Class
Portfolio
ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AS DRIVERS FOR DESIGN Arch 551 X | Prof. Ulrike Passe
Methodology
Climate Simulation Plan
Start
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
Site Climate Analysis
Daylighting
Electrical Lighting
Ventillation
Schedule (Lighting+ Ventilation)
Internal Climate
HVAC
Site Energy
Solar PV
Thermal Performance / Energy Analysis
p. 2
Introduction
Existing Structure
Site Plan
Grid: 100' x 100'
North
This assignment looks at proposing changes to the College of Design building in Ames, Iowa to reimagine the building as a more environmnetally integrated to improve occupant comfort and create a more energy efficient climate control strategy. This is done by redesigning shading, creating better natural ventillation strategies, understanding on-site power generation (through solar PV) and integrating natural daylighting with electrical lighting to meet occupant needs. The facade is then reimagined to be a more responsive envelope to tackle the complex climatic conditions prevalent in this region.
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
Location: College of Design, Ames, Iowa Coordinates: - 42.0308° N, 93.6319° W Orientation: Southeast (SE) Climate Heat Zone: 5
p. 3
Climate Analysis
Annual Sun Path
Heating vs Cooling Degree Days
90
Analemma
80
June
70
Cooling degree days (deg)
700
March December
60
600 500
50
400
40
300
30
200
20
100
10 0
Heating degree days (deg)
800
Azimuth (deg) -150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
The sun path diagram shows us that the sun moves from an altitude of 70 degrees in June to around 25 degrees in December. The sun shading devices then needs to deal with this low angle sun when designing for glare. April 15) 9AM: Azi/Alt = 112.64° / 36.75°, 5:30PM: Azi/Alt = -95.14° / 20.45°
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
0 J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
The heating vs cooling degree days graph shows us that we require cooling from mid april to mid september, after which we require heating from mid-september to mid-april. Ames is a heating dominated climate with very harsh winters that impact shading considerations as we will have to balance solar gains in winter vs. glare. Thus we see a trade-off between visual comfort and passive heating.
p. 4
Climate Analysis
Radiation on Facade
Radiation (kWh/m2)
Annual Solar Radiation Map
240
Horizontal
220
South
200
East
180
West
160
North
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J
False color map of annual solar radiation levels for different surface orientations, using an upward-facing hemisphere
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
The radiation on the facade shows us possible gains in the east and west facades for passive heating. Passive solar gains on the south increases in winter with lower angle sun which could be leveraged for passive solar after balancing with visual comfort.
p. 5
Climate Analysis
Psychrometric chart
Annual Wind Rose
W NN
14
N
7+
NN
E
6-7
12
N
W
10
E N
Active Cooling may be used to cool and dehumidify air. Passive shading supports cooling
8
WN
E
4 2
E
W
Dehumidification system may be used
Goldilock Comfort Zone
EN
W
6
5-6 4-5 3-4 2-3 1-2 0-1
W
ES
E
WS
Active Heating with high insulation and low inflitration required Leads to loss in RH -> Need humidification
SE
SW SS
W
The psychrometric chart shows us that Ames is a heating dominated climate zone. Winter months require humidification while summer shows some need for dehumidification. This needs to be kept in mind if implementing natural ventillation as the air would change internal humidity if not controlled.
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
E
S
SS
The wind rose displays the annual wind patterns for Ames made from weather data obtained from Boone. From looking at the highest frequencies and highest speeds, we can set prevailing wind directions are from the north (N). The other more frequent wind directions are northwest (NW), southeast (SE) and south-southeast (SSE). The prevailing winds will impact wind driven natural ventillation and hence needs to be incorporated into any natural ventillation strategy.
