Jyotish Shastra Me Vivah Kaal Ka Nirdharn by Future Samachar

T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fookg&dky dk fuèkkZj.k ¼czkã ,oa izktkiR; fookg ds lanHkZ esa½

Synopsis

'kksèk laf{kfIrdk

Dr. Ram Chandra Pandey Supervisor

Suresh Kumar Research Scholar (Enrolment No: MUR 1001152)

DEPARTMENT OF ASTROLOGY. FACULTY OF ALTERNATIVE THERAPY, MEWAR UNIVERSITY, GANGRAR,CHITTORGARH, RAJASTHAN.

T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fookg&dky dk fuèkkZj.k ¼czkã ,oa izktkiR; fookg ds lanHkZ esa½ Summary of Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Dr. Ram Chandra Pandey Supervisor

Suresh Kumar Research Scholar (Enrolment No: MUR 1001152)

DEPARTMENT OF ASTROLOGY. FACULTY OF ALTERNATIVE THERAPY, MEWAR UNIVERSITY, GANGRAR,CHITTORGARH, RAJASTHAN. Year-2018

T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fookg&dky dk fuèkkZj.k ¼czkã ,oa izktkiR; fookg ds lanHkZ esa½ A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Dr. Ram Chandra Pandey Supervisor

Suresh Kumar Research Scholar (Enrolment No: MUR 1001152)

DEPARTMENT OF ASTROLOGY. FACULTY OF ALTERNATIVE THERAPY, MEWAR UNIVERSITY, GANGRAR,CHITTORGARH, RAJASTHAN. Year-2018

Declaration by the Candidate

CERTIFICATE

I, hereby, declare that the work presented in this thesis, entitled

T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fookg&dky dk fuèkkZj.k ¼czkã ,oa izktkiR; fookg ds lanHkZ esa½ in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan is an authentic record of my own research work carried out under the supervision of Dr. Ram Chandra Pandey. I, also declare that the work embodied in the present thesis is my original work and has not been submitted by me for any other Degree or Diploma in any University/Institution.

Suresh Kumar Research Scholar (Enrolment No: MUR 1001152)

Certificate of the Supervisor(s) CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis, entitled T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fookg&dky

dk fuèkkZj.k ¼czkã ,oa izktkiR; fookg ds lanHkZ esa½ submitted by Mr. Suresh Kumar

embodies the findings of his original research work

carried out under my supervision and it fulfills all the conditions prescribed by Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Astrology to the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Dr. Ram Chandra Pandey Professor Supervisor

Plagiarism Report duly signed by Scholar and Supervisor

I declare in the best of my knowledge that the entire work of this Doctoral dissertation is original and no part of it is copied from elsewhere. I will be solely responsible if it is found to be copied from any other work.

Dr. Ram Chandra Pandey Supervisor

Suresh Kumar Research Scholar (Enrolment No: MUR 1001152)

Title of the Thesis:

T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fookg&dky dk fuèkkZj.k ¼czkã ,oa izktkiR; fookg ds lanHkZ esa½ Research Scholar’s Name : Suresh Kumar

The undersigned hereby assigns to the Mewar University all rights under copyright that may exist in and for the above thesis submitted for the award of the Ph.D. degree.

(Suresh Kumar)

Note: However, the author may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce material extracted verbatim from the thesis or derivative of the thesis for author’s personal use provided that the source and the University’s copyright notice are indicated.

vkHkkj ;g rF; loZfofnr gS fd T;ksfr"k O;kogkfjd lekt ds fy, ,d ojnku gSA T;ksfr"k us lekt ds jhfr&fjokt] èkeZ&deZ] vkpkj&fopkj] O;ogkj&okrkoj.k] uhfr&jktuhfr] laLÑfr&laLdkj vkfn izR;sd {ks= esa egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA fookg tSlh thou dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk ftlij x`gLFk&thou fVdk gS og Hkh T;ksfr"k ls vNwrh ugha gSA izLrqr 'kksèk ^T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa fookg&dky dk fuèkkZj.k* dh izLrqfr Hkh ekuo lekt ds fgr ds fy, lefiZr gSA izLrqr 'kksèk izcUèk MkW- jkepUnz ^ik.Ms;* th ds dq'ky funsZ'ku esa lEiUu gqvk gSA vkids ekxZn'kZu] Lusg rFkk esjs izfr iq=&fe= Hkko dk eSa lnSo _.kh jgw¡xkA vius J)s; HkkHkh o Hkzkrk ¼Jherh lUrks"k 'kekZ rFkk Jh jkèks';ke vk=s;½ ds vlhe Lusg ds izfr vkHkkjh u gksuk esjh —r?urk gksxh] ftudh izsj.kkLo:i eSa bl dk;Z esa mRlkgiwoZd izo`Ÿk gqvkA muds Lusge;h vk'khokZn rFkk lg;ksx ls eSa ih,p- Mh- dh mikfèk izkIr djus ds fy, l{ke gks ldk gw¡A eSa viuh èkeZiRuh Jherh 'kkfUrnsoh vk=s; dk Hkh ân; ls vkHkkjh gw¡] ftlus u dsoy eq>s izsfjr fd;k cfYd esjh vuqifLFkfr esa ?kj dh ftEesnkjh dks Hkh c[kwch fuHkk;kA eSa vius lqiq= lfpu vk=s; o iq=oèkw eksfudk 'kekZ dk Hkh vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksua s esjs dk;Z esa lg;ksx ds lkFk&lkFk ?kj ds dk;ks± dk Hkh lqpk: :i ls fu"iknu fd;kA eSa viuh lqiq=h oSt;Urh izHkk o nkekn Jh fou; mikè;k; dk ân; ls vkHkkjh gw¡ ftuds ikl jgdj gh eSaus ;g 'kksèk dk;Z iw.kZ fd;k gSA eSa viuh lqiq=h jf'e o nkekn Jh f'koka'k ekSnfxY; rFkk eksfudk xkSM+ o iadt xkSM+ dk Hkh vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksua s le;&le; ij esjk mRlkgo)Zu fd;k gSA eSa Jh v#.k calyth ¼izslhMsUV] vf[ky Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k laLFkk la?k ¼iath-½ o ps;jeSu ¶;wpj ikWbaV½ dk fo’ks"k vkHkkj izdV djuk pkgwx a k ftUgksaus esjs bl 'kksèk ds fo’ys"k.k ds fy, fo’ks"k izdkj ds midj.kksa ¼VwYl½ dk fuekZ.k fd;k rFkk mudk iz;ksx djus esa iwjk lg;ksx fd;kA vkidh Ásj.kk ls gh eSa 'kksèk&dk;Z esa layXu gqvkA esjs bl 'kksèk&dk;Z dks lEiUu djokus esa esjk fe=oxZ fo'ks"kr%

MkW- jktsUnz Vksdh ¼[kUuk½] MkW- rftUnz flag ¼yqfèk;kuk½] MkW- jkepUnz th ¼yqfèk;kuk½] MkW- vfuy uUnk tks esjs lg;ksxh o iFk&izn'kZd jgs gSa] eSa muds izfr vkReh; Hkko ls J)koku gw¡A eSa viuh iq=oèkw le _pk o f'k[kk rFkk vius Hkrhts iquhr vk=s; o vfer vk=s; dk Hkh vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gw¡ ftUgksua s le;&le; ij esjs dk;Z esa lg;ksx fd;k gSA eSa mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds izfr Hkh vkHkkj izdV djrk gw¡ tks tkus vutkus esa esjs bl dk;Z esa lg;ksxh jgs ijarq ftudk uke eSa ;gka ugha fy[k ldkA eSa ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k laLFkk la?k* ds lHkh lnL;ksa o deZpkfj;ksa dk vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksua s izR;{k vFkok ijks{k :i ls esjs bl dk;Z esa lg;ksx fn;k gSA MkW- eukst dqekj th dk lg;ksx tks vkius bl 'kksèk&izcUèk dh =qfV dks nwj djus esa fn;k gS esjs fy, vfoLej.kh; gSA fiz; ftrsUnz xkSre th dk Hkh eSa vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksaus esjs gLrfyf[kr 'kksèk&izcUèk dks lax.kd }kjk Vafdr djds mls lqUnj :i iznku fd;kA eSa mu lHkh fo}kuksa ,oa leh{kdksa ds izfr Hkh —rKrk Kkfir djrk gw¡ ftudh —fr;ksa ls bl 'kksèk dk;Z esa lgk;rk feyh gSA eSa viuh ikS=h fgj.;k dk Hkh ân; ls vkHkkjh gw¡ ftldh yko.;e;h

eq[kk—fr ,oa Lusg us eq>s lnk

vkg~ykfnr fd;k rFkk eSa fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh vlhe mRlkg ds lkFk dk;Z dks lEiUu dj ldkA var esa viuh lhfer {kerkvksa dks Hkyh&Hkkafr le>rs ,oa Lohdkjrs gq, rFkk 'kksèk&izcUèk esa jg tkus okyh dfe;ksa dh {kek ;kpuk djrs gq, eSa fo}ku ijh{kd&e.My ds le{k viuk 'kksèk&izcUèk izLrqr djrk gw¡A

lqjs'k dqekj

fo"k;&lwph vè;k; Øekad

11-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 22-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-13-1 2-13-2 2-13-3 2-14

'kh"kZd fo"k; dFku rkfydk&lwph xzkQ&lwph fookg izLrkouk fookg%vFkZ ifjHkk"kk ,oa Lo:i fookg laLFkk ,oa bldk Øfed fodkl fookg ds izdkj izktkiR; fookg czkã fookg fookg dh vU; izpfyr jhfr;k¡ fookg dk mís'; T;ksfr"k izLrkouk vFkZ ifjHkk"kk ,oa Lo:i T;ksfr"k dk bfrgkl oSfnd lkfgR; esa T;ksfr"k ds cht ;qx vkSj laoRlj xzg rFkk u{k= xzg.k fopkj osnkax T;ksfr"k T;ksfr"k ds f=LdU/k Hksn T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds izorZd T;ksfr"k dh mi;ksfxrk dky Kku tUedq.Myh o Qykns'k }kn'k Hkko }kn'k jkf'k;ka uo&xzg Qy izfriknu ds dfri; fu;e I

i`"B la[;k III V VI

1 1 2 6 7 8 9 9 11 12 12 12 20 21 21 22 23 24 28 31 31 32 35 36 37 48 52

vè;k; Øekad 33-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 44-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-5-1 4-5-2 4-5-3 4-5-4 4-5-5 4-5-6 55-1 5-2 5-2-1 5-3 5-3-1 66-1 6-2 6-3

'kh"kZd

i`"B la[;k

lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k fookg dk dkyfu/kkZj.k ;ksxksa }kjk fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.k ds fu;e xkspj }kjk fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.k ds fu;e n'kkUrn'kkZ }kjk fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.k ds fu;e 'kks/k i)fr 'kks/k dk mís'; 'kks/k {ks= 'kks/k dh lhek ifjlheu 'kks/k izfØ;k vè;;u dk izk:i izfr:i vkadM+ksa dk laxzg.k iz;ksx esa yk, tkus okys midj.k fo'ys"k.k ds fu;e lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k izfØ;k izk:iksa dk fo'ys"k.k ;ksxksa ds fu;eksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k xkspj ds fu;eksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k xkspj ds fu;eksa dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV n'kkUrnZ'kk ds fu;eksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k n'kkUrnZ'kk ds fu;eksa dk dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV vè;;u dk ifj.kke] fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko vè;;u dk ifj.kke fu"d"kZ lq>ko ifjf'k"V lanHkZ lwph

53 53 67 69 70 71 71 71 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 76 76 84&147 148&152 154&164 165 166 166 168 169 170 192

lanHkZ xzUFk&lwph

196

izdkf'kr 'kksèk vkys[k

199

fo"k; dFku

yksd O;ogkj esa T;ksfr"k dk O;kid izHkko rFkk egÙo gSA T;ksfr"k dks osnkax Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA T;ksfr"k foKku Hkh gS vkSj dyk HkhA T;ksfr"k'kkL= ds }kjk ekuo thou dh fØ;kvksa dk] tks xzgksa dh xfr;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa] foLrkj ls fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA laLÑr esa bls gksjk 'kkL=] T;ksfr"k vFkok dky foKku dgrs gSaA ;gh og Kku gS tks euq"; dks izÑfr ls lEc) djrk gS vkSj ;g fuèkkZfjr djrk gS fd thou esa vuq'kklu o O;oLFkk dk vfèkjkT; gS rFkk vkdfLedrk vkSj ;n`PNrk dk ;gka dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA Hkkjrh; thou n'kZu ds vuqlkj vkRek vej gS] vkRek dk dHkh uk'k ugha gksrkA ;g dsoy dekasZ ds vukfn izokg ds dkj.k i;kZ;ksa esa cnyk djrk gSA T;ksfr"k'kkL= ekuo ds bUgha ukukfoèk deksZa ds izHkko dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA l`f"V dk gj tho lkSj e.My ls vkd"kZ.k izkIr djrk gS vkSj blh vkd"kZ.k dks eu] cqf) rFkk 'kjhj dh fofHkUu fØ;kvksa ds ekè;e ls fodh.kZ djrk gSA Hkkjrh; thou i)fr lekt ij vkèkkfjr gS vkSj lekt ifjokjksa dk lkewfgd :Ik gSA oSfnd dky ls gh gekjk thou pkj vkJeksa ¼czãp;Z] x`gLFk] okuizLFk vkSj laU;kl½ ij vkèkkfjr gSA mifu"knksa ds ;qx esa gh vkJe prq"V; dk fl)kUr iwjh rjg izfrf"Br gks pqdk Fkk] ftlesa x`gLFkkJe dks lokZfèkd egRo fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh x`gLFkkJe dk egRo mlh izdkj gSA x`gLFkkJe dh vkèkkjf'kyk fookg laLdkj gh gS D;ksafd blh laLdkj ds volj ij oj&oèkw vius uohu thou ds egku mÙkjnkf;Ro dks fuHkkus dh izfrKk djrs gSaA ;g gh ,d ,slk laLdkj gS ftlds }kjk euq"; iq#"kkFkZ prq"V; vFkkZr~ èkeZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k dh flf) dj ldrk gSA fookg ds ckn gh iq#"k iw.kZ iq#"k dgykrk gSA fookgksijkUr ekrk cuus ds ckn L=h iw.kZ L=h dgykrh gSA mfpr le; ij fookg laLdkj gks tkus ij euq"; èkeZ dk ikyu djrs gq,] nkEiR; lq[k rFkk ,s'o;Z vkfn dk Hkksx djds] mÙke lUrku mRiUu djds] ns'k èkeZ o tkfr dh lsok djrs gq, nso] _f"k o fir` _.kksa ls eqfDr ik ldrk gSA III

vr% fookg laLdkj lkekftd thou dk ewykèkkj gS vkSj fookg vkdfLed ugha gksrkA bldk le; izÑfr }kjk iwoZ fuèkkZfjr gS rFkk T;ksfr"k'kkL= }kjk fookg le; dk fuèkkZj.k djuk gh izLrqr 'kksèk dk fo"k; gSA

xzkQ&lwph Øekad 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4&5-12 5-13&5-21 5-22&5-30 5-31&5-39 5-40&5-51 5-52&5-63 5-64&5-75 5-76&5-87 5-88&5-99 5-100&5-111 5-112 5-113 5-114 5-115 5-116 5-117 5-118 5-119 5-120

'kh"kZd Hkkoksa ij 'kqØ yXus'k o lIres'k dk xkspj Hkkos'kksa ij 'kqØ yXus'k o lIres'k dk xkspj xq# dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj xzgksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj xzgksa dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk }kn'ks'kksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk }kn'k Hkko nz"Vk xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk Hkkos'k nz"Vk xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk Hkkos'kksa }kjk n`"V xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk Hkko fLFkr xzg] nz"Vk xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk }kn'k Hkkos'k ;qr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk xzg fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg

i`"B la[;k 84 85 85 87&92 93&98 99&104 105&108 109&115 116&122 123&128 129&155 135&141 142&147 154 155 156 156 157 158 159 160 163

rkfydk&lwph Øekad

'kh"kZd

5-1 xzgksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV 5-2 xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV 5-3 xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV 5-4 xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV 5-5 Hkkos'kksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV 5-6 Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV 5-7 Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV 5-8 Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV 5-9 Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV 5-10 xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV 5-11 n'kkUrnZ'kk dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV

i`"B la[;k 148 148 149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 165

vè;k; 1

fookg 1-1 izLrkouk osn&osnkax gekjs Kku&foKku ds xgu flUèkq gSa ftuesa ekuoh; thou ds cgqeq[kh fodkl ds fy, mi;ksxh ,oa mÙke vkn'kZ&jRu lqjf{kr gSaA bUgha vkn'kksZa eas lfEefyr gS vkJe&prq"V;] o.kZ&prq"V;] "kksM'k&laLdkjA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr euq"; dks thou dh jkg fn[kkrh gS D;kasfd ekuo thou vewY; gS vkSj bldk ,d mn~ns'; gSA euq"; dk lQy thou ogh gS tks iq:"kkFkZ&prq"V; dh vksj vxzlj gSA Hkkjrh; thou ij osn&osnkax vkSj n'kZu dk xgjk izHkko gSA Hkkjro"kZ ds _XoSfnd lekt esa vkJe&prq"V; dk fl)kUr iwjh rjg ls izfrf"Br gks pqdk FkkA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa x`gLFkkJe viuh cgqeq[kh mi;ksfxrk&egŸkk ds fy, fpj iz'kaflr gSA bldh iz'kalk dk mYys[k euqLe`fr esa bl izdkj feyrk gS& ^;Fkk ok;qa lekfJR; losZ thofUr tUro%A rFkk x`gLFkekfJR; orZUrs brjkJek%AA ;Lekr~ =;ksvI;kJfe.kks KkusukUusu pkUoge~A x`gLFksuSoèkk;ZUrs rLekTT;s"BkJeks x`ghAA llUèkk;Z% iz;Rusu LoxZe{k;dePNrkA lq[ka psgsPNrk fuR;a ;ksvèkk;ksZ nqcZysfUnz;%AA*[1] vFkkZr~ ftl izdkj leLr tUrq vius thou ds fy, ok;q ij vkfJr gSa mlh izdkj lHkh vkJe x`gLFkkJe ij vkèkkfjr gSa D;ksafd x`gLFk vkJe Kku rFkk vUu ls vU; rhuksa vkJeksa dh lgk;rk djrk gS] vr% x`gLFk vkJe rhuksa vkJeksa dh vis{kk T;s"B&Js"B gSA LoxZ rFkk bgyksd esa lq[kkfHkyk"kh O;fDr dks x`gLFkkJe dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A nqcZysfUnz; O;fDr bldks èkkj.k ugha dj ldrkA vr% Li"V gS fd ifj.k; lkekftd lfØ;rkvksa dk dsUnzh; LFky gSA x`gLFk vkJe vkt Hkh fo'o ds lHkh ekuo&leqnk;ksa esa laLdkjxr fHkUurk ds lkFk izpfyr gSA 1

fookg laLdkj ls igys pkSng laLdkj djds euq"; dks bl mÙkjnkf;Ro dks fuHkkus ;ksX; cuk;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd laLdkj euq"; dh foÑfr;ksa dks nwj djds lekt esa thou O;rhr djus ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA fcuk iRuh ds ifr dks ;K dk Hkh vfèkdkjh ugha ekuk tkrkA laLdkjksa esa Js"B laLdkj fookg laLdkj dks vxj ge izkphu n`f"V ls ns[ksa rks ;g laLdkj lkekftd thou dk lw=ikr djrk gSA uSfrdrk lq[kh lkekftd thou dk vkèkkj gSA

1-2 fookg % vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa Lo:i ^fookg dk vFkZ gS fo'ks"k :Ik ls ogu djuk vFkkZr~ oj&oèkw vius thou esa vkus okys mrkj&p<+ko] dfBukb;ksa vkSj lq[k&nq%[k dk lkeuk fdl izdkj ls djsa] ;s lHkh dk;Z O;fDr fookg ds mijkUr esy&tksy dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr gksdj djrk gSA fookg ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk gS ftls vki lkekftd lafoèkku Hkh dg ldrs gSsaA fookg ds fcuk ekuo taxyh ekuo dh rjg HkVdrk] og ifjokj rFkk lekt ls vufHkK gksrkA og viuk&ijk;k] HkkbZ&cgu] ekrk&firk vkfn lEcUèkksa ls Hkh fHkK ugha gksrkA ,d izdkj ls ekuo vkSj Ik'kq esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gksrkA fookg ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds fo"k; esa Lo;a l`f"VdÙkkZ czãk th us vius ekul iq= euq egkjkt dks ekuo tkfr dh O;oLFkk dks dSls lqpk# :Ik ls O;ofLFkr cuk;k tk;] bl fo"k; dk Kku fn;kA blfy, fookg dh egÙkk ij euq us fo'ks"k cy fn;kA[2] fookg 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS] ^fo* milxZ iwoZd ^og* èkkrqA ^og* èkkrq ogu ds vFkZ esa iz;qDr gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ fo'ks"k :Ik ls ogu djus okykA[2] ^fo* milxZ&iwoZd og* èkkrq ls Hkko esa ^?k´* izR;; djus ij fookg 'kCn dh fu"ifÙk gqbZ gSA fookg dk vFkZ gS ^fof'k"V ogu*A vU; vlekuxksf=; dU;k dks laLdkjiwoZd ?kj ykuk gh fof'k"V ogu gSA izfrxzg nku ds fcuk ugha cu ldrkA vr,o dU;k ds firk }kjk dU;knku djus ij mldks izfrxzgiwoZd vkReh; cukdj ikf.kxzg.k] gkse vkfn laLdkjksa ls laLÑr dj oj }kjk vius ?kj ykuk fookg gSA[3] osn&Hkk";dkj loZJh lk;.kkpk;Z th us ^,srjs;* czkã.k dk Hkk"; djrs gq, ^fookg* 'kCn dh fu#fä bl izdkj dh gS] ^rfnna foi;kZlsu lEcUèku;ua fookge~* ijLij fo:)&LoHkko nks ekSfyd 'kfä;ksa dk fo'odY;k.k ds mn~ns'; ls vU;kU;&lEcUèk&LFkkiu ^fookg* gSA[4] 2

fookg ,d laLdkj gSA laLdkj dk vFkZ gS & nks"kksa dks de djds xq.kksa dh o`f) djus okyk deZA fookg laLdkj ls vkRek dh mUufr gksrh gSA bl laLdkj ds }kjk ifr&iRuh esa mRiUu gksus okyk izse ifo= gksrk gSA larku èkeZfu"B curh gSA bl laLdkj ls caèks gq, ifr&iRuh] èkeZ] vFkZ vkSj dke :ih iq#"kkFkksZa esa e;kZnk dk dHkh Hkh vfrØe.k ugha dj ikrsA fookg ds le; vfXu nsork ds le{k eU=ksPpkj.k iwoZd os dgrs gSa fd ^ge nksuksa dk ân; ,d gSA ge èkekZFkZ dke esa dHkh e;kZnk dk vfrØe.k ugha djsaxs*] bl ifo= laLdkj ls caèks gq, ifr&iRuh nksuksa èkekZuq"Bku djrs gq, Hkxoku dh Ñik ds ik= cu ldrs gSa & izs;ks fe=a cUèkqrk ok lexzk losZ dkek% lEinks thfora pA L=h.kka HkrkZèkeZnkjk'p iqalk feR;U;ksU;a oRl;ksKkZreLrqAA fookg laLdkj ds ekè;e ls oj vkSj oèkw le> ysa fd lq[k] fe=] lkjs cUèkqoxZ] lkjh dkeuk,¡] lEink,¡ vkSj thou Hkh oj ds fy, oèkw vkSj oèkw ds fy, oj gh gSA[5] fookg laLdkj og laLdkj gS] ftlls lqlaLÑr gksdj ekuo osn] yksd] iztk vkSj èkeZ & bu pkj Hkkoksa dh ÑrÑR;rk lEiknu djus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA[6] fcuk fookg laLdkj ds u rks bUgsas osn ewyd ;KèkeZ dk gh vfèkdkj gS] u yksd izfr"Bk gh gS] u iztk&le`f) gS vkSj u èkeZ laxzg gh gSA[7] ;tqosZn ds ^'kriFk czkã.k* xzUFk esa Hkxoku ;kKoYD; dk foKku gS fd fcuk ^fookg&laLdkj* ds ekuo ^vèksZUnz* vFkkZr~ viw.kZ gSA iw.kZ iq#"k iztkifr ds lkFk lk;qT; izkfIr djus ds fy, bldh ^vèkZsUnzrk* dh ^iw.ksZUnzrk* esa ifj.kfr vko';d gSA vèksZUnz iq#"k dh og iw.kZrk ,d iRuh ds la;ksx ij gh fuHkZj gSA ;gh iRuh mlds vèkkZa'k dks iw.kZ djrh gS( bls iw.kZ iq#"k ds led{k cukrh gSA bu lc izÑfr fl) dkj.kksa ls gh bl laLdkj dks vko';dre~ ekuk gSA[8] ^[kxksy ¼laoRlj½ dk lw;Zizèkku vkèkk n`'; Hkkx cká laLFkk ls lEcUèk j[krk gS] vr,o rRizèkku iq#"k cká laLFkk dk lapkyd ekuk x;k gSA jkf=izèkku vkèks vn`'; Hkkx dk vH;Urj laLFkk ls lEcUèk gSA vr% lkseizèkkuk L=h ?kj dh izfr"Bk gSA x`g laLFkk dk lapkyu ,dek= L=h ij gh voyfEcr gS] lhekuqxrk gksus ls yTtk] 'khy] fou;] lsok] R;kx ,oa ifroR;kZuxrk vkfn blds uSlfxZd èkeZ gaSA

lkSE;èkekZuqxrk L=h ,oa mxz dekZuqxr iq#"k nksukas tc rd fookg lw= ls caèk ugha tkrs] rc rd nksuksa gh vèksZUnz gSa] viw.kZ gSaA[9] oSfnd lekt esa rks iRuh dk LFkku vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ FkkA mldks ?kj dh Lokfeuh rFkk dsUnz fcUnq Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA vFkoZosn esa iRuh dks x`g&iRuh vFkkZr~ ifr ds ?kj dh Lokfeuh crk;k gSA vFkoZosn ¼14-1-43½ esa dgk gS %& ^;Fkk flUèkquZnhuka lkezkT;a lq’kqos o`’kkaA ,oka Roa lezkK~;sfèk iR;qjLra ijsR;AA*[10] tSls leqnz ufn;ksa dk jktk gS] blh izdkj rw ifr ds ?kj esa lkezkKh gks dj jgA vkxs vFkoZosn ¼14-1-44½ esa dgk gS %& ^lezkK~;sfèk 'ko'kqjs"kq lezkK~;qr nso`’kqA uukUnq% lezkK~;sfèk lezkK~;qr “oJokAA^[11] rq>s rsjk 'olqj ?kj dh egkjkuh le>s] rsjs nsoj rq>s lkezkKh le>s] rsjh uunsa rsjk 'kklu ekusa vkSj rsjh lkl rq>s ?kj dh egkjkuh ekusA bl izdkj oSfnd&vkn'kZ L=h dks ?kj esa og fLFkfr nsuk pkgrk gSA izÑfr&iq#"k dk tksM+k gS( blesa iq#"k dh rks egŸkk gS gh] ij L=h dh mlls Hkh vfèkd gSA og èkeZiRuh gSA mls ^rkfj.kha nqxZlalkj&lkxjL; dqyksn~Hkoke~* crk;k x;k gSA og ifrÑr&deZQy&HkksD=h gh ugha] vfirq vius ikfrozR;&izHkko ls Lo;a y{eh cudj ifr dks lk{kkr~ fo".kq cuk nsus esa leFkZ gSA[12] & ;k ifra gfjHkkosu HktsPN~jhfjo rRijkA ;kZReuk gjsyksZds iR;k Jhfjo eksnrsAA ¼Jhen~Hkkxor 7A 11A 29½ uo oèkw ls Hkh vk'kk dh tkrh Fkh fd og dY;k.k djus okyh] rkjus okyh] lq[k nsus okyh] lsok djus okyh] 'kkfUrnkf;uh rFkk lq[knkf;uh gksA ;Fkk %& ^lqe³~xyh izrj.khx`gk.kka lq'ksok iR;s “o'kqjk; “ka Hkw%A L;ksuk “oJoS iz x`gku~ fo'kseku~AA^[13] izks- dk.ks ds vuqlkj ^fookg* ,d laLdkj gS tks lUrku ijEijk dks v{kq..k j[kus rFkk vkRe la;e] vkReksRlxZ ,oa ikjLifjd lg;ksx ds }kjk thou esa vH;qn; izkfIr gsrq L=h&iq#"k feFkqu dks ,d lw= esa ckaèkrk FkkA[14] 4

^fgUnw fookg ds mn~ns'; èkeZ] iztk ¼lUrku½ rFkk jfr ¼vkuUn½ cryk, x, gSaA ;|fi dke vFkok ;kSu&lEcUèk fookg dk ,d dk;Z gS] fdUrq bls rhljk LFkku fn;k x;k gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ;g fookg dk vR;Ur gh de ok¡Nuh; mn~ns'; gSA^[15] ^oSfnd dky ls v|kofèk fookg gsrq vusd i;kZ; izpfyr gSa ;Fkk fookg] ogrq] mn~okg] ikf.kxzg.k] ifj.k;] osnu] mi;eu ;s lHkh 'kCn fookg laLdkj ds fdlh ,d ÑR; dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs Fks] fdUrq dkykUrj esa bUgsa i;kZ; Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA vijkØ] dkR;k;u] lk;.k] ijk'kj] ;kKoYD;] ;kLd] ikf.kuh vkSj euq ln`'k euhf"k;ksa us bu 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx ls laLdkj rFkk thou i)fr ds :Ik esa izfrf"Br fd;k gSA fdUrq lokZfèkd izpfyr 'kCn fookg gh gSA*[16] lgt lekUrj dks’k esa fookg ds ^fookg vD+yncanh] vVwV lEcUèk] vgn] Åf<+] dj xzg.k] xBtksM+] xBcUèku ukrk] fudkg] ifj.k;] ikf.kxzg.k] Qsjs] cUèku] C;kg] feyki] eSfjt] fj'rk] yxu] yxko] fookg&cUèku] fookg&lEcUèk] osfMax] 'kknh] lEcUèk] laxe] la;ksx] lIrinh] lgp;kZ vkfn vusd vFkZ gSaA*[17] ^fgUnw thou&n`f"V ds vuqlkj fookg ekuo dk lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ laLdkj gSA bldk iz;kstu lUrkuksRifÙk ds ekè;e ls fir`&_.k dks pqdkuk gSA x`gLFkkJe ;fn vU; vkJeksa dh èkqjh gS rks Hkk;kZ x`gLFk&thou dh èkqjh gSA lw=ksa esa lxks=] leku izoj rFkk lfi.M fookgksa dk fu"ksèk gSA lfi.M dk vfHkizk; gS ,d gh fir`dqy ls lEc) L=h&iq#"kksa dk fookg] tks R;kT; gSA lw=ksa esa vuqykse fookg dk leFkZu vUrtkZrh; fookg ds lEcUèk esa fd;k x;k gSA fookg ls iwoZ oj&oèkw ds xq.kksa dh ijh{kk dk funsZ'k gSA*[18] Jherh fo|knsoh ds vuqlkj ^fgUnw&laLÑfr esa fookg izo`fÙk dk ,d lcls cM+k laLdkj gS vkSj mldk dqN fo'ks"k y{; Hkh gS tks bl izdkj gSA muds vuqlkj & ehekalk&'kkL= esa fl) gS fd l`f"V ds izkjEHk ls gh L=hèkkjk ,oa iq#"kèkkjk &;s nks LorU= èkkjk,a pyha ;Fkk deZ & ehekalk n'kZu esa &^}sèkkjs LorU=:iRokr~*[19] ¼èkeZ ikn lw= &55½ Hkxoku euq us Hkh dgk gS % & 5

^f}èkk ÑRok··Reuks nsge)sZu iq#"kks·Hkor~A v)sZu ukjh rL;ka l fojktel`tr~ izHkqAA^[20] l`f"V ds izkjEHk esa ijekRek us vius dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k] os vkèks esa iq#"k o vkèks esa ukjh gks x;sA Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k us Hkxon~xhrk esa Hkh dgk gS %& ^izÑfra iq#"ka pSo fo);uknh mHkkofiA^[21] bu nksuksa esa dkSu Hkkx iq#"k vkSj dkSu lk Hkkx L=h cuk] bl fo"k; esa Hkh nsoh Hkkxor esa dgk gS % LosPNke; LosPNk;k;a f}èkk:iks cHkwo gA L=h:iks okeHkkxka'kks nf{k.kka'k iqeku Le`r%AA[22] vFkkZr~ LosPNke; Hkxoku~ LosPNk ls nks :Ik gks x;s] oke Hkkx ds va'k ls L=h o nf{k.k Hkkx ds va'k ls iq#"k cusA n'kZu 'kkL= dk ;g Hkh fl)kUr gS fd L=hèkkjk iq#"kèkkjke;h gksdj gh dSoY; dh vfèkdkfj.kh gksrh gSA ;Fkk%& ^L=hèkkjk iqaèkkjke;h dSoY;kfèkdkfj.kh*[23] ¼deZ ehekalk n'kZu] èkeZ ikn] lw= 56½A vr% Li"V gS fd l`f"V ds izkjEHk ls gh L=hèkkjk rFkk iq#"kèkkjk uked nks èkkjk,a i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ pyhaA ;s gh nksuksa mn~fHkt] Losnt] v.Mt vkSj tjk;qt ;ksfu;ksa esa L=h vkSj iq#"k ds :Ik esa vkxs c<+rh&c<+rh euq"; ;ksfu esa igq¡prh gSA bu nksuksa ds lg;ksx ls gh l`f"V ds izR;sd Lrj ij L=h'kfDr o iq#"k'kfDr fo|eku gSA

1-3 fookg laLFkk ,oa bldk Øfed fodkl vkfne euq"; esa uSlfxZd izo`fÙk;ksa ds vfrfjDr fdlh Hkh Hkko&vuqHkko&foHkko vFkok lekt ds fdlh Hkh fpUru fcUnq dk furkar vHkko FkkA mlesa ;fn dqN Fkk rks ,d vnE; izkÑfrd otZukrhr vkd"kZ.k FkkA egkHkkjr esa ik.Mq dqUrh dks fu;ksx ds fy, izsfjr djrs le; 'osrdsrq mik[;ku m)`r djrs gSa ftlls vkfne lekt esa lekn`r eqDr ;kSukpj.k dk mYys[k gSA 'osrdsrq ds vuqlkj ^izkphu dky esa fL=;k¡ vfu;af=r Fkha] os dkekpkj fogkfj.kh ,oa LoPNUn Fkha] ml dky esa vius ifr ds vfrØe.k esa dksbZ vèkeZ ugha ekuk tkrk Fkk] ;gh izkphu dky dk èkeZ FkkA

egf"kZ;ksa us Hkh bl èkeZ dk vknj fd;k gSA mÙkj dq#vksa esa bl èkeZ dk ikyu vkt Hkh gksrk gS rFkk ;g èkeZ fL=;ksa ds fy, vfèkd vuqdwy gSA*[24] uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj lnkpkj dh ;g iwokZoLFkk LoPNUn dkekpkj] vfu;fer ;kSu lEcUèk rFkk fookg&foghu leqnk; dh leFkZd FkhA Øe'k% blesa ifjorZu gqvkA ekuo lH;rk dh fodkl ;k=k ds ,d foosdiw.kZ fcUnq ls fookg laLFkk dk mn~Hko gqvkA nks foijhr fyaxh euq";ksa esa dkeksi;ksx dh uSlfxZd dkeuk] ?kj&ifjokj fuekZ.k dh bPNk] oa'k lkrR; dh vfHkyk"kk] ikjLifjd LokfeRoiw.kZ lgokl dh Hkkouk vkSj Je foHkktu dh vkSipkfjd èkkj.kk ls fookg rFkk ifjokj laLFkk dk mn; gqvkA bZlk ls rhl gt+kj o"kZ iwoZ fookg laLFkk dk Ik;kZIr fodflr :Ik izdk'k esa vk pqdk FkkA MkW- Ñ".knso mikè;k;] MkW- Hkxor'kj.k mikè;k;] MkW- Cyk[k] eSdysuu] Vsyj] LVkpZ] osLVjekdZ bZokUl] izhpkM vkSj jkcVZ yqbZ tSls izfl) lekt 'kkfL=;ksa&ekuo 'kkfL=;ksa&usr`Ùo 'kkfL=ksa us fookg laLFkk ds Øfed fodkl dks Lohdkjk gSA[25] Hkkjr esa _XoSfnd lekt esa fookg&laLFkk iw.kZr;k izfrf"Br gks pqdh FkhA dqN fo}ku~ _f"k míkyd ds iq= 'osrdsrq dks bldk izorZd vkSj ewy vfHkdYid ekurs gSaA fdUrq Lo;a 'osrdsrq us vius fopkj Jqfr ls izekf.kr fd, FksA vr% bls lgt ekuoh; foosd dk iz'kLr ifj.kke ekuk tkuk lehphu gSA vkt ;g laLFkk fo'o ds lHkh ekuo leqnk;ksa esa laLdkjxr fHkUurk ds lkFk izpfyr gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa euq&'kr:ik vkfn ekuo nEifŸk Lohdkjs tkrs gSaA[26] ;Fkk% ^L=h.kka rq 'kr:ik·ga iqalka Lok;EHkqoks euqA*[27] ¼Hkkx- 11-16-25½ ^fnO; ifjos'k ls izknqHkwZr rFkk nSoh 'kfDr;ksa }kjk iksf"kr izof)Zr fookg laLFkk ekuoh; l`f"V esa vkfn dky ls izpfyr gSA izkphu dky esa bls lkekftd laLFkk dh vis{kk èkkfeZd laLFkk ds :Ik esa vfèkd ekU;rk izkIr FkhA blhfy, bl laLFkk dks vkt Hkh èkkfeZd dÙkZO; vkSj laLdkj laf'y"V izfØ;k ds :Ik esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] ,d vuqcUèk ds :Ik esa ughaA[28]

1-4 fookg ds izdkj Le`frdkjksa us fookg ds vkB izdkjksa dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA ^czkãks nSoLrFkSok"kZ% izktkiR;LFkk··lqj%A xkUèkoksZ jk{kl'pSo iS'kkppk"Ves%·èke%AA^[29] 7

czkã] nSo] vk"kZ] izktkiR;] vklqj] xkUèkoZ] jk{kl ,oa iS'kkp ;s vkB izdkj ds fookg viuh&viuh izÑfr ds vuqlkj Lohdkj fd, gSaA euq ds vuqlkj czkã] nSo] vk"kZ rFkk izktkiR; fookg dks iz'kLr rFkk vklqj] xkUèkoZ] jk{kl ,oa iS'kkp pkj fookgksa dks viz'kLr Lohdkj fd;k gSA mUgksaus iS'kkp fookg dks lcls fuEu dksfV dk crk;k gSA*[30] èku ysdj tks dU;k nh tkos og vklqj fookg gksrk gS] ijLij le; ¼vuqjkx½ ls xUèkoZ fookg gksrk gSA ;q) esa dU;k ds vkgj.k ls jk{kl fookg gksrk gS rFkk Ny ls ¼lksus dh voLFkk bR;kfn esa½ dU;k dk gj.k dj fd;k x;k fookg iS'kkp gSA ;Fkk & ^vklqjks nzfo.kknkukn~xkUèkoZ% le;kfUeFk%A jk{lks ;q)gj.kkRiS’kkp% dU;dkNykr~AA^[31] tc ;K vuq"Bku gksus ij _fRot dks ¼;Fkk'kfDr vyaÑr dj½ dU;k nh tkos rks og nSo fookg gksrk gS rFkk tc nks xk; ysdj dU;k nh tkos rks og vk"kZ fookg gksrk gSA nSo fookg ls mRiUu lUrku ¼lkr iwoZ o lkr mÙkj½ pkSng ihf<+;ksa dks rFkk vk"kZ fookg ls mRié lUrku ¼rhu iwoZ rFkk rhu ij½ N% ihf<+;ksa dks ifo= djrk gSA ;Fkk % ;KLFkf_fRots nSo vkn;k"kZLrq xks};e~A prqnZ’k izFket% iqukr;qÙkjt;'p"k-V~AA[32]

1-5 izktkiR; fookg iztkifr ds izfr _.k pqdkus vFkkZr~ èkekZpj.k lEer lUrkuksRifŸk gsrq tkrd&tkfrdk oSokfgd cUèku esa vkc) gksrs FksA vk'oyk;u] xkSre rFkk euq vkfn us ;g ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA ;Fkk % ^lgks HkkS pjrkaèkeZfefr okpkuqHkk"; pA dU;kiznkueH;P;Z izktkiR;ks fofèkLe`rkAA^[33] bR;qDRok pjrkaèkeZlg ;k nh;rs·fFkZusA l dk;% iko;sÙkTt "kM~~ "k~oa';kUlgkReukAA[34] tks dU;k vyadkjksa ls lqlfTtr djds ^rqe nksuksa lkFk&lkFk èkeZ dk vkpj.k djks* ;g dg dj ekrk&firk }kjk nh tk, og izktkiR; fookg gksrk gSA bl fookg ls 8

mRiUu iq= N% ¼iwoZ½ rFkk N% ¼mÙkj½ dh ihf<+;ksa dks rFkk vius dks ifo= djrk gSA bl fookg esa dU;knku dh vis{kk vuqcUèkkRed izo`fŸk vfèkd FkhA vkt Hkh fookg laLdkj dk lIrinh izdj.k izktkiR; fookg dh gh nsu gSA

1-6 czkã fookg lokZfèkd iz'kLr] 'kq)] fodflr vkSj lEizfr izpfyr fookg izdkj czkã gSA dU;k dk firk fo}ku o 'khyoku oj dks Lo;a vkeaf=r dj mldk fofèkor~ lRdkj dj] mlls 'kqYd vkfn Lohdkj u dj nf{k.kk ds lkFk ;Fkk'kfDr oL=kHkw"k.kksa ls vyaÑr dU;k dk nku djrk FkkA bl izdkj dk fookg czkã fookg gSA ;Fkk% ^vkPNk| pkpZf;Rok p Jqfr'khyors Lo;e~A vkgw; nkue~ dU;k;k% czkãksèkeZ% izdhfrZr%AA^[35] ^czkãks fookg vkgw; nh;rs 'kdR;yaÑrkA rTt% iqukR;qHk;r% iq#"kkusd fo'kafre~AA^[36] Le`fr;ka bls lokZfèkd lEekfur fookg izdkj Lohdkj djrh gaSA blesa 'kkjhfjd la?k"kZ] fgalkiw.kZ dkekpkj] vuqcUèk] èkufyIlk] ve;kZnk vkfn v'kkyhu lkekftd izo`fŸk;ksa dk fu"ksèk gSA lkse ds lkFk lEiUu lw;Z dk fookg czkã fookg dk cht:Ik gSA vius ns'kdky n'ks'kksa ds i'pkr~ Hkh ;g lokZfèkd lkSE;] 'kkyhu] lkaLÑfrd] lqjf{kr] lEiUu] f'k"V fookg izdkj gSA

