Design Technology and Materials 2013-14 by Gaurav Goel

DESIGN, TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS K14DTM COURSEWORK

GAURAV GOEL (4186119)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 1.1 SITE FOR UK PAVILION 1.2 SITE CONTEXT 1.3 SITE LOCATION - MILAN , ITALY 1.4 CLIMATE OF SITE 1.5 CONCEPT

2 SYSTEMS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 2.1 ADDRESSING THE EXPO THEME 2.2 CIRCULATION 2.3 DISABILITY ACCESS 2.4 SERVICES AND DELIVERIES

3 STRUCTURE OF PAVILION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 3.1 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM INVESTIGATION 3.2 CASE EXAMPLES 3.3 STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL FOR PROPOSED PAVILION 3.4 DEMOUNTABILITY AND CONTRUCTION WORKFLOW

4 ENVIRONMENT ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23 4.1 ORIENTATION 4.2 SHADING STRATEGIES 4.3 VENTILATION AND NATURAL DAYLIGHTING 4.4 RECYCLABILITY AND REUSE OF PAVILLION

5 CONCLUSIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29 6 IMAGE CREDITS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32 2

1 INRODUCTION TO PROJECT This years studio project for Space Enclosures module challenged us to design UK pavilion for Milan expo 2015. This fair would take place from May 1st to October 31st 2015. This years theme is “Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life”. All countries who are participating have to design a pavilion based on this theme. This report is based on studio proposal as finalised for final review on April 10th 2014.

SITE AREA 95 X 20 = 1910 SQ.M BUIDLING LIMITS 91.50 X 15 = 1322.50 SQ.M BUILT AREA ALLOWED 80 X 12 = 960 SQ.M

1.1 SITE FOR UK PAVILION

BUILDABLE AREA INCLUDING MARGINS AND LIMITS

70% OF BUILDABLE AREA IS TO BE BUILT 80 X 12 = 960 SQ.M

FIG 1 PROPOSED SITE

FIG 2 SITE CONSTRAINTS

Whole site is divided by two axis deccamus and cardo. Our site for UK pavilion is near plaza where these two axis intersect. Site measures 95.5M x 20 M. Though site have area of 1910 SQM. But due to setback constraints only 960 SQM. can be constructed with height restriction of 17 m.

1.2 SITE CONTEXT Site is surrounded by Hungarian pavilion on left, If we enter from main central axis. And at the back and left side are future food pavilion and services building respectively.

UK PAVILLION SITE

FIG 3 SITE CONTEXT

1.3 SITE LOCATION - MILAN , ITALY The Expo Site is placed in north-west of Milan and it is located near municipalites of Baranzate, Bollate, Pero and Rho. The Site lies at junction of A8/A9 Como-Varese-Milan and A4 Turin-Milan-Venice motorways and it is connected by Line 1 of metro of Milan, the Passante railway at local, regional and high-speed rail infrastructure; we can reach site in an hour from the Milanese airports of Linate and Malpensa, and it takes one hour from the Orio al Serio airport in Bergamo. (Expo 2015 S.p.A.) FIG 4 SITE LOCATION ON MAP

FIG 5 SITE LOCATION AND ACCESS

1.4 CLIMATE OF SITE Milan have four seasons in a year. Summer (June to September) has tempratures upto 28°C whereas autumn (September to November) is cold and wet with temperatures between 11°C to 18°C. Season of winter (December to February) is upto 5°C but it can be freezing too. But spring time (March to May) is always wet and has average temperatures of 13°C. Milan has a humid subtropical climate. It has hot and humid summers whereas winters are cold and wet. (http://www.worldweatheronline.com) FIG 6 SUN PATH DIAGRAM FOR MILAN

FIG 7 MILAN WEATHER CHARTS

FIG 8 CHART SHOWING SOLAR ELEVATIONS IN MILAN

1.5 CONCEPT The architectural concept was to extrude the buildable area into a solid block (fig 9), after this we split the block in two elements. The intention of splitting into two elements was to create a more dynamic path for the users, providing different views through open and closed spaces. In the middle of these two solid blocks we created and open hall that would include our main feature. This central feature is the main element that connects the two parts of the exhibition which would include an interactive experience for the visitors. The aim of having an interactive experience through our main central feature, lead us to the concept of food donation through the UK Pavilion.