p. 6
Climate Analysis Heating period Cooling period
Monthly Wind Rose
N W
E
W
E ES
E ES
SE
SE
SE
W N
W WN
E
0-1
E ES SE
E
E ES SE
E
E ES SE
5
W
W N
W WN
W N
W WN W
E
E ES SE
E ES SE
W
E
W
E
E ES SE
WN W
N W
WN W
E
E
E ES
E SE
W N
W WN
W
N W
WN W W
N W
ES
E ES W N
W WN
W N
E
E
W
E
E ES SE
SE
WN W W
W WN W
W
November
3-4 2-3 1-2
E
SS
0-1
4-5
10
2-3 1-2
EN
E
S
E
W
EN
2
6-7 5-6
E
4
E
N
October
4-5 3-4
6
SS
0-1
7+
NN
SW
SS
E N
8
N 15
W
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
E
S
1-2
SS
WS
The dominant wind is towards the north, therefore the south-east facade generally is at a higher pressure. This switches however from March-May, where the wind blows due east, this means north-western facade is at a higher pressure. If we were to design the exits of the natural ventillation through stack ventillation, both would however result in wind collecting in the atrium and would be moved outh through the roof.
W
SW
10
SW
September
SS
S
W
NN
6-7 5-6
W
SS
E
WS
E
S
7+
NN
E
0-1
4-5 3-4 2-3
June
EN
E
W
SW
August
SS
W
SS
W
2-3 1-2
N 12
6-7 5-6
E
W
E
4-5 3-4
EN
5
WS
E
S
SW
W
W
SS
WS
July
SW
SW
SS
W
W E
S
WS
WS W
SS
SS
N
15
W
NN
6-7 5-6
E
WS
E
E
E
0-1
7+
NN
7+
NN
10
May
2
SS
S
N 15
5
E
W
10
2-3 1-2
EN
5
N
0-1
2
SS
N
4-5 3-4
20
E
W
NN
6-7 5-6
1-2
EN
E
E N
4
SW
7+
NN
4-5 3-4 2-3
6
SS
W
NN
6-7 5-6
W
S
10
April
E
0-1
0-1
E
8
E
W
N
5
1-2
7+
NN
12
WS
SS
10
2-3 1-2
E
0-1
2
SS
15
4-5 3-4
EN
E
4
N
W
NN
6-7 5-6
10
2-3 1-2
EN
6
E
E
8
7+
NN
N
E
10
4
March
15
4-5 3-4
N
12
N
W
NN
6-7 5-6
S
4-5 3-4 2-3
6
E
W
8
N
W
NN
6-7 5-6
E
SS
SS
10
SW
7+
E
0-1
E
EN
2
February
NN
1-2
7+
NN
W
N 14
4
N 12
WS
W
NN
4-5 3-4 2-3
E
January
S
8
W
NN
6-7 5-6
6
E
W
SS
10
SW
SW
SW S
0-1
E
W
W
W
SS
E
W
1-2
7+
NN
WS
WS
WS SS
5
N 12
EN
2
4-5 3-4 2-3
E
E
0-1
10
W
NN
6-7 5-6
EN
1-2
EN
4
E
E N
6
7+
NN
E N
E N
4-5 3-4 2-3
8
N 15
E N
N W
12 10
W
NN
6-7 5-6
WN W
E
W
7+
NN
N W
N 14
WN W
W
NN
SS
W
E
S
SS
December
College of Design has an HVAC zoning system that has room to get better. One way of creating better zones within the space is splitting up zones based on site orientation. Another is through grouping programs with similar internal loads. In the current system, we see how office spaces, studio spaces, and computer labs are grouped under the same system. Each of those programs have drastically different needs and thus might require a more sensitive distribution of HVAC systems (or/and program distribution).
p. 7
Current Condition: Ventillation
Current Ventillation Scheme Currently, the College of Design (CoD) does not utilize any natural ventillation. The College of Design experiences Buoyant air movement resulting in warm air concentrating in the top of the atrium thereby heating up upper floors. however there is no outlet for this air to leave the building through the roof and is instead currently being pulled mechanically at the NE and SW ends of the building, resulting in a generally less efficent means of ventillation. Windows in CoD are not operable which poses another avenue to explore more efficient ventillation strategies.
