Pocket Guide to Flora and Fauna of Ghodaghodi Lake, A Ramsar Site, Nepal

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A pocket guide to flora and fauna of Ghodaghodi Lake (a Ramsar site) of Nepal Book · January 2007

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6 authors, including: Gandhiv Kafle

Jhamak B. Karki

Agriculture and Forestry University

Kathmandu Forestry College

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Hem Sagar Baral

Raj Kumar Koirala

Zoological Society of London

INMS Massey University, Auckland.

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FLORA AND FAUNA OF GHODAGHODI LAKE AREA (A Pocket Guide) l

3f]8f3f]8L tfn If]qsf jg:klt / jGohGt'x?

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h

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AUTHO RS RS Mr. Gandhiv Kafle & Mr. Jhamak Bahadur Karki l

R EV IEW ER E RSS Prof. Mohan K. Balla, Dr. Hem Sagar Baral, Mr. Raj Kumar Koirala & Mr. Mohan Raj Kafle This publication has been made possible with funding from the World Bank/Netherlands Partnership Program

and the Rufford Small Grants Foundation

Publish ed by:

Institute of F orestry (IOF) Pokhara Campus and Wetland Friends of Nepal (WF N)

Supp orted b y:

D epartment of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) and Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN)

Project Website: Reviewers:

Images and Illustration s co pyrig ht

First Ed ition

www.wetlandfriends.org Prof. Mohan Krishna Balla, Dr. Hem Sagar Baral, Mr. Raj Kumar Koirala and Mr. Mohan Raj Kafle

© 2007 Gandhiv Kafle, gandhivkafle@ gmail.com except for acknowledged images and illustrations 1000 copies (2007) T he text (not images and illustrations) in this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit uses, without prior written permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The author would a ppreciate receivin g a copy of any publication which uses t his publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes without prior written permission of the author. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of funders.

Citatio n:

Kafle, G. and J.B. Karki. 2007 F lora an d Fauna o f Gh odagho di Lake Area (A Pocket Guide) Institute of Forestry Pokhara Campus, Wetland Friends of Nepal, D epartment of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Bird Conservation Nepal.

Typesetting: Layou t and Desig n: Images: Illustrations: Co ver Pho tog rap hs:

G. Kafle

Prin ted by:

Graphic Printec, #4259734

Rajesh Shrestha Laxman Thapa

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ACKNOWLE DGEMENT S Achyut Aryal, Anjana Shrestha, Ashok Ram, Atison Phumchoosri, Baburam Lamichhane, Benktesh Sharma, Bhagwan Raj Dahal, Bharat Bhatta, Bhim Krishna Shrestha, Bhim Parajuli, Dr. Bimal Keshari Paudyal, Bina Thapa, Bipat Ram Chaudhary, Dr. Bishnu Bahadur Bhandari, Bishnu Hari Wagle, Bishnu Chandra Poudel, Bishnu Prasad Shrestha, Er. Biswombher Man Pradhan, Bryony Morgan, Buddhi Sagar Paudel, Carol Inski pp, Chandra Prasad Pokharel, Chandra P. Sedai, Chiranjibi Prasad Upadhyaya, Chitra Bahadur G.C., David Li, Daya Ram Chaudhary, Deepa Paudel, Dev Ghimire, Dinanath Jamarkattel, Erica Udas, Ganga Ram Regmi, Grace Aguilar, Gopal Prasad Ghimire, H. Gyde Lund, Hari Adhikari, Hari Prasad Pandey, Ishana Thapa, Indra Shrestha, J. M. Garg, Jane Raymond, Jason Wright, Josh Cole, Jyotendra J. Thakuri, Kathy MacKinnon, Kedar Baral, Kedar Paudel, Kedar Shrestha, Dr. Keshab D. Awasthi, Keshar Man Sthapit, Khadananda Paudel "Sagar", Krishna Prasad Dhakal, Laxman Prasad Poudyal, Laxman Thapa Magar, Laxmi Prasad Bhatta, Loknath Sapkota, Malcolm Whitehead, Marike Van Dor John, Mark Landa, Mark Stebbins, Menuka Basnyat, Mike Ounstead, Mi ke Smith, Mohan K.C., Mohan Raj Kafle, Dr. Mukesh Chalise, Narayan Prasad Gautam, Neera Shrestha Pradhan, Neeru Thapa, Nirajan Rawat, Nirajan Sant, Pabitra Jha, Pawan Adhikari, Pweck Dwight, Prabha Jamarkattel, Pratikchha Srivastava, Puspa Khadka, Raj Kumar Koirala, Rajesh Malla, Rajesh Shrestha, Ram Chandra Sharma, Ram Kumar Chaudhary, Prof. Ram Prasad Manandhar, Ram Prasad Sharma, Sandra Hails, Shankar Adhikari, Sharad Singh, Shesh Kant Bhandari, Shivaji Dhungana, Shova Subedi, Shyam Bajimaya, Som Bahadur Bohora, Stephanie McMillan, Suman Bhattarai, Suman Shakya, Suman Sharma, Sunita Chaudhary, Supriya Shakya, Surya Chhetri, Taej Mundkur, Tej Bahadur Basnet, Thakur Silwal, Tony Whitten, Tulsi Ram Subedi, Umesh Chaudhary, Yadav Prasad Ghimire.

The World Bank, The World Bank/Netherlands Partnership Program, The Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation, The Rufford Small Grants Foundation, Ghodagho di Area Conser vati on and Awareness Fo rum, Self-Hel p Environment Awareness Club, Biodiversity Research and Training Forum, Biodiversity Conservation and Research Forum, Bird Conservation Nepal (Pokhara Branch and Kathmandu Head Office), WWF Nepal, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nature Research, Development and Awareness Club Nepal, Himalayan Nature, Schools and Wetland Clubs around Ghodaghodi and Begnas Lake Areas, authors and publishers of reference literatures, different websites such as www.toptropicals.com, www.wikipedia.org, www.eflora.com, www.ramsar.org

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l;+rfOsf] nflu tfnsf] kfgLsf] cToflws k|of]u ubf{ slxnsfxL+ tfn ;'Sg' . tfnsf] lsgf/df cJojl:yt ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿, h:t}M dlGb/ / wd{zfnf lgdf{0f ul/g' . tfnsf] blIf0fL lsgf/df /x]sf] k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{sf] sf/0f xNnfvNnf ;fy} t:s/L a9\g' . s[lÈ Ô]qdf laÈfbL (Pesticide) / /f;folgs dn ( Chemical Fertilizer) sf] a9\bf] k|of]u ul/g' . l;d;f/ Ô]qdf df5f dfg{s f] nflu laÈfbLsf] k|of]u ul/g' . tfn glhssf] jg Ô]qdf cToflws kz'r/0f u/fOg' . jGohGt'sf] lzsf/ / cj}w Jofkf/ a9\g' . ;fn / vo/sf] t:s/L ul/g' . /}yfg] yf?x¿sf] ;fÔ/tf b/ sd x'g ' . l;d;f/ / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxTj af/] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf jftfj/0fLo ;r]tgfsf] sdL x'g' .

clxn] g} ;+/ If0fsf sbdx¿ grfNg] xf] eg] o; If]qdf lg/Gt/ b]lvPsf] cJojl:yt / ljj]sxLg dfgljo x:tIf]kn] ;+/If0f ;Í6 lgDTofpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . tfn Ô]qsf] h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ ;'/lÔt /fVb} :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ klg ífObf k'¥ ofpg] ;xeflutf–d"ns ;+/ Ô0f / ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ o; Ô]qdf cfjZos b]lvG5g\ . %=#= k|of;x¿ (EFFORTS) of] Ô]qsf] k|d'v Joj:yfkg lgsfo jg ljefu xf] h; cGtu{t sf] lhNnf jg sfof{no, s}nfnLn] of] Ô]qsf] ;+/ Ô0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;fd'b flos jg, 3f]8f3f]8L Ô]q ;+/Ô0f tyf hfu/0f d~r / :yfgLo ;+:yfut ljsf;sf sfo{q mdx¿ h:t}M Osf] Sna, l;d;f/ Sna, rf]/L lzsf/ lgoGq0f OsfO{ / dlxnf ;d'xx¿ dfí{t :yfgLo ;d'bfo / ;fd'b flos ;+:yfx¿ ;+/Ô0fsf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;+nUg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljZj ;+/ If0f ;+3 g]kfn ( IUCN Nepal) / 8An'=8An'=Pí= g]kfn (WWF Nepal) n] l;d;f/ ;Dkbfsf] j'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u / lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . of] tfn Ô]qsf] ;+/Ô0fsf] nflu ljZj ;+/Ô0f ;+3 g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf ;g\ !((* df ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg of]hgf agfOPsf] lyof] . xfn o; Ô]qdf t/fO{ e"–kl/lw sfo{qmd ( TAL) dfí{t tfn / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/ Ô0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rflnt 5g\ / o; Ô]qsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu cfufdL % jÈ{ ;Dd cfjZos sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ of]hgf th'{df eO/x]sf] 5 .

$

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(WATERBIRDS)

! s, v gs6f gfdM c+u]|hLdf sDa 8s\ ( Co mb Duck), j}1flgs gfd ;fls{8Lclg{; d]nfgf]6; (Sarkidiornis melanotos) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ Ô]q, !%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, hËn leqsf tfn, bnbn, kf]v/Lx? . ljz]ÈtfM &^ ;]=dL= nfdf], efn]sf] 7'F8sf] dfly k'i6 l;p/ x'g] t/ kf]y Lsf] gx'g ], 6fpsf] / 3fF6L ;]t f]df sfnf] ldl;Psf] 6f6]kf6], 5ftL ;]tf], 9f8 sfnf] jf uf9f xl/of], efn] eGbf kf]y L ;fgf] . @ s s}nf]6fps] xfF; gfdM c+u |]hLdf sdg kf]r f8{ (Common Pochard) , j}1flgs gfd PYof í]l/gf ( Aythya ferina) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ Ô]q, d'Votof (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn, kf]v/L, bnbn, gbL . ljz]ÈtfM $% ;]= dL= nfdf], p8fg k+v x? líSsfí';|f], í';|f] cu|k+vn] ubf{ o;sf] dflyNnf] kFv]6 fsf] agfj6 c? pkhflt eGbf leGg b]lvg], efn]s f] 6fpsf] / 3fF6 L /ftf]– v}/f] -s6'; /Ësf]_, 5ftL sfnf], 7'F8sf] aLrdf í';|f] k]6 L . # s, v lah'nfu}/L gfdM c+u|]hLdf sdg l6n (Comm on Teal), j}1flgs gfd Pgf; qm]Ssf (Anas crec ca) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'V otof (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn, kf]v/L, bnbn, glb . ljz]È tfM #& ;]=dL= nfdf], 7F'8 / v'§f sfnf], efn]sf] s6'; /Ësf] 6fpsf] ;fy} cfFv f k5fl8 xl/of] k]6L, sfFw sf KjfFvx?df ;]tf w;f{ / tNnf] k'R5/ 9sgLdf líSsf kx]+nf]w Aaf, kf]yLsf] tfn' uf9f v}/ f], cfFvfaf6 líSsf sfnf] w;f{ uPsf] / cu|k+v v}/f] . $ s xl/xfF; gfdM c+u ]hLdf s6g lklUd–u'h (Cotton Pygm y-goose), j}1flgs gfd g]§ fk; sf]/ f]d]g\8]lncfg; (Nettapus coromandelianus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof @%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, t}/ g] jg:kltn] 9fs]s f l;d;f/ If]qx? . ljz]ÈtfM ## ;]=dL= nfdf], efn]sf] tfn' lkmSsf sfnf], 6fpsf] ;]tf], 5ftLdf xl/of]–sfnf] k]6 L, uw{g rf}8f ;]tf], z/L/sf] tNnf] efu ;]tf], kf]y Lsf] cfFvfaf6 uf9f w;f]{ uPsf], kFv]6fsf] kl5lNt/ ;]tf] lsgf/f, 5ftLdf xl/of] sfnf] k]6L gx'g] . % s, v l;Gb'/ ] xfF; gfdM c+uh|] Ldf o'/fl;og ljhg (Eurasian Wigeon), j}1flgs gfd Pgf; k]g]nf]k ( Anas penelope) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof @%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn, kf]v/L, bnbn, gbL . ljz]ÈtfM $* ;]=dL= nfdf], efn]s f] lgwf/ / cu|tfn' kx]+nf] /Ësf], 6fpsf] s6'; /Ësf] / 5ftL u'nfjL /Ësf], z/L/ v/fgL /Ësf], tNnf] k'R5/9sgL sfnf], kf]y Lsf] z/L/ uf9f v}/ f], 6fpsf], 5ftL / sf]v f Psgf;sf b]lvg] . ^ s dfns xfFF; gfdM c+u]|hLdf km]?lhg; kf]rf8{ (Ferruginous Pochard) , j}1flgs gfd PYof gfO{/f]s f ( Aythya nyroca) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn, kf]v/L, bnbn, glb . ljz]ÈtfM $! ;]=dL= nfdf], 6fpsf], 5ftL / sf]vf /ftf]–v}/ f] -s6'; /Ësf]_ , tNnf] k'R5/9sgL ;]t f], efn] eGbf kf]yL líSsf t/ pkgfgL uf9f b]lvg], p8fgdf 7"nf] ;]tf] k+v/]vL / ;]tf] k]6 :ki6 b]lvg] .