Food and Energy for life is the main theme of Expo Milano 2015, so we decided that the UK pavilion would be an interactive experience of the pavilion. visitors will be able to purchase capsules filled with seeds, finally they will be harnessed and lifted up in order to place the capsule wherever they want around the central feature. Through this concept the UK Pavilion will be changing constantly as it will be constructed of seed capsules . At the end of the Expo Milan 2015, all money and seeds collected will be donated to countries with high rates of famine. Inspired by the pine cone geometry and mechanism we derived a diamond shape steel frame which is followed movable mechanism made of steel and tensile membranes. This skin allows the pavilion to open or close according to the light needed inside, as well as for a proper cross ventilation in each space. FIG 9 EVOLUTION OF PAVILION DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE WITH EXPO THEME AND BIOMIMETIC FAĂ&#x2021;ADE

PROPOSED DESIGN FOR UK PAVILION

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1 ENTRANCE FOYER 2 LOBBY FOR VIP LOUNGE AND OFFICES 3 PROJECTION ROOM 4 FOOD CAPSULE COLLECTION

5 CENTRAL OPEN AREA FOR INSTALLING FOOD CAPSULES 6 LOBBY FOR VIP LOUNGE AND OFFICES 7 ACCESS TO RESTRAUNT AND TOILETS 8 CONFERNCE AREA 9 EXIT TO FUTURE FOOD DISTRICT

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1 VIP LOUNGE 2 PANTRY AND WASHROOMS 3 OFFICE AREA 4 RESTAURANT

5 TOILETS FOR VISITORS 6 STORAGE AREA

FIG 10 ARCHITECTURAL FLOOR PLANS OF PAVILION DESIGN

SECTION 1-1’

1’

TOP VIEW

3D SECTIONAL VIEW

SIDE ELEVATION VIEW

FIG 11 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS OF PAVILION

RENDER OF PROPOSED DESIGN FOR PAVILION

RENDER FOR PAVILION ENTRANCE

RENDER OF CORRIDOR TO CONFERENCE AREA

RENDER FOR PROJECTION ROOM

FIG 12 ARCHITECTURAL RENDERINGS OF PAVILION

2 SYSTEMS This section will explain relevant issues considered while designing UK pavilion for design expo. The initial part of this section will talk about how we have addressed the theme of “Feeding the planet: Energy for life” in our design, whereas later part will discuss about issues such as circulation, disability access, services and deliveries. FIG 13 IMAGE SHOWING FOOD MASCOT FOR EXPO AND PHYSICAL PROTOTYPE OF FOOD CAPSULE

2.1 ADDRESSING THE EXPO THEME The theme for Milan expo 2015 is feeding the planet: Energy for life, and every country would like to explore ideas related to food and nature. Our ambition for this project as discussed earlier was to create a food bank with help of visitors so that after the expo, this food bank could be donated to poor people. Our strategy for addressing this through architecture began with designing of a food capsule. This is a polycarbonate sealed module filled with grains and it could be given to every visitor entering pavilion. Then this food capsule could be placed by each visitor on the façade lattice as a façade module. Fig(13) shows physical prototype of this food capsule and fig(14) shows how this module can be installed onto the provided steel lattice. FIG 14 IMAGE SHOWING INSTALLATION OF FOOD CASULES BY VISITOS ON FAÇADE LATTICE

A provision is also made for visitors to get harnessed and go up into air through lifting mechanism provided in central cylindrical structure. This would prove interactive and at the same time enjoyable for visitors. Also whole lattice of cylinder can be installed with food modules irrespective of height constraints. With this system the central cylinder will act as a major food bank faรงade. It will get denser with time and it will be full with food modules at the end. In this way our pavilion will become useful and compliment of feeding planet while engaging visitors as contributors in making of pavilion. Fig(16) and (17) shows details of lifting mechanism and formation of central food bank faรงade over time respectively. FIG 15 VIEW OF HARNESSED PEOPLE INSTALLING FOOD CASULES TO FAร ADE LATTICE OF CENTRAL CYLINDER

FIG 16 CONCEPTUAL DETAIL OF LIFTING MECHANISIM

FIG 17 VIEW OF PAVILION BEFORE AND AFTER INSTALLATION OF FOOD CAPSULES BY VISITORS

2.2 CIRCULATION Circulation for exhibitions and fairs should be carefully planned. In Milan expo the footfall of people would be huge, therefore according to brief of Milan expo it was important to avoid queuing of people. Therefore as seen in fig(18) a circulation analysis was done before planning circulation. This analysis helped us understand how visitors could be taken through different functions. After that an attempt has been made to plan in such a way that people would not queue up for long time. Entering the pavilion site they can wait in entrance plaza, shaded with trees and after that they can enter covered entrance foyer of pavilion. Rest of the circulation is shown in fig(19,20) , where a continuous flow of people could be seen. It would be worth mentioning that central open space for people who wish to go up in air to put food modules would be evacuated swiftly as only people who volunteer to do this task would go up, rest people can view it as an exhibit and proceed further.

