Deep Brazil's Infrastructure: A Proposition for Vale do Ribeira by Gabriel Lisboa

D E E P B R A Z I L’ S I N F R A S T R U C T U R E : A P R O P O S I T I O N F O R VA L E D O R I B E I R A GABRIEL LISBOA 2020

FA U U S P U N I V E R S I T Y O F S Ã O PA U L O

I dedicate this work to all COVID-19 victims in Vale do Ribeira and their families; to the traditional Brazilian communities, which teach us about existence and resistence; and to my family, friends and professors, for unconditional support. São Paulo, 2020.

THE NASA LIGHTNING MAP AND THE SOUTH AMERICAN S TA N D S T R U C T U R E .

“ Most Latin American countries have no real surplus of people; on the contrary, they have too few. Brazil has thirty-eight times fewer inhabitants per square mile than Belgium, Paraguay has forty-nine times fewer than England,Peru has thirty-two times fewer than Japan. Haiti and El Salvador, the humanantheaps of Latin America, have lower population densities than Italy. No less than half the territory of Bolivia,Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, andVenezuela has no inhabitants at all.” (Eduardo Galerano in OPEN VEINS OF LATIN AMERICA. 1977).

Source: visibleearth.nasa.gov (04/2020)

F LY I N G O V E R T H E BA I X O VA L E D O R I B E I R A CHAPTER 1 / THE SITE

“ V A L E D O R I B E I R A” A N D THE BRAZILIAN TERRITORY

Jaguar in Apiaí, São Paulo. 2017.

[Petar]

Mysterious and untouched, Vale do Ribeira is a diamond in the rough. Is called Vale do Ribeira the region in between the Paraná state’s north shore, São Paulo state’s south shore and the area in the Ribeira de Iguape river basin totaling 31 municipalities. Although the rigion is located just a few hours far by road from the São Paulo city, the various situations and landscapes contained in Vale do Ribeira carries paradigmatic features of Brazil’s “deepest” regions. The first of these traits is the high rate of native forest cover. The region stands out for the preservation of its ecosystems, totaling 21 million hectares of Atlantic rainforest, sheltering the largest continuous mass of preserved vegetation in this biome. With forests, mangroves and restingas, the region’s fauna and flora carry a high rate of endemicity and a high concentration of threatened species. For exemple: Acoording to IBAMA datas (Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) there are no more than 250 jaguar individuals living in the Atlantic Forest biome in Brazil, of which around 60 live in the Vale do Ribeira. As well as the brazilian deep countryside, Vale do Ribeira is a demographic void. It counts with São Paulo’s lowest population density index. For example: the Cananéia’s population density is 9.84 inhabitants per km², in Piauí state it is 12.39 inhabitants per km² and in the northeastern semiarid it is around 10 inhabitants per km². Because of these numbers and this stand structure Vale do Ribeira presents the higher native ecosystems and traditional communities pre-

servation rates and, at the same time, keep these municipalities on the sidelines of the intense brazilian south region economic development. The third fact that distinguish the Vale do Ribeira’s is the important presence of indigenous peoples and quilombolas (communities of black slaves and their descendants who resisted the slavery regime).There are 50 remaining quilombo communities in the region whereas the entire São Paulo state has around 60 communities. It is important to stress that quilombola communities are mainly concentrated in the mountain areas, in the municipalities of Eldorado and Sete Barras. In addition, it is worth highlighting the presence of numerous indigenous communities in the region. There are tribes spread all over the São Paulo coast, however the greatest concentration is on the south shore, especially in Iguape and Cananéia municipalities. In Cananéia, around 8% of the population lives in indigenous tribes. According to the presented data, it is natural to presume that such high environmental and anthropological preservation standards are only possible through mobilization and awareness, but the reality is rather different. The municipalities of Vale do Ribeira have the lowest HDI and the worst health and education rates in São Paulo. For example, the HDI of Sete Barras is 0.673 equivalent to that of the state of Alagoas and Iraq. The Brazilian average in 2020 is 0.699. Therefore the project and the narratives that will be developed in this work aims to shed light that the preservation rates are, actually, resulted of a long process of forgetting and exclusion.

OC EAN

Equator

Capricorn

O ATL AN TI C

VA L E D O R I B E I R A L O C AT E D I N T H E B R A Z I L I A N AT L A N T I C RAINFOREST BIOME.

Map Keys Remnant of Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil* Atlantic Rainforest Biome in Brazil* Vale do Ribeira Perimeter * fonte: SOS Mata Atlântica

N AT I V E V E G E TA B L E C O V E R A G E P E R C E N TA G E B Y M U N I C I PA L I T Y I N S Ã O P A U L O S TAT E . [ 0 ]

Map Keys

C I T

AN E OC

1 0 0 km

Vale do Ribeira Perimeter Native Vegetable Coverage Percentage

F E D E R A L A N D S TAT E H I G H W AY S I N S Ã O P A U L O S TAT E . [ 0 ]

PR LA

C I T

EAN C O

Map Keys Vale do Ribeira Perimeter

Federal Highways

1 0 0 km

State Highways

L O N G E V I T Y B Y M U N I C I PA L I T Y I N S A O P A U L O S TAT E . [ 0 ]

Map Keys

C I T

AN E OC

Vale do Ribeira Perimeter

Longevity Rate - IPRS

1 0 0 km

VA L E D O R I B E I R A : P R E S E R VAT I O N , QUILOMBO AND INDIGENOUS AREAS, WAT E R C O U R S E S , M U N I C I PA L I T I E S A N D ROAD AND RAIL AXIS.[1]

LA N

N A E C O

Map Keys

Vale do Ribeira Perimeter

Rail Axis BR-116 Highway Preservation Areas-APA

Quilombolo Areas

1 8 km

Indigenous Settlements

IGUAPE-CANANÉIA LAGOON COMPLEX: THE REGION UNDER STUDY

For study purposes, three municipalities were selected to be further investigated: Iguape, Ilha Comprida and Cananéia. These cities have been choosen because of their similar geological formation and, as a result, the similar human occupation throughout history. Named by Besnard, W. (1950), the Cananéia Lagoon Complex is basically a large sedimentary basin. Unlike São Paulo’s north shore, in Vale do Ribeira there are a large number of rivers wich flows from Serra do Mar (mountain ranges and escarpments in Southeastern Brazil) towards the coast. These rivers carry a huge amount of sediment that, when left close to the sea, form a large sandy coastal plain where the three studied municipalities are located. Due to its topographical features and natural sources, Cananéia was the first town founded in Brazil, in 1531 and Iguape the seventh, in 1538. As result, both cities carry enormous architectural and cultural heritage. Ilha Comprida, on the other hand, it was an extensive sand bank, sparsely inhabited, belonging to Iguape and Cananéia, which in 1992 was emancipated and became an autonomous municipality. Thereafter, the island has experienced dizzying economic and demographic growth. The hydrous body that interconnects the Cananéia Lagoon Complex region is an extensive brackish water channel called Mar Pequeno. Most of the inhabitants in the region lives along Mar Pequeno margins. From there, it is possible to access important preservation areas, the historic cities of Iguape and Cananéia, as well as dozens of riverines communities, indigenous areas and a quilombola community. Of the three mentioned municipalities, three specific

