GENIUS IN NATURE

GENI USI NNAT URE ayear2ar chi t ect ect ur epr oj ect onbi omi mi cr y.

F ai t hYeo |192016Y|2020

: Scorpions do not have bones instead they have an exoskeleton made of chitin, - said exoskeleton armor pattern ( tiny dome-shaped granules throughout the surface)

1.Erosion resistance in nature Results showed that the desert scorpions used special microtextures such as bumps and grooves to construct the functional surfaces to achieve the erosion resistance.

fig. 2 Point clouds of scorpion back.

C

B

A

THE SURFACE’S CONVEX AND GROOVED DESIGN FACILITATES They found that the domes deflected the virtual airflow, which reduced the erosion rate by 50% compared with smooth.

Then they tested real steel plates in a real sandstorm, albeit artificially generated by compressed air.

D

Figure 3: (Right) A) Swirling air caught in the grooves create air cushions and slow down the velocity of the wind. Airborne particles then either B) bounce away without impact or C) hit the surface at a much slower velocity and less impact. D) A particle hitting a flat surface where the wind does not diminish in velocity will have a much higher impact.

FORM AND FUNCTIONS, Metasoma : The metasoma is the posterior part of the body, or tagma, of arthropods whose body is composed of three parts, the other two being the prosoma and the mesosoma. ... In scorpions, the metasoma is the tail.

Striated Muscles

trichobothria;

fig. 4 : Internal anatomy of the telson and the fifth metasomal segment (Neochactas delicatus). The telson can be subdivided into the aculeus (Ac), vesicle (Ve) and peduncle (Pe). Telson shows the venom gland (transparent green) and venom canal lumen (blue) inside the vesicle

Long, thin hairlike structures,easily deflected by air vibrations.These hairs are situated on the pedipalps along different planes and thus allow scorpions to detect the direction of air movement, which enables them to catch aerial prey, detect predators, and navigate by using prevailing winds.

Compiter reconstruction of scorpion muscles ---->

fig.5 : Movement of the metasoma, when the scorpian chooses to sting it’s prey

THE WAY IN WHICH THE METASOMA STRIKES THE PREY, IS UNIQUE TO EACH SCORPION The stinging behavior in scorpions differs greatly between defensive and predatory strikes.

^ longer trajectory tend to be faster, as compared to that of shorter trajectory.

2. Condition of living environment : Scorpions can be observed in many types of habitats. However, most scorpions prefer deserts and semi-arid regions. Most scorpions hide under logs, rocks, boards and clutter.

Some, such as the bark scorpion, rest on vertical surfaces like trees, bushes and walls.logs, rocks, boards and clutter.

CHARACTERISTICS - High temperatures in summer; greater evaporation than precipitation - Exacerbated by high temperatures - Strong winds; lack of cloud cover; considerable variation in the occurrence of precipitation, its intensity and distribution; - Low humidity.

DESERT BIOME (Semi Arid Climates)

Arabian Fat-tailed scorpion

maurus scorpion

Giant Hairy Scorpion

- Abundant rainfall - Relatively constant warm temperatures - The amount of sunlight penetration is determined by the density of canopy vegetation, sometimes resulting in daytime semidarkness at the ground level.

- Nutrient-poor soil - High levels of biodiversity

RAINFOREST BIOME Emperor scorpion

liocheles waigiensis hormurus waigiensis

WHAT’S YOUR ROLE IN NATURE?

pes t control

In nature, scorpions are highly beneficial. Scorpions are predators, and so they feed on a variety of potential pest organisms. Some scorpions also feed on other scorpions, so they do have an important role in the environment potentially controlling pest populations

FORM AND FUNCTION, Promenade Ă deuxt : Scorpions engage in an elaborate courtship ritual known as the promenade Ă deux (literally, a walk for two). The dance begins when the male and female make contact. The male takes his partner by her pedipalps and gracefully walks her back and forth until he finds a proper location for his spermatophore.

A scorpion's cuticle, or skin, absorbs ultraviolet light and reflects it as visible light.

S c i ent i s t sa r en' ts ur ehowt hi s uor es c enc ebenet st he c r ea t ur es , buts omeha v es pec ul a t edt ha ti ta c t sa sas uns c r een, orhel pst hem ndma t esi nt heda r k .