1 ACCESS TO VIP LOUNGE AND OFFICES 2 ACESS TO RESTAURANT AND TOILETS

FIG 18 CIRCULATION ANALYSIS THROUGH SKETCHING FUNCTIONAL AREAS ON SITE PLAN

FIG 19 PLACEMENT OF VERTICAL CIRCULTAION THROUGH STAIRS

COMMON VISITORS CIRCULATION

VIP VISITORS CIRCULATION

1 ENTRANCE FOYER 2 LOBBY FOR VIP LOUNGE AND OFFICES 3 PROJECTION ROOM 4 FOOD CAPSULE COLLECTION 5 OPEN CORRIDOR 6 CENTRAL OPEN AREA FOR INSTALLING FOOD CAPSULES

7 ACCESS TO RESTRAUNT AND TOILETS 8 CONFERNCE AREA 9 EXIT TO FUTURE FOOD DISTRICT 10 RESTAURANT 11 VIP AREA AND OFFICE

FIG 20 CIRCULATION FLOWS SHOWN IN PROPOSED DESIGN

2.3 DISABILITY ACCESS It is very important to make a public fair or pavilion disabled friendly. Our brief has a special mention for this requirement. In our proposal a system of proper lifts (fig 22) is provided for disabled people. As our whole circulation is linear it is very easy for disabled people to use this building with help of lifts alone. Enclosed lift shafts of 1.5m x 1.6m would be provided for wheelchair users which can take load up to 400kgs. It can also be seen from fig(21) that how can wheelchair users enjoy the central area activity to install food modules on faรงade.

FIG 21 IMAGE SHOWING POSSIBILITY OF WHEECHAIR USERS TO GET HARNESSED

FIG 22 LIFT CORES VISUALISED IN PLAN AND 3D DIAGRAM OF PAVILION GROUND FLOOR

2.4 SERVICES AND DELIVERIES Services for UK will take advantage of site. All basic services such as water, electricity and foundations are provided on site, which will be extended into building. Other than this, services such as washrooms, restaurant facilities and storage provisions are provided within design. All washrooms are provided on eastern side of building on level 1 due to access road provided between site and services building. Fig() Visitors can use washrooms in restaurant area after they have finished with pavilion experience. Fig() shows plans of restaurant and VIP lounge services in plan. Restaurant plan shows toilet blocks with special washrooms for disabled users along with provision for storage and garbage disposal facilities. Whereas plan for VIP lounge services include pantry area with big washrooms required for VIP services. All washrooms can be connected to a sewage tank which can be desludged through services road. This service road would also serve access for restaurant and other deliveries for pavilion.

SERVICES FOR RESTAURANT AND PAVILION FIG 23 ROAD TO BE USED FOR SERVICES AND DELIVERIES FOR PAVILION

SERVICES FOR RESTAURANT AND PAVILION

FIG 24 PLAN SHOWING SERVICES FOR ACCESS AND TOILETS IN PAVILION

3 STRUCTURE OF PAVILION This section will deal with structural aspects of our studio design proposal. It will deal into investigations related to structural logics for our pavilion design. These investigations will focus mainly upon the possible structural system for outer skin of pavilion which is very relevant to our building proposal, as it covers all functional areas and it is a major component of design. A brief discussion of materials that can be deployed to erect the pavilion structure with explanation of possible construction process and demountability is also discussed in this section.

3.1 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM INVESTIGATION

FIG 25 SUTD LIBRARY GRIDSHELL STRUCTURAL MODEL SHOWING OUTER SKIN

Expo Pavilions and fairs are architectural platforms where architects and engineers can deploy different type of structural systems to fulfill their design ambitions. Based on design some pavilions used steel framed construction, space frame structures whereas some used reinforced concrete structure. This directed our attention towards analyzing our design in terms of form, span, weight, transportability and structure erection time. Our pavilion structure is composed of three parts of which first part is outer shell skin covering the building areas, second is the central cylinder which is used for putting food capsules, and third is the floor plates and service cores (fig 27). This section focus on structural system deployed for outer skin and central cylinder.

FIG 26 DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURE DEPLOYED FOR PAVILIONS

The form of outer skin is curved surface with span of 15m wide and this skin curls up towards central cylinder (fig 29). This surface is divided into quadrangle mesh which consists of a façade module forming the whole skin of building (fig 28). Whereas the middle cylinder adopts a quadrangle grid with temporary food capsule modules to be put up manually by visitors as an interactive activity.