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! s, v v8v8] xfF; gfdM c+u ]|hLdf u8\j fn (Gadw all), j}1flgs gfd Pgf; :6«]k]/ f ( Anas strepera) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'V otof (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, v'Nnf tfn, bnbn, kf]v/L, gbL . ljz]ÈtfM %) ;]= dL= nfdf], ;xfos kFv]6fsf] leqL efudf ;]tf] 6f6f], efn]s f] 6fpsf] / 3fF6L km';|f] v}/ f], z/L/ uf9f v}/ f], k]6 ;]t f], 5ftL lkmsf sfnf], 7'F8 lkmsf sfnf], tNnf] / dflyNnf] k'R5/9sgL sfnf], kf]y L xl/of] 6fps] (Mallard) sf] kf]y L;+u ldNbf] h'Nbf],] t/ uf9f km';|f]–v}/f /Ësf] 7'F8sf] 5]pdf ;'Gtnf /Ë b]lvg] . @ s, v Zj]tfFvLef}+ gfdM c+u ]|hLdf ufu]{gL (Garganey), j}1flgs gfd Pgf; Sj]/s'8'nf (Anas querquedula) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{If]q, d'Votof (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn, kf]v/L, bnbn, gbL . ljz]È tfM #* ;]= dL= nfdf], efn]sf] cfFvf k5fl8 ;]t f] w;f]{, 5ftL v}/f], kf]y L lah'nfu}/ Lsf] eGbf o;sf] kf]y Lsf] 6fpsf] al9 a'§fbf/ ;fy} cFFfvLef}+ al9 :ki6, cu|fIfdf ;]tf–;]t f yf]Knf, uf9f cfFv Lw;f]{d'g L líSsf /]vf / ufnf/]v L uf9f . # s, v xl/of]6fps] gfdM c+u |]hLdf dnf8{ (Mallard), j}1flgs gfd Pgf; Kn]l6l/ª\sf]; ( Anas platy rhynchos) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'Votof #,)%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, l;d;f/ If]qx? . ljz]È tfM %( ;]=dL= nfdf], k+vljGb' ;]tf] lsgf/f ePsf] a}hgL–a}hgL /Ësf] xl/of], efn]sf] 7'F8 kx]+nf], 6fpsf] uf9f xl/of], 5ftL a}hgL–a}hgL s6'; /Ësf], kf]yLsf] z/L/ líSsf v}/ f] / df]6 f] uf9f v}/f] a'§ f ePsf], 7'F8sf] /Ë kl/jt{g zLn d'VotofM líSsf, ;'Gtn] / uf9f v}/f] a'§ f ePsf] . $ s, v ;'O/f]k'R5|«] gfdM c+u]|hLdf gb{g lkg6]n (Northern Pintail), j}1flgs gfd Pgf; Ps'6 f (Anas acuta) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, v'Nnf tfn, kf]v/L, bnbn, gbL . ljz]ÈtfM &% ;]=dL= nfdf], 3fF6L nfdf], k'R5/ tLvf] nfdf] sfnf], efn]sf] 6fpsf] / 3fF6Lsf] dflyNnf] efu uf9f v}/ f], 5ftLaf6 b'j}lt/ ;]tf] w;f]{ 3fF6L x'Fb} 6fpsf]sf] k5f8L;Dd k'u]s f], 5ftL ;]tf], t'ngfTds ?kdf kf]y Lsf] 6fpsf] Psgf;sf] d}nf]– d}nf] /Ësf] / 7'F8 ;'n'Q k/]sf] km';|f] . % s, v a]Nrf7'F8 ] xfF; gfdM c+u]|hLdf gb{g ;f]en ] / (Northern Shoveler), j}1flgs gfd Pgf; SnfO{lkP6f (Anas clypeata) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !,#%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn, kf]v/L, gbL . ljz]ÈtfM %) ;]=dL= nfdf], 7'F8 nfdf] bflanf] h:t}, efn]s f] 6fpsf] uf9f xl/of], 5ftL ;]tf], sf]vf s6'; /Ësf], cu|k+v gLnf], kf]y Lsf] KjfFvfj:yfdf xl/of]6fps] kf]lyh:tf] t/ cu|k+v gLnf]km';|f] . ^ s, v ;'O/f]78'F ] gfdM c+u|]hLdf cf]l/06n 8f6{/ ( Oriental Darter) , j}1flgs gfd PlGxËf d]nfgf]uf:6/ (Anhinga melanogaster) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'V otof #)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn, kf]v/L, lj:tf/} aUg] gbLx? . ljz]ÈtfM () ;]= dL= nfdf], 6fpsf] tyf 3fF6L nfdf] / kftnf], 7'F8 r'K kL h:t}, k'R5/ nfdf], k|foM u/]/ k"/} z/L/ 8'j fP/ kf}8g], kFv]6f lkm+hfP/ ;'s fpgsf] nflu lj>fd ug]{, jo:ssf] 3fF6L xF'b } tn uPsf] ;]tf] w;f{, sfFw sf KjfFvx?df b'j}lt/ efnfsf] 6'Kkf] em}+ ;]tf 7f8f w;f{x?, k+v9sgL klg ;]tf 7f8f wsf{k"0 f{ .

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! s, v j:t' as'N nf gfdM c+u |]hLdf Sof6n O{u |]6 (Cattle Egret), j}1flgs gfd a'a 'Ns; cfO{la; (Bubulcus ibis) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !,%@% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, bnbn, wfgv]t, 3fF;]d}bfg, w]/}h;f] ufOj:t'x?;Fu b]lvg], kfgL 5]p5fpsf jg:kltx? . ljz]ÈtfM %# ;]=dL= nfdf], c? as'N nf eGbf 7'F8, 3fF6 L / v'§f 5f]6f], z/L/ k|i6 ;fgf], 7'8, F cu|fIf / v'§f kx]nf] + , aRrf sf]/ Ng] ;dosf] KjfFvfa:yfdf 6fpsf], 3fF6L / lk7\o"F ;"Gtn] d}nf] /Ësf] . @ s, v 7"nf] ;]tf]as'Nnf gfdM c+u |]hLdf u|]6 O{u|]6 (Great Egret) , j}1flgs gfd sf:d]/f]l8c; cNa;\ (Casmerodius albus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'VotofM #)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, gbL, tfn, sdn ePsf] kf]v/L, bnbn, wfgv]t . ljz]ÈtfM ($ ;]=dL= nfdf], 7"nf] gfksf], 3fF6L w]/} nfdf] tyf 7'F8 7"nf]], d'vsf] sfkfsf] sfnf] /]vf cfFvf k5fl8;Dd uPsf], aRrf sf]/ Ng] KjfFvfj:yfdf 7'F8 sfnf] / v'§fsf] dflyNnf] efu /ftf]–/ftf] t/ tNnf] efu / cf}+nfx? sfnf], aRrf sf]/ Ng] ;do aflx/sf] KjfFvfj:yfdf 7'F8 kx]+nf] / cu|fIf líSsf xl/of] . # s, v km';|f] as'N nf gfdM c+u ]|hLdf u|] x]/f]g (Grey Heron), j}1flgs gfd cfl8{of l;g]l/cf ( Ardea cinerea) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, glb, tfn, sdn ePsf] kf]v/L, bnbn, wfgv]t . ljz]È tfM ($ ;]=dL= nfdf], ao:ssf] 7'F8 kx]+nf], 6fpsf] / 3fF6 L ;]t f]–;]tf], 6fpsfdf sfnf >[Ë f/KjfFvx? / k]6df sfnf 6f6fx? ePsf], cNkao:ssf] lgwf/ / tfn' sfnf] / sNsL kl/jt{gzLn, 3fF6L cln km';|f] / k]6df sfnf] sd ePsf] jf x'Fb } gePsf] . $ s demf}nf ;]tf] as'Nnf gfdM c+u ]|hLdf O{G6/d]l8o6 O{u|]6 (Intermediate Egret), j}1flgs gfd d];f]kmf]O{S;\ O{G6/d]l8of (Mesophoyx intermedia) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfO{df, glb, tfn, sdn ePsf] kf]v/L, bnbn, wfgv]t, 3fF;] d}b fg . ljz]ÈtfM ^*=% ;]= dL= nfdf], 7"nf] ;]tf]a s'Nnf eGbf ;fgf] tyf 7'F8 / 3fF6 L 5f]6f], d'v sf] sfkfsf] sfnf] /]v f cfFvf k5fl8 ;Dd guPsf], aRrf sf]/Ng] ;dosf] KjfFvfj:yfdf 7'8F sfnf], 5ftL / lk7\o "Fsf >[Ëf/ KjfFvx? :ki6 b]lvg], aRrf sf]/Ng] ;do aflx/sf] KjfFv fj:yfdf cu|fIf kx]+nf], 7'8F sfnf] 6'K kf] ePsf] kx]+nf], v'§f / cf}+nfx? sfnf . % s, v ;fgf] ;]tf]a s'Nnf gfdM c+u|h] Ldf ln6n\ O{u |]6 (Little Egret) , j}1flgs gfd O{u§f |] ufh]{§ f (Egretta garzetta) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'Votof !,%@% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, gbL, tfn, sdn ePsf] kf]v /L, bnbn, wfgv]t . ljz]ÈtfM ^) ;]=dL= nfdf], 7'8F sfnf], sfnf v'§fdf kx]+nf cf}+nfx?, afFFsL z/L/ ;]tf] . ^ s, v WofgL as'Nnf gfdM c+u]|hLdf kk{n x]/ f]g (Purple H eron), j}1flgs gfd cfl8{of kk'{/Lof (Ardea purpurea) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'V otof #)) dL6/;Ddsf] prfOdf, glb, cUnf emf8Lo'Qm tfn, kf]v/L, bnbn, wfgv]t . ljz]È tfM &( ;]=dL= nfdf], 3fF6L nfdf] / kftnf], 6f]nfP/ kfgL glhs a:g], p8fgdf k'R5/ k5fl8 7"nf cf}+nfx? lgl:sg], jo:ssf] 6fpsf] tyf 3fF6L sfnf] w;f]{ ePsf] s6'; /Ësf], lk7\o'F / dflyNnf] k+v 9sgL km';|f], k]6 / tNnf] k+v9sgL uf9f s6'; /Ësf], aRrfsf] 3fF6L / tNnf] efu d}nf]– d}nf], s}nf] d}nf] k+v5]p ePsf] lk7\o"F, dflyNnf] k+v9sgL v}/ f]–v}/ f] .