Stack Effect
Windward Side
Leeward Side
NORTH + Dominant Wind
Mechanical Ventillation
Ants-eye isometric view of major air circulation channel volumes
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 8
Current Condition: Daylight
Current Daylighting Scheme College of Design has long strips of ribbon windows reminiscent of the modern style that run almost the full length of each floor. They are 5’ high with internal blinds provided to help with glare inside the building (1). The atrium allows for considerable daylight to penetrate the building, however the atrium can lend to glare in offices that face the atrium in the upper levels. This leads to requiring blinds on the glazing on the interior offices as well (2). 1 - glare on NW glazing during summer evening. 2-glare on office windows facing the atrium Winter months cause glare on the windward side of the building during mornings
Summer months cause glare on the leeward side of the building during evenings
Winter months cause glare on the SW glazing in the atrium in the evening
Summer months cause glare on atrium facing office windows during noon
1
2 Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 9
North West (NW) M0599
Current Condition : Energy R0325
0326
M0324 C0322
0330
0334
0340
0346
Current HVAC Zoning C0302
E0305
0316 M0317
0316A
R0325
0326
M0324 C0322
Third Floor
0303
0307
R0375
0034A 0030 0399 0397 0379 0377 0381 03340395 0393 0391 0389 0387 0385 0383 R0025 0340 0346 0352
0330
0044B
E0304 0020
C0302
E0305
C0006 C0336 C0008
0038
M0317
0316A
0316A
0050
M0417 M0068A
M0068C
C0394 0392 0390 0388 0386 0384
0416
C0394 0392 0390 0388 0386 0384 C0398 0396M0009 0098 M0017 0307
0303
0003B
0011
0382 0380 0378
C0385 C0002
0003
0376 0090
C0372
C0073 0077
0085
R0375
R0425
C0432
E0404
C0072 0416B
R0075
M0417
0416
0411
0116A
C0114
C0498
M0068BA
0066
0026
0028
0026
M0024
0038
0038B
0020
C0008
0028
0038
0038B
M0009 0011 R0025
0098
0003B
0003
C0002
0028 0026 0001
M0024
0085A
0034A 0038A 0099 0097 0095 0093 0091 0089
0030
0003A
C0073
0090 C0092
0038
0038B
0077
0085 0044B
0001AA C0006 0001A E0004 C0003 E0005 0034B
0020
0050
0040
C0008
0054
0050
0085
C0060
M0009 0011
0001AB
0003B
C0002
0003A
C0073 0085A 0085
0077
0066
0126B
0526
C0522
Fifth Floor
C0172 0181
M0517
0134B
0134C 0134D
0146A
0141
0146
0156A 0156B 0156C
0158A 0158B
M0224
0134F 0134E
0126
C0106
E0104
C0103
E0105
0156
0116A
0134C 0134D M0117
0134F
0141
First Floor 0134E
E0104
C0106
C0108
0118 C0114
0158
0111
0156B 0156C 0146A 0116 0156A 0111A
0102
0158A 0158B
0160 0162 0164 0166
C0103
E0105
0146
C0115
M0068B
0158
0101B
C0163
0507
M0117
M0068A
C0103B
R0125 M0124 C0122
0126B
0134B
C0119
0134E
0101C
C0106
C0108
E0104
C0103
E0105
C0072
C0115
0116A
R0075 M0117
0118 C0114
0116
0101A 0111B
0141
0226
S0222
S0236
C0202
C0571 0590 0588
0578 0576 0292 0290 0288
0586 0584 0201 0582 0580
0169A 0181A
0234
0230
C0232
C0202
0201
S0215
0252
C0271 S0272 M0274
M0268
0258 S0270
0246A
M0269
C0250 S0236
0205
M0217
M0224 S0222
0292 0290 0288
0297
0203
0286 0284 0282 0280 0278
0276
0203A
0226
0230
0234