CENTRAL CYLINDERICAL STRUCTURAL LATTICE FABRIC FAÇADE PANELS OUTER SKIN STRUCTURAL LATTICE

According to Milan Expo design brief, our design solution, and analysis of our building components, it is evident that a lightweight structure which can form a grid with lightweight infill panels could be a possible solution for this pavilion design. Also area to be covered by exterior skin frame is 15 m wide and due to design functional constraints a column free space is needed, which again shows possibility of lightweight structure. Therefore it was evident to study buildings with similar structural aspirations.

FIG 28 FIGURE SHOWING QUADRANGLE GRID AND FAÇADE MODULE TO BE PUT INSIDE THIS GRID FOR STRUCTURE SHOWN ON RIGHT

CONCRETE SLAB FOR LEVEL 1 CONCRETE SLAB FOR GROUND FIG 27 COMPONENTS IN PAVILION STRUCTURE

FIG 29 MODEL SHOWING PART OF STRUCTURAL LATTICE FOR OUTER SKIN WITH FUNCTIONAL AREAS UNDER IT

3.2 CASE EXAMPLES

3.2.1 Courtyard Skylight of Museum of Hamburg History

3.2.2 Glass skylight of DZ bank in Berlin

This skylight is covering two rectangular courts with spans of 14 and 17 meters respectively. The structure adopted was selected to put least load on existing museum. This was achieved by using Grid shell. It comprised of load bearing orthogonal structure with square grid of 1.7 meters.

This skylight covers an atrium of 61 x 20 meters. This skylight is shaped like a flat vault initially, which then rises upwards towards inside of building with its edges bending towards inside.

Using sieve principle the planar grid was formed into ideal grid shell with help of prestressed cables and rotating joints. This helped in achieving freeform Grid shell with planar transitional surfaces. Material - steel sections of 60x40 mm connected by rotating steel joints. Prestressing, stainless steel cable of 6mm diameter, 10mm thick laminated safety glass.

FIG 30 VIEW OF COURTYARD SKYLIGHT AT MUSEUM OF HAMBURG HISTORY

Due to structural considerations and double curvature, designers decided to make this skylight as a Grid shell with consisting of triangular surfaces. An angle of 60 degrees was tried to achieve into triangular mesh resulting in a grid comprising of diagonal slats of 1.55 meters long. But at double curved areas different size of members were required to achieve design form, therefore different star joints and connection angles were required. Material - stainless steel sections of 60 x 40 millimeters along with laminated glass and CNC cut star joints.

FIG 31 VIEW OF GLASS SKYLIGHT AT DZ BANK IN BERLIN

3.3 STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL FOR PROPOSED PAVILION From investigations made from above case examples and analyzing design needs for proposed Milan Pavilion expo studio design, it would be apt for this pavilion to be formed by a large Grid shell structure. It could be seen that in both examples studied above Grid shell spans a length varying from 15 to 20 meters. Therefore, as our pavilion’s outer skin spans 15 meters and have a freeform, a Grid shell can be a suitable option for structure of both wings around cylinder. Also a Grid shell structure can then be applied to form middle cylinder without façade modules allowing visitors to put food capsule modules.

FIG 32 SIMILAR STEEL GRIDSHELL STRUCTURE SUGGESTED FOR PROPOSED DESIGN

Milan expo pavilion needs a structure that is light weight, strong and at the same time demountable due to temporary nature of pavilion. All these qualities could be seen in steel which is also used in case examples discussed above. Also steel has an advantage of being non-corrosive which is beneficial in rainy climate of Milan. Moreover steel have an advantage of being CNC cut to achieve customized joints, which would be needed to achieve a freeform Grid shell, like one proposed in our design.

FIG 33 STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS COULD BE USED AS MATERIAL FOR PRIMARY LATTICE OF OUTER SKIN

All these facts directs us to adopt tubular hollow steel sections which can be joined together with help of star joints as seen in case examples above. These steel sections will form a regular quadrangle mesh with same joints. But at the same time for making part that curves up to middle cylinder, there would be some customized joints and steel sections of varying length defying the regular grid. Fig (35) on following page explains structural scheme proposed for our pavilion. Steel sections can be of 60 mm diameter joined together through steel nodes and can have typical length of 1.5 m except for customized area. Moreover a continuous prestressed cable can run diagonally through this grid to provide stability to this grid. Also based on above case examples it can be seen that laminated glass has been used for grid infill panels. In our design as we need lightweight structure, roof panels can have single film of ETFE foil instead of laminated glass along with designed Polyester coated fabric module. 3.4 DEMOUNTABILITY AND CONTRUCTION WORKFLOW This type of structure is also helpful if the pavilion is demounted and it is to be constructed elsewhere. The assembly of components can be unbolted and transported to other site, so that it can be constructed again. Indicative construction process can be understood by fig(34) below showing construction workflow of Westfield shopping centre, London.