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! s /fhx'l66\ofpF gfdM c+u ]|hLdf u|]–x]8]8\ NofkljË (Grey-headed L apwing), j}1flgs gfd Eofg]N n; l;g]l/c;\ (Vanellus cinereus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, @&% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, vf]nf / gbLsf] lsgf/, wfgv]t / cf]l;nf 3fF;] d}bfg . ljz]ÈtfM #%=% ;]=dL= nfdf], sfnf] 6'K kf] ePsf] kx]+nf] 7'F8, v'§ fx? kx]+nf, 6fpsf], 3fF6 L / 5ftL km';|f] h;df wldln+b } uPsf] sfnf] lsgf/f, k'R5/k]6 L sfnf], p8fgdf ;xfos kv]+6f ;a} ;]t f] b]lvg] . @ s n3' /fhk'lqsf gfdM c+u ]|hLdf ln6n l/Ë\8\ Knf]e/ (Little Ringed Plover) , j}1flgs gfd rf/fl8«c; 8'lac; (Charadrius dubius) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'Votof !,%)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, gbL, kf]v /L, tfnsf lxn] au/ tyf 9'Ë ] ífF6x? . ljz]ÈtfM !^ ;]= dL= nfdf], v'§ fx? kx]+nf–kx]+nf jf u'nfaL– u'nfaL kFv ]6fsf] dflyNnf] efudf Psbd ;fF3'/f] k+v/]vL, aRrf sf]/ Ng] ;dodf ao:ssf] cFFfvLrqm k|i6 kx]+nf], aRrf sf]/ Ng] ;do aflx/sf] jo:s / aRrfsf] 6fpsf]sf] a'§fx? sd :ki6 . # s, v x'l66\ofpF gfdM c+u |]hLdf /]8–jf§\N8 NofkljË (Red-w attled Lap win g), j}1flgs gfd Eofg]Nn; O{l08s; (Vanellus indicus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !,)%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, v'N nf l;d;f/, wfgv]t . ljz]ÈtfM ## ;]=dL= nfdf], lgwf/, tfn' / 5ftL sfnf], sfnf] 6'Kkf] ePsf] /ftf] 7'F8, v'§ fx? kx]+nf . $ s vf]n] x'l66\ofpF gfdM c+u|]hLdf l/e/ NofkljË (River Lapwing), j}1flgs gfd Eofg]N n; 8'efp;]nL (Vanellus duvaucelii) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof !,#*) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, gbLsf] anf}6] 9'Fu ] kmfF6x? . ljz]ÈtfM #! ;]=dL= nfdf], 3fF6L, lgwf/ / tfn' sfnf], uw{g5]p km';|f], 7'F8 tyf v'§ fx? sfnf, k]6 df sfnf 6f6fx? . % s bf]od x'l66\ofpF gfdM c+u]|hLdf PNnf]jf§\N8 NofkljË (Yellow -wattled Lapwing), j}1flgs gfd Eofg]Nn; dfnfafl/s; (Vanellus malabaric us) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, vf]nfsf ;'V vf au/, v'Nnf If]q . ljz]ÈtfM @& ;]= dL= nfdf], nf]tL tyf v'§fx? kx]+nf, cfFvL ef}+ ;]t f], lgwf/ / tfn' sfnf], 5ftLk]6 L v}/f] . ^ s e'F8Lkmf]/ u?8 gfdM c+u]|hLdf n];/ P8\h'6]G6 (Lesser Adjutant), j}1flgs gfd n]K6f]lK6nf]; hfeflgs; ( Leptoptilos javanicus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'V otof @%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, bnbn, tfn, kf]v/L, wfgv]t . ljz]È tfM !!) ;]=dL= nfdf], gfËf] 3fF6L h'g pF8\bf v'Drg], 7'F8 z+s ?kL, 7'F8w'/ L ;Lwf, jo:ssf] lk7\o "F 6Nsg] sfnf], kFv]6fsf] tNnf] efu k|foM sfnf] t/ sfvL d'lgsf 5';L KjfFvx? ;]tf, tNnf] k'R5/9sgL ;]tf], 3fF6Lsf] KjfFvsf em'K kf k|foM sfnf h'g p8fgdf 5ftLsf] k5fl8kl§ 5]pdf sfnf] 6f6f] h:tf] b]lvg] . & s nf]eLkfkL u?8 gfdM c+u |]hLdf plNn–g]S8 :6s{ (Woolly-necked Stork), j}1flgs gfd l;sf]lgof O{lk:sf]k ; (Ciconia episcopus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'V otof (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn tyf kf]v /L glhssf] ;'Vvf 7fpF, af9L nfu]s f] v]t jf/L . ljz]È tfM !)^ ;]= dL= nfdf], 3fF6L e'jfbf/ ;]tf], lgwf/ / tfn' sfnf, kv]6fsf] + dflyNnf] / tNnf] efu k'/ } sfnf], tNnf] k'R5/9sgL ;]tf], v'§f / cf}+nfx? lkmsf /ftf] .

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! s l;nl;n] gfdM c+u |]hLdf n]:;/ x'O{l:nË 8s/l6n (Lesser Whistling Duck/Teal), j}1flgs gfd 8]08«f]lsUgf hfeflgsf (Dendrocygna jav anica) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'Votof #)% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, l;d;f/ If]qx? . ljz]È tfM $) ;]=dL= nfdf], 6fpsf] / 3fF6L líSsf km';|f] d}nf] /Ësf], tfn' uf9f v}/ f], cu|k+v df rxlsnf] s6'; /Ësf] 6f6f]÷wAaf / k'R5/9sgL klg ;f]xL /Ësf], ub{gaf6 tn k|i6 b]lvg] uf9f wsf{ gx'g ] . @ s, v nfdfcf}+n] gfdM c+u]|hLdf a|f]Gh–ljË\8 Hofsgf (Bronze-winged Jacana), j}1flgs gfd d]6f]lkl8c; O{lG8s; (Metopidius indicus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, t}/g] jg:klt ePsf] bnbn, kf]v/L / tfnx? . ljz]È tfM @% ;]=dL= nfdf], jo:ssf] cfFv Lef}+ ;]t f], z/L/sf] dflyNnf] efu 9nf}6] xl/of], tNnf] efu líSsf sfnf]], 3fF6L sfnf], 7'F8 lkmSsf kx]+nf]], aRrfsf] 5ftLdf d}nf] ;'Gtnf /Ë, tNnf] efu ;]tf], cfFvLef}+ ;]tf] t/ 5f]6f] . # s, v hncK;/f gfdM c+u]|hLdf lkmh]G6–6]N8 Hofsgf (Pheasant-tailed Jacan a), j}1flgs gfd xfO{8«f]ˆoflhofg; lr?u{; (Hydrophasianus c hirurgus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'Votof !,%@% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, t}/ g] jg:klt ePsf bnbn, kf]v/L, tfn . ljz]ÈtfM %% ;]= dL= nfdf], kFv]6 fsf] dfly / tn k|i6 ;]tf], 3fF6Lsf] 5]pdf kx]nf–kx] + +nf 6f6f, aRrf sf]/Ng] ;dodf jo:ssf] tNnf] efu v}/f] / k'R5/, aRrfx? / aRrf sf]/ Ng] ;do afx]s cGo ;dodf jo:ssf] tNnf] efu ;]tf], 3fF6Lsf] 5]paf6 uf9f /Ësf] tn em/]s f] w;f]{ / 5ftLk§L klg uf9f /Ës} . $ s, v s'/ f/L k\mofnk\mofn] gfdM c+u]|hLdf l/e/ 6g{ (River Tern), j}1flgs gfd :6gf{ cp/]lG;of (Sterna aurantia) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'V otof ^!) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, bnbn, tfn, kf]v/L, vf]nf . ljz]ÈtfM $) ;]= dL= nfdf], aRrf sf]/Ng] ao:ssf] 7'F8 ;'Gtn] kx]+nf], lgwf/ / tfn' sfnf], z/L/sf] tNnf] efu km';|f]–km';|f] ;]t f], k'R5/ nfdf] . % s ;fgf] hn]j f gfdM c+u ]|hLdf ln6n sdf]{/ ]06 (Little Cormorant ), j}1flgs gfd ˆofnfqmf]sf]¥ ofS; gfO{h/ (Phalac rocorax niger) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof @%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn, kf]v/L, hnfzo, bnbn, gbL . ljz]ÈtfM %! ;]= dL= nfdf], 7'F8 5f]6f], aRrf sf]/Ng] ;dosf] jo:s k"/ } sfnf] h;sf] cu|t fn' / 6fpsfsf] 5]pdf s]xL ;]t f >[Ëf/KjfFvx?, aRrf sf]/ Ng] ;do aflx/ sf] jo:s cln v}/ f], 6fpsfdf ;]tf >[Ëf/ KjfFvx? gePsf] tyf lrpF8f] ;]t f]–;]tf] . ^ s, v 8'a 'NsLr/f gfdM c+uh|] Ldf ln6n lu|a (Little Grebe), j}1flgs gfd 6\oflrAofK6; ?lísf]lNn; (Tachybaptus ruf ic ollis) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'V otof !,#&) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn, kf]v/L, bnbn, gbL . ljz]ÈtfM @& ;]=dL= nfdf], aRrf sf]/Ng] ;dosf] KjfFvfj:yfdf 3fF6Lsf] 5]p / ufnfx?

Uff9f s}nf], 7'F8sf] í]b df kx]+nf] 6f6f], aRrf sf]/ Ng] ;do aflx/sf] KjfFv fj:yfdf ufnf / sf]vf v}/ f]–v}/f] d}nf] .

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! s WjfF;] l;ds'v '/f gfdM c+u]|hLdf a|fpg qm]s (Brown Crake), j}1flgs gfd cdfp/f]lg{; cs'n (Amaurornis akool) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q , #^% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, bnbn, kf]v/L, tfn / kfgL 5]p5fpsf jg:kltx? . ljz]ÈtfM @* ;]=dL= nfdf], z/L/sf] dflyNnf] efu lktxl/t v}/f], tNnf] efu v/fgL /Ësf]], lrpF8f] ;]tf], 7'F8 lkmSsf xl/of], v'§f a}hgL /Ësf], k'R5/sf] tNnf] 9sgL tyf tNnf] efudf t];f{ wsf{ gx'g] . @ s d?n gfdM c+u ]|hLdf sdg s'6 (Common Coot), j}1flgs gfd í'lnsf P6«f (Fulic a atra) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM #,%)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, lsgf/df jg:klt ePsf tfn, kf]v/L / afFw . ljz]ÈtfM #( ;]=dL= nfdf], 7'F8 / lgwf/ ;]tf], 6fpsf] sfnf], afFsL z/L/ k"/ } uf9f v/fgL /Ësf] . # s aufn] l;ds'v'/f gfdM c+u ]|hLdf sdg d'xg]{ (Comm on Moorhen), j}1flgs gfd Uoflng'nf Snf]/ f]k; (Gallinula chloropus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, lsgf/df jg:klt ePsf tfn, kf]v/L / bnbn . ljz]È tfM #@=% ;]=dL= nfdf], tNnf] k'R5/ 9sgL ;]tf], sf]vf dflyaf6 ;]tf wsf{x? uPsf, jo:ssf] v'§ fx? nfdf / xl/of h:df k|i6 nfdf cf}+nfx? /x]s f, 7'F8 kx]nf] + 6'K kf] ePsf] /ftf], lgwf/ klg /ftf], lt3|fsf] dflyNnf] efu /ftf], k'R5/9sgLsf] b'a}tkm{ ;]tf], aRrf lkmSsf xl/of] 7'F8 ePsf] v}/ f] /Ësf] . $ s s'df{ gfdM c+uhLdf ]| kk{n :jfDKx]g (Purple Swamphen), j}1flgs gfd kíf{O{l/cf] kf]kmf{O{l/cf] (Porphyrio porphyrio) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, lsgf/df ag:klt ePsf tfn, kf]v/L / bnbn . ljz]ÈtfM $# ;]= dL= nfdf], ao:ssf] z/L/ j}hgL–j}hgL gLnf] /Ësf], 7'F8 df]6 f] t/ 5f]6 f] /ftf], lgwf/ /ftf], tNnf] k'R5/9sgL ;]tf], aRrfsf] z/L/ km';|f] v}/f], 7'F8 lkmSsf, v'§f / cf}+nfx? /ftf / nfdf . % s, v 3f]n s:b/L gfdM c+u]|hLdf /8\8L–a|]: 6]8 qm]s (Ruddy-breasted Crake), j}1flgs gfd kf]hf{gf í':sf (Porzana fusc a) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof #&) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, wfgv]t , kf]v /L, tfn, bnbn / kfgL ePsf vfN8fx?, 3fF;]d}b fg . ljz]È tfM @@=% ;]=dL= nfdf], v'§fx? /ftf, tNnf] efu /ftf] v}/f], sf]v fsf] kl5lNt/ / tNnf] k'R5/9sgLdf sfnf / ;]t f t];f{ w;f{, aRrfsf] z/L/ uf9f lktxl/t v}/f], tNnf] k'R5/9sgLdf ;]tf] t];f{ w;f{ / afFFsL tNnf] efudf dl;gf km';|f– km';|f ;]tf 6f6]kf6]÷t];f{ w;f{ . ^ s, v l;ds'v'/ f gfdM c+u ]|hLdf XjfO{6 –a|]: 6]8 jf6/x]g (White-breasted Waterhen), j}1flgs gfd cdfp/f]lg{; kmf]O{gLs'/; (Amaurornis phoenicurus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'V otof !,#&) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, wfg v]t, kf]v/L, tfn, bnbn / kfgL ePsf vfN8fx?, 3fF;]d}b fg, l;d;f/ glhs}sf afSnf ´f8Lx? . ljz]È tfM #@=% ;]=dL= nfdf], efn]sf] dflyNnf] efu km';|f], cg'xf/ ;]t f], cu|3fF6L / 5ftL tyf tNnf] k'R5/9sgL s}nf] u]? /Ësf], aRrfsf] cg'xf/ km';|f]–km';|f], cu|3fF6L / 5ftL Pj+ dflyNnf] efu lktxl/t v}/ f] .

