Dissertation

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

DISSERTATION ON USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSOTIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Architecture

G.I.A.T.P.

SUBMITTED BY GAURAV GUPTA BACHEOLAR OF ARCHITECTURE 7TH SEMESTER, 4TH YEAR

Guided by Ar. MANDEEP SINGH

DECEMBER- 2016 MAHARISHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK, HARYANA

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

DECLARATION I, Gaurav Gupta hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE BUILDINGS” submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture is my original research work and that the information taken from secondary sources is given due citations and references.

Date: …………………………

Place: ……………………….

Gaurav Gupta B.Arch., 7th semester 4th year, G.I.A.T.P.

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

ABSTRACT Today entire world is on the verge of facing an energy crisis due to the decline of conventional energy sources such as oil, natural gas, petroleum, coal etc. This conventional source of energy has also posed numerous life threatening challenges for us to overcome such as global warming, pollutions, etc. In this scenario there is an urgent need to intensify contribution of renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, etc.

It seems that solar energy is among those renewable sources which has a reasonably higher potential, is cost effective, easily operable, available and safe that’s why solar panels are a booming option in current day’s energy saving schemes but it is a question in depth as to how far they are beneficial in reducing cost of energy and how much harm they cause in different cycles of operation i.e. raw material, manufacturing, installation and decomposition. A comprehensive approach must be devised for application of this useful technology The concept of sustainability aims to satisfy present day needs for housing, working environments, and infrastructure without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs in times to come. In the world of construction, buildings have the capacity to make a major contribution to a more sustainable future for our planet. Sustainable buildings have become vital cornerstones for securing long-term environmental, economic, and social viability.

Sustainable construction involves issues such as the design and management of buildings; materials performance; construction technology and processes; energy and resource efficiency in building, operation, and maintenance; robust products and technologies; long-term monitoring; occupational health and safety and working conditions and also the dissemination of knowledge in related academic, technical, and social contexts

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

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Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………… ii Certificate …………………………………………………………………. iii Hypothesis………………………………………………………………….. 1 Research question…………………………………………………………. 2 Aim……………………………………………………………………………. 2 CHAPTER 1. Introduction……………………………………………………. 3-4 CHAPTER 2. Objectives……………………………………………………… 5-6 CHAPTER 3. Scope ………………………………………………………….. 7 Limitations………………………………………………………7 Methodology…………………………………………………… 7-8 CHAPTER 4. IGBC green healthcare policy………………………………….

9 CHAPTER 5. GRIHA and healthcare policy…………………………………10 CHAPTER 6. LEED certification………………………………………………11 CHAPTER 7. Research methodology…………………………………………

12 CHAPTER 8. Environmental benefits…………………………………………13-15 CHAPTER 9. Benefits of green hospitals……………………………………..

16 CHAPTER 10. Green building materials organization………………………..

17-24 CHAPTER 11. Local environmental factors …………………………………..

25-33 CHAPTER 12. Environmental quality……………………………………………

34 CHAPTER 13. Literature case study…………………………………………….

35-40 CHAPTER 14. Live case study…………………………………………………

41-44 CHAPTER 15.Conclusion……………………………………………………...45 Bibliography …………………………………………………..................... 46

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wholeheartedly thank my guide Prof. Mandeep Singh Faculty (Ganga institute of architecture and town planning), for his inspiring sessions and constant encouragement during the research work. He was always there when I needed him. His constant support, made the whole dissertation programme a wonderful and enriching experience.

I acknowledge the necessary help and constant support provided by the coordinator whose attention to detail and patient approach helped me complete my dissertation programme.

I would also like to thank for his help regarding certain topics by sharing specific knowledge key to my dissertation and helping me understand things better.

I thank my friends for keeping me light hearted and focused.

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CERTIFICATE In the partial fulfilment of the B.Arch. degree program, this is to certify that GAURAV GUPTA has worked on the Dissertation entitled “USE OF DIFFERENT MATEIRALS AND TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE BUILDINGS” under my guidance and supervision.

(Dissertation Guide) (Director)

External Examiner 1 ………………………………………

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HYPOTHESIS “HOW THE USE OF DIFFERENT MATEIRALS AND TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE BUILDINGS HAVE POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS”.

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RESEARCH QUESTION: Use of different materials and technology in health care buildings have positive impact on inhabitants.

AIM:  Use of different types of materials and technologies, green building materials and technologies, study about how materials and technologies affect inhabitants need, and how we save energy and resources by using different types of materials and technologies.  To make a structure or building that’s suits in any environment, ecofriendly, having green building concept, most of the energy we can draw from our site as well by green building technique and having all types of treatment at one place.

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CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION The concept of sustainability aims to satisfy present day needs for housing, working environments, and infrastructure without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs in times to come. In the world of construction, buildings have the capacity to make a major contribution to a more sustainable future for our planet. Sustainable buildings have become vital cornerstones for securing long-term environmental, economic, and social viability.

Sustainable construction involves issues such as the design and management of buildings; materials performance; construction technology and processes; energy and resource efficiency in building, operation, and maintenance; robust products and technologies; long-term monitoring; occupational health and safety and working conditions and also the dissemination of knowledge in related academic, technical, and social contexts.

The main aim of this special issue is to provide a platform for the discussion of the major research challenges and achievements on this topic which includes the results of both industrial research and academic research on development of advanced building materials for passive and zero-energy buildings and materials for renovation, innovative key building materials, and the use of alternative raw materials such as construction and demolition waste, fly ash, and other industrial inorganic waste and organic waste in building materials production. Another two topics focus on the analysis of impact of building products and materials during their life in terms of environmental specifications and on the evaluation of indoor environment in terms of release of pollutants from materials providing guidelines for materials selection in the ecodesign of new buildings and rehabilitation of existing buildings.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to:      

Advanced building materials and technologies Innovative integrated solutions to key building materials Energy efficient building materials Utilization of alternative raw materials Life cycle analysis of building materials Technologies and materials for improved indoor air quality

Local environmental factors affect the performance of a green building to a great extent. These factors play a significant role in selecting materials and technology for a green building hospitals. In this paper, an attempt has been made to identify the local environmental factors that affect green building design and to study their effect on selection of green building materials and technology particularly for a typical green hospital located in Mumbai. The major local environmental factors considered in this research work are surrounding buildings, industries, vehicles, population and other factors causing atmospheric pollution. Analysis for recommending materials has been conducted through general study of the properties of the material, their energy saving potential and the conditions in which these materials can be used related to their availability in Ahmedabad, and other site conditions. Energy simulation software "Energy Plus" has also been used to suggest the most suitable material for the green building hospital under study. After these analyses, the effect of the regional environmental factors on 3

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

these suggested materials have been studied and the most appropriate material that can withstand the effect of these factors has been chosen.

Climate change has substantial adverse impacts on the community. Most of these changes can be attributed to the effect of global warming. There are many regional or local environmental factors that directly or indirectly contribute to these changes. The effects of global warming have to be combated and one of the solutions is sustainable development or use of energy efficient structures. In this paper, an attempt has been made to identify the local environmental factors that affect green building design and to study their effect on selection of green building materials and technology particularly for a green hospital located in Mumbai.

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CHAPTER 2.

OBJECTIVES  Green construction or sustainable building refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.  Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:  Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources  Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity  Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation.  Green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site.  The technologies employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived:  Energy efficiency  Water efficiency  Materials efficiency  Indoor environmental quality enhancement  Operations and maintenance optimization and waste and toxics reduction  The techniques associated with green buildings are measures to prevent soil erosion, water harvesting, reduction in usage of portable water, recycling of waste water and use of world class recycling processes.

Onsite generation of renewable energy through 1.solar power 2. Wind power 3.hydro power 4. Biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building.

Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.  As we get all types of treatment at one place so we can easily treated from any types of injuries.  If there is ayurvedic treatment too and that’s on is green building, so we can also grow ayurvedic medicine on our site.

And if we get almost most of the resources from our site, so we can easily construct in any environment and place  Leadership Prioritize environmental health  Chemicals Substitute harmful chemicals with safer alternatives  Waste Reduce, treat and safely dispose of healthcare waste  Energy Implement energy efficiency and clean, renewable energy generation  Water Reduce hospital water consumption and supply potable water 5

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

 Transportation Improve transportation strategies for patients and staff  Food Purchase and serve sustainably grown, healthy food  Pharmaceuticals Safely manage and dispose of pharmaceuticals  Buildings Support green and healthy hospital design and construction  Purchasing Buy safer and more sustainable products and materials A green and healthy hospital is one that promotes public health by continuously reducing its environmental impact and ultimately eliminating its contribution to the burden of disease. A green and healthy hospital recognizes the connection between human health and the environment and demonstrates that understanding through its governance, strategy and operations. It connects local needs with environmental action and practices primary prevention by actively engaging in efforts to foster community environmental health, health equity and a green economy.

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CHAPTER 3.

SCOPE: 

Study revolves around the three aspect cost, comfort and environment.

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Creating awareness among the people about the negative and positive aspects of using different materials and technology in health care buildings will motivate the manufacturers to consider the factors like embodied energy, cost, health and environmental hazard etc. into their research and development process.

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People will be aware of the red aspect of this so called green technology and can become more sensible and smart consumer

LIMITATIONS: 

Due to high cost, installation and time consuming are out of reach to most of the people.

It limits the study of scope of its application in various economic levels in the society.

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The negative aspects of some materials and technology have been effectively hidden from the common peoples as part of green building construction immaculate marketing strategy.

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As technology is upgrading day by day we can’t reach a binding decision on green buildings

METHODOLOGY: The methodology to be followed to achieve the greater understanding and accomplish a comprehensive analysis as follows5.1 Literature survey: The first and the far most step carried out to do a literature review of the various topic related with types of materials and technology used in different buildings and in different modes of construction. The study will include a comprehensive review of the literature available on the subject. Moreover a survey on different materials & technology and its vantage or liability would be done on the grassroots level.

This survey would be further analyzed by the help of the bar diagrams, pie charts and other standard methods of analysis.

5.2 Case studies: The methodology adopted would involve the careful analysis of different case studies of relative buildings and the manufacturers of the green building materials and technologies.

5.3 Interview and discussion:

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Interview and discussion with the people who are well versed in these subjects will form an integral part of the dissertation. Their opinion and knowledge will supplement the literature review.

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CHAPTER 4.

IGBC GREEN HEALTHCARE BUILDING POLICY: The healthcare sector in India is growing at a rapid pace and contributing immensely to the growth of the quality of services. The sector is expected to grow several-fold in the next decade.

While this augurs well for the country, there is an imminent need to introduce green concepts and techniques in this sector, which can aid growth in a sustainable manner.

Introducing green concepts in the healthcare facilities can help address National issues like infection, epidemics, handling of bio-medical waste, water efficiency, energy efficiency, reduction in fossil fuel use for commuting, consumer waste and in general conservation of natural resources. Most importantly, these concepts can enhance patients' health, recovery and wellbeing.

Against this background, the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has launched 'IGBC Green Healthcare rating system® to address National priorities. This rating programme is a tool which enables the designer to apply green concepts and reduce environmental impacts that are measurable.

The rating system addresses the following aspects:      

Indoor Environmental Quality Sanitization & Hygiene Water Conservation Energy Efficiency Building Materials and Resources Site Selection & Planning

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CHAPTER 5.

GRIHA AND HEALTHCARE Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) GRIHA is an indigenous green building rating system developed for the Indian construction scenario. It was developed by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and has now been adopted by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) as the National Green Building Rating System for India. GRIHA aligns itself with various national building codes and guidelines like the National Building Code, Energy Conservation Building Code, Ministry of Environment and Forests clearance, Central Pollution Control Board guidelines etc.

GRIHA is a rating system which assesses the environmental performance of buildings on a scale of 0-104 points with a minimum of 50 points required for a building to be rated under GRIHA. On the basis of number of points scored, a building can be rated between 1 & 5 stars, 1 star being the lowest and 5 star being the highest level of environmental performance. GRIHA evaluates green building performance on the basis of various aspects like water and waste management, energy, site preservation, indoor comfort and air quality and innovation points.

GRIHA rating is administered by ADaRSH (Association for Development and Research of Sustainable Habitats), which is an independent registered society under the Government of India, jointly set up by the MNRE and TERI. GRIHA as a rating tool emphasizes upon using traditional construction techniques and knowledge in order to construct green buildings. GRIHA is a performance-oriented building rating system. Besides this, another unique feature of GRIHA is that it rates non air-conditioned, semi air-conditioned as well as fully air-conditioned buildings. This promotes the use of natural ventilation as a design strategy breaks the paradigm that green buildings are necessarily airconditioned.

Green hospitals It has been observed in various studies that good indoor conditions help patients to recover faster. Certain key features of green buildings like better day lighting and access of views of good landscape, good indoor thermal comfort and indoor air quality help in faster recovery of patients. Therefore it makes great sense to incorporate these features in hospitals for ensuring faster recovery of patients. Additionally environmentally conscious practices in hospitals would ensure that not only is the health of building occupants a priority but by reducing the pollution from the building, the hospital also contributes towards improving the environmental conditions of people in its vicinity. Therefore a green hospital provides good care for both people living within it as well as outside it.

All India Institute of Medical Sciences The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is constructing 6 new AIIMS across India along similar lines as the AIIMS at New Delhi. All 6 upcoming AIIMS across India (Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Jodhpur, Patna, Raipur and Rishikesh) are registered with GRIHA rating system and are being designed and constructed to achieve a minimum of 3-star GRIHA rating.

There are several features being incorporated in the AIIMS projects. Several steps are being taken in the AIIMS projects to make them as energy and water efficient as possible. In order to reduce energy consumption, all the AIIMS buildings have ECBC compliant building envelope, efficient artificial lighting system and HVAC systems. AIIMS Bhopal and Patna are also installing an Earth-Air tunnel system to further increase the energy efficiency of the buildings. With respect to water efficiency, all AIIMS are being fitted with low-flow fixtures to reduce water consumption, which reduce the water consumption. In addition to this, water recycling systems 10

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CHAPTER 6.

LEED CERTIFICATION LEED INDIA  Effective in India from 1st Jan 2007  Based on professional reference standards like NBC, ASHRAE, and ECBC etc.  Assessment by 3rd party assessors & USGBC  Voluntary, Consensus- based, Market driven LEED India Green building Rating System Certification levels Rating

Points

LEED Certified LEED Certified Silver level LEED Certified Gold level LEED Certified Platinum level

26-32 33-38 39-51 52-69

LEED India New Construction Overview Leed India Green Building Rating System Criterions Important criterions and Point allocation Sr.no: Prerequisites 8 1 Sustainable Sites 2 Water efficiency 3 Energy and atmosphere 4 Materials and Resources 5 Indoor Environmental quality 6 Innovations and Accredited Prof. Points Total

Points

13 6 17 13 15 5 69

Sustainable site The Sustainable sites section of LEED NC Program outlines various “green “opportunities for reducing the negative impact the building has on the environment. The opportunities range from preventing erosion of top soil

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CHAPTER 7.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1. As we can see at above image most of these technique helps us to save most of the energy just by using these devices that work from natural energy.