1-7 fookg dh vU; izpfyr jhfr;ka vkB izdkj ds fookg izdkjksa ds vfrfjDr fofHkUu tkfr;ksa o fofHkUu ns'kksa esa fookg dh vusd jhfr;ka fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa ftuesa ls dqN dk fopkj ge ;gka djrs gSaA[37] Û baXyS.M & foyk;r esa oj&oèkw bZlkbZ ?kj ¼ppZ] fxjtk ?kj½ esa tkrs gSa vkSj iknjh ds lkeus viuh v¡xwBh ;k :eky cnyrs gSa vkSj mlds mijkUr iknjh ls ifo= ckbfcy lqurs gSaA oj vkSj oèkw thou i;ZUr iknjh ds lEeq[k ,d&nwljs ds lq[k&nq%[k] vehjh&xjhch] vPNkbZ&cqjkbZ] ykHk&gkfu esa rFkk ,d&nwljs dk lg;ksx djus ds fy, lkSxUèk [kkrs gSaA oj oèkw dh vukfedk m¡xyh ¼ck,a gkFk dh½ 9

esa NYyk igukrk gS vkSj oj oèkw ls dgrk gS fd eSa rq>s bl NYys ds }kjk C;kgrk gw¡ vkSj viuk nqfu;koh eky rqEgsa nsrk gw¡A ^cki csVs :g mydqnl ds ukl ls* vkSj bl izdkj ls oj vkSj oèkw ds fookg dh jLe lEiUu gks tkrh gSA vkWLVªsfy;k & vkWLVªsfy;k esa fookg dh jLe okys fuf'pr fnu oèkw dk HkkbZ tyrh gqbZ e'kky ysdj oj ds ?kj tkrk gS vkSj oj dk HkkbZ oèkw ds ?kj ij] blds ckn nksuksa dh oSokfgd jLe lEiUu gksrh gSA ckij }hi & ckij }hi esa bl laLdkj dh jhfr dqN bl izdkj ls gS & oj dks ?kus vUèkdkj ;qDr dejs esa ,d r; le; lhek ds vUnj <¡w<+ fudkyus ij gh fookg gksrk gS] vU;Fkk ughaA cqYxkfj;k & cqYxkfj;k ns'k esa oj vkSj oèkw dks fookg ls iwoZ ,d lIrkg ds fy, ,d vUèksjs dejs esa cUn dj fn;k tkrk gS] mlds ckn nksuksa dh loZlEefr gksus ij ;g laLdkj lEiUu gksrk gSA btjk;y & btjk;y ds ;:'kye {ks= esa bl volj ij oèkw dh vk¡[kksa ij iV~Vh ckaèk nh tkrh gS vkSj tc rd fookg ds lHkh jLeks&fjokt lEiUu ugha gks tkrs rc rd iÍh ugha [kksyh tkrhA tkiku & tkiku esa fL=;ksa ds fy, lQsn oL= èkkj.k djuk vPNk ugha ekuk tkrk] bldk vFkZ gS ;fn dksbZ yM+dh bls igurh gS rks og ijdh;k gks tkrh gS vFkkZr fookg lEiUu gks pqdk gSA dks;Zd vkSj 'kkcj & dks;Zd vkSj 'kkcj esa oèkw }kjk oj dks csar dh NM+h ds }kjk ihVk tkrk gS rHkh ;g jLe iw.kZ gksrh gSA bl ekj dks oj cM+h [+kq'kh ls fookg mijkUr lq[kn thou ds fy, lgu djrk gSA felz & felz esa fookg dh jLe izfØ;k gksus rd oj&oèkw ,d&nwljs dks fcYdqy ugha ns[k ldrs] blds fy, ogka ij fo'ks"k dBksjrk cjrh tkrh gSA frCcr & frCcr esa èkeZxq: ds vkKkuqlkj fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gq, ;g laLdkj lEiUu gksrk gS vkSj bl volj ij oèkw dks oj dk twBk nwèk fiyk;k tkrk gSA

1-8 fookg dk mn~ns'; fookg dk izFke mn~ns'; L=hèkkjk dks iq#"kèkkjk esa feykdj mls eqfDr dh vfèkdkfj.kh cukuk rFkk nksuksa dh vuxZy vfu;fU=r i'kq izo`fŸk;ksa dks fu;fU=r dj nksuksa dh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] ckSf)d] bgykSfdd] ikjykSfdd rFkk vkè;kfRed mUufr djuk rFkk nksuksa ds eèkqj leUo; ls nksuksa dh iw.kZrk fl) djuk ,oa lkalkfjd lq[k 'kkfUr izkIr djuk gSA bl fookg laLdkj ds }kjk L=h vkSj iq#"k nksuksa viuh&viuh vuxZy Hkksx&izo`fÙk;ksa dks ,d&nwljs esa dsUnzhHkwr ,oa fu;af=r dj vkRela;e vkSj vkRe R;kx ds vH;kl }kjk ,d&nwljs dh vkè;kfRed mUufr esa lgk;d curs gSa blhfy, L=h ds fy, ifrozR; vkSj iq#"k ds fy, Hkh ,d iRuh ozr èkeZ gh iz'kLr ,oa vkn'kZ gSA fookg dk nwljk mn~ns'; mÙke èkkfeZd lUrku dh mRifÙk }kjk fir`_.k ls m_.k gksuk rFkk iztkrUrq dh j{kk djuk gSA ;g dsoy iq#"k tkfr ds fy, gSA iq#"k tkfr ds Åij nso&_f"k o fir`_.k gS tSlk euq th us dgk gS & ^rhuksa _.kksa dks 'kksèkdj eu dks eks{k esa yxkuk pkfg,A*[38] osn&osnkaxksa ds Lokè;k; ls _f"k&_.k] ;Kksa ds vuq"Bku ls nso&_.k vkSj èkekZuqdwy iq=ksRiknu }kjk fir`&_.k ls m_.k gksdj eks{k esa eu yxk;saA[39] blh mn~ns'; ls Hkxorh Jqfr Hkh dgrh gS& ^iztkrUrq mfPNUu er djksA*[40] fookg dk rhljk mn~ns'; L=h vkSj iq#"k ds eèkqj ifo= leUo; rFkk lke¥tL; }kjk ikfjokfjd] lkekftd rFkk jk"Vªh; thou dh lqO;oLFkk ,oa lq[k&LokLF;&'kkfUr dh j{kk djuk gSA fookg ds bu rhu izèkku mn~ns';ksa esa izFke mn~ns'; ifr&iRuh nksuksa ds fy, leku gS] nwljk dsoy iq#"k ds fy, gS vkSj rhljk O;fDr] lekt rFkk jk"Vª rhuksa ds fy, gSA[41]

vè;k; 2

T;ksfr"k 2-1 izLrkouk ekuo dh LokHkkfod izo`fŸk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij voxr gksxk fd ^D;ksa* vkSj ^dSls* ;s nks ftKklk,a mldh izèkku gSaA og izR;sd oLrq ds vkfndkj.k dh [kkst djrk gS vkSj mlds lEcUèk esa lHkh vn~Hkqr ckrksa dks tkuus ds fy, ykykf;r jgrk gSA tc rd mldh ;g Kku fiiklk 'kkUr ugha gksrh] mls pSu ugha iM+rkA Qyr% vkfnekuo ds efLr"d esa Hkh ;fRdafpr~ fodkl ds vuUrj gh le;] fn'kk vkSj LFkku ftuds fcuk mldk dke pyuk gh ugha] cfYd vlEHko Fkk] ds lEcUèk esa ^D;ksa vkSj ^dSls* ;s iz'u vo'; mRiUu gq, gksaxs rFkk bu iz'uksa dk mRrj ikus dh ps"Vk dh gksxhA ;g fuf'pr gS fd fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Kku dk lzksr le;] fn'kk vkSj LFkku ds fcuk izokfgr ugha gks ldrk gSA laHkor% mDr rhuksa fo"k;ksa dk Kku izkIr djus ds fy, T;ksfr"k dk fodkl gqvk gksxkA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= Hkkjrh;ksa dh vewY; fufèk gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ftruk O;kid gS] xgjk gS] mruk gh O;kogkfjd Hkh gSA Hkkjr esa rks bls czãk ds eq[k ls fu%l`r ekuk x;k gSA bls vusd 'kksèkkfFkZ;ksa vkSsj ftKklqvksa us vius&vius n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kk vkSj ij[kk gSA

2-2 vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa Lo:Ik MkW- Hkkstjkt f}osnh us vius 'kksèk ^vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj dk T;ksfr"k esa ;ksxnku* esa T;ksfr"k 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk rFkk vFkZ bl izdkj fd;k gS&*T;ksfr"k* tSls izfl) o vfr izkphu O;ogk;Z 'kCn dks o mlds O;kogkfjd vkSj xw<+ vFkZ dks le>us o tkuus ds fy, Hkh gesa egf"kZ ikf.kuh ds v"Vkè;k;h xzUFk dk vkJ; ysuk vfuok;Z gSA lHkh inksa dk ewy èkkrq gSA iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls èkkrq,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa & 12

ekSfyd rFkk Ñf=eA Hkw] xe~ bR;kfn ekSfyd èkkrq,¡ gSaA Ñf=e èkkrq,¡ os gSa ftudks ewyèkkrq esa izR;; tksM+ dj ;Fkk Hkw ls ^cqHkw"k*] xe~ ls ^ftxfe"k* vkfn 'kCn cuk, tkrs gSaA*[42] ^T;ksfr"k* 'kCn esa ^|qr~* ekSfyd èkkrq gSA ^|qr~ nhIrkS* |ksrus vFkZ esa] |qr~ èkkrq Hokfnx.kh; vkReusinh o lsV~ gS ftldk vFkZ gS & peduk] mtyk gksuk] txexkuk] izdk'k djuk] nSnhI;eku djuk] Li"V djuk] O;k[;k djuk] le>kuk] vfHkO;Dr djuk] vFkZ izdV djuk] ltkuk] lqHkwf"kr djukA |qr~ èkkrq ls ^T;ksfr"k* 'kCn fu"iknu djus ds fy, m.kkfn bflu~ ¼bl~½ izR;; dk foèkku gqvk gSA loZizFke lw= ^Ñ&ok&ik&fn&fe&Lokfn* ^lkè;'kwH; m.k~* esa m.k~ izR;; dk izFke iz;ksx gksus ls ;s izR;; m.kkfn dgykrs gSaA |qr~ èkkrq ls dÙkkZ vFkZ esa bflu~ ¼bl~½ izR;; Ñr~ ¼m.kkfn½ izR;; gqvkA |qr~ èkkrq ds vkfn o.kZ ;dkj dks tdkj vkns'k gksrk gS rFkk mièkk ds Loj dks xq.k gksrk gSA mxUr vax vkSj y?kwièk vax ds vo;o bd dks xq.k gksrk gS lkoZèkkrqd vkèkZèkkrqd izR;; ijs jgrs gSaA bl izdkj T;ksfr"k 'kCn uiqald fyax esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA ;g laKk o fo'ks"k.k nksuksa foèkk esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA T;ksfr"k ls T;ksfr"k O;qRiUu gksus ds fy, vfUre ^ldkj* dks ^"kdkj* gqvkA T;ksfr"k ls vR;Ur LokfFkZd vFkZ esa vp~ ¼v½ izR;; yxdj T;ksfr"k 'kCn fu"iUu gqvkA vp~ izR;; yxus ls ;g T;ksfr"k 'kCn iqfYyax esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA[43] T;ksfr"k fo'odks’k ds vuqlkj T;ksfr"k dk mnHk~o T;qr~ èkkrq ls gqvk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS T;ksfriq±tksa dh xfr crykus okyk foKkuA xzhd esa ^,LVj* dk vFkZ ^rkjk* vkSj ^ukseh* dk vFkZ gS mls ^oxhZÑr* ;k O;ofLFkr djukA[44] MkW- jktcyh ik.Ms; ds vuqlkj N% osnkaxksa ¼f'k{kk] dYi] fu:Dr] O;kdj.k] Nan vkSj T;ksfr"k½ esa ls ,d osnkax T;ksfr"k gSA T;ksfr"k lEcUèkh fdlh Hkh xzUFk dk izlax lafgrkvksa rFkk czkã.kksa esa ugha vk;k gSA fdUrq osn ds T;ksfr"k foKku lEcUèkh xzUFkksa dh jpuk vkSj vè;;u ijEijk Lora= :Ik ls pyrh jgh gSA[45] lw= dky esa T;ksfr"k dh x.kuk N% osnkaxksa esa gksus yxh FkhA ;gk¡ rd fd ;g osn dk us= rd le>k tkus yxkA oSfnd ;Kksa vkSj T;ksfr"k dk ?kfu"B lEcUèk gks x;kA ;Kksa ds fy, mi;qDr le; ¼u{k=kfn dh xfr vkfn½ dk T;ksfr"k gh funsZ'k djrk gSA xzg u{k=ksa dh xfr] fLFkfr vkfn dk fopkj djus okyk 'kkL=] [kxksy 13

'kkL=] mDr ds vkèkkj ij euq"; vkfn ij gksus okys 'kqHk v'kqHk izHkkoksa dk vè;;u djus okyk 'kkL=A mDr nks izdkj dh T;ksfr"k dks ^xf.kr T;ksfr"k* vkSj ^Qfyr T;ksfr"k* dgrs gSaA[46] laL—r&'kCnkFkZ&dkSLrqHk ds vuqlkj T;ksfr"k ¼T;ksfr% vfLr ;L; T;ksfr"k$vp~½ xzg u{k=ksa dh fLFkfr xfr vkfn dk fopkj djus okyk 'kkL= ¼xf.kr T;ksfr"k½ rFkk xzg u{k= vkfn ds 'kqHkk'kqHk crkus okyk 'kkL= ¼Qfyr T;ksfr"k½ gSA[47] ekud fgUnh dks’k ds vuqlkj & ,d izfl) fo|k ;k 'kkL= ftlesa bl ckr ij fopkj gksrk gS fd vkdk'kLFk xzg] u{k= vkfn fi.M fdruh nwjh ij gSa] fdrus fnuksa esa fdu ekxksZa ls pDdj yxkrs gSa] muds fdrus izdkj ds oxZ ;k foHkkx gSaA[48] lgt lekUrj dks'k esa T;ksfr"k dk vFkZ & [kxksfydh] osnakx lwph gksjk 'kkL= T;ksfr"k- v[rj] 'kqHkkjh] ,LVªksykWth] xzg izHkko vè;;u] tUe dq.Myh fo|k] nSoKkrk] Qfyr T;ksfr"k] Hkfo"; okpu vkfn gSA[49] MkW- 'kqdnso izlkn prqosZnh T;ksfr"k dh O;k[;k bl izdkj djrs gSa & T;ksfr"kka xzg u{k=k.kka xfrefèkÑR; Ñra 'kkL=e~* vFkkZr~ xzg rFkk fofoèk u{k=ksa dh xfr&fLFkfr vkfn dk izfriknu djus ds fy, fojfpr 'kkL= T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dgykrk gSA blesa izèkkuRk;k xzg u{k= T;ksfr% inkFkksZa dk Lo:i] lapkj] ifjHkze.k] dky ekxZRo&oØRo] mn;kLr ,oa xzg.k izHk`fr leLr ?kVukvksa dk lk³~xksik³~x fu:i.k fd;k tkrk gSA[50] T;ksfr"ka lw;kZfn xzgk.kka cksèkda 'kkL=a* vFkkZr~ lw;Z vkfn leLr T;ksfreZ; fi.Mksa ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh nsus okys 'kkL= dks T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dgrs gSaA[51] ia- dsnkj nÙk us bls bl izdkj izdV fd;k gS & T;ksfr"keku tkxzr txr dh ,d fnO; T;ksfr dk uke gh thou gSA T;ksfr dk Ik;kZ; T;ksfr"k ;k T;kSfr"k gS] vFkok T;ksfr"k Lo:Ik czã dh O;k[;k dk uke T;kSfr"k gSA ,srjs; czkã.k us czãk dks] fØ;knke`r Lo:i&=;h =h.kh] T;ksrhaf"k uke ls iqdkjk gSA ^T;ksfr"ke;ua p{kq%*] ^p{kks% lw;ksZ vtk;r* bR;kfn vkxe opuksa ds vkèkkj ls f=LdUèk T;ksfr"k&'kkL= ds izèkku izeq[k loksZikns; xzg&xf.kr xzUFk dk uke rd ^lw;Z&fl)kUr* ;k ^p{kq fl)kUr* dgk x;k gSA vuUr vkdk'kh; xzg] u{k=] vkdk'k xaxk] fugkfjdk lEiUu tks Lo;a Hkh vuUr gSa mu czã n'kZd p{kq :Ik 'kkL= dk uke T;kssfr"k&'kkL= gSA[93] 14

MkW- usfepUnz 'kkL=h ds vuqlkj lw;kZfn xzg vkSj dky dk cksèk djkus okys 'kkL= dks ^T;ksfr"k 'kkL=* dgk tkrk gSA[53] Jh ckyÑ".k nhf{kr ds vuqlkj ^Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k* dsoy Qykns'k ugha gS og T;ksfrfoZKku o vUrfj{k foKku Hkh gSA[54] vkpk;Z f'koukFk >k dgrs gSa fd ^T;ksfr"k og fo|k ;k 'kkL= gS ftlesa vkdk'k esa fLFkr xzg] u{k= vkfn dh xfr] ifjek.k] nwjh vkfn dk fu'p; fd;k tkrk gSA ^T;ksfr% vfLr;L; T;ksfr% vp~A* uHk e.My esa fLFkr T;ksfr% ¼xzg&u{k=½ lEcUèkh fofoèkfo"k;d fo|k dks T;ksfrfoZ|k dgrs gSa vkSj ftl 'kkL= esa mldk mins'k ;k o.kZu jgrk gS] og T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dgykrk gSA[55] MkW- Kkuflag eku ds 'kCnksa esa] vKkr dk Kku] vn`’; dk lk{khdj.k] v:Ik dk :ioku rFkk laLÑfr dk laLdkj gh T;ksfr"k gSA ;g ekuoh; laosnukvksa ls tqM+k O;kogkfjd Kku gSA[56] MkW- osn izdk'k 'kkL=h T;ksfr"k ds fo"k; esa vius fopkj izdV djrs gq, dgrs gSa] T;ksfr"k ekuo dk ije fgrS"kh iFk izn'kZd gS] og lPps fe= dh Hkk¡fr vkin~xzLr ekuo ds nSfgd] nSfod] HkkSfrd foin~&dkj.k dks tkudj mls muls mcjus dk mik; crkrk gSA[57] jkes'oj izlkn xqIr ds vuqlkj & T;ksfr"k foKkulEer 'kkL= gSA ;g 'kqHk u{k=] 'kqHk xzg] 'kqHk frfFk] 'kqHk okj vkSj 'kqHk ;ksx dk ifjKku djkrs gq, O;fDr dks mlds Hkys ds fy, vius mDr 'kqHk iapkaxksa esa lqdeZ djus ds fy, mRizsfjr djrk gSA[58] ^Arihant Grand Dictionary esa Astrology dks bl izdkj cryk;k x;k gS & ‘The science of the influence of stars on human affairs, Qfyr T;ksfr"k] u{k= fo|k] nSoK fo|k*[59] dgk x;k gSA Queen’s English dictionary Thesaurusds ds vuqlkj Astrology is the study of planetary positions and motions to determine their supposed influence on human affairs[60] gSA

fdlh Hkh 'kkL= ;k foKku dk lE;d~ vè;;u djus ds fy, mldk bfrgkl tkuuk vko';d gS( D;ksafd ml 'kkL= ds bfrgkl }kjk rf}"k;d jgL; le> 15

esa vk tkrk gSA[62] vkdk'kLFk T;ksfr;ksa ds fopkj dh vksj ge yksxksa dk è;ku cgqr izkphu dky ls gh yxk Fkk ijUrq fdlh fo"k; dk 'kkL= cuus esa cgqr le; yxrk gS] blfy, T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds Hkh xzUFk cuus esa cgqr le; O;rhr gqvk gksxk vkSj loZizFke tks xzUFk cus gksaxs muesa rks de ls de bl 'kkL= dk foospu dqN ewyHkwr fo"k;ksa ds gh :Ik esa jgk gksxk vkSj og Hkh dqN LFkwy ghA gekjs ;gk¡ ds lEizfr miyCèk T;ksfr"k xzUFkksa esa vfr izkphu xzUFk osnkax T;ksfr"k gSA mlesa xf.kr }kjk dsoy lw;Z vkSj pUnzek dh gh fLFkfr dk fopkj fd;k gS mlds ckn dk xzUFk vFkoZosnkax T;ksfr"k gksuk pkfg,A blesa lafgrk vkSj gksjk LdUèkksa dk ;ksx fopkj fd;k gSA blds ckn ds xzUFk xxZ] ijk'kj bR;kfn dh lafgrk,a tku iM+rh gSaA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk dqN foLr`r Kku gks tkus ij mldh xf.krkfn rhu 'kk[kk,a gqbZ gksaxhA blds igys dqN ,sls Hkh xzUFk cus gksaxs ftuesa rhuksa 'kk[kkvksa dk ,d= foospu gksA ekywe gksrk gS ml le; ,sls xzUFk Fks vkSj mUgsa yksx lafgrk dgrs FksA ojkgfefgj us viuh lafgrk esa fy[kk gS & ^T;ksfr%'kkL=eusdHksnfo"k;a LdUèk=;kfèkf"Bre~A rRdkRLuZ;ksiu;L;uke eqfufHk% ladhR;Zrs lafgrkAA osnkax T;ksfr"k vkSj xxkZfn dh lafgrkvksa esa izkphu xzUFk igys Fks ;k ugha bls tkuus dk lEizfr dksbZ lkèku miyCèk ugha gSA xxkZfndksa ds tks lafgrk xzUFk bl le; miyCèk gSa mudk ewy tSlk Fkk vkt Hkh gS vFkok ugha ;g fu'p;iwoZd dguk dfBu gSA[62] T;ksfr"k'kkL= ds lafgrk vkSj tkrd vax xzgkfn T;ksfr;ksa dh xfr ij voyfEcr gSaA xzgkfn dh Li"V fLFkfr vFkkZr~ veqd le; xzg vkdk'k esa veqd LFkku esa jgsxk] igys crk nsuk gekjs T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk vR;Ur egRo dk fo"k; gS vkSj og mruk gh dfBu Hkh gSA Li"V xfr&fLFkfr ds lw{e Kku }kjk eè;e xfr&fLFkfr dk lw{e Kku gksrk gS rFkkfi lw{e Li"V fLFkfr dk Kku gksus ds igys Hkh lkekU;r% eè;e xfr&fLFkfr dk cgqr dqN lw{e Kku gks ikrk gSA ;g igys dh lh<+h gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds lEizfr miyCèk fl)kUr xzUFkksa esa Li"V&xfr&fLFkfr dk xf.kr gS ijUrq euq"; dk T;ksfr"k lEcUèkh Kku bl fLFkfr rd i¡gqpus esa cgqr le; yxk gksxkA[63] 16

;fn i{kikr NksM+dj fopkj fd;k tk, rks Li"V ekywe gks tk,xk fd vU; 'kkL=ksa ds leku Hkkjrh; gh bl 'kkL= ds vkfn vkfo"drkZ gSaA ;ksx foKku] tks fd Hkkjrh; vkpk;ksZa dh foHkwfr ekuk tkrk gS] bldk i`"Bkpkj gSA[64] izkphudky esa Hkkjrh; _f"k [kxksy vkSj T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa xzhd 'kCnksa dk lfEeJ.k gksus ds dkj.k rFkk izkphu Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa es"k] o`"k vkfn ckjg jkf'k;ksa ,oa eaxy] cqèk] xq: bR;kfn xzgksa ds ukeksa dk Li"V mYys[k u feyus ds dkj.k mls xzhl ls vk;k gqvk crykrs gSa] ijUrq fopkj djus ij okLrfod ckr ,slh izrhr ugha gksxh D;ksafd mu yksxksa us vkxr 'kCnksa ds izek.k esa gksjk ¼yXu vkSj jkf'k Hkkx½] fgcqd ¼tUe&dq.Myh dk prqFkZ Hkko½] vkiksfDye] nzs"dk.k ¼jkf'k dk r`rh;ka'k½] d.Vd ¼prqFkZ Hkko½] i.kQj] vuQk] lquQk] nqjèkjk ¼;ksx fo'ks"k½] rqax ¼mPpLFkku½] eqlYyg ¼uoeka'k½] eqUFkk ¼tUe yXu fLFkr fdlh Hkh vHkh"V o"kZ dh jkf'k½] bUnqokj] bRFk'kky] bZljkQ] ;euk] e.kÅ ¼;ksx fo'ks"k½ dks mifLFkr fd;kA[65] izkphu Hkkjr esa xzhl ns'k ls vusd fo|kFkhZ fofHkUu 'kkL=ksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, vkrs Fks vkSj o"kksZa jgdj Hkkjrh; vkpk;ksZa ls fHkUu&fHkUu 'kkL=ksa dk vè;;u djrs Fks] ftlls muds vR;fèkd lEidZ ds dkj.k dqN 'kCn bZ-iw- rhljh 'krh esa] dqN bZ- NBh 'krh esa vkSj dqN 15oha&16oha 'krh esa T;ksfr"k esa fey x;s Fks] blls 5oha 'krh ds vUr rd rFkk NBh 'krh ds izkjEHk esa vusd xzhd 'kCn Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa vk x;sA[66] dqN ik'pkR; fo}ku~ Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k dks csfcyksu ls vk;k gqvk crykrs gSaA mUgksaus fy[kk gS fd Hkkjrh; csfcyksu x;s vkSj ogk¡ ls T;ksfr"k lh[kdj vk, fdUrq eSDlewyj us bl er dh leh{kk djrs gq, fy[kk gS% ^Hkkjrh; [kxksy ds bfrgkl esa csfcyksu ds [kxksy dh Nki gesa feyrh gh ugha gSA csfcyksu esa lw;Z dh xfr;ksa dks n`f"V esa j[k dj u{k=ksa dk foHkktu fd;k x;k gS] ij Hkkjr esa pUnzek dks izèkku ekudj vkdk'k dk c¡Vokjk 28 u{k=ksa esa fd;k gSA* eSDlewyj us vkxs crk;k gS% Hkkjrh;ksa dh vkdk'k dk jgL; tkuus dh Hkkouk fons'kh; izHkkoo'k mn~Hkwr ugha gqbZ] cfYd LorU= :Ik ls mRiUu gqbZ gSA vr,o Li"V gS fd Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k dk tUe LFkku Hkkjr gS] blds Åij iwoZeè;dky esa fons'kh; lEidZ ds dkj.k dqN izHkko vo'; iM+k gS] ijUrq ewyHkwr Hkkouk Hkkjr dh gh gSA[67] _Xosn vkSj 'kriFk czkã.k vkfn xzUFkksa ds vè;;u ls irk pyrk gS 17

fd vkt ls de ls de 28 gtkj o"kZ igys Hkkjrh;ksa us [kxksy vkSj T;ksfr"k'kkL= dk eUFku fd;k FkkA os vkdk'k esa pedrs gq, u{k=iqat] 'kf'kiqat] nsorkiqat] vkdk'kxaxk] fugkfjdk vkfn ds uke] :Ik&jax] vkÑfr ls iw.kZr;k ifjfpr FksA[68] tSu xzUFk lw;ZizKfIr] xxZ lafgrk] T;ksfr"dj.Md bR;kfn esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh vusd egÙoiw.kZ ckrksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bu xzUFkksa ds voyksdu ls Li"V ekywe gks tkrk gS fd mn;dky esa Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k 'kkL= fdruk mUufr'khy FkkA v;u] eyekl] {k;ekl] u{k=ksa dh Jsf.k;k¡] lkSj ekl] pkUnz ekl vkfn dk lw{e foospu T;ksfr"dj.Md esa lqUnj <ax ls Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh izkphurk vkSj HkkSfrdrk fl) dj jgk gSA[69] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk mn~Hko LFkku Hkkjr gh gS] blus fdlh ns'k ls lh[k dj ;gk¡ izpkj ugha fd;k gSA Jh yksdekU; fryd us viuh ^vksjk;u* uked iqLrd esa crk;k gS fd Hkkjr dk u{k= Kku] ftldk fd osnksa esa o.kZu vkrk gS] bZ- lu~ ls de ls de ikap gtkj o"kZ igys dk gSA Hkkjrh; u{k= fo|k esa vR;Ur izoh.k FksA vr,o csfcyksu ;k ;wuku vFkok xzhl ls Hkkjr esa ;g fo|k ugha vkbZ gSA[70] ^csfcyksu Hkk"kk ds dqN 'kCn ,sls Hkh gSa] tks laLÑr esa Hkh T;ksa ds R;ksa ik;s tkrs gSa] T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ns[kdj bls csfcyksu ls vk;k gqvk fl) djus dh vlQy ps"Vk dqN leh{kd djrs gSa] fdUrq T;ksfr"k ds ewy chtksa vkSj viuh ijEijk ds voyksdu ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;g foKku Hkkjrh; T;ksfrf"k;ksa ds efLrd dh gh mit gSA ftl izdkj Hkkjr us vjc vkfn dks bl foKku dh f'k{kk nh] mlh izdkj ;wuku vkSj csfcyksu ls iqjkuk lEidZ gksus ds dkj.k dqN xzg.k Hkh fd;kA ij bldk vFkZ ;g dnkfi ugha gS fd ;s ns'k gh bl foKku ds fy, Hkkjr ds xq# gSaA[71]

2-3 T;ksfr"k dk bfrgkl MkW- usfepUnz 'kkL=h us T;ksfr"k ds fodkl dks è;ku esa j[kdj] bl 'kkL= dk dky foHkktu bl izdkj fd;k gS& 1- vUèkdkj dky & bZ- iw- 10000 o"kZ ds igys dk le; 2- mn;dky & bZ- iw- 10001 ls bZ- iw- 500 rd 3- vkfndky & bZ- iw- 501 ls bZ- iw- 500 rd 18

4- iwoZ eè;dky & bZ- iw- 501 ls bZ- iw- 1000 rd 5- mÙkj eè;dky & bZ- iw- 1001 ls bZ- iw- 1600 rd 6- vkèkqfud dky & bZ- 1601 ls 1950 bZ- iw- rd[72] fodklokn crykrk gS fd vkjEHk esa euq"; dsoy ukn dj ldrk Fkk] blh vLi"V ukn }kjk vius lq[k&nq%[k] g"kZ&ihM+k vkfn Hkko iznf'kZZr djrk FkkA tc vuqHko vkSj vuqeku us ijLij ,d&nwljs dh lgk;rk dj ekuo tkfr dh fodflr ijEijk d+k;e dj nh rks lEHkk"k.k&'kfDr dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA ukn dks fujUrj mPpkfjr dj fofHkUu Hkkoksa] fopkjksa vkSj muds Hksnksa dks Øe'k% iznf'kZr djus dh ps"Vk dh x;hA KkukH;qn; ds lkFk&lkFk ukn 'kfDr Hkh o`f)axr gksus yxh vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs Hkkoksa ds lkFk bafxr] ps"Vk vkSj O;Drukn dk vkjEHk gqvkA blh chp esa vuqdj.k dh ek=k us izÑfriznŸk Hkko vkSj fopkjksa ds fofue; esa i;kZIr ;ksx fn;k] ftlls ekuo us vkt ds leku lEHkk"k.k dh ;ksX;rk izkIr dhA ;gk¡ bruk vkSj Lej.k j[kuk gksxk fd lEHkk"k.k dh Hkk"kk ds vkfoHkwZr gksus ij fyfi dh Hkk"kk vHkh izkphu ekuo dks vKkr FkhA bl le; mlds lkjs dk;Z ekSf[kd gh pyrs FksA osn 'kCn dk vFkZ tks ^Jqr* fd;k x;k gS og Hkh bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd izkphu ekuo dk leLr Kku&Hk.Mkj eq[kkxz Fkk] mlesa mlds fyfic) djus dh {kerk ugha FkhA*[73] vkfn ekuo ds efLr"d esa Hkh ;fRdafpr~ fodkl ds vuUrj gh le;] fn'kk vkSj LFkku ftuds fcuk mldk dke pyuk dfBu gh ugha] cfYd vlEHko Fkk( ds lEcUèk esa D;ksa vkSj dSls ;s iz'u vo'; mRiUu gq, gksaxs rFkk bu iz'uksa ds mÙkj ikus dh Hkh ps"Vk dh gksxhA ;g fuf'pr gS fd fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Kku dk lzksr le;] fn'kk vSkj LFkku ds fcuk izokfgr ugha gks ldrk gSA blfy, mDr rhuksa fo"k;ksa dk Kku T;ksfr"k }kjk lEiUu gksus ij gh vU; fo"k;ksa dk Kku ekuo dks gqvk gksxkA*[74] ^;|fi vUèkdkj ;qx dk T;ksfr"k&fo"k;d lkfgR; miyCèk ugha gS] ij rks Hkh bruk rks ekuuk gh iM+sxk fd ml dky dk ekuo fnu] jkr] i{k] ekl] v;u vkSj o"kZ vkfn dkykaxksa ls iw.kZ ifjfpr FkkA bl tkudkjh ds lkFk&lkFk gh ml dky dks izdV djus okys pUnz] lw;Z dk cksèkh Hkh vo'; jgk gksxkA[75]

ml dky esa T;ksfr"k fodflr voLFkk esa FkkA Hkkjrh; _f"k;ksa us fnO; Kku 'kfDr }kjk vkdk'k&e.My ds leLr rÙoksa dks Kkr dj fy;k Fkk vkSj tSls&tSls vkxs tk dj vfHkO;atuk dh iz.kkyh fodflr gksrh xbZ] T;ksfr"k rÙo lkfgR; }kjk izdV gksus yxsA vr,o vUèkdkj dky esa T;ksfr"k ds egÙoiw.kZ fl)kUr [kwc iqf"ir vkSj iYyfor FksA ml ;qx ds izR;sd O;fDr dks xzg&u{k=ksa dk bruk Kku Fkk ftlls og dsoy vkdk'k dks ns[k dj gh le; vkSj fn'kk dks Kkr dj ysrk FkkA mn;dky esa ftu T;ksfr"k fl)kUrksa dks lkfgfR;d :Ik iznku fd;k x;k] os vUèkdkj ;qx esa ekSf[kd :Ik ls fo|eku FksA[76] mn;dky dh T;ksfr"k ijEijk esa LorU= :Ik ls bl fo"k; dh jpuk,a ugha feyrh gSa] ij vU; fo"k;ksa ds lkFk ftruk bl fo"k; dk lkfgR; gS] mudk ladyu fd;k tk, rks [kklk lkfgR; bl ;qx dk rS;kj gks ldrk gSA[77] bl ;qx esa T;ksfr"k ds Hksn&izHksn Hkh vkfoHkwZr ugha gq, Fks] dsoy lkekU; T;ksfr"k 'kCn ls bl 'kkL= ds xzg&u{k= ds xf.kr vkSj muds Qy x`ghr gksrs FksA bZLoh lu~ ls ikap lkS o"kZ iwoZ esa jps x;s izkphu tSu vkxe esa T;ksfr"k ds fy, ^tksbZlaxkfom* 'kCn vk;k gSA Hkk";dkjksa us bl 'kCn dk vFkZ xzg] u{k=] izdh.kZd vkSj rkjkvksa ds fofHkUu fo"k;d Kku ds lkFk vkSj xzgksa dh lE;d~ fLFkfr ds Kku dks izkIr djuk] fd;k gSA vr,o Li"V gS fd mn;dky esa jkf'k pØ] u{k= pØ vkSj xzg pØ dk izpkj FkkA[78] oSfnd lkfgR; fofoèk fo"k;ksa dk vFkkg leqnz gS] blesa èkkfeZd fl)kUrksa ds lkFk&lkFk T;ksfr"k ds vusd fl)kUr peRdkfjd <ax ls crk, x;s gSaA _Xosn esa o"kZ dks 12 pkUnzeklksa esa foHkDr fd;k gS rFkk izR;sd rhljs o"kZ pkUnz vkSj lkSj o"kZ dk leUo; djus ds fy, ,d vfèkd ekl&ey ekl tksM+k djrs FksA ,d LFkku ij _Xosn esa o"kZ ds 12 ekg 360 fnu vkSj 720 jkf=&fnu] 360 fnu $ 360 jkf= dk o.kZu Hkh feyrk gSA[79] _Xosn esa pkUnzekl o lkSj o"kZ dh ppkZ dbZ LFkkuksa ij vkbZ gSA blls Li"V fl) gksrk gS fd pUnz vkSj lkSj dk leUo; djus ds fy, vfèkdekl dh dYiuk _Xosn ds le; esa izpfyr FkhA[80]

2-4 oSfnd lkfgR; esa T;ksfr"k ds cht oSfnd lafgrkvksa esa ewy :Ik ls T;ksfr"k ds lw{ekfrlw{e cht lfUufgr gSaA blls rRdkyhu lekt esa T;ksfr"k&Kku dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA pkj oSfnd lafgrkvksa vkSj mudh izkIr 'kk[kkvksa esa T;ksfr"k rF;ksa dks mtkxj djus okys vusd eU= gSa ftuls gesa izkphu oSfnd T;ksfr"k dk Kku izkIr gksrk gSA _Xosn lalkj dk izkphu xzUFk ekuk tkrk gS] vr% _d~ lafgrk esa izkIr mYys[k dh izkphurk vlafnXèk ekuh tk ldrh gSA T;ksfr"k dk fojkV xzg lw;Z _Xosn esa nsork :Ik esa izfrf"Br gS vkSj mls LFkkoj&taxe lalkj dh vkRek dgk x;k gSA blh lw;Z ij vkèkkfjr T;ksfr"k ds dfri; cht oSfnd lkfgR; esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA[81]

2-5 ;qx vkSj laoRlj _Xosn esa ^;qx* 'kCn dk vFkZ nl o"kZ ls vfèkd dh vofèk ugha gSA _Xosn esa vk;k gS fd eerk ds iq= nh?kZZrek nl ;qxksa esa o`) gq,A lEHkor% ;qx ikap laoRljksa esa O;rhr gksrk Fkk] ;gh osnkax T;ksfr"k esa cryk;k x;k gSA[82] osnkax T;ksfr"k esa ikap o"kZ dk ;qx ekuk x;k gS mlds uke gSa laoRlj] ifjoRlj] bnkoRlj] vuqoRlj vkSj b}RljA ;s uke ;|fi osnkax T;ksfr"k esa ugha gSa ij osnksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd mu ikapksa ds uke ;s gh gSaA xxkZfndksa us Hkh bl ;qx ds laoRljksa ds ;s gh uke fy[ks gSaA[83] osnkax T;ksfr"k esa ;qx dc vkjEHk gksrk gS( bl fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS & ^ek?k'kqDyiziUuL; ikS"kÑ".klekfiu%A ;qxL; iapo"kZ; dkyKkua izp{krsAA[84] loZizFke ;qx dk vkjEHk ek?k 'kqDy izfrink ls gksrk gS rFkk ik¡p o"kksZa ckn ikS"k Ñ".k vekoL;k dks lekIr gksrk gSA n'ke&e.My esa f=;qx dk mYys[k _Xosn esa izkIr gksrk gSA ;gka f=;qx dk vFkZ l;.kkpk;Z Ñr;qx] =srk vkSj }kij djrs gSaA bldk o"kkZ] clUr vkSj “kjn~ vFkZ eghèkj us fd;k gSA bl izdkj ;qx 'kCn dk mYys[k izkIr gksus ij Hkh le; dh lhek dk lgh vuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA ;g ckr t:j gS fd ;qx 'kCn fdlh&fdlh le; dh cM+h bdkbZ dk cksèkd jgk gksA[85] 21

_Xosn dky esa yksxksa dks o"kZ vkSj laoRlj dk Kku FkkA osnkax T;ksfr"k ds vuqlkj 1 o"kZ esa 366 fnu ekus x;s gSaA ;gh rRdkyhu o"kZ dk izek.k jgk gksxkA[86] osnkax ;qx esa 1830 lkou fnu] vr% ,d o"kZ esa 366 fnu gksrs gSaA[87] _rq 'kCn dk iz;ksx _Xosn vkfn esa vusd ckj gqvk gSA _Xosn esa ik¡p _rqvksa ds uke vk, gSa& clUr] xzh"e] izko`V~] 'kjn~ rFkk gseUrA vFkoZosn esa f'kf'kj lfgr N% _rqvksa dk mYys[k vk;k gSA[88] ^oSfnd ;qx esa mÙkjk;.k rFkk nf{k.kk;u dk Kku euq";ksa dks FkkA 'kriFk czkã.k esa vk;k gS fd clUr] xzh"e vkSj o"kkZ ;s nsoksa dh _rq,a gSa] buesa lw;Z mÙkj dh vksj tkrk gSA 'kjn~] gseUr ,oa f'kf'kj firjksa dh _rq,a gSa] buesa lw;Z nf{k.kkorZ gksrk gSA[89]

2-6 xzg rFkk u{k= lw;Z] pUnzek rFkk c`gLifr ds fo"k; esa _Xosn esa vusd ckj mYys[k gSA c`gLifr loZizFke fr"; ¼iq";½ u{k= ds lehi mRiUu gqvkA rSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa bldk izlax vk;k gS ^c`gLifr% izFkea tk;ekuks fr";a u{k=efHklEcHkwoA*[90] ^mn;dky esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks u{k=ksa dk iw.kZ Kku FkkA mUgksaus vius Ik;Zos{k.k }kjk ekywe dj fy;k Fkk fd lEikr fcUnq Hkj.kh dk prqFkZ pj.k gS] vr,o ÑfŸkdk ls u{k= x.kuk dh tkrh FkhA dqN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd mn;dky esa ÑfŸkdk dk izFke pj.k gh lEikr fcUnq Fkk] vr,o ml dky ds T;ksfrfoZn ÑfŸkdk ls u{k=&x.kuk djrs FksA[91] mn;dky ds lexz lkfgR; ij n`f"Vikr djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd bl ;qx esa u{k= Kku dh bruh mUufr gqbZ Fkh ftlls u{k=ksa dh rkjk,a vkSj muds vkdkj Hkh fopkj ds fo"k; cu x;s FksA gLr u{k= dh ik¡p rkjk,a gkFk ds vkdkj dh gSa] ftl izdkj gkFk dh ik¡p vaxqfy;ka gksrh gSa mlh izdkj gLr dh ikap rkjk,a Hkh gSaA rSfÙkjh; czkã.k esa u{k=ksa dh vkÑfr iztkifr ds :Ik esa ekuh xbZ gSA[92] ^mn;dky esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks 'kqØ vkSj xq# dk Kku FkkA muds mn;kLr os tkurs FksA _Xosn ds dbZ eU=ksa ls èofur gksrk gS fd izfr chl ekl esa ukS ekl 'kqØ] izkr%dky esa iwoZ fn'kk esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA[52]

