a floorboard and shoveled up the honeycomb, buzzing with bees.

"Where will you take them?" Ben asked.

"I'll put them in a hive in the country. They'll have lots of clover and wildflowers."

"Will they come back?"

"No, they always stay with their queen. They'll be a lot happier there than in your attic."

Ben was happier too. The walls were quiet. That fall, the bee man brought them a big jar of honey from their very own bees.

"Delicious," Ben said, pouring some over his cereal.

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by Guy Belleranti

1. What game do young bees like to play?

by Guy Bellaranti

Make you way through the beehive letter maze by connecting letters to spell the following words in order: POLLINATORS, HIVE, QUEEN, WORKERS, COLONY, SWARM, BUZZ, STINGER, HONEY, FLYING INSECT, DRONES, ROYAL JELLY. You may move any direction, but no letter may be connected more than once. Write the leftover letters, in order, in the blank spaces to spell a bee fact.

START

S

O R H E E

T N A T N I Z Z S T I

H I U Q E V U N E G N

L L E I R M B H R L I

O E W A L Y N O E E L

P N Y S Y E Q D R J Y

E W N S F O T I O L V

O R O O L N C N N A E

R E L O Y E U A E Y O

K E R C S I N N I G S E B E H S R

To find the answer, write the letters that come before the letters given:

IJWF

__ __ __ __ __

__ __

__ __

__

__ __ __ __

TFFL

______ _____ _______ 2. Who watches baby bees when the parents aren’t at home?

To find the answer, unscramble the following three words:

EEB EBE TSETRIS ____ ____ __________ 3. What do you call a male worker bee?

To find the answer, decode the following using the BEE CODEBOOK:

FINISH Bee fact: __ __ __ __ __

BOE

__ __ __

__ __ __ __ __ __ __.

7 35 1 1 2 9 8 6 6 47 9 __ _______________ BEE CODEBOOK 7 = A 2 = I 6 = S 3 = B 4 = M 5 = U

Brian, Ebony, Maria, and Todd each have a different favorite way to enjoy honey – on toast, on pancakes, in oatmeal, and in hot tea. Use the clues to find which way each person likes it best. Put an “x” in a box if you know an item doesn’t go with a name. Put an “o” if you know it does.

1. As he stirred honey into his favorite item, Brian said, “This is so yummy!”

2. Toast is not the favorite item for honey for either of the girls.

3. One of the four offered Maria a taste of her favorite honey-flavored cereal to see if Maria liked it.

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Brian Ebony Maria Todd

Toast

Tea

by Evelyn B. Christensen

Pancakes

Oatmeal

8 = E 9 = N 1 = Z

by Evelyn B. Christensen

by Tanya Turner Fry

All of the words below use the letters B-E-E, but not all of them are the flying insect. Can you pick out the real bees?

Circle the names of the different kinds of real bees.

OKEECHOBEE

QUEEN BEE

POTTER BEE

BUSY BEE

WANNABEE

CARPENTER BEE

HUMBLEBEE

BUMBLEBEE

SPELLING BEE

HUSKING BEE

QUILTING BEE

KILLER BEE

HONEYBEE

TOMBIGBEE

BEECHNUT

MINING BEE

FRISBEE

WORKER BEE

A drone is a male honeybee. It does not gather nectar or pollen. Its role is to mate with the queen bee. Fill in the squares so that each row, column, and 6-square section has the letters D-R-O-N-E-S.

S

O N D

D N

S S

N

D

S R

O

R

O N

D R

S

lips bell flag pear crown lizard bread goose molar tepee 2 hearts envelope diamond mushroom

www.hiddenpicturepuzzles.com

sheep

water drop

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I am a honeybee, and I live in one of these boxes with 50,000 of my relatives.

The boxes are called supers.

Beekeepers give us supers so we can make honey in them.

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Each super has frames inside, like the one my beekeeper friend is holding.

Female worker bees like me make honeycombs in the frames. We fill the honeycombs with nectar from flowering plants. Then, with our wings flapping, we turn the nectar into honey. Finally, we seal the honeycomb with beeswax.

Beekeepers wear special clothing to protect themselves when they are near us.