settlements ware choosen. Are they: • The Historic Center of Iguape, the largest urban agglomeration in the region, with around 25 thousand inhabitants and counts with important examples of colonial architectural heritage; • The village of Pedrinhas, located in the south region of Ilha Comprida, the riverine community is home to around 350 inhabitants and has high potential for ecotourism; • The Quilombola community of Mandira, which is located in Cananéia, has around 120 inhabitants and is known for its traditional oyster farming. In Cananéia lagoon complex there is a satisfactory numbers of medical units and ICUs per capita. However, due to its widespread occupation, many of the inhabitants who live in rural areas cannot easily access basic healthcare facilities and services. In that case, the problem is not the lack of infrastructure, but its geographic organization. The proposed research will focus on creating hypotheses on how it would be possible to rethink the use of the Canal do Mar Pequeno to optimize the connection between the different settlements in the region to improve transport routes, developing inclusive ecotourism and a mobile healthcare network focused on prevention. Monitoring and prevention systems are cheaper and more efficient than specialized medical care. Considering this, the Brazilian Public Healthcare

proposes an hierarchization of medical care in which the most capillary tool is the “Family Health Team” and the most specialized end are represented by the technological medical centers located in the main capitals. Nowadays “Family Health Team” has thousands of operational groups formed by three professionals: one doctor, one nurse and a nursing assitant, spread over the most remote settlementes in the brazilian countryside and metropolitan suburbs, providing basic care, information and preventive healthcare. In the case of COVID-19, this team would be responsible for the vaccination, testing and possible displacement of patients.

S Ã O PA U L O CITY

VA L E D O R I B E I R A : M U N I C I PA L BORDERS IN THE “LAGOON COMPLEX I G U A P E - C A N É I A” [ 1 ]

Pop: 12,18 milhões Area: 1521 km²

IGUAPE M U N I C I PA L I T Y Pop: 30390 Area: 1978 km²

LA N

População: 10291 Área: 192 km²

N A E C O

ILHA COMPRIDA M U N I C I PA L I T Y

Juréia-Itatins Forest Reserve

CANANÉIA M U N I C I PA L I T Y

População: 12377 Área: 1242 km²

Map Keys Vale do Ribeira Perimeter

Ilha do Cardoso State Park

3 2

15 km

Municipalities Borders BR-116 Highway Preservation Areas - APA

G E O L O G I C A L F O R M AT I O N HYPOTHESIS OF IGUAPECANANÉIA LAGOON COMPLEX.[2]

CONTINENT

N EA C O

III

Continental portion marked by mountainous geology.

After that, sediments resulted from the erosion were conducted by the movements of water and winds and then deposited in the area protected by the island geological shape.

Then, there was the organic consolidation of sediments by the mangroves caused by the invasion of mud, sand and various organic debris coming from the interior, brought by water courses.

The obstruction proceeds. Large extensions of mangroves were established and fixed. The mangroves are concentrated in the lower parts that are still exposed to the tidal movements

Besnard, W.. (1950). Considerações gerais em tôrno da região lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape: I. Boletim do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia, 1(1), 09-26.

SETTLEMENTS IN THE IGUAPE-CANANÉIA LAGOON COMPLEX. [3]

IGUAPE

e né

Ig u

CANANÉIA

I PR

ILHA DE CANANÉIA

LA N

C I T

N A E C O

Map Keys Roads Municipal Borders

ILHA DO CARDOSO

Riverine Communities Indigenous Communities Quilombo Área Historical City - Iphan

1 0 km

Fehry Boarding

TYPICAL LANDSCAPE OVER THE MAR PEQUENO CANAL.[A]

[A1]

Iguape aerial view and the confluence between Mar Pequeno and Valo Grande

[A2]

The bridge that overcross the Mar Pequeno Canal. Connecting Iguape and Ilha Comprida Municipalities

[A3]

Cananéia Historical Center waterfront in the Mar Pequeno Canal.

[Naturam]

[O Turista]

[Prefeitura de Cananéia]

H E A LT H C A R E FA C I L I T I E S L O C AT E D I N T H E C A N A N E I A IGUAPE LAGOON COMPLEX A N D I T S D I S TA N C E F R O M T H E MAIN SETTLEMENTS [3]

49 MINUTES Vale do Ribeira Central Hospital [40 ITU beds]

IGUAPE

pe né

42 MINUTES

gu a

A LH

R MP

A 65

Pedrinhas

CANANÉIA

ILHA DE CANANÉIA

55 MINUT ES

N A E C O

LA N

R. Mandira

S 59 MINUTE

T NU

C I T

U IN

Núcleo Perequê

ILHA DO CARDOSO

Map Keys Roads Municipal Borders Healthcare Facilities [without ITU]

1 0 km

Vale do Ribeira’s Regional Hospital

S . U . S . F U N D A M E N TA L P R I N C I P L E S Unified Health System (hereby SUS) is the brazilian healthcare public system. It serves all the states and municipalities in the country and it its considered the biggets public and free healthcare system in the world.

UNIVERSALITY EQUITY COMPLETENESS S T R AT E G I E S

POPULAR I N V O LV E M E N T

EXECUTION

R E G I O N A L I Z AT I O N A N D H I E R A R C H I Z AT I O N

D E C E N T R A L I Z AT I O N AND SINGLE COMMAND

TERTIARY H E A LT H C A R E

SECONDARY H E A LT H C A R E

PRIMARY H E A LT H C A R E

High complexity situations assistance

Emergency Service for basic requirements

Prevention promotion, vaccination and basic care

SETTLEMENTS IN IGUAPECANANEIA LAGOON COMPLEX. [3] IGUAPE

4 pe né

gu a

R MP

CANANÉIA

N A E C O 5

LA N

ILHA DE CANANÉIA

Map Keys Healthcare Facilities Historical Heritage Perimeter

Roads

ILHA DO CARDOSO

Riverine Communities

Indigenous Communities Quilombo Area Historical City - Iphan

1 0 km

Ferry Boat Boarding

SETTLEMENTS IN THE NORTH OF MAR PEQUENO CANAL. [4]