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! s l6dl6df gfdM c+uh|] Ldf sdg lu|g :ofÍ (Common Green sh ank), j}1flgs gfd l6«Ëf g]a 'nfl/of (Tringa nebularia) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, #&) dL6/ prfO eGbf tnsf] If]qdf k|z:t kfOg] ;fy} $,*)) dL6/ ;Dd klg s]xL ;+V ofdf kfOPsf], hËn leqsf l;d;f/ If]qx? . ljz]È tfM #% ;]=dL= nfdf], yf]/ } dfly íls{Psf] 7'F8 nfdf] / dha't, v'§ f nfdf / lkmSsf xl/of, aRrf sf]/Ng] ;dosf] KjfFvfj:yfdf 3fF6 L cufl8 / 5ftLdf 7f8f v}/f wsf{ x'g], aRrf sf]/Ng] ;do aflx/sf] KjfFvfj:yfdf 9f8 km';|f] v}/f] tyf 3fF6L cufl8 / tNnf] efu ;]t f] /Ësf] . @ s, v r~rn] ;'8\;'l8of gfdM c+u|]hLdf sdg :ofG8kfO{k/ (Common Sandpiper), j}1flgs gfd PlS6l6; xfO{kf]lnps; (Actitis hypoleuc os) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'Votof !,#&) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, hËn leqsf l;d;f/ If]qx? . ljz]È tfM @) ;]=dL= nfdf], t];f]{ eP/ pleg] / lg/Gt/ xlNng], p8fgdf /xFb f k+vrfn tLj| ultdf eP klg kFv]6fx? xNsf tndfly ub}{ / kfn}kfnf] ub}{ xfjfdf t}l/g], aRrfsf] dflyNnf] efusf] k+v 5]p d}nf]–d}nf] b]lvg] . # s, v lrqf·b gfdM c+u]|hLdf u|]6/ k]G6]8–:gfO{k (Greater Painted-snip e) , j}1flgs gfd /f]i6«f6 'nf a]Ëfn]lG;; (Rostratula benghalensis) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'V otof #%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, jg:klto'Qm tfn tyf kf]v/L, vf]nfsf] 5]p5fp . ljz]ÈtfM @#=% ;]=dL= nfdf], kFv]6 f rf}8f uf]nf], 7'F8 nfdf]–nfdf] tn 3'ld|Psf], ;]tf] jf d}nf] rZdf / 7f8f wsf{k"0f{ hf]8L /]vfx?, jo:s kf]yLsf] 6fpsf] / 3fF6L 3g/Qm / k+v9sgL uf9f xl/of]–xl/of], jo:s efn] / aRrfsf] z/L/ al9 líSsf / k+v9sgLdf d}nf yf]Knfx? x'g ], afwf k'¥ ofpFbf cf}+nfx? nqfpFb } e4f?kn] e"FO{ 5f8\g ] . $ s, v ?v ;'8\;l' 8of gfdM c+u|h] Ldf lu|g :ofG8kfO{k/ (Green Sandpiper), j}1flgs gfd l6«Ëf cqmf]k; (Tringa ochropus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, d'Votof $&) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, hËn leqsf l;d;f/ If]qx? . ljz]È tfM @$ ;]= dL= nfdf], v'§fx? líSsf xl/of, k]6 ;]tf], kFv]6fsf] dflyNnf] tyf tNnf] efu líSsf sfnf] . % s, v emf/s rfxf gfdM c+u]|hLdf lkg6]n :gfO{k (Pintail Snipe), j}1flgs gfd Uoflngfuf] :6]g'/f (Gallinago stenura) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'Votof !,#&) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, wfgv]t , sdn ePsf] kf]v/L, bnbn, tfn, glbsf] lsgf/ . ljz]ÈtfM @^ ;]=dL= nfdf], kFv ]6f w]/ } g} uf]nfsf/, tNnf] k+v 9sgLdf 3gf t];f{ w;f{, dflyNnf] k+v9sgLkl§sf líSsf d}nf] sTnf ePsf], p8fg ;': t / al9 7f8f], p8fgdf cf}+nfx? k'R5/ eGbf k5fl8 b]lvg] u/L lgl:sg] . ^ s s/f{ ;fFj /L gfdM c+u ]|hLdf ANofs cfO{la; (Black Ibis) , j}1flgs gfd l;pl8la; Koflknf];f (Pseudibis papillosa) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ If]q, (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, bnbn, tfn, kf]v/L, wfgv]t . ljz]È tfM ^* ;]=dL= nfdf], sfFwdf ;]tf] 6f6f], v'§fx? líSsf /ftf], 6fpsf] gfËf] sfnf] t/ tfn'df /ftf] 6f6f], 3fF6L uf9f v}/f], 7'F8 nfdf] tyf 3'ld|Psf] dha't .

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:tgwf/L jGohGt'x?

(MAMMALS)

! s WjFf ;] lrt'j f gfdM c+u]|hLdf Snfp8]8 lncf]kf8{ (Clouded leopard), j}1flgs gfd lgcfí]ln; g]a 'nf];f (Neofelis nebulosa) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM d'V otof @,%)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]È tfM () ;]= dL= nfdf], z/L/ gf}gL–u]?kx]nf] /Ësf], 6fpsf] yf]Knfk"0f{ x'g], uw{gdf b'O{ rf}8f t];f{ w;f{x? x'g ], ufnfdf klg wsf{x? x'g], sfgx? sfnf h;sf] k5fl8 aLrdf v}/f] yf]Knfx? x'g] . @ s :ofn gfdM c+u]|hLdf uf]N8]g÷Plzofl6s÷sdg Hofsn (Golden/Asiatic/Common Jackal), j}1flgs gfd Soflg; Ppl/c;\ ( Canis aureus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM $,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, dfgj j:tL glhs . ljz]È tfM ^&=% ;]=dL= nfdf], z/L/df v}/ f]df ;]tf] / sfnf] ldl>t /f}+ x'g] t/ z/L/sf] /· df};d / 7fpF cg';f/ kl/jt{g x'g], k]6sf] tnlt/sf] efu / cf]7 ;]t f] x'g] . # s k\mofp/f]÷ /ftf] :ofn gfdM c+u]hLdf | a]·fn íS;\÷Ol08og íS;\ (Bengal Fox/Indian Fox), j}1flgs gfd eNK;\ a]Ëfn]lG;; (Vulpes bengalensis) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM #,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, jghËn tyf dfgj j:tL glhs . ljz]È tfM %@=% ;]=dL= nfdf], k'R5/sf] 6'K kf]df sfnf], z/L/ km';|f] v}/f] jf v/fgL / ·sf], z/L/sf] t'ngfdf v'§fx? xNsf v}/f, v}/ f sfgx?df nfdf nfdf afSnf /f}+x?, cg'xf/sf] df]x8fdf /f}+s f sfnf e'mKkfx? . h·nL s's'/ ÷9f]n] $ s gfdM c+u |]hLdf Plzofl6s jfO{N8 8u÷9f]n] (Asiatic Wild Dog/Dhole), j}1flgs gfd So"g\ clNkg;\ ( Cuon alpinus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM #,%)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, v'Nnf jgh+un tyf 3fF;] d}b fg . ljz]ÈtfM () ;]= dL= nfdf], z/L/ afSnf] e'jfbf/ tyf /ftf]v}/f], z/L/sf] /· 7fpF cg';f/ xNsf anf}6] 9'·] b]lv lvofbf/–/ftf] x'g ], k'R5/ 5f]6 f] . % s afFb/ gfdM c+u ]|hLdf /];; dsfs\ (Rhesus Macaque), j}1flgs gfd dsfsf d'nf§f (Macac a mulatta) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @,$$) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, dfgj j:tL glhs, dlGb/x?sf] jl/kl/ . ljz]ÈtfM %% ;]=dL= nfdf], lgtDj cyjf rfs /ftf] x'g ] . ^ s n+u"/ gfdM c+u |]hLdf xg'dfg dÍL÷t/fO{ u|] n+u"/ (Hanuman Monkey/Tarai Grey Langur), j}1flgs gfd ;]Dgf]lky]s; x]S6/ (Semnopithecus hector) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM #,&)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, t/fO{b ]lv lxdfnL If]qsf h+unx?, dfgj a:tL glhs . ljz]ÈtfM ^&=% ;]= dL= nfdf], z/L/ e'jfbf/ ;fy} rfFb L h:t} 6Nsg], Psbd nfdf] k'R5/ ePsf], cg'xf/ sfnf], 6fpsf] ;]tf] . & s /t'jf÷/t'jf d[u÷d[u gfdM c+u]|hLdf afls{Ë l8c/÷O{l08og d'G6\hfs (Barking Deer/Indian Muntjac), j}1flgs gfd d'lG6ofs; d'G6\hfs (Muntiacus muntjak) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM ^# b]lv #,%)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, cf]l;nf] jghËn . ljz]È tfM sfFwsf] prfO &) ;]=dL=, z/L/ rxlsnf] v}/f], l;Ë 5f]6 f, k5fl8sf eGbf cufl8sf v'§ fx? nfdf, k'R5/ 5f]6 f] .

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@)