T o ndout , t her es ea r c her se x t r a c t ed c ompoundsf r om mol t ede x os k el et onsoft he s c or pi onL i oc hel esa us t r a l a s i a e-t hey pur iedt hec ompounds howi ngt hemos t i nt ens e uor es c enc ea ndi dent iedi t s s t r uc t ur e , whi c hwa sapht ha l a t ees t er pr ev i ous l ys hownt oha v ea nt i f unga l a nd i pa r a s i t i cpr oper t i esi not heror ga ni s ms . a nt T hi s ndi ngs ugges t st ha tt henewmol ec ul e , whi c ht her es ea r c her sf oundi ns ev er a l a ddi t i ona l s c or pi ons pec i es , c oul dhel p gua r da ga i ns tpa r a s i t i ci nf ec t i onsi nt hes e c r ea t ur es .

The mechanism: A hyaline coating (cuticle) on the exoskeleton of a scorpion contains beta-carboline and 4-methyl, 7-hydroxycoumarin which absorb UV light and retransmit it as visible bluish-green light.

DOCUMENTATATION ( Main Body )

1

4

( Tail and stinger ) 2

5

3

6

JOINTS

EXOSKELETON

JOINTS

EXOSKELETON SHELL

DOCUMENTATION : Pattern of thickness

8.3mm 6.5mm

4.7mm ^ Horizontal width of a scorpion The abdomen of the scorpion is made of 7 parts, The tail of the scorpion is made up of 5 segments, excluding the stinger.

1mm The typical 1mm 1.4mm size of a 1.8mm scorpiion 2.2mm is 6 cm 2.1mm

^ width of a scorpion

3.2mm 4mm

2.7mm 2.5mm 4.6mm 4.3mm

29.1m

MODEL 1: Derivative

String here is used to represent the muscle of the scorpion.

SCORPION BODY LANGUAGE

S cor pi onsar eact i veni ghthunt er swi t hdevel opedabi l i t i est oachi evet hei rgoal .T heydonothave excel l entvi s i on,butt hr ought hei rs ens or yhai r s ,t heycanknow whatki ndofani mali sappr oachi ng andhow f ari si tf r om t hem.Ass uch,wi l lactaccor di ngyt opr ey/ f oe/ f ami l y.

Howdos c or pi onsr ea c tt o(s oc i a l c ondi t i ons) Prey

Scorpions have such sensitive hairs on their pedipalps that they can even locate their prey.

Many species wait by their burrow with pedipalps open and stinger raised until their unsuspecting prey wanders by.

Threats/ Predators

Fellow Scorpions

Their natural inclination is to flee/ Threat display (Deimatic behaviour or startle display)

When provoked, they spread their pincers and in some cases raise their abdomens, their tails standing near-erect with the sting ready for immediate use.

As adults, most scorpions are nocturnal and solitary, usually staying in the same territory throughout their lives. However there may be exceptions depedning on their needs and priorities.

FAMILY

All female scorpions show some degree of maternal care with the young remaining with their mothers for up to several months after hatching, , despite bing solitary animals

< The female scorpion will create a 'birth basket' by positioning her pedipalps and front legs to capture her offspring as they are born.

Potential mates

A male may leave his home territory to seek out a female by searching for her scent.

Mating rituals vary from species to species, but in general, if the female is interested, the male begins a courtship dance (â&#x20AC;?promenade a deux."): he grasps the female's pedipalps and turns her in circles, moving her back and forth. The two raise their metasomas over their

OTHER SCORPIONS

Scorpions usually prey on live animals and do not actively seek out their own species except to mate

However, cannibalism is common among scorpions.

SCORPION BODY LANGUAGE PART 2 : Breaking down common forms Neutral Form :

When they have their tail laid flat to the side they are relaxed.

Hostile Form :

When they are agitated or in an aggressive/hunting mood both my scorps have their tail raised high and pedipalps at the ready 1st position

4th position

2nd position

5th position

Movements in legs:

LIGAMNETS IN THE LEGS

3rd position

6th position

Ventral View Of the exoskeleton:

STUDY : PURPOSE OF THE SCORPION TAIL 1.DEFENCE :

(i) ATTACKING OTHER SCORPIONNS

:Some scorpions actually produce two types of venom -- one that's lethal, and one that only stuns prey. In those cases, lethal venom is usually reserved for prey, while stunning venom is used for self-defense.

