PREISSMURPHY A&A
Education Group
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PREISS MURPHY and PREISS MURPHY SCHOOL PUBLISHERS are trademarks of Preiss Murphy A&A Education Group. Database rights Preiss Murphy A&A Education Group (maker). ISBN 978-9-957-37890-5 First published 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Contents
6A Moving and Growing
• Skeletons 1 • Skeletons 2 • Skeletons 3 • Skeletons of Other Animals 1 • Skeletons of Other Animals 2 • Muscles • Alison and Peter’s Experiment • Let’s Experiment
4 6 7 8 10 12 14 16
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6B Habitats
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• • • • • • • • •
6C Keeping Warm • • • • •
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• • • •
2
What Is a Habitat? Pond Dipping Food Chains 1 Data Gathering Organisms in Habitats Animals in Wetland Habitats Other Habitats Food Chains 2 Habitats and Food Chains
Measuring Temperature 1 Measuring Temperature 2 Room Temperature Temperature and the Weather 1 Temperature and the Weather 2 Thermal Conductors and Insulators Thermal Insulators More Thermal Insulators 1 More Thermal Insulators 2
• • • • • • • • •
Grouping Solids and Liquids 1 Grouping Solids and Liquids 2 Grouping Solids and Liquids 3 Changing Solids Into Liquids 1 Changing Solids Into Liquids 2 Dissolving 1 Dissolving 2 Filters and Filtering 1 Filters and Filtering 2
46 48 49 50 52 53 55 56 58
6E Friction
expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the ELT Rights Department,
6D Solids and Liquids
18 20 22 23 24 25 27 29 30
32 34 35 37 38 39 41 42 44
• • • • • • • • •
Friction and Lubricants 1 60 Friction and Lubricants 2 62 Friction and Lubricants 3 63 Streamlining 1 64 Streamlining 2 66 Parachutes 67 Parachutes: ‘Catching’ the Air 69 Grip 1 70 Grip 2 72
6F Electrical Circuits and Conductors • • • • • • • • •
Electrical Circuits 1 Electrical Circuits 2 Electrical Circuits 3 Electrical Conductors and Insulators 1 Electrical Conductors and Insulators 2 More About Circuits 1 More About Circuits 2 Unusual Circuits 1 Unusual Circuits 2
74 76 77 78 80 81 83 84 85
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6A Moving and Growing This is a human skeleton. The names of some common bones are shown.
6A Skeletons 1 Humans can stand up because they have a skeleton. The skeleton does three things:
skull clavicle
1
2
It supports our body.
shoulder blade
It helps us to move.
humerus spine
know? u o y Did of ade up
ton is m e l e k s • Your % bones. 0 0 2 een 40 t w u t e b abo p u y s make e l c s n's bod u o s r e • M p % of a and 50 ve e to mo l b weight. a s i n f skeleto cause o e b s y • The a rent w oints it in diffe ent types of j fer the dif s. contain
ribs radius ulna
pelvis
femur
3
Itprotects protectsthe thesoft soft It insideparts partsof ofthe thebody. body. inside
shin bone
fibula There are two types of skeletons: endoskeletons and exoskeletons. Humans have endoskeletons, which means that the bones are inside the body.
4
patella (kneecap)
Remember
• Fish, amphibians, birds and mammals have skeletons inside their bodies. They have an endoskeleton.
5
6A Skeletons 2
This is a human skeleton
Use the scientific names from the chart below to label the bones on the skeleton. Add their common names too. The first one has been done for you.
6A Skeletons 3
Cranium, Skull
Choose one of these words to finish this sentence: exoskeleton endoskeleton
Scientific name Common name All these animals have a skeleton inside their bodies.
Cranium
Skull
Clavicle
Collar bone
Vertebrae
Spine
Scapula
Shoulder blade
1.Which part of your skeleton protects your brain?
Femur
Thigh bone
2.Which part of your skeleton protects your lungs?
Tibia
Shin bone
Patella
Kneecap
Humerus
Upper arm bone
This type of skeleton is called an Your skeleton protects the soft part of your body.
Your skeleton also supports your body. 3.What is the common name for the part of your skeleton that supports your body when you sit upright? Here is an animal with an exoskeleton. The shell of the snail acts as its skeleton. A snail can draw itself back inside its shell.
Although you can't see your bones, you should be able to feel some of them. These are the bones that are near to the surface of the skin. Make a list of where you can feel your bones.
snail
How is a snail's skeleton different from a snake's skeleton?
snake How do you think the snail's shell helps it to survive?