2-7 xzg.k&fopkj _Xosn lafgrk ds iwjs e.MykUrxZr 40osa lw= esa lw;Z xzg.k vkSj pUnz xzg.k dk o.kZu feyrk gSA bl LFkku ij xzg.kksa dh minzo&'kkfUr ds fy, bUnz vkfn nsorkvksa ls izkFkZuk,a dh x;h gSaA xzg.k yxus dk dkj.k jkgq vkSj dsrq dks gh ekuk x;k gSA[94] dksbZ Hkh fu"i{k T;ksfr"k dk fo}ku mn;dky ds vU; T;ksfr"k fl)kUrksa ds fooj.kksa dks ns[k dj ;g ekuus dks rS;kj ugha gksxk fd ml dky esa jkf'k;ksa dk izpkj ugha Fkk vFkok Hkkjrh; yksx jkf'kKku ls vifjfpr FksA vkfndkyhu osnkax T;ksfr"k vkSj T;ksfr"dj.Md esa yXu dk lqLi"V o.kZu gSA dqN yksx mls pkgs u{k= yXu ekusa ;k jkf'k yXu] ij bruk rks ekuus ds fy, ckè; gksuk iM+sxk fd mn; dky esa jkf'k;ksa dk izpkj FkkA lkfgR; ds vHkko esa jkf'k;ksa ds Kku ds vHkko dks ugha Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrkA[95] mn;dky esa tgk¡ osn] czkã.k vkSj vkj.;dksa esa QqVdj :Ik ls T;ksfr"k ppkZ ik;h tkrh gS] vkfndky esa bl fo"k; ds Åij LorU= xzUFk] jpuk dh tkus yxh FkhA bl ;qx esa f'k{kk] dYi] O;kdj.k] fu#Dr] T;ksfr"k vkSj NUn & ;s N% Hksn osnkax ds izdV gks x;s FksA vfHkO;atuk dh iz.kkyh fodflr gksdj Kku Hk.Mkj dk fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa oxhZdj.k djus dh {kerk j[kus yx xbZ FkhA bl ;qx dk ekuo vius Hkko ,oa fopkjksa dks dsoy vius rd gh lhfer ugha j[krk Fkk] cfYd og bUgsa nwljksa rd igq¡pkus ds fy, dfVc) FkkA mn;dky esa osn] czkã.k vkfn xzUFk Kku lkekU; dks ysdj pys Fks rFkk muds izfrik| fo"k; dk y{; Hkh ,d Fkk] ysfdu bl ;qx esa Kku Hk.Mkj dh vfHkO;fDr dk ekin.M Å¡pk mBk( Qyr% T;ksfr"k&lkfgR; dk fodkl Hkh LorU= :Ik ls gqvkA ;Kksa ds frfFk] eqgwrkZfn fLFkj djus esa bl fo|k dh furkUr vko';drk iM+rh Fkh] blfy, bl fo"k; dk vè;;u vkfndky esa O;kid :Ik ls gqvkA bZ-iw- 100&bZ- 200 ds lkfgR; ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vkfndky esa T;ksfr"k dk lkfgR; dsoy xzg u{k= fo|k rd gh lhfer ugha Fkk] izR;qrèkkfeZd] jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd fo"k; Hkh bl 'kkL= ds vkyksP; fo"k; cu x;s Fks rFkk mn;dky esa foÜk`a[kfyr :Ik ls izpfyr T;ksfr"k&ekU;rkvksa ds ladyu osnkax&T;ksfr"k ds :Ik esa vkjEHk gks x;k FkkA[96] ^fdlh Hkh 'kkL= dh izo`fÙk;ka 'kuSS%&'kuS% vius izxfr&iFk 23

ij vxzlj gksrh gSaA ;g ckr osnkax T;ksfr"k ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh gSA lafgrkvksa esa osnkax T;ksfr"k ds ewy cht ;=&r= vadqfjr izLQqfVr gq,A rRi'pkr~ czkã.kkfn xzUFkksa esa ogh iqf"ir vkSj iYyfor gq,A bUgha izLQqfVr chtksa dks ,d= djds fl)kUr vkSj iz;ksx :Ik esa ^osnkax T;ksfr"k* xzUFk dk iz.k;u fd;k x;kA[97]

2-8 osnkax T;ksfr"k osnkax T;ksfr"k izkIr fl)kUr xzUFkksa esa izkphure gSA oSfnd euh"kh osnksa ds leku gh bls vkIr xzUFk ekurs gSaA ôsnkax T;ksfr"k* dk eUrO; gS fd tks O;fDr T;ksfr"k dks tkurk gS ogh ;K dk ;FkkFkZ Kkrk gSA ôsnkax T;ksfr"k* esa fl)kUr yxèk vkpk;Z ds gSa ;g rks Kkr gksrk gS fdUrq ôsnkax T;ksfr"k* ds jpf;rk ¼ys[kd½ dkSu gS bl lUnHkZ esa erHksn gSA ôsnkax T;ksfr"k* ds izFke 'yksd esa ^'kqfp* 'kCn vk;k gSA MkW- vkj- ';ke 'kkL=h us laLÑr Vhdk esa ^'kqfp* 'kCn dk vFkZ yxèkkpk;Z dk 'kqfp uked f'k"; fd;k gSA egkRek yxèk ds thou ds fo"k; esa Hkh lkexzh izkIr ugha gksrh gSA ik'pkÙ; fo}ku yxèk dks yxM+ ;k yx<+ i<+rs gSaA izks- oscj ^yxM+* dks ykV ekurs gSaA blls mUgksaus bldk le; ikapoha 'krkCnh ekuk gSA ijUrq ;g ckr Hkh fujkèkkj ekuh xbZ gSA bl izdkj fuf'pr tkudkjh ds vHkko esa osnkax T;ksfr"k ds vkpk;Z yxèk ds fo"k; esa dqN dg ikuk vlEHko gSA[98] blds vfrfjDr ia- dsnkj nÙk tks'kh us c`gTtkrde~ dh Hkwfedk esa dgk gS & ôsnkax T;ksfr"k ds ;ktq’k vkSj vkpZ T;ksfr"k uked nks ikB gSaA nksuksa Hkkxksa ds vfèkdka'k 'yksd Øe Hksn ds lkFk izk;% ,d ls gh gSaA osnkax T;ksfr"k ij lksekdkj dk izfl) Hkk"; gSA csyj] fofy;e tksal] fºoVuh] dksy cqd] Msfol ,oa Fkhcks us bldk Hkk"; fd;k ijUrq og Li"V u jgkA fdUrq egkegksikè;k; ia- lqèkkdj f}osnh ,oa MkW- vkj “;ke 'kkL=h us mijksDr lksekdjkfn Hkk";ksa ij foospu ds lkFk vR;Ur Li"V Hkk"; fd;k gSA[99] ôsnkax T;ksfr"k esa iapkax cukus dh fofèk ,oa =Sjkfld xf.kr ds fu;e fn, x;s gSaA blesa ikap o"kZ dk ;qx ekuk x;k gS ,oa 1 ;qx ds 1830 fnu vkSj 62 pkUnz ekl gksrs gSa] ,slk Hkh dgk x;k gSA vkèkqfud fl)kUrksa ls mDr dFku dh rqyuk djus ij osnkax T;ksfr"k ds ;qxeku esa y?kqrk ,d ekSfyd =qfV dgh tk ldrh gSA[100]

osnkax T;ksfr"k esa & vk<+d] nzks.k] dqMo] ukfMdk] ikn] dk"Bk dky ,oa _rq dh ifjHkk"kk,a gSaA ;qx ds o"kZ] ;qxrkjksa dk mn;] vfèkeklksa dk o.kZu] ;qxkjEHk esa lw;Z ,oa pUnzek dh fLFkfr vkSj mÙkjk;.k nf{k.kk;u dh ppkZ gSA yEcs fnu dk eku ys[kd yxèkkpk;Z dk fuokl] v{kka'k ,oa frfFk;ksa ds {k; dk o.kZu] vekoL;k iwf.kZek esa u{k= ls pUnzek dh fLFkfr] fo"kqo x.kuk Hkh crkbZ xbZ gSA ;ksxksa dk o.kZu o muds fopkj Hkh gSaA ekl dk 30 foHkktu izR;sd frfFk dk uke] ekl] o"kZ ds 12 eghuksa ds uke] vfèkekl dk o.kZu gSA[101] nks iafDr;ksa esa 27 u{k=ksa dks v{kjksa ds ekè;e ls O;Dr fd;k gSA[102] ^dky Kku* izo{;kfe yxèkL; egkReu%* blls Li"V gksrk gS fd fdlh ^yxèk* egkRek ls ys[kd us Kku izkIr fd;kA dqN fo}kuksa ds er ls osnkax T;ksfr"k dk dky 1200 bZ-iwoZ gksuk pkfg,A osnkax T;ksfr"k dk jpuk LFky% osnkax T;ksfr"k esa fnueku dh nSufUnu o`f) 4@61 ?kVh ekuh xbZ gSA mÙkjk;.k esa lcls NksVs fnu dk eku }kn'k eqgwrZ 24 ?kVh gS rFkk nf{k.kk;u esa lcls cM+s fnu dk eku 36 ?kVh cryk;k gSA x.kuk ls bl izdkj ds fnueku 350 v{kka'k ds jgs gksaxsA vr% osnkax T;ksfr"k dk jpuk LFky 350 v{kka'k okyk mÙkj d'ehj vFkok vQxkfuLrku jgk gksxkA vo'; gh osnkax T;ksfr"k dh jpuk d'ehj esa gqbZ gksxh] D;ksafd _Xosn ds rhljs 'yksd esa ljLorh dk vfHkoknu fd;k x;k gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd izkphu 'kkjnkihB d'ehj esa lfUufgr gSA lEHko gS vkpk;Z yxèk Hkh d'ehj ds fuoklh gksaA[103] vkfndky ds vUr esa Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k us vusd la'kksèku ns[ksA bZ- lu~ dh ikapoha lnh esa gksus okys vk;ZHkê us bl 'kkL= esa ,d ubZ ØkfUr ykbZA mUgksaus viuh vizfre izfrHkk }kjk vusd ekSfyd fl)kUrksa ds lkFk&lkFk xzgksa dks fLFkj vkSj i`Foh dks py fl) fd;k rFkk bl vkèkkj&LrEHk ij xzg xf.kr dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bèkj tSu ekU;rk esa _f"kiq=] Hknzckgq vkSj dkydkpk;Z us T;ksfr"k ds vusd egÙoiw.kZ fl)kUrksa dks xzUFk :Ik esa fuCk) fd;kA dkydkpk;Z ds lEcUèk esa vk;h gqbZ ,d dFkk ls izdV gksrk gS fd bUgksaus fons'kksa esa Hkze.k fd;k Fkk vkSj vU; ns'kksa ds T;ksfr"k&osÙkkvksa ds lkFk jgdj iz'u 'kkL= vkSj jey'kkL= dk ifj"dkj dj Hkkjr esa izpkj fd;kA vkfndky esa T;skfr"k&lkfgR; dk iz.k;u cgqr gqvk gSA[104] 25

iwoZ eè;dky ;qx esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh mUufr pje lhek ij FkhA bl ;qx ds izkjfEHkd vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj gSa] ftUgksaus fl)kUrksa dk iap fl)kfUrdk esa laxzg fd;kA bl dky esa T;ksfr"k ds fl)kUr] lafgrk rFkk gksjk rFkk xzg xf.kr ds {ks= esa fl)kUr] rU= ,oa dj.k dk izpkj Hkh gksus yxk FkkA[105] bl ;qx esa & cht xf.kr ds _.k jkf'k;ksa ds lehdj.k dh dYiuk] oxZ lehdj.k dks gy djuk] ,d oxZ] vusd oxZ lehdj.k dYiuk] oxZ] ?ku vkSj vusd?kkr lehdj.kksa dks gy djuk] vad ik'k] la[;k ds ,dkfn Hksn vkSj dqêd ds fu;e] dsUnzQy dks fudkyuk] vlhekc) lehdj.k] f}rh; LFkku dh jkf'k;ksa dk vlhekc) lehdj.k] v)ZPNsn f=dPNsn vkfn y?kqfjDFk lEcUèkh xf.kr] vfHkUu jkf'k;ksa dk fHkUu jkf'k;ksa ds :Ik esa ifjorZu djuk vkfn fl)kUr izpfyr FksA[106] iwoZeè;dky esa vad xf.kr ds Hkh vusd fl)kUr tSls & vfHkUu xq.ku] Hkkxgkj] oxZ] oxZewy] ?ku] ?kuewy] fHkUu&lePNsn] Hkkx tkfr] HkkxkuqcUèk] Hkkxkekr` tkfr] =Sjkf'kd] iapjkf'kd] lIr jkf'kd] uo jkf'kd] Hkk.M&izfrHkk.M] feJd O;ogkj] lqo.kZ xf.kr] izJsid xf.kr] leØ;&foØ; xf.kr] Js.kh O;ogkj] {ks= O;ogkj] Nk;k O;ogkj] Loka’kuqcUèk] Loka'kiokg] b"VdeZ] f}"VdeZ] fpfr?ku] ?kukfr?ku] ,d i=h dj.k] oxZ izÑfr vkfn fl)kUrksa dk iz;ksx gksus yxk FkkA[107] iwoZ eè;dky esa js[kk xf.kr ds fl)kUrksa dk Hkh fodkl gqvk tks bl izdkj gS & ledks.k f=Hkqt esa d.kZ dk oxZ nksuksa Hkqtkvksa ds oxZ ds tksM+ ds cjkcj gksrk gSA fn, gq, nks oxksZa dk ;ksx vFkok vUrj ds leku oxZ cukuk] vk;r dks oxZ ;k oxZ dks vk;r esa cnyuk] dj.kksa }kjk okLrfod oxZewy fudkyuk] o`Ùk dks oxZ vkSj oxZ dks o`Ùkksa esa cnyuk] 'kadq vkSj orZqy ds ?kuQy fudkyuk] fo"ke dks.k prqHkqZt ds d.kkZu;u dh fofèk vkSj mlds nksuksa d.kksZa ds Kku ls Hkqt&lkèku djuk] f=Hkqt] fo"ke dks.k prqHkqZt vkSj o`Ÿk dk O;kl fudkyuk] lwph O;kl oy; O;kl vkSj o`ÙkkUrxZr o`Ÿk dk O;kl fudkyuk] o`Ÿk ifjfèk] o`Ÿk lwph vkSj muds ?kuQy fudkyukA[108] js[kk xf.kr vkSj Hkwfefr xf.kr ds lkFk&lkFk dks.kfefr ds T;ksfr"k f=fo"k;d xf.krksa dk izpkj Hkh lu~ 700&800 ds eè; esa gqvkA[109] ^Hkkjr dk xzhl ds lkFk lu~ 100 ds yxHkx gh lEidZ gks x;k FkkA Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa v{kka'k] ns'kkUrj] 26

pj laLdkj vkSj mn;kLr dk lw{e foospu xzhd lH;rk ds lEidZ ls bl ;qx esa fo'ks"k :Ik ls fd;kA[110] ojkgfefgj] dY;k.k oekZ] czãxqIr] eqatky] egkohjkpk;Z] HkêksRiy] pUnzlsu] Jhifr] Jhèkj vkfn vusd izeq[k T;ksfrfoZn~ blh ;qx esa gq,A mÙkj eè;dky ;qx esa ekSfyd xzUFkksa dh jpuk gqbZA HkkLdjkpk;Z us vkdk'k&fujh{k.k }kjk xzgeku dh LFkwyrk Kkr dj mls nwj djus ds fy, cht laLdkj dh O;oLFkk crykbZA 12oha lnh esa xksyfo"k; ds xf.kr dk izpkj gqvkA[111] mÙkj eè;dky dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk xzg xf.kr ds lHkh vaxksa ds la'kksèku dh gSA yEcu] ufr] vk;uoyu] vk{koyu] vk;un`d~deZ] vk{kn`d~deZ] HkwekfcEc lkèku xzgksa ds Li"Vhdj.k ds fofHkUu ^xf.kr* vkSj frF;kfn ds lkèku esa fofHkUu izdkj ds laLdkj fd, x;s] ftlls xf.kr }kjk lkfèkr xzgksa dk feyku vkdk'k&fujh{k.k }kjk izkIr xzgksa ls gks ldsA[112] Qfyr T;ksfr"k esa tkrd] eqgwrZ] lkeqfnzd] jey vkSj iz'u tSls vaxksa dk fodkl fo'ks"k :Ik ls gqvkA vkpk;Z nqxZnso us ^fj"V leqPp;* uked xzUFk esa vkB izdkj ls iz'uksa dk vPNk izfriknu fd;kA in~eizHk lwfj us 1294 fo-la- esa ^Hkqou&nhid* iz'u&'kkL= ds mRÑ"V xzUFk dh jpuk dhA[113] ds'kokpk;Z Ñr êqgwrZrRo*] ukjk;.k Ñr êqgwrZ&ekÙkZ.M*] jkeHkê Ñr êqgwrZ&fpUrkef.k*] foV~By nhf{kr Ñr êqgwrZ dYinzqe* vkfn eqgwrZ xzUFkksa dh jpuk blh dky esa gqbZA bl ;qx esa 'kdqu 'kkL= dk fodkl LorU= :Ik ls gqvkA[114] HkkLdjkpk;Z] nqxZnso] mn;izHknso] jktkfnR;] cYykylsu] in~eizHk lwfj] ujpUnz mikè;k;] ds'ko] x.ks'k] <qf.<jkt] uhyd.B] jkenSoK] eYykfj] ukjk;.k vkfn bl ;qx esa T;ksfr"k ds eq[; xzUFkdkj gSaA vkèkqfud dky esa ik'pkR; lH;rk dk izpkj Hkkjr esa gqvkA ;ksa rks mÙkj eè;dky esa gh T;ksfrf"k;ksa us vkdk'kkoyksdu R;kx dj iqLrdksa dk iYyk idM+ fy;k] iqLrdh; Kku gh T;ksfr"k ekuk tkus yxkA fo}kuksa dks jktkJ; u feyus ls T;ksfr"k ds izlkj vkSj fodkl esa ckèkk,¡ vkbZaA eqfLye jktkvksa ds dkj.k Hkh fgUnw&èkeZ] lkfgR; rFkk T;ksfr"k vkfn dh mUufr #d lh xbZA 27

bZ- lu~ 1780 esa vkesjkfèkifr egkjktk t; flag dk è;ku T;ksfr"k dh vksj fo'ks"k vkÑ"V gqvk] mUgksaus dk'kh] t;iqj vkSj fnYyh esa osèk'kkyk,a cuokbZaA mUgksaus ;wjksi dh izpfyr rkjklwfp;ksa esa dbZ Hkwysa fudkyha rFkk Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k ds vkèkkj ij uohu lkjf.k;k¡ rS;kj djk;haA[115] ^vkèkqfud ;qx esa ik'pkR; T;ksfr"k ds lEidZ ls xf.kr T;ksfr"k ds fl)kUrksa dk oSKkfud foospu izkjEHk gqvkA vusd fo}kuksa us vaxzst+h xzUFkksa dk fgUnh vuqokn fd;kA[116] bl ;qx esa equh'oj] fnokdj] deykdj Hkê] fuR;kuUn] efgeksn;] e?kfot;xf.k] mHk;dq'ky] yfCèk pUnz xf.k] txUukFk lezkV] ckiwnso 'kkL=h] uhykEcj >k] lkeUr pUnz'ks[kj] lqèkkdj f}osnh vkfn eq[; T;ksfr"k xzUFkdkj gq,A ;fn lexz Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds bfrgkl ij n`f"Vikr fd;k tk; rks voxr gksxk fd izkphu dky esa Hkkjr lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr esa fdruk vkxs c<+k gqvk FkkA izkphu _f"k;ksa us vius fnO;Kku vkSj ;ksxtU; 'kfDr ls xzg vkSj u{k=ksa ds lEcUèk esa lc dqN tku fy;k FkkA os vk¡[kksa ls jkf'k] u{k=] rkjkO;wg] pUnz] lw;Z rFkk eaxykfn xzgksa dh xfr] fLFkfr vkSj lapkj vkfn dks ns[kdj ;ksx ds cy ls vius 'kjhjfLFkr lkSje.My ls rqyuk dj vkUrfjd xzgksa dh xfr] fLFkfr rFkk mlds }kjk gksusokys QykQy dk fu:i.k djrs jgsA[117] vokZphu T;ksfr"k esa tks f'kfFkyrk vk;h gS] mldk dkj.k fnO; Kku okys _f"k;ksa dh deh gSA vkt gekjs ns'k esa u rks cM+h&cM+h osèk'kkyk,¡ gSa vkSj u ;ksxfØ;k ds tkudkj _f"k&egf"kZ gh gSaA vktdy xf.kr dk LFkku dEI;wVj us ys fy;k gS rFkk vkèkqfud T;ksfr"kdrkZ xf.kr o vkdk'k voyksdu dk R;kx dj èkuktZu ds fy;s dsoy Qykns'k crkus dh dyk tkuuk pkgrk gSA og 'kksèk ls dkslksa nwj jgrk gS blfy, uohu foo`fÙk;k¡ T;ksfr"k esa ugha gks jgh gSaA^[118]

2-9 T;ksfr"k ds f=LdUèk Hksn leLr T;ksfr"k 'kkL= rhu foHkkxksa esa foHkDr gS] xf.kr] lafgrk ,oa gksjk ;s rhu foHkkx gh T;ksfr"k ds ^f=LdUèk* Hksn dgykrs gSaA ukjn lafgrk ds izFke vè;k; esa crk;k x;k gS fd fcuk T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds lHkh izdkj ds Jks= LekrZ vkfn deZ lQy ugha gks ikrs gSa blfy, lalkj ds dY;k.k ds fy, czg~ek th us bl osnkax :Ik T;ksfr'kkL= dh jpuk vkfn dky esa dh FkhA czg~ek th }kjk fufeZr 28

T;ksfr"k'kkL= dk vè;;u dj muds iq= ukjn us izFke fl)kUr rFkk gksjk LdUèk ds xzUFk jps] fQj ihNs ls lafgrk LdUèk Hkh euq";ksa ds 'kqHkk'kqHk Qy gsrq jp fn;kA[119] ukjn th ds vuqlkj ^;g osn p{kqLo:i T;ksfr"k'kkL= gS] tks 1- fl)kUr ¼[kxksy 'kkL=½ 2- lafgrk ¼[kxksy 'kkL= vusd fo"k;ksa dk ladyu½ rFkk 3- gksjk ¼tkrd rFkk iz'u vkfn½ bu rhu LdUèkksa esa of.kZr gSA^[120] Mk- Hkkstjkt f}osnh us c`gRikjk'kj gksjk 'kkL= dk m)j.k nsrs gq, dgk gS fd rhu LdUèk okys bl 'kkL= esa lcls igys fl)kUr dgk tkrk gS] nwljk tkrd 'kkL=] rhljk lafgrk gSA[121] c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= esa eS=s; ijk'kj _f"k ls dgrs gSa fd Hkxou~ cgqr cM+s iq.; okyk rFkk xqIr osnksa dk mRre LdUèkksa okyk ;g T;ksfr"k 'kkL= gS] ftlesa gksjk] xf.kr vkSj lafgrk ;s rhu LdUèk gaSA^[122] Lo;a ojkgfefgj ds vuqlkj ^T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds Hksnksa ds fo"k; rhu LdUèkksa esa vkfJr gSaA blfy, la{ksi esa muds uke crkus ds fy, eqfu;ksa us mls lafgrk Hkh dgk gSA ftlesa xf.kr xzg&xfr dk rU= crk;k x;k gS og fl)kUr gS] T;ksfr"k ds ftl vax esa fu'p; :i ls Qy dgk x;k gS og gksjk dgykrk gSA*[123]

2-9-1 fl)kUr gyk;qèk dks'k ds vuqlkj ^fl)% okfn izfrokfnH;ka fu.khZr% vUr% vFkksZ;L;&vFkkZr~ oknh&izfroknh }kjk fu.khZr lR; gh fl)kUr dgykrk gSA*[124] flèk~$Dr$vUr% ls fl)kUr% curk gS ftldk vFkZ Hkyh&Hkk¡fr lksp fopkj dj fLFkj fd;k gqvk er gksrk gSA[125] vejdks'k ds vuqlkj ftl fo"k; dk vUr fu'p; :i ls fl) gks] og fo"k; fl)kUr dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA[126] fl)kUr vFkkZr~ Hkwxksy&[kxksy fo|k] T;ksfr"k ds xf.kr fl)kUr] xzgksa dh xfr vkfn dk fooj.k] _rqvksa dk dkj.k] fnu&jkr dh fofoèkrk] v;uka'k lkèku] ØkfUrlj] Hkx.k dky] lw;ZpUnzkfn xzg.k lkèku] ØkfUro`Ÿk esa “kj Ük`axksfUr] xzgksa ds ;q)] xzgksa ds mn;kLr vkfn fl)kUr xzUFkksa ds fo"k; gSaA vkaXy Hkk"kk dk 'kCn ^,LVªksukseh* T;ksfr"k dk fl)kUr 'kkL= gSA T;ksfr"k esa czg~efl)kUr vkfn ckjg fl)kUr gSa ftuesa ls eq[; ikap fl)kUrksa dk o.kZu ojkgfefgj }kjk jfpr iapfl)kfUrdk esa gSA

2-9-2 lafgrk fgUnwèkeZ dks'k ds vuqlkj ^lE;d~ vFkok iwokZij :i esa laxzfgr lkfgfR;d rFkk vkpkj&fu;e lEcfUèkr lkexzh] èkeZ'kkL= xzUFkksa rFkk Le`fr;ksa dks Hkh lafgrk dgk x;k gSA*[127] vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj ds vuqlkj ^lafgrk vFkkZr~ HkwdEi] xzg.k] mRikr] fnXnkg xzgpkj vkfn voLFkkvksa dk ftlesa Qy gks T;ksfr"k dk og Hkkx lafgrk dgykrk gSA[128] blds vfrfjDr lafgrk esa Hkw'kksèku] fnd~'kksèku] 'kY;ks)kj] esykid] vk;k|ku;u] x`gksidj.k] bf"Vdk}kj] xsgkjEHk] x`gizos'k] tyk'k;&fuekZ.k] ekaxfyd dk;ksZa ds eqgwrZ] mYdkikr] o`f"V] xzgksa ds mn;kLr dk Qy] xzg.k Qy vkfn fo"k;ksa dk fu:i.k fd;k tkrk gSA lafgrk dk O;kogkfjd vFkZ gS ,d gh fo"k; dk lkj&xzghr ladyuA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa lafgrk xzUFk ls vfHkizk; Qykns'k lEcUèkh fu;ekoyh ls gSA vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj us ^c`gr~ lafgrk* ds lkaoRlj lw=kè;k;( vè;k; 20 ds 'yksd la- 21 esa lEcfUèkr fo"k; dh tkudkjh foLr`r :i esa nh gSA

2-9-3 gksjk T;ksfr"k dk rhljk LdUèk gS ^gksjk*A gksjk vFkkZr~ tkrd ds tUe if=dk fo"k;d fooj.k ftlesa Qykns'k dgk x;k gks os gksjk xzUFk dgykrs gSaA ^vgksjk=* 'kCn ds vkfn ds ^v* rFkk vUr ds ^=* v{kj dk yksi gks tkus ls gksjk 'kCn cuk gS] blh ds fo'ks"k Kku ls tkrd dk 'kqHkk'kqHk Qy dgk tkrk gSA[129] euq"; ds nSfud ,oa O;kogkfjd thou ls bldk lhèkk lEcUèk gksus ls T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk ;g rhljk LdUèk vke yksxksa esa T;knk pfpZr gSSA gksjk 'kkL= dk fo"k; funsZ'k djrs gq, vkpk;Z ojkgfefgj dgrs gSa fd gksjk 'kkL= esa Hkh jkf'k] gksjk] nsz"dk.k] uoka'k] }kn'kka'k] f=a'kka'k] xzgksa dk cykcy] xzgksa dk fnDdky] ps"Vk vkfn vusd izdkj dk cy] xzgksa dh izÑfr] èkkrq] nzO;] tkfr vkfn dk Kku gksrk gSA vkèkku o tUedkfyd xzgfLFkfr }kjk foLe; dkjd ckrksa dk crkuk] vfj"V vk;qnkZ;] n'kkUrnZ'kk] v"Vd oxZ] jkt;ksx] pkUnz;ksx] f}xzgkfn ;ksx] ukHkl;ksx vkfn dk Qy] n`f"V Hksn o Qy] fu;kZ.k] rkRdkfyd iz'u] ps"Vk,a o mudk Qy] fookgkfn fo"k;ksa dk eqgwrZ rRo vkfn fo"k;ksa dks tkuuk o le>uk gksjk 'kkL= dk fo"k; gSA*[130]

2-10 T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds izorZd T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds izorZd ds :i esa vBkjg vkpk;ksZa ds ukeksa dk mYys[k izk;% gksrk gSA ukjn lafgrk] dk';i lafgrk rFkk ikjk'kj lafgrk esa T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds vBkjg izorZd vkpk;Z tks crk, x, gSa os bl izdkj gSaA *ukjn lafgrk ds vuqlkj czg~ek] lw;Z] ofl"B] vf=] euq] ikSyLR;] ykse'k] ejhfp] vafxjk] O;kl] ukjn] 'kkSud] Hk`xq] P;ou] ;ou( d';i] ijk'kjA d';i lafgrk ds vuqlkj lw;Z] firkeg] O;kl] ofl"B] vf=] ijk'kj] d';i] ukjn] xxZ] ejhfp] euq] vafxjk] ykse'k] ikSfy'k( iqyLR;] P;ou] ;ou _f"k] Hk`xq] 'kkSudA ikjk'kj lafgrk ds vuqlkj lw;Z] ukjn] O;kl] ofl"B] vf=] ikjk'kj] ykse'k (jksel] ;ou( _f"k] P;ou] d';i] Hk`xq] iqyLR;] euqjkpk;Z] vafxjk] 'kkSud] xxZ] ejhfp T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds izorZd vkpk;Z gSaA^[131]

2-11 T;ksfr"k dh mi;ksfxrk euq"; ds lHkh dk;Z T;ksfr"k }kjk gh pyrs gSaA O;ogkj ds fy, vR;Ur mi;ksxh fnu] lIrkg] i{k] ekl] v;u] _rq] o"kZ ,oa mRlo frfFk vkfn dk ifjKku blh 'kkL= ls gksrk gSA ;fn ekuo lekt dks bldk Kku u gks rks èkkfeZd mRlo] lkekftd R;kSgkj] egkiq:"kkas ds tUefnu] viuh izkphu xkSjo&xkFkk dk bfrgkl&izHk`fr fdlh Hkh ckr dk Bhd&Bkd irk u yx ldsxk vkSj u gh dksbZ mfpr ÑR; ;Fkkle; lEiUu fd;k tk ldsxkA f'kf{kr ;k lH; lekt dh rks ckr gh D;k] Hkkjrh; vui<+ Ñ"kd Hkh O;ogkjksi;ksxh T;ksfr"k Kku ls ifjfpr gS] og vPNh izdkj tkurk gS fd lw;Z ds fdl u{k= esa o"kkZ vPNh gksrh gS] vr% dc cqvkbZ djus ls Qly vPNh gksxhA ?kM+h ds vHkko esa lw;Z pUnz u{k=ksa ds fi.Mkssa dks ns[kdj le; dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ?kM+h Hkh T;ksfr"k dh y?kq f'k"; gSA v{kka'k o ns'kkUrj ds Kku ls fdlh Hkh LFkku dh fLFkfr dk Kku T;ksfr"k 'kkL= gh nsrk gSA Hkwxksy dk iwjk Kku T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dh nsu gSA [kxksy Kku Hkh izkphu T;ksfr"k Kkrkvksa }kjk gh izfrikfnr gqvk gSA fdlh Hkh igkM+ dh ÅapkbZ unh ;k leqnz dh xgjkbZ dk Kku js[kkxf.kr }kjk lEHko gS tks T;ksfr"k dh nsu gSA osnksa esa izfrikfnr u{k=] v;u vkSj _rq ds vkèkkj ij izkphu bfrgkl dh frfFk;ka Øec) dh xbZ gSaA Hkw&xHkZ ls izkIr fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk dky Kku T;ksfr"k ds }kjk 31

ljyrk o izkekf.kdrk ls fuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vk;qosZn o T;ksfr"k dk xgu fj'rk gS] vkS"kfèk;ksa dk fuekZ.k le; o lsou dk dky&Kku T;ksfr"k 'kkL= }kjk gh gksrk gSA euq"; dk LoHkko o vkS"kfèk dk LoHkko nksuksa gh xzg&u{k= ds LoHkko ls curs gSaA laosxjax'kkyk uked T;ksfr"k xzUFk esa jksxh dh jksx&e;kZnk tkuus ds vusd fu;e vk;s gSaA lw;Z vkSj pUnzek dh dks.kh; nwjh ls tks :fèkj esa mFky&iqFky gksrh gS rFkk mlls mRiUu jksxksa dh jksdFkke ds fy, iwf.kZek o ,dkn'kh vkfn ds ozrksa dh mi;ksfxrk crkbZ xbZ gSA T;ksfr"k nhid ds leku O;kogkfjd thou ds vUèkdkj dk ekxZn'kZd gS rHkh bls osnksa esa us= LFkku fn;k x;k gSA

2-12 dky Kku MkW- fxfjtk'kadj ds vuqlkj ^czã gh dky] fuxqZ.k] fujkdkj] vukfn] vuUr] foHkq ,oa loZ'kfDreku ds :i esa laLÑr ok³~e; esa lnk ls O;oâr gksrk tk jgk gSA ;gh dky rRo f=xq.kkfRedk izÑfr ¼vtk'kfDr½&ds }kjk pjkpj txr~ dh jpuk] ikyu ,oa lagkj djrk gSA f=xq.kkfRedk 'kfDr tc lkE;koLFkk esa gksrh gS rc vO;Dr :i esa jgrh gS rFkk tc xq.k oS"kE; gksrk gS] izÑfr l`f"V ds :i esa O;Dr gksrh gS ml le; xzg&u{k=ksa ds la;ksx ls fujkdkj dky lkdkj gks tkrk gS ftldh x.kuk T;ksfr"k 'kkL= djrk gSA^[132] MkW- fxfjtk'kadj ds vuqlkj ;|fi lEiw.kZ txr dky ds vèkhu gS ¼dkykèkhua txr loZe~½ fdUrq ml dky dh igpku T;ksfr"k 'kkL= djrk gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ykSfdd ikjykSfdd lHkh dk;ksZa gsrq eqgwrZ fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA n`'; txr esa ,slh dksbZ oLrq ughsa tks py u gks] ;fn mlesa ifjorZu u gksrk rks og n`'; ughsa gksrh] blh ifjorZu ds Kku dk tks gsrq gS mlh dk uke ^dky* gSA[133] lw;Z fl)kUr ds vuqlkj dky dks nks :iksa esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA igyk og :i gS tks thou dh lekfIr] txr~ dk y; rFkk izy; djrk gS vkSj og vuar] vifjes;] vfoHkkT; gSA ;g dky dHkh 'kq# gh ugha gqvk Fkk] dHkh lekIr Hkh ugha gksxk] ;gka rd fd l`f"V ds y; ds ckn Hkh cuk jgsxkA blh :i dks 'kkL=ksa esa egkdky dgk x;k gSA dky ds nwljs :i dks ukik tk ldrk gSA bls ewŸkZ:i o vewŸkZ:i nks ukeksa ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gSA vewŸkZ:i esa ;g dky ekuo }kjk ukik 32

ugha tk ldrk gS tcfd ewŸkZ :i esa ge bls dYi] ;qx] o"kZ] ekl] i{k] lIrkg] fnu] ?kaVk] feuV] lsd.M vkfn esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSaA blh ewŸkZ dky dh Øec) x.kuk] vè;;u o tkudkjh vkfn T;ksfr"k ds vUrxZr vkrh gSA blhfy, T;ksfr"k 'kkL= dk nwljk uke ^dky Kku* ;k ^Horology’ gSA^[134] osCLVj ds 'kCndks’k ds vuqlkj le; dk vFkZ {k.k] ?k.Vk] fnu] o"kZ] ?kM+h ;k dSys.Mj ds }kjk ladsfrr dky gSA orZeku ;qx esa O;kogkfjd ;k ykSfdd le; dh bdkbZ ?k.Vk] feUkV ;k lsd.M gSA ijUrq izkphu dky esa O;kogkfjd le; dh bdkbZ bl izdkj ugha FkhA izkxSfrgkfld dky ls le; dh x.kuk vkdk'k esa lw;Z dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj dh tkrh FkhA ifj.kkeLo:i] fgUnw T;ksfr"k esa lkSj fnu dh x.kuk ,d lw;ksZn; ls nwljs lw;ksZn; rd gksrh gSA nhid diwj us viuh iqLrd ^[kxksy ,oa xf.kr T;ksfr"k* esa dky dks fuEu izdkj ls izLrqr fd;k gSA[135]

2-12-1 izkphu le; ifjek.k (Ancient Time Measures) izkphu le; ifjek.k ds [k.M cgqr foLr`r jgs gSa tks fuEukuqlkj gSa % 1 ijek.kq ¼;g dky dh lw{ere voLFkk gS½ 2 ijek.kq¾1 v.kq 3 v.kq¾1 =Ljs.kq 3 =Ljs.kq¾1 =qfV 10 =qfV¾1 izk.k 10 izk.k¾1 osèk 3 osèk¾1 yo 3 yo¾1 fues"k 1 fues"k¾1 >idh 1 >idh dk le; 1 iy >idkus ds le; ds cjkcj gksrk gSA dky dk mijksDr Lo:i vewŸkZ gSA dky dk ewŸkZ :i bl izdkj gS % 2fues"k¾1foiy 60foiy¾1iy 60iy¾1?kVh 60?kVh¾1vgksjk=¾24?kaVs lHkh ikjEifjd tUei=h ?kVh] iy] foiy dh x.kukvksa ij vkèkkfjr gSaA 1 vgksjk= esa 60 ?kVh rFkk 1 ?kVh esa 24 feuV gksrs gSaA ?kVh&iy dk ?k.Vs&feuV esa ifjorZu fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS % 60 ?kVh¾24 ?k.Vs 1 ?k.Vk¾2-5 ?kVh

60 iy¾24 feuV 1 feuV¾2-5 iy

60 foiy¾24 lsd.M 1 lsd.M¾2-5 foiy

?kVh iy dks ?k.Vs feuV esa cnyus ds fy;s mls 2-5 ls Hkkx nsa vkSj ?k.Vs feuVksa dks ?kVh iy esa cnyus ds fy;s mls 2-5 ls xq.kk djsaA 33

fgUnw T;ksfr"k esa le; dks cM+s dky oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS ftls ;qx dgrs gSaA ;qx pkj gSaA Hkxoku czãk dks czãk.M dk fuekZrk ekuk tkrk gS rFkk mldh vk;q ¼lkadsfrd :ikas esa czãk.M dh vk;q½ 1000 czão"kZ ekuh tkrh gSA izFke ;qx ¼lr~;qx½ ¾ 17]28]000 lEikfrd o"kZ f}rh; ;qx ¼=srk;qx½ ¾ 12]96]000 lEikfrd o"kZ r`rh; ;qx ¼}kij;qx½ ¾ 8]64]000 lEikfrd o"kZ prqFkZ ;qx ¼dfy;qx½ ¾ 4]32]000 lEikfrd o"kZ egk;qx pkj ;qxksa dk ;ksx+ ¾ 43]20]000 lEikfrd o"kZ 1 dYi ¾ 1000 egk;qx] ¾ 43]20]000 x 1000 lkEikfrd o"kZ] 1 czã fnol ¾ 2 dYi] 1 dYi fnu vkSj 1 dYi jkr] 1 czã o"kZ czãk dk lky ¾ 360x2 ¾ 720 dYi] Hkxoku czãk dh vk;q ¾ 1000 czã o"kZA ,d vU; izdkj ls ;g bl izdkj gS % 15 fues"k ¾ 1 dk"Bk] 30 dk"Bk ¾ 1 dyk] 30 dyk ¾ 1 eqgwrZ] 30 eqgwrZ ¾ 1 vgksjk= ¼fnu&jkf=½] 15 vgksjk= ¾ 1 i{k] 2 i{k ¾ 1 ekl 2 lkSj ekl ¾ 1 _rq] 3 _rq ¾ 1 v;u] 2 v;u ¾ 1 o"kZA

2-12-2 vkèkqfud le; ifjek.k ,d [kxksyh; o"kZ 365-242 fnu ;k 365 fnu 5 ?k.Vs] 48 feuV] 45-2 lsd.M dh vofèk dk gksrk gSA ,d lkaikfrd o"kZ 365 fnu] 6 ?kaVs] 9 feuV 9-8 lsd.M dh vofèk dk gksrk gSA ,d lkekU; o"kZ 365 fnu dk gksrk gS rFkk 4 o"kZ esa ,d ckj mlesa ,d fnu vkSj tksM+uk vko';d gksrk gSA bl 366 fnu ds o"kZ dks yhi bZ;j dgrs gSaA vkèkqfud le; esa le; dh x.kuk fuEu izdkj ls dh tkrh gS % 60 lsd.M ¾ 1 feuV] 60 feuV ¾ 1 ?k.Vk] 24 ?k.Vs ¾ 1 fnujkr] 7 fnu ¾ 1 lIrkg] 30 fnu lkekU;r% ¾ 1 ekl] 365 fnu ;k 12 ekl ¾ 1 o"kZ] 366 fnu ¾ 1 yhi bZ;j] 100 o"kZ ¾ 1 'krkCnhA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa HkpØ dk c¡Vokjk fuEu izdkj ls fd;k x;k gS &

60 lsd.M ¼^*½ ¾ 1 feuV ¼^½] 60 feuV ¼å½ ¾ 1 va'k] 30 va'k ¼å½ ¾ 1 jkf'k (Sign) 12 jkf'k ;k 360 va'k ¾ HkpØ ¼60 fodyk ¾ 1 dyk] 60 dyk ¾ 1 va'k½A

2-12-3 js[kka'k vkSj le; (Longitute and Time) js[kka'k dk 1 lsd.M ¼^½ ¾ le; lsd.M dk 1@15 Hkkx] js[kka'k dk 1 feuV ¼^½ ¾ le; ds 4 lsd.M] js[kka'k ds 1 va'k ¼å½ ¾ le; ds 4 feuV] js[kka'k ds 15 va'k ¾ le; ds 1 ?k.Vk] js[kka'k ds 360 va'k ¾ le; ds 24 ?k.VsA [kxksy 'kkL= ds vuqlkj le; dks rkjksa rFkk lw;Z ls ukik tk ldrk gSA fdlh fuf'pr rkjs ds lanHkZ esa ekik x;k le; uk{kf=d le; ;k lkEikfrd le; (Sidereal Time) dgykrk gS tcfd lkèkkj.k O;kogkfjd ;k ykSfdd le; dk eki

¼loksZŸke eki½ lw;Z dh fLFkfr ls fd;k tkrk gSA lkSj le; dk fuèkkZj.k i`Foh ds vius v{k ij ?kweus dh nSfud xfr (Earth's rotation) rFkk vius xzg iFk (orbit) ij okf"kZd xfr ls gksrk gSA i`Foh dh xzg iFk ij ifjØek] xzg iFk dh nh?kZo`Ÿkh; izÑfr (Elliptical nature of orbit) ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA mlls xzg&iFk dh bl nh?kZ o`Ÿkh; izÑfr ds dkj.k i`Foh dh xfr ,d tSlh (Uniform) ugha gksrhA i`Foh dk vius v{k ij >qdko Hkh le; dh x.kuk ds fy;s lw;Z dks ,d tSlk (Uniform½ lanHkZ fcUnq ekuus esa dbZ ckèkk;sa mRiUu djrk gSA bl leL;k ds lekèkku ds fy;s ^vkSlr lw;Z^ (Mean Sun) dh voèkkj.kk dh xbZ gS tks fo"kqor~ o`Ÿk ij xfr'khy gksdj gesa vkSlr lkSj le; nsrk gSA

2-13 tUedq.Myh o Qykns'k tUei=h ekuo ds iwoZ tUe ds lafpr deksZa dks tkuus dh dqath gSA iwoZ tUe ds deksZa ds }kjk gh tkrd ds uohu thou dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS rFkk bl thou esa tkrd ds iki vkSj iq.; ds izHkko ls tkrd dks 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk Qy izkIr gksrs gSaA 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk Qy tkuus ds fy, T;ksfr"k esa tUe dq.Myh dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA tUei=h ds Qykns'k ls voxr gksus ds fy, Hkko] jkf'k rFkk muesa xzgksa dh fLFkfr ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa }kn'k Hkko] }kn'k jkf'k;ksa o uoxzgkas dk o.kZu bl izdkj gS &