2. This green architecture is a regular cycle that moves around according to the picture shown above.

7.1 Structure efficiency: 

It is the concept of sustainable building and has largest impact on cost and performance.

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It aims to minimize the environment impact associated with all life-cycles

7.2 Energy efficiency: 

The layout of the construction can be strategized so that natural light pours for additional warmth.

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Shading the roof with trees offers an eco-friendly alternative to air conditioning.

7.3 water efficiency: 

To minimize water consumption one should aim to use the water which has been collected, used, purified and reused.

7.4 Material efficiency:  

Materials should be use that can be recycled and can generate surplus amount of energy.

An example of this are solar power panels, not only they provide lightening but they are also a useful energy source.

7.5 Waste and reduction:      

It is probable to reuse resources. what may be waste to us may have another benefit to something else Protect biodiversity and ecosystems Improve air and water quality Reduce waste streams Conserve natural resources 12

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CHAPTER 8.

ENVIORNMENTAL BENEFITS 8.1 Solar power Is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Concentrated solar power systems (unified solar) use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

Photovoltaic convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.

8.2 Wind power Is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electricity.

Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land. The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources.

8.3 Hydropower or water power Is power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower from many kinds of watermills has been used as a renewable energy source for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as gristmills, sawmills, textile mills, trip hammers, dock cranes, domestic lifts, and ore mills. A trompe, which produces compressed air from falling water, is sometimes used to power other machinery at a distance.

8.4 Biomass Is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms. Biomass can be used as a source of energy and it most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulose biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods. 

Reduce health care’s environmental footprint, and make hospitals healthier places to work and visit, by incorporating green building principles and practices into design and construction of health facilities.

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The built environment influences health. In the nineteenth century, early urbanization led to rampant spread of infectious diseases -- smallpox, tuberculosis, typhoid, and rubella.

To a large degree, these were controlled through public health interventions disseminated through zoning and building code regulations. Sanitation systems, public water supplies, and requirements for daylight and ventilation in housing are all examples of built environment responses to the health impacts of development.

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Indeed, buildings have a huge environmental health footprint. The un environment programme estimates that global building-related activities may be responsible for up to 30 to 40% of carbon dioxide releases.70 the non-profit architecture 2030 estimates that global building-related activities, when transportation of materials is factored in, exceeds 48%.71 while industrial co2 emissions are leveling off, they continue to rise in the building sector. Achim Steiner, unep executive director, has suggested that an aggressive global energy efficiency policy might deliver over two billion tons of emission reductions, or close to three times the amount scheduled to be reduced under the Kyoto protocol.

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Building construction activities account for 40% of raw stone, gravel and steel generated; and consume 25% of the world’s virgin lumber. Building construction and demolition generates approximately 50% of municipal solid waste. Buildings further deplete the stratospheric ozone layer by using refrigerants and products manufactured with ozonedepleting compounds, including insulation materials.73 buildings use over 75% of world production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Production of chlorine, a principle ingredient of PVC, is one of the world’s most energy intensive industrial processes, and consumes approximately 1% of the world’s total electricity output.

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The health sector has the potential, through v its market power, to influence the construction industry to develop safer, more resilient, greener and healthier building products and systems. Bin some regions. Health systems have replaced\ manufacturing as major local employers. Even\ in regions where urbanization and residential development outpace medical construction, the healthcare sector can model ‘best practices’ in Sustainable construction.

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Buildings that support the delivery of healthcare services are as diverse as the delivery systems that shape them. Facilities vary widely between and within countries. They range from small community outpatient clinics to large acute-care hospitals sponsored by an equally broad range of owners -- including government agencies, philanthropic nonprofits and corporate entities. They include community facilities that operate 24 hours a day, every day, and are intended to operate as “safe havens” in natural disasters.

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The us green building council’s leed for healthcare, Australia’s green star for health, the united Arab emirates estidama, the uk’s bream and neat, are all examples of green building rating tools guiding the construction of healthcare facilities. These tools share one common notion: green building principles embody considerations including siting and land use, water and energy consumption, building materials sourcing practices, and indoor environmental quality.

From siting hospitals near public transportation routes, to using local and regional building materials, to planting trees on the site, to incorporating design components like day lighting, natural ventilation, alternative energy and green roofs, existing health facilities can moderate their environmental footprint and their impact on local communities, while new buildings can be designed to use far fewer resources.78 79 this applies to all healthcare\ buildings -- from large, centralized hospital facilities to small community clinics.

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Research also suggests there is a direct relationship between the built environment and therapeutic outcome; the design of a health facility can positively influence patient health, as well as caregiver performance and satisfaction.

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Aspire to carbon-neutral building operation.

Protect and restore natural habitat; minimize the combined footprint of building, parking, roads and walks.

Use high reflectance roofing and paving, or “green roof” systems and pervious paving, in order to reduce urban heat island impacts, manage storm water and promote habitat.

Design within local natural and social contexts in order to better integrate the building with the community and natural environment. Site facilities in accordance with solar orientation and prevailing wind.

Employ passive systems wherever possible to provide increased resilience and redundancy -Use narrow floor plates for day lighting and natural ventilation. Prioritize health impacts of material extraction, transport, use and disposal in assessing them for use in health care settings, and use materials that are replenishable and support human and ecosystem health in all phases of their life cycle. Support the use of local and regional materials (reducing transportation energy), utilize salvaged and recycled materials (reducing energy otherwise expended on new production).

Avoid materials such as lead and cadmium-containing paint and coatings, as well as asbestos.

Substitute materials containing persistent bio-accumulative toxic chemicals (pbt’s), including PVC, cpvc, and halogenated and brominated flame retardants, with safer alternatives.

Create civilized built environments that foster inhabitant choice and control, advanced indoor air quality (through natural ventilation and mechanical systems), lighting and acoustical settings that reduce stress and support health and productivity. Refer to guidelines created by national or regional green building organizations.

Advocate for policy guidelines and public funding that support green and healthy buildings.

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CHAPTER 9.

BENEFIT OF GREEN HOSPITALS    

Can reduce patient recovery time Eliminates sick building syndrome for both patients and staff Reduces stress levels in hospital workers and thus improving quality of care Lower energy and water consumption

9.1 Focus areas of green hospital design :1. Lighting 2. Indoor air quality – passive & active measures 3. Green house keeping 4. Clean & green interior building materials 5. Gardens and landscape 9.2 Benefits achieved by the rated green hospital: Better indoor air quality  20-40% energy savings  30-40% water savings  Good day lighting  No sick building syndrome  Faster patient recover Fig.9.1 outdoor fresh air requirements for ventilation of healthcare facilities

Fig. 9.2 Recommended Lighting levels for hospitals

(image source: technical bulletin, green hospital, indian green building council)

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CHAPTER 10.

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS CATEGORISATION :           

Civil materials Water-proofing and chemical additives Paving, flooring, dado and similar finishes Paints, colors, white washing, distempering and wood finishes Wood work Roofing and ceiling Doors and windows It focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource use –energy, water and materials.

While reducing impacts on human health and environment during the lifecycle, through better siting, design construction and operation.

Reduced energy use –efficient and alternative sources which are less polluting Reduced waste-reutilizing our industrial and agricultural wastes “The environmental impact of building is often underestimated, while the perceived costs of green buildings are overestimated” whereas it is only 17% additional.

10.1 WHAT IS ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIAL?  

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  

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Dictionary: describes a product that has been designed to do the least possible damage to the environment Us epa – epp program defines as: "...products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose...

“Thus we talk of two issues – one that it does the least possible environment damage and two that it is a comparative scale as there are very few materials that are completely eco-friendly.

One more point to note when we talk of eco-friendly construction is that it consist of two parts – material and technique.