C0271 S0272 M0274
C0285
0211
0216
0216A
R0275 0297B 0297A 0295 0293 0291 0289 0287 0285 0283 0281 0279 0277
0240
0246
C0232
0258
E0205
C0202
S0270
0246A
0235
M0268
0262
0252
Second Floor
M0218
0146A
0181 0156A 0156B 0156C
0146
C0163
0156
0158
0205 0207
0169A M0217
M0168
0216A
0216
M0224
0226
S0222
C0170
0203
0297
0211 R0225
0169
R0165
0201
S0215
0203A
M0269
C0250 S0236
C0271 S0272
Existing Section North West (NW)
0292 0290 0288
0276
0286 0284 0282 0280 0278
M0274
C0285
R0275
0230
C0232
Second Floor
0235
E0205
C0202
M0268
0262
0297B 0297A 0234 0295 0293 0291 0289 0287 0285 0283 0281 0279 0277 0246 0252 0240
E0204 0213
0258
S0270
0246A
M0269
C0250 S0236
C0206 M0218
C0172 0181
0181A
M0174 R0175
0201
S0215
0205 0207
M0217
0216A
0216
0203
0297
0292 0290 0288
0286 0284 0282 0280 0278 C0285
0211 0203A
0276
C0271 S0272 M0274 R0275
0297B 0297A 0295 0293 0291 0289 0287 0285 0283 0281 0279 0277
Second Floor
0101B
Scale (feet)
0
Prevailing Wind D North West (NW)
North 0101A
200 0
200
200
400
400
One way of creating better zones within the space is splitting up zones based on site orientation. Another through grouping programs with similar internal loads. In the current system, we see how office spaces, Scaleis (feet) studio spaces, and computer labs are grouped under the same system. Each of those programs have drastically different needs and thus might require a more sensitive distribution of HVAC systems (or/and program distribution).
200
400
600
Air Handlers
600
400
AHU1 AHU2
AHU
AHU
AHU
AHU3
Prevailing Wind D
Wind
AHU5
AHU
AHU
600
Air Handlers
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
200
Air Handlers
AHU4
College of Design has an HVAC zoning system that has room to get better. It’s current organization does not take into account building orientation, climate conditions, programmatic requirements or buidlign geometry.
0
0276
R0275
0262 0246
0240
0235
E0205
0207
R0225
0101 0001AB
0
C0572 0286 0284 0282 0280 0278
M0574 C0285 R0575
0297
0203 C0585
M0269
C0250
0101C
First Floor
200
S0270
0246A C0550
C0206 M0218
M0174 R0175
0213
M0174 R0175 0160 0162 0164 0166 0158A 0158B
0189
0111A
M0268
0262
0258
Existing Section
C0150
C0136
0102
0111
M0568 0562 0252
0558 0246
0203A0589 0587 0585 0583 0599 0597 0595 0593 0591 05810297A 0579 0577 0297B 0295 0293 0291 0289 0287 0285 0283 0281 0279 0277
R0225
C0172 0181
C0103A
M0072
C0594
E0204
C0172
0134C 0134D 0181A
0134F
0126
0552 0240
0205
0213
0101B
0058 M0070 C0071
0596
0207
M0224
0101A
0130
0126A
R0575
C0206
0102
0111
0111A
0116
C0572
C0572
M0574 M0574 R0575
E0204
C0536
E0204
C0150
C0136
C0571
0578
0211
0216
0216A
0235
E0205
0503
M0168
C0170
0189
0111B
C0502
C0598
0169
0169
R0165
0582 0580
C0206
S0215
0101
0118 C0114
C0585
0578 0576 0576
0582 0580
0586 0584 C0585
Second Floor
M0168 0101C
0156
0590 0588
C0232
C0150
C0136
0586 0584
C0594
0599 0597 0595 0593 0591 0589 0587 0585 0583 0581 0579 0577 R0225 0234 0226 0230 0534 0540 0546
E0504
C0170
0189
0111B
C0571 0596
C0598 0503
0169A
C0163 R0165
0562
C0536
0590 0588
C0594
S0222
C0532
0511 M0217
0516B