Phase One : Deadlock

Phase Three : Strike and Take down

Phase Two : Hand to hand combat

(ii) ABSCOND BY DISCARDING THEIR TAIL When attacked, some scorpions discard their stinger.Even after being pulled off, the tail continues moving, “It’s a decoy,” says Prendini. “It makes the predator think they’re in a fight while the scorpion makes a getaway.”

Weak points that can be exploited to remove the tail can be removed.

2.OFFENCE :

Scorpions don’t only use their stings to kill their prey – they use it to defend themselves against predators, too, such as snakes, lizards and birds.

Prior to striking its prey

Uses pincers to grab a hold on prey

Stinging the prey to induce paralysis

SCORPION ADAPTATIONS

Howdos c or pi onsr ea c tt o(env i r onment a l c ondi t i ons)

Hota nddr yc l i ma t eoft hedes er t

Scorpion burrowing into the ground

^The scorpion does a scooping motion with it’s legs, all the while pushing it’s body into the burrow. Towards the end the scorpion uses it’s tail to further accentuate the opening of the burrow.

Adaptation :

a.THEY BURROW INTO SAND FURING THE DAY, AVOIDING THE HIGH HEATS

To form a burrow, scorpions dig to a depth where moisture and temperature are suitable and comfortable. Burrows are usually only made to accommodate one scorpion. Some scorpions wait at their burrows to ambush their prey.

1

ARCHITECTURE OF THE SCORPION’S BURROW (1)Each burrow began with a short, vertical entrance shaft that flattened out a few centimetres :The researchers believe that this provides a safe, warm place for the scorpions to increase their body temperature before they leave the burrow to forage at night.

b. SCORPION EXOSKELETON

Crush injery resistant

Erosion resistant

Water resistant

Legend

First segment

JOINTS

Second segment Third segment

Represent movements of leg segment

Represent rotation of joints

MODELDERI VATI VE:EXOSKELETON s t ep1: r ef er enc es

s i ys onandanal i t ec s s Di ep2: t s LAMI NARARMOUR : a r mou rma def r omhor i z ont a l ov e r l a ppi ng r owsorba ndsofs ol i da r mou rpl a t e s

LAMI NARCONSTRUCTI ON : s e a ml e s swe a v i ngofpa r t s( i eme t a l pl a t e s) t oc r e a t eaï¬&#x201A;u i ds u r f a c e

PAPERF ANPARTS

s t ep3: Model s BAMBOOMODELS

DERI VATI VE

Begi nni ngs t eps . . .

St r i ngi sus edt or epr es ent t hemus c l esi nt hes c or pi on

FI RSTMODEL

we a v i ngwi t h me t a l wi r e Bu t t e rpa pe rt o c ombi nel a y e r s

SECONDMODEL THI RDMODEL Us i ngaba s epi v ot( i na pa pe rf a n) a ndbu t t e rpa pe r t oc onne c tl a y e r s .

MODELDERI VATI VE:LEGS s t ep1: r ef er enc es

on

progression of movement

hints at joint nearest to the body rotates both lateral and medial

possible mechanical joinary

s t ep2: di s s ec t i onandanal ys i s

s t ep2: model s ( 1 ) J oi nt swi t honl yl a t e r a l mov e me nt s a ) At t e mpt#1

b) At t e mpta tauni v e r s a l Uj oi nt

b) At t e mpt#2

( 2) J oi nt st ha tc a nmov ei nl a t e r a l a ndme di a l mov e me nt s a ) At t e mpta taba l l j oi nt

FI NALLEG MODEL

MODEL 2: DERIVATIVE

MODEL MAKING PROCESS : EXOSKELETON

make sure each segment is 4mm apart

- Use of string as muscle

- Thin card board - Metal wire,0.38 diameter - String

WEAVING TECHNIQUE

- Use of string as muscle

- Card Stock - Metal wire,0.38 diameter - String

MODELLING MAKING PROCESS 2 : EXOSKELETON MODEL 3

Butter paper used to connect the bamboo pieces

Rolled Cardstocks

- Bamboo strips - Butter paper - Satay sticks - Glue

joint

Each arc is connected by butter paper rolled cardstock is connected to one another

MODEL 4

- Bamboo strips - Butter paper - Satay sticks - Glue

Joint

BURROWI NG I NT OT HEGROUND, T OT AKESHADE.