A material by itself can be eco-friendly, e.g. Bamboo.

Or even conventional materials can become eco-friendly based on the construction technique that is used.e.g rat trap bond developed by lauri baker, which require less number of bricks and Are more heat insulating than normal walls and therefore eco-friendly?

10.2 PROPERTIES  

The various properties of the eco-friendly materials and techniques are – Materials can be eco-friendly also if they can assist in reduction of the energy used in the building during operation and maintenance. It is difficult to get a material that has all 17

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

these properties, and it thus becomes a comparative assessment to identify eco-friendly materials.

Fig. 10.2.1 green features

Fig. 10.2.2 eco- friendly materials & techniques (image source: http://www.slideshare.net/spmbits/green-building-materials-amp-techniques3-nov-2009spm?qid=217a6e98-030a-4e3a-b24b57373cf775b7&v=&b=&from_search=2 )

10.3 SOURCES: A .renewable source – rapidly renewable sources e.g. wood from certified forests B. Reuse of waste Salvaged products –e.g. old plumbing, door frames Recycled contents – agriculture/ industrial waste e.g. bagasse board

10.4 ENERGY CONSERVATION 18

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

Materials that require less energy during construction e.g. precast slabs. Materials that help reduce the cooling loads- e.g. – aerated concrete blocks.

Products that conserve energy – e. G. Cfl lamps.

Fixtures & equipments that help conserve water e.g. dual flush cisterns

10.5 PERFORMANCE Reduce material use these are energy efficient and also help reduce the dead load of a building. E.g. ferro cement Materials can be eco-friendly based on how they perform. Use of certain material or techniques can reduce the amount of material required.

Durability – the longer the life of a material the lesser it is required to replace and thus reduces the quantity required to produce.

10.6 RECYCLABLE Reuse or recycle as different product. E.g. steel, aluminum.

10.7 BIODEGRADABLE That decompose easily. E.g. wood or earthen materials.

10.8 ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALS The first list is a list of materials extracted from the comprehensive list of building materials that we had prepared. These are materials that are currently used by the construction industry or are easily available in the market and have eco-friendly properties.

The second list of materials or techniques which have been developed by various organizations in India and are eco-friendly. These need to be marketed and its potential for local production has to be evaluated.

10.9 CONVENTIONAL ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALS Bamboo, bamboo based particle board & ply board, bamboo matting Bricks sun dried 1. Pre-cast cement concrete blocks, lintels, slab. Structural and non-structural modular elements 2. Calcined phosphor-gypsum Wall panels 19

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

3. Calcium silicate Boards and tiles 4. cellular light weight Concrete blocks 5. Cement paint Fig. 10.9.1 double paned glass with films forming additional airspaces and uv protection

6. Clay roofing tiles 7. Water, polyurethane and acrylic based chemical admixtures for corrosion removal, rust prevention, water proofing 8. Epoxy resin system, flooring, sealants, adhesives and admixtures 9. Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters 10. Ferro-cement roofing channels 11. Fly-ash sand lime bricks and paver blocks

Fig. 10.9.2. concrete blocks with foam inserts

12. Gypsum board, tiles, plaster, blocks, 13. gypsum plaster fiber jute/sisal and glass fiber composites 14. laminated wood plastic components 15. Marble mosaic tiles 16. Mdf boards and mouldings 17. Micro concrete roofing tiles 18. Particle boards 19. Polymerized water proof compound

Fig. 10.9.3. permanent formwork for poured concrete walls made from rigid plastic foam

20. Polymerized water proof compound

21. Portland pozzolana cement fly-ash / calcinated clay based 22. Portland slag cement 23. Rcc door frames 24. Ready mix cement Concrete 25. Rubber wood finger Joint board 20

Fig. 10.9.4. Prefabricated drainage system using EPS chips instead of gravel

(image source: http://www.slideshare.net/spmbits/green-building-materials-amp-techniques3-nov-2009spm?qid=217a6e98-030a-4e3a-b24b57373cf775b7&v=&b=&from_search=2)

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26. Stone dust 27. Water proof compound, adhesive, polymer,powder.

10.10 POTENTIAL ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES:1. Bagasse board - bmtpc 2. Bricks from coal washery Rejects -cbri, roorkee 3. Building blocks from Mine waste - serc 4. Burnt clay fly ash bricks - cbri, roorkee 5. Coir cement board - cbri, roorkee 6. Compressed earth blocks - bmtpc 7. Eps composites and door shutters -cbri, roorkee

Fig. 10.10.1. Integrated sheathing and insulation, pre-tepered for flat roof

8. Fibre flyash cement boards -bmtpc 9. Fiber reinforced concrete precast elements, wall panels,

blocks, manhole covers - serc

10. Fibrous gypsum plaster boards - cbri, roorkee 11. Fly ash cellular concrete, fly ash cement brick, blocks - bmtpc 12. Fly ash lime cellular concrete - cbri, roorkee 13. Fly ash lime gypsum brick - bmtpc 14. Insulating bricks from rice husk ash- central glass and ceramic research institute, Kolkata 15. Jute fiber polyester -bmtpc 16. Non erodible mud plaster - cbri, roorkee

Fig. 10.10.2. Composite lumber made from waste wood

17. Polytiles - cbri, roorkee 18. Timber from trees such as poplar, rubber, eucalyptus - bmtpc 19. precast walling roofing components - cbri, roorkee 20. prefab brick panel system - cbri, roorkee 21 (image source: http://www.slideshare.net/spmbits/green-building-materials-amp-techniques3-nov-2009spm?qid=217a6e98-030a-4e3a-b24b57373cf775b7&v=&b=&from_search=2)

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10.11 RECOMMENDED ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVES 1. Structural system – Alternatives to cement concrete (plain / reinforced) - cement, sand, aggregate, steel

Base materials for r.c.c. and steel systems A. Pozzolana material content (fly-ash / slag / calcinated clay) attained through use of blended Portland cement (bpc) and /or direct addition of pozzolana material B. Sand and aggregate from pulverized debris and /or sintered fly-ash for concrete and mortar C. Recycled steel forms and reinforcement bars

Alternatives systems A. Ferro cement and B. Pre-cast components for columns, beams, slabs, lofts, balconies, roofs etc.

C. Ready mix concrete D. Use resinous curing agents

2. Masonry Alternatives to fired clay bricks, Cement concrete blocks, stone a. Use of fly ash + sand + lime bricks / blocks b. Pulverized debris + cement bricks / blocks, c. Industrial waste based bricks / blocks, d. Aerated lightweight bpc concrete blocks,

Fig. 10.11.1. Insulation made from recycled newspapers

e. phospho-gypsum based blocks f. Lato blocks (laterite + cement)

3. Mortar A. Sand from pulverized debris and / Or sintered fly ash B. Pozzolana material content

Fig. 10.11.2. Structural building panels 22 (image source: http://www.slideshare.net/spmbits/green-building-materials-amp-techniques3-nov-2009spm?qid=217a6e98-030a-4e3a-b24b57373cf775b7&v=&b=&from_search=2)

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4. Plastering Alternatives to cement, sand, plaster of Paris, gypsum a. Calcium silicate plaster b. cement plaster c. Use of fiber reinforced clay plaster d. Phosphorus - gypsum plaster e. Non-erodible mud plaster f. Use resinous curing agents Fig. 10.11.2. Heat and moisture exchange disk in a heat-recovery ventilator

5. Roofing and ceiling-

Alternatives to Ferrous / non-ferrous sheets, tiles, thatch a. Fiber reinforced polymer plastics instead of pvc and foam pvc, polycarbonates, acrylics & plastics b. Micro concrete roofing tiles c. Bamboo matt corrugated roofing sheets

6.Flooring, paving and road work Alternatives to wood, stone, ceramics, concrete a. Fly ash / industrial waste / pulverized debris blocks in bpc b. Lime-pozzolana concrete paving blocks for all outdoor paving. c. Bedding sand from pulverized debris

7.Tiles for interiors a. Terrazzo floor for terraces and semi covered areas b. Ceramic tiles (non-vitrified) c. Mosaic tiles/ terrazzo flooring d. cement tiles e. Phospho-gypsum tiles f. Bamboo board flooring

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Fig. 10.11.3. Acess flooring allows electrical configurations to be easily modified when the buildings use change(top0. Some systems have integrated ventilation modules (bottom).