FIG 34 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS FOR GRIDSHELL FOR WESTFIELD SHOPPING CENTRE, LONDON 1 OPTIMISED GEOMETRY OF GRID SHELL OBTAINED FROM SOFTWARES 2 NODE CONNECTIONS ARE DESIGNED 3 CUSTOM NODES ARE CNC MILLED TO OBTAIN PRECISE ORGANIC GEOMETRY

4 STEEL SLATS JOINED TO NODES AND ASSEMBLED ON SITE 5 AFTER CONSTRUCTION GRIDSHELL CAN BE DEMOUNTED BY UNBOLTING STRUCTURE

TUBULAR LATTICE WITH RIGID CONNECTIONS A GRID OF 1.5M X 1.5M CAN BE ADOPTED WITH HOLLOW TUBES OF 60 MM DIA AND 1.5 M LENGTH

GRIDSHELL COULD BE FORMED FROM 60 MM DIA HOLLOW STEEL PIPES JOINED AT NODES WHICH ALLOW MOVEMENT OF TUBES IN TWO DIRECTIONS, TO ACHIEVE COMPLEX CURVATURE. 1.5 M SLATS WOULD BE USED TO FORM REGULAR GRID EXCEPT AT COMPLEX CURVATURES WHERE LENGTHS WOULD BE CUSTOMISED

ROOF FAÇADE MODULE COMPOSED OF ETFE SHIELD AND PVC MESH FABRIC FOR SHADING. THIS MODULE WILL COVER WHOLE STRUCTURE AND DETAILS WOULD BE PROVIDED IN FAÇADE TECHNOLOGY REPORT

CONTINUOUS DIAGONAL PRESTRESSED STEEL CABLES OF 6MM DIA PASSING THROUGH DIAGRID TO PROVIDE MORE STABILITY TO EACH MODULE IN DIAGRID

HOLLOW STEEL TUBES HELD TOGETHER WITH HINGE AND PIN JOINT WHICH THEN RESTS ON BEAM LAID ON GROUND

FOUNDATIONS PROVIDED ONSITE WOULD BEAR THE LOAD FROM STEEL BEAM USED TO SUPPORT THE GRIDSHELL

FIG 35 PROPOSED STRUCTURAL SCHEME FOR PAVILLION 22

4 ENVIRONMENT Environment is a vital concern in architecture today. Buildings are expected to perform in tandem with nature with least energy required. This can be achieved during design process if design decisions are informed by parameters that affect buildings performance. Some of these parameters include orientation of building, shading strategies, use of day light and natural ventilation. Due to complexity of geometry and design this section will not deal with technical testing of these parameters, but it will demonstrate how passive features in our design will make our pavilion environmental friendly. Also study of these parameters will help in designing a faรงade which can respond to local climate of Milan. Details of this faรงade would be discussed in faรงade technology report.

For designing pavilion in Milan expo it was a important to study the climate of site. By studying climate of site, design decisions can be made to make building performance better. From studying climate of Milan it can be established that Milan has humid subtropical climate. It is counted among hottest and wettest cities in Europe with high humidity levels. The average summer temperature from June to September ranges between 20 to 30 degrees with July as hottest month. Whereas winter temperature goes down to -4 degrees from December to January. FIG 36 WEATHER CHARTS SHOWING YEARLY TEMPRATURE, SUNSHINE AND HUMIDITY LEVELS IN MILAN

The Milan expo will be held from June to October 2015. Therefore it is important to focus on climate during these months. From fig(36) the climate of Milan can be studied in terms of sunshine, temperature and humidity. It can be seen from this figure that from June to October temperature his hot with high humidity. Therefore while designing humidity and temperature should be tackled by passive techniques, to make building consume less energy and perform better. N

4.1 ORIENTATION Orientation of building is important parameter to consider for better environment inside the building. Our site in Milan expo lies on North south axis with its entrance from northern side. The site is 20 meters wide from east to west axis 95 meters long from north to south. Due to functional and circulation constraints for UK expo pavilion design, we have oriented building along the longer axis of the site. Our building spans from north to south, which results in east and west faรงade exposed to sun. This directs us to prevent building from gaining heat from west faรงade as Milan climate is hot. Therefore to avoid heating of building in hot days, it was desirable to block west sun. Fig (37-40) explains all facts stated above.