J U R É I A - I TAT I N S FOREST RESERVE

a eir

Ribeira River

r ve

Juréia Beach

Ribeira R

iver

Rib

eira

Icapara Village

IGUAPE Toca do Bugio

Mar Pequeno

Intermunicipal Bridge

e equ P r a

12 ILH

R MP

IDA

Map Keys Healthcare Facilities Historical Heritage Perimeter

LA N

Rocio Neighborhood

N A E C O

Roads Riverine Communities

Rio

Barra do Ribeira

Indigenous Communities Quilombo Area Historical City - Iphan

3 km

Ferry Boat Boarding

SETTLEMENTS IN THE MIDDLE OF MAR PEQUENO CANAL. [5]

IGUAPE

u eq rP

Terra Indígena Pindoty/Araçá-Mirim

pe né

gu a

ia Subaúma

u eq rP

Guaviraty Indigenous Reserve

CANANÉIA

I PR

Ubatuba

9 Viareggio

C I T

Map Keys Healthcare Facilities Historical Heritage Perimeter

Roads Riverine Communities

u eq rP

LA N

Pedrinhas

N A E C O

Indigenous Communities

ILHA DE CANANÉIA

Quilombo Area Historical City - Iphan

3 km

Ferry Boat Boarding

SETTLEMENTS IN THE SOUTH OF MAR PEQUENO CANAL. [6]

Cubatão

ue n

AC O

Pe q ar

ue n

ILH

Pe q ar M

Cananeia State Park

RID

Mandira Quilombo

Cananéia Historical City

Mandira Extractive Reserve

CANANÉIA

ILHA DE CANANÉIA Pakurity Indigenous Reserve

Barra de Cananéia

Baía do Trepande

Núcleo Pereque-Itacuruça

ATLANTI C O CE AN

Bom Abrigo Island

Pakurity Indigenous Reserve

ILHA DO CARDOSO

Map Keys Roads Riverine Communities

Jacutinga Indigenous Reserve

Indigenous Communities Quilombo Area Historical City - Iphan Marujá

3 km

Ferry Boat Boarding

I G UA P E H I S TO R I C C I T Y A N D VA L O GRANDE CANAL SECTION. [7]

Rocio Neighborhood

Francisco Matarazzo Industrial Complex Valo Grande Canal

Benedito Rosa School

Serra do Mar

Bom Jesus de Iguape Church Preservation Area APA

Basílica Square

100

300

1:5000

PEDRINHAS VILLAGE AND MAR PEQUENO CANAL SECTION. [8]

Preservation Area (APA)

Pedrinhas Village

Icapara Mar Pequeno Canal

00 mm

100 100

200 300

1:5000

QUILOMBO MANDIRA AND MAR PEQUENO CANAL SECTION. [9]

Mandira Road Quilombola Community

Mandira Extrativist Reserve

Batuva Canal

Quilombola Community Water Acess

100

300

1:5000

SAILING DOWN THE MAR PEQUENO CANAL CHAPTER 2 / INTENTIONS

THE LIGHTHOUSES SYSTEM AND THE “THIRD RIVERSIDE”

ub a

on the other side, which reciprocally refer to each other.

id a Ig

Il C ha om pr

a úm Su ba

s ha in

an an C

Pe dr

éia

an M

in color between green, red, white and blue, according to the needs of each settlement. For example, if there is an emergency in the Mandira Quilombo community, the light will be red and everyone who lives around them will be able to know, by looking at the horizon, there is a problem envolving the neighboring village. It is, somehow, an analogy to smoke signals, which allowed geographical distant groups to exchenge messages through the landscape. The lighthouses and ports proposed are not just spaces and infrastructures implemented on the river banks, but they try to bring to the channel itself and its waters a space for socializing and meeting. According to Guimarães Rosa’s tale, a “third riverbank” would be created, a new place that is, metaphorically, a central square connecting all the Vale do Ribeira settlements.

[...] A river is made up of two banks, on this side and

y ur it Pa k

However, between them flows the river, the image of continuity; and a canoe sails on the river, an image of

discontinuity. The flow of time is insignificant for the river, fundamental for the canoe and its occupant.

P Ita ereq cu ue ru ça

uj á M ar

cities of Iguape and Cananéia, to the Pakurity indigenous areas, on Ilha do Cardoso. The lighthouses were concept to be a luminous warning for navigators at the same time they would operate as outlook bases for fauna, flora and meteorology studies and also as telecommunications facilities. A shelter for researchers was included, creating a place that is infrastructure, home and observatory. At the structures grounds there will be cinemas, bars, restaurants, schools and hospitals serving the local communities and turists. The longest distance between two of these towers would be 16 km: between Iguape and Subaúma. In flat topographies it is possible to see tall buildings from more than 25 km away. Thus, the towers were placed to create a visual communication network that indicates the position of each settlement. It would be possible to have visual contact between different villages. Each lighthouse will be provided with a light source at its top, which varies

tã o

di ra

The “Iguape-Cananéia Lagoon Complex” relief is extremely flat. The absence of hills or valleys blurs the boundaries between places and misunderstands spaces and landscapes. It’s all an immense continuous plain, without important marks in its horinzon. To the navigators it is no intuitive to travel from one settlement to another along the Mar Pequeno. There are no landmarks that guide the gaze of those who move or just look at the horizon. There are no names and no identity. Traditionally a lighthouse is an object capable of naming, informing, inserting the most distinct coastal locations on the map and in the landscape. Thus conceptual lighthouses were designed for the most diverse settlements in Mar Pequeno Canal and its surroundings. There would be a total of eleven towers, positioned on the riverbanks and indicating the existence of a small port for transport boats or mobile healthcare units. The chosen locations range from the historic

Towers position diagram and the connection between them.

(GALVÃO, 1978, p. 37).

LIGHTHOUSE OUTLOOK TOWER MODEL [10]

3,00 m

MAR PEQUENO

LIGHTHOUSE OUTLOOK TOWER PLANS. [11]

0,00 m

MAR P E Q U ENO

Ground floor

Work stations - 2 researchers - 1 Onboard Controller

Station / 48m²

MAR P E Q U ENO

+15,00 m

LIGHTHOUSE OUTLOOK TOWERS: ANALOGUE AND HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES.

Lighthouse Gray dolphin (Mammal)

Flathead Shark (Fish)

Radio Antenna Human Arm

Dolphin Fin

Analogue Structures

Homologous Structures

perform the same function but have different origins.

perform different functions but have the same origin.