(image source: http://www.slideshare.net/spmbits/green-building-materials-amp-techniques3-nov-2009spm?qid=217a6e98-030a-4e3a-b24b57373cf775b7&v=&b=&from_search=2)

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8.Windows, doors and openings Steel, aluminum, timber, glass, R.c.c., PVC, stone a. Ferro cement and Pre-cast r.c.c. lintel, Chajja and jalis b. Masonry bond Combinations for jali work Alternatives to timber and aluminum / steel frames a. Ferro cement b. Pre-cast r.c.c. frames/ frameless doors c. Bamboo reinforced concrete frames d. Hollow recycled steel channels and recycled aluminum channels and components 9. Shutters and panels – alternatives to timber, plywood, glass, aluminum a. Red mud based composite door shutters, b. Laminated hollow Composite shutters c. Other wood alternatives 9. Electrical Alternatives for aluminum, brass, PVC, g.i. s.s. a. Use unplasticised pvc or hdpe products

Fig. 10.11.4. Openable skylights provide daylighting and natural ventilation

b. Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components 10. Water supply, sanitary and plumbing system a. R.c.c., upvc, g.i., c.i. pipes instead of lead, a.c. pipes b. Where applicable use products with recycled aluminum and brass components for fittings, fixtures and accessories c. Use polymer plastic (random) hot / cold water system instead of g.i. d. Manholes and covers - use pre-cast cement concrete and high strength unplasticised pvc instead of c.i.

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CHAPTER 11.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Local environmental factors considered for this study are (a) Surrounding buildings (b) Industries (c) Vehicles (d) Population and (e) other Factors causing atmospheric pollution, Surrounding buildings.

The FSI in the area of the commercial building considered for case study is around 2.25. A similar building with approximately the same area may come up in the vicinity. This may affect the energy consumption pattern of the building under design over the lifespan of the building.

Some of the sub-factors affecting this factor are discussed as follows.

11.1 Air movement When moving air strikes an obstacle such as a building, this will slow down the air flow but the air flow will exert a pressure on the obstructing surface. This slowing down process effects a roughly wedge shaped mass of air on the windward side of the building, which in turn diverts the rest of the air flow upwards and sideways. A vortex is formed, referred to as wind shadow. On the windward side such vortexes are at an increased pressure and on the leeward side at a reduced pressure. If the building has an opening facing a high pressure zone and another facing a low pressure zone, air movement will be generated through the building. The wind direction thereby affects the inlet opening size.

Fig. 11.1. Air stream movement at the face of buildings Fig. 11.1.1 Air stream movement at the face of buildings

In the case of tall blocks, the air stream separates on the face of a tall block, part of it moving up and over the roof part of it down, to form a large vortex leading to very high pressure build up.

An increased velocity is found at ground level at the sides of the tall block. This could serve a useful purpose, especially in hot climates, although if the tall block is not fully closed but is permeable to wind, these effects may be reduced.

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11.2

Day light factor

Considering a point inside a building, light may reach it from the sun as diffused or skylight, through a window or opening; as externally reflected light by the ground or other buildings; as internally reflected light from walls, ceiling or other internal surfaces and as direct sunlight along a straight path from the sun. Both the ground and the external surfaces of other buildings are usually light colored, in the strong sunshine, it may create glare.

Therefore externally reflected light can only be used providing that great care is taken to avoid glare.

Fig. 11.2.1 Daylight components entering a building Fig. 11.2.1 Daylight components entering a building

Internally reflected light would be the most convenient form of day lighting. One suitable arrangement is a high level window which would admit reflected light to the ceiling. If the ceiling is colored white, this method would ensure adequate and well diffused interior lighting. When a sunlit view through a window is unavoidable, the strong luminance contrast between the view and the window surround can be reduced by painting the adjacent wall a light color or painting the inside of window frames with white color. Other openings may be placed in opposite or flanking walls, to throw some light onto the wall surrounding the window. (b) Industries Industries primarily create air and water pollution due to which air, water or land media becomes unsuitable for specific or established uses.

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11.3

Air The most contaminants originating from industrial operations are ammonia, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, methyl amines, carbon monoxide, particulate matter of carbon origin, particulate matter of dust origin, radioactive gases, methane, chlorine and various organic solvents. Some of the effects of these pollutants are soiling and deterioration of building materials and other surfaces, impairment of visibility, cloud formation, corrosion of metals, deterioration of electrical contacts, deterioration of finishes and coatings and fading of paints and dye.

11.4

Water

The categories of contaminants which could have a deleterious effect on water quality include alkaline and acidic materials, colored matter, heated liquids, toxic chemicals, detergents, floating materials, non-biodegradable materials, organic matter, suspended solids, mineral salts, algal nutrients, foaming agents, bacteria and viruses. The effects of these contaminants can be degradation of the general area, killing fishes and other aquatic life, increase corrosion of all types of surfaces, lower land use and monetary values of the land surrounding the water, growth of undesirable biological life, often in excessive quantities, interfere with the recreational uses of water, render the water unsuitable for irrigation purposes and make the water unsuitable for industrial use.

11.5 Vehicles Automobile contribute significantly to air pollution. The degree of contribution to air pollution depends on their population, traffic flow and more directly on automobile commuting activities.

Fig. 11.5.1. Pollutants emitted by petrol and diesel vehicles in india and world

The pollutants emitted by automobile are as follows: The results of these emissions are that the temperature of the area is going to increase.

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11.6 Population According to the provisional results of Population Census 2001, the population of Gujarat as on 1st March 2001, was about 5.06 crore, including the estimated population of earthquake affected areas. The decadal growth rate of the decade 1991-2001 has increased in comparison to 1981-1991 from 21.19 percent to 22.48%. As per the 2001 Indian census, the area under Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation has a population of 3,520,085. The population of the Ahmedabad urban agglomeration (which includes the region governed by AUDA) was 4,525,013. The urban agglomeration accounts for 21.7% of Gujarat’s urban population. The increase in population results in the internal heat gain which has tremendous adverse impact on the environment.

Fig. 11.6.1. Principal pollutants from vehicles and their effects on the enviroment

Other Factors Causing Atmospheric Pollution There are several factors causing atmospheric pollution. These contaminants pollute air, water and land. The air pollution problems of cities differ greatly and are influenced by a number of factors, including topography, demography, meteorology, the level and rate of industrialization and socio-economic development. The most common air pollutants in urban environments include sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone, suspended particulate matter and lead. The common water pollutants include alkaline and acidic materials, colored matter, heated liquids, toxic chemicals, detergents, floating materials, non-biodegradable materials, organic matter, suspended solids, mineral salts, algal nutrients, foaming agents, bacteria and viruses. The common land pollutants include toxic substances, industrial wastes, plastic wastes, harmful chemicals, pesticides, domestic wastes and other non-degradable inorganic compounds.

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Glare from sunlit surfaces Fig. 11.6.2.

Glare from sunlit surfaces

Fig. 11.6.3.