! s afx|l;+uf gfdM c+u ]|hLdf :jfDk l8c/ (Swamp Deer), j}1flgs gfd ;e{; 8'efp;]nL (Cervus duvaucelii) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM #)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, 3fF;] d}b fg . ljz]ÈtfM sfFwsf] prfO !@% ;]= dL=, b'O{ l;ªdf ;fwf/0ftof afx|j6f xfFu f x'g], h/fof] eGbf clnslt ;fgf], z/L/ lísf–v}/f] . @ s h/fof] gfdM c+u]|hLdf ;fDaf/ l8c/ ( Sambar Deer), j}1flgs gfd se{; o"lgsn/ ( Cerv us unicolor) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM &% b]lv #,)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, 3fF;] d}bfg, ´f8L . ljz]È tfM sfFw sf] prfO !%) ;]= dL=, z/L/ uf9f–v}/f], efn]sf] 3fF6 Ldf nfdf /f}+x?, tLgj6f xfFu f ePsf 7"nf l;ªx? x'g] . # s lrQn gfdM c+u]|hLdf lrQn/:k6]8 l8c/ (Chital/Spotted Deer), j}1flgs gfd PlS;; PlS;; (Axis axis) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM &% b]l v !,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, jghËnsf] 5]p 5fp . ljz]È tfM sfFw sf] prfO () ;]= dL=, u]? kx]+nf] z/L/df ;]tf yf]Knfx?, 5f]6f] k'R5/, ;]tf] unf, efn] kf]y L p:t} b]lvg] t/ efn] 7"nf] / l;ªo'Qm x'g] . $ s nu'gf gfdM c+u ]|hLdf xu l8c/ (Hog Deer), j}1flgs gfd PlS;; kf]ls{g; ( Axis porcinus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM &% b]lv #)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, 3fF;] d}b fg . ljz]ÈtfM sfFwsf] prfO ^^ ;]= dL=, lrQnsf] bfFhf]df cln xf]r f] / k'8\sf], jo:ssf] z/L/df s]xL xNsf /Ësf] ;fgf yf]Knfx? b]lvg]], efn]s f] ;fgf tLg xfFu f ePsf] l;ª x'g] . % s efn' la/fnf] gfdM c+u ]|hLdf líl;Ë Sof6 (Fishing Cat), a}1flgs í]ln; lee]l/gf (Felis viverrina) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM #)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, l;d;f/, jg hËn tyf emf8L . ljz]È tfM &) ;]=dL= nfdf], k'8\sf] z/L/ kLtxl/t v}/ f], v'§fx? 5f]6f, 9f8df sfnf yf]K nfx? nlDaP/ /xg] / logLx? uw{gdf k'Ubf t];f{ wsf{x? h:tf] x'g] . ^ s jg la/fnf] gfdM c+u]|hLdf hËn Sof6 (Jungle Cat) , j}1flgs gfd km]ln; rfp; (Felis chaus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @)) b]lv $,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg], 3fF;] d}b fg, emf8L, jghËn, dfgj a:tL glhs . ljz]ÈtfM ^) ;]= dL= nfdf], z/L/ kx]+nf]–dvdnL v}/f], cfFvfdf ;]t f] 3]/ f, /ftf]–/ftf] sfgdf 5f]6f sfnf /f+}sf] u'R5f x'g], nfdf cl3Nnf v'§fdf b'O{j 6f sfnf w;f{, sfnf] 6'Kkf] ePsf] k'R5/, lgwf/ j/k/ / v'§fsf aflx/L efudf dlng /ftf] w;f{, 8/nfUbf] x]/ fO . & s lgnufO{ gfdM c+u]|hLdf An'a'n÷lgnufO{ (Bluebull/Nilgai), j}1flgs gfd af];]nfí; 6«fuf]Sofd]n; ( Boselaphus tragocamelus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM &% b]l v #)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, v'Nnf ´f8Lo'Qm jghËn tyf 3fF;] d}bfg, v]tjf/L j/k/ . ljz]È tfM sfFw sf] prfO !$) ;]= dL=, 3f]8fh:t} b]lvg], jo:s efn]s f] z/L/ 9nf}6 /Ësf], cf+]7, ufnf, sfgsf] leqkl§ / k'R5/sf] tNnf] efu ;]tf], ;fgf tLvf l;Ëx?, kf]y L tyf afR5f]s f]] z/L/ anf}6]–v}/ f], efn]–kf]y L b'j }sf] ub{gsf] dflyNnf] efudf uf9f /f}+x? x'g] .

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! s af3÷kf6] af3 gfdM c+u|]hLdf /f]on a]Ëfn 6fO{u / (Royal Bengal Tiger), j}1flgs gfd KofGy]/ f 6fO{lu|; (Panthera tigris) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, jghËn ;fy} 3fF;] d}b fg . ljz]ÈtfM @=* dL= nfdf], z/L/ v}/ f] /Ësf], z/L/df rf}8f sfnf kf6] w;f{x?, sfgx? sfnf / logsf k5fl8 k|i6 ;]tf yf]Knfx?, k'R5/ sfnf] / nfdf] . @ s l5/la/] la/fnf] gfdM c+u]|hLdf dfa{N8 Sof6 ( Marbled Cat) , j}1flgs gfd í]ln; dfdf]{/ f6f (Felis marmorata) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @,%)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, jghËn . ljz]È tfM %) ;]= dL= nfdf], nfdf] k'R5/, nfdf aËf/fx?, vKk/ 5f]6f] tyf uf]nfsf/, v'§ fdf k|i6 sfnf yf]K nfx? x'g] . # s lrt'jf gfdM c+u |]hLdf lnjkf8{÷sdg lnjkf8{ (Leopard/Commo n L eopard), j}1flgs gfd KofGy]/ f kf8'{; (Panthera pardus) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @,*)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, jghËn tyf dfgj a:tL glhs . ljz]ÈtfM @ dL6/ nfdf], v}/f] z/L/df sfnf yf]K nfx?, 6fpsf] ;fgf] tyf yf]Knfk"0 f{, k'R5/ nfdf] . $ s r/L af3 gfdM c+uh]| Ldf lnjkf8{ Sof6 (Leopard Cat), j}1flgs gfd í]ln; a]Ëfn]lG;; (Felis bengalensis) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @)) b]lv #,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, 3fF;] d}bfg, emf8L tyf a'6\ofg If]q, jghËn, dfgj j:tL glhs .ljz]ÈtfM ^) ;]= dL= nfdf], z/L/ kx]+nf]–dvdnL /·sf], z/L/df sfnf 6f6fx? k|i6 b]lvg] / logLx? sfFw lt/ uP/ b'O{j6f rf}8f wsf{x?;Fu } ldNg], sfnf sfgx?sf k5fl8 ;]tf yf]Knf, c? hftsf la/fnfx?sf] eGbf nfdf v'§fx? x'g] . % s 7"nf] Gofp/Ld';f gfdM c+u]|hLdf O{l08og u|] dË'h (Indian Grey Mongoo se), j}1flgs gfd xk]{: 6]; O{8\jf8{;L (Herpestes edwardsii) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM ^# b]lv (!% dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, dfgj j:tL glhs / jghËnsf] 5]p5fp . ljz]ÈtfM $) ;]=dL= nfdf], z/L/ km';|f] /·sf], gfs u'nfaL–u]? / ·sf], v'§fx? z/L/eGbf uf9f, k'R5/sf] nDafO{ 6fpsf] / z/L/ hlQs}, /f}+x? v;|f] / 7f8f, k|To]s /f}+df Ps kl5 csf]{ u/L /x]s f !) j6f sfnf / ;]tf w;f{k]6L x'g] . ^ s u+u6] Gofp/Ld';f gfdM c+u|h] Ldf s|]a –O{l6Ë dË'h (Crab-eating Mongoose), j}1flgs gfd xk]{:6]; pef{ (Herpestes urv a) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !)) b]lv #)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, vf]nf 5]p ;fy} jghËn . ljz]ÈtfM $&=% ;]=dL= nfdf], ufnfaf6 3fF6 L x'b } 5ftLsf] cl3Nnf] efu ;Dd Pp6f rf}8f ;]t f] wsf]{ uPsf], c? Gofp/L d';fsf] bFfhf]df uf9f /·sf] . & s v}/f] v/fof] gfdM c+u ]|hLdf O{l08og x]c/ (Indian Hare), j}1flgs gfd n]k; lglu|sf]lNn; ( Lepus nigricollis) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM ^#–@,%)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, v'Nnf ´f8L tyf 5f]6f] 3fF; ePsf] If]q, rl/r/0f x'g] jghËn . ljz]È tfM $% ;]=dL= nfdf], z/L/ /ftf]–/ftf] v}/f], sfnf /f}+x? z/L/sf] ;a} efudf ldl;Psf] .

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! s dn;Ffk|f] gfdM c+uh]| Ldf PNnf]–y|f]6]8 df6]{g (Yello w-throat ed Marten),j}1flgs gfd df6]{; ˆnfleu'nf (Martes flavigula) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !)) b]lv #,!)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, dfgj a:tL glhs / jghËnsf] 5]p5fp . ljz]ÈtfM %) ;]= dL= nfdf], z/L/sf] dflyNnf] efu kx+]nf]–sfnf], tNnf] efu ;'gf}nf]– v}/ f], 3fF6L rxlsnf] uf9f kx]+nf], k'R5/ nfdf] t/ sd afSnf] . @ s cf]t gfdM c+u]|hLdf o"/fl;og c§/ (Eurasian Otter), j}1flgs gfd n'qf n'q f (L utra lutra) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM #,^^) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, gbL, vf]nfgfnf . ljz]ÈtfM &) ;]=dL= nfdf], z/L/ v}/f], z/L/sf] tNnf] efu xNsf v}/f], cf]7 / gfsdf yf]K nfx? x'g] . # s v}/ f] cf]t gfdM c+u |]hLdf :d'y–sf]6]8 c§/ (Smooth-coa ted Ott er), j}1flgs gfd n'6«f]u ]n k;{\lkl;Nnf6f (Lutrogale perspic illata) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !,%)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, tfn tyf gbLx? . ljz]ÈtfM &% ;]= dL= nfdf], z/L/ uf9f v}/ f], tNnf] efu cln pHofnf], k+hfx? z/L/ eGbf sd uf9f v}/f], gfssf] kf]/f eL–cfsf/sf . $ s aFb]n gfdM c+u |]hLdf jfO{N8 af]/ /o"/ fl;og jfO{N8 af]/ (Wild Boar/Eurasian Wild Boar), j}1flgs gfd ;;\ :qmf]kmf ( Sus scrofa) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM ^# b]lv $,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, 3fF;] d}bfg / jgh·n . ljz]ÈtfM !&% ;]=dL= nfdf], z/L/ uf9f km';|f]–v}/ f] ldl>t sfnf] /+u ePsf], 6fpsf] 7"nf]], t'ngfTds ?kdf v'§f 5f]6 f, ;'Fu '/ h:t} b]lvg], aRrfsf] z/L/df nfdf kx]+nf wsf{x? x'g] t/ s]xL dlxgf kl5 x/fP/ hfg] . % s ufhn] gL/la/fnf] gfdM c+u]|hLdf df:S8 kfNd l;e]6 ÷lxdfnog kfNd l;e]6 (Masked Palm Civet/Himalayan Palm Civet), j}1flgs gfd kfu'df nfef{6 f ( Paguma larvata) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @)) b]l v @,@)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, jghËn / dfgj a:tL glhs . ljz]ÈtfM ^) ;]=dL= nfdf], z/L/ uf9f v}/ f] cyjf nueu sfnf], z/L/sf] tNnf] efu km';|f]–d}nf], a'§ f gePsf] sfnf] df]6f]] k'R5/, cfFvf ufhn nufPsf] h:t} b]lvg] .

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jg:kltx?

(VEGETATION)