OUTLOOK TOWERS POSITION WITHIN H E A LT H C A R E , A N D T O U R I S M B A S E S AT T H E C A N A N É I A - I G U A P E L A G O O N COMPLEX. [3]

Iguape

IGUAPE

e né

I PR

Pedrinhas

CANANÉIA Cubatão

Centro Histórico Cananéia

C I T

N A E C O

LA N

Quilombo de Mandira

ILHA DE CANANÉIA

Núcleo Pereque-Itacuruça

Map Keys

ILHA DO CARDOSO

Roads Municipal Borders

Terra Indígena Pakurity

Marujá

Ilha Comprida

Subaúma

Ig u

Icapara

Towers: Boat Stops, healthcare facilities and turistic centers.

1 0 km

OUTLOOK TOWER LIGHTS F O R V I S U A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N .

Green Light

Blue Light

Red Light

White Light

The traveling healthcare unit is docked and available

Transport ship is docked and available

Medical emergency. Need for urgent medical treatment or displacement

Normal situation

VISUAL CONNECTION NETWORK BETWEEN THE OUTLOOK TOWERS. [3] IGUAPE

pe né

gu a

A LH

R MP

C I T

N A E C O

ILHA DE CANANÉIA

LA N

CANANÉIA

Map Keys

ILHA DO CARDOSO

Marujá

Roads Municipal Borders Towers: Boat Stops, healthcare facilities and turistic centers.

1 0 km

C ATA M A R A N T R A N S P O R T L I N E T H AT CONNECTS THE CANANÉIA LAGOON C O M P L E X S E T T E L M E N T. [ 3 ]

IGUAPE

pe né

gu a

A LH

R MP

C I T

N A E C O

ILHA DE CANANÉIA

LA N

CANANÉIA

Map Keys Roads

ILHA DO CARDOSO

Municipal Borders Collective Transport Line

1 0 km

Towers: Boat Stops, healthcare facilities and turistic centers.

T H E C ATA M A R A N S Y S T E M A S A S O L U T I O N F O R N A V I G AT I O N I N S H A L L O W W AT E R S During the 19th century, the thriving city of Iguape was the scene of an unprecedented environmental disaster: the opening of the Valo Grande Canal (illustrated on the next page). As a result, the city’s port was silted, commercial navigation in Mar Pequeno, near the city, became unviable, there was flooding of arable areas, famine and then the cycle of economic prosperity in Vale do Ribeira, which was already starting a industrialization process, was terminated and the city fell into oblivion. Several times during 20th century, the public authorities tried to close the Valo Grande canal to contain the silting, but the task is not simple. First, building a dam, even without the energy generation, requires a huge amount of resources and a lot of political willingness. Second, closing the canal 100 years after it was opened would also causes changes in population that depend on the actual land area, so there was resistance from manjuba fishermen and banana producers. Both depend on flooding in the floodplains of the Vale Grande canal. Finally, in the early 1980s a dam to contain the siltation on the banks of the Valo Grande was built and the crisis, which began during the Empire, was deepened:

Iguape begins to experience a social drama whose consequences are still unpredictable. There are many beggars in the downtown streets, thousands of homeless people and little job prospect for all these people. The rural exodus, after the new flood, is imminent. The losses have not yet been calculated, but it is believed that they will come close to Cr$1 billion. [...]

Mayor Carlos Fausto says that there are no conditions for the Public Power to absorb the labor that is now available. The city’s commerce, which is awaiting a crisis, does not have this condition either. Several families are thinking about the possibility of entering the fishing industry, but as the capture of manjuba in the current harvest is small, [...] the prospects have become smaller. Excerpt from a journalistic article published in “A Tribuna do Ribeira” (issued from January 31 to February 6, 1981) under the title “Floods: the homelessness drama”. A century and a half later, Iguape continues to try to find solutions to overcome this ecological imbalance. And the work in question seeks to discuss solutions to this problem. This project aims to propose the return of medium-sized navigation in Mar Pequeno canal, after a historic of disasters. In this regard, possible models of vessels designed for shallow water navigation were investigated. Searching closely, it is possible to find models of catamaran boats manufactured by shipyards in Santos (São Paulo). Catamarans are versatile vessels and by having two or more hulls are able to navigate in shallow waters at high speeds, presenting less friction with the water surface. The system of ports and towers will count with a fleet of catamarans that will operate as transport for residents and tourists and as mobile medical clinics,

which could be moored in the most remote communities, housing the family healthcare team, providing basic care and prevention for all. For the transport of passengers, the boats would be managed by the “Mar Pequeno Navigation Company” which would be responsible for selling tickets to tourists, controlling the ships, and registering the residents who would be in full gratuity. An application was designed to show the precise location of vessels on the channel to all residents and new visitors through the internet. When the catamarans fully operate, there would be a complementary relation between the transport and healthcare system. For exemple: when there is great demand by the healthcare, transport boats can be adapted to serve as a clinic and the opposite is also valid. Now, the Mar Pequeno third riverbank would be the space for economic development through ecotourism and for access to universal healthcare in the most remote settlements in Vale do Ribeira.

T H E B I G G E S T E N V I R O N M E N TA L DISASTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY I N B R A Z I L : VA L O G R A N D E C A N A L I N RIBEIRA RIVER.[12]

Ribeira River

Porto do Ribeira

Ribeira River

Old Port

Historic City

Old Port

Historic City

Ponte

Bairro do Rocio

- 15,00 m

e qu

Pe r a

IGUAPE

rand

G Valo

IGUAPE

G Valo

IGUAPE

4 km

Ribeira River

ILHA COMPRIDA

e qu

Pe r a

- 3,00 m

ILHA COMPRIDA

1800

1855

2020

During the 18th and 19th centuries Iguape was an important port town within the cabotage system widely used in São Paulo coast. There was a port located on riverside, strategic location for defense and protection. At that time, the Ribeira de Iguape River flowed west of Icapara and ran about 4 km north of Iguape center.

In the middle of the 19th century, the “Canal do Valo Grande” was built, connecting the Ribeira de Iguape River to the Canal do Mar Pequeno. The project aimed to improve the flow of goods between the Ribeira River and the sea, which were previously transported by animal traction and would now be shipped. At the time, the channel was 4.4 m wide.

165 years after the canal construction, it is possible to notice a landscape radical transformation. A delta was formed in the canal as a result of the intense silting process because 60% of the water volume of the Ribeira river is diverted to the canal. There was a drastic decrease ok water salinity rates, devastating the mangroves in the region and, finally, the Mar Pequeno depth in the region of Iguape decreased, making commercial navigation impossible and leading the city to a strong economic decay. Today, Valo Grande is 300 meters wide.

T H E B I G G E S T E N V I R O N M E N TA L DISASTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY I N B R A Z I L : VA L O G R A N D E C A N A L I N RIBEIRA RIVER.[B]

[B1]

Old Iguape port area with the church in the background. [1930]

[Blog Fotos de Iguape]

[B2]

Iguape seen from Icapara with emphasis on the islands formed from the siltation of the valo grande canal. Emphasise the church.