0160 0162 0164 0166
0130
C0103A
C0064
C0060
0134B
0126
C0119
0001AB
0516
0558
Fifth Floor
M0218 0516A
Prevailing Wind D
0599 0597 0595 0593 0591 0589 0587 0585 0583 0581 0579 0577
0530
0562
0558
0552
0001AA 0001A
Ground Floor
200
0516B
0596
0507
E0505 0213
M0174 R0175
C0108
0546
C0550
C0550
C0502
E0505
0511 0503
0516
C0519
C0472
0130
0001
200 Scale (feet)
M0517
R0525
M0068BA
0099 0097 0095 0093 0091 0089
Scale (feet) Scale (feet)
0158
0507
M0524
0169
R0165
0516A
0511
C0103A C0115
0101
0090 C0092
C0163
0169A M0517 M01680516B
0516
C0150
C0103B
C0119
C0072
0126A
0126B
C0122
0001AA 0001A
0044A
0098 0003
R0475
0160 0162 0164 0166
M0474
0126A
0540
C0536 M0599 E0504
C0598 0516A
C0170
R0125 M0124 C0122
C0103B
M0124
0001
C0502
C0519
C0472 M0474
Fifth Floor
0101A
M0072
R0125
0534
0101
M0068B
R0075
C0085
M0017
0480 0478 0476
0462 0156
R0475 0181A
0058 M0070 C0071
C0073 0077
First Floor
0054
C0485 0102
M0068A
C0060
0044
0085A
M0068C
0044
0490 0488
C0494
M0068C
0099 0097 0095 0093 0091 0089
M0068
0054B
0496
M0068 0054B
0090 C0092
C0002
0003
0116A
R0075
0054A
0034
Ground Floor
M0072
0486 0484 0482
M0468 0487 0485 0483 0481 0479 0477 0499 0497 0495 0493 0491 0489 0158B 0158A
0146
C0471
C0103A 0486 0484 0482 0480 0478 0476 0189
0044A
0098
0003B 0003A
0058 M0070 C0071
0062 C0072
0490 0488
C0494
0156A 0156B 0156C
0458
C0136
0552
M0568
0530
M0068BA
0066
0062
0054A
0040
E0004 C0003 E0005 0034B
M0068A
0044A 0054AA
0496
C0485
C0085
Ground Floor
0054
0050
0401 C0498
0101B
0044B 0038A
M0068C
0044
C0085
M0017
0054B
C0103
0546
C0532
E0505
C0506
C0471
0403
R0475 0146A 0134C 0134D
E0105
0526
E0504
C0519
C0436
0101C
0034A
M0009
M0017
M0068 0054A
0040
E0004 C0003 E0005 0034B
C0008
0011
0034 C0006
C0006
0020
M0068B
C0064
0038A
E0104
C0106 C0436
R0525 M0524
0540
C0506
C0472 M0474
0407
0411
0499 0497 0495 0493 0491 0489 0487 0485 0483 0481 0479 0477
First Floor
0034
0034A
C0108
0111
0111A
0116
0416C M0117
0416A
0030
R0025
M0024
0030
C0119 C0402
0111B 0403
C0064
0001AB
R0025
C0485
0401 0118
0407
0054AA
0044B
0416
C0532
0534
C0506 C0115
M0072
Fourth Floor
0062
C0402
C0450
0001AA 0001A
0054AA
0480 0478 0476
0486 0484 0482 0416B
0432M0124 0433
E0405
0001
Ground Floor
0490 0488
C0494
C0522
0462
0458
C0450
E0404
C0406
0496
0452
0446
C0471
M0417 0134B 0416A 0416C C0103B 0481 0479 0477 0499 0497 0495 0493 0491 0489 0487 0485 0483 0433A R0125 0434 0452 0440 0130 0446 0126A 0134F 0141 Fourth Floor 0126B 0126 0134E C0122
0426
C0419
0399 0397 03950003A 0393 0391 0389 0387 0385 0383 0379 0377 0381 0093 0091 0089 0099 0097 0095
Third Floor
C0436
0403 0426A 0433B
R0375
C0422
Fourth Floor
C0498
C0372
0440
M0568
0530
C0522
E0405
M0374
0379 0377 0381
0416C M0424
0434
C0406
0085AM0374
C0092
C0402
M0468
0433A 0432 0433
0526
M0524
C0432
C0419
0407
0411
0399 0397 0395 0393 0391 0389 0387 0385 0383
0416A
0376
0382 0380 0378
C0385
0426
C0422
C0371
C0406
0058 M0070 C0071
C0371 0044A
R0425 M0424
C0450
E0405
C0336
R0525
0462
0458 0426A 0433B
M0368
0362
0401 M0068B C0398 0396 0416B
C0060
M0369 0054
C0302
0303
0307
M0068
0054B
0044
0040