2-13-1 }kn'k Hkko izFke Hkko & bl Hkko dks vkRek] 'kjhj] yXu] gksjk] oiq] dYi] ewfrZ] vax] ruq] mn;] vk|] izFke] dsanz] d.Vd vkSj prq"V; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl Hkko ls :i] tkfr] vk;q] lq[k] nq[k] foosd] 'khy] efLr"d] LoHkko] vk—fr vkfn dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkko dk dkjd lw;Z xzg gSA yXus'k dh fLFkfr ds cykcykuqlkj dk;Z dq'kyrk rFkk mUufr&voufr dk Kku fd;k tkrk gSA f}rh; Hkko & bl Hkko dks i.kQj] nzO;] Lo] foŸk] dks"k] vFkZ] dqVqEc vkSj èku ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA blds }kjk dqy] fe=] vk¡[k] dku] ukd] Loj] lkSUn;Z] xku] izse] lq[kHkksx] lR;Hkk"k.k] lafpr iwath] Ø;&foØ; dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkko dk dkjd xzg c`gLifr gSA r`rh; Hkko & bl Hkko dks vkiksfDye] mip;] ijkØe] lgt vkSj Hkzkr` ds uke Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl Hkko ls ukSdj&pkdj] lgksnj] ijkØe] vkHkw"k.k] nkldeZ] lkgl] vk;q";] 'kkS;Z] èkS;Z] nek] [kk¡lh] {k;] 'okl] xk;u] ;ksxkH;kl vkfn dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkko dk dkjd xzg eaxy gSA prqFkZ Hkko & bl Hkko dks dsanz] d.Vd] lq[k] ikrky] rq;Z] fgcqd] x`g] lqân] okgu] ;ku] vEcq] cUèkq] uhj vkfn uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl Hkko ds }kjk ekr`&fir` lq[k] x`g] xzke] prq"in] fe=] 'kkfUr] vUr%dj.k dh fLFkfr] edku] lEifŸk] ckx&cxhpk] isV ds jksx] ;—r] n;k] vkSnk;Z] ijksidkj] diV] Ny ,oa fufèk dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA pUnzek vkSj cqèk bl Hkko ds dkjd gSaA ;g LFkku ekrk dk gSA iape Hkko & bl Hkko dks iape] lq[k] ruqt] i.kQj] f=dks.k] cqf)] fo|k] vkRet vkSj ok.kh Hkh dgrs gSaA bl Hkko ds }kjk cqf)] izcUèk] larku] fo|k] fou;] uhfr] O;oLFkk] nsoHkfDr] ekr`lq[k] ukSdjh NwVuk] èku feyus ds mik;] vuk;kl èku&izkfIr] tBjkfXu] xHkkZ'k;] gkFk dk ;'k] ew=fi.M ,oa cLrh dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkko dk dkjd xzg c`gLifr gSA "k"B Hkko & bl Hkko dks vkiksfDye] mip;] f=d] 'k=q] fjiq] }s"k] {kr] oSjh rFkk jksx Hkh dgrs gSaA bl Hkko ds }kjk ekek dh fLFkfr] 'k=q] fpark] 'kadk] tehankjh] jksx] ihM+k] oz.kkfnd] xqnkLFkku rFkk ;'k vkfn dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkko ds dkjd xzg 'kfu o eaxy gSaA 36

lIre Hkko & bl Hkko dks dsanz] enu] lkSHkkX;] tkfe=] tk;k vkSj dke ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl Hkko ds }kjk L=h] e`R;q] enu&ihM+k] LokLF;] dkefpark] eSFkqu] tuusfUnz;] fookg] O;kikj esa lk>snkjh] >xM+s o coklhj vkfn jksxksa dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkko esa o`f'pd jkf'k cyoku gksrh gS rFkk bl Hkko dk dkjd xzg 'kqØ gSA v"Ve Hkko & bl Hkko dks i.kQj] prqjlz] f=d] vk;q] jUèkz vkSj thou ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl Hkko ls O;kfèk] vk;q] thou&ej.k] e`R;q ds dkj.k] ekufld fpark] leqnz ;k=k] _.k dk gksuk o pqdkuk] fyax&;ksfu o v.Mdks"k vkfn ds jksx rFkk ladVkfn ds Kku dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkko dk dkjd 'kfu gSA uoe~ Hkko & bl Hkko dks èkeZ] iq.;] HkkX; vkSj f=dks.k Hkh dgrs gSaA bl Hkko ds }kjk ekufld o`fŸk] HkkX;ksn;] 'khy] fo|k] ri] èkeZ] izokl] rhFkZ ;k=k] firk dk lq[k ,oa nku vkfn dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkko ds dkjd lw;Z o c`gLifr gSaA n'ke Hkko & bl Hkko dks O;kikj] vkLin] eku] vkKk] deZ] O;kse] xxu] eè;] dsanz] Lo vkSj uHk Hkh dgrs gSaA bl Hkko ds }kjk jkT;] eku] izfr"Bk] ukSdjh] izHkqrk] O;kikj] vfèkdkj] ,s'o;Z&Hkksx] dhfrZykHk ,oa usr`Ro dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkko ds dkjd xzg lw;Z] cqèk] c`gLifr o 'kfu gSaA ,dkn'k Hkko & bl Hkko dks i.kQj] mip;] ykHk] mŸke vkSj vk; ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS rFkk blds }kjk xt] v'o] jRu] ekaxfyd dk;Z] eksVj] ikydh] lEifŸk] ,s'o;Z rFkk nSfud vk; dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkko dk dkjd xzg c`gLifr gSA }kn'k Hkko & bl Hkko dks fj"Q] O;;] f=d] vafre vkSj izkUR; Hkh dgk tkrk gS rFkk bl Hkko ls gkfu] nku] O;;] n.M] O;lu ,oa jksx vkfn dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl LFkku dk dkjd xzg 'kfu gSA[136]

2-13-2 }kn'k jkf'k;ka c`gRikjk'kjgksjk'kkL=e~ ds vuqlkj jkf'k;ka vO;DrvkRek Hkxoku dkyLo:i] fo".kq ds }kn'k vax gh }kn'k jkf'k;ka gSaA es"k] o`"k] feFkqu] ddZ] flag] dU;k] rqyk] 37

o`f'pd] èkuq] edj] dqaHk] ehu Øe'k% eLrd] eq[k] ckgq] ân;] mnj] dfV] ofLr] fyax] ta?kk] ?kqVus ls vèkks Hkkx rFkk iSj gSaA Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k esa HkpØ dk izFke fcUnq vf'ouh u{k= dks fy;k tkrk gSA HkpØ dks }kn'k leku Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ,d Hkkx dk eku 300 gS blh Hkkx dks jkf'k dgk tkrk gSA

1- es"k jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k % eè;e dn] iryk ekaly 'kjhj] yack psgjk vkSj xnZu] pkSM+k eLrd] flj ;k duiêh ij fu'kku] lqn`<+ nar iafDr] xksy vka[ksa] ?kqa?kjkys ckyA

vU; xq.k èkeZ % mÙke LoHkko vkSj vkd"kZ.kA egÙokdka{kh] vxz.kh vkSj mRlkgh] vfM+;y exj Li"Voknh] O;kogkfjd] lkSan;Z] dyk vkSj lq#fp izsehA lkgfld] okn&fookn esa #fp] >xM+kyw] èkkfeZd dêjiaFkh] èkS;ZghuA ty ls Mj] Hkze.k fiz;] izkjafHkd thou esa la?k"kZ jgrs gSaA ;kstuk cukus esa fuiq.k] dk;Zxfr rhoz] iz'kklu esa l{keA nh?kZdkyhu dk;ks± esa v#fpA ladV dk lkeuk djus dh izfrHkk ijarq nh?kZdkyhu d"Vksa ls yM+us esa v{keA nwjn`f"V] vkn'kZoknh] mfpr&vuqfpr ds ekinaMksa dk Lo;a fuekZrkA y?kq Lrj ds dk;ks± esa v#fp] fo'kkydk; m|eksa ls yxkoA mÙke LoHkko vkSj vkd"kZ.k] foijhr fyax ds O;fDr izHkkfor gksrs gSaA thou dk Lo;a fuekZrk] dkeh] izse izlaxksa esa vlQyA x`g vkSj ifjokj ls yxko] lnk ifjokjtuksa ds eè; jguk ilan djrs gSaA ?kj dks lkQ&lqFkjk j[krs gSaA ljdkj esa mPp inksa ij vklhuA vfèkd foJke vkSj funzk] Lokfn"V Hkkstu esa #fpA jRuksa ds j[kus dk LFkku] èkkrq] vfXu] [kfut inkFkZ] yky jax] iki jkf'k] feyulkj] rquqd fetkt] >wB cksyuk] i`"Bksn;] iq#"k jkf'k] Øwj jkf'k] vfXu rRo] jtks xq.k] fnucyh gksrh gSA laHkkfor jksx % fljnnZ] tyuk] rhoz Toj] i{kk?kkr] eqagkls] vkèks flj dk nnZ] pspd] Luk;qfod O;kfèk;kaA 38

2- o`"k jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k eè;e dn] izk;% eksVk 'kjhj] pkSM+k eLrd] eksVh xnZu] lqanj vkd"kZd psgjk] cM+s dku vkSj vka[ksa] pkSM+s daèks] xBhyk 'kjhj] xsgqavka jax] lQsn nkar] Hkkjh tka?ksa] ?kqa?kjkys cky] dej ;k cxy esa eLlkA

vU; xq.k èkeZ izseiw.kZ O;ogkj] lkSan;Z mikld] laxhr vkSj dyk esa #fpA vkjkeilan] izse] lqfoèkkvksa vkSj mÙke Hkkstu esa #fpA mÙke 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld 'kfDrA vPNs fe=] Li"Voknh] fu"d"kZ fudkyus ls iwoZ Hkys&cqjs dk vè;;u] èku lap;h] [kpZ esa lkoèkku] vkRefuHkZj] Lo;a dh fof'k"V dk;Z iz.kkyh vkSj fl)kar] dwVuhfrd O;ogkj ds dkj.k budks le>uk dfBu gksrk gS] ckjhdh ds dke esa egkjr] Lej.k 'kfDr mÙke] izR;sd dk;Z izlUurkiwoZd laiUu djrs gSaA mPpdksfV ds inksa ij dk;Zjr] lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa dh lkexzh tSls bysDVªkWfud lkeku] lkSan;Z izlkèku] ckx&cxhps] b=] vkHkw"k.k vkfn ds O;kikj esa #fp] mÙke vfHkusrk] laxhrK] fQYe fuekZrk vkfn gksrs gSa] dU;k fo|ky; ;k efgyk Dyc esa dk;Zjr] HkkX;oku] vkHkw"k.kksa vkSj ckxokuh ij èku O;; djrs gSa] foijhr fyax ds O;fDr vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa] dU;k larku vfèkd gksrh gS] fookfgr thou esa rykd cgqr de gksrs gSaA ou vFkok [ksr] tgka i'kq ck¡èks tkrs gSa] tyiw.kZ [ksr tgka èkku iSnk gksrk gSA 'kqHk jkf'k] L=h jkf'k] {kek'khy] pkSM+h tka?ksa] cM+k psgjk] rquqd fet+kt tc fdlh ckr ij Øksfèkr gks tk,] O;kikjh oxZ] i`"Bksn; rFkk jkf=cyh gksrh gSA laHkkfor jksx % VkWfUly] fMIFkhfj;k] ik;fj;k] tqdke] dCtA thou esa ,d ckj efrHkze vo'; gksrk gSA

3- feFkqu jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k yack] lqMkSy 'kjhj] irys vkSj yacs gkFk] iryh] yEch maxfy;ka] eè;e jax] Bks<+h ds ikl xïk] lfØ;] Li"V opu] rh[kh&lfØ; dkyh vka[ksa] yach o mUur ukd] psgjs ij eLlk] ?kqa?kjkys cky] dkys vks"BA

vU; xq.k èkeZ lkglh] ekuo LoHkko dk Kku] lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ vkSj n;kyqA Kku] ekSfydrk vkSj pqLrh esa mÙke] oDr dh utkdr rqjar Hkkai ysrs gSaA èkks[kkèkM+h ds dkj.k gkfu mBkrs gSa] bZ'oj dh lgk;rk miyCèk gksrh gS] t:jr ds eqrkfcd Lo;a dks <ky ysrs gSa] ifjorZu'khy fet+kt] èkS;Zghu] cspSu] ekufld dk;ks± esa izoh.k] ladYi'kfDr detksj] fu.kZ;{kerk rhoz vkSj ,dkxzrk mÙke gksrh gSA ;a= foKku esa izoh.k gksrs gSa] izR;sd fo"k; dh tkudkjh j[krs gSa] okrkZyki esa mRÑ"V jgrs gSa] dfo] oDrk] ys[kd] laxhrK vkfn gksrs gSaA nks O;olk; Hkh gks ldrs gSaA nks dk;Z lkFk&lkFk lQyrkiwoZd laiUu dj ldrs gSaA ukSdjh esa fdLer lkFk ugha nsrh gSA lekt esa lEeku gksrk gSA efgykvksa }kjk dk;Z esa ckèkk ;k gkfu gksrh gSA foijhr fyax ds O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk lkoèkkuh cjruh pkfg,A èkeZ vkSj vè;kRe esa #fp gksrh gSA Lusg ikus esa izoh.k gksrs gSaA lkekftd mRloksa vkfn esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, rRij jgrs gSaA fookg esa mRlkg vkSj #fp jgrh gSA tgka urZd] laxhrdkj] dkykdkj] os';k,a jgrh gSa] mudk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA 'k;ud{k] euksjatu djuk] rk'k [ksyuk vkfn LFkkuksa dh Lokeh gSA ;g mHk;ksn; jkf'k] vU; O;fä;ksa dks le>us esa prqj] laxhr esa #fp] x`g dk;Z esa #fp] eè; fnu esa cyh jgrh gSA iq#"k jkf'k gSA laHkkfor jksx % tqdke] [kkalh] ;{ek] ba¶yq,atkA

4- ddZ jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k NksVk dn] ckSukiu] 'kjhj dk Åijh Hkkx cM+k] cpiu esa nqcyk 'kjhj] lqn`<+ iq#"kRo] xksy psgjk] psgjs ij Hk; dh Nk;k] ihyk&Qhdk jax] Hkwjs cky] ygjkrh lh pky] pkSM+s nkar] pkSM+s daèks] lhèks ugha pyrs gSaA

vU; xq.k èkeZ dYiuk'kfDr mÙke] udy mrkjus esa egkjr] dbZ vfHkusrk vkSj udyph bl jkf'k ds gksrs gSaA u;s fopkjksa dks 'kh?kz viuk ysrs gSa] u;s okrkoj.k esa 'kh?kz <y tkrs gSaA ifjJe }kjk èku lap; djrs gSaA ifjorZu'khy izÑfr ds dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA O;kikj fo'ks"kdj [kku&iku ds dk;Z esa fuiq.k gksrs gSaA vPNs usrk] oDrk] ys[kd] lykgdkj gksrs gSaA Øksèkh vkSj èkS;Zghu gksrs gSaA ewM cnyrk jgrk gSA Hkjkslsean ugha gksrsA ckrwuh] vkRefuHkZj] bZekunkj vkSj u >qdus okys gksrs gSaA U;k;fiz; gksrs gSaA Lej.k'kfDr mÙke] vPNs esgekuokt+] fo}kuksa ds fiz; gksrs gSaA ifjokj vkSj larku esa vklDr jgrs gSaA vkn'kZ thoulkFkh lkfcr gksrs gSaA izk;% efgykvksa ds pDdj esa jgrs gSaA cspSu vkSj HkVdrs jgrs gSaA tyh; [ksr tgka èkku iSnk gksrk gSA dq,a] rkykc] unh ds fdukjs tgka ikSèkksa dh vfèkdrk gksrh gS] vkfn LFkkuksa esa budh mifLFkfr ik;h tkrh gSA pyus esa rst] èku dk 'kkSdhu] 'kqHk jkf'k] feyulkj izÑfr] fu%LokFkZ] nwljksa ds fy, cfynku nsus okyk tkrd gksrk gSA L=h jkf'k gSA laHkkfor jksx % QsQM+ksa dk laØe.k] [kkalh] ;{ek] vth.kZ] vQjk] Luk;qfod nqcZyrk] ihfy;k vkfnA

5- flag jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k vPNk dn] pkSM+s daèks] lqn`<+ 'kjhj] izHkko'kkyh O;fDrRo] vaMkdkj psgjk] 'kjhj dk Åijh Hkkx lqMkSy] iryh dej] uhyh ;k ihyh vka[ksaA 41

vU; xq.k èkeZ izHkqRo'kkyh] eq[kj] rkdroj] iz'kklu esa l{keA Li"Voknh] n;kyq] {kek'khy] egRokdka{kh] ladYi'khyA iBu&ikBu ds 'kkSdhu gksrs gSaA vk; lhfer gksus ij Hkh 'kku ls thrs gSaA yksxksa esa vkRefo'okl tkx`r djus esa fuiq.k gksrs gSaA pkVqdkjh ls vizlUu gksrs gSaA eq[; xq.k gS budk 'kkar LoHkkoA iwoZ fn'kk dh ;k=k vkSj iwoZ fn'kk dh vksj eq[k djds dk;Z djuk ykHkdkjh jgrk gSA vkRefo'okl vkSj oLrqvksa dk laxzg budh lQyrk ds ewykèkkj gSaA vkRefo'okl vkSj èkS;Z ds cy ij dfBu dk;Z esa Hkh lQy gksrs gSaA volj dk ykHk mBkus ls ugha pwdrs gSaA ukVd] dfork vkSj dykvksa esa #fp gksrh gSA jktk vkSj ifjokj ds fy, oQknkj jgrs gSaA lêsckth esa #fp gksrh gSA ljdkjh ukSdjh] iqfyl vkSj lsuk esa lQy jgrs gSaA fdlh ,d {ks= esa egkjr gkfly djrs gSaA O;fDrRo vkd"kZd gksrk gS] foijhr fyax ds O;fDr vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA dke&okluk dk vkfèkD; jgrk gS] ekalkgkjh Hkkstu ilan djrs gSaA nwjLFk LFkku] ioZr vkfn esa ?kweus ds 'kkSdhu gksrs gSa] BaMs LFkkuksa ls cpko djrs gSaA ?kus ouksa ds LFkku] ioZr] Vhys] fdys] fnucyh] 'kh"kksZn;] fuokl&xqQk,a] yEcs xky] pkSM+k psgjk] Øwj jkf'k] iq#"k jkf'k] fnucyh gksrh gSA laHkkfor jksx % 'kksFk] yw yxuk] fexhZ] Toj] rkfudk 'kksFk ¼esafuatkbfVl½] ân; jksx vkfnA

6- dU;k jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k eè;e dn] dkys cky vkSj vka[k] Rofjr pqLr pky] okLrfod vk;q ls de ds izrhr gksrs gSa] fodflr Nkrh] lhèkh ukd] iryh vkSj rh[kh vkokt] èkuq"kkdkj ?kuh HkkSagsa] xnZu ;k tka?kksa ij fu'kkuA

vU; xq.k èkeZ cgqr cqf)eku] fo'ys"kd] foy{k.k cqf) okyk] vU; dh Hkkoukvksa vkSj =qfV;ksa dk fuandA Hkk"kkvksa ds Kkuh gksrs gSa vkSj fdlh izfØ;k dks le>us esa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA Hkkoukvksa esa cg tkrs gSaA 42

lksp le> dj fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA vkRefo'okl dh deh] ?kcjk;s ls jgrs gSaA lqO;ofLFkr] vius fopkj dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>us esa l{ke gksrs gSaA Lo;a ds LokFkZ ds izfr tkx:d] ferO;;h] dwVuhfrK] prqj gksrs gSaA x`glTtk esa fuiq.k] xf.krK] ijkfo|k esa #fp gksrh gSA fookg esa foyac] oSokfgd thou lq[kh] larku de gksrh gSA vk; mÙke] dk;Z&O;olk; esa lQyrk] laifÙk ds ekfyd gksrs gSaA i`Foh rRo dh jkf'k gksus ds dkj.k ckxokuh vkSj [ksrh esa #fp ysrs gSaA èku lap; esa #fp gksrh gSA L=h jkf'k] euksjatu ds LFkku] pkjkxkg] 'kqHk jkf'k] eè;e dn] 'kh"kksZn; jkf'k] ikSèkksa okyh Hkwfe] dUèkksa rFkk Hkqtkvksa dk >qduk] lPpk] n;kyqrk] dkys cky] vPNh ekufld ;ksX;rk] fofèk vuqlkj dk;Z djus okyh] rdZ'khy gksrh gSA laHkkfor jksx % mnj jksxksa ls lkoèkku jguk pkfg,A isfp'k] Vk;Qk;M] iFkjh vkfn laHkkO; jksx gaSA ukeek= dh O;kfèk gksus ij Hkh MkWDVj ds ikl pys tkrs gSaA thou ds vafre pj.k esa Vh- ch- gks ldrh gSA

7- rqyk jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k yack&iryk] lqn`<+&lqMkSy 'kjhj] lqanj psgjk] yko.;e;h Ropk] eè;k;q esa xatkiu gks tkrk gS] HkkSagsa lqanjrk esa o`f) djrh gSaA ukd FkksM+h eqM+h gqbZ ¼rksrs tSlh½ gksrh gS] nkarksa ds eè; esa [kkyh txg gksrh gS] eLrd mBk gqvk gksrk gSA

vU; xq.k èkeZ uez] n;kyq] bZekunkj] U;k; djus esa fuiq.k] fu.kZ; ysus ls iwoZ gj igyw dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA nwljksa ds èku ds yksyqi gksrs gSa exj vkfJrksa ds lgk;d jgrs gSaA Hkkoqd exj yphys LoHkko ds gksrs gSaA Øksèk 'kh?kz 'kkar gks tkrk gSA Lo;a dh ctk; nwljksa dk vfèkd è;ku j[krs gSaA okn&fookn esa iVq gksrs gSaA lnk U;k;] 'kkafr] izse dk leFkZu djrs gSaA rqyk ok;q rRo dh jkf'k gksus ds dkj.k lnk lqanjrk vkSj izÑfr ds izseh gksrs gSaA i;ZVu ds 'kkSdhu gksrs gSa] bl dkj.k vkokl esa Hkh ifjorZu dj ysrs gSaA mPpdksfV dk thou&;kiu djrs gSaA os'kHkw"kk] QuhZpj] okgu vkSj vU; lqfoèkkvksa dk è;ku j[krs gSaA O;kikj esa dq'ky gksrs gSaA 43

vfèkdka'kr% yksdfiz; gksrs gSa] O;kikj esa vPNs lk>snkj lkfcr gksrs gSaA mÙke lsYleSu] yk,lka vfèkdkjh vkSj fjlsI'kfuLV curs gSaA dykizseh gksrs gSa vkSj efgykvksa ds eè; fopjuk ilan djrs gSaA lkSHkkX;'kkyh efgyk,a bUgsa ilan djrh gSaA laHkkfor jksx % xqnks± ds jksx] es#naM esa nnZ] laØked jksxA efgykvksa esa xHkkZ'k; ds jksx gksrs gSaA

8- o`f'pd jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k eè;e dn] lqMkSy 'kjhj vkSj vax] pkSM+k psgjk] ?kqa?kjkys cky] ';ke o.kZ] mUur BksM+hA

vU; xq.k èkeZ Li"Voknh] fuMj] :[kk O;ogkjA mÙke efLr"d] cqf)eku] bPNk'kfDr ls ;qDrA 'kCnksa dk mÙke pquko djrs gSaA vU; yksxksa ds ekeyksa esa n[ky ugha nsrs gSaA vDlj rkuk'kkg gksrs gSa] dHkh Fkdku ugha gksrhA tc rd vk'oLr u gks tk,a fd mudk fo"k; dk Kku loksZPp dksfV dk gS] eaqg ugha [kksyrsA okrkZyki vkSj ys[ku esa n{k gksrs gSa] vius cqf)cy ds lgkjs jgrs gSaA mPpdksfV dh iz'kklfud {kerk vkSj vkRefo'okl ls ;qDr gksrs gSaA xqIr :i ls vijkèk djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA ifjJe vkSj lkgl ds cy ij èkuktZu djrs gSaA Lo;a ds cy ij lQy gksrs gSaA lkekftd vkanksyuksa esa lfØ; gksrs gSaA lekt esa lykgdkj@usrk curs gSaA lsuk vkSj iqfyl esa lQyrkiwoZd dk;Z djrs gSa] buds cgqr ls 'k=q gksrs gSaA ekSfyd vuqlaèkku esa prqj gksrs gSaA vdsys jgdj csgrj dk;Z djrs gSaA eSnku ds [ksyksa ds 'kkSdhu gksrs gSaA laxhr] dyk] u`R; vkfn esa izoh.k gksrs gSaA ijkfo|k esa :fp gksrh gSA dke&okluk vfèkd gksrh gS] lkFkh dks i'kq dh rjg iz;ksx djrs gSaA Nsn ;k fcy okyk LFkku] fo"k] 'kh"kksZn; jkf'k] pkSM+h] QSyh gqbZ vka[ksa rFkk NkrhA ckY;koLFkk esa chekj] Øwj dkeksa esa #fp] lkglh] lgu'kfDr] izcUèkd] L=h jkf'k gksrh gSA 44

laHkkfor jksx % xqIr jksx] izksLVsV xzafFk] fiÙkk'k; vkfn ds jksxA 62 ls 71 o"kZ dh vk;q esa xaHkhj O;kfèk gksrh gS ;k vkWijs'ku gksrk gSA

9- èkuq jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k % lqanj] lqfodflr vkÑfr] cknkeh vka[ksa] Hkwjs cky] ?kuh vkSj Åaph HkkSagsa] yack psgjk] yach ukd] lqanj vkÑfr] pky lhèkh ugha gksrh gSA eksVs gksaB] ukd] dku vkSj nkarA

vU; xq.k èkeZ Lora=] n;kyq] bZekunkj] Hkjkslsean] bZ'oj HkDrA pkSdUus] vrhfUnz; Kku;qDr] ckr dh rg rd 'kh?kz igqap tkrs gSaA vka[ksa detksj gks ldrh gSa] dqcM+kiu laHko gSA U;k;fiz;] Li"Voknh] ijaijkoknh] O;kolkf;d n`f"Vdks.kA dHkh&dHkh cspSu vkSj fpafrr gks tkrs gSaA nksgjh ekufldrk] gjQuekSyk] izR;sd fo"k; lh[kus dks bPNqd] izlUufpÙk jgrs gSaA dkuwu dk ikyu djus okys] vnkyrksa ls nwj jgrs gSaA lkns thou ls izlUu] le; ds vuqlkj vius dks <ky ysrs gSaA dyk vkSj dkO; ds izseh] l`tukRed izfrHkk ds èkuhA dkuwu dk ikyu djrs gSa] vnkyr ds ipM+ksa ls nwj jgrs gSaA ijkfo|k vkSj n'kZu'kkL= esa #fp gksrh gSA [kkuiku vkSj lsDl esa la;e cjrrs gSaA dk;Z esa lQkbZ] lqO;oLFkk] Øec)rk] vuq'kklu vkSj ifjJe }kjk lQyrk izkIr djrs gSaA vkRefo'okl mÙke gksrk gSA gkFk ds dk;Z dks vèkwjk ugha NksM+rs gSaA ljdkj ls lg;ksx feyrk gS] fojklr esa tk;nkn izkIr djrs gSaA og LFkku tgka ?kksM+s] gkFkh ;k jFk ¼eksVj dkj½ j[ks tkrs gSaA jktk dk fuokl] iki jkf'k] iq#"k jkf'k] fnucyh] i`"Bksn;] yEck psgjk vkSj xnZu] dku rFkk ukd cM+s] vR;fèkd mnkj] vPNs fny okyk] HkkSfrd laLÑfr dks ilan djus okyk] ;k=k&ilan] Å¡ph vkokt vkfn y{k.k ds gksrs gSaA vè;kid] oDrk] èkeZxq#] U;k;kèkh'k] odhy vkfn dk;ks± esa lQy gksrs gSaA laHkkfor jksx % lkbfVdk] xfB;k dk nnZ] dwYgs dh gìh VwVuk] xkmV] QsQM+ksa dh O;kfèk vkfnA

10- edj jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k nqcyk&iryk 'kjhj] mez ds lkFk LokLF; lqèkjrk gS] cM+s nkar] cM+k eq[k] ukd fof'k"V jgrh gS] cky dkys vkSj eksVs gksrs gSa] psgjk iryk vkSj vaMkdkj] dqcM+h dej] ?kqVuksa ij eLlk ;k fu'kku] exjePN ds leku tcM+s] y?kq eLrd] nk<+h esa cky de jgrs gSaA

vU; xq.k èkeZ ferO;;h] fopkj'khy] mÙke foosd'kfDr] lÙkkizseh] vkRefuHkZj] cqf)thohA fdlh Hkh dk;Z esa lQyrk ugha feyus rd fujk'k gh jgrs gSaA lkalkfjd dk;ks± esa rF;ksa vkSj vkadM+ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bZekunkj vkSj fu"diV gksrs gSaA 'kfDr ds vkxs vfMx jgrs gSa ijarq lTturk vkSj fe=rk ds lkeus ureLrd gks tkrs gSaA laxBu {kerk mÙke gksrh gSA dfBukbZ esa Hkh fdlh ls lgk;rk ds fy, ugha dgrs gSaA okd~'kfDr esa ckèkk,a jgrh gSaA mPp vkSj lkekftd inksa ds fy, mi;qDr gksrs gSaA rduhdh vkSj foÙkh; dk;ks± esa lQy gksrs gSaA uokxarqdksa ds lkFk fe=rk esa f'kfFky jgrs gSa ij iqjkus fe=ksa ls vPNs lEcUèk gksrs gSaA izse izlax esa #fp de gksrh gS ij ifjokj vkSj fiz;tuksa dh mÙke ns[kHkky djrs gSaA foijhr fyax ds O;fDr;ksa ls ckrphr esa f'kfFky vkSj vfr lkoèkku jgrs gSaA Lo;a ls ofj"B vk;q ds foijhr fyax O;fDr;ksa ls lEcUèk LFkkfir djrs gSaA tyh; LFkku] cgqr ek=k esa ikuh okys LFkku] unh ds fdukjs] i`"Bksn; jkf'k] L=h jkf'k] fupys vaxksa esa detksjh] cyoku gksrs gSaA laHkkfor jksx % ?kqVuksa esa pksV] Ropk jksx] [kjksap] gìh VwVuk] xfB;k] fiÙkh vkfnA ckY;koLFkk esa vfXu] gfFk;kj ;k yksgs ls pksV dh vk'kadk jgrh gSA

11- dqEHk jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k eè;e dn] â"V&iq"V] psgjk lqanj vkSj xksy] xky Hkjs gq,] duifV;ka vkSj tka?ksa fodflr gksrh gSaA xksjk jax] Hkwjs cky] vlqanj nkar] fiaMfy;ksa esa eLlk] 'kjhj ij 46

?kus cky] gkFk vkSj iSj eksVs] ulsa fodflr gksrh gSaA

vU; xq.k èkeZ ekuoh; n`f"Vdks.k vkSj izxfr'khy thou vkSj mldh leL;kvksa ds izfr LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k j[krs gSaA ladksph gksrs gSa] fu.kZ; ysus ls iwoZ iw.kZ ukirkSy djrs gSa ;k vU; yksxksa }kjk dk;kZjaHk djus rd izrh{kk djrs gSaA lnk lrdZrk] èkS;Z] ,dkxzrk] vè;;u'khyrk ls ;qDr jgrs gSaA okrkZyki #fpdj gksrk gSA Li"Voknh] lcds fiz; gksrs gSaA n;kyq] vè;;u izseh vkSj lTtu gksrs gSaA izÑfrizseh gksrs gSaA fe=rk fuHkkrs gSa] #fp&v#fp rhoz gksrh gSA ,dkarfiz; gksrs gSaA vrhfUnz; 'kfDr ls ;qDr gksrs gSa] è;ku&lkèkuk esa #fp gksrh gSA Lej.k'kfDr rhoz] n`f"Vdks.k oSKkfud gksrk gSA xjhcksa ds lsod gksrs gSaA uohu rduhd vkSj e'khujh] vuqlaèkku] fuos'k vkfn }kjk èkuktZu djrs gSaA rduhdh f'k{kk esa #fp gksrh gSA ifjokj ls yxko gksrk gSA thoulkFkh ds pquko esa vk;q dh vuns[kh dj cqf) vkSj f'k{kk esa lekurk ij tksj nsrs gSaA x`g lqlfTtr gksrk gS ftlesa vkèkqfud <ax ls iqjkrkfRod lkexzh ,df=r jgrh gSA vius izse dks vfHkO;Dr ugha djrsA vxj budk izseh oklukfiz; gks rks og vlarq"V gksrk gS D;ksafd dqaHk jkf'k ds O;fDr 'khry gksrs gSaA 33] 48] 64 oas LFkku tgka ikuh lw[k tkrk gS] tgka 'kjkc curh gS] tgka i{kh jgrs gaS vkSj tgka ?kM+s j[ks tkrs gSaA iki jkf'k] fnucyh] 'kh"kksZn;] ns[kus esa lqanj] izfrHkkoku] {kek'khy LoHkko dk gksrk gSA iq#"k jkf'k gSA laHkkfor jksx % laØked jksx] nar O;kfèk] VkWfUly vkfnA

12- ehu jkf'k HkkSfrd y{k.k ukVk vkSj eksVk 'kjhj] gkFk&ikao dkQh NksVs gksrs gSaA ds'k eqyk;e] xksjk jax] psgjk dkafr;qDr gksrk gSA lqanj vkSj vkd"kZd] vk¡[ksa cM+h&cM+h] etcwr xksykdkj daèks] BksM+h esa xïk gksrk gSA

vU; xq.k èkeZ vkÑfr vizHkko'kkyh gksrh gS] cspSu jgrs gSa] dYiuk'khy vkSj jksekafVd gksrs gSaA bZekunkj vkSj ekuoh;] dHkh 'kkar rks dHkh Øksèkh] vU;ksa dh jk; ls izHkkfor jgrs gSa] vkRefo'okl esa deh gksrh gSA vR;fèkd lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ] {kek'khy] n;kyq vkSj Hkjkslsean gksrs gSaA Lo;a dh ;ksX;rk dks igpkurs gSa ftldh otg ls izxfr esa ckèkk jgrh gSA ijaijkoknh] vR;fèkd vaèkfo'oklh] vdsys jgus okys] bZ'ojHkDr] iDds èkkfeZd] deZdkaMh gksrs gSaA tarqvksa ds d"V dks Hkh ugha ns[k ldrs gSa vkSj lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA egRokdka{kkvksa dh deh jgrh gS] HkkSfrd txr esa izxfr èkheh jgrh gSA nks O;olk; lkFk&lkFk gks ldrs gSa] u;s dk;Z esa Hkh 'kh?kz n{k gks tkrs gSaA vPNs deZpkjh lkfcr gksrs gSaA nzo inkFkks± ds O;kikj esa lQy gksrs gSa] vk;kr&fu;kZr esa ykHk gksrk gSA mnj jksx] ?kqVuksa vkSj iSjksa dh pksV laHkkO; gksrh gSA ?kjsyw ,oa O;kolkf;d thou vkuane; gksrk gSA thoulkFkh dh lqanjrk] Kku vkSj yfyr dykvksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA izk;% nks fookg gks ldrs gSa] thoulkFkh dk izHkko izcy jgrk gSA èkkfeZd] ifo= LFkku] ifo= ufn;ksa dk LFkku] eafnj] rhFkZ LFkku] leqnz vkfn] dn NksVk] mHk;ksn;] lqxfBr 'kjhj] iRuh dks pkgus okyk] f'kf{kr fo}ku~] de cksyus okyk gksrk gSA L=h jkf'k gSA[137]

2-13-3 uoxzg tUe dq.Myh }kjk Qykns'k tkuus ds fy, xzgksa dh jkf'k;ksa o mudh Hkkoksa dh fLFkfr ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA c`gr~ikjk'kjgksjk'kkL= ds vuqlkj uoxzgksa ds uke bl izdkj gSa & lw;Z] pUnz] eaxy] cqèk] xq#] 'kqØ] 'kfu] jkgq rFkk dsrqA

lw;Z iwoZ fn'kk dk Lokeh] iq#"k] jDro.kZ] fiŸk iz—fr vkSj iki xzg gSA lw;Z vkRek] LoHkko] vkjksX;] jkT; vkSj nsoky; dk lwpd rFkk fir`dkjd gSA firk ds lEcUèk esa blls fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA us=] dystk] es#n.M vkSj Luk;q vkfn vo;oksa ij bldk fo'ks"k izHkko iM+rk gSA ;g yXu ls lIre LFkku esa cyh ekuk x;k gSA edj 48

ls Ng jkf'k i;ZUr ps"Vkcyh gSA blls 'kkjhfjd jksx] fljnnZ] vip] Hk;] egkToj] vfrlkj] eUnkfXu] us= fodkj] ekufld jksx] mnklhurk] [ksn] vieku ,oa dyg vkfn dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA

pUnz if'peksŸkj fn'kk dk Lokeh] L=h] 'osro.kZ vkSj ty xzg gSA okr'ys"ek bldh èkkrq vkSj ;g xzg jDr dk Lokeh gSA ekrk&firk] fpŸko`fŸk] 'kkjhfjd iqf"V] jktkuqxzg] lEifŸk vkSj prqFkZ LFkku dk dkjd gSA prqFkZ LFkku esa pUnzek cyh vkSj edj ls Ng jkf'k esa bldk ps"Vkcy gksrk gSA blls 'kkjhfjd jksx] ik.Mq jksx] tyt rFkk dQ jksx] ihul] ew=—PNª] L=htU; jksx] ekufld jksx] vFkZ] Hkze.k] mnj ,oa efLr"d dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA —".ki{k dh "k"Bh ls 'kqDyi{k dh n'keh rd {kh.k pUnzek jgus ds dkj.k iki xzg vkSj 'kqDyi{k dh n'keh ls —".ki{k dh iapeh rd iw.kZ T;ksfr jgus ls 'kqHk xzg vkSj cyh ekuk tkrk gSA cyh pUnzek gh prqFkZ Hkko esa viuk iw.kZ Qy nsrk gSA

eaxy nf{k.k fn'kk dk Lokeh] iq#"k tkfr] fiŸk iz—fr] jDro.kZ vkSj vfXu rRo gSA ;g LoHkkor% iki xzg gS] èkS;Z rFkk ijkØe dk Lokeh gSA rhljs vkSj NBs LFkku esa cyh vkSj f}rh; LFkku esa fu"Qy gksrk gSA n'ke LFkku esa fnXcyh vkSj pUnzek ds lkFk jgus ls ps"Vkcyh gksrk gSA ;g Hkzkr` vkSj Hkfxuh dkjd gSA

cqèk mŸkj fn'kk dk Lokeh] uiqald] f=nks"k iz—fr] ';keo.kZ vkSj i`Foh rRo gSA ;g iki xzgksa & lw;Z] eaxy] jkgq] dsrq] 'kfu ds lkFk jgus ls v'kqHk vkSj 'kqHk xzgksa iw.kZ pUnzek] xq#] 'kqØ ds lkFk jgus ls 'kqHk Qynk;d gksrk gSA ;g T;ksfr"k fo|k] fpfdRlk 'kkL=] f'kYi] dkuwu] okf.kT; vkSj prqFkZ rFkk n'ke LFkku dk dkjd gSA prqFkZ LFkku esa jgus ls fu"Qy gksrk gSA blls ftg~ok vkSj rkyq vkfn mPpkj.k ds vo;oksa dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA blls ok.kh] xqá jksx] laxzg.kh] cqf)Hkze] ewd] vkyL;] okr jksx ,oa 'osrdq"B vkfn dk fopkj fo'ks"k :i ls gksrk gSA

xq# iwoksZŸkj fn'kk dk Lokeh] iq#"k tkfr] ihro.kZ vkSj vkdk'k rRo gSA ;g yXu esa cyh vkSj pUnzek ds lkFk jgus ls ps"Vkcyh gksrk gSA ;g pchZ vkSj dQ èkkrq dh o`f) djus okyk gSA blls iq=] ikS=] fo|k] x`g] xqYe ,oa lwtu ¼'kksèk½ vkfn jksxksa dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA

'kqØ nf{k.k&iwoZ dk Lokeh] L=htkfr] ';ke&xkSj o.kZ ,oa dk;Z&dq'ky gSA bl xzg ds izHkko ls tkrd dk jax xsgqavka gksrk gSA NBs LFkku esa ;g fu"Qy ,oa lkrosa esa vfu"Vdj gksrk gSA ;g tyxzg gS] blfy,] dQ] oh;Z vkfn èkkrqvksa dk dkjd ekuk x;k gSA enusPNk] xkufo|k] dkO;] iq"i] vkHkj.k] us=] okgu] 'k¸;k] L=h] dfork vkfn dk dkjd gSA fnu esa tUe gksus ij blls ekrk dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA lkalkfjd lq[k dk fopkj blh xzg ls gksrk gSA

'kfu if'pe fn'kk dk Lokeh] uiqald] okr&'ysf"ed iz—fr] —".ko.kZ vkSj ok;qrRo gSA ;g lIre LFkku esa cyh vkSj oØh xzg ;k pUnzek ds lkFk jgus ls ps"Vkcyh gksrk gSA blls vzaxzsth fo|k dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA jkr esa tUe gksus ij ekr` vkSj fir` dkjd gksrk gSA blls vk;q] 'kkjhfjd cy] mnkjrk] foifŸk] ;ksxkH;kl] izHkqrk] ,s'o;Z] eks{k] [;kfr] ukSdjh ,oa ewPNkZfn jksxksa dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA

jkgq uS_ZR; dk Lokeh] —".ko.kZ vkSj Øwj xzg gSA ftl LFkku ij og jgrk gS] ;g ml LFkku dh mUUfr dks jksdrk gSA

dsrq —".ko.kZ vkSj Øwj xzg gSA blls peZ jksx] ekrkeg] gkFk&iSj vkSj {kqèkktfur d"V vkfn dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA[138]