[blog Fotos de Iguape]

C ATA M A R A N : T W O H U L L V E S S E L A D A P T E D F O R N A V I G AT I O N I N S H A L L O W W AT E R S .

Catamarã Catamarans are boats with two or more hulls. They were created by the natives of French Polynesia to navigate in shallow waters over the corals of the South Pacific atolls. “Doble-hull” vessels are known to have large usable surface (decking area) compared to submerged depth (draft). For this reason they have a good performance in shallow waters.

C ATA M A R A N : T W O H U L L V E S S E L A D A P T E D F O R N A V I G AT I O N I N S H A L L O W W AT E R S .

3,00 m

SIDE V IE W

FRONT

VI EW 3m

PA S S E N G E R T R A N S P O RT I N G C ATA M A R A N C O N N E C T I N G T H E M A R PEQUENO SETTLEMENTS. [13]

Capacity: 64 passengers - 1 Toilet - Bike rack

PA S S E N G E R T R A N S P O RT I N G C ATA M A R A N C O N N E C T I N G T H E M A R PEQUENO SETTLEMENTS. [14]

Capacity: 64 passengers - 1 Toilet - Bike rack

MAR PE QU ENO 3m

M E D I C A L A M B U L AT O R Y C ATA M A R A N : M A R P E Q U E N O T R AV E L I N G H E A LT H C A R E U N I T S E A . [ 1 3 ]

Capacity: 4 inhabitants - 1 Bathroom - 1 kitchen - 2 Bedrooms - 1 Infirmary - 1 Doctor’s Office - Multiuse terrace

M E D I C A L A M B U L AT O R Y C ATA M A R A N : M A R P E Q U E N O T R AV E L I N G H E A LT H C A R E U N I T. [ 1 4 ]

Crew

“Family Health Strategy” Team - S.U.S.: - 1 Doctor - 1 Nurse - 1 Nursing Assistant

- 1 Sailor

Capacity: 4 inhabitants - 1 Bathroom - 1 kitchen - 2 Bedrooms - 1 Infirmary - 1 Doctor’s Office - Multiuse terrace

MAR PE QU ENO 3m

C O M P L E M E N TA R I T Y O F S Y S T E M S : C ATA M A R A N S I N T E N S I T Y O F U S E F O R H E A LT H C A R E A N D TO U R I S M D U R I N G T H E Y E A R

w Ne

Intenso

a Ye

l iva

Moderado

er” b o t r Oc ance k c ) in “P reast tion (b even pr

s arty) u s Je al P m n Bo egio (R

ion

at u Fl ccin Va

H E A LT H C A R E

TURISM

Reduzido

SPRING SUMMER

WINTER FA L L

SPRING SUMMER

U R BA N F U R N I T U R E I N R AW S TO N E , MADE USING LOCAL GRANITE.

S C H E D U L E , R E G I S T R AT I O N A N D SYSTEM FOR LOCALS AND TURISTS.

MAR PEQUENO N AV I G AT I O N C O M PA N Y

RESIDENT J O S É D A S I LVA A L M E I D A

MAR PEQUENO N AV I G AT I O N C O M PA N Y

Nº 93812237-09

23/05/1992 Blood Type: O+

Expiration: 03/2022

Bilhete de Embarque Boarding Pass

MAR PEQUENO N AV I G AT I O N C O M PA N Y

17-06-2021 LIVE MAP

LIVE MAP

H E A LT H C A R E S E R V I C E S

TRANSPORT

Tickets Itinerary

New trip

C U LT U R E A N D L E I S U R E A C C O M M O DAT I O N A N D F O O D

Main menu / Transport Services

Iguape ------------ 09:15 Pedrinhas --------- 10:30

Nearest mobile vassel: SUBAÚMA - 21,7km

Schedule an appointment Online suppotrt Urgency report T R A N S P O RTAT I O N Preço / Price R$ 12,00

C U LT U R E A N D L E I S U R E

Main menu / Health services

Catamarans live location map

Boarding Pass Model

CONNECTION BETWEEN THE LOCAL COMMUNITY AND THE PUBLIC AUTHORITIES FOR FINANCING AND MAINTENANCE.

TELECOM C O M PA N I E S

LIGHTHOUSE OUTLOOK TOWERS

S Ã O P A U L O S TAT E S E C R E TA R I AT F O R E N V I R O N M E N TA L

A S S O C I AT I O N OF RESIDENTS

LOCAL CITY HALLS

SMALL C O M PA N I E S

C ATA M A R A N S

PORTS BERTHINGS AND PIERS

HOTELS R E S TA U R A N T S R E TA I L

TICKETS REVENUE

S TAT E S E C R E TA R I AT F O R H E A LT H + MINISTRY OF H E A LT H

S TAT E S E C R E TA R I AT FOR TRANSPORT + MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE

OUTLOOK TOWER V I E W E D F R O M T H E C ATA M A R A N

THE TOWERS POSITIONS AND ITS VISUAL INTERFERENCE IN THE MAR PEQUENO ENVIRONMENT

WALKING DOWN T H E W AT E R F R O N T CHAPTER 3 / INTERVENTIONS

T H E I G U A P E P O R T: THE HEART OF A SYSTEM With over 25 thousand inhabitants, Iguape is the main urban center along the Mar Pequeno and its history is intrinsically connected to the waters. In 1538 Iguape was the seventh city founded in Brazil. This explains, perhaps, why the city carry the largest set of colonial houses São Paulo state. In 2009 its historic city was declared national heritage by IPHAN (The National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute). The nomination process involved broad popular participation, heritage education and included, not only buildings and constructions, but also natural heritage, such as the forest that covers Morro da Espia and the Valo Grande canal. Among all the listed buildings, one of them stands out in the sphere of navigation hitory of Mar Pequeno: the ruins of the Matarazzo reunited industries. During the rice cycle, Iguape aroused great economic interest in the productive sector, with the opening of Valo Grande in 1855, the flow of production from the Ribeira de Iguape river to the port was optimized, attracting large investments from the business community of São Paulo city. The mais symbol of these investments was a thriving Matarazzo Industries warehouse, not coincidentally, built on the riverbanks of the newly opened canal. Various goods range ware sold there: salt, kerosene, gasoline, wheat flour, soap, candles, matches, sackcloth. Matarazzo also had its own river and maritime navigation company. In 1935 the navigation in Mar Pequeno was in decline due to the silting process and, ironically, the warehouse was closed and fell into disrepair. Nowadays the building and its chimney appears in