E0004 C0003 E0005 0034B
E0304
C0064
0452
0446
0358
E0404 M0369
C0085
0311A 0311
0311
M0368
0054A C0370
0038B
C0306
0316
M0317
0358
C0350 0034
0352
C0306
Third Floor
0028
0026
M0024
C0332
C0319
C0432
0346
0440
C0370
0311A
0316
0362
0038A
0340
E0305 M0068BA
0066
0062
C0372 M0374
C0385
0334
C0332
C0319
0054AA
0376
0382 0380 0378
0330
0434
0432 0433
C0419 C0350
C0371
C0398 0396 C0394 0392 0390 0388 0386 0384 0311
0326
M0468
0433A
C0422
R0325 M0324 C0322
C0306 0311A
M0369
C0350 C0336
0426
M0424 C0370
E0304
R0425
0358
C0332
C0319
M0599
0426A 0433B
M0368
0362
0352
600
Air Handlers
AHU1 AHU2
p. 10 AHU4 AHU1 AHU3
Current Condition: On-Site Energy
On Site Energy Potential
Annual Solar Radiation Map
Ames has a lot of potential for wind energy and it is typically relegated to windmills on fields. Vertical mindmills may offer an alternate on-site energy production alternative in the coming future. Solar panels work best at site latitude (42.0308° N for Ames). The radiation map shows the potential for energy generation with the best surfaces being the horizontal roofs of the building and the auditorium.
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 11
Current Condition: Intervention Targets
Programmatic Diversity This project looks at the major types of spaces within the College of Design to approach the different challenges faced by the distinct spaces. In particular, three main types of spaces are identified: the studio spaces (facing NW), Interior offices that face the atrium (also facing NW) and Exterior Offices facing outside (facing SE)
SW
NE
Studio
Chosen programs as they exist in the upper floors.
Corridor (Egress) Atrium facing office Exterior facing office
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 12
Daylighting strategy Shading Currently, there are no shading devices provided for any of the glazing and as a result results in very inefficient daylighting strategies including the use of venetian blinds or roller shades that act as the main source of protection from glare. While the direct penetration of sunlight is advantageous in the predominantly winter months as a source of heat, due to glare shades generally fully closed and as a result the possible gains are generally lost. The use of blinds especially in the interior offices can lead to loss in daylighting which could be captured through providing appropriate shading. The direct daylight is currently shaded in some spaces through the use of plants which may have biophillic properties and help emotional state. However, if not for plants, an appropriate shading system can increase natural daylight within the space that helps with circadian rhythm and vision in both offices. While the blinds may still be required for the sake of privacy in the interior offices, the closing of blinds due to glare may be reduced through appropriate shading. The lack of shading in the studio spaces allows for expansive views outside the building. Thus choosing a shading device requires balancing daylight, glare, solar radiation control and views.