VARI AT I ONSI NL EGSL ENGT H

FORM

PARTS

MOVEMENT

FORM

PARTS

MOVEMENT

FORM

PARTS

MOVEMENT

FORM

PARTS

MOVEMENT

CORRELATI ONOFBURROWI NG AND“ EXTRACTI NG”WATER FROMTHEGROUND POS I T I ON1

POS I T I ON2

POS I T I ON3

POS I T I ON5

POS I T I ON4

I ti st houghtt hes pi r al s ec t i onhel pst ot r apwat erv apourasi nt he har s hdes er tenv i r onmentwat eri sof t ens c ar c ef orl ongper i ods .

Thi s s pec i esdoesnotdr i nkf r eewat er ,butgai nswat erf r om f oodandi s c apabl eoft aki ngwat erf r om s oi l v i aos mos i s .

0° C ~60° C

ACCUMI L AT I ONOFS ANDOF2NDL EG ACCUMI L AT I ONOFS ANDOF1S TL EG ACCUMI L AT I ONOFS ANDOF3RDL EG

3.OSMOT I C PRESSURE F ROM T HESURROUNDI NG SOI L

Y L UREMOST EMERAT 1.T AGNENT NSST REMAI

2.

WAXYI NT ERI OROF T HEEXOSKEL ET ON HEL PST O PREVENT WAT ERF ROM EVAPORAT I NG OF F 20° C ~25° C

PEKANQUARRY

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7 " N1 0 3 ° 5 8' 00.

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PROGRAM Offt heu r ba ni s e ds hor e sof Si nga por e , l i e sPu l a uUbi n-as ma l l i dy l i ci s l a ndt ot heNor t he a s tofSi nga por e .

-c ha r a c t e r i s e dbyi t ’ s Na t i v e ’ sr u s t i cwa yofl i f e , r i c hbi odi v e r s i t ya ndmi nne r a l r e s ou r c e s .

De s pi t ee ffor t st oe ns u r et hepe opl eofpu l a uu bi nha sa c c e s st o c l e a nwa t e r : t r a c e sofECol i a ndot he rwa t e rbou r nedi s e a s e sa r e f ou ndt obepr e s e nti nwe l l wa t e r s-t hena t i v e ’ sma i ns ou r c eof wa t e r .

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S CHEDUL EOFACCOMODAT I ONS

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OF F ERI NG S T ORAGE

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SI TEANAL YSI S PENAKQUARRY

Nor t hEas t er nI s l ands1 ° 2 4' 08.

7 " N1 0 3 ° 5 8' 00.

7 " E

HI STORI CALBACKGROUND Pe n a kQu a r r ywa sp r e v i o u s l yag r a n i t eq u a r r yu s e db yt h eBr i t i s ht oe x t r a c t g r a n i t ea n do t h e r p r e c i o u smi n e r a l sf r o mt h ee a r t h .

Aso f c u r r e n t , a f t e rt h ec l o s u r eo f Pe k a nQu a r r y , i t st woq u a r r y p i t swe r eme r g e dt of o r mas c e n i cl a k ea n dt h es u r r o u n d i n gl a n di ss u r r o u n d e db yl u s hg r e e n e r y a n dt h i c kv e g e t a t i o n: I n d i c a t i n gt ot h es o i l ’ smi n e r a l r i c h n e s s .

SUNP ATH a c c e s st os i t ef r o mt h ema i np a t h ,Re s i d e n t st h a t l i v ewi t h i nt h es i t eMo v e me n t o f t h es u ni nr e l a t i o nt o a n dt h ek a mp o n gh o u s e sn e a r b y t h es i t e( Si n g a p o r e , Pu l a uUb i n ) N

VEGET ATI ON s e e r t

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PREVAI LI NG WI NDS

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