! s, v af]emf] gfdM c+u ]|hLdf :jL6 ˆNofu/:jL6 ;]h (Sweet Flag/Sweet Sage), j}1flgs gfd Psf]/; Sofnfd; (Acorus calamus L.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @,#)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, vf]nfgfnf / cf]l ;nf] If]q . kl/roM ! dL6/ ;Dd cUnf], ax'jlif{o ´f/, kft nfDrf], ;fF3 '/f], 6'Kkf] tLvf] ePsf] / aLrsf] gzf :ki6 b]lvg], hldgd'lgsf] sf08af6 kftx? kNxfpg], y'k|} hf]gL{x? ePsf] ´';o'Qm sf08, sf08sf] leqL efu ;]tf] jf u'nfjL t/ aflx/ líSsf ;'Gtnf /Ësf], sf08sf]] :jfb cln kk{/fpg] / tLtf], ckr, cfFp, emf8fkvfnf, vf]sL, bfFFt b'v ]sf], :j/ a;]s f] cflbsf] pkrf/df k|o f]u ul/g] . @ s, v s'lDesf gfdM c+u ]|hLdf jf6/ Sofa]h÷jf6/ n]6;' ÷6«lksn 8sjL8 ( Water Cabbage/Water Lettuc e/ Tropical D uckweed), j}1flgs gfd lkl:6of :6«fl6j6;\ (Pistia stratiotes L.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM ^)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, kf]v/L, tfn, afFw, vf]nf / gbLx? . kl/roM kfgLdf t}/ g] ;bfaxf/ Psblno ´f/, ldrfxf jg:klt, t}l/Psf] kftd'g L h/fx? em'lG8P/ /xg], kftx? afSnf t/ g/d, sf08 gePsf, dflylNt/ í's]sf, kftdf 5f]6f /f}x?n] + h]n]/ 6f]s/L h:t} agfpg], df5f / r/fn] vfg] . # s s'l/nf]÷;tfj/L÷dfs'/ L gfdM c+u]|hLdf P:kf/fu; (Asparagus), j}1flgs gfd P:kf/fu; /f;]df];;\ ( Asparagus racemosus Willd.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM ^)) b]l v @,!)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, ;]lknf] If]q . kl/roM ´f8L ju{sf] sfF8]b f/, ;bfjxf/ jg:klt, b'j} 5]p ;'s]s f / aLrdf í's ]sf h/fx? e'mKkfdf /xg] / aflx/ tí{ í';|f] kx]+nf] / leqL tk{m ;]tf] x'g], 8fF7 s8f / sfF8}s fF8f ePsf] xl/of], Ps} 7fFpaf6 @ b]lv ^ j6f ;Dd l;of] cfsf/sf dl;gf xl/of kftx? kNxfPsf, k"mn ;fgf], ;]tf], jf;gfbf/ ´'K kfdf í'Ng], ín ;fgf], uf]nfsf/, sfFrf]df xl/of] / kfs]kl5 /ftf], aLp sfnf], ev{/ 6';fPsf] d'gf t/sf/L jf crf/ agfO{ vfg, sGbd'n tfst a9fpg, ;'Ts]/L cfdf / ufO{j:t's f] b'w a9fpg k|of]u ul/g] . $ s l;dn gfdM c+u ]|hLdf l;Ns s6g l6« (Silk Cot ton Tree), j}1flgs gfd aDa]S; l;jf (Bombax c eiba L .) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, vf]nfgfnfsf] lsgf/ . kl/roM %) dL6/ ;Dd cUnf], 7"nf] ktem/ ?v, k]mb 3'ld|Psf] tyf xfFu fx? t];f]{ tj/af6 í/flsnf] ul/ km}ng], af]qmf df+l;nf] v}/f], slnnf cj:yfdf af]qmfdf sfF8f x'g ], af]qmf 7f8f] tj/af6 lrl/Psf], kft g/d / leq /]zfo'Qm, k"mn /ftf], 7"nf] / cfsif{s , kmn /ftf], sf];f leqsf] ljpx? ;]tf] e'j fdf /xg], e'jfaf6 l;/fgL, lj5\o f}gf agfOg], sf7 xn'sf x'g ] / o;af6 ;nfO{ / 8'· f agfOg] . % s x/f]{ gfdM c+uh]| Ldf ANofs dfO{/ f]a ng/r]j 'lns dfO{/f]a ng (Black Myrobalan/Chebulic Myrobalan), j}1flgs gfd 6ld{g lnof r]a'nf (Terminalia c hebula Retz.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !%) b]lv !,!)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, dWo tyf klZrdL g]kfn . kl/roM @) dL6/;Dd cUnf], dWod vfnsf] ktem/ ?v, kft Pp6} cfFV nfdf b'Oj6f t/ ljkl/t lbzfdf kms]{s f, kftsf] e]6 \gf]df Ps hf]8L u|GyLx? x'g], km"n xNsf kx+]nf] jf ;]tf] /·sf], ;fgf] / xfFu fsf] 6'K kfdf nx/]bf/ 808Ldf jl/kl/ ldn]/ /x]s f], kmn aLrdf df]6f] / km]blt/ cln ;fFu 'l/Psf] k'i6 x'g], lqkmnf -x/f]{, a/f]{ / cdnf_ dWo]s f] of] Pp6f kmn slAhot, bd tyf vf]sLsf] pkrf/df k|of]u ul/g] .

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! s a]zd{÷;gO{ km"n gfdM c+u ]|hLdf ;gO{ k"mn (Sanai Phul), a}1flgs gfd cfO{kf]ldof sflg{of ;a:k]l;h lí:6'nf];f (Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Subsp. fistulosa), 9'ª\/] km"n í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM k"j{b ]l v klZrd;Dd !,#%) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, cf]l;nf 7fpFx?df, hËn / af6f]s f] 5]p5fpdf, vghf]t gu/]s f] s[lif e"ld . kl/roM # dL6/ ;Dd cUnf], ldrfxf jg:klt . 8fF7 vf]qmf] x'g], 8fF7sf] s'g} klg efuaf6 h/f pd|g ;Sg], ufO{a:t's f nflu xflgsf/s . @ s ;fn gfdM c+u]|hLdf g]kfnL ;fn (Nepali Saal), j}1flgs gfd ;f]l/of /f]a ':6f (Shorea robusta Roxb. ex Gaert n. f.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf x'g] . kl/roM $) dL6/ ;Dd cUnf], kt´8 ?v, sf08 ;f]emf] ePsf], af]qmf uf9f v}/ f] lr/fo'Q m, kft nfdf] / 6'Kkf] r'Rrf] k/]sf] c08fsf, k"mnx? 8fF7ljlxg líSsf kx]nf], e'mKkfdf k"mNg], índf % j6f v}/f] kv]6fx? x'g ], sf7 lgdf{0 f sfo{s f] nflu clt pkof]u L, kftaf6 6k/L agfOg] . # s, v cdnf gfdM c+u ]|hLdf uf]ha]/ L/O{lDAns dfO{/ f]a ng (Gooseberry/Emblic Myrobalan), j}1flgs gfd ífO{N ofGy; O{lDAnsf (Phyllanthus emblica L.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !%) b]lv !,&)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, v'Nnf, kf/Lnf] / kfgL ghDg] If]q . kl/roM !% dL6/;Dd cUnf], ;fgf] ktem/ ?v, kftx? Pp6} 8fF7df dl;gf b'j }lt/ nx/} ldn]s f, km"nx? kftsf] d'lg 6Dd ldn]/ km'Ng], km"n jf;gfbf/, xl/of] tyf kx]+nf] /+usf], kmnx? U'flbbf/, uf]nf], sfFrf]df xl/of] / kfs]kl5 xNsf kx]+nf, índf xNsf ^ j6f w;f{x? b]lvg], ínsf] u'bLleq aLpx? kf6}kf6f ePsf s8f cfj/0fn] 5f]lkPsf / Pp6f índf hDdf ^ j6f aLpx? x'g ], ín le6fldg ;L sf] d'V o ;|f]t . l;Gb'/ ] $ s gfdM c+u ]|hLdf sdnf÷sdnf l6« (Kamala/Kamala Tree), j}1flgs gfd Dofnf]6; lílnk]lG;; (Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !%) b]lv !,*)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, pi0fb]lv pkf]i0f hnjfo' ePsf] If]q . kl/roM ( dL6/;Dd cUnf], ;bfaxf/ ?v, kft c08fsf/–lb3f{sf/, c08j[Q jf efnfsf/ x'g], 8fF7o'Qm kftsf] lsgf/f wfl/nf] x'g], af]qmf v}/ f], km"n ;–;fgf, 8fF7 gePsf, kx]+nf /Ësf, efn] km"n em'K kfdf /xg] t/ kf]yL km"n Psn /xg], ín # j6f v08df ljeflht ePsf] /ftf] /Ësf], ínsf] w"nf] 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]u , n'tf], bfb, Uofl:6«s, 3fp vl6/f, cN;/, vf]sL, d[u f}nf / d'q y}nLsf] kTy/L, cflbdf pkof]u L . % s vfl;÷xfO{8«Lnf gfdM c+u|h] Ldf xfO{l8«nf (Hydrilla), j}1flgs gfd xfO{l8«nf el6{l;nf6f (Hy drilla verticillata) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM tfn, kf]v/L, bnbn / vf]nfsf] l:y/ kfgL . kl/roM $% ;]=dL= ;Dd nfdf], sd df]6fO ePsf] lgdUg -kfgL leq a:g]_ ´f/, h/f /];fbf/ -nfdf] skfn h:t}_ , sDkf]i6 dn agfpg ;lsg], df5fn] vfg] . ^ s ;lt;fn gfdM c+u ]|hLdf O{l08og /f]hp8 (Indian Rosewood) , j}1flgs gfd 8fNalh{of Nofl6kmf]lnof (Dalbergia latifolia) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ b]lv !,))) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf k|foM l;;f};Fu} kfOg] . kl/roM $) dL6/;Dd cUnf], km/flsnf] 5q x'g] ktem8 ?v, % b]lv & j6f ;Dd k6[fx? ePsf] ;+o'Qm kft, k"mn ;]tf], sfi7snf tyf zf]efo'Qm kmlg{r/ lgdf{0fsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] .

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! s l;;f} gfdM c+u]|hLdf l;;f}/O{l08og /f]hp8 (Sissoo/Indian Rosewood ), j}1flgs gfd 8fNa/lhof l;;f} (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !,%)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, v;|f] dl;gf] tyf gbL jf jf9Laf6 jufO{ NofPsf] df6f]nfO{ ?rfpg], ;fdfGotofM gbLsf] au/df vo/ ;+u;+u } kfOg] . kl/roM #) dL6/;Dd cUnf], ktem/ ?v, jf]qmfdf 7f8f] v}/f wsf{x? x'g ], kftx?

PsfGt/ ?kaf6 Pp6f kftsf] jbnf # b]lv % j6f kftx? ;+o 'Qm ldn]/ knfPsf], k"mn v}/ f], kftsf] sf]kfdf e'mKkf eO{ k"mNg], kmnsf] sf];fdf ! b]lv # ljpx? x'g ], ljp r]K 6f] / d[u f}{nf cfsf/ sf], sf7af6 6]j 'n, s';L{, b/fh, a]~r agfpg ;fy} bfp/fsf] ?kdf k|o f]u ug{, kftx? lxpFb df ufO{a :t'nfO{ v'j fO{g ] . @ s gLd gfdM c+u ]|hLdf dfuf]{;f l6«/ //gLd (Margosa Tree/Neem), j}1flgs gfd chfl8/fS6f O{lG8sf (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @))–()) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, kfl/nf] kfvf tyf ;'Vvf If]q . kl/roM @) dL6/;Dd cUnf], y'k|} xfFufljFu f ePsf] ;bfjxf/ jg:klt, af]qmf aflx/ k'm;|f] / leq /ftf], ( b]lv !# kqsx? ePsf] kft, kqs nfdf], n]G; cfsf/sf], 6'Kkf] ltvf] / lsgf/f bfFt L k/]sf], k"mn ;fgf], ;]tf], e'mKkfdf k'mNg], dxsf] h:t} ld7f] jf;gf cfpg], kmn s]xL nfDrf] uf]nf], sfFrf]df xl/of] / kfs]kl5 xl/of] kx]+nf], kmnleq Pp6f ;fx|f] lj p x'g ], tf]/Lsf] h:tf] jf:gf cfpg], cToGt pkof]uL jg:klt, kft d[u f}nf /f]u , cfFvfsf] sdhf]/L, rd{/ f]u hlG8;df pkof]u L, af]qmf 6f]lgssf] ?kdf, Hj/f], rd{/ f]u vf]sL, lk;fa ;DaGwL /f]u , ;k{ jf ljlR5n] 6f]s ]df k|of]u ul/g] . # s 6'gL gfdM c+u |]hLdf 6'g///] / 8 ;]8f///O{l08og dfxf]ufgL (Toon/Red Cedar/Indian Mahogany), j}1flgs gfd 6'gf l;lno6f (Toona ciliata M. Roem. ) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ b]lv !,&)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, gbL vf]nf / cf]l;nf] If]q . kl/roM %) dL6/;Dd cUnf], k|foM h;f] ;bfaxf/ h+u ndf kfOg] ktem/ ?v, leqL sf7 O{§ f /+usf] /ftf] v}/ f], xfFufx? rf/}lt/ k}mlnP/ /xg], sf7af6 3/, afs;, s[lif ;fdu|Lx?, l;;fsnd agfpg, kftx? ufO{j:t'x?nfO{ lx+pbdf v'j fpg / ?vnfO{ ;8sdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|of]u ul/g] . $ s hns'DeL gfdM c+uh]| Ldf jf6/ xfol;Gy (Water Hy acinth), j}1flgs gfd cfO{s/lgof qmfl:;K; (Eic hhornia crassipes ( Mart.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{b ]lv !,%)) dL6/;Ddsf] prfOdf, kf]v /L, tnfp, vf]N ;f, kfgL hd]s f] 7fpF . kl/roM kfgLdf t}l/P/ /xg], h/fdf sfF8fbf/ em'K kf x'g], kft 7"nf / rDrf cfsf/sf], kftsf] 8fF7df xfjf el/Psf nfDrf] vfnsf] 8Nnfx? x'g ] h;n] la?jfnfO{ t}l/ g d2t k'¥ofpg], km"n lkmsf lgnf] /Ësf], of] la?jf lgs} l56f] c? lj?jfnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L km}lng] x'Fb f o;nfO{ ljZjs} ;a}eGbf a9L ldrfxf jg:klt eg]/ lrlgPsf], h}ljs dn agfpg, uf]a/ Uof; pTkfbg ug{ / bfp/f sf] ?kdf afNg ;lsg] .