Reflected Reflected lightlight diffused diffused by ceiling by ceilling

The above factors have a great impact on the local environment and affect natural light and ventilation of the building under design. The temperature of the surrounding area increases by about two degree Celsius. Pollution created by the industrial wastes, vehicles and also the greenhouse gases emitted by the vehicles have a tremendous adverse effect on the local environment. Other factors creating atmospheric pollution and internal heat gain due to population growth also have adverse effect on the environment.

All these factors should be considered during design and selection of materials and technology of a green building situated in a particular locality.

Fig. 11.6.4. Solar reflecting characteristics of various materials

11.7 CASE STUDY Case study considered for this research is a green building commercial complex of Ahmedabad. This complex is situated on Sarkhej – Gandhinagar highway. The developer is Ahmedabad based local developer with a proven track record of developing commercial complexes and residential complexes in and around Ahmedabad through the last decade. This is the first green building commercial complex undertaken for development in Ahmedabad region. The project management consultant (PMC) is also 29 (image source: http://www.nbmcw.com/case-studies/18615-green-building-materials-andtechnology.html)

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an emerging organization from Ahmedabad. The consultant for the services is an organization from Noida, Delhi.

Effect on the Technology Selected for the Green Building Commercial Complex 11.7.1 Storm Water Management The storm water management has to be carried out as per the local environmental factors. This comes under the sustainable sites credit according to LEED India CS credit system. The intent is to limit disruption of natural water hydrology by reducing impervious cover, increasing onsite infiltration and managing storm water runoff. The strategy employed is to design the project site to maintain natural storm water flows by promoting infiltration. Thus pervious pavement in form of porous asphalt, porous concrete and open celled or block pavers can be feasible technologies for storm water management .

11.7.2 Rain Water Harvesting The rain water harvesting for this project primarily can be carried out by collecting and storing rain water from roof tops and land surface. The principal components consist of the catchment area, conveyance system and collection device. The quantity of rainfall in Ahmedabad being minimal, rainwater pipes for roof drainage can be installed in the range of 75mm to 100 mm diameter. The rainwater should be collected in pre constructed storage tanks of capacities ranging from 30,000 liters to about 50,000 liters.

These tanks can be constructed of reinforced cement concrete, brick masonry, stone masonry, precast concrete blocks or Ferro cement.

Rainwater harvesting through sump

Fig. 11.7.2.1. Rainwater harvesting through sump

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11.8 Roof–Heat Island Effect The heat island effect of roof is considered under the sustainable site credit. The intent is to reduce the heat islands or the thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped areas to minimize impact on microclimate, human and wild life habitat. The strategy is to use roofing materials, having Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) greater than 29 for sloped roof and 78 for low sloped roof for a minimum of 75% of the roof surface. Table below indicates the solar reflecting characteristics of some suggested roof materials.

Applying white paint is a viable option but it increases the glare to an uncomfortable level.

Asphalt white shingles, red clay tiles and white concrete tiles are applicable at places with sloping roof only. For the commercial complex building under study application of white elastomeric coating or light colored precast concrete slabs which has a high SRI of 70, appear to be the most suitable, considering the conditions of the building and the availability of the materials.

11.9

Water Efficient Fixtures

This comes under innovative waste water technology under the water efficiency credit. The intent is to reduce the generation of wastewater and potable water demand, while increasing the local aquifer recharge. The strategy is to specify high efficiency fixtures and dry fixtures such as composting toilets and waterless urinals to reduce these volumes. It can also be considered to reuse storm water or grey water for sewage conveyance or onsite wastewater treatment systems (mechanical or natural).

sketchsketch of composting toilettoilet Fig. Schematic 11.9.1. Schematic of composting For the commercial green building complex under study composting toilets are suggested as a part of the green building initiative. Composting toilets are primarily of two types like a dry toilet fixture or a micro-flush fixture. Urine and fasces move by gravity down a relatively large tube (12-14 inches) that connects the toilet fixture to the composting system directly below. The micro-flush toilet uses a tiny amount of water to carry waste 31 (image source: http://www.nbmcw.com/case-studies/18615-green-building-materials-andtechnology.html)

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down a 4-inch drain line. Neither fixture has a water trap; instead, a fan pulls air down the fixture, resulting in a completely odorless bathroom. These toilets reduces water usage by about 20% to 50%.

11.10 Energy Efficient Lighting this comes under the energy & atmosphere credit. The intent is to optimize energy performance of the building and reduce wastage. For the commercial green building complex under study, following energy efficient lighting system are proposed.

11.11 Incandescent to CFL Fluorescent Lamps are about 3 to 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent lamps and can last about 10 to 20 times longer. Since the luminous efficacy of incandescent lamp, 100W is 14 lm / W, where as that of a 40W CFL is 49 lm / W. The saving potential is 80%.

11.11.1

T12 to T8 / T5

The luminous efficacies of the specified fluorescent lamps are given below, which clearly shows that T-8 and T-5 are more energy efficient. The saving potential of changing from 40W TL to 28 W T-5 is 50%.

11.11.2

Luminaires

An efficient luminaire optimizes the system performance of each of its components.

There are a few types of luminaires that offer opportunities for energy conservation in a lighting system design. Many of these provide indirect light to brighten the ceiling or are designed to brighten walls or task surfaces. Most of them are fluorescent and are easily controlled for further energy savings.

11.12 Renewable Energy This comes under the energy & atmosphere credit. The intent is to encourage and recognizes increasing levels of self-supply through renewable technologies to reduce environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel energy use. The strategy is to assess the project for renewable energy potential including solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, hydro, and bio-gas strategies. When applying these strategies, advantage should be taken of net metering with the local utility.

The suggested measures for the project under study are as follows:

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11.13 Solar photo voltaic cell for external lighting Photovoltaic (PV) cells are semiconductor devices, usually made of silicon, which contain no liquids, corrosive chemicals or moving parts and produce electricity as long as light shines on them. It is recommended for the external lighting in the campus of the commercial complex.

Photovoltaic module(s) with a variable total power from 80 WP to 250 WP can be used.

Advantages of PV cells are that it is a cost-effective and viable option. The basic costs, beginning with a portable PV unit with a 50-watt solar panel, low-power inverter and battery, is about Rs.30000 and can operate three high-efficiency lights, a small TV and a water pump.

Disadvantages are that it is not highly efficient as they convert only 12 to 15% of the sun’s light into electricity. PV systems can power any electric device but they are not suitable for water heating or other heat related appliances.

11.14 Solar thermal technology for hot water Solar thermal technologies have a natural advantage in Ahmedabad as well as in India, due to the fact that the average radiation is 4.5–6 kWh /m2/day with an average of 280 clear days in a year. Solar water heating system with tank capacity of 125 lpd has a collector absorber area of 2m2 is designed for 60ºC. For a daily load of 1080 liters at 40ºC, the calculated capacity requirement of SWHS was found to be 340 lpd. The system consists of a collector, a fluid system to move heat from the collector, and a hot water tank for storing heat. There are three main kinds of solar thermal collectors in common use. In order of increasing cost they are (i) Formed plastic collectors (ii) Flat collectors and (iii) Evacuated tube collectors. The collectors can be roof mounted, ground mounted or wall mounted. The working fluid is either pumped (active system) or driven by natural convection (passive system) through it. The method of heat transfer are by open-loop or closed-loop (via heat exchanger) system. The performance of a solar thermal system is best when the solar collectors are installed on a southeast to southwest facing roof receiving direct sunlight for the main part of the day.

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CHAPTER 12.

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY This comes under the environmental quality credit. The intent is to reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous or potentially irritating to provide installer and occupant health and comfort. Some of the suggested measures for the project under study are as follows.