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
sDA 300/50%
ASE
Lux
p. 13
Daylighting strategy Shading + Energy Gain To develop shading, the cutoff days of mid-april to mid-september as seen in the heating vs cooling degree days is used. While the sun may cause glare in winter months, by reducing direct incidence of solar radiation on the window in summer we can reduce cooling costs. Since glare prevention is required in spaces that have low altitude winter sun, this method allows the sun to avoid the shades and heat the glass. If we split the facade into three seperate zones for lighting, the top and bottom third of the space can be used for daylighting and thermal gains while avoiding glare and the middle glare can be used for additional daylighting, or for views. SE Facade: Reference day: April 15 NW Facade and NW interior glazing: Reference day: Summer Solstice
NW
SE Solar altitude on Summer Solistice at 17:00 PM Deep light shelf to push second reflected light deeper
29°
Solar altitude on April 15: 10 AM
Daylight shelf bounces light deeper into the room to balance lighting without glare
45.00 106.74
77.06
39.88
57.18
46° 138.00
Ext. Office
90.00
Int. Office
27.00
Atrium
27.00
90.00
138.00
Studio
View Window shaded to protect view and visual comfort Solar radiation window heats up space without glare in winter
410.64
Solar radiation window heats up space without glare in winter (the NW oriented windows receive direct Eastern lighting and thus may still attempt to use radiant heat)
The North West facade requires the shading to be adopted according to a different date. The worst case for this facade is during the summer months as it heats up the space with direct daylight. Summer Solstice: Azi/Alt -83.80° / 29.34°
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
The North West Facade of the upper floors will require the deepest horizontal shading due to the low angle of the sun coming through the glass atrium.
The South East facade is designed according to the solar position during April 15th (the date where heating and cooling degree days converge)
p. 14
Radiation Analysis Radiation The radiation on the glazing is analyzed to understand energy loads on the glass. The annual radiation is highest as seen
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
Annual Radiation on glazing
Radiation during warm hours
Radiation during warm hours
p. 15
Daylighting strategy Optimization through Climate Studio This shading scheme was then developed in Climate Studio to meet the required daylighting targets. A major cause for concern is the orientaion that emphasizes the sun during surise and sunset and vertical shading was hence added. The light shelves allowed light to penetrate deeper without creating heat zones in the middle of the room. The interior office could do without the light shelf since it is very small and this method actually led to a higher than needed daylight spread. Though the tested days were daylit appropriately, to get a better annual measurement, the horizontal louvers were rotated 15 degrees and vertical louvers were rotated 45 degrees to face the East Sun perpendicularly in the SE offices.
Offices
Studio
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
Studio
Offices
p. 16
Daylighting strategy Shading The final arrangement allows for close to complete daylight autonomy within the space while reducing glare and maintaining a reasonable spread of daylight within the space. The biggest drawbacks however to this shading system was that SE facing offices had their views diminished by the angular shading devices. An average light level of 456 lux was maintained annually and glare was completely removed. This does lead to lower thermal gains through the upper windows but the lower window below the view window will be tested to see if it allows thermal gains in winter.
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
sDA 300/50%
ASE
Lux
p. 17
Thermal analysis The basic thermal input shows the building operating above Site EUI. The first update saw the reconfiguration of occupancy charts for the heating and cooling to reflect uninhabited weekends. Better window panels were also introduced in this step though there was only a small change at this level. The addition of natural ventillation added a lot of energy to the calculation though the
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
Base level
New level without shades
New level with shades
p. 18
Natural Ventilation strategy
North West (NW)
North West (NW)
45'-0"
South East (SE)
South East (SE)
14'-4"
Factors affecting Stack Ventilation: Temperature difference between inside and outside Effective area of the openings and obstructions Total buoyant pressure difference \Delta P_b driving the flow
14'-4"
Ventilation focus: Stack/ buoyancy-driven ventilation
Proposed Section for Proposed Section for Better Natural Ventilation Better Natural Ventilation
45'-0"
Changing Stack Height
South East (SE)
South East (SE)
Prevailing Wind Direction Prevailing Wind Direction
Existing Section
Existing Section
North West (NW)
North West (NW)
Prevailing Wind Direction Prevailing Wind Direction
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 19
Ventillation Strategy This ventillation strategy tries to accomodat the existing egress pathways by enclosing them and attempting to ventillate depedning on orientation. The offices on the windward side can be ventillated through single side ventillation while the rest of the spaces can be integrated into the atrium to make use of the stack effect. By creating an outlet for this in the leeward side (facing the studios) allows for stack effect to make use of wind pressure as well. This system would have to be mechanically operable to shut this down in the winter months as these months would not be suitable for natural ventillation.