2-14 Qy izfriknu ds fy, dfri; fu;e ftl Hkko esa tks jkf'k gks] ml jkf'k dk Lokeh gh ml Hkko dk Lokeh ;k Hkkos'k dgykrk gSA NBs] vkBosa vkSj ckjgosa Hkko ds Lokeh ftu Hkkoksa esa jgrs gSa] vfu"Vdkjd gksrs gSaA fdlh Hkko dk Lokeh Lox`gh gks rks ml LFkku dk Qy vPNk gksrk gSA X;kjgosa Hkko esa lHkh xzg 'kqHk Qynk;d gksrs gSaA fdlh Hkko dk Lokeh ikixzg gks vkSj og yXu ls r`rh; LFkku esa iM+s rks vPNk gksrk gS fdarq ftl Hkko dk Lokeh 'kqHk xzg gks vkSj og rhljs LFkku esa iM+s rks eè;e Qy nsrk gSA ftl Hkko esa 'kqHk xzg jgrk gS] ml Hkko dk Qy mŸke vkSj ftlesa iki xzg jgrk gS ml Hkko ds Qy dk gzkl gksrk gSA izFke] prqFkZ] iape] lIre] uoe~] n'ke LFkkuksa esa 'kqHk xzgksa dk jguk 'kqHk gSA r`rh;] "k"B] ,dkn'k Hkkoksa esa iki xzgksa dk jguk 'kqHk gSA tks Hkko vius Lokeh] 'kqØ] cqèk ;k xq# }kjk ;qDr vFkok n`"V gks ,oa vU; fdlh xzg ls ;qDr vkSj n`"V u gks rks og 'kqHk Qy nsrk gSA ftl Hkko dk Lokeh 'kqHk xzg ls ;qDr vFkok n`"V gks vFkok ftl Hkko esa 'kqHk xzg cSBk gks ;k ftl Hkko dks 'kqHk xzg ns[krk gks ml Hkko dk Qy 'kqHk gksrk gSA ftl Hkko dk Lokeh iki xzg ls ;qDr vFkok n`"V gks ;k iki xzg cSBk gks rks ml Hkko ds Qy dk gzkl gksrk gSA Hkkokfèkifr ewyf=dks.k] Lo{ks=xr] fe=x`gh vkSj mPp dk gks rks ml Hkko dk Qy 'kqHk gksrk gSA fdlh Hkko ds Qy izfriknu esa ;g ns[kuk vko';d gS fd ml Hkko dk Lokeh fdl Hkko esa cSBk gS vkSj fdl Hkko ds Lokeh dk fdl Hkko esa cSBs jgus ls D;k Qy gksrk gSA lw;Z] eaxy] 'kfu vkSj jkgq Øe ls vfèkd&vfèkd iki xzg gSaA ;s xzg viuh iki xzgksa dh jkf'k;ksa esa jgus ls fo'ks"k ikih ,oa 'kqHk dh jkf'k] fe= dh jkf'k vkSj vius mPp esa jgus ls vYi ikih gksrs gSaA panzek] cqèk] 'kqØ] dsrq vkSj xq# ;s Øe ls vfèkd&vfèkd 'kqHk xzg gSaA ;s 'kqHk xzgksa dh jkf'k;ksa esa jgus ls vfèkd 'kqHk rFkk iki xzgksa dh jkf'k;ksa esa jgus ls vYi 'kqHk gksrs gSaA dsrq Qy fopkj djus esa izk;% iki xzg ekuk x;k gSA v"Ve] }kn'k Hkkoksa esa lHkh xzg vfu"Vdkjd gksrs gSaA

xq# NBs Hkko esa 'k=quk'kd] 'kfu vkBosa Hkko esa nh?kkZ;q dkjd ,oa eaxy nlosa LFkku esa mŸke HkkX;foèkk;d gksrk gSA jkgq] dsrq vkSj v"Ves'k ftl Hkko esa jgrs gSa] ml Hkko dks fcxkM+rs gSa( xq# vdsyk f}rh;] iape vkSj lIre Hkko esa gksrk gS rks èku] iq= vkSj L=h ds fy, loZnk vfu"Vdkjd gksrk gSA ftl Hkko dk tks xzg dkjd ekuk x;k gS] ;fn og vdsyk ml Hkko esa gks rks ml Hkko dk gzkl gksrk gSA[139]

vè;k; 3

lEcfUèkr lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k 3-1 fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.k T;ksfr"k&'kkL= esa laHkkfor ?kVuk dk dky fuèkkZj.k lokZfèkd nqLlkè; izfØ;k gS D;ksafd dky dks ije 'kfDr dk izfr:Ik Lohdkjk x;k gS] vr,o jgL;kRedrk ds vfrxksiuh; fo'olw=ksa dk lE;d~ mn~?kkVu nq"dj deZ gSA fookg tSls egRoiw.kZ laLdkj dk lVhd le; js[kkafdr djuk lokZfèkd tfVy izfd;k gSA bl tfVy izfØ;k dks lqy>kus ds fy, vusdksa lw= tks T;ksfr"k 'kkL= esa mfYyf[kr gSa os bl izdkj gSa % 3-1-1 Ekgknso ikBd us NksVh voLFkk esa fookg ;ksxksa dk o.kZu ^tkrd rÙoe~* esa bl izdkj fd;k gSA[140]

;fn lIres'k vkSj yXus'k fudVorhZ LFkkuksa esa fLFkr gksa rks de vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA yXu o lIre LFkku ds vklikl 'kqHk xzg gksa rks cpiu esa fookg gksrk gSA ;fn lIres'k ikjkorka'k esa gks rks cpiu esa gh fookg gks tkrk gSA 3-1-2 vHk; dkR;k;u us ^tkrdkns'k ekxZ* dh O;k[;k djrs gq, fookg ds le; dk fuèkkZj.k djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ;ksx crk;sa gaSA[141] n'kk&vUrnZ'kk

lIre Hkko esa fLFkr xzg dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kkA lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzg dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kkA lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ;k lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzg ls lIre esa fLFkr xzg dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kkA mijksDr xzgksa ds jkf'k Lokeh ;k uoka'k Lokeh dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kkA 53

'kqØ ftl u{k= esa gks mlds Lokeh dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kkA yXus'k ftl uoka'k esa gks mlds Lokeh dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kkA xkspj

tc 'kqØ] yXus'k] lIres'k xkspjo'k lIre Hkko ij Hkze.k djsaA mijksDr rhuksa ftl Hkko esa lIres'k gks ml Hkko ij xkspj djsaA mijksDr tc iape ;k uoe Hkko ij xkspj djsaA c`gLifr lIre Hkko esa tks jkf'k gks] lIre Hkko eè; ftl uoka'k esa iM+rk gks og uoka'k jkf'k] mu nksuksa dh iape ;k uoe jkf'k esa xkspj djrk gksA 3-1-3 gfj'kadj ikBd us ea=s'oj Ñr ^Qynhfidk* dh O;k[;k esa fookg ds ;ksx bl izdkj crk;s gSaA[142]

ruq Hkko ds Lokeh dh jkf'k ls vFkok mldh uoka'k jkf'k ls iape ;k uoe jkf'k esa xkspj djrk gqvk 'kqØ ;k lIres'k vkrk gS rc tkrd dk fookg lEHko gSA lIre Hkko esa fLFkr xzg] lIre Hkko ds nz"Vk xzg vkSj lIre Hkkokfèkifr dh n'kk esa lIre HkkoLFk jkf'k esa xkspjo'k 'kqØ ds vkus ij fookg lEHko gksrk gSA lIre Hkko ds Lokeh ftl jkf'k] ftl jkf'k ds uoeka'k es fLFkr gksa muds Lokfe;ksa esa tks cyoku gks vFkok pUnz vkSj 'kqØ esa tks cyoku gks ml loZrks cyoku xzg dh vUrnZ'kk esa tkrd dk fookg gksrk gSA ml dfFkr n'kk esa lIres'kkfèkf"Br ls ikapoha ;k uoeh jkf'k esa tc xkspj dk c`gLifr vkrk gS rks fookg gksrk gSA 3-1-4 fxfjtk'kadj 'kkL=h ds vuqlkj ^T;ksfr"k Qfyrk.kZo* yXus'k lIres'k ds jkf'k] va'kksa dks tksM+us ls tks jkf'k va'k cus ml ij tc xkspj dk c`gLifr vkos rks fookg dk le; gksrk gSA[143] 3-1-5 osadVs'k 'kekZ us ^lokZFkZ fpUrkef.k* esa fookg ;ksxksa dks bl izdkj crk;k gSA[144] lIres'k o yXus'k jkf'k pØ esa ikl&ikl gksa] yXu o lIre ds ikl okys Hkkoksa esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rks fookg de mez esa gksrk gSA izFke] f}rh; rFkk lIre Hkkoksa esa ;fn 'kqHk xzg gksa vkSj lIres'k Hkh 'kqHk 54

;qDr o 'kqHk n`"V gksa] f}rh;s'k cyh gks] yXus'k e`nq"k"BÓka'k esa x;k gks rks bu lc ;ksxksa esa cpiu esa ;k tYnh fookg gksrk gSA bu ;ksxksa esa le;kuqlkj fcuk fdlh fo'ks"k izrh{kk] iz;Ru o m|e ds gh fookg ljyrk ls gks tkrk gSA 3-1-6 eqdqUn nSoK ds vuqlkj ¼tkrd Hkw"k.k½ fookg ds ;ksx bl izdkj gaSA[145]

;fn lIres'k dsUnz ;k f=dks.k esa Lojkf'k ;k LoksPpjkf'k ;k 'kqHk ;qDr@ n`"V gks rks tkrd dk fookg 'kh?kz gksrk gSA lIres'k ,oa fookg dkjd bu nksuksa xzg ds eè; esa tks cyoku xzg gks mldh n'kk esa tkrd dk fookg gksrk gSA 'kqØ o pUnzek ls lIre LFkku dks nsf[k,A ml Hkko dh jkf'k rqY; o"kksZa esa ;k lIreLFk xzgksa dh dkjdkoLFkk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-1-7 iùukHk 'kekZ us ^c`gRikjk'kj gksjk 'kkL=* dh Vhdk djrs gq, fookg ds fy, tks T;ksfr"k ds ;ksx fn, gSa os bl izdkj gSaA[146] lIres'k 'kqHk xzg dh jkf'k esa cSBk gks] 'kqØ mPp jkf'k ;k Lojkf'k esa lafLFkr gks rks tkrd dk fookg 5 o"kZ ls 9 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA lIre Hkko esa lw;Z gks] lIres'k 'kqØ ls ;qDr gks rks izk;% 7 ls 11 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg ;ksx gksrk gSA 'kqØ èku LFkku esa gks] lIres'k ,dkn'k LFkku esa gks rks 10 o"kZ ls 16 o"kZ esa fookg ;ksx gksrk gSA yXu ;k dsUnz esa 'kqØ gks rFkk yXus'k 'kfu dh jkf'k esa fLFkr gks rks 11 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg ;ksx gksrk gSA yXu ls dsUnz esa 'kqØ gks vkSj 'kqØ ls lIre Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks izk;% 19 ls 22 o"kZ esa fookg gksrk gSA pUnzek ls lIre esa 'kqØ gks vkSj 'kqØ ls lIre Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks 18Oksa o"kZ esa fookg ;ksx gksrk gSA èkus'k ykHkLFkku esa gks vkSj yXus'k n'ke Hkko esa fLFkr gks rks 25osa o"kZ esa tkrd dk fookg gksrk gSA èkus'k ykHk LFkku esa rFkk ykHks'k èku LFkku esa gks rks tkrd 13osa o"kZ esa fookg djrk gSA 55

v"Ve Hkko ls lIre Hkko esa 'kqØ gks vkSj v"Ves'k eaxy ds lkFk gks rks tkrd 22 ls 27 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg djrk gSA yXukfèkifr lIres'k ds uoka'k esa gks vkSj lIres'k }kn'k Hkko esa fLFkr gks rks ml tkrd dk fookg 23 ls 26 osa o"kZ esa gksrk gSA v"Ves'k yXu ds uoka'k esa gksdj lIre Hkko esa 'kqØ ds lkFk cSBk gks rks 25osa ;k 33osa o"kZ esa fookg dk ;ksx curk gSA HkkX; Hkko ls uoe esa 'kqØ gks ;k mu nksuksa LFkkuksa esa ls fdlh ,d LFkku esa jkgq cSBk gks rks 31osa ;k 33osa o"kZ esa fookg dk ;ksx curk gSA uoe Hkko esa ;k lIre LFkku esa 'kqØ gks vkSj 'kqØ ls lIre esa lIres'k fLFkr gks rks tkrd dk fookg ;ksx 27 o"kZ ;k 30 o"kZ esa gksrk gSA 3-1-8 ds- ,u- jko ¼dq.Myh foospu rFkk Qfyr fl)kUr½ us fookg dky bl izdkj crk;k gSA[147]

yXus'k] iapes'k lIres'k dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esaA jkgq vkSj 'kqØ dh n'kk esaA 'kh?kz fookg 21 o"kZ ls igys izFke ls lIre Hkko dh ifjfèk esa 'kqHk xzgA f}rh; ls v"Ve Hkko dh ifjfèk esa dksbZ v'kqHk xzg ughaA 'kqHk xzg oØh ughaA 'kqØ nXèk u gksA yXus'k cfy"BA 'kqØ c`gLifr vR;fèkd lehirk ;qDr rFkk vU; dksbZ xzg erHksn u dj jgk gksA lIres'k lIre Hkko esaA yXus'k rFkk lIres'k esa lehirkA yXus'k rFkk 'kqØ esa lehirkA iape Hkko esa xzg lw;Z ls ihfM+r u gksaA lw;Z n'ke ls lIre rFkk prqFkZ ls izFke esa gks rks fookg 'kh?kz vFkok ;qok O;fDr lsA c`gLifr lIre Hkko ij n`f"V Mkys rks fookg 30 o"kZ dh vk;q ls igysA 56

lkekU; vk;q esa fookg 21o"kZ ls 24 o"kZ 'kqHk xzg oØh u gksaA 'kqØ nXèk u gksA lIres'k v'kqHk izHkko ;qDr u gksA prqFkZ ls n'ke Hkko rd 'kqHk xzg gksaA iq:"k dq.Mfy;ksa esa iw.kZ pUnz rFkk L=h dq.Mfy;ksa esa lw;Z izFke ls r`rh; Hkko vFkok lIre ls uoe Hkko ds eè; gksaA 'kqØ rFkk vU; xzg ty rRo jkf'k;ksa esa gksaA iw.kZ pUnz lIre ;k iape Hkko esa gksaA fookg nsj ls izFke] lIre vFkok f}rh;] v"Ve Hkkoksa esa cfy"B v'kqHk xzg 'kfu] eaxy vkfnA lIres'k cfy"B v'kqHk xzgksa }kjk n`"V gksA 'kqHk xzg oØh gksaA dqt vFkok eaxyhd nks"k gksA }kn'k Hkko f}ihfM+r gksA prqFkZ Hkko f=ihfM+r gksA foyEc ;qDr fookg lw;Z&pUnz vR;fèkd lehi ;k ihfM+r gksA 'kfu dq.Myh esa vR;fèkd cfy"B gks rks fookg foyEc ls gksrk gSA iq:"k dq.Myh esa 'kqØ rFkk L=h dq.Myh esa eaxy ihfM+r gksA yXus'k }kn'k esa gksA lIres'k v"Ve esa vFkok v"Ves'k lIre esa gksA 3-1-9 M‚- 'kqdnso prqosZnh ¼nkEiR; lq[k½ ds vuqlkj fookg ds ;ksxA[148]

cky fookg ;ksx dq.Myh esa yXus'k lIre LFkku esa gks] rFkk 'kqØ dsUnz esa gks rks 11 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k 'kqHk xzg dh jkf'k esa gks rFkk 'kqØ Lojkf'k ;k mPp jkf'k esa gks rks uoesa o"kZ esa fookg gksrk gSA 57

lIre LFkku esa lw;Z gksus ij rFkk lIres'k ds lkFk 'kqØ gksus ij 11osa o"kZ esa fookg gksrk gSA yXu] f}rh; ;k lIre LFkku esa 'kqHk xzg rFkk 'kqHk xzgkas dk oxZ gksus ij ckY;koLFkk esa fookg gksrk gSA f}rh;s'k 'kqØ gks rFkk lIres'k ty laKd ddZ] edj] dqEHk ;k ehu jkf'k esa gks rks 10 ls 16 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA yXu ls dsUnz esa 'kqØ rFkk mlls lIre esa pUnzek gksus ij 12osa ;k 19osa o"kZ esa fookg gksrk gSA lIre LFkku esa fLFkr 'kqØ ij 'kqHk xzg dh n`f"V gks ;k lIre LFkku esa fLFkr lIres'k ij xq: dh n`f"V gks rks 12 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA f}rh;s'k ,dkn'k LFkku esa gks rFkk lw;Z f}rh; LFkku esa gks rks 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA lIre LFkku dk Lokeh ykHk LFkku esa rFkk yXus'k n'ke LFkku esa gks rks 15 o"kZ ds vkl&ikl fookg gksrk gSA pUnzek ls lkrosa LFkku esa 'kqØ rFkk mlls 7osa LFkku esa 'kfu gksus ij 18osa o"kZ esa fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k ykHk LFkku esa gks rFkk 'kqØ èku LFkku esa gks rks 10 ;k 16 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA èkus'k 11osa LFkku esa gks rFkk yXus'k n'kosa LFkku esa gks rks 15 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA èkus'k ykHk LFkku esa rFkk ykHks'k èku LFkku esa gks rks 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA mDr ;ksxksa dk fopkj djrs le; mudk cy rFkk iki izHkko è;ku esa j[kuk vko';d gSA mDr ;ksx eaxyh ;ksx dh dq.Myh esa Qy ugha nsrsA mfpr vk;q esa fookg gksus ds ;ksx ¼18 ls 25 o"kZ½

ftl O;fDr dh dq.Myh esa cyoku lIres'k fdlh 'kqHk xzg ds lkFk yXu] f}rh;] lIre ;k ,dkn'k LFkku esa gks mldk fookg mfpr le; ij gksrk gSA 58

ftl dq.Myh esa lIres'k cyoku gks rFkk 'kqØ dsUnz ;k f=dks.k esa gks rks fookg mfpr le; ij gksrk gSA ftlds f}rh; Hkko esa 'kqØ gks rFkk ykHks'k ykHk LFkku esa gks rks 'kh?kz fookg gksA tUe ds le; iki izHkko jfgr 'kqØ pUnzek ls 7osa LFkku esa fe= jkf'k esa gks rks fookg 'kh?kz gksrk gSA dq.Myh esa 'kqØ dsUnz ;k f=dks.k esa gks rFkk mlls lIre esa 'kfu gks rks dqN :dkoVksa ds ckotwn Hkh ;Fkkle; fookg gksrk gSA cyoku lIres'k ikjkor vkfn 'kqHk oXkZ esa gks rFkk 'kqØ yXu] f}rh;] lIre ;k ,dkn'k LFkku esa gks rks fookg esa ckèkk ugha vkrh] mfpr le; ij fookg gks tkrk gSA fookg esa foyEcdkjd ;ksx u gks] 'kqHk xzg yXu ;k lIre ds lehi gks rks ;Fkkle; fookg gksrk gSA fookg esa foyEcdkjd ;ksx u gks rFkk lIres'k lIre LFkku ds lehi gks rks Hkh fookg le; ij gksrk gSA o`)koLFkk esa fookg gksus ds ;ksx ;fn yXus'k] lIres'k ,oa 'kqØ fucZy gksa rFkk fLFkj jkf'k esa gksa] fdUrq pUnzek pj jkf'k esa gks rks o`)koLFkk esa fookg gksrk gSA yXu ,oa lIre esa jkgq rFkk 'kfu gksa vkSj 'kqØ fucZy gks rks o`)koLFkk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIre] lIres'k ,oa 'kqØ cyghu gksa rFkk bu ij jkgq ,oa 'kfu dk izHkko gks rks fookg 50 o"kZ ds vklikl gksrk gSA mDr ;ksxksa esa xqfyd dk izHkko gks rks 60 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k uhp jkf'k esa gks rFkk 'kqØ v"Ve esa gks rks fookg o`)koLFkk esa gksrk gSA ;fn ;Fkkle; fookg gks rks iRuh dh e`R;q lEHko gSA fookgdkjd n'kk lIres'k dh n'kk ;k vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 'kqØ ls ;qDr yXus'k] f}rh;s'k ;k ,dkn'ks'k dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 59

'kqØ dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA f}rh;s'k ftl jkf'k esa gks ml jkf'k ds Lokeh dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 'kqØ ftl jkf'k esa fLFkr gks ;fn ml jkf'k dk Lokeh f=ds'k u gks rks mldh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA n'kes'k ,oa v"Ves'k dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k ds lkFk dksbZ xzg gks rks mldh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIre LFkku esa fLFkr xzg dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA fookg dkjd xkspjh; ifjHkze.k xkspj Øe ls jkf'k pØ esa Hkze.k'khy xzg tc fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa gks rks fookg gksrk gSA

yXus'k ,oa lIres'k bu nksuksa xzgksa dks Li"V dj buds jkf'k] va'k ,oa dyk vkfn dk ;ksx dj ysuk pkfg,A bl ;ksx rqY; jkf'k ij tc xkspjh;&Øe ls c`gLifr vkrk gS rc fookg gksrk gSA pUnzek ,oa lIres'k bu nksuksa dk Li"V dj buds jk';kfn dk ;ksx dj ysuk pkfg,A bl ;ksx rqY; jkf'k va'k ij xkspjh; c`gLifr ds vkus ij fookg gksrk gSA 'kqØ ls f=dks.k esa ;k yXu vFkok lIre Hkko esa xkspjh; c`gLifr ds tkus ij fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k ftl jkf'k ,oa uoka'k esa gks mu nksuksa esa tks cyoku gks mlls f=dks.k esa c`gLifr tkus ij fookg gksrk gSA tUe yXu] r`rh;] lIre ,oa ,dkn'k Hkko esa xkspjh; Øe ls c`gLifr ds tkus ij fookg ;ksX; voLFkk esa fookg gksrk gSA

3-1-10 e`nqyk f=osnh ¼oSokfgd lq[k%T;ksfr"k lanHkZ½ us fookg dky bl izdkj crk;k gSA[149]

lIrekfèkifr dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esaA 'kqØ dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esaA 60

'kqØ ;qfr yXus'k] ,dkn'ks'k] f}rh;s'k n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esaA 'kqØ lafLFkr jk'kh'k vxj f=ds'k u gks rks mldh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esaA lIre Hkko esa xzg dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esaA lIrekfèkifr la;qDr xzg dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esaA n'kekfèkifr vkSj v"Vekfèkifr dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esaA yXukfèkifr&lIrekfèkifr ds xzgksa dks Li"V djds jkf'k] va'k dyk ds ;ksx ij xkspj dk c`gLifr tc Hkze.k djs rks fookg dh lEHkkoukA yXu] r`rh;] lIre] ,dkn'k] Hkko esa xkspj dk c`gLifr Hkze.k djus ijA lIrekfèkifr }kjk vfèkf"Br jkf'k&uoka'k esa tks izcy gks mlls f=dks.k esa xq: dk xkspj Hkze.k djus ijA xkspj dk c`gLifr 'kqØ ls f=dks.k esa ;k yXu vFkok lIre ij Hkze.k djsA pUnz Li"V o lIrekfèkifr dks jk';kfn dk ;ksx izkIr djus ij ;ksx rqY; jkf'k] va'k ij xkspj dk c`gLifr vkus ijA 'kqØ] pUnz ,oa yXu ls lIre HkkoLFk xzg ds vfèkifr dh n'kk esa fookgA xkspj Øe esa yXukfèkifr lIre Hkko dh jkf'k esa tkus ij] xkspjh; 'kqØ ;k lIres'k] yXus'k dh jkf'k ;k uoka'k ls f=dks.k esa gksus ij] lIre HkkoLFk xzg ;k lIre Hkko ij n`f"V Mkyus okys xzg dh n'kk esa fookg laHkkfor gSA lIrekfèkifr o yXukfèkifr ls lehiLFk xzg 'kqHk gks rks de vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA ckY;koLFkk] ;qokoLFkk rFkk o`)koLFkk o vyx&vyx vk;q esa fookg ds ;ksx djhc&djhc ogh gSa tks MkW- 'kqdnso prqosZnh us nkEiR; lq[k esa of.kZr fd, gSaA fookg ds lUnHkZ esa lqfuf'pr lEHkkoukvksa ds Ik'pkr fookg dky fuèkkZj.k ds egRoiw.kZ lw= Jherh e`nqyk f=osnh th us bl izdkj fn, gSa % lIrekfèkifr }kjk vf/kf"Br jkf'k ;k uoka'k ds 'kqHk izHkkokUrxZr fookg gksrk gSA 'kqØ ds izHkko lEiUu gksus ij fookg gksrk gSA 61

fookg pUnzek dh n'kk&HkqfDr esa lEHko gSA lIrekfèkifr 'kqØ ;qDr gks rks mldh n'kk&HkqfDr esa fookg lEHko gSA f}rh;kfèkifr dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk vFkok f}rh;kfèkifr vf/kf"Br jkf'k&uoka'k dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh lEHkkouk gksrh gSA uoekfèkifr ;k n'kekfèkifr ;fn f}rh;] lIre Hkko] buds Hkkos'kksa ;k 'kqØ ls dksbZ lEcUèk LFkkfir djsa rks budh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa ifj.k;&laHkkouk gksrh gSA lIrekfèkifr vkSj pUnz ds jk';ka'k vkfn ds ;ksx ls izkIr jkf'k ij ;k mlds f=dks.k esa xkspjh; c`gLifr Hkze.k'khy gks rks fookg dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA pUnz vkSj v"Vekfèkifr ds jk';a'kkfn ds ;ksx ls izkIr jkf'k ;k ogka ls f=dks.kLFk jkf'k ij tc c`gLifr Hkze.k'khy gks rks fookg lEHkkfor gksrk gSA xkspjkUrxZr lIre Hkko esa yXukfèkifr ds Hkze.k djus ij ifj.k; laHkkfor gksrk gSA fookg gsrq lEHkkfor xzg dh n'kk esa tc xkspjh; c`gLifr lIrekfèkifr lafLFkr jkf'k&uoka'k ls f=dks.k esa Hkze.k'khy gks rks ifj.k; dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA 'kqØ vkSj panzek esa 'kfDr'kkyh xzg rFkk c`gLifr ls f=dks.kLFk jkf'k;ksa esa xkspjh; c`gLifr gksus ij fookg lEHkkouk gksrh gSA yXukfèkifr vkSj lIrekfèkifr vf/kf"Br jkf'k;ksa ds vfèkifr;ksa esa ls vfèkd cyh tc xkspj esa Lojkf'k esa Hkze.k'khy gks rks fookg dh lEHkkouk gksrh gSA cS|ukFk ds vuqlkj yXukfèkifr ftl xzg ds uoka'k esa gks] mlls f}rh; Hkko esa xkspjh; c`gLifr ;k pUnz ds Hkze.k'khy gksus ij fookg lEHkkfor gksrk gSA 'kqØ] pUnz vkSj yXu ls lIre Hkko dk vfèkifr xzg tc xkspj esa fookg ls lanfHkZr laosnu'khy fcUnqvksa ij Hkze.k'khy gksrs gaS rc fookg laHkkfor gksrk gSA lIre HkkoLFk xzg] lIre Hkko ij n`f"V fu{ksid xzg dh n'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 62

lIre Hkkoxr jkf'k ds vfèkifr vFkok lIrekfèkifr vf/kf"Br jkf'k ds vfèkifr dh n'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIrekfèkifr }kjk vf/kf"Br jkf'k ;k uoka'k ds Lokfe;ksa esa lokZfèkd izcy n'kk o vUrnZ'kk esa ifj.k; lEHkkouk gksrh gSA xkspjo’k c`gLifr lIrekfèkifr ls f=dks.k esa Hkze.k'khy gks rks fookg gksrk gSA 3-1-11 iou cYyHk Fkify;ky ds vuqlkj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k bl izdkj gaS[150] & ;fn tUeif=dk eas yXus'k vkSj lIres'k vkl&ikl cSBs gksa ;k ;qfr djds ,d lkFk cSBs gksa] yXu ,oa lIre Hkko 'kqHkdŸkZjh esa gks rks tkrd dk fookg] fookg dh fuEure vk;q esa gh gks tkrk gSA ;fn yXu] f}rh; vkSj lIre Hkko esa 'kqHk xzg cSBs gksa ;k bu Hkkoksa dks 'kqHk xzg viuh n`f"V }kjk izHkkfor djrs gksa rks] tkrd dk fookg 'kh?kz gksrk gSA ;fn lIres'k iki xzg ls ;qfr djds f=dks.k esa cSBk gks] f}rh;s'k n'ke Hkko esa gks vkSj 'kqØ iki xzg dh ;qfr esa gks rks tkrd dk fookg foyEc ls gksrk gSA 'kqØ ls ;qr lIres'k dh] f}rh;s'k dh] n'kes'k dh] v"Ves'k dh vkSj lIre Hkko esa cSBs lIres'k ls ;qfr djus okys xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA ;fn lIres'k dk jk'kh'k vkSj uoka'ks'k cyh gks rks mudh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa tc xkspjo'k c`gLifr lIres'k ds Åij ;k mlls f=dks.k esa xkspj djrk gS rc fookg gksrk gSA panzek vkSj 'kqØ esa ls tks cyh gksrk gS mldh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa tc c`gLifr mlds Åij ;k mlls f=dks.k esa xkspj djrk gS rc fookg gksrk gSA 'kqHk xzg dh jkf'k esa cSBk xzg viuh n'kk ds izkjaHk esa] iki xzg dh jkf'k esa cSBk 'kqHk xzg viuh n'kk ds eè; esa] iki xzg dh jkf'k esa cSBk iki xzg viuh n'kk ds vUr esa vkSj 'kqHk xzg dh jkf'k esa cSBk 'kqHk xzg ls n`"V iki xzg viuh laiw.kZ n'kk esa 'kqHk Qy nsrk gSA vr% fookg ls lacafèkr xzg dh fLFkfr dks mijksDr fl)kar ls ns[kdj fookg ds le; dk fu.kZ; fd;k tkrk gSA 63

fookg ds le; ds fuèkkZj.k esa rhljk vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ fl)kar xkspjo'k xzgksa dh vuqdwy fLFkfr dk gSA vuqdwy n'kkUrnZ'kk gksus ij Hkh xkspjo'k xzgksa dh vuqdwy fLFkfr;ka gh fookg djkus esa l{ke gksrh gSaA vr% vuqdwy xzgksa ds xkspj fookg laiUu djkus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

yXus'k vkSj lIres'k dh jkf'k] va'k] dyk dks tksM+us ij tks jkf'k vkrh gS ml jkf'k esa xkspjo'k tc c`gLifr vkrk gS ;k panz vkSj lIres'k dh jkf'k] va'k] dyk vkSj fodyk tksM+us ij tks jkf'k vkrh gS ml jkf'k ij tc c`gLifr xkspj djrk gS] rc tkrd dk fookg gksrk gSA yXus'k ds uoka'ks'k dh jkf'k esa tc c`gLifr xkspj djrk gS rks L=h dh izkfIr gksrh gSA yXus'k ftl xzg ds uoka'k esa cSBrk gS mlls f}rh; Hkko esa tc xkspjo'k c`gLifr vkSj paznek vkrs gSa rc fookg gksrk gSA tc lIres'k vkSj 'kqØ ds Hkko esa c`gLifr vkrk gS ;k tc c`gLifr dsanz esa cSBdj panzek ls la;ksx djrk gS] rc fookg gksrk gSA tUeif=dk esa lIres'k }kjk x`ghr jkf'k vkSj mlls f=dks.k dh jkf'k;ksa esa c`gLifr dk xkspj fookg dh laHkkoukvksa dks mtkxj djrk gS vkSj ;fn vU; fLFkfr;ka Hkh vuqdwy gksa rks bl le; tkrd dk fookg laiUu Hkh gksrk gSA o"kZ dq.Myh esa ftl o"kZ eqUFkk f}rh; Hkko esa vkrh gS ml o"kZ tkrd dk fookg gksrk gSA lkekU;r% yXus'k] lIres'k] iapes'k] uoes'k] f}rh;s'k] prqFksZ'k] panz fLFkr jkf'k Lokeh] jkgq] dy=dkjd 'kqØ vkSj L=h tkrd ds fy, ifr dkjd c`gLifr] ,sls eq[; xzg gksrs gSa tks viuh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg lEiUu djokus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA bu xzgksa esa Hkh muds cy ds vfrfjDr tUeif=dk esa mudk lIre Hkko] lIres'k vkSj 'kqØ@c`gLifr ds lkFk lacaèk dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn mijksDr of.kZr xzgksa esa ls ftl xzg dh n'kk fookg dh vk;q ds le; pyrh gS] ;fn og xzg lIre Hkko] lIres'k vkSj 'kqØ@c`gLifr ds lkFk 64

dksbZ Hkh lacaèk LFkkfir ugha djrk gS rks fookg esa ckèkk vkrh gSA ;fn lacaèk cukrk gS rks fookg ds fudVre le; dks Kkr djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kk tkrk gSA eq[; :i ls tc xkspj esa 'kfu vkSj c`gLifr yXu] lIre ;k lIres'k dks ;qfr] n`f"V ;k fLFkfr ls izHkkfor djrs gSa rks fookg dk ifjiDo dky gksrk gSA 3-1-12 eqdqUn cYyHk feJ th us ^Qfyr ekŸkZ.M* esa fookg ds ;ksx bl izdkj fn;s gSa[151] &

lIres'k ;k lIres'k tgka cSBk gks ml jkf'k dk Lokeh ;k lIres'k ftl xzg ds uoka'k esa gks bu rhuksa esa ls tks xzg cyh gks mldh n'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA yXus'k ftl jkf'k ;k ftl uoka'k esa gks mlh jkf'k ;k mlh jkf'k ds uoka'k esa tc xkspj esa lIres'k o 'kqØ vk;s vFkok mu jkf'k ds f=dks.k esa tc lIres'k ;k 'kqØ vk;s rc fookg gksrk gSA lIre LFkkuLFk xzg] lIre LFkku ij ftldh n`f"V gks og xzg vkSj lIres'k bu rhuksa xzgksa dh n'kk esa ls fdlh Hkh xzg dh n'kk esa tc xkspj esa tUe yXus'k lIre Hkko dh jkf'k esa vk;s rks fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k ftl jkf'k esa cSBk gks ml jkf'k dk vfèkifr vkSj lIres'k ftl jkf'k ds uoka'k esa gks ml jkf'k dk vfèkifr rFkk panz] 'kqØ buesa ls tks cyoku gks mldh n'kk esa tc lIres'k dh jkf'k o uoka'k jkf'k ls f=dks.k esa tc xkspj dk xq# vk;s rc tkrd dk fookg gksrk gSA tUedkfyd 'kqØ] panz o lIres'k vFkok lIre LFkku ij xkspj esa tc xq# dh n`f"V cus rks fookg gksrk gSA 3-1-13 xksis'k dqekj vks>k us nSoK oS|ukFk fojfpr ^tkrd ikfjtkr* dh O;k[;k djrs gq, fookg ds ;ksx bl izdkj fn;s gSa[153] & yXu ds Lokeh ds jkf'k] va'k] dyk rFkk lIre Hkko ds Lokeh ds jkf'k] va'k] dyk tksfM+;sA bl ;ksx rqY; jkf'k esa tc xkspj eas c`gLifr vk;s rks fookg gksrk gSA

panzek ftl jkf'k esa gS ml panz jkf'k] va'k] dyk] fodyk dks lIre Hkko ds Lokeh dh jkf'k] va'k] dyk] fodyk esa tksfM+;sA bl ;ksx rqY; jkf'k va'kksa esa tc xkspj ls c`gLifr vkrk gS rks fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k ftl jkf'k vkSj uoka'k esa gks] ;fn jkf'k dk Lokeh cyoku gks rks mldh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa tc c`gLifr xkspj ls lIres'k ds lkFk tk;s ;k mlds f=dks.k esa tk;s rks fookg gksrk gSA ;fn lIres'k ftl uoka'k esa gS ml uoka'k dk Lokeh cyoku gks rks mldh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA panz o 'kqØ esa tks cyoku gks mldh n'kk esa tc c`gLifr mu ij ls xkspj djs rks fookg gksrk gSA 'kqØ ;qDr n'kes'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA f}rh;s'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA n'kes'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA v"Ves'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k ;qDr lIre Hkkoxr xzg dh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-1-14 txUukFk Hklhu us ^Qfyr lw=* esa fookg dk le; bl izdkj crk;k gSA[153]& lIres'k ds iz—fr ds vuqlkj fookg dh vk;q gksrh gS tSls & lIrekfèkifr cqèk gS rks 16 o"kZ esa fookg] eaxy lIres'k gks 18 o"kZ dh vk;q esa] 'kqØ gks rks 20] panz gks rks 22] xq# gks rks 24] lw;Z gks rks 26 rFkk 'kfu gks rks 28 o"kZ esa fookg gksrk gSA L=h tkrdksa dk fookg bu o"kksZa ls 2 o"kZ de esa gksrk gSA 'kqHk xzg dh n`f"V bu xzgksa lIres'k ij gksus ls fookg FkksM+k tYnh o iki xzg dh n`f"V ls 2 o"kZ dh nsjh ls fookg gks ldrk gSA

mijksDr lkfgR; ds losZ{k.k ls tks rF; xkspj] n'kkUrnZ'kk o ;ksxksa ls fookg dky fuèkkZj.k ds eq[; :i ls vfèkd fo}kuksa }kjk fn;s x;s gSa os fuEu izdkj ls gSa %

3-2 ;ksxksa }kjk fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.k ds fu;e 3-2-1 ;fn lIres'k o yXus'k fudVorhZ LFkkuksa esa fLFkr gksa rks de vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-2-2 ;fn yXu o lIre LFkku ds vkl&ikl 'kqHk xzg gkas rks cpiu esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-2-3 ;fn lIres'k ikjkorka'k esa gks rks fookg cpiu esa gksrk gSA 3-2-4 lIres'k cyoku gksdj f}rh; LFkku esa fLFkr gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-5 ;fn lIres'k dsanz ;k f=dks.k esa Lojkf'k] mPpjkf'k] 'kqHk xzg;qqr ;k 'kqHk xzg n`"V gks rks tkrd dk fookg NksVh voLFkk esa gksrk gSA 3-2-6 lIres'k 'kqHk xzg dh jkf'k esa cSBk gks rFkk 'kqØ viuh jkf'k ;k mPp jkf'k esa gks rks 5 o"kZ ls 9 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-2-7 lIre Hkko esa lw;Z gks] lIres'k 'kqØ ds lkFk gks rks fookg 7 o"kZ ls 11 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-8 yXu ;k dsanz esa 'kqØ gks rFkk yXus'k 'kfu dh jkf'k esa fLFkr gks rks 11 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-2-9 yXu ;k dsanz esa 'kqØ gks rFkk yXus'k 'kfu dh jkf'k esa fLFkr gks rks 11 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-2-10 yXu ls dsanz esa 'kqØ rFkk 'kqØ ls lIre esa 'kfu gks rks fookg 19 o"kZ ls 22 o"kZ esa gksrk gSA 3-2-11 panz ls lIre Hkko esa 'kqØ rFkk 'kqØ ls lIre Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks fookg 18 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-12 èkus'k ykHk LFkku esa gks vkSj yXus'k n'ke Hkko esa gks rks 25 o"kZ esa fookg gksrk gSA

3-2-13 èkus'k ykHk LFkku esa rFkk ykHks'k n'ke LFkku esa gks rks fookg 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-14 v"Ve Hkko ls lIre Hkko esa 'kqØ gks rFkk v"Ves'k eaxy ds lkFk gks rks fookg 22 o"kZ ls 27 o"kZ ds eè; gksrk gSA 3-2-15 yXus'k lIres'k ds uoka'k esa rFkk lIres'k }kn'k Hkko esa gks rks fookg 23 o"kZ ls 26 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-16 v"Ves'k yXu ds uoka'k esa gksdj lIre Hkko esa 'kqØ ds lkFk gks rks 33 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-2-17 'kqØ iape Hkko esa rFkk jkgq iape Hkko esa ;k uoe esa gks rks fookg 33 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-18 r`rh; Hkko esa 'kqØ rFkk uoe Hkko esa lIres'k gks rks fookg 30 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-19 ,d ls lkr Hkkoksa esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-20 'kqHk xzg oØh u gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-21 yXus'k cfy"B gksus ij fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-22 'kqØ o xq# vR;fèkd lehi gksa rFkk muds lkFk dksbZ vU; xzg u gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-23 yXus'k o lIres'k vR;fèkd lehi gksa rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-24 lIres'k lIre Hkko esa gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-25 yXus'k o 'kqØ vR;fèkd lehi gksa rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-26 iape Hkko esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rFkk os lw;Z ls ihfM+r u gksa rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-27 lw;Z prqFkZ Hkko esa gks rFkk xq# lIre esa ;k lIre Hkko dks ns[k jgk gks rks fookg 33 o"kZ esa gksrk gSA 3-2-28 ;fn iq#"k tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa es aiw.kZ panzek rFkk L=h tkrd dh dq.Mfy;ksa esa lw;Z izFke ls r`rh; Hkko esa ;k lIre ls uoe Hkko esa gksa rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-29 'kqØ ty rRo jkf'k esa gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 3-2-30 iw.kZ panz lIre ;k iape esa gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA

3-2-31 izFke] lIre vFkok f}rh;] v"Ve esa v'kqHk xzg ¼eaxy] 'kfu½ gksa rks fookg foyEc ls gksrk gSA 3-2-32 'kqHk xzg oØh gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA 3-2-33 ;fn dq.Myh esa dqy nks"k gks rks fookg foyEc ls gksrk gSA 3-2-34 }kn'k Hkko nks izdkj ls ihfM+r gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA 3-2-35 prqFkZ Hkko rhu izdkj ls ihfM+r gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA 3-2-36 lw;Z] panz vR;fèkd lehi gksa ;k nksuksa ihfM+r gksa rks fookg o`)koLFkk esa gksrk gSA 3-2-37 'kfu tUe dq.Myh esa vfr cyh gks gks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA 3-2-38 iq#"k tkrd dh dq.Myh esa 'kqØ o L=h tkrd dh dq.Myh esa eaxy ihfM+r gks rks fookg foyEc ls gksrk gSA 3-2-39 yXus'k }kn'k Hkko esa gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA 3-2-40 lIres'k v"Ve esa ;k v"Ves'k lIre esa gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA 3-2-41 yXus'k] lIres'k vkSj 'kqØ fucZy gksa rFkk os fLFkj jkf'k esa gksa o panz pj jkf'k esa gks rks fookg cgqr foyEc ls gksrk gSA 3-2-42 yXu rFkk lIre esa jkgq o 'kfu gks rFkk 'kqØ fucZy gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA

3-3 xkspj }kjk fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.k ds fu;e 3-3-1 tc 'kqØ] yXus'k ;k lIres'k xkspj djrs gq, lIre Hkko dh jkf'k esa Hkze.k djrs gSa rks fookg gksrk gSA 3-3-2 'kqØ] yXus'k o lIres'k dk lIres'k ij ls xkspj gksrk gS rks fookg gksrk gSA 3-3-3 xq# tc tUe yXu ls lIre Hkkoxr jkf'k ij xkspj djs rks fookg gksrk gSA 3-3-4 xq# dk f=dks.k ij tc xkspj gksrk gS rks fookg gksrk gSA 3-3-5 xq# dk lIre Hkko ls f=dks.k ij tc xkspj gksrk gS rks fookg gksrk gSA 3-3-6 yXus'k ftl jkf'k esa gks ;k ftl uoka'k esa gks mlls f=dks.k jkf'k esa tc xkspj Hkze.k ls 'kqØ vkrk gS ;k lIres'k vkrk gS rks fookg gksrk gSA 3-3-7 yXus'k o lIres'k ds jkf'k o va'kksa dks tksM+us ij tks jkf'k o va'k vk;sa ml ij tc c`gLifr xkspj djrk gS rks fookg gksrk gSA 69

3-4 n'kk&vUrnZ'kk }kjk fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.k ds fu;e 3-4-1 3-4-2 3-4-3 3-4-4 3-4-5 3-4-6 3-4-7 3-4-8 3-4-9

lIreLFk xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIre Hkko n`"V xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k dks ns[kus okys xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k }kjk n`"V xzg fLFkr jkf'k Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIre Hkko fLFkr n`"V xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA lIres'k ds lkFk cSBs gq, xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 'kqØ fLFkr u{k=s'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA yXus'k ;k lIres'k ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gS ml u{k=Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-4-10 lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gS ml u{k=s'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-4-11 yXus'k ftl uoka'k esa cSBk gks mlds Lokeh dh n'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-4-12 lIre nz"Vk xzg tgka fLFkr gks mlls lIre LFkku ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-4-13 lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzg ls lIre HkkoLFk jkf'k ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-4-14 lIreLFk xzg ftl uoka'k esa gks mlds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-4-15 jkgq dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-4-16 yXu ls f}rh; Hkko ds Lokeh fLFkr jkf'k ds Lokeh dh n'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-4-17 n'kes'k] v"Ves'k o uoes'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA 3-4-18 jkgq o 'kqØ dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA mijksDr fu;eksa dk fo'ys"k.k iape vè;k; esa djsaxsA

vè;k; 4

'kksèk i)fr (Methodology) 4-1 'kksèk dk mís'; (Statement of the problem) ;g 'kksèk bl ij dsfUnzr djrk gS fd & 1- D;k T;ksfr"k x.kuk dk fookg ds dky fuèkkZj.k ls dksbZ lg&lEcUèk (Correlation) gSA 2- D;k T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa esa fn;s x;s ;ksx ¼tUe le; ij tUedq.Myh esa xzgksa dh dksbZ fo'ks"k fLFkfr½] n'kkUrnZ'kk ;k xkspj ds xzgksa dk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k ls lEcUèk gSA 3- D;k T;ksfr"k ds ;ksx] n'kkUrnZ'kk o xkspj iw.kZ ;k vkaf'kd :i ls fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d gSaA 4- ;ksx] n'kkUrnZ'kk o xkspj rhuksa esa ls dkSu lh fofèk }kjk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k lVhd gks ldrk gSA 5- D;k T;ksfr"k'kkL= esa fn;s x;s ;ksx] xkspj] n'kkUrnZ'kk mlh izdkj ls ¼ftl izdkj T;ksfr"k xzUFkksa eas izkIr gksrk gS½ ;k fdlh vU; izdkj ls fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSaA

4-2 'kks/k&{ks= (Scope of Research) T;ksfr"k }kjk fookg dky dk fu/kkZj.k ij 'kks/k vius vki esa ,d izdkj dk izFke iz;kl gSA bl fo"k; dk pquko blfy, fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd ;g fo"k;ijd (Subjective) u gksdj oLrqfu"B (Objective) fo"k; gSA bldk iz;kstu ;g gS fd bl fo"k; ij izk:iksa esa lwpuk,a lgh izdkj ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSaA vHkh rd xzgksa dk ekuo thou ij izHkko] dksbZ fo'ks"k izek.k ds lkFk ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA fookg dkyfu/kkZj.k fo"k; blfy, fy;k x;k gS D;ksafd fdlh O;fDr dh fookg dh

frfFk lVhd crkbZ tk ldrh gSA ;g bl izdkj dh dksbZ ?kVuk ugha gS ftldh frfFk] eghuk o o"kZ dks tkrd crkus esa vleFkZ gksA ;g 'kks/k ¼fookg dk dkyfu/kkZj.k½ dsoy n'kk] xkspj o ;ksxksa }kjk fookg ds le; dh laHkkoukvksa dk vkdyu ek= gS] bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fy;k tk ldrk fd ;g fookg ds fy, dksbZ fuf'pr frfFk] eghuk ;k o"kZ dk lVhd Kku ns ldsxkA ;g 'kks/k u gh ;g tkuus dk iz;kl gS fd fdlh dk fookg gksxk ;k ugha gksxk ;k mldk oSokfgd thou lQy jgsxk ;k ugha jgsxkA tkrd dh vkfFkZd o lkekftd fLFkfr ;k larku lEcU/kh dksbZ fo"k; tks oSokfgd thou ls lEcfU/kr gSa os lHkh bl dk;Z{ks= ls ckgj j[ks x;s gSaA v"VdwV o ekaxfyd fopkj vkfn dks Hkh bl 'kks/k {ks= ls ckgj j[kk x;k gSA

4-3 'kks/k dh lhek (Limitations) 1- bl 'kks/k izcU/k esa 8 izdkj ds ¼czkã] nSo] vk"kZ] izktkiR;] vklqj] xkUèkoZ] jk{kl ,oa iS'kkp½ fookg izdkjksa esa ls vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lekt esa vf/kdrj gksus okys 2 izdkj ds dsoy czkã fookg vkSj izktkiR; fookg dks gh fy;k x;k gSA vU; 6 izdkj ds fookg rFkk fyo&bu&fjys'kuf'ki (Live-in-Reletionship) o leySafxd fookg (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) vkfn dk ifjR;kx fd;k x;k gSA 2- bl 'kks/k esa foa'kksŸkjh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk dk gh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS vU; izdkj dh ¼v"VksŸkjh] ;ksfxuh] dkypØ] pjn'kk vkfn½ n'kkUrnZ'kk dk ifjR;kx fd;k x;k gSA 3- xkspj i)fr }kjk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa 9 xzgksa dks fy;k x;k gS] vk/kqfud T;ksfr"k esa iz;ksx gksus okys IywVks] ;wjsul o usIP;wu xzgksa dk ifjR;kx fd;k x;k gSA 4- xzgksa dk xkspj yXu ls fy;k x;k gSA 5- tUedq.Myh o uoka'k dq.Myh ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS] 'ks"k oxksZa ¼lIreka'k] }kn'kka'k] nsz"dk.k vkfn½ dk ifjR;kx fd;k x;k gSA 6- pfyr pØ dk Hkh R;kx fd;k x;k gSA

7- xzgksa ds xkspj esa xzgksa dk mPp] uhp] oØh] ekxhZ] Lo{ks=h o fe={ks=h vkfn dk fopkj ugha fd;k x;kA 8- izk:iksa ds ladyu esa mu tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ka gSa ftudk fookg yxHkx fiNys 40 ;k 50 o"kksZa rd gh gqvk gSA bl vYikof/k esa lHkh 'kkL=ksDr ;ksx T;ksa ds R;ksa ykxw ugha gks ldrsA 9- v"VdwV feyku o ekaxfyd fopkj dks bl 'kks/k {ks= ls ckgj j[kk x;k gSA

4-4 ifjlheu (Delimitation) 1- iwoZ fuèkkZfjr ¼T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa ij vkèkkfjr½ jkf'kLokeh dks T;ksa dk R;kas Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA 2- xzgksa dh n`f"V Hkh iwoZ fuèkkZfjr T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa ij gh vkèkkfjr gSA 3- bl 'kksèk esa foa'kksRrjh n'kk dk gh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS vU; izdkj dh 'ks"k n'kkUrnZ'kkvksa dk ifjR;kx fd;k x;k gSA 4- iwoZ vkèkkfjr u{k=ksa }kjk n'kk Lokfe;ksa dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA 5- iwoZ fuèkkZfjr xzgksa dh n'kk o"kkZsa ¼lw;Z 6 o"kZ] panzek 10 o"kZ vkfn½ dks T;ksa dk R;ksa fy;k x;k gSA 6- bl 'kksèk esa izFke fookg] f}rh; fookg] r`rh; fookg vkfn dk fopkj ugha fd;k x;k gSA 7- bl 'kksèk esa L=hfyax o iqfYyax dk fopkj vyx&vyx ls ugha fd;k x;k gSA

4-5 'kksèk izfØ;k (Procedure) 4-5-1 vè;;u dk izk:i (Design of Study) izLrqr 'kksèk ds vè;;u ds fy, 2025 tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk fujh{k.k fd;k x;kA bu tkrdksa dh tUefrfFk] tUele; o tUeLFkku ls mudh dq.Mfy;ka izkphu Hkkjrh; tUe i= fuekZ.k i)fr ls fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bu lcdh fookg frfFk fo'oluh; lw=ksa ls ladfyr dh x;h gSA bu tkrdksa dh fookg frfFk rFkk mudh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk fujh{k.k 3 izdkj ls fd;k x;k gSA 1- xkspj i)fr 2- n'kk i)fr 3- ;ksx i)fr

1- xkspj i)fr % fo'ys"k.k dh bl i)fr esa ;g vè;;u pkj izdkj ls fd;k x;k gSA 1-1- xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj dk izHkko 1-2 xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj dk izHkko 1-3 Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj dk izHkko 1-4 Hkkos'kkas dk xzgksa ij xkspj dk izHkko

2- n'kk i)fr % bl i)fr esa tkrd dh fookg frfFk ij fdl xzg n'kk vkSj fdl xzg dh vUrnZ'kk py jgh Fkh] dk fujh{k.k fd;k x;k gSA

3- ;ksx i)fr % bl i)fr esa fookg dh vk;q fuèkkZj.k djus okys ;ksxksa dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA

4-5-2 izfr:i ;k uewus (Sample) bl 'kksèk vè;;u ds fy, 2025 izfr:i fy, x;s gSa tks fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ds gSa bu izfr:iksa esa vfèkdrj izfr:i mŸkjh Hkkjr ¼iatkc] gfj;k.kk] fnYyh] if'peh mŸkj izns'k vkfn½ ds gSaA bu izfr:iksa esa tkrd dh tUefrfFk] tUe le;] tUe LFkku o fookg frfFk tkrdksa }kjk nh x;h lwpukvksa ds vuqlkj yh xbZ gSA bu izfr:iksa esa mijksDr ds lgh&lgh gksus dk Hkh è;ku j[kk x;k gSA

4-5-3 vkadM+ksa dk laxzg.k (Collection of Data) vkadM+ksa dk laxzg.k fofHkUu tkrdksa ds laidZ ls 'kksèkkFkhZ }kjk vius T;ksfr"k dk;kZy; esa miyCèk lwpukvksa ls fd;k x;k gSA vkadM+s vfèkdrj iatkc o mŸkjh Hkkjr ds gSaA

4-5-4 iz;ksx esa yk, tkus okys midj.k (Tools) izLrqr vè;;u esa fofHkUu tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS rFkk bu tUedq.Mfy;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, uhps fy[ks x;s VwYl iz;ksx esa yk, x;s gSaA

1- tUedq.Mfy;ksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, mŸkjh Hkkjr esa iz;ksx gksus okys tUei=h fuekZ.k ds fl)karksa ij vkèkkfjr fy;ks LVkj (Leo Star software, Future Point, Delhi) lkW¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA 2- v;uka'k ,u- lh- ykfgM+h dk iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k gSA 3- blds vfrfjDr LFkkuh; ¼iatkc izkar½ iapkaxksa tSls ^iapkax fnokdj* tkyaèkj] iapkax ¼nsohn;ky½] ekŸkZ.M ¼eqdqUn cYyHk] dqjkyh okyk½ dk Hkh ;nk&dnk iz;ksx izk:iksa ds fuekZ.k esa fd;k x;k gSA

4-5-5 fu;e (Rules Followed) izLrqr vè;;u esa mŸkjh Hkkjr esa iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh Qykns'k i)fr tks izkphu rFkk uohu T;ksfr"k&xazFkksa esa gS] dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k gSA T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds bu xzaFkksa esa eq[;r% Qynhfidk] c`gr~ ikjk'kj gksjk 'kkL=] tSfeuh&lw=e] ekulkxjh] tkrd ikfjtkr] Hkkjrh; T;ksfr"k] lkjkoyh] tkrdkHkj.k] tkrd&rRoe~] c`gTtkrde~] ukjn lafgrk] iz'uekxZ] tkrdkns'k ekxZ] Hkkonhfidk] oSokfgd lq[k] fookg fopkj foe'kZ] iwoZ dkyke`r vkfn lfEefyr gSaA bl vè;;u dh Qykns'k i)fr esa tks fl)kar ykxw fd;s x;s gSa os bl izdkj gSa& xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj] xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj] Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj] Hkkos'kkas dk xzgksa ij xkspj] n'kk&vUrnZ'kk xzgksa dk n`f"V lacaèk] xzgksa dh ;qfr] xzgksa ds u{k=] Hkkos'k] jkf'k] jkf'k Lokeh] u{k=ksa ds Lokeh rFkk fofHkUu izdkj ds ;ksx tks fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSa] dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa esa fookg frfFk fuèkkZj.k djus ds fy, tks fu;e ¼xkspj] n'kk o ;ksx½ crk;s x;s gSa os gh bl 'kksèk izcaèk esa 'kksèk ds fy, lfEefyr fd;s x;s gSaA

4-5-6 lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k izfØ;k (Statistical Procedures) fookg dky fuèkkZj.k ds fy, izk:iksa ds lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k dk vkdyu djus ds fy, Non parametric statistical procedure chi-square test (for equality of proportions and independence of attributes yates collection) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

vè;k; 5

izk:iksa dk fo'ys"k.k (Analysis of Data)

5- fo'ys"k.k izkphu T;ksfr"k xzUFkdkjksa us fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.k djus okys T;ksfr"k ds tks fl)kar fn;s gSa mudks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA 1- ;ksxksa }kjk fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.kA 2- xkspj }kjk fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.kA 3- n'kk&vUrnZ'kk }kjk fookg dk dky fuèkkZj.kA

5-1 ;ksxksa }kjk fookg fuèkkZj.k ds fu;eksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k % lHkh 2025 uewuksa ls fofnr gksrk gS fd 25 izfr'kr tkrdksa dk fookg 22 o"kksZa rd gks tkrk gS rFkk 75 izfr'kr tkrdksa dk fookg 25 o"kZ rd gksrk gS rFkk 'ks"k 25 izfr'kr dk fookg vfèkdrj 27 o"kZ rd gksrk gSA ;g ifj.kke gekjs uewuksa (Sample) dk gSA bUgha ds vkèkkj ij 'kh?kz fookg 22 o"kZ ls igys lgh le; 22 ls 27 rFkk 28 o"kZ ds ckn fookg foyEc ls gksrk gS ,slk vuqeku fy;k gSA 5-1-1 ;fn lIres'k o yXus'k fudVorhZ LFkkuksa esa fLFkr gksa rks de vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 2025 tkrdksa esa ls 569 tkrdksa dk fookg gqvk vkSj ik;k fd buds fookg dk 25 izfr'kr dk 22 o"kZ] 50 izfr'kr dk 25 o"kZ o 'ks"k 25 izfr'kr dk fookg 27 o"kZ esa gh gqvk vr% bl ;ksx esa mRiUu tkrd dk fookg vk;q dh NksVh voLFkk esa ugha gksrkA 5-1-2 ;fn yXu o lIre LFkku ds vkl&ikl 'kqHk xzg gkas rks cpiu esa fookg gksrk gSA 76

bl ;ksx dh tkap ds fy, geus yXu] f}rh; o }kn'k rFkk lIre] "k"B o v"Ve Hkko esa 'kqHk xzgksa dks fy;k gSA f}rh; o }kn'k Hkko eè; rd Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS rFkk blh izdkj "k"B o v"Ve Hkko Hkh Hkko eè; rd fy;k gSA ;g ;ksx 216 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa ij ykxw gqvk rFkk budk fookg Hkh vuqekfur le; ij gh gqvk gS vr% bl ;ksx esa mRiUu tkrd dk fookg cpiu esa ugha gksrkA 5-1-3 ;fn lIres'k ikjkorka'k esa gks rks fookg cpiu esa gksrk gSA miyC/k 2025 tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa esa bl ;ksx dh flQZ 75 tUedqaMfy;k¡ gSaA bl ;ksx esa mRiUu tkrdksa dk fookg 25 izfr'kr rd dk 23 o"kZ esa 75 izfr'kr rd dk 25 o"kZ rFkk 'ks"k 25 izfr'kr rd dk 28 o"kZ esa gqvk vr%] ;g ;ksx cpiu esa fookg dh vis{kk nsj ls fookg nsrk gSA 5-1-4 lIres'k cyoku gksdj f}rh; LFkku esa fLFkr gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx 153 tkrdksa ij ykxw gqvk rFkk mudk fookg 25 izfr'kr rd 23 o"kZ esa rFkk 'ks"k vuqekfur le; esa 25 o"kZ o 27 o"kZ esa gqvk vr% ;g ;ksx Hkh cpiu esa fookg ds fy, dkjxj ugha gSA 5-1-5 ;fn lIres'k dsanz ;k f=dks.k esa Lojkf'k] mPpjkf'k] 'kqHk xzg;qqr ;k 'kqHk xzg n`"V gks rks tkrd dk fookg NksVh voLFkk esa gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 2025 esa ls 635 dk fookg gqvk vkSj ik;k fd vuqekfur le; 22] 25 o 27 o"kZ dh vis{kk ;g vuqikr 23] 25] 28 jgk tks fookg foyEc dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA 5-1-6 lIres'k 'kqHk xzg dh jkf'k esa cSBk gks rFkk 'kqØ viuh jkf'k ;k mPp jkf'k esa gks rks 5 o"kZ ls 9 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 233 tkrdksa dk fookg gqvk gS rFkk buds fookg dk vuqikr 23 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ o 28 o"kZ gS tks vuqekfur o"kksZa ls vfèkd gS vr% bl ;kssx esa tkrdksa dk fookg nsj ls gqvk gSA

5-1-7 lIre Hkko esa lw;Z gks] lIres'k 'kqØ ds lkFk gks rks fookg 7 o"kZ ls 11 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa dsoy 23 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa ij dk;Z fd;k vkSj ;g vuqikr 22 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ rFkk 28 o"kZ rd vk;k vr%] ;g fu;e ,d lkekU; fu;e jgk] buesa ls dqN tkrdksa dk fookg nsj ls gh gqvk gSA 5-1-8 'kqØ f}rh; Hkko esa gks rFkk lIres'k ,dkn'k LFkku esa gks rks fookg 10 o"kZ ls 16 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx dsoy 6 tUe dq.Mfy;ksa ij ykxw gqvk rFkk bu lHkh dk fookg 21 ls 22 o"kZ esa gks x;kA ;|fi fd ;g ;ksx de vk;q esa fookg fufnZ"V djrk gS fdarq budh la[;k de gksuk fu;e dh iwjh rjg iqf"V ugha djrkA 5-1-9 yXu ;k dsanz esa 'kqØ gks rFkk yXus'k 'kfu dh jkf'k esa fLFkr gks rks 11 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA tkrd dh 2025 tUedq.Mfy;ksa esa ls fdlh tkrd dh dq.Myh esa ;g ;ksx ugha feykA 5-1-10 yXu ls dsanz esa 'kqØ rFkk 'kqØ ls lIre esa 'kfu gks rks fookg 19 o"kZ ls 22 o"kZ esa gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx 49 tUe dq.Mfy;ksa ij ykxw gqvk rFkk budk fookg vuqikr 23 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ o 26 o"kZ jgk] tks lkekU; ds vkl&ikl gh jgkA 5-1-11 panz ls lIre Hkko esa 'kqØ rFkk 'kqØ ls lIre Hkko esa 'kfu gks rks fookg vBkjg o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 10 tkrdksa dk fookg gqvk tks vuqekfur le; ls iwoZ 22 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ o 26 o"kZ gSA bu lHkh dk fookg vuqekfur le; ls iwoZ gh gqvk gSA 5-1-12 èkus'k ykHk LFkku esa gks vkSj yXus'k n'ke Hkko esa gks rks 25 o"kZ esa fookg gksrk gSA izk:iksa esa 11 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa ;g ;ksx feyk] ftudk fookg vuqekfur le; ls dqN iwoZ 21 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ o 27 o"kZ jgkA 78

5-1-13 èkus'k ykHk LFkku esa rFkk ykHks'k n'ke LFkku esa gks rks fookg 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA izk:iksa esa 17 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa ;g ;ksx gS ftudk fookg vuqekfur ls iwoZ 22 o"kZ] 24 o"kZ o 27 o"kZ izkIr gqvk gS] fdarq 13 o"kZ dh vk;q ls dgha nwj gSA 5-1-14 v"Ve Hkko ls lIre Hkko esa 'kqØ gks rFkk v"Ves'k eaxy ds lkFk gks rks fookg 22 o"kZ ls 27 o"kZ ds eè; gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx dsoy 8 dq.Mfy;ksa esa Fkk ftudk fookg 23] 26] 27 o"kZ esa gqvk vr% ;s fookg 22 o"kZ ls 27 o"kZ ds eè; gh gq,] fdarq la[;k de gksus ls bl fu;e dh iqf"V ugha gqbZA 5-1-15 yXus'k lIres'k ds uoka'k esa rFkk lIres'k }kn'k Hkko esa gks rks fookg 23 o"kZ ls 26 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx 18 tkrdksa dh dq.Mfy;ksa esa izkIr gqvk ftudk fookg 23 o"kZ] 27 o"kZ esa gqvkA vr% ;g ;ksx dqN lkFkZd gS] fdarq lkFk gh ;g fu;e vuqekfur o"kksZa esa Hkh gSA 5-1-16 v"Ves'k yXu ds uoka'k esa gksdj lIre Hkko esa 'kqØ ds lkFk gks rks 33 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fookg gksrk gSA gekjs izk:iksa esa fdlh Hkh tkrd dh dq.Myh esa ;g ;ksx izkIr ugha gqvkA 5-1-17 'kqØ iape Hkko esa rFkk jkgq iape Hkko esa ;k uoe esa gks rks fookg 33 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx 29 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa gS ftudk fookg 23 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ o 28 o"kZ esa gqvk gSA bl ;ksx esa lkekU; ls dqN foyEc ls gh fookg gq, gSaA 5-1-18 r`rh; Hkko esa 'kqØ rFkk uoe Hkko esa lIres'k gks rks fookg 30 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx 2025 esa ls dsoy 6 tkrdksa dh dq.Mfy;ksa esa izkIr gqvkA 24 o"kZ] 27 o"kZ o 31 o"kZ dh vk;q esa budk fookg gqvk tks vuqekfur o"kksZa ls cgqr 79

vfèkd gS] fdarq la[;k de gksus ls bl fu;e dks iwjh rjg ls Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA 5-1-19 ,d ls lkr Hkkoksa esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 351 tkrd dk tUe gqvk ftudk fookg vuqekfur vk;q ls nsj esa vFkkZr 23 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ o 28 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa gh gqvk gSA 5-1-20 'kqHk xzg oØh u gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx 1188 tkrdksa dh dq.Mfy;ksa esa feyk] ftudk fookg vuqekfur o"kksZa esa 22] 23 o 25 o"kZ esa gh gqvk gSA 5-1-21 yXus'k cfy"B gksus ij fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx 925 tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa feyk ftuds fookg dk vuqikr 23 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ o 27 o"kZ gS tks vuqekfur o"kksZa ls vfèkd gSA vr% fookg nsj ls gqvk gSA 5-1-22 'kqØ o xq# vR;fèkd lehi gksa rFkk muds lkFk dksbZ vU; xzg u gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx 71 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;kas esa gS ftudk fookg 23] 24] 27 o"kksZa esa gqvk tks vuqekfur o"kksZa esa gh gSA 5-1-23 yXus'k o lIres'k vR;fèkd lehi gksa rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx 221 tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa fn[kkbZ fn;k gS rFkk bu tkrdksa dk fookg vuqekfur 22] 25 o 27 o"kkasZ esa gh gqvk gSA 5-1-24 lIres'k lIre Hkko esa gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 170 tkrdksa dk tUe gqvk rFkk budk fookg vuqekfur 22 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ o 27 o"kksZa esa gh gqvk gSA 5-1-25 yXus'k o 'kqØ vR;fèkd lehi gksa rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA 280 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa ;g ;ksx gS rFkk budk fookg vuqekfur 22 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ] 27 o"kksZa esa gqvk gSA

5-1-26 iape Hkko esa 'kqHk xzg gksa rFkk og lw;Z ls ihfM+r u gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 522 tkrdksa dk fookg gqvk gS rFkk budk fookg vuqekfur o"kksZa ls dqN nsj ls 23 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ o 27 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gqvk gSA 5-1-27 lw;Z prqFkZ Hkko esa gks rFkk xq# lIre esa gks ;k lIre Hkko dks ns[k jgk gks rks fookg 33 o"kZ esa gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 53 tkrdksa us tUe fy;k rFkk budk fookg 23 o"kZ] 25 o"kZ o 28 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gqvk tks vuqekfur o"kksZa ls foyEc ls gSA 5-1-28 ;fn iq#"k tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa iw.kZ panzek rFkk L=h tkrd dh dq.Mfy;ksa esa lw;Z izFke ls r`rh; Hkko esa ;k lIre ls uoe Hkko esa gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 1074 tkrdksa dk tUe gqvk rFkk mudk fookg vuqekfur o"kksZa ls foyEc ls 24 o"kZ] 26 o"kZ o 28 o"kZ esa gqvk gSA 5-1-29 'kqØ ty rRo jkf'k esa gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA gekjs izk:iksa esa 528 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa ;g ;ksx gS rFkk mudk fookg 23] 25] 27 o"kZ gh gS tks vuqekfur o"kksZa ds vkl&ikl gh gSA 5-1-30 iw.kZ panz lIre ;k iape esa gks rks fookg de vk;q esa gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 28 tkrdksa dk fookg gqvk rFkk budk fookg vuqekfur o"kksZa ls tYnh gqvk gS] fookg o"kZ 22] 23] 25 gaSA 5-1-31 izFke] lIre vFkok f}rh;] v"Ve esa v'kqHk xzg ¼eaxy] 'kfu½ gksa rks fookg foyEc ls gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 68 tkrdksa dk tUe gqvk gS rFkk buds fookg o"kZ 23] 26] 27 gSa tks vuqekfur o"kksZa ls dqN foyEc ls gSaA 5-1-32 'kqHk xzg oØh gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 939 tkrdkssa dk tUe gqvk ftudk fookg vuqekfur ls dqN foyEc ls gqvk gSA fookg o"kZ 23] 25] 28 gSaA 81

5-1-33 ;fn dq.Myh esa dqy nks"k gks rks fookg foyEc ls gksrk gSA 323 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa ;g ;ksx gS rFkk budk fookg o"kZ 22] 25] 27 gSa tks vuqekfur o"kksZa ds cjkcj gh gSaA 5-1-34 }kn'k Hkko nks izdkj ls ihfM+r gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 599 tkrdksa dk tUe gqvk ftudk fookg o"kZ gSa 22] 25] 27 gSa] ;s o"kZ vuqekfur gh gSaA 5-1-35 prqFkZ Hkko rhu izdkj ls ihfM+r gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 611 tkrdksa dk tUe gqvk gS ftudk fookg o"kZ 22] 25] 27 gSa tks vuqekfur o"kksZa ls tYnh gSaA vr% bl ;ksx esa fookg nsj ls ugha vfirq tYnh gq, gSaA 5-1-36 lw;Z] panz vR;fèkd lehi gksa ;k nksuksa ihfM+r gksa rks fookg o`)koLFkk esa gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa 221 tkrdksa dk tUe gqvk gS tks vuqekfur o"kZ 22] 23] 25 ds cjkcj gh gSA 5-1-37 'kfu tUe dq.Myh esa vfr cyh gks gks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA 195 tkrdksa dh dq.Mfy;ksa esa ;g ;ksx gS ftudk fookg o"kZ 22] 25] 27 gS tks vuqekfur o"kZ ds lehi gh gS] foyEc ls ugha gSA 5-1-38 iq#"k tkrd dh dq.Myh esa 'kqØ o L=h tkrd dh dq.Myh esa eaxy ihfM+r gks rks fookg foyEc ls gksrk gSA gekjs izk:iksa esa 376 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa ;g ;ksx gS rFkk budk fookg o"kZ 24] 26] 28 gS tks vuqekfur fookg o"kksZa ls vfèkd gSA vr% ;g ;ksx foyEc fookg ds fy, ekU; gSA 5-1-39 yXus'k }kn'k Hkko esa gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA 174 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Myh esa ;g ;ksx gSA budk fookg o"kZ 23] 25] 27 gS tks vuqekfur fookg o"kksZa ls dqN vfèkd gSA

5-1-40 lIres'k v"Ve esa ;k v"Ves'k lIre esa gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA 300 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa ;g ;ksx gS rFkk budk fookg o"kZ 22] 25] 27 gS tks vuqekfur o"kZ gh gSaA 5-1-41 yXus'k] lIres'k vkSj 'kqØ fucZy gksa rFkk os fLFkj jkf'k esa gksa o panz pj jkf'k esa gks rks fookg cgqr foyEc ls gksrk gSA ;g ;ksx dsoy ,d dq.Myh esa gS rFkk bldk fookg 21 o"kZ esa gqvk gS tks vuqekfur o"kZ ls de vk;q esa gqvk gS] vr% bldh fo'oluh;rk ij iz'u gSA 5-1-42 yXu rFkk lIre esa jkgq o 'kfu gks rFkk 'kqØ fucZy gks rks fookg nsj ls gksrk gSA bl ;ksx esa dsoy 12 tkrdksa dk tUe gqvk ftudk fookg o"kZ 23] 24] 26 gS tks vuqekfur o"kksZa ls dqN de gSA bl ;ksx esa mRiUu tkrdksa dk fookg foyEc ls ugha vuqekfur o"kksZa ls de vk;q esa gksrk gSA ;ksxksa }kjk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k ds ;gka 42 izdkj fy;s x;s gSa] ftuesa ls 23 ;ksx de vk;q esa fookg gksus ds gSaA bu 23 ;ksxksa esa ls 12 ;ksxksa esa fookg de vk;q dh vis{kk foyEc ls gqvk gS dsoy nks ;ksxksa esa fookg vuqekfur vk;q ds vuqlkj de vk;q esa gq, gSa rFkk 9 izdkj ds ;ksxksa esa fookg mfpr vk;q esa gh gqvk gSA foyEc ls fookg gksus ds 16 ;ksx ;gka fn;s x;s gSa bu 16 ;ksxksa esa ls 5 ;ksxksa esa fookg dqN foyEc ls ¼iw.kZr;k ;ksxkuqlkj ugha½ gq, gSa rFkk 3 ;ksxksa esa fookg de vk;q dh voLFkk esa rFkk 'ks"k ;ksxksa esa vuqekukuqlkj gh gq, gSaA

fu"d"kZ % fookg dky fuèkkZj.k ds mijksDr 42 ;ksxksa esa ls 11 ;ksx vkaf'kd :i ls fookgdky fuèkkZj.k esa lgh ik;s x;s gSaA mijksDr ;ksxksa esa ls 9 ;ksx foijhr voLFkk esa dk;Z djrs fn[kkbZ fn;s rFkk 'ks"k ;ksxksa esa fookg vuqekfur o"kksZa esa gh gqvkA ;ksxksa }kjk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k ds fu;eksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ls fofnr gqvk gS fd ;ksx fookg dky fuèkkZj.k dks fo'ks"k :i ls izHkkfor ugha djrs gSaA vr% ,d ek= ;ksxksa }kjk fookg dky dk fuèkkZj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA 83

5-2 xkspj }kjk fookg fuèkkZj.k ds fu;eksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k % 5-2-1 tc 'kqØ] yXus'k ;k lIres'k xkspj djrs gq, lIre Hkko dh jkf'k esa Hkze.k djrs gSa rks fookg gksrk gSA bl fu;e dks ij[kus ds fy, 2025 tkrdksa dh tUe dq.Mfy;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k x;k rFkk tks ifj.kke izkIr gq, os bl izdkj gSa % fookg le;] }kn'k Hkkoksa ij 'kqØ lIres'k o yXus'k dk xkspj ds ;ksxksa dh la[;k 4873 gSA bl izdkj bl ;ksx dh la[;k vkSlr esa izR;sd Hkko ij 406 gksuh pkfg,A lIre Hkko ij bu ;ksxksa dh la[;k vkSlr ls 1 de 405 gS vr% bl ;ksx dk fookg ds le; vyx ls dksbZ izHkko ugha ns[kk x;k gSA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 379 409 455 462 429 408 405 352 383 401 411 379

xzkQ 5-1 mijksDr rhuksa dk xkspj prqFkZ Hkko ij lokZfèkd 462 mlls de r`rh; Hkko ij 455 rFkk lcls de v"Ve Hkko ij 352 gSA lIre Hkko ij bu rhuksa dk xkspj vkSlr gh jgkA 5-2--2 'kqØ] yXus'k o lIres'k dk lIres'k ij ls xkspj fookg nsrk gSA mijksDr fu;e tkap ds ckn dqN Bhd izrhr gqvk gSA 2025 tUe dq.Mfy;ksa esa ,slh fLFkfr ds 4957 ;ksx cus gSa] izR;sd Hkko esa ftudh la[;k 413 gksuh pkfg, FkhA ;s ;ksx lIres'k fLFkr jkf'k esa 439 gSAa vr% ;g fu;e izHkkoh gSA ;|fi ;g fu;e iw.kZ :i ls izHkkoh ugha gS fQj Hkh lIres'k fLFkr jkf'k esa ;g la[;k 'ks"k lHkh Hkkos'kksa ls vfèkd jgh gSA dqy la[;k 4957 rFkk vkSlr 413 gSA 84

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 429 424 409 392 407 420 439 413 390 424 408 402

xzkQ 5-2 mijksDr rhuksa dk xkspj lIre Hkko esa lokZfèkd o uoe Hkko esa lcls de jgkA vr% ;g fu;e dqN izHkkoh jgk gSA 5-2-3 xq# tc tUe yXu ls lIre Hkkoxr jkf'k ij xkspj djs rks fookg gksrk gSA xq# dk xkspj 2025 tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa esa ns[kk x;k rks ik;k fd xq# tc lIre Hkko ij xkspj djs rks lokZfèkd fookg gksrs gSaA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 169 162 161 166 153 157 205 162 180 164 176 170

xzkQ 5-3 205 tkrdksa dk fookg xq# ds lIre Hkkoxr jkf'k ij xkspj djus ij gqvk tks vkSlr esa 169 gksuk pkfg,A vr% lIre Hkko ij xq# dk xkspj izHkkoh gSA Chi2-Test ds vkèkkj ij T;ksfr"k dk ;g fu;e izHkkoh jgkA 85

5-2-4 -xq# dk f=dks.k ij xkspj Hkze.k fookg nsrk gSA mijksDr rkfydk o xzkQ ls Li"V gS fd xq# us tc yXu ij xkspj fd;k rks 169 tkrdksa dk fookg gqvk] iape ij xkspj djus ij 153 rFkk uoe ij xkspj djus ij 180 tkrdksa dk fookg gqvk tks vkSlr esa 169 gksuk pkfg, FkkA vr% ;g fu;e dksbZ fo'ks"k :i ls dk;Z djrk gqvk ugha fn[kkbZ fn;kA 5-2-5 -xq# dk lIre Hkko ls f=dks.k ij xkspj fookg nsrk gSA mijksDr rkfydk ls fofnr gS fd tc xq# us lIre Hkko ij xkspj fd;k rks 205 fookg] ,dkn'k Hkko ij xkspj djus ls 176 rFkk r`rh; Hkko ij xkspj djus ij 161 fookg gq, gSaA lIre ls f=dks.k esa fookg dsoy lIre Hkko esa fookg ij xkspj gh izHkkoh jgk gS] ,dkn'k o r`rh; Hkko ij ughaA 5-2-6 yXus'k ftl jkf'k esa gks ;k ftl uoka'k esa gks mlls f=dks.k jkf'k esa tc xkspj Hkze.k ls 'kqØ vkrk gS ;k lIres'k vkrk gS rks fookg gksrk gSA Qynhfidk ds bl fl)kUr esa xzgksa dh vyx&vyx 12 fLFkfr;ka gSa tks bl izdkj ls gSa %

yXus'k fLFkr jkf'k ls 'kqØ izFke] iape o uoeA yXus'k dh jkf'k ls lIres'k izFke] iape o uoeA yXus'k ds uoka'k ls 'kqØ izFke] iape o uoeA yXus'k ds uoka'k ls lIres'k izFke] iape o uoeA izFke yXus'k dh jkf'k ij 'kqØ dk xkspj 159 yXus'k dh jkf'k ij lIres'k dk xkspj 166 yXus'k ds uoka'k ij 'kqØ dk xkspj 143 yXus'k ds uoka'k ij lIres'k dk xkspj 154

iape 175 177 184 191

uoe 146 175 190 179

mijksDr rkfydk esa dsoy yXus'k ds uoka'k ij 'kqØ dk xkspj uoe Hkko esa 190 rFkk yXus'k ds uoka'k ij lIres'k dk xkspj iape Hkko esa 191 bu nks fLFkfr;ksa esa dqN fookg dh vfèkdrk gS 'ks"k 10 fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g fu;e ykxw ugha gksrk D;ksafd vkSlr esa ;g la[;k 169 gSA vr% ;g fu;e vkaf'kd :i ls fookg dks izHkkfor djrk gSA 86

5-2-7 -yXus'k o lIres'k ds jkf'k o va'kksa dks tksM+us ij tks jkf'k o va'k vk, ml ij tc xkspj djrk gqvk xq# vk, rks fookg gksrk gSA bl fu;e ds vUrxZr 2025 esa ls dsoy 163 fookg gq, tks vkSlr esa 169 gksus pkfg, FksA vr% ;g fu;e izHkkoh ugha jgk gSA mijksDr lkr fu;e iwjh rjg ls fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d u gksdj dsoy vkaf'kd :i ls lgk;d gq, gSaA mijksDr fu;eksa dh tkap djrs gq, dqN vU; fu;e tks fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSa] n`f"Vxkspj gq, gSa ftudk fooj.k fuEu izdkj ls gS % lHkh xzgksa dk xkspj }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij ns[kk x;k ftldk ifj.kke fuEu izdkj ls gS %

5-2-8 xzgksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj lw;Z dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 830·08, Significance < ·1%

jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu vkSlr 169 279 147 128 74 61 101 78 401 81 284 285 106

xzkQ 5-4 tc lw;Z dk lHkh jkf'k;ksa ij vyx&vyx xkspj ns[kk x;k rks ;g fLFkfr Chi2Test ij iw.kZ :i ls [kjh ik;h xbZ gSA lw;Z dk o`f'pd] es"k] edj o dqEHk ij xkspj esa fookg vfèkd gq,A lokZfèkd fookg lw;Z ds o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj esa gq,A 87

;g blfy, Hkh laHko gS D;ksafd gekjs ikl uewus (Sample) mRrjh Hkkjr ds gSaA mRrjh Hkkjr esa fookg ds le; eqgwrZ dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA lw;Z dk jkf'k ij xkspj eqgwrZ dk fo"k; Hkh gSA ekSle dh vuqdwyrk o izfrdwyrk Hkh bldk ,d dkj.k gks ldrh gSA

panzek dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 139·01, Significance < ·1%

jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu vkSlr 169 148 184 138 94 174 247 204 120 189 181 118 228

xzkQ 5-5 tc panzek dk xkspj dU;k jkf'k ij gksrk gS rks lokZfèkd fookg rFkk ehu o rqyk jkf'k ij Hkh fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA ddZ] o`f'pd o dqEHk jkf'k esa tc panzek xkspj djrk gS rks de fookg gksrs gSaA ;g blfy, Hkh laHko gS fd fookg ds le; eqgwrkZuqlkj panzek ds u{k= dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA

eaxy dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 75·90, Significance < ·1%

jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu vkSlr 169 166 125 197 132 249 183 154 178 167 143 189 142

xzkQ 5-6 tc flag jkf'k ij eaxy xkspj djrk gS rks lokZfèkd fookg rFkk o`"k vkSj ddZ jkf'k ij eaxy ds xkspj esa fookg de gksrs gSaA eaxy ds xkspj dk eqgwrZ o vU; dkj.kksa ls dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA Chi2_Test esa ;g fu;e izHkkoh gSA

cqèk dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 473·06, Significance < ·1%

jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu vkSlr 169 224 110 122 74 83 75 145 300 301 333 178 180

xzkQ 5-7 cqèk dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa esa xkspj fookg esa izHkkoh gksrk gSA cqèk tc edj] èkuq] o`f'pd o es"k jkf'k esa xkspj djs rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSa D;ksfd cqèk lw;Z ds vkl&ikl gksus ls rFkk lw;Z dk eqgwrZ ls lEcUèk gksus ds dkj.k ;g laHko gks ldrk gSA

c`gLifr dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 273·34, Significance < ·1%

jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu vkSlr 169 178 166 193 192 343 179 94 124 183 128 109 136

xzkQ 5-8 xq# tc flag jkf'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks lokZfèkd fookg nsrk gSA xq# ds xkspj dk eqgwrZ 'kkL= ls dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA eqgwrZ'kkL=kuqlkj ;fn xq# lw;Z dh jkf'k ij xkspj djs ;k lw;Z xq# dh jkf'k ij xkspj djs rks fookg oftZr dgk x;k gSA tc xq# dk xkspj flag jkf'k ij gqvk rks ;g la[;k 169 ds LFkku ij 343 gSA vr% ;g fu;e fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa izHkkoh gSA

'kqØ dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 287·93, Significance < ·1%

jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu vkSlr 169 130 189 131 96 82 85 228 121 270 228 147 318

xzkQ 5-9 'kqØ dk xkspj tc ehu o èkuq jkf'k ij gksrk gS rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSa rFkk ddZ] flag o dU;k jkf'k ds xkspj ij fookg de gksrs gSaA bldk lacaèk Hkh eqgwŸkkZuqlkj fookg esa lw;Z jkf'k gks ldrk gSA 'kqØ Hkh lw;Z ds vkl&ikl ¼vfèkd ls vfèkd 48 va'kksa dh nwjh rd) gh jgrk gSA 'kqØ dk xkspj jkf'k;ksa ij izHkkoh gSA

'kfu dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 254·16, Significance < ·1%

jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu vkSlr 169 119 157 181 134 253 248 256 221 116 154 74 112

xzkQ 5-10 'kfu dk xkspj flag] dU;k o rqyk jkf'k esa fookg vfèkd rFkk dqEHk o ehu jkf'k esa fookg de nsrk gSA 'kfu dk fookg eqgwrZ ls dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA 'kfu dk xkspj jkf'k;ksa ij izHkkoh gSA 91

jkgq dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 160·99, Significance < ·1%

jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu vkSlr 169 142 151 96 124 251 122 188 209 247 149 199 112

xzkQ 5-11 jkgq dk xkspj flag o èkuq jkf'k esa vfèkd o feFkqu esa de fookg nsrk gSA

dsrq dk fofHkUu jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 160·99, Significance < ·1%

jkf'k es"k o`"k feFkq ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'p èkuq edj dqEHk ehu vkSlr 169 188 209 247 149 199 147 142 151 96 124 251 122

xzkQ 5-12 dsrq jkgq ls 180 va'k dh nwjh ij gksus ls feFkqu o dqEHk jkf'k esa fookg vfèkd rFkk èkuq jkf'k esa de fookg gksrs gSaA 92

mijksDr ls fofnr gS fd xzgksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij ls xkspj iw.kZ :i ls fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa izHkkoh gksrk gSA

5-2-9 lHkh xzgksa dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj xq# ;k 'kqØ tc lIre Hkko ij xkspj djrs gSa rks fookg gksrk gS] bl fu;e dh tkap djus ds fy, geus lHkh xzgksa dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj ns[kk rks tks ifj.kke vk, os bl izdkj gSa& izR;sd Hkko ij xzg dk xkspj djus ij vkSlru 169 fookg gksrs gSaA

lw;Z dk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 27·27, Significance < 1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 182 156 193 200 176 194 164 137 161 167 150 145

xzkQ 5-13 lw;Z dk xkspj r`rh;] prqFkZ o "k"B Hkko ij gksus ls fookg vfèkd rFkk v"Ve Hkko ij xkspj ls fookg cgqr de gksrs gSaA prqFkZ Hkko ij lokZfèkd fookg gksrs gSaA lw;Z ds lIre Hkko ij xkspj djus dk fookg ls dksbZ fo'ks"k lEcUèk ugha gSA lw;Z dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2-Test esa izHkkoh gSA

panzek dk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 20·90, Significance < 5%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 180 169 150 178 192 181 161 146 184 156 138 186

xzkQ 5-14 pUnzek tc ikaposa] "k"B] uoe o }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd rFkk ,dkn'k Hkko ij xkspj djus ij fookg de gksrs gSaA pUnzek dk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj Hkh Chi2-Test esa izHkkoh gSA

eaxy dk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 05·97, Significance No

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 153 176 181 176 167 172 165 159 153 170 179 174

xzkQ 5-15 94

eaxy dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj fookg fuèkkZj.k esa dksbZ lg;ksx ugha djrkA uoe o izFke Hkko ij eaxy dk xkspj fookg de nsrk gSA ;g Chi2-Test esa vfo'oluh; gSA

cqèk dk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 21·19, Significance < 5%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 160 188 183 183 192 187 176 139 157 153 159 148

xzkQ 5-16 cqèk dk xkspj f}rh;] iape] "k"B Hkkoksa esa fookg vfèkd rFkk v"Ve Hkko esa fookg fo'ks"k de nsrk gSA Chi2-Test esa izHkkoh gSA

xq# dk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 12·22, Significance < 50%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 169 162 161 166 153 157 205 162 180 164 176 170

xzkQ 5-17 xq# dk lIre Hkko ij xkspj lokZfèkd fookg nsrk gS rFkk ;g Chi2-Test esa izHkkoh gSA