Honeybees are not mean, but sometimes we get upset. Beekeepers do not want to get stung! When beekeepers check on us, they are careful not to scare the bee colony. They use metal smokers that burn natural fuel, like wood chips. The smoke keeps us calm.

Now the beekeeper can work on our hives.

Look at the honey dripping from this honeycomb! After the beeswax is scraped off the frames, they are put in a machine that spins them around and around. This pulls out all the honey from the honeycombs. In a few days, people will be able to enjoy the honey I helped make.

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Draw Cartoon Bees

by Andrew Wales

1. Design your character. This one is called Buzz. You can make your bees cute, harmless, or aggressive. I made my bee a tough guy bee.

2. Think about how many heads tall your character

is. For example, the average human is seven and a half heads tall. Cartoon characters are more compact. These cartoon bees are all three heads tall. Keep the size of your bees the same if you draw a cartoon with lots of bees.

3.

Design a doodle. Take your character and reduce it to its most basic shapes. Buzz is an oval, a round shape, antennae, and legs.

4. Practice, practice, practice! Before making strips and stories, draw your character again and again. Draw him or her doing as many different things as you can imagine.

Here are some ways I pictured Buzz.

The bees that fly from flower to flower to gather nectar are actually girls (workers).

Buzz is a boy (a drone), so I made an exception and drew him gathering nectar.

Bees carry nectar to the nest in their special stomachs. I thought it would be funnier if Buzz used a bag and a scoop.

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Here is Buzz in front of the queen bee. All the bees have to do what the queen says, but they don’t have to like it!

Only female bees sting, but because this is a cartoon, I gave Buzz a stinger. Bees do not sting unless they are frightened or hurt.

That’s no consolation to the person getting stung, as we’re about to see in the drawing.

We always hear about how hard they work, but does a bee ever get to kick back in a recliner with a cup of coffee? I thought it would be funny to image that they could.

Design your own bee character. It doesn’t have to look like Buzz. Be creative! What will your bee be doing? Bees do a dance to let other bees know where nectar is. Maybe you could draw that. Send us your bee characters, and we’ll publish them in a future issue!

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by Bish Denham • illustrations by Catherine Straus Bee. The word shows up in many everyday phrases. Some are self-explanatory, others have a history. In the 1920s, for example, something that was wonderful, excellent, or stylish was described as being “the bee’s knees”!

“Busy as a bee” has been around since the time of poet Geoffrey Chaucer (13431400). Bees are always doing something. It’s easy to imagine someone long ago saying to an industrious person, “My, aren’t you busy as a bee!”

Another phrase is “make a beeline.” Bees meander around looking for nectar. But once they find it, they take the shortest route back to the hive. So when your mom says, “I want you to make a beeline for home after school,” you can bet she doesn’t want you meandering around the neighborhood.

Bees are social insects and work together as a unit. Americans have been gatherings into “bees” to get work done since Colonial days.

At harvest time, there were apple bees and husking bees. Women still gather at quilting bees to make quilts. And most of you probably have heard of spelling bees.

Have you ever had a thought or a tune buzzing around in your head that won’t go away? It’s called “having a bee in your bonnet.” A devious person might also put a bee in your bonnet, which is like listening to gossip.

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In the hive, the queen bee is the center of attention. She is the life of the hive, laying thousands of eggs a day. A human “queen bee,” though, is likely to be self-centered and want others to pay attention to her.

A hive is made of combs, which have many thousands of cells, or rooms. Living in a crowded space, or with lots of people, is called “living in a beehive.”

A “beehive” is also the name of a hairdo that’s piled high up on top of a woman’s head. It looks something like the cone-shaped beehives once used by beekeepers.

Has someone ever told you to “mind your own beeswax”? This saying came into use in the 1930s and is a way of saying “mind your own business.” A funny, but probably untrue, story is that women used real beeswax as makeup to cover the scars caused by a disease called smallpox. If a lady sat too close to a fireplace, the wax would begin to melt. However, it was not considered polite for one lady to mention to another that her face was melting. If she did, she would likely be told, “Mind your own beeswax!”

Are there other phrases you can think of that use the word “bee”? Why not try making up one of your own?