FIG 37 ILLUSTRATION SHOWING SITE BOUNDARY 20 X 95 SQ.M AND SUN MOVEMENT ON SITE DURING SUMMER AND WINTER

W S N

FIG 38 NORTH SOUTH AXIS ON SITE

N E

FIG 39 BUILDING ALIGNED ON NORTH SOUTH AXIS FOR FUNCTIONALITY

FIG 40 DUE TO NORTH SOUTH ORIENTATION OF PAVILON EAST 24 AND WEST FAร ADE EXPOSED TO SUN

Building orientation is also affected by site surrounding buildings. UK pavilion site is surrounded by building masses on three sides. On the eastern side at distance of 6 meters is Hungarian Pavilion 12m high whereas southern and western sides are occupied by future food pavilion and services building respectively. This proves advantageous as the services building would shade the west façade during summers, which would cut off the west sun maintaining low solar gain on west façade. (fig 41)

SITE

Hence our building orientation aids in achieving low solar gains. The building has lower surface area which is exposed to north and south sun, whereas the east and west facades are shaded by buildings. Also designed façade skin of pavilion would be controlled according to these investigations. The façade elements could be adjusted to block sun penetration in west whereas they can be opened little more on east side to get morning sun inside. Therefore impact of orientation of building is considered while deciding orientation to make our pavilion less heated.

FIG 41 ILLUSTRATIONS SHOWING ANALYSIS OF SHADOWS FORMED ON SITE DUE TO SURROUNDING STRUCTURES AT DIFFERENT TIME OF HOT DAY IN JULY TO DECIDE ORIENTATION FOR PROPOSED PAVILION

1 SHADOWS AT 10 AM 2 SHADOWS AT 2 PM 3 SHADOWS AT 6 PM 4 SHADOW CASTED BY SERVICES BUILDING ON PAVILION’S WEST FACADE

4.2 SHADING STRATEGIES In hot and humid climate of Milan, it is desirable to protect building from direct sun penetrating inside the building. This can be done by using shading devices for buildings. Our proposed pavilion design is having a faรงade of steel Grid Shell with faรงade modules placed in this grid. The whole pavilion Grid shell would be covered with tensile fabric module inside each grid. These modules are also provided by sheet of ETFE module under them in selected panels for roofing and preventing rainfall to enter inside. Therefore most areas will be shaded by these fabric panels placed within the grid shell. At site level all visitors will be walking into pavilion from central axis deccamus. This walkway is shaded by tensile fabric. In our design this shade is extended for visitors through landscaping on site along with covered waiting and entrance areas. Figures(42-46) illustrate all the facts stated under shading strategies.

FIG 43 CONCEPTUAL SKETCH FOR SHADING WITH TENSILE FABRIC PANELS

FIG 44 SYSTEM OF TENSILE FABRIC PANELS APPLIED ON GRIDSHELL LATTICE FOR SHADING

FIG 45 VIEW OF ENTRANCE FOYER WITH SHADING PANELS INSTALLED

FIG 42 RENDERINGS SIMULATING SHADOW PATTERN OF PAVILLION FROM SUN AT MORNING, AFTERNOON AND EVENING ON A HOT DAY IN JULY AT MILAN

FIG 46 SHADING PANELS SHOWN ALONG WITH ENTRANCE PLAZA WITH TREES TO PROVIDE SHADE FOR VISITORS WAITING TO ENTER PAVILION

26 http://www.ronstantensilearch.com

4.3 VENTILATION AND NATURAL DAYLIGHTING Good Ventilation and natural daylight are key issues for a comfortable environment in the building. It is important to maximize the use of natural ventilation and daylight for building to reduce the amount of energy consumption. It was important to naturally ventilate our pavilion as it helps in achieving more air changes. These air changes remove heat loads and help in achieving comfortable environment in Milan’s humid climate. Fig(48) shows that dominant direction of wind from June to October is from southwest to northeast. Also fig (47) illustrates how this wind will bring air that will pass through our UK pavilion. This air will escape from panels above due to stack effect, when some panels of façade will be closed. Our pavilion design also allows for cross ventilation which removes humidity from inside and at the same time due to fabric panels and small vents between them this air gets cooled before flowing into the pavilion. Same can be seen in fig(49).