'kqØ dk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 22·41, Significance < 2·5%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 157 198 190 188 191 160 173 149 159 150 164 146

xzkQ 5-18 'kqØ dk xkspj f}rh;] r`rh;] prqFkZ o iape Hkko ij gksus ls fookg vfèkd rFkk 'ks"k Hkkoksa ij gksus ls fookg de gksrs gSaA Chi2-Test esa izHkkoh gSA 'kqØ ds lIre Hkko ij xkspj djus ls fookg dk dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA

'kfu dk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 10·96, Significance < 50%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 184 165 173 178 156 153 185 148 156 174 183 170

xzkQ 5-19 'kfu yXu] lIre o ,dkn'k Hkko esa fookg vfèkd nsrk gS ijUrq ;g Chi2-Test esa izHkkoh ugha gSA

jkgq dk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 10·04, Significance No

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 172 187 165 172 151 178 161 181 164 176 174 144

xzkQ 5-20 jkgq dk }kn'k Hkkoksa esa xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa izk;% izHkkoghu jgkA 97

dsrq dk }kn'k Hkko ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 10·04, Significance No

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 161 181 164 176 174 144 172 187 165 172 151 178

xzkQ 5-21 dsrq dk }kn'k Hkkoksa esa xkspj Hkh fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa izk;% izHkkoghu jgkA

5-2-10 xzgksa dk xzgksa ij ls xkspj tc dksbZ xzg xkspj djrk gqvk tUe yXu fLFkr xzg ij igqaprk gS rks D;k og fookg esa lgk;d gS\ ;g tkapus ds fy, izR;sd xzg dk izR;sd xzg ij xkspj dk ifj.kke fuEu izdkj ls gS %

lw;Z dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj lw;Z dk lHkh xzgksa dk xkspj gekjs 2025 uewuksa esa 1501 fLFkfr;ka cukrk gS D;ksafd dHkh&dHkh ,d ls vfèkd xzg ,d Hkko esa ,d= gksrs gSaA lw;Z dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj dk vkSlr 166 gSA dsrq ij lw;Z dk xkspj fookg vfèkd nsrk gSA Chi2 _Test 8·54, Significance < 50%

lw;Z 151

panz 158

eaxy 154

cqèk 165

xq# 181

'kqØ 153

'kfu 177

jkgq 177

dsrq 185

xzkQ 5-22 lw;Z dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj fookg fuèkkZj.k esa dksbZ fo'ks"k lgk;d ugha jgkA

panzek dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj panzek dh lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj dh fLFkfr 1490 Fkh tks vkSlr esa izR;sd xzg ij 165 gSaA Chi2 _Test 3·08, Significance No

lw;Z 174

panz 152

eaxy 169

cqèk 174

xq# 163

'kqØ 174

'kfu 161

jkgq 157

xzkQ 5-23 panzek dk fdlh Hkh xzg ij xkspj fookg esa lgk;d ugha jgkA

eaxy dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj eaxy ds lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj dh dqy fLFkfr 1470 o vkSlr 163 gSA 99

dsrq 166

Chi2 _Test 7·61, Significance < 50%

lw;Z 160

panz 169

eaxy 170

cqèk 148

xq# 173

'kqØ 165

'kfu 140

jkgq 165

dsrq 180

xzkQ 5-24 eaxy dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj ;|fi fookg esa dksbZ fo'ks"k lgk;d ughsa gS fQj Hkh tc og 'kfu ij ls xkspj djrk gS rks fookg cgqr de gksrs gSaA

cqèk dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj cqèk dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj dh dqy fLFkfr 1460 o vkSlr esa 162 gSA Chi2 _Test 4·73, Significance No

lw;Z 157

panz 154

eaxy 147

cqèk 160

xq# 164

xzkQ 5-25 cqèk dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj izHkkoghu gSA 100

'kqØ 157

'kfu 171

jkgq 174

dsrq 176

xq# dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj xq# dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj dh dqy fLFkfr 1664 o vkSlr 185 gSA Chi2 _Test 25·97, Significance < 1%

lw;Z 205

panz 160

eaxy 184

cqèk 196

xq# 232

'kqØ 194

'kfu 171

jkgq 164

dsrq 158

xzkQ 5-26 xq# tc xq# ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA xq# dk lw;Z ij ls xkspj Hkh fookg vfèkd nsrk gSA

'kqØ dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj 'kqØ dk lHkh xzgkas ij ls xkspj dh dqy fLFkfr 1483 o vkSlr 165 gSaA Chi2 _Test 6·47, Significance No

lw;Z 152

panz 163

eaxy 183

cqèk 153

xq# 167

101

'kqØ 182

'kfu 162

jkgq 154

dsrq 167

xzkQ 5-27 'kqØ dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj dk dksbZ izHkko ugha gSA

'kfu dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj 'kfu dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj dh dqy fLFkfr 1738 o vkSlr 193 gSA Chi2 _Test 70·14, Significance < ·1%

lw;Z 160

panz 174

eaxy 213

cqèk 186

xq# 182

'kqØ 164

'kfu 296

jkgq 180

dsrq 183

xzkQ 5-28 'kfu dk 'kfu ij ls xkspj fookg vfèkd rFkk lw;Z ij ls xkspj fookg de nsrk gSA

jkgq dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj jkgq dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj dh dqy fLFkfr 1657 o vkSlr 184 gSA

102

Chi2 _Test 114·05 Significance < ·1%

lw;Z 157

panz 166

eaxy 178

cqèk 182

xq# 186

'kqØ 149

'kfu 177

jkgq 185

dsrq 277

xzkQ 5-29 jkgq dk dsrq ij ls xkspj fookg vfèkd nsrk gSA

dsrq dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj dsrq dk lHkh xzgksa ij ls xkspj dh dqy fLFkfr 1555 o vkSlr 193 gSA Chi2 _Test 116·19, Significance < ·1%

lw;Z 168

panz 165

eaxy 162

cqèk 182

xq# 199

'kqØ 166

xzkQ 5-30 dsrq dk jkgq ij ls xkspj lokZfèkd fookg nsrk gSA

103

'kfu 151

jkgq 277

dsrq 85

rhozxkeh xzg lw;Z] panz] cqèk] 'kqØ o eaxy tc vU; xzgksa ij xkspj djrs gSa rks mudk izHkko fookg dky fuèkkZj.k ij dksbZ fo'ks"k ugha gS rFkk 'kfu tc 'kfu ij ls xkspj djrk gS] xq# tc xq# ij xkspj djrk gS] jkgq tc dsrq ij xkspj djrk gS o dsrq tc jkgq ij ls xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA ;g blfy, Hkh lEHko gS fd fookg vfèkdrj izk;% 24 o"kZ ls 30 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gksrs gSaA 'kfu] xq#] jkgq o dsrq ds xkspj esa fookg vfèkd blh ij fuHkZj gSA

5-2-11 xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj lw;Z dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 3·17, Significance No

Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr lw;Z 160 159 166 159 157 158 170 163 162 164 170 181 164

xzkQ 5-31 lw;Z }kn'ks'k ij dqN fookg vfèkd nsrk gSA lw;Z dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj fo'ks"k izHkkoh ugha gSA

panzek dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 12·41, Significance < 50%

Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr panzek 160 182 172 171 165 188 168 153 185 159 165 140 160

104

xzkQ 5-32 panzek "k"Bs'k ij fookg vfèkd o }kn'ks'k ij fookg de nsrk gSA panzek dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj dk dqN izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA

eaxy dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 11·51, Significance < 50%

Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr eaxy 167 161 148 177 159 139 182 172 153 163 146 154 160

xzkQ 5-33 eaxy dk xkspj tc lIres'k ij gksrk gS rks fookg vfèkd o "k"Bs'k ij xkspj fookg de nsrk gSA

105

cqèk dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 7·73, Significance No

Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr cqèk 174 162 151 144 148 156 153 153 169 156 165 178 159

xzkQ 5-34 cqèk dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj izHkkoh ugha gSA

c`gLifr dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 9·33, Significance No

Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr xq# 192 180 179 221 194 184 193 208 192 190 206 180 193

xzkQ 5-35 c`gLifr dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj izHkkoh ugha gksrk gS fdarq tc c`gLifr prqFksZ'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd vo'; gksrs gSaA 106

'kqØ dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 6·07, Significance No

Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 'kqØ 159 185 167 157 183 165 158 162 159 166 173 173 167

xzkQ 5-36 'kqØ dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj izHkkoh ugha gksrk gS ijarq tc 'kqØ f}rh;s'k o iapes'k ij xkspj djrs gSa rks fookg dqN vfèkd gksrs gSaA

'kfu dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 6·21, Significance No

Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 'kfu 192 190 202 194 227 210 202 206 193 205 190 205 201

xzkQ 5-37

107

'kfu ij Hkkos'kksa dk xkspj izHkkoh ugha gSA 'kfu ds xkspj dk dqN izHkko iapes'k ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

jkgq dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 6·49, Significance No

Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr jkgq 177 175 174 190 186 169 159 148 158 171 180 180 172

xzkQ 5-38 jkgq dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj izHkkoh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSA jkgq iapes'k ij tc xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd o v"Ves'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg de gksrs gSaA

dsrq dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 9·77, Significance No

Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr dsrq 152 165 167 173 169 181 171 176 201 170 156 172 171

xzkQ 5-39 108

dsrq dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj izHkkoh ugha gSA dsrq dk uoes'k ij xkspj dk izHkko dqN fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;|fi fd xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko ugha nsrk rFkkfi 'kfu o c`gLifr dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa izHkkoh fn[kkbZ fn;k gSA lw;Z tc }kn'ks'k ij] panz "k"Bs'k ij] eaxy lIres'k ij] cqèk }kn'ks'k ij] xq# prqFksZ'k ij] 'kqØ f}rh;s'k ij] 'kfu iapes'k ij] jkgq prqFksZ'k ij rFkk dsrq uoes'k ij xkspj djs rks fookg dqN vfèkd gksrs gSaA

5-2-12 Hkkos'kksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj }kn'k Hkkoksa ds Lokfe;ksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2-Test ij [kjk ik;kA dqy 2025 o vkSlr 169

yXus'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 68·26, Significance < 1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 153 133 155 109 174 155 178 217 198 220 159 174

xzkQ 5-40 yXus'k tc o`f'pd] edj o èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd rFkk ddZ o o`"k jkf'k ij fookg de gksrs gSaA

109

f}rh;s'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 27·51, Significance < ·1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 165 167 180 123 176 158 169 184 176 210 154 163

xzkQ 5-41 f}rh;s'k dk edj jkf'k ij xkspj fookg esa lgk;d rFkk ddZ jkf'k ij ckèkd ik;k x;kA

r`rh;s'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 33·24, Significance < ·1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 167 167 180 113 181 158 184 190 173 195 138 171

xzkQ 5-42

110

r`rh;s'k dk xkspj edj o o`f'pd jkf'k esa fookg esa lgk;d rFkk ddZ o dqEHk esa ckèkd ik;k x;kA

prqFksZ'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 42·73, Significance < 1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 154 165 159 113 197 172 177 190 186 175 136 201

xzkQ 5-43 prqFksZ'k dk xkspj flag] o`f'pd] ehu ij lgk;d rFkk ddZ vkSj dqEHk ij ckèkd ik;k x;kA

iapes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 14·40, Significance < 30%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 190 164 157 148 177 160 173 176 189 182 145 164

111

xzkQ 5-44 iapes'k dk xkspj es"k o èkuq esa lgk;d rFkk ddZ vkSj dqEHk esa ckèkd ik;k x;kA

"k"Bs'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 37·48, Significance < ·1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 176 160 168 125 203 148 158 212 171 182 147 175

xzkQ 5-45 "k"Bs'k dk xkspj flag o o`f'pd esa lgk;d rFkk ddZ vkSj dqEHk esa ckèkd ik;k x;kA

112

lIres'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 68·41, Significance < ·1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 183 158 173 108 231 147 161 209 178 184 137 156

xzkQ 5-46 lIres'k dk xkspj flag o o`f'pd esa lgk;d rFkk ddZ o dqaHk esa ckèkd ik;k x;kA

v"Ves'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 45·01, Significance < ·1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 199 146 158 115 201 151 169 186 176 203 152 169

xzkQ 5-47 v"Ves'k dk xkspj es"k] flag] o`f'pd o edj esa lgk;d rFkk ddZ vkSj dqEHk esa ckèkd ik;k x;kA 113

uoes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 53·06, Significance < ·1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 145 148 156 119 190 152 163 198 170 223 165 196

xzkQ 5-48 uoes'k dk xkspj flag] o`f'pd] edj o ehu esa lgk;d rFkk ddZ esa ckèkd ik;k x;kA

n'kes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 67·27, Significance < ·1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 187 125 158 115 172 182 179 223 154 213 143 174

xzkQ 5-49 n'kes'k dk xkspj o`f'pd o edj esa lgk;d rFkk o`"k] ddZ vkSj dqEHk esa ckèkd ik;k x;kA 114

,dkn'ks'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 53·56, Significance < ·1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 176 154 141 112 176 159 155 212 186 212 157 185

xzkQ 5-50 ,dkn'ks'k dk xkspj o`f'pd o edj esa lgk;d rFkk ddZ esa ckèkd ik;k x;kA

}kn'ks'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 72·13, Significance < ·1%

es"k o`"k feFkqu ddZ flag dU;k rqyk o`f'pd èkuq edj dqEHk ehu 166 138 129 124 177 146 170 212 187 238 164 174

xzkQ 5-51 }kn'ks'k dk xkspj o`f'pd o edj esa lgk;d rFkk o`"k] feFkqu vkSj ddZ esa ckèkd ik;k x;kA 115

mijksDr ls fofnr gS fd lHkh Hkkos'k flag] o`f'pd o edj jkf'k esa tc xkspj djrs gSa rks fookg nsrs gSa rFkk ddZ jkf'k ij xkspj djus ij fookg esa lgk;d ugha gSa rFkk dqEHk ds xkspj esa Hkh fookg dh ek=k de gSA

5-2-13 Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj dk izHkko fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa iw.kZ :i ls lgk;d ik;k x;k rFkk bl ij Chi2-Test 99·9% ykxw gqvkA

yXus'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 59·77, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 142 136 162 181 176 228 208 181 171 167 156 117

xzkQ 5-52 tc yXus'k "k"B o lIre Hkko ij xkspj dj jgk Fkk rks fookg vfèkd 228 rFkk }kn'k] yXu o f}rh; Hkkoksa ij xkspj dj jgk Fkk rks fookg de gq,A dqy la[;k] 2025] vkSlr 169A

f}rh;s'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 79·64, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 115 147 121 181 187 149 233 170 193 185 203 141

116

xzkQ 5-53 f}rh;s'k tc lIre Hkko ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd rFkk yXu o r`rh; Hkko esa fookg de gksrs gSaA

r`rh;s'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 53·95, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 146 143 151 121 161 196 179 196 181 206 205 140

xzkQ 5-54 r`rh;s'k n'ke o ,dkn'k Hkko esa fookg vfèkd o prqFkZ Hkko esa fookg de nsrk gSA

117

prqFkZs'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 63·06, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 197 162 120 147 112 162 195 157 206 178 189 198

xzkQ 5-55 prqFksZ'k tc uoe] }kn'k o yXu ij xkspj djs rks fookg vfèkd rFkk f}rh; o iape Hkko ds xkspj ij fookg de gksrs gSaA

iapes'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 62·12, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 206 166 157 125 139 135 164 177 153 224 170 209

xzkQ 5-56 iapes'k tc n'ke] }kn'k o yXu ij xkspj dj jgk gks rks fookg vfèkd rFkk prqFkZ] "k"B o iape Hkko ij xkspj esa fookg de gksrs gaSA 118

"k"Bs'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 57·35, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 185 219 199 158 116 143 154 138 159 186 198 170

xzkQ 5-57 "k"Bs'k tc f}rh;] r`rh; o ,dkn'k Hkko ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd rFkk iape o v"Ve Hkko ij xkspj djus ij fookg de gksrs gSaA

lIres'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 79·48, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 170 187 222 203 177 120 137 119 150 160 177 211

xzkQ 5-58 lIres'k tc r`rh;] prqFkZ o }kn'k Hkko esa xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd rFkk v"Ve] "k"B o lIre Hkko ij fookg de nsrk gSA 119

v"Ves'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 81·88, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 222 172 197 228 169 174 123 117 134 145 166 178

xzkQ 5-59 v"Ves'k prqFkZ o yXu esa fookg vfèkd rFkk lIre] v"Ve o uoe esa fookg de nsrk gSA

uoes'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 115·23, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 172 227 195 222 219 144 183 101 132 114 156 160

xzkQ 5-60 uoes'k tc f}rh;] prqFkZ] iape Hkko ij xkspj djs rks fookg vfèkd rFkk v"Ve] uoe o n'ke Hkko esa xkspj djus ij fookg de gksrs gSaA 120

n'kes'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 111·96, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 164 157 245 184 224 215 173 150 118 120 127 148

xzkQ 5-61 n'kes'k tc r`rh;] iape o "k"B Hkko ij xkspj djs rks fookg vfèkd rFkk uoe] n'ke o ,dkn'k Hkko ij xkspj djs rks fookg de nsrk gSA

,dkn'ks'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 104·40, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 156 190 168 252 178 210 185 128 178 102 144 134

xzkQ 5-62 ,dkn'ks'k tc prqFkZ o "k"B Hkko ij xkspj djs rks fookg vfèkd rFkk n'ke Hkko ij xkspj djs rks fookg de nsrk gSA 121

}kn'ks'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 82·15, Significance < ·1%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 131 197 182 158 228 160 199 161 180 159 119 141

xzkQ 5-63 }kn'ks'k tc iape o lIre Hkko ij xkspj djs rks fookg vfèkd rFkk ,dkn'k] }kn'k o yXu ij xkspj djs rks fookg de nsrk gSA lHkh Hkkos'kksa dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj dk vè;;u djus ij fofnr gqvk fd lHkh Hkkos'k tc vius Hkko ij xkspj dj jgs gksrs gSa rks fookg esa ckèkd rFkk tc os vius Hkko ls lIre ;k lIre ds vkl&ikl gksrs gS rks fookg esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA

5-2-14 Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa ij ls xkspj yXus'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 4·80, Significance No

Hkkos'k yXus'k

lw;Z 180

pUnz eaxy cqèk 176 163 177

xq# 185

122

'kqØ 'kfu 184 172

jkgq 153

dsrq vkSlr 174 173

xzkQ 5-64 yXus'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj izHkkoh ugha gSA yXus'k dk jkgq ij xkspj fookg de nsrk gSA

f}rh;s'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 4·41, Significance No

Hkkos'k f}rh;s'k

lw;Z 165

pUnz eaxy cqèk 163 189 176

xq# 190

'kqØ 'kfu 170 180

xzkQ 5-65 f}rh;s'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj izHkkoh ugha gksrk gSA

123

jkgq 167

dsrq vkSlr 172 175

r`rh;s'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 7·48, Significance < 50%

Hkkos'k r`rh;s'k

lw;Z 167

pUnz eaxy cqèk 164 182 165

xq# 185

'kqØ 'kfu 198 188

jkgq 162

dsrq vkSlr 183 177

xzkQ 5-66 r`rh;s'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj dqN izHkkoh gksrk gS D;ksafd tc og 'kfu ij ls xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA

prqFksZ'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 6·92, Significance No

Hkkos'k prqFkZs'k

lw;Z 171

pUnz eaxy cqèk 169 162 166

xq# 190

'kqØ 'kfu 190 198

jkgq 176

dsrq vkSlr 175 177

xzkQ 5-67 prqFksZ'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj izHkkoh ugha gS fdarq tc og 'kfu ij xkspj djs rks dqN vfèkd fookg gksrs gSaA 124

iapes'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 10·83, Significance < 30%

Hkkos'k iapes'k

lw;Z 172

pUnz eaxy cqèk 156 196 167

xq# 158

'kqØ 'kfu 164 199

jkgq 179

dsrq vkSlr 179 177

xzkQ 5-68 iapes'k dk 'kfu o eaxy ij xkspj fookg esa izHkkoh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

"k"Bss'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 15·70, Significance < 5%

Hkkos'k "k"Bs'k

lw;Z 162

pUnz eaxy cqèk 138 174 192

xq# 182

'kqØ 'kfu 162 196

xzkQ 5-69 "k"Bs'k dk 'kfu o cqèk ij xkspj fookg vfèkd nsrk gSA

125

jkgq 158

dsrq vkSlr 153 168

lIres'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 16·33, Significance < 5%

Hkkos'k lIres'k

lw;Z 151

pUnz eaxy cqèk 154 153 149

xq# 195

'kqØ 'kfu 168 196

jkgq 169

dsrq vkSlr 181 168

jkgq 174

dsrq vkSlr 146 167

xzkQ 5-70 lIres'k dk 'kfu o xq# ij xkspj dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

v"Ves'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 8·14, Significance < 50%

Hkkos'k v"Ves'k

lw;Z 172

pUnz eaxy cqèk 156 181 150

xq# 179

'kqØ 'kfu 171 176

xzkQ 5-71 v"Ves'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

126

uoes'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 6·46, Significance No

Hkkos'k uoes'k

lw;Z 164

pUnz eaxy cqèk 169 182 171

xq# 179

'kqØ 'kfu 149 191

jkgq 173

dsrq vkSlr 172 172

xzkQ 5-72 ;|fi uoes'k dk xzgksa ij ls xkspj dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkkoh ugha gS rFkkfi tc og 'kfu ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd o 'kqØ ij xkspj djus ls fookg de gksrs gSaA

n'kes'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 6·73, Significance No

Hkkos'k n'kes'k

lw;Z 159

pUnz eaxy cqèk 161 159 167

xq# 171

'kqØ 'kfu 176 181

jkgq 171

dsrq vkSlr 196 171

xzkQ 5-73 n'kes'k dk dsrq ij xkspj fookg vfèkd nsrk gSA n'kes'k dk 'ks"k xzgksa ij xkspj izHkkoghu gSA 127

,dn'ks'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 5·32, Significance No

Hkkos'k lw;Z ,dkn'ks'k 163

pUnz eaxy cqèk 167 176 179

xq# 190

'kqØ 'kfu 155 169

jkgq 168

dsrq vkSlr 160 173

xzkQ 5-74 ,dkn'ks'k dk xzgksa ij ls xkspj izHkkoh ugha gS ijarq tc og c`gLifr ij xkspj djrk gS rks mldk dqN izHkko fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA

}kn'ks'k dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 8·13, Significance < 50%

Hkkos'k }kn'ks'k

lw;Z 167

pUnz eaxy cqèk 177 200 166

xq# 176

xzkQ 5-75 }kn'ks'k dk eaxy ij xkspj izHkkoh gksrk gSA 128

'kqØ 'kfu 155 172

jkgq 158

dsrq vkSlr 178 172

Hkkos'kksa dk fofHkUu xzgksa ij ls xkspj dk izHkko fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa dksbZ fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ ugha jgkA ekU;rkvksa ds vuqlkj ftl izdkj lIres'k dk xkspj 'kqØ ij fookg dkjd ekuk x;k gS og izHkkoghu ik;k x;kA tc Hkkos'k 'kfu ij xkspj djrs gSa rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA prqFksZ'k] iapes'k] "k"Bs'k] lIres'k o uoes'k us tc Hkh 'kfu ij ls xkspj fd;k fookg vfèkd gq,A lIres'k us tc xq# ij ls xkspj fd;k rks fookg vfèkd gq,A blh izdkj "k"Bs'k dk panz ij] r`rh;s'k dk 'kqØ ij] n'kes'k dk dsrq ij] }kn'ks'k dk tc eaxy ij xkspj gqvk rks fookg vfèkd gq, gSaA

5-2-15 Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj yXus'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 15·45, Significance < ·20%

Hkkos'k yXus'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 212 175 170 150 157 179 171 174 177 184 177 192 176

xzkQ 5-76 yXus'k dk yXus'k ij tc xkspj gqvk rks fookg vfèkd gq, gSaA

f}rh;s'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 8·40, Significance No

Hkkos'k f}rh;s'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 182 190 187 172 186 201 184 178 160 181 174 161 179

129

xzkQ 5-77 f}rh;s'k dk "k"Bs'k ij ls xkspj fookg esa izHkkoh gksrk gSA

r`rh;s'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 8·57, Significance No

Hkkos'k r`rh;s'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 168 176 186 187 182 167 179 181 194 168 172 207 180

xzkQ 5-78 r`rh;s'k dk }kn'ks'k ij xkspj izHkkoh gSA

prqFksZ'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 10·76, Significance < 50%

Hkkos'k prqFksZ'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 174 176 170 210 198 160 182 175 169 177 181 180 179

130

xzkQ 5-79 prqFksZ'k dk prqFksZ'k ij xkspj dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

iapes'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 15·93, Significance < ·20%

Hkkos'k iapes'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 179 150 162 195 209 175 161 182 163 171 172 177 175

xzkQ 5-80 iapes'k dk xkspj tc iape ij gksrk gS rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA

"k"Bs'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 4·68, Significance No

Hkkos'k "k"Bs'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 165 175 167 171 185 182 180 189 181 163 170 184 176 131

xzkQ 5-81 "k"Bs'k tc v"Ves'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA

lIres'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 21·70, Significance < 5%

Hkkos'k lIres'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 166 177 164 172 166 180 218 167 150 165 151 151 169

xzkQ 5-82 lIres'k tc lIres'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA

v"Ves'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 20·33, Significance < 5%

Hkkos'k v"Ves'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 170 170 160 165 154 161 183 213 178 146 184 158 170 132

xzkQ 5-83 v"Ves'k tc v"Ves'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA

uoes'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 10·05, Significance No

Hkkos'k uoes'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 168 191 161 167 171 176 153 172 200 175 177 166 173

xzkQ 5-84 uoes'k dk uoes'k ij xkspj izHkkoh gksrk gSA

n'kes'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 7·82, Significance No

Hkkos'k n'kes'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 167 158 166 174 174 157 170 158 163 195 181 165 169 133

xzkQ 5-85 n'kes'k dk xkspj tc n'kes'k ij gksrk gS rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA

,dn'ks'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 4·13, Significance < No

Hkkos'k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr ,dkn'ks'k 157 179 168 174 184 159 168 177 173 177 178 174 172

xzkQ 5-86 ,dkn'ks'k dk xkspj Hkkos'kksa ij izHkkoh ugha gSA

}kn'ks'k dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 7·15, Significance No

Hkkos'k }kn'ks'k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 180 180 171 179 178 157 165 152 171 181 178 190 173 134

xzkQ 5-87 }kn'ks'k dk }kn'ks'k ij xkspj izHkkoh gksrk gSA Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij ls xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko nsus okyk fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk fdUrq tc Hkkos'k Lo;a ij ls xkspj djrs gSa rks os fookg dkjd gksrs gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls dsUnzs'k o f=dks.ks'k tc vius Åij ls xkspj djs rFkk v"Ves'k vius Åij ls xkspj djs rks fookg esa lgk;d gSA lIres'k dk lIres'k ij xkspj lokZfèkd fookg nsrk gSA

5-2-16 Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk es"k jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 17·20, Significance < 20%

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 153 165 167 154 190 176 183 199 145 187 176 166 172

xzkQ 5-88 v"Ves'k dk es"k jkf'k dk xkspj fookg esa izHkkoh gSA 135

Hkkos'kksa dk o`"k jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 14·49, Significance < 30%

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 133 167 167 165 164 160 158 146 148 125 154 138 152

xzkQ 5-89 n'kes'k tc o`"k jkf'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks og fookg esa ckèkd gSA

Hkkos'kksa dk feFkqu jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 15·11, Significance < 20%

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 155 180 180 159 157 168 173 158 156 158 141 129 159

xzkQ 5-90 f}rh;s'k o r`rh;s'k tc feFkqu jkf'k ij xkspj djsa rks fookg esa lgk;d rFkk }kn'ks'k o ,dkn'ks'k ij tc feFkqu jkf'k ij xkspj djsa rks os fookg esa ckèkd gksrs gSAa 136

Hkkos'kksa dk ddZ jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 10·87, Significance < 50%

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 109 123 113 113 148 125 108 115 119 115 112 124 118

xzkQ 5-91 iapes'k tc ddZ jkf'k ij xkspj djs rks fookg esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

Hkkos'kksa dk flag jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 17·87, Significance < 10%

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 174 176 181 197 177 203 231 201 190 172 176 177 188

xzkQ 5-92 lIres'k tc flag jkf'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg esa lgk;d gSA

137

Hkkos'kksa dk dU;k jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 7·82, Significance No

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 155 158 158 172 160 148 147 151 152 182 159 146 157

xzkQ 5-93 n'kes'k dk dU;k jkf'k ij xkspj fookg esa izHkkoh gSA

Hkkos'kksa dk rqyk jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 5·29, Significance No

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 178 169 184 177 173 158 161 169 163 179 155 170 169

xzkQ 5-94

138

r`rh;s'k dk rqyk ij xkspj fookg esa lgk;d rFkk "k"Bs'k o ,dkn'ks'k dk rqyk ij xkspj ckèkd gksrk gSA

Hkkos'kksa dk o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 12·73, Significance < 50%

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 217 184 190 190 176 212 209 186 198 223 212 212 200

xzkQ 5-95 yXus'k o ,dkn'ks'k tc o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj djrs gSa rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA

Hkkos'kksa dk èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 8·09, Significance No

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 198 176 173 186 189 171 178 176 170 154 186 187 178

xzkQ 5-96 139

Hkkos'kksa dk èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj vfèkd izHkkoh ugha jgk gSA fQj Hkh tc yXus'k èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd o tc n'kes'k èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj djrk gS rks fookg de gksrs gSaA

Hkkos'kksa dk edj jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 20·85, Significance < ·5%

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 220 210 195 170 182 182 184 203 223 213 212 238 202

xzkQ 5-97 }kn'ks'k o yXus'k dk edj jkf'k ij xkspj fookg esa lgk;d gS rFkk r`rh;s'k dk edj jkf'k ij xkspj fookg esa ckèkd gSA

Hkkos'kksa dk dqEHk jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 7·76, Significance No

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 159 154 138 136 145 147 137 152 165 143 157 164 149

140

xzkQ 5-98 Hkkos'kksa dk dqaHk jkf'k ij xkspj izHkkoghu gSA

Hkkos'kksa dk ehu jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 10·47, Significance < 50%

Hkkos'k la[;k

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 vkSlr 174 163 179 201 164 175 156 169 196 174 185 174 176

xzkQ 5-99 prqFksZ'k o uoes'k tc ehu jkf'k esa xkspj djrs gSa rks fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA

141

5-2-17 xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj xzgksa dk es"k jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 116·95, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 279

panz eaaxy cqèk 148 166 224

xq# 178

'kqØ 'kfu jkgq 130 119 142

dsrq vkSlr 188 174

xzkQ 5-100 lw;Z dk es"k jkf'k ij xkspj fookg esa lgk;d gSA

xzgksa dk o`"k jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 49·05, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 147

panz eaaxy cqèk 184 125 110

xq# 166

'kqØ 'kfu jkgq 189 157 151

xzkQ 5-101 dsrq dk xkspj o`"k jkf'k ij fookg esa lgk;d gSA 142

dsrq vkSlr 209 160

xzgksa dk feFkqu jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 115·25, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 128

panz eaaxy cqèk 138 197 122

xq# 193

'kqØ 'kfu 131 181

jkgq 97

dsrq vkSlr 247 159

'kqØ 'kfu jkgq 96 134 124

dsrq vkSlr 149 118

xzkQ 5-102 dsrq dk xkspj feFkqu jkf'k ij fookg esa izHkkoh gksrk gSA

xzgksa dk ddZ jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 99·77, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 74

panz eaaxy cqèk 94 132 74

xq# 192

xzkQ 5-103 xq# dk xkspj ddZ jkf'k ij fookg esa izHkkoh gksrk gSA

143

xzgksa dk flag jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 396·35, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 61

panz eaaxy cqèk 174 249 83

xq# 343

'kqØ 'kfu jkgq 82 253 251

dsrq vkSlr 199 188

xzkQ 5-104 xq# dk xkspj flag jkf'k ij fookg esa lgk;d gSA

xzgksa dk dU;k jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 219·54, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 101

panz eaaxy cqèk 247 183 115

xq# 179

'kqØ 'kfu jkgq 85 248 142

xzkQ 5-105 panzek o 'kfu dk xkspj dU;k jkf'k ij fookg esa lgk;d gSA

144

dsrq vkSlr 147 160

xzgksa dk rqyk jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 168·98, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 78

panz eaaxy cqèk 204 154 154

xq# 94

'kqØ 'kfu 228 256

jkgq 88

dsrq vkSlr 192 143

'kqØ 'kfu jkgq 121 221 209

dsrq vkSlr 151 202

xzkQ 5-106 'kfu dk xkspj rqyk jkf'k ij fookg esa izHkkoh gSA

xzgksa dk o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 355·83, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 401

panz eaaxy cqèk 120 178 300

xq# 124

xzkQ 5-107 lw;Z dk xkspj o`f'pd jkf'k ij fo'ks"k :i ls izHkkoh gSA

145

xzgksa dk èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 195·66, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 81

panz eaaxy cqèk 189 167 201

xq# 123

'kqØ 'kfu jkgq 270 116 247

dsrq vkSlr 96 165

xzkQ 5-108 'kqØ o jkgq dk xkspj èkuq jkf'k esa fookg esa lgk;d gSA

xzgksa dk edj jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 230·60, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 284

panz eaaxy cqèk 181 143 333

xq# 128

'kqØ 'kfu jkgq 228 154 149

xzkQ 5-109 lw;Z o cqèk dk xkspj edj jkf'k ij fookg esa izHkkoh gksrk gSA

146

dsrq vkSlr 124 191

xzgksa dk dqEHk jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 215·87, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 285

panz 118

eaaxy cqèk 189 178

xq# 109

'kqØ 'kfu jkgq 147 74 199

dsrq 251

vkSlr 172

xzkQ 5-110 lw;Z o dsrq dk xkspj dqaHk jkf'k ij fookg esa lgk;d gSA

xzgksa dk ehu jkf'k ij xkspj Chi2 _Test 225·94, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 106

panz eaaxy cqèk 228 142 180

xq# 136

'kqØ 'kfu jkgq 318 112 147

dsrq vkSlr 122 165

xzkQ 5-111 'kqØ dk ehu jkf'k ij xkspj fookg esa fo'ks"k :i ls izHkkoh fn[kkbZ fn;k gSA

147

5-2 dk dkbZ&LDos;j&VsLV (Chi2-Test) fofHkUu xzgksa o Hkkos'kksa ds vU; xzgksa o Hkkoksa ij xkspj fdrus izHkkoh gksrs gSa ;g tkuus ds fy, Chi2-Test fd;s x;s gSa ftudk ifj.kke fuEu izdkj ls gS %

5-2-8 xzgksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj xzkQ ua5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12

fooj.k lw;Z dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj pUnzek dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj eaxy dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj cqèk dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj c`gLifr dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 'kqØ dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 'kfu dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj jkgq dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj dsrq dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj rkfydk&5-1

Chi2-Test

D· F·

Signi·

830-08 139-92 75-90 473-06 271-32 287-93 254-16 160-99 160-99

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

< -1% < -1% < -1% < -1% < -1% < -1% < -1% < -1% < -1%

lHkh xzgksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa mi;ksxh ik;k x;k rFkk ;g Chi2-Test esa Hkh [kjk ik;k x;kA

5-2-9 xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj xzkQ ua5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21

fooj.k lw;Z dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj pUnzek dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj eaxy dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj cqèk dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj c`gLifr dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj 'kqØ dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj 'kfu dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj jkgq dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj dsrq dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj rkfydk&5-2

Chi2-Test

D· F·

Signi·

27-27 20-90 05-97 21-19 12-22 22-41 10-96 10-04 10-04

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

< 1% < 5% No < 5% < 50% < 2-5% < 50% No No

xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj dksbZ fo'ks"k :i ls fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d ugha gh gS dsoy lw;Z Hkkoksa ij xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k izHkkoh jgk gSA 148

5-2-10 xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj % xzkQ ua5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30

fooj.k lw;Z dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj pUnzek dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj eaxy dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj cqèk dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj c`gLifr dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 'kqØ dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj 'kfu dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj jkgq dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj dsrq dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj rkfydk&5-3

Chi2-Test

D· F·

Signi·

8-54 3-08 7-61 4-73 25-97 6-47 71-14 114-05 116-19

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

< 50% < No% < 50% < No% < 1% < No% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1%

xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj ;|fi iw.kZ:i ls fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa izHkkoh fn[kkbZ ugha fn;k gS rFkkfi c`gLifr] 'kfu] jkgq vkSj dsrq ftudk HkpØ ifjHkze.k dky vfèkd gksrk gS] mudk xzgksa ij ls xkspj fookg dky dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

5-2-11 xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj % xzkQ ua5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39

fooj.k lw;Z dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj pUnzek dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj eaxy dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj cqèk dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj c`gLifr dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 'kqØ dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj 'kfu dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj jkgq dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj dsrq dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj rkfydk&5-4

Chi2-Test

D· F·

Signi·

3-17 12-41 11-51 7-73 9-33 6-07 6-21 9-49 9-77

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

No < 50% < 50% No No No No No No

xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa dksbZ izHkkoh ugha fn[kkbZ fn;k gSA D· F· = Degree of Freedom, Signi = Significance

149

5-2-12 Hkkos'kksa dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj % xzkQ ua5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51

Chi2-Test fooj.k yXus'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 68-26 f}rh;s'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 27-51 r`rh;s'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 35-24 prqFksZ'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 42-73 iapes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 14-40 "k"Bs'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 37-48 lIres'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 68-41 v"Ves'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 45-01 uoes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 53-06 n'kes'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 67-27 ,dkn'ks'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 53-56 }kn'ks'k dk }kn'k jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj 72-13 rkfydk&5-5

D· F·

Signi·

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

< ·1% < 1% < ·1% < ·1% < 30% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1%

Hkkos'kksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Chi2-Test esa Hkh [kjk ik;k x;k gSA

5-2-13 Hkkos'kksa dk lHkh Hkkoksa ij xkspj % xzkQ ua5.52 5.53 5.54 5.55 5.56 5.57 5.58 5.59 5.60 5.61 5.62 5.63

fooj.k yXus'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj f}rh;s'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj r`rh;s'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj prqFksZ'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj iapes'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj "k"Bs'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj lIres'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj v"Ves'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj uoes'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj n'kes'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj ,dkn'ks'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj }kn'ks'k dk }kn'k Hkkoksa ij xkspj rkfydk&5-6

Chi2-Test

D· F·

Signi·

59-77 79-64 53-95 63-06 62-12 57-35 79-48 81-88 115-23 111-96 104-40 62-15

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

< ·1%

Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj Chi2-Test esa Hkh lgh ik;k x;k gSA 150

< ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1%

5-2-14 Hkkos'kksa dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj % xzkQ ua5.64 5.65 5.66 5.67 5.68 5.69 5.70 5.71 5.72 5.73 5.74 5.75

fooj.k yXus'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj f}rh;s'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj r`rh;s'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj prqFksZ'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj iapes'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj "k"Bs'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj lIres'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj v"Ves'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj uoes'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj n'kes'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj ,dkn'ks'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj }kn'ks'k dk lHkh xzgksa ij xkspj rkfydk&5-7

Chi2-Test

D· F·

Signi·

4-80 4-41 7-48 6-92 10-83 15-70 16-33 8-14 6-46 6-73 5-32 8-13

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

No No < 50% No < 30% < 5% < 5% < 50% No No No < 50%

Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj Chi2-Test esa lgh ugha ik;k x;k gSA

5-2-15 Hkkos'kksa dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj % xzkQ ua5.76 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.80 5.81 5.82 5.83 5.84 5.85 5.86 5.87

fooj.k yXus'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj f}rh;s'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj r`rh;s'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj prqFksZ'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj iapes'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj "k"Bs'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj lIres'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj v"Ves'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj uoes'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj n'kes'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj ,dkn'ks'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj }kn'ks'k dk lHkh Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj rkfydk&5-8

Chi2-Test

D· F·

Signi·

15-45 8-40 8-57 10-76 15-93 4-68 21-70 20-33 10-05 7-82 4-13 7-15

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

< 20% No No < 50% < 20%

Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj Hkh fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d ugha gSA 151

No < 5% < 5% No No No No

5-2-16 Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;kas ij xkspj % xzkQ ua5.88 5.89 5.90 5.91 5.92 5.93 5.94 5.95 5.96 5.97 5.98 5.99

fooj.k Hkkos'kksa dk es"k jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk o`"k jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk feFkqu jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk ddZ jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk flag jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk dU;k jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk rqyk jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk edj jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk dqEHk jkf'k ij xkspj Hkkos'kksa dk ehu jkf'k ij xkspj rkfydk&5-9

Chi2-Test

D· F·

Signi·

17-20 14-49 15-11 10-87 17-87 7-82 5-29 12-73 8-09 20-85 7-76 10-47

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

< 20% < 30% < 20% < 50% < 10% No No < 50% No < 5% No < 50%

Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj Hkh fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d ugha gSA

5-2-17 xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;kas ij xkspj % xzkQ ua5.100 5.101 5.102 5.103 5.104 5.105 5.106 5.107 5.108 5.109 5.110 5.111

fooj.k xzgksa dk es"k jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk o`"k jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk feFkqu jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk ddZ jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk flag jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk dU;k jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk rqyk jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk o`f'pd jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk èkuq jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk edj jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk dqEHk jkf'k ij xkspj xzgksa dk ehu jkf'k ij xkspj rkfydk&5-10

152

Chi2-Test

D· F·

Signi·

116-95 49-05 115-25 99-77 396-35 219-54 168-98 355-83 195-66 230-60 215-87 225-94

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

< ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1% < ·1%

xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj iw.kZ:i ls fookg dky dks izHkkfor djrk gS rFkk og Chi2-Test esa Hkh lgh ik;k x;k gSA

fu"d"kZ % xzgksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij ls xkspj] Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij ls xkspj] xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij ls xkspj] Hkkos'kksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij ls xkspj rFkk xzgksa dk xzgksa ij ls xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa fo'ks"k :i ls lgk;d ik;k x;k gSA xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj] xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj] Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj] Hkko'kksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj rFkk Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa fu"izHkkoh jgk gSA

153

5-3 n'kkUrnZ'kk }kjk fookg fuèkkZj.k ds fu;eksa dk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k % D;k lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap djus ds fy, }kn'k Hkkoksa esa fLFkr xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu izdkj ls gS %

5-3-1 }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Chi2 _Test 5·97, Significance No

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 323 293 297 291 281 290 315 308 293 305 318 303

xzkQ 5-112 bl fl)kar dh tkap ls irk pyk gS fd ;g fl)kar izHkkoh ugha gSA lHkh Hkkoksa esa fLFkr xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk dh vyx&vyx tkap djus ij dksbZ fo'ks"k ifj.kke vyx ls izkIr ugha gqvkA lIre fLFkr xzg ls vfèkd yXu esa fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gq, gSaA lIre fLFkr xzg esa 315 rFkk yXu fLFkr xzg esa 323 fookg gq, gSaA dqy la[;k 3617] vkSlr 301A

D;k }kn'k Hkkos'kksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIres'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap djus ds fy, }kn'k Hkkoksa ds Lokfe;ksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu izdkj ls gS ^

154

5-3-2 }kn'ks'kksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Chi2 _Test 13·24, Significance < 30%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 445 435 418 452 494 462 437 451 433 418 435 409

xzkQ 5-113 tkap djus ij lIres'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg djus ij ifj.kke 437 gS tks dqy la[;k 5289 dk vkSlr 441 ls de gS vr% ;g fu;e Hkh izHkkoh gSA lIres'k dh vis{kk iapes'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa ;g ifj.kke 494 gSA

D;k lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap djus ds fy, }kn'k Hkkoksa dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu izdkj ls gS %

5-3-3 }kn'k Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk eas fookg Chi2 _Test 7·62, Significance No

Hkkonz"Vk 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 424 228 395 419 403 413 425 428 385 400 384 392