6
7
6A Skeletons of Other Animals 1
Here are the skeletons of other vertebrates (animals with backbones).
leton e k s n huma for e h T igned ing and s e d nn is g, ru s. n i k l wa thing g n i hold
The skeletons of other animals are designed to do different things to survive.
dog
horse
whale
gorilla
What difference can you notice between the whale skeleton and the other three skeletons? _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Why do you think that is? _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
know? u o y ody Did in our b
8
chimpanzee
elephant
t bone s e l l a m s • The ur ear! o e d i s n is i
Remember
• Humans and other vertebrates have skeletons to help them move.
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6A Skeletons of Other Animals 2
A skeleton can move because it contains joints.
Here are the skeletons of two animals. They are both vertebrates.
This is a human skeleton.
The joints are found where two bones meet. They allow the body to move in different directions.
This is the skeleton of a dinosaur.
Write down 4 differences between a human skeleton and a dinosaur skeleton. 1. 2. 3.
This is a hip joint. It is a ball and socket joint and allows twisting and turning movements. Name one other ball and socket joint in your body: __________________ Name one other hinge joint in your body: ________________________
4. Write down 4 similarities between a human skeleton and a dinosaur skeleton. 1. 2. 3. 4.
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know? u o y Did ight the we
0% of 5 0 4 of t u ade up m • Abo s i l a nim of an a s. muscle
This is an elbow joint. It is a hinge joint, and it allows movement in a certain spot to take place. It works like the hinge on a door.
Remember
• Animals have muscles to help support and move their bodies.
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6A Muscles Musclesare areattached attachedto tobones bonesininthe thebody bodyby bystrong strongcords cordscalled calledtendons. tendons. Muscles
Muscles and bones enable us to move.
Muscleswork workby bycontracting contracting(getting (gettingshorter) shorter)and andrelaxing relaxing(getting (gettinglonger). longer). Muscles
1. Follow the instructions to make a model arm muscle.
Thisdiagram diagramshows showswhat whathappens happensto tothe themuscles musclesininyour yourarm armwhen whenyou youlift liftsomething. something. This
1.
2.
3.
4.
Paper Cut across fold
Fold in half
5.
6.
glue here Open and glue the edge. Bend to make a tube.
push 'Muscle' is contracted - it is short and fat
'Muscle' is relaxed - it is long and thin push
2. Choose words from the Word Box to complete these sentences: The place where two bones meet is called a pull on
.
to help humans to move.
Word Box muscles, joint, tendons, bones.
are strong cords that attach muscles to bones.
Things to do 1. Hold a ball in your arm and then lift from the elbow. 2. Feel the top arm muscle to see what happens to it when you lift the ball. 3. Draw a picture to show what your arm muscle looks like when you flex your elbow.
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3. Write about how muscles make a human arm move at the elbow. Use words from the Word Box Remember: a relaxed muscle is long and thin; a contracted muscle is short and fat.
Word Box arm, elbow, bones, pairs, relax, contract, lengthen, shorten.
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6A Alison and Peter's Experiment
This table shows the results of the experiment.
Alisonand andPeter Petercarried carriedout outan anexperiment experimentto tosee seehow howfar fartheir theirfriends friendscould couldjump. jump. Alison Eachperson personstarted startedfrom fromthe thesame samepoint pointand andused usedaastanding standingjump. jump. Each
Length of Leg From Hip to Ankle (cm)
First Jump (cm)
Second Jump (cm)
Third Jump (cm)
Average (cm)
Nick
54
62
63
65
63
John
58
85
80
88
84
Lauren
53
56
65
66
62
Sally
60
72
70
68
70
Peter
55
54
58
57
56
Alison
45
62
65
66
64
Name
Questions 1. Which child had the longest legs? 2. Which child jumped the furthest? 3. Why do you think the children jumped three times? 4. Did the person with the longest legs jump the furthest?
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5. Draw a bar chart to show the results of the experiment.
Remember
• The legs contain strong muscles to help them move.
15
6A Let's Experiment
1. Who had the highest jump?
You and five friends are going to work together to do an experiment to find out if people with longer legs can jump higher. Record your results in the table. 1. Write the names of the friends in your group in the table below. 2. Measure the length of each friend's leg. 3. Measure how high each friend can reach when he or she is standing. 4. Ask each friend to jump up as high as they can and measure how high they can reach. 5. Work out the difference between these last two measurements.
____________________________________________________________
2. Who had the lowest jump? ____________________________________________________________
3. Do your results show that children with longer legs jump higher? ____________________________________________________________
4. Give reasons for your answer. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
Name
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Length of Leg From Hip to Ankle (cm)
Reach (cm)
Reach When Jumping (cm)
Difference (cm)
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