DOMINANT WINDS COMING FROM SOUTH WEST

HOT AIR ESCAPES FROM UPPER FAÇADE DUE TO STACK EFFECT

AIR CURRENTS COMING FROM SOUTH WEST TO NORTH EAST

FIG 47 VENTILATION ANALYSES BASED ON DOMINANT WIND DIRECTION

FIG 48 TABLE SHOWING MONTHLY WIND DIRECTIONS IN MILAN

FIG 49 HOT AIR GETTING COOLER WHILE PASSING THROUGH FAÇADE

After ventilation investigation on day lighting were made. Fig(50) shows renders inside pavilion with natural lighting when panels of faรงade are open. These renders show an optimum level of day lighting required for visual comfort but faรงade panels would be adjusted to achieve such levels of Natural daylight, which can provide visual comfort and reduce need of artificial lights. This building faรงade would also help in diffusing the light which is preferable in summers for visual comfort. Also natural daylight will be diffused due to surrounding buildings which will prevent Glare. In evenings this pavilion can have artificial lights induced into its faรงade to light up the pavilion along with conventional light fixtures, which would be placed in public areas hanging from grid shell lattice.

4.4 RECYCLABILITY AND REUSE OF PAVILLION Recyclability of pavilion helps in reducing impacts on environment. Our pavilion is highly recyclable in terms of materials and reusability. Steel is highly recyclable material moreover it is very easy to use it again for other typical structures. Our pavilion have potential of being transported and re-erected at other site. We have also used fabric panels which can be reused for making tents and disaster relief structures after they have been dismantled from our pavilion. Therefore after Milan expo this structure can be reused, which is strong characteristic of a temporary fair structure. FIG 50 NATURAL DAYLIGHTING AVAILABLE AT MORNING AFTERNOON AND EVENING INSIDE THE PAVILION RESTAURANT AREA

5 CONCLUSION This module for design technology and materials gave me an opportunity to workout my design to micro level. This studio had a series of lectures from industry experts related to different materials. This increased my knowledge about technical aspects of each material. This knowledge was applied to our studio design projects to have a meaningful proposal for Milan expo 2015. During preparation of this report it was a challenging task to figure out how an organic grid shell could be constructed rapidly with economic materials. This directed me to research and look for precedents using same typology of structures which gave me an understanding of how complex Grid shells can be constructed with lightweight materials. Also writing systems and environmental sections of this report forced me to rethink our design in other aspects of architecture other than design. However after an intensive research this report have scope for further improvements. The report suggests indicative structural details based on case examples, which can be improved based on actual loads of our pavilion design. Also with more research environmental and structural simulations of such complex geometries can be carried out to get more accurate results for environmental and structural parameters of this pavilion proposal. At the end of this module I have gained knowledge to detail a pavilion design in terms of design, technology and materials which will be beneficial for me in future. It direct architects towards an integrated approach to design, which is relevant in current realm of architecture.

IMAGE CREDITS FIG 1 PROPOSED SITE (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 2 SITE CONSTRAINTS (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 3 SITE CONTEXT (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 4 SITE LOCATION ON MAP (SOURCE:- http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-54976/Milan-Italy) FIG 5 SITE LOCATION AND ACCESS (SOURCE:- http://www.expocantiere.expo2015.org/en/the-project) FIG 6 SUN PATH DIAGRAM FOR MILAN (SOURCE : world weather and climate information) FIG 7 MILAN WEATHER (SOURCE:- http://ecoweekmilan2011w4.wordpress.com/) FIG 8 CHART SHOWING SOLAR ELEVATIONS IN MILAN (same as fig 7) FIG 9 EVOLUTION OF PAVILION DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE WITH EXPO THEME AND BIOMIMETIC FAÇADE (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 10 ARCHITECTURAL FLOOR PLANS OF PAVILION DESIGN (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 11 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS OF PAVILION (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 12 ARCHITECTURAL RENDERINGS OF PAVILION (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 13 IMAGE SHOWING FOOD MASCOT FOR EXPO AND PHYSICAL PROTOTYPE OF FOOD CAPSULE (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 14 IMAGE SHOWING INSTALLATION OF FOOD CASULES BY VISITOS ON FAÇADE LATTICE (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 15 VIEW OF HARNESSED PEOPLE INSTALLING FOOD CASULES TO FAÇADE LATTICE OF CENTRAL CYLINDER (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 16 CONCEPTUAL DETAIL OF LIFTING MECHANISIM (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 17 VIEW OF PAVILION BEFORE AND AFTER INSTALLATION OF FOOD CAPSULES BY VISITORS(SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 18 CIRCULATION ANALYSIS THROUGH SKETCHING FUNCTIONAL AREAS ON SITE PLAN(SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 19 PLACEMENT OF VERTICAL CIRCULTAION THROUGH STAIRS(SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 20 CIRCULATION FLOWS SHOWN IN PROPOSED DESIGN(SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 21 IMAGE SHOWING POSSIBILITY OF WHEECHAIR USERS TO GET HARNESSED (SOURCE:- www.google.com) FIG 22 LIFT CORES VISUALISED IN PLAN AND 3D DIAGRAM OF PAVILION GROUND FLOOR (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 23 ROAD TO BE USED FOR SERVICES AND DELIVERIES FOR PAVILION (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 24 PLAN SHOWING SERVICES FOR ACCESS AND TOILETS IN PAVILION (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 25 SUTD LIBRARY GRIDSHELL STRUCTURAL MODEL SHOWING OUTER SKIN (SOURCE-http://aasarchitecture.com/2013/06/sutd-library-gridshell-pavilion-by-city-form-lab.html) FIG 26 DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURE DEPLOYED FOR PAVILIONS (SOURCE:- www.google.com) FIG 27 COMPONENTS IN PAVILION STRUCTURE (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 28 FIGURE SHOWING QUADRANGLE GRID AND FAÇADE MODULE TO BE PUT INSIDE THIS GRID FOR STRUCTURE SHOWN ON RIGHT (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 29 MODEL SHOWING PART OF STRUCTURAL LATTICE FOR OUTER SKIN WITH FUNCTIONAL AREAS UNDER IT (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 30 VIEW OF COURTYARD SKYLIGHT AT MUSEUM OF HAMBURG HISTORY (SOURCE:- www.google.com) FIG 31 VIEW OF GLASS SKYLIGHT AT DZ BANK IN BERLIN (SOURCE:- www.google.com) FIG 32 SIMILAR STEEL GRIDSHELL STRUCTURE SUGGESTED FOR PROPOSED DESIGN (SOURCE:- http://www.greenoakcarpentry.co.uk/public-projects/weald-and-downland-gridshell-building)