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! s, v 8'd|L gfdM c+u ]|hLdf Sn:6/ líu l6« (Cluster Fig Tree), j}1flgs gfd ífO{s; Unf]d]/ f6f (Fic us glomerata Roxb.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM t/fO{ efj/, leqL dw]z / kxf8Lsf] pi0f If]q lt/ kfOg], kfFFu f] df6f]df /fd|f];Fu x's{g], kxf8L If]qsf] r§fgL df6f]df klg kfOg] . kl/roM @) dL6/;Dd cUnf], 7"nf] cfsf/sf] ?v, sf08 v/fgL /·sf]] / d:ofOnf], kftsf] dflyNnf] ;tx lrNnf] xl/of] /tNnf] ;txdf cln cln e'm; knfPsf], kmn e'mKkfdf /xg], sfFrf] ín xNsf xl/of] / kfs]s f] kmn /ftf] b]lvg], kftx? ufO{j:t'nfO{ v'j fOg] / kmnaf6 crf/ agfOg] . @ s, v a/ gfdM c+u]|hLdf aGofg//O{l08og lkmu ( Ba nyan/Indian Fig), j}1flgs gfd ífO{s; a]Ëfn]lG;; (Ficus benghalensis) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM ^)) b]l v !,%)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf . kl/roM 7"nf] ktem/ ?v, km/flsnf] 5q, h/fx? e"O{df rf/}lt/ lílhg], xfFufaf6 h/fx? lg:s]/ e'O{lt/ uPsf jf 6]s ]sf, ´/]s f kftx? ;f]t / tyf 3fF;sf] lglDt k|of]u ul/g], kft ufO{j:t'sf] nflu 8fn]3 fF;sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{'sf] ;fy} ?vsf] k]mbdf lxGb' ;w'jf gf/Lx?n] cfˆgf] nf]Ug]sf] lglDt k"hfcfhf ug]{ . # s, v hfd'g gfdM c+uh]| Ldf ANofs Knd÷O{l08og ANofsa]/ L÷hfef Knd÷Knfd hfDa'n (Black Plum /In dian Blackberry /Java Plum/Palm Jambul), a}1flgs ;fO{l hlhcd So'l dlg ( Syzigium cumini (L.) Skeels) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @%) b]l v @,))) d L6/ ; Ddsf] prfOdf, cf]l;nf] If]q . kl/roM #) dL6/;Dd cUnf], demf}nf tyf 7"nf] cfsf/sf] ?v, 8fF7o'Qm kft uf9f xl/of], c08fsf/ t/ s]xL nflDrnf], wfl/nf], /f}+ gePsf], 6'K kf]df ;fgf] r'Rrf] ePsf], km"n líSsf xl/of]– ;]tf] /Ësf], ;'u lGwt / em'Kkfdf x'g ], ín cfoftsf/ jf uf]nfsf/–cfoftsf/, kfs]kl5 uf9f KofhL /Ësf] tyf u'nfjL /Ësf] u'bL ePsf], kmnsf] leq Pp6f ;fx|f] aLp x'g ], aRrfnfO{ kvfnf nfu]df tfhf af]qmfsf] /; afv|fsf] b'w;+u ld;fP/ vfg lbPdf kmfObf k'¥ ofpg], kmn zlQmj4{s / :sjL{ /f]usf] /f]s yfd ug{ k|of]u ul/g] . $ s, v /ftf] sdn gfdM c+u]|hLdf :ofS/]8 nf]6;÷:ofS/]8 jf6/–lnnL (Sacred Lotus/Sacred Water-lily), j}1flgs gfd g]n'Daf] g'l;km]/f (Nelumbo nucifera Gaert n.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM tfn, kf]v/L / vf]nfsf] l:y/ kfgL . kl/roM kfgLdf kfOg] ;'Gb/ ;bfaxf/ emf/, df]6 f] ufgf] ePsf], kft 7"nf] h;sf] Jof; %) ;]=dL= eGbf al9, km"n ;]tf] jf u'nfaL /·sf] PSnf], ;'u lGwt, ín 7"nf] / z+v cfsf/sf], tfhf ufgf] tyf ljofFnfO{ xNsf kf]n]/ jf ;]s]/ vfg ;lsg] ;fy} crf/ klg agfpg ;lsg], ufgf]nfO{ hlG8;sf] pkrf/df klg k|o f]u ul/g] . % s sdf{÷xNb' gfdM c+u]|hLdf sdf{÷sbDaf (Karma/Kadam ba), j}1flgs gfd P8fO{gf sl8{íf]lnof (Adina co rd ifolia (Willd. ex Roxb .) Bent h. & Ho ok.F. e x B ra ndis) í}n fj6 / jf; :yfgM sl/a *)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, ljleGg k|s f/sf] df6f]df x's {g ;Sg] . kl/roM $) dL6/;Dd cUnf], k|sfzsf] rfxgf /fVg] kt´/ ?v, sf7 Psgf;sf] dl;gf] bfgfo'Qm / kx]nf] + , kft cfsf/ d'6' h:t}, km"n kx]+nf] / nfdf] 8fF7df km'Ng], ín uf]nfsf/, k|z:t} íNg], t/fOsf dxTjk"0 f{ ?vx? dWo] Ps / ;fnsf] jgdf k|z:t kfOg], bfp/fsf] nflu o;sf] sf7 pQd dflgg] .

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! s, v a]n gfdM c+u ]|hLdf aon÷xf]nL k|m'6 l6«÷a]Ëfn lSjG;÷:6f]g PKkn (Bael/Holy Fru it Tree/Bengal Quince/Stone Apple), j}1flgs gfd PO{un dfd]{nf]; (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM ^))–!,!)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, cf]l;nf], Iff/Lo / u]u |fgo'Qm df6f] ePsf] If]q . kl/ roM !% dL6/;Dd cUnf], sf8]b f/ cw{– kt´/ ?v, kft PsfGt/, ;'ulGwt / ;+oQ ' m x'g] h;df # b]lv % j6f c08fsf/ / 6'K kf] r'Rrf] k/]s f kqsx? x'g], aLrsf] kqs s]xL 7"nf] x'g], af]q mf v}/ f], lrl/Psf] / sTnf k/]sf], km"nx? xl/of–;]tf /+usf / jf;gfbf/ x'g,] kmn uf]nfsf/ / aflx/L cfj/0f Psbd s8f ePsf], ín leq * b]lv !% j6f sf]7fx? x'g] h;df aLp / ;'Gtnf /+u sf] u'b L el/Psf] x'g], kftx? wfld{s sfo{df k|of]u ul/g], kmn leqsf] u'bLsf] ;a{t agfOg], h/f Hj/f], /utdf;L, emf8fkvfnf / afGtfsf] pkrf/df k|of]u ul/g] . vo/ @ s gfdM c+u|]hLdf sr l6«/ANofs sr (Cutch Tree/Black Cutch), j}1flgs gfd Psfl;of Sof6]r ' (Acac ia c atec hu (L.f.) Willd.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM g]kfnsf] dw]z, t/fO{ / kxf8L b'gx?sf] gbLsf lsgf/df kfOg] . kl/roM @) dL6/ ;Dd cUnf], demf}nf sbsf] ?v, af]q mf uf9f v}/ f], leqL sf7 /ftf], kft ;+o'Qm, kqsx? c08fj[Qfsf/, kftx? / sf08nfO{ dl;gf em';n] 9fs]sf] x'g ], km"n kx+]nf] / Pp6} 8fF7df w]/ } í'N g], sr (cutch) / sTyf (kattha) sf] pTkfbg ug{, 3fp, vl6/f, afy tyf ds]{sf] hf]g L{x?df n]k nufpg klg o;nfO{ k|of]u ul/g] . # s kfvgj]b gfdM c+u ]|hLdf /s íf]O{n (Rock Foil), j}1flgs gfd alh{lgof l;lno6f (Bergenia c iliata (H aw.)

(Sternb.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM !,^)) b]lv #,@)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf, r§fgn] ag]sf] cf]l ;nf] If]q . kl/roM #) ;]= dL= ;Dd cUnf], hldgsf] ;txdf ;dfgfGt/ eP/ cufl8 a9\g], emf/ ju{s f] ax'jlif{o jg:klt, sf08 xfFu fljFu f /lxt, v}/f] /Ësf], df+l;nf] / jf;gfbf/ x'g ], sf08af6 h/fx? lg:s]sf], kft c08fsf/ jf uf]nfsf/÷èbofsf/ rlDsnf] /ftf] /+u sf], kftsf] lsgf/f ;–;fgf ;]t f /f}+x?n] 3]l/Psf], dflyNnf] efu 6Nsg] xl/of] / tNnf] efu xn's f u'nfjL /Ësf], k"mnx? nfdf] 8fF7sf] 6'K kfdf e'mKkfdf k'mNg], ;]tf], u'nfaL KofhL /+u sf, h/f / sf08 hl8j'6Ldf k|of]u x'g], kTy/L sf] cf}ifwL, of}g zlQmjw{s / df+;k]zL b/Lnf] kfg]{, k]6 sf] h's f dfg]{ . $ s lkknf gfdM c+u |]hLdf nË lkk/ (Long Pepper), j}1flgs gfd kfO{k/ nËd\ ( Piper longum L.) í}nfj6 / jf;:yfgM @)) b]lv !,#)) dL6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf vf;u/L ;fnsf] h+un, vf]N;f tyf h+u n leqsf ;]lknf / lr:ofg x'g] 7fFpx?df, jiff{ / udL{ a9L x'g] / r'g ldl;Psf] df6f] . kl/roM e'O{df í}lnP/ hfg] ;bfaxf/, ax'j ÈL{o , nx/]b f/ lj?jf, 8fF7sf] cfFVnfaf6 lgl:sPsf] h/fx?sf] d4tn] e'O{+df k}mlng], xNsf ;'ulGwt, kft uf]nfsf/ jf x'bofsf/ kftnf], lsgf/f ;Lwf, dflyNnf] ;tx rlDsnf] xl/of] / tNnf] ;tx líSsf xl/of] k"mn dl;gf t/ nfdf] 8fF7df nfUg] xNsf sfnf], ín nfDrf], sfFrf]df lkmsf xl/of], l5lKkPkl5 uf9f xl/of] / ;'s ]kl5 sfnf], ín aflx/kl§ y'k |} s0fx?

6fFl;P h:tf] b]lvg], ín d;nfsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/g], kmn tyf 8fF7 jfo', ?3f–vf]sL, bd, hl08;, kfON;, a|f]gf]sfOl6;, s'i7 /f]u, ;k{ / ljR5Lsf] 6f]sfO lgsf] kfg{ k|of]u ul/g] .

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Baral, H. S. and C. Inskipp. 2004. The State of Nepal’s Birds 2004. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Bird Conservation Nepal and IUCN-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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Sah, J. P. and J. T. Heinen. 2001. Wetland ResourceUse and Conservation Attitudes among Indigenous and Migrant Peoples in Ghodaghodi Lake Area, Nepal. Environmental Conservation 28(4): 345-356.

Sahu, R. B.2006. Advanced Learner's Dictionaryof Current English (English-English-Nepali). ShyamPustak Bhandar, Biratnagar, Nepal.