the city’s landscape as a symbol of the heyday and decline of Iguape, bordering Valo Grande, the canal that was the cause of its success and decadence. Bearing in mind the location of the Matarazzo Industries ruins and the building symbolic features for the city history, a radical intervention will be proposed allowing its reuse in the logic of navigation for tourism, transport and healthcare in Mar Pequeno. The main shed, would be used as a departure lounge for those traveling by Mar Pequeno. The space counts with a large lobby, ticket offices, restaurant, shops and a multi-sports court were designed to serve as a cover for those waiting for the next vessel at the pier. A small emergency hospital will be proposed in the smaller ruin, equipped with a few beds, an infirmary, offices, small operating rooms and a heliport. This hospital will be the point of connection of mobile medical clinics and the most complex health systems. The heliport symbolizes the healthcare systems hierarchy: if specialized treatment is needed, the patient can be transported from a isolated settlement to Iguape and then to São Paulo. The third building in the complex is a new annex building, which would operate as a rowing school and cinema to serve all the communities around the Mar Pequeno. Therefore, this port represents the main road and waterway joint. It would connect Iguape, which is the main access to the BR116 highway, to other settlements in the region. It will be a powerful place, the heart of the entire system and the gateway to the Mar Pequeno navigation.

IGUAPE

ILHA COMPRIDA

Proposed Iguape Port Highlighted. Ribeira at the top, Mar Pequeno at the bottom and the Valo Grande canal connecting them.

THE ARCHITECTURAL INTERVENTION L O C AT E D I N I G U A P E H I S T O R I C C I T Y [ 1 5 ]

Bom Jesus Church (Existing)

IGUAPE Public School (Existing)

Iguape’s Population: 30390

VAL0 GRANDE

RIBEIRA RIVER

Artisans and Home Producers Association (Existing)

Healthcare Unit (Existing)

Tiradentes Street: Axis between Basilica Square and Pier Ruin of Matarazzo Industries (Existing) + River Port (Proposed)

Waterfront Park (Existing)

Iguape Cemetery

Sediment Banks (Existing)

Rocio Neighborhood

Tower

MAR PEQUENO

100m

NO EQUE P AR

THE ARCHITECTURAL INTERVENTION L O C AT E D I N I G U A P E H I S T O R I C C I T Y [ 1 5 ]

Bom Jesus Church (Existing)

IGUAPE Public School (Existing)

Iguape’s Population: 30390

VAL0 GRANDE

RIBEIRA RIVER

Artisans and Home Producers Association (Existing)

Healthcare Unit (Existing)

Tiradentes Street: Axis between Basilica Square and Pier Ruin of Matarazzo Industries (Existing) + River Port (Proposed)

Waterfront Park (Existing)

Iguape Cemetery

Sediment Banks (Existing)

Rocio Neighborhood

Tower

MAR PEQUENO

100m

NO EQUE P AR

CENTRO HISTÓRICO DE IGUAPE F O T O G R A FA D O À PA R T I R D A T O R R E DA BASÍLICA DO BOM JESUS. [C]

[C1]

Basílica Square in 2018

[blog Fotos de Iguape]

[C2]

Basílica Square at the 20th century beginning

[IBGE Cidades]

M ATA R A Z Z O I N D U S T R I E S R U I N S IN FRONT OF THE MAR PEQUENO CANAL.[C]

[C3]

Main builduing interiors

[C4]

View from the Vale Grande Canal

[C5]

Workiers and warehouses at the 20th century beginning

[Patrimonio Vale do Ribeira]

[blog Fotos de Iguape]

PROPOSAL TO REUSE THE M ATA R A Z Z O I N D U S T R I E S RUINS IN IGUAPE.

Mar Pequeno Canal Map Scale 1:1300

AZZ R A T MA Y R T S AY S INDU NOWAD S RUIN

Uses Hospital / Emergency Room (486 m²) Retail / Culture (672 m²) Sports (825 m²) Ticket Office / Tourist Service (80 m²)

L0 GRANDE A V

NEW IGUAPE’S PORT AND H O S P I TA L V I E W E D F R O M D E RESCUE HELICOPTER

I G U A P E ’ S P O R T A N D H O S P I TA L COMPLEX GROUNDFLOOR.

VAL0 GRANDE

6 2 1

1. boarding and disembarkation 2. Iguape’s waterway hub 3. rowing and canoeing school 4. first-aid post 5. hospital pier 6. public swimming pool.

15m

I G U A P E ’ S P O R T A N D H O S P I TA L COMPLEX FIRSTFLOOR.

VAL0 GRANDE

6 2 1

1. multi-sport court 2. Iguape’s waterway hub 3. cinema 4. first-aid post pier 6. public swimming pool.

15m

ARTIFICIAL CANAL REPRESENTING T H E M A R P E Q U E N O M O R P H O L O G Y.

Para separar o hospital, que deve ser mais reservado, do edifício de embarque foi pensado um canal artificial de água que simula o formato do Mar Pequeno. Assim será possível para aqueles que transitam pelo porto entender a geografia da região. Além disso haverá uma fonte luminosa pontual representando cada uma das antenas-farol que, simultaneamente emitirão os mesmos padrões verde, vermelho, azul e branco. Future Towers represented by lughtspots on the floor

10m

IGUAPE

CANANÉIA

ILHA COMPRIDA

I G U A P E ’ S P O R T A N D H O S P I TA L COMPLEX GROUNDFLOOR.

8 9

1. Ticket office 2. Turistic Information Center 3. Kayak Werehouse 4. Bookshop 5. Super Market 6. Restaurant Facilities 7. Restaurant 8. Reception 9. Ward 10. Medical Practices 11. Drugstore 12. Offices.

10m

I G U A P E ’ S P O R T A N D H O S P I TA L COMPLEX FIRSTFLOOR.

6 5

8 7

3 1

1. Relaxing Lounge 2. Cafeteria 3. Ticket office 4. Restaurant 5. Opereting Room 6. Medical Practices 7. ICU rooms 8. Movie theater

4 2

10m

I G U A P E ’ S P O R T A N D H O S P I TA L COMPLEX SECTION.

IGUAPE

10m

A N N E X B U I L D I N G FA C A D E W I T H CINEMA AND CONOEING SCHOOL.

FRONT

SIDE

VIEW

SUSPENDED FUTBOL COURT SECTION.

H O S P I TA L’ S T R A N S L U C E N T C O V E R D E TA I L I N G .

IGUAPE’S HUB BOARDING HALL

IGUAPE’S HUB CENTRAL SQUARE V I E W E W F R O M T H E S U S P E N D E D W A L K W AY

LIGHTING SIGN INTERVENTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL CHIMNEY

PEDRINHAS VILLAGE HOTEL AND PIER.