12.1.1 Natural fiber carpet There are two basic types of natural fibers, namely plant and animal. They are stuck directly to a dry, flat surface. Plant fiber includes sisal, coir, jute, sea grass etc. But these fibers are quite expensive and are not resistant to fading and staining.

12.1.2 Bamboo flooring The advantages of bamboo flooring are that it is extremely hard, stronger than many hardwoods. Some species have been rated higher than maple and almost double that of the red oak. It is also highly moisture resistant. Disadvantages of bamboo flooring are that the technology is pretty inconsistent. Some bamboo forests are being destroyed due to unsustainable management. The embodied energy for transport is high, whenever the bamboo comes from distant forests .

12.1.3 Reclaimed hard wood flooring Advantages of reclaimed hard wood flooring are that it is easy to clean and maintain irrespective of its color. It has disadvantages such as that it is expensive, because only natural materials can be used instead of synthetic ones. It takes time to set hardwood flooring as it has to be laid in strips or planks. The wood loses its shine over time, giving a dull look to the floor. Sometimes the hardwood flooring becomes slippery and dangerous to walk on in socks.

12.1.4 Low volatile organic content (VOC) paint Low VOC use water as a carrier instead of petroleum based solvent. Paints and stains must not contain VOC in excess of 200 g /l. Varnishes must not contain VOC in excess of 300 g/l. Benefits of low VOC paints are that it lets out lower levels of ozone pollution and fewer emissions of smog forming chemicals. Low VOC paints are cost competitive and no special equipment is needed

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CHAPTER 13.

LITERATURE CASE STUDIES 13.1

CIMS HOSPITAL :GREEN BUILDING-GREEN HOSPITAL, (AHMEDABAD)

Fig. 13.1.1. CIMS hospital view

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resourceefficient throughout a building’s life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:   

Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture.

Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of new buildings. Buildings account for a large amount of land use, energy and water consumption, and air and atmosphere alteration. Considering the statistics, reducing the amount of natural resources buildings consume and the amount of pollution given off is seen as crucial for future sustainability, according to EPA. The building sector alone accounts for 30-40 percent of global energy use. Over 80 percent of the environmentally harmful emissions from buildings are due to energy consumption during the times when the buildings are in use

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(Image source: http://www.cims.me/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/1CIMS%20Hospital.jpg)

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Why and How CIMS Hospital is a GREEN Building?

Sustainable Sites 



 

Erosion & Sedimentation Control Water Efficiency All Sewage is treated within the site and water is reused for irrigation and flushing – STP (sewage treatment plant) helps reduces fresh water use as well as reduces the load on city drainage lines.

Rain water harvesting – Provision of percolation well as per the prevailing bye-laws which helps recharge the ground water level Water efficient landscaping, reduce by 30% or more Energy & Atmosphere Almost 30% or more of space dedicated to free skylights, gardens and hallways creating one of the most spacious environments to patients among any Indian Hospitals Minimum Energy Performance

  





      

   

Fundamental Refrigerant Management Optimize energy performance cost savings assumed (17% – 21%).

Reduce Ozone Depletion Materials & Resources The building structure is a composite structure with all load bearing walls made of fly ash bricks (instead of traditional burnt clay bricks) – Use of recycled material and avoiding erosion of top soil.

Selection of all equipment with energy efficiency in consideration – capital and maintenance cost always taken into consideration along with energy efficiency measures while selection of all plant and equipment.

Use of biodegradable material – use of natural stone flooring as much as possible.

Socio-economic benefit to hundreds of people getting employment during construction during recession as well as during operations of the hospital.

Entire interior indigenously developed in India Gujarat , Rajasthan , and MP during the recession of 2008-2009( instead of China despite higher cost by Rs 4-5 crores) Building reuse, New construction site Construction waste management-Recycled Fly Ash Bricks Construction waste management, Divert 25% from disposal Recycled Content Indoor Environmental Quality Use of Natural light – Internal courtyards provided for natural light right in the middle of the building, reducing use of artificial lighting during the day time even in large floor plate.

Use of biodegradable material – use of natural stone flooring as much as possible.

Gardens within the hospital creating a fresh source of natural oxygen Skylights and Gardens in ICU and CCU , first of its kind in Asia Innovation & Design 36

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 

Use of Natural light – Internal courtyards provided for natural light right in the middle of the building, reducing use of artificial lighting during the day time even in large floor plate.

Gardens within the hospital creating a fresh source of natural oxygen.

Skylights and Gardens in ICU and CCU, first of its kind in Asia.

        

Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring Low emitting materials – adhesives & sealants Low emitting materials – Paints Low emitting materials – No use of carpets Low emitting materials – Composite wood & Agrifiber products Indoor chemical & pollutant source control Controllability of Systems, Minimal L lighting Controllability of Systems, thermal comfort with VRS AC system Daylight, daylight 75% of space Views, Skylights in various areas



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USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

13.2

KOHINOOR HOSPITAL (SUSTAINABLE HOSPITAL), KURLA ROAD, MUMBAI

Fig. 13.2.1. Kohinoor hospital front elevation and reception view

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LEED NC Gold - First Gold Rated Green

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Hospital in the world.



Built-in area : 1,75,000 square feet

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Actual benefits achieved :-



26 % energy savings

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Better indoor air quality

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No sick building syndrome

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Reduction in ducting costs

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100 % outside air; 100% exhaust

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Reduction in floor-to-floor height

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Reduced envelop cost

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Heat reclaim system with VAV

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Higher efficiency than conventional systems

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Day Lighting

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Healing benefits for patients



Patient recovery faster Fig. 13.2.1. Kohinoor hospital entrance view



Kohinoor Hospital is Asia’s first LEED Platinum Certified hospital and the world’s second LEED Platinum Certified hospital. For a Platinum rating, one has to achieve 52-69 points.



Kohinoor Hospital has been awarded 54 credit points, making itthe only LEED Certified platinum rated hospital in Mumbai, India.



30 percent more of pure air is circulated as compared to other constructions.

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USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.



Use astronomical time switches for controlling external lighting. These switches are programmable on the basis of sunrise and sunset, and work without the use of light sensor.

This saves substantial amount of electricity and increases the life of lamps. A green building consumes 0.66 watt /sq. ft. as compared to a normal construction which consumes 2.0-2.5 watt / sq. ft.



Green roof provides insulation for the building from outdoor environment. It helps us to lower urban air temperatures and combat the heat island effect.

Solar plant installed on the roof, these solar panels are used to harvest the solar energy which is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Its use is to heat water and maintain the humidity in the operation theatre.



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USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

13.3

PROVIDENCE ST. VINCENT MEDICAL CENTER, PORTLAND OREGON

Fig. 13.2.1. Providence st. Vincent medical center, Portland, oregon view (image source:https://www.google.co.in/search?q=13.3%09providence+st.+vincent+medical+center,+portland +oregon&espv=2&biw=1517&bih=720&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=x&ved=0ahukewiz7qu7yzqahwmpi8khqtbdnkq_auiccgd&dpr=0.9#imgrc=zk1ewbtqguo6nm%3a)

LEED NC Gold - First Gold Rated Green Hospital in the world.

Built-in area: 1, 75,000 square feet 

Actual benefits achieved:26 % energy savings 50 % reduction in water consumption for landscaping Better indoor air quality No sick building syndrome 100 % outside air; 100% exhaust Reduction in floor-to-floor height Reduced envelop cost Heat reclaim system with VAV

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CHAPTER 14.