FIG 33 STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS COULD BE USED AS MATERIAL FOR PRIMARY LATTICE OF OUTER SKIN (SOURCE:- J Knippers, T Helbig,recent developments in design of glazed gridshells) FIG 34 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS FOR GRIDSHELL FOR WESTFIELD SHOPPING CENTRE, LONDON (SOURCE:- J Knippers, T Helbig,recent developments in design of glazed gridshells) FIG 35 PROPOSED STRUCTURAL SCHEME FOR PAVILLION (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 36 WEATHER CHARTS SHOWING YEARLY TEMPRATURE, SUNSHINE AND HUMIDITY LEVELS IN MILAN (SOURCE:- http://www.weatherguide.com/city-weather-b/Milan-weather.html) FIG 37 ILLUSTRATION SHOWING SITE BOUNDARY 20 X 95 SQ.M AND SUN MOVEMENT ON SITE DURING SUMMER AND WINTER (SOURCE:Author’s Image) FIG 38 NORTH SOUTH AXIS ON SITE (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 39 BUILDING ALIGNED ON NORTH SOUTH AXIS FOR FUNCTIONALITY (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 40 DUE TO NORTH SOUTH ORIENTATION OF PAVILON EAST AND WEST FAÇADE EXPOSED TO SUN (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 41 ILLUSTRATIONS SHOWING ANALYSIS OF SHADOWS FORMED ON SITE DUE TO SURROUNDING STRUCTURES AT DIFFERENT TIME OF HOT DAY IN JULY TO DECIDE ORIENTATION FOR PROPOSED PAVILION (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 42 RENDERINGS SIMULATING SHADOW PATTERN OF PAVILLION FROM SUN AT MORNING, AFTERNOON AND EVENING ON A HOT DAY IN JULY AT MILAN (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 43 CONCEPTUAL SKETCH FOR SHADING WITH TENSILE FABRIC PANELS FIG 44 SYSTEM OF TENSILE FABRIC PANELS APPLIED ON GRIDSHELL LATTICE FOR SHADING (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 45 VIEW OF ENTRANCE FOYER WITH SHADING PANELS INSTALLED (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 46 SHADING PANELS SHOWN ALONG WITH ENTRANCE PLAZA WITH TREES TO PROVIDE SHADE FOR VISITORS WAITING TO ENTER PAVILION (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 47 VENTILATION ANALYSES BASED ON DOMINANT WIND DIRECTION (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 48 TABLE SHOWING MONTHLY WIND DIRECTIONS IN MILAN (SOURCE:- www.google.com) FIG 49 HOT AIR GETTING COOLER WHILE PASSING THROUGH FAÇADE (SOURCE:- Author’s Image) FIG 50 NATURAL DAYLIGHTING AVAILABLE AT MORNING AFTERNOON AND EVENING INSIDE THE PAVILION RESTAURANT AREA (SOURCE:- Author’s Image)

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