SE
54.00
NW
138.00
Ext. Office
90.00
Int. Office Egress
View Window shaded to protect view and visual comfort Solar radiation window heats up space without glare in winter
27.00
Atrium
27.00
90.00
138.00
Studio
42.00
45.00
42.00
Daylight shelf bounces light deeper into the room to balance lighting without glare
410.64
Leeward Side
The open plan of the studio spaces may have allowed for some cross ventillation but since it is on the leeward side, stack ventillation by connecting the studio to the atrium is used to ventillate naturally.
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
To accomodate natural ventillation, this egress is enclosed for safety.
Due to its seperation from the facade, this office may use natural ventillation through stack ventillation
The South East facade benefits from being in the windward direction. However due to the egress after it, a natural ventillation strategy using single side ventillation may work better.
Windward Side
p. 20
Natural Ventillation
July Ventilation Analysis (using MIT Coolvent) The Quotidian changes observed gives us a good glimpse at the thermal challenges during July. July was picked as a test month due to it being the hottest month of the year. While we expect cooling to be a challenge, we can see that it gets hotter as the day progresses. The following sets were done to check performance during occupancy between 9am and 7pm.
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 21
Natural Ventillation
July Ventilation Analysis (using MIT Coolvent) By noon we see an increase in temperatures within the building above comfort levels. It continues to get hotter as we progress through the day till 7pm. We can then see solar radiation have a strong influence on the internal temperatures.
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 22
Natural Ventillation
July Ventilation Analysis (using MIT Coolvent) All together, it is interesting to see how ventillation takes place in the central atrium throughout the day. The direction of wind is seen to switch throughout the day. While this may decrease comfort in these analysis, it should be better when tested in IES VE as MIT coolvent does not allow us to change chimney opening by leveraging its side to create openings. Natural Ventillation does however still offer benefits in this limited analysis as we see around 34% comfort achievable through natural ventillation throughout the zones.
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 23
Natural Ventillation
Stack Height - +15’
Comfort Analysis - Stack Height Buoyancy driven ventillation seen in stack ventillation is dependent on the interior temperature gradient being greater than exterior temperature difference at the openings. The next factor that affects it is pressure difference between the top and the bottom. This means that by increasing the stack height we should substanitally see an increase in the flow of air.
July - +30’ From tesing this in MIT Coolvent, the relationships hold up. The magnitude of differnce it made however is small and hence could be checked in IES VE to be sure.
July 45’ Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 24
Natural Ventillation
January
Comfort Analysis - January vs July vs September Looking at the different seasons, January gets hard to ventillate due to the freezing exterior temperatures (which need to be warmed if used to ventillate). July as we looked in detail gets very hot, however it still is beneficial to integrate passive natural systems. Finally in September, we see that comfortable exterior conditions allow for plenty of natural ventillation. November to April does not seem to produce any comfort through natural ventillation and hence can be say that we can naturally ventillate the building from May to October.
July
September Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 25
Natural Ventillation Multi Day Test Peak External Flow (Jun-Aug) The following slices are taken from the day of peak flow through external vents in the period between June and August
Base Geometry
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
Velocity filled Contours These slices show us that there is airflow and accumulation in the stack as air moves through the building. We see that air speeds up as it moves up and out of the exit while it enters the space slowly.
p. 26
Natural Ventillation
Base Geometry
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
Temperature filled Contours The temperature contours show us how warm air from the floor rises up and mixes with other air and quickly escapes out of the exit and does not accumulate on the shaft.
p. 27
Natural Ventillation
March 3
July 23
November 11
Leeward Side (studios)
Velocity
Velocity
Velocity
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
p. 28
Natural Ventillation Single Side ventillation test
Base Geometry of windward side office cells
Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X
Macro flow vent rates The following slices are taken from the day of peak flow through external vents in the period between June and August
Velocity vectors: The vectors here show us that air is entering through the top and exits in the bottom of the room. Since in summer months the air outside is warmer, the cold air escapes trhough the bottom pulling in warm air from the top.
Temperature Contour: The filled contours show warm air that is pulled into the space as the cold air escapes.
p. 29
ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AS DRIVERS FOR DESIGN Arch 551 X | Prof. Ulrike Passe