CANANÉIA

ILHA COMPRIDA

Pedrinhas village located in Mar Pequeno riverbank.

Pedrinhas is a friendly riverine community in Ilha Comprida, there are around 350 inhabitants and borders the Mar Pequeno canal. The village was formed in the beginning of 20th century and for the last hundred years it remained forgotten. Nowadays it is being rediscovered by the curious tourists. A small road that has been opened in recent years is the only access. The municipal buses that serve the region still travel along the sand of Ilha Comprida beach. In addition to the itinerant healthcare infrastructure, a set of measures to qualify the place for ecotourism would be proposed for the village. The village of Paranapiacaba, in Santo André in the São Paulo Metropolis, is an important reference for how public policies can promote socially sustainable tourism. In Paranapiacaba, the locals were prepared and could actively participate in all stages of tourism development, whether in food, accommodation, crafts, or transport. They were the protagonists in the development of tourism in their village. Paranapiacaba town was considered national heritage in the late 90s because of its architecture that dates back to the memory of the old railways in São Paulo state and also because it is located in an important area of springs and forest. In 2001, the municipality of Santo André began a series of public policies aimed at promoting tourism involving local residents, preserving cultural and environmental features and generating employment and economic development. First, the city hall improved basic healthcare and education services for the 700 residents, encouraging those who ware born there to stay in the region. Afte-

rwards, several training programs and encouragement of entrepreneurship in the tourism sector were implemented and, in addition, the young people received a sum of money from the city hall to work as guides. In 2002 Paranapiacaba had only 9 business and in 2008 there were a total of 90, mainly in the areas of hotels, food and tourist services, generating a significant drop in the indicators of unemployment and the increase in the average locals income. For Pedrinhas, it would be possible to implement a similar project. For this purpose, a hotel and a large pier ware designed as a public space as well as a symbolic gate to welcome the tourists. The pier, located next to the outlook tower, would have a cover for boarding, a bar on the water and a small building for a ticket office, reception and ice cream parlor. The hotel proposes a concept of accommodation in “caves”. It is a set of 16 small buildings built using land, spread over the forest next to Mar Pequeno. There would be three models of caves to accommodate two, three or four people. The project use themaximum integration the caves and the nature, as well as the fusion of spaces and the landscape. For this, the layout of the burrows configures a small village, with swimming pools, gardens, living spaces and a generous shadow-cover made of crossed bamboo. Pedrinhas hotel would be, as the village that gives it life, cozy, natural and discreet.

PEDRINHAS INTERNVENTION LOCANTION. [16]

Pedrinhas Pier (Existing)

IGUAPE

Pedrinhas Village Population: 346 Municipality: Ilha Comprida

MAR PE QU ENO

Temporary Health Center (Existenting) Supermarket and Restaurant (Existing)

Floating Health Support Center (Proposed)

Public School (Existing)

Tower

Stop for Healthcare and Transport Cataramantrs

CANANÉIA

Hotel (Proposed)

100m

PEDRINHAS INTERNVENTION LOCANTION. [16]

Pedrinhas Pier (Existing)

IGUAPE

Pedrinhas Village Population: 346 Municipality: Ilha Comprida

MAR PE QU ENO

Temporary Health Center (Existenting) Supermarket and Restaurant (Existing)

Floating Health Support Center (Proposed)

Public School (Existing)

Tower

Stop for Healthcare and Transport Cataramantrs

CANANÉIA

Hotel (Proposed)

100m

PEDRINHAS PIER P R E S E N T S TAT E [ D ]

[D1]

Pedrinhas Village viwed from Mar Pequeno

[Portal Ilha Comprida]

[D2]

Pedrinhas Pier Currently

SHIPMENT AND LANDING PIERS I M P L E M E N TAT I O N I N P E D R I N H A S

HOT PED EL DE RIN HAS

15m

PEDRINHAS PIER BAR FLOORPLAN

A C C E S S , I C E C R E A M S H O P, T I C K E T S H O P A N D S Q U A R E AT PEDRINHAS PIER

1. Employees Room 2. Ice Cream Shop 3. Ticket Office and Informations

TICKET OFFICE, ICE CREAM SHOP A N D FA C I L I T I E S F FA C A D E I N P E D R I N H A S P O R T.

PEDRINHAS PIER SECTION AND THE OUTLOOK TOWER IN THE BACKGROUND.

PEDRINHAS PIERBAR SECTION.

PEDRINHAS HOTEL I M P L E M E N TAT I O N D I A G R A M .

40m

115m

PEDRINHAS HOTEL: A E R I A L V I E W.

PEDRINHAS HOTEL: LONGITUDINAL SECTION.

P E D R I N H A S H OT E L : “ P ” E “ M ” C AV E .

Cave P Ground Floor

Cave M Terrace

Cave P Terrace

Cave P or M Facade

Cave M Terrace

Cave P or M Facade

P E D R I N H A S H OT E L : “ G ” C AV E .

Cave G Facade

Cave G Ground Floor

Cave G First Floor

Cave G Facade

Cave G Terrace

PEDRINHAS HOTEL: RECEPTION A N D R E S TA U R A N T.

PEDRINHAS HOTEL: C A V E S T O P V I E W.

1. Reception 2. Restaurant 3. Massage Pool 4. Swimming Pool P. Cave P M.Cave M G. Cave G

10m

PEDRINHAS HOTEL: C A V E S T O P V I E W.

10m

PEDRINHAS HOSTEL GARDEN VIEW

M A N D I R A E X T R AT I V I S T R E S E R V E : O Y S T E R FA R M A N D R E S TA U R A N T

CANANÉIA

Mandira Quilombo located in Mar Pequeno and affluents. (white) Mandira Quilombo intervention. (red)