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by Christine Mahoney • illustrations by Roy Green

he bees in Belize say, “No, thank you” and “Please,” And they cover their noses and mouths when they sneeze.

For the bees know it’s right to be nice and polite.

So the bees never yell, and the bees never fight.

All the fleas in Belize are as kind as the bees, And they know that it’s never kindhearted to tease.

They act gentle and good.

(And that’s good ‘cause they should.)

And they’re never mistreated or misunderstood.

So to be like the bees and the fleas in Belize, I advise that you always say “Thank you” and “Please.”

May your heart be of gold, and you’re certain to hold All the love and respect of the world thousandfold!

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by Aaron Warner & Thom Zahler

by Stephanie Kelley What did one bee say to the bee that landed on her flower? Buzz off.

What did one bee call her best friend? Honey What’s a bee’s favorite hairdo? a beehive What’s a bee’s favorite history topic? The Lost Colony What’s a bee’s favorite type of cereal? Honeycomb

by Bill & Bob Thomas

“I BOUGHT THE HONEY BECAUSE I’M TAKING THE SUMMER OFF.”

by Joseph Bore

by Joseph Bore

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What is fat and fuzzy and shouldn’t fly, but does? If you guessed a bumblebee, you were right! This plump little bee must beat its wings 2-1/2 times faster than its cousin the honeybee just to stay in the air. That’s 160 times a second! To get that kind of energy, the bumblebee must eat what would be equal to 180 candy bars an hour. A bumblebee is very much like a helicopter in flight. While other insects can glide on air currents, the bumblebee cannot. If it stops flapping, down it goes!

Most bumblebees have long reddish-colored tongues. The tongues are hairy at the end, which is good for soaking up the nectar bumblebees eat.

Female worker bumblebees collect pollen from flowers. They put the pollen in “pollen baskets” on their hind legs to take back to the nest. This bumblebee’s pollen basket is orange. Bumblebees are super pollinators. They visit more flowers per minute and more plants per trip than honeybees. Plants couldn’t reproduce if bees didn’t drop pollen on them.

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Bumblebees live on or under the ground in colonies. The workers look for good hiding places to build nests.

Then they line the nest with leaves and animal fur to keep the colony warm during chilly nights.

Did You Know?

Bumblebees are the only bees that can live in the Arctic.

That’s because they are able to shiver their flight muscles to create heat.

Only female bumblebees can sting. Their stingers are smooth and aren’t torn away when they sting, so they don’t die, like honeybees do.

A queen bumblebee is able to raise her body temperature.

She presses her body against larvae in the nest to keep them warm, much like a mother bird does.

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Mrs. Whiskers came upon Cowboy Clark and Larry with their backsides in the air. The front halves of their bodies were under a bush. Distasteful, she thought. She took a swipe at Cowboy Clark. He jumped a foot, then turned and growled.

Larry slowly backed out of the bush. “What’s going on?”

Cowboy Clark barked, “Mrs. Whiskers swiped my backside with those dagger nails of hers.”

“What are you doing?” she asked.

“We’re trying to figure out where that noise is coming from. Shhh. Listen!” Larry said.

“It’s from bees, Larry.”

Larry shook his head, “Nah-uh. We checked. There’s no hive.”

“Well, Larry, did you look on the ground? That’s where most bees live,” Mrs. Whiskers explained.

“You’re not making a lick of horse sense. Everyone knows bees live in hives,” Cowboy Clark said.

“I may not be making horse sense, but I am making bee sense. Did you know there are 20,000 species of bees throughout the world? And that 70 percent of them live by themselves underground?”

“Get the saddles, Larry. Mrs. Whiskers is about to take us on a crazy horse ride.”

Mrs. Whiskers sighed. “Join me, won’t you?” She went under the bush. So did Cowboy Clark and Larry. All three had their backsides in the air. She pointed to a conical pile of dirt with a large hole in the middle. “There’s the entrance.”

“That’s an ant hole.”

Knowing bees don’t like their homes to get wet, Mrs. Whiskers asked Cowboy Clark to spit down the hole. He happily obliged. Within seconds, a bee appeared. As soon as they saw it, Cowboy Clark and Larry made a beeline out of the park.