LIVE CASE STUDY 14.1 FORTIS MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Location: Sector 44, Gurgaon Site Area: 43,303 M2 Built-Up Area: 65,961 M2 Air-Conditioned Area: 26,254 M2 Non-Air-Conditioned Area: 44,612 M2 Energy Consumption Reduction: 33% Reduction in Energy Consumption Compared To Teri Griha Benchmark Epi : 154 Kwh/ M2/Year Renewable Energy Installed On Site: Rated Capacity of Solar PV Installed On Site Is 25 Kwp Teri Griha Provisional Rating : 4 Stars The Following Strategies Were Adopted To Reduce The Building Impact On The Natural Environment: Sustainable Site Planning: • Top Soil from the Site, Which Was Not Very Fertile Was Stacked, Preserved, Made Fertile With The Addition Of Manure And Re-Laid On The Landscape Areas.

• Consolidation of All Site Services along the Transportation Corridors Minimizes the Site Disturbances.

• Surface Parking Is Provided With 100% Grass Pavers Reduce The Heat Island Effect On Site.

• Sufficient Plantation Done At the Site Reduces the Noise Levels Considerably and Enhances Exterior

Environmental Quality.

Reduction In Water Consumption (Compared To Griha Benchmark):

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USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

• Low Flow Plumbing Fixtures Used To Minimize The Building Water Consumption Reduction By 63%.

• Drip Irrigation System Adopted On the Site Along With Native Plant Species to Cut Short The Landscape Water Consumption By 50%.

• 100% Treated Water from Sewage Treatment Plant Is Reused For Cooling Towers And Irrigation Purposes.

Reduction in Energy Consumption (Compared To Graham Benchmark) While Maintaining Occupant Comfort: • For Achieving Visual Comfort – Ingress of Daylight in Patient Areas &Waiting Areas.

– Landscape in Sync with the Architectural Spaces to Provide Visual Comfort.

• For Achieving Thermal Comfort – Use Of Aac Blocks, Double Glazing & Roof Insulation.

Renewable Energy Technologies Installed on Site: • Solar Photovoltaic Panels For 25 Kwp Are Installed At Site.

• Solar Water Heaters for 8000 Liters Are Also Installed To Meet the Surplus Hot Water Requirement after Heat Recovery SystUse of Low Energy Materials: • Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks Are Used For The Construction Of The Hospital Building.

• Cement With Sufficient Percentage Of Fly Ash Had Been Used For The Construction.

• Low Embodied Energy Construction Materials and Finishes Have Been Used In the Hospital Interiors.

Fig. 14.1.1. Fortis research medical institute view 42

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

Fig. 14.1.2. Fortis research medical institute reception and restaurant view

• After studying the various Departments of the hospital it can be concluded that various departments of a Hospital, though are individual units, yet they have complex inter-relation with each other and understanding These inter- relations is very important while designing a hospital.

•The design of the healthcare environment can have a therapeutic effect on patients.

Understanding the senses is The key to good design – it allows designers to design with greater skill and enables them to create truly responsive Healing environments. DEVELOPING A HEALING ENVIRONMENT: Light • No glare lighting in patient Room. • Ability to control intensity of Light • Good reading light •Window should be low enough for patient to see outdoors while lying in bed •Patient room lighting should be full spectrum

Color • Careful use of color to create Mood, lift spirit, and-make rooms cheerful • Use in bed linens, bedspreads, gowns, personal hygiene kits, accessories, food trays Views of nature •Views of nature from patient’s room •Indoor Landscaping.

Texture • Introduce textural variety in wall surfaces, floors, ceilings, furniture, fabrics, and artwork Noise control • Sound of footsteps in corridor •Slamming doors, clanking latches • Loudspeaker paging system • Other patients' televisions and 43

USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

radios • Clanking of dishes on food carts Air quality • Need for fresh air, solarium, or roof garden. • Avoidance of odiferous cleaning agents • Adequate number of air changes.

Thermal comfort • Ability to control room temperature, humidity, and air circulation to suit personal needs. Accommodation for families • Provide place for family members to make them feel welcome, rather than intrusive • Provide visitor lounges and access to vending machines, telephones and cafeteria Views of nature •Views of nature from patient’s room healing environments. DEVELOPING A HEALING ENVIRONMENT: Light • No glare lighting in patient Room. • Ability to control intensity of Light • Good reading light •Window should be low enough for patient to see outdoors while lying in bed •Patient room lighting should be full spectrum

Color • Careful use of color to create mood, lift spirit, and-make rooms cheerful • Use in bed linens, bedspreads, gowns, personal hygiene kits, accessories, food trays Views of nature •Views of nature from patient’s room •Indoor Landscaping.

Texture • Introduce textural variety in wall surfaces, floors, ceilings, furniture, fabrics, and artwork Noise control • Sound of footsteps in corridor •Slamming doors, clanking latches • Loudspeaker paging system • Other patients' televisions and radios • Clanking of dishes on food carts Air quality • Need for fresh air, solarium, or roof garden. • Avoidance of odiferous cleaning agents • Adequate number of air changes.

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USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON INHABITANTS.

CHAPTER 15.

CONCLUSION Indoor healing gardens, outdoor walking spaces, staff break rooms with views Green Housekeeping, landscaping and integrated pest management practice. Low-emitting finishes. Eliminating materials that contain or produce persistent, bio accumulative, toxic (PBT) Chemicals. Green heat and heat recovery for domestic water and hydronic heating. Process water reduction Demand control of sterilizer condensate cooling, Cooling coil condensate harvesting for landscape irrigation or cooling tower makeup. Eliminate use of domestic water for once-through cooling. Medical equipment efficiency. Design for flexibility and minimize use of materials. Utility and emissions controls during construction. Circadian rhythm lighting. Day lighting and views for diagnostic and treatment spaces. Acoustic environment. In the Indian scenario, the families are close knit and most patients are often accompanied by their relatives.

This social context thus should be one of the major design driving criterion.The various departments of a hospital are related to each other in a very complex manner and this zoning of departments is very important for a successful hospital.. The hospital should be a lively place so that it could trigger healing. A dull hospital on the other hand prolongs the illness in most of the cases.Hospital circulation should be very clear so that it does not confuse the users.Color coding of corridors is desirable.Effective waste management is the key to proper hospital functioning.There should be only one entrance top the OPD of the hospital for better functioning.There should be a separate defined entry for the Imaging Department.The mortuary should never be visible to the patients as the effect of death and the look of a dead body is a great demoralizing factor for others.The patients and visitors lift core, patient toilets and ramps should be visible from entrance lobbies. Separate entries for patients and visitors lift core, patient toilets and ramps should be visible from entrance lobbies. Separate entries for patients and staff are always desirabl, Emergency should always be visible from the approaching road and should also be the first drop off of the campus.There should be one Major Operation Theatre in the Emergency Department for instant Surgical Requirements.The casualty ward should never be visible to the Emergency waiting area as it can add to the anxiety ad fears of patients and their relatives. One scrub station should never serve more than two Operation Theatres.The scrub station should be placed between two Operation Theatres with windows overlooking both operation theatres for the doctor to keep a watch of the procedure going inside.At least one Air Borne Infection Isolation room should be placed in each ward and each

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BIBLIOGRAPHY: 

Green building materials and techniques, by: S.P. Mishra



Green building policy, India



GBCI, India



http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/index.jsp



http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/tests.jsp?event=22869



http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/certifiedbuildings.jsp



GRIHA, India



IGBC, India



Technical bulletin, green hospital, indian green building council



http://www.slideshare.net/spmbits/green-building-materials-amp-techniques3-nov2009spm?qid=217a6e98-030a-4e3a-b24b-57373cf775b7&v=&b=&from_search=2

http://www.slideshare.net/spmbits/green-building-materials-amp-techniques3-nov-2009spm?qid=217a6e98-030a-4e3a-b24b http://www.nbmcw.com/case-studies/18615-green-building-materials-and57373cf775b7&v=&b=&from_search=2 technology.html

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