Mandira is the only Quilombo community (a brazilian hinterland settlement founded by people of african origin which scaped from slavery) on the Mar Pequeno shores. Located in Cananéia, it was founded in 1868 when Francisco Mandira, son of a powerful farmer and one of his slaves, received the land as a donation. Today 105 people live in the quilombo and reach the seventh generation of Francisco Mandira. Due to environmental protection laws and topographical limitations, farming in mandira is quite limited therefore the community’s subsistence is based on raising and selling oysters. For much time, the community was only responsible for the extraction, while third partners were responsible for its transport and distribution. In 1997, the community organized and founded “Cooperostra”, an oyster producers cooperative, based in Cananéia which has complete control of all production stages and distribution of oysters, generating greater income for the quilombola producers. The oyster production is related to the tidal movement. In a natural environment, oysters are usually grown on rocky surfaces which are sometimes exposed to the sun and air and sometimes submerged in salt water. For the artificial oysters production, an analogous environment is needed: structures similar to dining tables supportsr a wire net. The oysters are raised within these nets and, with the tidal movement, they remain submerged part of the time. The Mandira’s Oyster restaurant project seeks, firstly, to appropriate the movement of the tides as a fundamental characteristic in the composition, not

only of the landscape, but also of the practice of raising oysters in Cananéia. On this account, a large circular floating structure was designed, positioned close to the mangrove areas. The structure would counts with a system of buoys and pistons fixed to the ground: that way during the high tide, the restaurant will float, and during the low tide the restaurat would land on the ground. In addition to the symbolic aspet, a floating structure can be installed with less environmental impact and greater flexibility in case of remotion or displacemant Near the outlook tower, the intervention also provides a pier and a shelter for transport and healthcare catamarans to be used during the low tide. Therefore, as well as in Paranapiacaba, the quilombo inhabitants o and those who compose Cooperostra would be responsible for the management and services at the restaurant which is, somehow, an atractive to bring tourists closer to the cooperative production, connecting Mandira community with all the other settlements along Mar Pequeno.

INVERVENTION IN MANDIRA E X T R AT I V I S T R E S E R V E L O C AT E D . [ 1 6 ]

Quilombola Community

Hostel (Proposed)

Mandira Road

Oyster Farm Mandira Road

Pier and Tower (Proposed)

MANDIRA E X T R AT I V I S T RESERVE

Mandira Quilombo Population: 108 Município: Cananéia 100m

High Tide

Low Tide

Floating Restaurant (Proposed)

INVERVENTION IN MANDIRA E X T R AT I V I S T R E S E R V E L O C AT E D . [ 1 6 ]

Quilombola Community

Hostel (Proposed)

Mandira Road

Oyster Farm Mandira Road

Pier and Tower (Proposed)

R E S E R VA E X T R AT I V I S TA DE MANDIRA

População do Quilombo de Mandira: 108 Município: Cananéia 100m

High Tide

Low Tide

Floating Restaurant (Proposed)

M A N D I R A E X T R AT I V I S T RESERVE PICTURES. [E]

[E1]

Extrativist Reserve aerial view

[Cidade e Cultura]

[E2]

Oyster Production in Mandira

Marcio Masulino

M A N D I R A E X T R AT I V I S T RESERVE PICTURES. [E]

[E3]

Oyster farm in Mandira during the high tide.

Marcio Masulino

[E4]

Oyster farm in Mandira during the low tide

SECTION IN MANDIRA: TOWER, PIER, AND T H E P R O P O S E D F L O T I N G R E S TA U R A N T.

10m

M A N D I R A I N T E R V E N T I O N S A E R I A L V I E W.

M A N D I R A’ S F L O AT I N G O Y S T E R R E S TA U R A N T F L O O R P L A N .

M A N D I R A’ S F L O AT I N G O Y S T E R R E S TA U R A N T FA C A D E .

BAMBU SHUTTERS: PULLEY AND CABLE SYSTEM DIAGRAM.

rsi

contrapeso

contrapeso contrapeso

contrapeso

SHUTTED DOWN

SHUTTER UP

M A N D I R A’ S F L O AT I N G O Y S T E R R E S TA U R A N T S E C T I O N .

M A N D I R A F L O AT I N G R E S TA U R A N T INSIDE VIEW

CONCLUSION

104

The violent urbanization process put in place during the military regime transformed Brazil in one of the most urbanized countries in the world. Nowadays 85% of the Brazilian population now lives in cities. The number is absolutely disproportional when compared to other countries, especially taking into account the continental dimensions of Brazil. As a result, the country has a few overcrowded and unstructured metropolis, feeding back an immense rural interior where rules the social inequality and plantation for export. Although is has been produced during the pandemic, Deep Brazil’s Infrastructure: a Proposition for Vale do Ribeira is an attempt to shed light on the infinite existant possibilities for rethinking our cities and out countryside, reaffirming the public university relevance, summed with the indigenous traditional wisdom and the public power as the key players in this challenge. Therefore, after a year of intensive research and a lifetime of travel, it is possible to imagine infrastructure projects designed for Brazil’s most remote regions wich can bring important improvements in the local population quality of life, through low environmental impact and low application of public resources, when compared to the huge projects carried out by the governments in recent decades, which aim, foremost, an ephimeral and excluding economic development.

T R AV E L D I A R I E S TIME AND PICTURES

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

1. My grandparents’ house restored in Iguape, 1990s. 2. My grandparents and my mother in Iguape, late 50’s. 3. Matarazzo industries ruins, 2020. 4. The Church Tower captured from the Colonial Solar, 2020.

[1]

[2] [3] 1. Bus on the beach at Ilha Comprida, 2015. 2. My grandmother and friends in Iguape, 1947. 3. Me and friends in Pedrinhas, 2018.

[1]

[2]

[3] [4]

1.My grandfather sworn in as mayor of Iguape,1965. 2. My Grandparents Just Married, Early 50’s. 3. Me and my family on the old ferry route, 2001. 4. Cananéia oysters in Pedrinhas, 2020.

[1]

[2]

1. Mario Rollo’s store advertisement, my great-grandfather, 1904. 2. My grandfather on his sister’s lap in front of the store, 1917.

BIBLIOGRAPHY NASCIMENTO, Flávia Brito do; SCIFONI, Simone. O tombamento de Iguape como patrimônio nacional: novas práticas e políticas de patrimônio nacional. PARC Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção, Campinas, v. 6, n. 1, p. x-y, jan./mar. 2015. SOUZA, E. P. Canal do Valo Grande: Governança das águas estuarinas na perspectivada aprendizagem social. 2012. 161f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Ambiental) Universidade de São Paulo. SANTOS, K. M. S.; TATTO, N. Agenda socioambiental de comunidades quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira. Instituto Socioambiental: São Paulo, 2008. BERSNARD, Wladimir. Considerações gerais em torno da região lagunar Cananéia-Iguape. 1960. Dissertação v. 1 n. 1 (1950). SANTOS, Valesca Camargo dos. O princípio da subsidiariedade e sua relação com a APA do município da Ilha Comprida, SP. GEOgraphia - Ano. 18 - Nº37 – 2016. FIGUEIREDO, V. G. B. Paranapiacaba: um caso de preservação sustentável da paisagem cultural. Labor & Engenho,Campinas [Brasil], v.5, n.3, p. 61-84. 2011. Disponível em: <www.conpadre.org> e <www.labore.fec.unicamp.br>. MARTIRNS, R. Conservação de onça-parda (puma concolor) e de onça-pintada (panthera onca) no mosaico da Juéria Itatins, São Paulo. Universiade Santa Cecília, Mestrado em ecologia: Santos, 2016.