Shrestha,T. B. and R. M.Joshi. 1996. Rare, Endemic and Endangered Plants of Nepal. WWFNepal Program, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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INDEX: NEPALI, ENGLISH AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES

Acacia catechu ................. 35 Acorus calamus ................ 27 Actitis hy pole ucos ............ 17 Adina cordifoli a............... 33 Aegle marmel os .............. 35 Amal a ............................ 29 Amaurornis akool ............ 15 Amaurornis phoeni curus .... 15 Anas acuta ........................7 Anas clypeata ....................7 Anascrecca ........................5 Anas penelope ...................5 Anas platyrhynchos .............7 Anas que rquedul a ..............7 Anas strepera ....................7 Anhinga mel anogaste r........7 Arde a cinerea ....................9 Ardea purpurea ..................9 As poragus ...................... 27 Asiatic Jackal .................. 19 Asi ati c Wild Dog ............. 19

Asparagusracemosus ........ 27 Axi saxis .......................... 21 Axi sporcinus .................... 21 Aythya ferina .................... 5 Aythya ny roca ................... 5 Azadi rachta indica ........... 31 Bael .............................. 35 Bagale Simkukhura ......... 15 Bahrasingaa .................... 21 Ban Biralo ..................... 21 Bandel ........................... 25 Banyan .......................... 33 Bar ................................ 33 Barking Deer .................. 19 Bastu Bakul la ................... 9 Be l ................................ 35 Belchathunde Haans .......... 7 Bengal Fox ..................... 19 Bengal Quince ................ 35 Bergenia cili ata .............. 35 Besarma ......................... 29

Bhalu Bi ralo .................. 21 Bhundifor Garud .............. 11 Bi jul agai ri ....................... 5 Black Cutch..................... 35 Black Ibis ....................... 17 Black Myrobalan ............. 27 Black Plum ..................... 33 Bl uebul l ......................... 21 Bojho ............................ 27 Bombax ce iba ................. 27 Boselaphus tragocamelus .. 21 Bronze-winged Jacana ...... 13 Brown Crake ................... 15 Bubul cus ibis .................... 9 Baandar ......................... 19 Canis aureus .................... 19 Casme rodius albus ............. 9 Cattle Egret ...................... 9 Cervus duvaucelii ............ 21 Cervus unicolor ................ 21 Chanchale Sudsudiya ........ 17

Charadri us dubius ............1 1 Chari Bagh .....................2 3 Chebulic Myrobal an .........2 7 Chirbire Biralo ................2 3 Chital ............................2 1 Chitrangad ......................1 7 Chittal ...........................2 1 Chituw a..........................2 3 Ciconia episcopus .............1 1 Clouded le opard ..............1 9 Cluster F ig Tree ...............3 3 Comb Duck ....................... 5 Common Coot .................1 5 Common Gree nshank ........1 7 Common Jack al ...............1 9 Common Leopard ............2 3 Common Moorhen ...........1 5 Common Pochard ............... 5 Common Sandpiper ..........1 7 Common Te al ................... 5 Cotton Pygmy-goose .......... 5

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Cotton Tre e ..................... 27 Crab-eating Mongoose ...... 23 Cuon alpinus ................... 19 Cutch Tree ...................... 35 Dal bergia latifoli a .......... 29 Dalbergia sissoo .............. 31 Dendrocygna j avanica ...... 13 Dhole ............................ 19 Dhwanse Chituw a ............ 19 Dhwanse Simkukhura ....... 15 Dhyani Bak ull a.................9 Doyem Hutityanyun ........ 11 Dubulkichara .................. 13 Dumri ............................ 33 Egre tta garze tta ................9 Eichhornia crassipes .......... 31 Emblic Myrobal an ........... 29 Eurasian Otte r................. 25 Eurasian Wigeon ...............5 Eurasian Wild Boar .......... 25 Fel is bengalensis ............. 23 Fel ischaus ...................... 21 Fel is marmorata ............. 23 Fe lis vive rrina ................ 21 Ferruginous Pochard ...........5 Ficus be nghalensis ........... 33 Ficusglomerata............... 33 Fishing Cat ..................... 21 Fulica atra ...................... 15 Fusro Bakul la ...................9 Gadwall ............................7 Gallinago stenura ............ 17 Galli nul a chloropus .......... 15 Gangate Nyaurimusa........ 23 Garganey ..........................7 Ghol Kasdari .................... 15 Golde n Jackal .................. 19 Great Egre t .......................9 Greater Painted-snipe ....... 17 Green Sandpiper .............. 17 Grey H eron .......................9 Grey-he aded Lapw ing ....... 11 Gaajale Nirbi ral o ............ 25 Haldu ............................ 33 Hanuman Monkey ........... 19 Hari Haans .......................5 Hariyotauke ......................7 Harro ............................. 27 Herpeste se dwardsii ......... 23 Herpeste surva ................ 23 Himal ayan Palm C ivet ..... 25 Hog Dee r ....................... 21 Hol y Fruit Tree ............... 35

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Hutityany un .................... 11 Hy drill a ......................... 29 Hy drilla vertici llata ........ 29 Hydrophasianus chirurgus .. 13 Indian Blackberry ............ 33 Indian Fig ...................... 33 Indi an Fox ...................... 19 Indi an Gre y Mongoose ...... 23 Indian Hare .................... 23 Indian Long Pepper .......... 35 Indi an Mahogany ............ 31 Indi an Muntjac ................ 19 Indian Rosewood ............. 29 Inte rmediate Egret ............ 9 Ipomoea carnea............... 29 Jalk umbhi ...................... 31 Jalaapsara ...................... 13 Jamun ............................ 33 Jaraayo .......................... 21 Java Plum ...................... 33 Jharak Chaha .................. 17 Jungali Kukur .................. 19 Jungle Cat ...................... 21 Kailotauke Haans .............. 5 Kamala .......................... 29 Kamal a Tree ................... 29 Karma ............................ 33 Karra Sanwari ................. 17 Khadk hadeHaans .............. 7 Khai r.............................. 35 Khai ro Kharayo ................ 23 Khairo Wot ..................... 25 Khaye r ........................... 35 Khol e Hutity any un ........... 11 Kumbhika ....................... 27 Kurari Phyalphyale .......... 13 Kurilo ............................ 27 Kurma ............................ 15 Laghu Raajputrika ........... 11 Laguna ........................... 21 Lama Aunle .................... 13 Langur ........................... 19 Leopard.......................... 23 Leopard Cat .................... 23 Leptopti los javanicus ....... 11 Lepus nigricollis .............. 23 Lesser Adj utant ................ 11 Lesser Whistling Duck ...... 13 Littl e Egre t....................... 9 Little Grebe .................... 13 Little Ringed Plover ........ 11 Lobhipapi Garud .............. 11 Lutra l utra ...................... 25

Lutrogale perspicill ata ..... 25 Macaca mulatta............... 19 Majhaulla Setobakulla ....... 9 Mak uri ........................... 27 Mal lard............................ 7 Mall otus phill ippine nsis ... 29 Malsaanpro..................... 25 Marble d Cat.................... 23 Margosa Tree .................. 31 Martes flavigula ............. 25 Marul ............................ 15 Maske d Pal m Civet .......... 25 Mesophoyx intermedia ....... 9 Metopidius indicus ........... 13 Mriga ............................ 19 Muntiacusmuntjak .......... 19 Maalak Haans ................... 5 Nak ata ............................. 5 Nee m ............................ 31 Nel umbo nuci fera ............ 33 Neofeli s nebulosa ............ 19 Nepal i Sal ...................... 29 Nettapus coromandel ianus .. 5 Ni lgai ............................ 21 Northern Pintail ................ 7 Northern Shoveler ............. 7 Oriental Darter ................. 7 Ott ................................ 25 Paguma larvata............... 25 Pakhanbed ...................... 35 Palm Jambul .................. 33 Panthera pardus ............... 23 Panthe ra tigris ................ 23 Pate Baagh ..................... 23 Pheasant-tai led Jacana ..... 13 Phusro Bakulla .................. 9 Phyll anthuse mblica ........ 29 Pintail Snipe .................. 17 Pipala ............................ 35 Pipe r longum .................. 35 Pistia strati ote s ............... 27 Porphyrio porphyrio ......... 15 Porzana fusca .................. 15 Pse udi bis papill osa .......... 17 Purple He ron .................... 9 Purple Swamphen ............ 15 Rajhuti tyanyun ................ 11 Rato Kamal ..................... 33 Rato Sy al ....................... 19 Ratuwa ........................... 19 Red Ce dar ....................... 31 Red-wattl ed Lapwing ....... 11 Rhesus Macaque ............... 19

River Lapwing.................1 1 River Te rn ......................1 3 Rock F oil ........................3 5 Rostratula benghalensis ....1 7 Royal Bengal Ti ger ..........2 3 Ruddy-breasted Crake .......1 5 Rukh Sudsudiya ...............1 7 sacred lotus .....................3 3 sacred wate r-lily .............3 3 Sambar Deer ..................2 1 Saniphul .........................2 9 Sano Jal ewa....................1 3 Sano Setobakull a .............. 9 Sark idiornis me lanotos ....... 5 Sataw ari .........................2 7 Satisal ...........................2 9 Se mnopithecushector .......1 9 Shore a robusta ................2 9 Silsil ey ..........................1 3 Silk Cotton Tre e ..............2 7 Simal ............................2 7 Si mkukhura ....................1 5 Si ndure ..........................2 9 Si ndure Haans ................... 5 Sisau ..............................3 1 Sissoo ............................3 1 Smooth-coated Otte r ........2 5 Spotted Dear ..................2 1 Sterna aurantia ...............1 3 Stone Apple ....................3 5 Suiropuchhre ..................... 7 Suirothunde ...................... 7 Susscrofa .......................2 5 Swamp Dee r ...................2 1 Sw eet Sage .....................2 7 Sweet Flag .....................2 7 Sw etankhivaun .................. 7 Syal ...............................1 9 Syzigium cumi ni .............3 3 Saal ...............................2 9 Tachybaptus ruficolli s .......1 3 Tarai Grey Langur ............1 9 Terminalia chebula ..........2 7 Thulo Ny aurimusa ...........2 3 Thulo Setobakulla ............. 9 Tiger ..............................2 3 Timtima .........................1 7 Toon ..............................3 1 Toona ciliata ..................3 1 Tooni .............................3 1 Tringa nebularia .............1 7 Tri nga ochropus ...............1 7 tropi cal duckweed ............2 7

Valu Biralo ..................... 21 Vane llus cinereus ............. 11 Vane llusduvauceli i .......... 11 Vane llus indicus ............... 11

Vanellus malabaricus ....... 11 Vulpesbengalensis ........... 19 Water C abbage ................ 27 Water Hyacinth ............... 31

Water lettuce .................. 27 Whi te-breaste d Waterhe n . 15 Wild Boar ...................... 25 Woolly-ne ck ed Stork ........ 11

Wot ...............................2 5 Yell ow-throate d Marten ...2 5 Yell ow-wattl ed Lapwi ng ...1 1

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xl/of]6fps]. ..................... & efn' la/fnf]. ................. @! ;'O/f]k'R5«.] ....................... & h/fof]. ............................. @! a]Nrf7'8]F xfF; . ................ & jg la/fnf]. .................... @! ;'O/f]7 8 'F ]. .......................... & kf6] af3 . ....................... @# hncK;/f. ..................... !# l5/la/] la/fnf]. ............ @# emf/s rfxf. ................. !& lgnufO . ......................... @!

WofgL as'Nnf................. ( lrQn. ............................. @! s'd f{. ............................... !% lrt'jf. ............................. @# x'l66\ofpF. ....................... !! n+u'/. .............................. !( vf]n] x'l 66\ofpF. ............. !! nu'gf. ............................. @! s'/f/L ˆofnˆofn]. ........ !# r/L af3 . ....................... @# 3f]n s:b/L .................... !% u+u6] Gofp/Ld';f. ........ @# l;ds'v'/f. ..................... !% ufhn] gL/la/fnf]. ........ @% nf]e LkfkL u?8. .......... !! v}/f] cf]+t......................... @% bf]od x'l 66\ofpF. ........... !! v}/f] v/fof]. .................... @# /t'jf. .............................. !( WjFf;] lrt'jf. ................ !( d[u. ................................ !( af]emf]. .............................. @& /ftf] :ofn. .................... !( kfvgj]b .......................... #% ˆofp/f]. .......................... !( lkknf. ............................. #% :ofn. .............................. !( s'l /nf]. ............................ @& 7"nf] Gofp/Ld';f. .......... @# ;tfj/L. .......................... @& 9f]n]. ............................... !( dfs'/L . ............................ @& h+unL s's/' . ............... !( ;lt;fn ......................... @( aFb ]n. ............................... @% ;fn . ............................... @( afFb/. .............................. !( gLd. ................................ #! afx|l;·f. ........................ @! 6'gL. ................................. #! cf]t. ................................ @% l;dn. ............................. @& dn;Ffk|f.] ......................... @% l;;f}. ............................... #!

8'd |L. ................................. ## a/ . ................................... ## cdnf............................. @( x/f].{ .................................. @& a]n . ................................. #% l;+b"/]. .............................. @( hfd'g. .............................. ## vo/. ............................... #% sdf{. ................................ ## xNb'. ................................. ## hns'DeL. ...................... #! xfO{8«L nf. ....................... @( /ftf] sdn . ..................... ## s'l Desf. ........................ @& a]z d{. ............................ @(

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