155

xzkQ 5-114 lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ls irk pyk fd ;g fu;e Hkh fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d ugha gSA lIre Hkko dh la[;k 425 rFkk v"Ve dh la[;k 428 gSA dqy la[;k 4896] vkSlr 408A

D;k lIres'k dks ns[kus okys xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIres'k dks ns[kus okys xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, lHkh Hkkoksa ds Lokfe;ksa dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk uhps nh x;h gS %

5-3-4 Hkkos'k dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Chi2 _Test 3·20, Significance No

nz"Vk xzg 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 268 274 285 284 274 290 292 293 283 298 296 288

xzkQ 5-115 156

lIres'k dks ns[kus okys xzg dh n'kk esa fookg ds fu;e dh tkap ls irk pyk fd ;g fu;e lgk;d ugha gS D;ksafd lIres'k dks ns[kus okys xzgksa esa 292 la[;k Fkh tcfd n'kes'k o ,dkn'ks'k dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh ;g la[;k 298 o 296 FkhA vkSlr esa 3415 esa ls ;g la[;k 285 gksuh pkfg, FkhA

D;k lIres'k ftl xzg dks ns[krk gS ml xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIres'k ftl xzg dks ns[krk gS ml xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, }kn'k Hkkoksa ds Lokeh ftl xzg dks ns[krs gSa mudh n'kkUrnZ'kk dh rkfydk fuEu izdkj ls gS %

5-3-5 }kn'k Hkkos'kksa }kjk n`"V xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Chi2 _Test 31·29, Significance < ·1%

nz"Vk xzg 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 360 379 407 431 454 448 449 400 390 400 366 369

xzkQ 5-116 bl fu;e dk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa ;ksxnku gSA iapes'k] "k"Bs'k rFkk lIres'k ftu xzgksa dks ns[krs gSa mu xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg vfèkd gksrk gSA ;g fu;e Chi2-Test esa Hkh lgh ik;k x;k gSA iapes'k }kjk n`"V xzg fLFkr jkf'k Lokeh esa ;g la[;k 454 rFkk lIres'k }kjk n`"V xzg esa ;g la[;k 449 rFkk "k"Bs'k }kjk n`"V xzg esa ;g la[;k 448 gSA vkSlr esa 4853 esa ls 404 gksuh pkfg,A lcls de yXus'k rFkk ,dkn'ks'k }kjk n`"V xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrs gSaA 157

D;k lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ftl xzg dks ns[k jgk gS ml xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ftl xzg dks ns[k jgk gS ml xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, }kn'k Hkkoksa esa fLFkr xzg ftu xzgksa dks ns[k jgs gSa mudh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk uhps nh xbZ gS %

5-3-6 }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg ls n`"V xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Chi2 _Test 11·78, Significance < 50%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 705 698 725 729 789 782 768 739 759 754 733 739

xzkQ 5-117 lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ftl xzg dks ns[krk gS ml xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA ;g fu;e ;|fi Chi2-Test esa lgh ik;k x;k gS rFkkfi lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ls iape o "k"B Hkko fLFkr xzg ftu xzgksa dks ns[krs gSa mu xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA yXu o f}rh; Hkko esa fLFkr xzg ftu xzgksa dks ns[krs gSa mudh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg cgqr de gksrs gSaA dqy la[;k 8920 vkSlr 743A

D;k lIres'k ds lkFk cSBs gq, xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIres'k ds lkFk cSBs gq, xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, lHkh Hkkoksa ds Lokfe;ksa ds lkFk fLFkr xzg dh n'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu izdkj ls gS %

158

5-3-7 }kn'k Hkkos'k ;qr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Chi2 _Test 10·45, Significance < 50%

Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 378 396 395 384 370 357 360 345 394 398 358 396

xzkQ 5-118 lIres'k ds lkFk cSBs xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk fookg esa dksbZ fo'ks"k lgk;d ugha gSA dqy la[;k 4531 vkSj 378 gSA lIres'k ds lkFk cSBs xzg ls vfèkd fookg n'kes'k] uoes'k o }kn'ks'k ds lkFk cSBs xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa gq, gSaA

D;k 'kqØ ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gks ml u{k= ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ 'kqØ ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gks ml u{k= Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, lHkh xzg ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gSa mu u+{k=s'kksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu izdkj ls gS %

5-3-8 xzg fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Chi2 _Test 66·05, Significance < ·1%

xzg la[;k

lw;Z 423

panz 271

eaxy 435

cqèk 453

xq# 401

159

'kqØ 458

'kfu 422

jkgq 462

dsrq 444

xzkQ 5-119 'kqØ ftl u{k= esa gS ml u{k= ds Lokeh dh n'kk esa fookg dh dqN laHkkouk,a gksrh gSa] cqèk o jkgq fLFkr u{k= ds Lokeh dh n'kk esa Hkh fookg dh laHkkouk,a gksrh gSaA jkgq ftl u{k= esa cSBs gSa ml u{k= ds Lokeh esa lokZfèkd fookg gksrs gSaA panzek ftl u{k= esa gksrk gS mlds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg cgqr de gksrs gSaA dqy la[;k 3769 vkSlr 418 gSA pUnzek fLFkr u{k= ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg lcls de gq, gSaA bldk dkj.k tUe ds le; tks egkn'kk Fkh mlh esa fookg ugha gksrk D;ksafd ml n'kk esa tkrd ckY;koLFkk esa gksrk gS vr% dsoy vUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh la[;k ;gka izkIr gqbZ gSA

D;k yXus'k ;k lIres'k ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gS ml u{k= ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ yXus'k ;k lIres'k ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gS ml u{k= ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, lHkh }kn'k Hkkoksa ds Lokeh ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gSa ml u{k=s'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk uhps nh x;h gS %

5-3-9 Hkkos'k fLFkr u{k=s'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 410 421 424 408 413 399 401 441 437 438 436 404 yXus'k ;k fdlh Hkh Hkkos'k fLFkr u{k= ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d ugha gSA dqy la[;k 5032] vkSlr 419A

160

D;k lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gS ml u{k=s'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gS ml u{k=s'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap esa }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gS ml u{k=s'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu gS %

5-3-10 }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg fLFkr u{k=s'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 513 487 502 473 473 506 513 475 498 518 512 508 mijksDr fu;e fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa dksbZ fo'ks"k lgk;d ugha gSA dqy la[;k 5978] vkSlr 498A

D;k yXus'k ftl uoka'k esa cSBk gks ml uoka'ks'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ yXus'k ftl uoka'k esa cSBk gks ml uoka'ks'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, }kn'k Hkkoksa ds Lokeh ftl uoka'k esa gksa mudh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu izdkj gS %

5-3-11 }kn'k Hkkos'k fLFkr uoka'ks'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 473 475 434 436 458 459 458 435 467 440 449 472 mijksDr fu;e Hkh fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d ugha gSA yXus'k ls vfèkd f}rh;s'k fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gq, gSaA dqy la[;k 5456] vkSj 455A

D;k lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzgksa ls lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg dh

n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzgksa ls lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, }kn'k Hkkoksa dks ns[kus okys xzgksa ls lIre Hkko fLFkr xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu gS %

161

5-3-12 }kn'k Hkko nz"Vk xzg ls lIre fLFkr xzg dh n'kk esa fookg Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 608 375 323 321 298 311 334 339 329 359 320 275 bl fu;e dh tkap djus ds fy, geus lHkh Hkkoksa dks ns[kus okys xzg ls lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa tks la[;k izkIr gqbZ og fookg nsus esa iwjh (Chi2-Test) rjg ls lQy jgh gSA lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzg ls lIre fLFkr xzg dh vis{kk yXu dks ns[kus okys xzg ls lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa lokZfèkd la[;k 608 jgh gS tks vkSlr esa 4192 esa ls 349 gksuh pkfg,A

D;k lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzg ls lIre Hkko fLFkr jkf'k ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzg ls lIre Hkko fLFkr jkf'k ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, lHkh }kn'k Hkkoksa dks ns[kus okys xzgksa ls lIre fLFkr jkf'k ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu izdkj ls gS %

5-3-13 lIre Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzg ls lIre fLFkr jk'kh'k dh n'kk esa fookg Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 499 510 461 522 577 526 528 502 503 495 525 469 bl fu;e ds vuqlkj dksbZ fo'ks"k ifj.kke lkeus ugha vk;s gSaA dqy la[;k 6117 vkSlr 509A

D;k lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ftl uoka'k esa gks mlds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ftl uoka'k esa gks mlds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, }kn'k Hkko esa fLFkr xzg ftl uoka'k esa gS mu uoka'ks'kksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk uhps nh x;h gS %

5-3-14 }kn'k HkkoLFk xzg fLFkr uoka'ks'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 565 577 577 522 555 573 605 574 559 573 685 572 162

mijksDr fu;e dh tkap djus ls ik;k fd lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg ftl uoka'k esa gS mlds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa 'ks"k Hkkoksa esa fLFkr xzgksa ds uoka'ks'k ls vfèkd fookg gksrs gSaA lIres'k fLFkr xzg ds uoka'ks'k esa ;g la[;k 605 gSA dqy la[;k 6837 vkSlr 569A

D;k jkgq dh n'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ jkgq dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, lHkh xzgksa dh n'kk o vUrnZ'kkvksa esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu izdkj ls gS %

5-3-15 lHkh xzgksa n'kk o vUrnZ'kk esa fookg egkn'kk lw;Z la[;k 141 vUrnZ'kk lw;Z la[;k 88

panz 129 panz 175

eaxy 88 eaxy 112

cqèk 207 cqèk 325

xq# 328 xq# 295

'kqØ 295 'kqØ 290

'kfu 249 'kfu 374

jkgq 497 jkgq 255

dsrq 91 dsrq 111

xzkQ 5-120 fu;e dh tkap djrs le; ;g è;ku j[kk x;k gS fd n'kk dh vofèk vfèkd ;k de gksus ds dkj.k muesa ,d#irk ykus ds fy, n'kk o"kksZa dks la[;k ls Hkkx nsdj izfro"kZ fookg fudkys x;s gSa] tSls lw;Z la[;k dks 6 ls rFkk panz la[;k dks 10 ls blh izdkj vU; xzgksa dh n'kk dks Hkh mlds o"kksZa ls foHkkftr djds ifj.kke fudkyk x;k gS] tks bl izdkj gS % egkn'kk la[;k

lw;Z 23-5

panz 12-9

eaxy cqèk xq# 'kqØ 'kfu 12-5 12-17 20-5 14-75 13-1

163

jkgq 27-6

dsrq 13-0

bl fu;e dh tkap djus ij irk pyk fd lokZfèkd fookg jkgq dh n'kk esa gksrs gSa rFkk mlds i'pkr~ lw;Z o xq# dh n'kk esa gksrs gSaA lcls de fookg eaxy dh n'kk esa gksrs gSaA ;fn ge vUrnZ'kk esa ns[ksa rks lokZfèkd fookg 'kfu dh vUrnZ'kk esa gq, gSa rFkk lcls de fookg lw;Z dh vUrnZ'kk esa gq, gSaA

D;k f}rh;s'k fLFkr jkf'k Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS\ f}rh;s'k fLFkr jkf'k Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh tkap ds fy, }kn'k Hkkoksa ds Lokeh fLFkr jkf'k Lokeh dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg dh rkfydk fuEu gS %

5-3-16 }kn'ks'k fLFkr jk'kh'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg Hkko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 la[;k 466 442 458 475 443 472 464 462 459 449 449 439 f}rh;s'k fLFkr jkf'k Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk dk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa dksbZ ;ksxnku fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA dqy la[;k 5478] vkSlr 456A

5-3-17 n'kes'k] v"Ves'k o uoes'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA iapes'k dh n'kk esa lokZfèkd fookg gksrs gSaA ns[ksa 5-3-2A

5-3-18 jkgq o 'kqØ dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gSA jkgq dh egkn'kk esa lokZfèkd fookg gksrs gSa rFkk 'kqØ dh egkn'kk ls vfèkd fookg c`gLifr o lw;Z dh n'kk esa gksrs gSaA

164

5-3-1 n'kkUrnZ'kk }kjk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k % Chi2 _Test xzkQ ua5.112 5.113 5.114 5.115 5.116 5.117 5.118 5.119

Chi2-Test D· F· Signi· fooj.k No }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 5-97 12 }kn'k Hkkos'kksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 13-24 12 < 30% No }kn'k Hkkoksa dks ns[kus okyss xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 7-62 12 Hkkos'k Hkkoksa dks ns[kus okyss xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 3-20 12 No }kn'k Hkkos'kksa }kjk n`"V xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 31-29 12 < ·1% }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg ls n`"V xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 11-78 12 < 50% }kn'k Hkkos'k ;qr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 10-45 12 < 50% xzg fLFkr u{k= Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk 66-05 9 < ·1% rkfydk&5-11

fu"d"kZ % cqèk] 'kqØ o jkgq ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gksrs gSa ml u{k= ds Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk rFkk prqFksZ'k] iapes'k] "k"Bs'k o lIres'k ls n`"V xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk fookgdky fuèkkZj.k esa fo'ks"k lgk;d gSA iapes'k dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa Hkh fookg vfèkd gksrs gSaA }kn'k Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kkUrnZ'kk] }kn'k Hkko dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk rFkk Hkkos'kksa ds ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d ugha gSA

165

vè;k; 6

vè;;u dk ifj.kke] fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko 6-1 vè;;u dk ifj.kke 1- ;ksxksa }kjk fookg dh voLFkk ds tks fu;e T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ds xzaFkksa esa ns[ks x;s gSa os fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa fu"izHkkoh ik;s x;s gSaA 2- lw;Z vkfn xzgksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa vfr fu.kkZ;d fl) gksrk gS] tcfd budk Hkkoksa ij xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa fo'ks"k fu.kkZ;d ugha jgk gSA 3- Hkkoksa esa dsoy lw;Z] panz] 'kqØ o cqèk ds xkspj gh fo'ks"k izHkkoh jgs gSa tcfd xq#] eaxy o 'kfu ds xkspj dk lkekU; izHkko gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA 4- xzgksa dk xzgksa ij ls xkspj ns[kus ij xq#] 'kfu] jkgq o dsrq ds Lo;a ¼xq# dk xq# ij] 'kfu dk 'kfu ij vkfn½ ij xkspj izHkkoh jgk gSA rhozxkeh xzg lw;Z] cqèk] 'kqØ o panz dk xkspj xzgksa ij fo'ks"k izHkkoh ugha fn[kkbZ fn;kA 5- xzgksa dk lIres'k ij xkspj ;k vU; Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj dk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa izHkko de ns[kk x;k gSA 6- Hkkos'kksa] jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj xzgksa ds jkf'k;ksa ds xkspj ds leku fo'ks"k izHkkoh ns[kk x;k gSA 7- fdlh Hkh Hkkos'k dk dqaHk] ehu] es"k] o`"k] feFkqu o ddZ jkf'k rd dk xkspj fookg esa lgk;d ugha jgk gS tcfd budk xkspj 'ks"k jkf'k;ksa ij fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa fo'ks"k egRo j[krk gSA 8- Hkkos'k dk vius Hkko ls lIre Hkko ij xkspj fookg ds fy, lgk;d fl) gqvk tcfd mldk vius Hkkoksa ¼ftu Hkkoksa dk og Lokeh gS½ ij xkspj fookg esa ckèkd jgkA ;g fu;e lHkh Hkkos'kksa ds xkspj ij ykxw gqvk gSA 9- Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj fo'ks"k Qynk;h ugha jgk gS ijarq "k"Bs'k dk xkspj cqèk o 'kfu ij izHkkoh jgk gSA "k"Bs'k dk panzek ij xkspj fookg esa ckèkd ns[kk 166

x;k gSA lIres'k dk xkspj xq# o 'kqØ ij izHkkoh rFkk lw;Z] panz] eaxy o cqèk ij fu"izHkkoh jgk gSA 10- tc dksbZ Hkkos'k Lo;a ¼tSls yXus'k dk yXus'k ij] f}rh;s'k dk f}rh;s'k ij xkspj½ ij ls xkspj djrk gS rks fookg vfèkd ns[ks x;s gSaA blfy, og fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa lgk;d gSA dsoy v"Ves'k dk Lo;a ij xkspj fookg esa ckèkd ns[kk x;k gSA 11- ekU;rkvksa ds vuqlkj 'kqØ] yXus'k o lIres'k dk lIre Hkko o lIres'k ij xkspj fookg ds fy, mi;ksxh dgk x;k gS] fdarq ;g fu;e fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkkoh ugha jgk gSA 12- bl 'kksèk ls ns[kk x;k gS fd yXus'k] lIres'k o 'kqØ dk xkspj] r`rh;] prqFkZ o iape Hkko ij ls fookg esa lgk;d rFkk v"Ve] uoe] }kn'k o yXu ij ls fookg esa ckèkd jgk gSA lIre Hkko ij Hkh bl xkspj dk dksbZ izHkko fn[kkbZ ugha fn;k gSA 13- egkn'kk dk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa fo'ks"k izHkko ns[kk x;k gSA jkgq dh egkn'kk esa yxHkx vkSlr ls nksxquk fookg gq, gSa rFkk lw;Z o c`gLifr dh egkn'kk esa 1-5+ xquk ls Hkh vfèkd fookg gksrs ns[ks x;s gSaA 14- vUrnZ'kk esa xq#] 'kfu o cqèk dh vUrnZ'kkvksa esa vkSlr ls vfèkd fookg ns[ks x;s gSaA 15- lkekU;r% le>k tkus okyk ;g fu;e fd lIre Hkko fLFkr xzg dh n'kk o vUrnZ'kk esa ;k lIres'k dh n'kk o vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gksrk gS dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko'kkyh ugha fn[kkbZ fn;k gSA 16- iapes'k dh n'kk o vUrnZ'kk esa fookg lIres'k dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk ls vfèkd gksrs gSaA 17- cqèk] 'kqØ o jkgq ftu u{k=ksa esa gSa mu u{k=ksa ds Lokeh dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa fookg vfèkd ek=k esa gksrs gSaA panzek ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gS ml u{k= Lokeh dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa fookg cgqr de gksrs gSaA 18- n'kk Lokeh ¼ftl n'kk&vUrnZ'kk esa fookg gqvk gS½ lIres'k ds ;k vU; fdlh Hkkos'k ds lkFk gks ;k mudks ns[k jgk gks] ;g fu"izHkkoh jgk gSA

167

19- n'kk Lokeh dk prqFksZ'k] iapes'k] "k"Bs'k o lIres'k dh n`f"V fo'ks"k izHkkoh jgh gS rFkk ;g n`f"V ,dkn'ks'k] }kn'ks'k] yXus'k o f}rh;s'k ij fo'ks"k izHkkoh ugha jgh gS o 'ks"k Hkkoksa ij Hkh n`f"Vdkjd xzgksa dk izHkko vfèkd ugha ns[kk x;k gSA 20- iape] "k"B] lIre Hkko fLFkr xzgksa }kjk n`"V xzg dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa fookg vfèkd gq, gSa rFkk yXu o f}rh; fLFkr xzg n`"V xzgksa dh n'kk vUrnZ'kk esa ;g izHkko fookg esa ckèkd ns[kk x;k gSA 21- Hkkoksa dh vis{kk jkf'k o u{k=ksa dk izHkko fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa vfèkd izHkko'kkyh fn[kkbZ fn;k gSA 22- fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa xzgksa o Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa o Hkkoksa ij xkspj dk izHkko xzgksa dh n'kk&vUrnZ'kk ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ ik;k x;k gSA

6-2 fu"d"kZ (Conclusions) 6-2-1 ;ksx % ;ksxksa }kjk fookg dky fuèkkZj.k ds fu;eksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ls fofnr gqvk fd ;ksx fookg dky fuèkkZj.k dks izHkkfor ugha djrs gSaA vr% ;ksxksa }kjk fookg dky dk fuèkkZj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6-2-2 xkspj % xzgksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj] xzgksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj] Hkkos'kksa dk jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj] Hkkos'kksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj rFkk xzgksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa fo'ks"k :i ls lgk;d ik;k x;k gSA xzgksa dk Hkkoksa ij xkspj] xzgksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj] Hkkos'kksa dk xzgksa ij xkspj] Hkko'kksa dk Hkkos'kksa ij xkspj rFkk Hkkos'kksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd jkf'k;ksa ij xkspj fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa fu"izHkkoh ik;k x;k gSA

6-2-3 n'kk % xzg ftl u{k= esa fLFkr gS ml u{k= Lokeh dh n'kkUrnZ'kk rFkk Hkkos'kksa dks ns[kus okys xzgksa dh n'kkUrnZ'kk esa fookg lokZfèkd gksrs gSa vr% mudh n'kkUrnZ'kk fookg dky dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA jkgq dh egkn'kk esa fookg lokZfèkd gksrs gSaA fookg dky fuèkkZj.k esa xzgksa] jkf'k;ksa] Hkkoksa o u{k=ksa dk izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gqvk gSA fdarq ;g izHkko iwoZ T;ksfr"k xzaFkkuqlkj tks ekU;rk,a gSa] iw.kZ:i ls muds vuq:i ugha ns[kk x;k gSA 168

6-3 lq>ko (Suggestions) 1- iq#"k tkrdksa o L=h tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk vyx&vyx fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 2- Hkkos'kksa dh izfrc)rk dks nwj djus ds fy, tkrdksa dh tUedq.Mfy;ksa dk vyx&vyx yXukuqlkj fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 3- tUedq.Myh dk fujh{k.k fofHkUu n'kk&vUrnZ'kkvksa ¼v"VksRrjh] ;ksfxuh] dkypØ] pj n'kk vkfn½ ls Hkh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 4- izFke] f}rh; o r`rh; fookg ij vyx ls vè;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 5- izkphu T;ksfr"k xzaFkksa }kjk ekU;rkvksa dk iqu% vkdyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

169

Sample data of 2025 cases with their date of Marriage SrNo Sex

DOB

TOB

Place

Death

SrNo Sex

DOB

TOB

Place

Death

26/11/1974

4:00

Delhi

7/3/2002

2/12/1961

16:38 Ghaziabad

29/11/1985

12/4/1978

12:30 Delhi

7/3/2002

27/01/1967

3:00

29/11/1985

delhi

10/11/1951

0:00

Delhi

8/3/1980

30/11/1977

14:50 delhi

26/01/2006

1/10/1952

0:00

Delhi

8/3/1980

11/9/1978

19:45 Muzaffarpur

26/01/2006

18/06/1948

6:05

Amritsar

22/02/1980

5/3/1980

0:01

Garhwal

22/04/2008

30/11/1951

13:25 Nurpur

22/02/1980

24/04/1986

3:05

Siliguri

22/04/2008

19/12/1951

0:00

Amritsar

25/12/1986

23/10/1980

19:30 Almora

29/04/2007

14/12/1955

0:00

Rohtak

25/12/1986

17/10/1986

7:00

29/04/2007

Almora

23/02/1969

16:25 Kanpur

20/04/2008

17/02/1977

20:10 Chamoli

20/02/2008

22/09/1972

16:02 Lusaka

20/04/2008

29/07/1985

21:05 Almora

20/02/2008

15/05/1950

21:11 Amritsar

22/12/1985

18/07/1977

4:20

Madhubani

23/12/1996

23/11/1950

16:05 Ambala

22/12/1985

23/02/1978

23:15 Darbhanga

23/12/1996

20/01/1958

5:52

27/08/2006

15/09/1961

10:20 delhi

20/05/1974

Amritsar

7/11/1969

8:56

Agra

27/08/2006

10/9/1961

17:30 delhi

20/05/1974

24/12/1968

0:40

Delhi

9/5/1997

29/10/1948

2:00

delhi

4/12/1978

Lahore

24/11/1974

17:40 Delhi

9/5/1997

2/8/1954

1:30

16/04/1959

10:30 sonepat

12/3/1987

7/11/1968

19:00 delhi

18/02/1992

4/12/1978

16/11/1967

4:15

delhi

12/3/1987

24/08/1970

11:42 delhi

18/02/1992

30/03/1970

7:45

shimla

9/5/1996

29/04/1973

3:55

delhi

25/01/1998

13/12/1975

12:27 shimla

9/5/1996

23/07/1975

5:00

delhi

25/01/1998

10/11/1973

17:41 Mathura

24/06/1998

28/12/1966

6:10

delhi

22/11/1989

24/04/1974

18:15 delhi

24/06/1998

16/08/1987

19:30 Mathura

7/12/2012

11/7/1964

21:30 Pratapgarh

1/6/1991

24/11/1946

9:25

10/4/1984

Phagwara

22/06/1965

4:20

delhi

1/6/1991

8/12/1948

6:00

Jaipur

10/4/1984

4/6/1985

16:16 raisingh nagar

2/8/2008

19/04/1975

5:30

delhi

28/04/1999

4/6/1986

18:04 Bikaner

2/8/2008

2/6/1976

10:10 Khetri

28/04/1999

9/9/1971

1:30

Deoria

23/04/2000

14/08/1984

5:30

delhi

22/04/2003

17/12/1979

15:35 Bettiah

23/04/2000

29/03/1984

9:30

etha

22/04/2003

10/7/1980

5:20

Haldwani

15/04/2007

19/11/1977

17:25 Lucknow

29/06/2006

18/02/1982

10:17 Haldwani

15/04/2007

8/3/1979

17:25 Bara

29/06/2006

12/9/1968

4:20

Kanpur

13/11/1995

10/1/1953

5:40

6/12/1976

Rai Bareilly

4/10/1970

5:56

Kanpur

13/11/1995

16/07/1957

21:48 Lucknow

6/12/1976

27/11/1983

17:20 Mansa

12/4/2011

29/12/1960

16:30 kanpur

15/02/1990

14/07/1973

23:15 Gaya

21/01/1998

14/06/1968

12:00 Rai Bareilly

15/02/1990

12/11/1973

8:33

Kanpur

18/03/2006

27/07/1965

16:30 Barabanki

26/06/1988

14/11/1974

4:22

Bareli

18/03/2006

2/10/1968

14:15 Lucknow

26/06/1988

19/12/1968

18:00 delhi

21/05/1993

9/12/1975

18:15 Rai Bareilly

5/3/2003

25/01/1973

6:00

Bareli

21/05/1993

21/06/1978

11:20 Pratapgarh

5/3/2003

12/5/1986

1:15

Ludhiana

16/02/2008

14/04/1964

22:42 Ghaziabad

10/10/1992

25/07/1977

13:29 Patiala

23/01/2000

20/04/1970

3:15

delhi

10/10/1992

8/7/1967

0:40

21/07/2005

6/9/1960

1:30

delhi

2/5/1981

delhi

12/7/1975

16:25 Meerut

21/07/2005

11/12/1961

8:35

18/03/1980

15:30 delhi

6/2/2007

17/04/1973

14:00 Gwalior

3/11/2002

14/07/1983

13:20 Jaipur

6/2/2007

3/4/1978

7:55

3/11/2002

Gwalior

2/5/1981

11/9/1973

17:00 delhi

2/12/2001

2/9/1975

18:00 H· P·

19/11/2003

20/09/1977

16:45 delhi

2/12/2001

9/3/1978

18:00 Patiala

19/11/2003

170

Sample data of 2025 cases with their date of Marriage SrNo Sex

DOB

TOB

Place

Death

SrNo Sex

DOB

TOB

Place

Death

1/6/1978

13:20 H· P·

10/2/2007

139 M

27/10/1981

16:05 delhi

12/12/2002

20/08/1982

15:00 H· P·

10/2/2007

140 F

7/7/1976

17:16 delhi

12/12/2002

2/12/1972

23:30 H· P·

9/3/1999

141 M

20/03/1980

8:50

Srinagar

13/04/2008

20/09/1975

22:10 delhi

9/3/1999

142 F

2/7/1989

23:35 Srinagar

13/04/2008

11/10/1972

17:45 delhi

27/02/2002

143 M

7/8/1975

8:10

22/04/2003

Srinagar

18/12/1974

5:30

meerut

27/02/2002

144 F

3/8/1978

15:00 Srinagar

22/04/2003

13/07/1972

7:15

delhi

20/04/1998

145 M

1/7/1980

21:00 Srinagar

11/12/2000

100 F

27/09/1972

6:45

haryana

20/04/1998

146 F

17/01/1983

10:30 Srinagar

11/12/2000

101 M

15/09/1964

23:15 Kapurthala

24/03/1992

147 M

6/11/1961

5:20

Srinagar

10/3/1980

102 F

21/10/1966

10:20 Punjab

24/03/1992

148 F

7/11/1965

18:00 Srinagar

10/3/1980

103 M

7/8/1960

14:00 Punjab

6/10/1985

149 M

18/10/1978

2:10

Srinagar

12/12/2007

104 F

6/11/1964

22:25 delhi

6/10/1985

150 F

11/4/1986

13:25 Srinagar

12/12/2007

105 M

3/10/1970

10:05 Mumbai

5/12/1995

151 M

1/7/1980

10:00 UP

29/05/2002

106 F

14/08/1973

20:15 punjab

5/12/1995

152 F

1/5/1977

22:27 UP

29/05/2002

107 M

30/10/1935

12:10 punjab

31/10/1960

153 M

2/8/1981

0:00

23/06/2007

Gorakhpur

108 F

3/1/1942

2:50

punjab

31/10/1960

154 F

5/1/1979

16:00 Gorakhpur

23/06/2007

109 M

1/11/1963

5:30

delhi

27/04/1990

155 M

8/2/1975

16:30 Srinagar

4/3/2005

110 F

17/12/1966

7:15

Ghaziabad

27/04/1990

156 F

11/10/1980

13:50 Srinagar

4/3/2005

15/06/1943

9:15

Afganisthan

6/2/1969

157 M

12/9/1979

13:15 Srinagar

7/2/2008

112 F

111

13/01/1948

0:15

delhi

6/2/1969

158 F

7/2/1985

14:50 Srinagar

7/2/2008

113 M

17/08/1966

13:30 delhi

28/01/1993

159 M

7/11/1978

14:10 Yamunanagar

8/10/2008

114 F

16/06/1975

16:45 delhi

28/01/1993

160 F

9/6/1987

6:50

Srinagar

8/10/2008

115 M

5/2/1976

23:56 mumbai

20/04/2007

161 M

17/01/1978

14:00 kadrabad

21/02/2007

116 F

1/11/1973

12:10 Mangalore

20/04/2007

162 F

28/06/1986

15:02 Delhi

21/02/2007

117 M

29/12/1942

17:45 amritsar

27/03/1973

163 M

1/9/1979

11:00 Srinagar

27/01/2008

118 F

8/6/1957

2:48

27/03/1973

164 F

13/07/1981

15:00 Delhi

27/01/2008

Mumbai

119 M

22/02/1977

16:15 meerut

7/5/2008

165 M

26/01/1979

14:39 Delhi

5/9/2004

120 F

18/02/1982

14:00 delhi

7/5/2008

166 F

10/3/1984

16:00 Delhi

5/9/2004

121 M

31/01/1975

5:00

kosi

10/3/2003

167 M

2/5/1975

18:00 Delhi

16/12/2007

122 F

3/8/1979

13:00 Vrindavan

10/3/2003

168 F

31/12/1983

17:00 Delhi

16/12/2007

123 M

2/11/1979

21:00 UP

25/11/2007

169 M

24/11/1985

4:20

Delhi

16/12/2007

Delhi

124 F

24/02/1986

20:46 Aligarh

25/11/2007

170 F

23/09/1988

6:45

125 M

6/5/1974

22:00 delhi

7/12/2000

171 M

9/4/1981

19:40 Mumbai

14/10/2007

16/12/2007

126 F

23/11/1979

13:15 delhi

7/12/2000

172 F

21/03/1983

14:20 Delhi

14/10/2007

127 M

27/05/1955

9:00

aligarh

18/11/1981

173 M

2/3/1978

12:30 Azamgarh

25/03/1998

128 F

10/8/1961

2:35

Ajmer

18/11/1981

174 F

24/09/1984

20:30 Azamgarh

25/03/1998

129 M

24/03/1951

20:05 delhi

8/6/1976

175 M

9/1/1986

9:30

Jaipur

3/6/2002

130 F

10/2/1957

16:27 Muzaffarnagar

8/6/1976

176 F

7/8/1984

22:30 Azamgarh

3/6/2002

131 M

23/02/1977

13:32 delhi

29/01/2003

177 M

30/10/1986

10:10 Rajasthan

3/2/2005

132 F

23/11/1980

15:59 delhi

29/01/2003

178 F

7/3/1987

1:32

133 M

30/09/1980

4:40

20/01/2007

179 M

7/6/1983

10:30 Rajasthan

Muzaffarnagar

Rajasthan

3/2/2005 15/10/2003

134 F

13/02/1981

21:10 Punjab

20/01/2007

180 F

24/12/1985

14:35 Rajasthan

15/10/2003

135 M

11/2/1956

14:23 rajasthan

8/5/1979

181 M

4/8/1977

15:00 delhi

14/12/2005

136 F

7/12/1961

23:00 delhi

8/5/1979

182 F

7/4/1982

8:15

14/12/2005

delhi

137 M

16/05/1973

9:30

24/04/2002

183 M

2/11/1976

14:00 U P

22/02/2000

138 F

8/10/1979

18:00 UP

24/04/2002

184 F

16/08/1978

22:00 U P

22/02/2000

171

Sample data of 2025 cases with their date of Marriage SrNo Sex

DOB

TOB

Place

Death

SrNo Sex

DOB

TOB

Place

Death

185 M

2/11/1979

12:25 delhi

23/12/2007

231 M

7/6/1956

1:30

9/10/1979

186 F

22/11/1982

10:30 delhi

23/12/2007

232 F

31/12/1960

17:00 U P

9/10/1979

187 M

11/1/1984

6:40

delhi

12/12/2007

233 M

8/8/1965

19:00 Meerut

20/11/1988

188 F

6/4/1989

13:30 delhi

12/12/2007

234 F

16/10/1971

10:00 Mirmau

20/11/1988

189 M

6/6/1977

4:30

delhi

19/05/2008

235 M

7/3/1983

14:30 Panipat

7/5/2004

190 F

9/6/1979

4:00

delhi

19/05/2008

236 F

11/8/1985

23:00 Panipat

7/5/2004

191 M

1/1/1981

17:30 U P

11/7/2008

237 M

10/10/1960

1:15

Mathura

17/04/1985

192 F

19/04/1989

12:05 U P

11/7/2008

238 F

12/1/1965

15:25 Mathura

17/04/1985

193 M

30/09/1982

20:00 delhi

12/6/2005

239 M

1/10/1975

12:15 U P

1/6/2004

194 F

15/10/1982

11:00 Gorakhpur

12/6/2005

240 F

6/8/1976

5:15

1/6/2004

195 M

17/04/1980

6:50

Pratapgarh

20/06/2006

241 M

7/5/1974

9:40

2/5/2006

196 F

11/9/1985

14:55 Pratapgarh

20/06/2006

242 F

6/4/1976

19:00 U P

2/5/2006

197 M

1/3/1981

13:25 delhi

21/04/2008

243 M

28/10/1981

8:10

26/05/2003

198 F

25/12/1986

7:15

delhi

21/04/2008

244 F

1/4/1984

23:30 U P

26/05/2003

199 M

18/12/1982

12:00 delhi

10/5/2006

245 M

1/4/1980

14:00 U P

11/5/2003

200 F

16/06/1986

21:00 delhi

10/5/2006

246 F

2/3/1980

8:00

11/5/2003

201 M

15/07/1985

15:00 U P

25/05/2005

247 M

3/6/1983

9:15

delhi

30/01/2005

202 F

17/01/1986

8:05

25/05/2005

248 F

4/9/1982

13:40 Delhi

30/01/2005

Delhi

203 M

25/11/1976

15:00 Srinagar

14/04/2004

249 M

9/4/1980

23:30 delhi

14/10/2007

204 F

17/04/1983

16:00 Srinagar

14/04/2004

250 F

21/03/1983

3:20

Delhi

14/10/2007

205 M

19/09/1970

6:00

12/12/1995

251 M

25/12/1982

7:05

delhi

24/11/2007

Srinagar

206 F

15/04/1974

19:30 Srinagar

12/12/1995

252 F

25/01/1980

19:50 Patiala

24/11/2007

207 M

8/11/1965

4:35

2/10/1987

253 M

9/9/1984

22:00 Jagadhri

3/12/2006

Srinagar

208 F

5/9/1970

20:00 Srinagar

2/10/1987

254 F

3/11/1984

20:35 Delhi

3/12/2006

209 M

9/4/1949

7:30

20/04/1975

255 M

12/10/1978

9:10

delhi

8/4/2002

210 F

20/11/1957

20:30 Pune

20/04/1975

256 F

5/8/1981

7:00

Delhi

8/4/2002

Haldwani

211 M

28/08/1950

20:00 srinagar

6/6/1974

257 M

26/09/1988

5:00

srinagar

26/04/2008

212 F

14/04/1958

12:00 Srinagar

6/6/1974

258 F

19/07/1989

21:00 Srinagar

26/04/2008

213 M

8/7/1981

4:20

jaipur

2/5/2008

259 M

22/09/1988

12:00 srinagar

5/5/2007

214 F

6/8/1985

14:30 Ahmedabad

2/5/2008

260 F

21/07/1987

8:10

Srinagar

5/5/2007

215 M

9/11/1982

17:20 Delhi

11/2/2008

261 M

8/3/1967

9:35

Ajmer

27/11/1997

216 F

9/10/1989

1:20

11/2/2008

262 F

29/12/1965

4:15

Hathras

27/11/1997

217 M

2/5/1975

17:00 Delhi

Bhopal

16/12/2007

263 M

4/7/1967

23:11 Hathras

20/02/1995

218 F

31/12/1983

1:00

Delhi

16/12/2007

264 F

4/4/1969

19:20 Ajmer

20/02/1995

219 M

19/04/1981

0:20

15/07/2003

265 M

23/08/1979

21:32 Alwar

3/3/2006

220 F

12/10/1983

19:25 U P

15/07/2003

266 F

2/10/1984

10:00 Hathras

3/3/2006

221 M

15/08/1967

5:09

19/09/1985

267 M

12/4/1957

22:15 Kanpur

27/02/1982

222 F

23/03/1968

9:43

19/09/1985

268 F

11/3/1961

11:55 Aligarh

27/02/1982

223 M

15/03/1978

21:03 U P

15/06/2004

269 M

4/6/1960

8:30

28/02/1988

delhi

224 F

9/9/1979

8:50

15/06/2004

270 F

15/03/1960

13:30 Amritsar

28/02/1988

225 M

10/4/1983

23:34 Rajasthan

12/12/1998

271 F

5/5/1958

5:45

12/7/1983

Rajasthan

Delhi

226 F

9/8/1984

0:27

12/12/1998

272 M

22/12/1983

10:10 Ludhiana

11/10/2011

227 M

20/10/1963

16:00 delhi

27/04/1987

273 M

18/09/1938

4:20

Khanna

8/5/1965

228 F

12/8/1968

12:15 Delhi

27/04/1987

274 F

17/09/1940

6:55

Lahore

8/5/1965

Amritsar

229 M

1/11/1945

15:15 Rajasthan

13/05/1989

275 M

27/06/1946

5:20

230 F

11/7/1972

9:00

13/05/1989

276 M

30/09/1955

22:35 Sirsa

Dadri

172

10/10/1971 3/7/1974

Sample data of 2025 cases with their date of Marriage SrNo Sex

DOB

TOB

Place

Death

SrNo Sex

DOB

TOB

Place

Death

277 M

20/03/1948

23:30 Ludhiana

8/12/1974

323 M

4/2/1986

3:52

Dhuri

6/4/2011

278 M

26/03/1956

13:30 Ludhiana

11/12/1982

324 M

22/11/1983

11:00 Ludhiana

9/2/2011

279 F

14/08/1960

20:55 Zira

10/3/1985

325 F

12/9/1988

17:29 Ludhiana

11/10/2011

280 F

14/08/1966

13:55 Una

2/3/1987

326 F

7/5/1977

1:19

moga

6/7/2012

281 M

13/07/1967

17:19 Srinagar

1/5/1988

327 M

27/06/1986

11:12 Chandigarh

10/12/2012

282 M

8/2/1964

19:43 Jalandhar

3/9/1988

328 M

2/9/1986

13:56 Ludhiana

1/5/2013

283 F

6/3/1968

14:30 Ludhiana

5/11/1988

329 F

4/12/1990

10:12 Dehradun

1/5/2013

284 M

9/2/1965

21:30 Jagraon

5/11/1988

330 M

19/10/1988

20:30 Bharatpur

12/5/2013

285 F

9/3/1973

12:15 Ludhiana

1/12/1991

331 M

14/03/1978

10:29 Ludhiana

28/05/2010

286 M

10/5/1968

8:10

1/12/1991

332 F

12/10/1982

12:30 Muzaffarnagar

13/08/2001

Amritsar

287 M

19/06/1967

20:00 Amritsar

8/4/1995

333 F

13/09/1982

17:30 Ludhiana

13/11/2004

288 F

5/11/1969

22:10 Amritsar

8/4/1995

334 M

22/07/1982

22:10 Ludhiana

13/11/2004

289 M

25/09/1968

9:27

4/12/1996

335 M

9/7/1953

5:05

13/12/1989

Malerkotla

Sirhind

290 M

2/12/1971

18:55 Ludhiana

12/10/1999

336 M

5/9/1971

21:15 Ludhiana

13/12/1994

291 M

7/10/1965

16:30 Raikot

7/12/2000

337 M

11/2/1977

16:30 Ludhiana

13/08/2001

292 F

7/7/1980

20:26 Ludhiana

2/3/2001

338 F

10/11/1984

13:00 Ludhiana

14/10/2007

293 M

23/09/1975

8:20

Ludhiana

2/2/2003

339 M

24/04/1985

1:23

Ludhiana

14/10/2007

294 F

16/01/1978

8:10

Bombay

2/2/2003

340 M

11/3/1973

21:02 Ludhiana

15/10/2002

Muzaffarnagar

295 M

24/12/1977

9:55

3/8/2003

341 M

21/08/1971

12:30 Ludhiana

15/02/1994

296 F

3/9/1977

16:35 Ludhiana

8/2/2003

342 F

16/05/1975

10:15 Ludhiana

15/03/1997

297 M

23/09/1976

14:20 Ludhiana

8/2/2003

343 M

13/07/1984

17:20 Ludhiana

16/11/2012

298 M

25/09/1975

20:50 Kathua

9/5/2004

344 M

15/11/1975

21:00 Lucknow

16/02/2005

299 F

17/08/1979

7:45

10/2/2004

345 F

15/07/1978

2:20

16/02/2005

Ludhiana

Meerut

300 F

4/1/1981

18:58 Ludhiana

11/2/2004

346 M

10/8/1976

14:15 Hissar

16/02/2005

301 F

4/1/1981

18:58 Ludhiana

1/6/2005

347 F

4/9/1985

18:55 Ludhiana

16/02/2008

302 M

3/5/1970

21:30 Hoshiarpur

1/6/2005

348 F

30/03/1975

10:40 Ludhiana

17/06/1994

303 M

23/11/1987

5:10

304 M

3/9/1980

16:30 Ludhiana

Yamunanagar

3/2/2005

349 M

2/3/1972

15:56 Jalandhar

18/01/1997

3/2/2005

350 F

27/11/1953

17:00 Moga

18/02/1979

305 F

3/8/1981

7:00

Ludhiana

3/2/2005

351 M

28/06/1950

22:02 Amritsar

18/02/1979

306 M

23/02/1981

23:35 Ludhiana

6/9/2005

352 F

1/12/1969

13:35 Firozpur

18/03/1991

307 F

10/6/1972

6:30

19/09/1991

353 M

24/03/1965

1:30

18/03/1991

Amritsar

Firozpur

308 M

5/7/1982

6:40

Jammu

11/8/2005

354 F

31/12/1974

10:00 Digboi

18/05/2005

309 F

2/6/1975

0:50

Ludhiana

11/8/2005

355 M

16/03/1975

19:46 Ludhiana

18/05/2005

310 M

18/09/1977