Mrs. Whiskers shook her head. “It gets so tiresome having to always prove I’m right to those two.”

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Send us your stories, poems, drawings, photos, and jokes & riddles for publication.

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Virginia, age 11

Ziggy Says: What is your favorite thing to do? Send or email me a picture!

Apple Its color is red, But it cannot be eaten with bread.

Its cover shines, But it does have lines.

Everyone loves to eat, Because its taste is sweet.

It’s not a waffle, But it is an Apple.

Maria My mom is the best A woman with many skills Really beautiful as a rose I love her arms that will Always be my love nest

by Airam O., age 11

My Hands I wear them I use my gloves every day I have Fortnite gloves I have 2 gloves I take them

by Matthew C., 1st grade

My Teddy, Sugar Sweet Unique Great Amazing Ridiculously cute

by Sarah H., age 9

Look for Matt’s story about taking pictures of a snowy owl while he was out walking with his mom this past winter. It will appear in the next issue, Whooo’s There? It’s all about owls!

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Write to Ziggy, the Fun For Kidz dog. If you write to Ziggy, he will write back to you! Send letters to: Fun For Kidz, Attn. Ziggy PO Box 227, Bluffton, OH 45817-0227

Dear Ziggy, I am 11 years old. I really like the animal stories. I volunteer at an animal shelter because I love animals. I have a dog, a gerbil, two cats, and a hermit crab.

Sincerely, Candace Aldrich

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Our school is next to our house. That’s good because I don’t have to walk far, haha. I am excited to see my letter in the magazine.

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Drones Sudoku on page 15

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Mystery Picture Puzzle on page 15

A-maze-ing Bees on page 14 START

S

T N A O T R N H I E Z E Z S T I

H I U Q E V U N E G N

L L E I R M B H R L I

O E W A L Y N O E E L

P N Y S Y E Q D R J Y

E W N S F O T I O L V

O R O O L N C N N A E

R E L O Y E U A E Y O

K E R C S I N N I G S E B E H S R

FINISH Bee Fact: There is only one queen in a beehive.

To Bee or Not to Bee? on page 15

QUEEN BEE, POTTER BEE, HUMBLEBEE, BUMBLEBEE, CARPENTER BEE, KILLER BEE, HONEYBEE, MINING BEE, WORKER BEE

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Solve the Bee Riddles on page 14

Honey Logic Puzzle on page 14

1. HIVE AND SEEK

Brian’s favorite is tea.

Ebony’s favorite is oatmeal.

Maria’s favorite is pancakes.

Todd’s favorite is toast.

2. BEE BEE SITTERS 3. A BUZZINESSMAN

Photo Credits: Wikimedia Commons: Queen bee in center by Waugsberg [CC BY-SA 3.0] 9 (left); Older queen larvae by Waugsberg [CC BY-SA 3.0] 9 (right); European bee-eater: Guepier d’europe au parc national Ichkeul by Elgollimoh [CC BY-SA 3.0] 11 (top); Girl holding up frame by IMCBerea College [CC BY 2.0] 17 (top); Beekeeper using bee smoker by Ich [CC BY-SA 4.0] 17 (middle); bumblebee heuchera by Sffubs [CC BY-SA 3.0] 24 (top); bumblebee 05 by I, Tony Wills [CC BY-SA 3.0] 24 (bottom); Apoidea by Panoramedia [CC BY-SA 3.0] 25 (top).

Ken Tapp: 3 (bottom); 5 (top).

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V i s i t U s O n l i n e ! F a c e b o o k . c o m / F u n F o r K i d z • w w w. F u n F o r K i d z . c o m Vol. 20 No. 4 • JULY/AUG 2021 Publisher: Thomas M. Edwards Editor: Marilyn Edwards Associate Editor: Diane Winebar Graphic Design: Gaurakisora Tucker Marketing Director: Jonathan Edwards Circulation Manager: Mark Studer Science Editor: Larry White Science Illustrator: Alan Wassilak Cowboy Clark & Larry Editor: Lisa Rehfuss Cover Artist: Geoff Hassing

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