Building Energy Modelling Portfolio

Class

Portfolio

ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AS DRIVERS FOR DESIGN Arch 551 X | Prof.

Ulrike Passe

Methodology

Climate Simulation Plan

Start

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

Site Climate Analysis

Daylighting

Electrical Lighting

Ventillation

Schedule (Lighting+ Ventilation)

Internal Climate

HVAC

Site Energy

Solar PV

Thermal Performance / Energy Analysis

p. 2

Introduction

Existing Structure

Site Plan

Grid: 100' x 100'

North

This assignment looks at proposing changes to the College of Design building in Ames, Iowa to reimagine the building as a more environmnetally integrated to improve occupant comfort and create a more energy efficient climate control strategy. This is done by redesigning shading, creating better natural ventillation strategies, understanding on-site power generation (through solar PV) and integrating natural daylighting with electrical lighting to meet occupant needs.

The facade is then reimagined to be a more responsive envelope to tackle the complex climatic conditions prevalent in this region.

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

Location: College of Design, Ames, Iowa Coordinates: - 42.0308° N, 93.6319° W Orientation: Southeast (SE) Climate Heat Zone: 5

p. 3

Climate Analysis

Annual Sun Path

Heating vs Cooling Degree Days

90

Analemma

80

June

70

Cooling degree days (deg)

700

March December

60

600 500

50

400

40

300

30

200

20

100

10 0

Heating degree days (deg)

800

Azimuth (deg) -150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

The sun path diagram shows us that the sun moves from an altitude of 70 degrees in June to around 25 degrees in December. The sun shading devices then needs to deal with this low angle sun when designing for glare.

April 15) 9AM: Azi/Alt = 112.64° / 36.75°, 5:30PM: Azi/Alt = -95.14° / 20.45°

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

0 J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

The heating vs cooling degree days graph shows us that we require cooling from mid april to mid september, after which we require heating from mid-september to mid-april. Ames is a heating dominated climate with very harsh winters that impact shading considerations as we will have to balance solar gains in winter vs. glare. Thus we see a trade-off between visual comfort and passive heating.

p. 4

Climate Analysis

Radiation on Facade

Radiation (kWh/m2)

Annual Solar Radiation Map

240

Horizontal

220

South

200

East

180

West

160

North

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J

False color map of annual solar radiation levels for different surface orientations, using an upward-facing hemisphere

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

The radiation on the facade shows us possible gains in the east and west facades for passive heating. Passive solar gains on the south increases in winter with lower angle sun which could be leveraged for passive solar after balancing with visual comfort.

p. 5

Climate Analysis

Psychrometric chart

Annual Wind Rose

W NN

14

N

7+

NN

E

6-7

12

N

W

10

E N

Active Cooling may be used to cool and dehumidify air.

Passive shading supports cooling

8

WN

E

4 2

E

W

Dehumidification system may be used

Goldilock Comfort Zone

EN

W

6

5-6 4-5 3-4 2-3 1-2 0-1

W

ES

E

WS

Active Heating with high insulation and low inflitration required Leads to loss in RH -> Need humidification

SE

SW SS

W

The psychrometric chart shows us that Ames is a heating dominated climate zone. Winter months require humidification while summer shows some need for dehumidification. This needs to be kept in mind if implementing natural ventillation as the air would change internal humidity if not controlled.

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

E

S

SS

The wind rose displays the annual wind patterns for Ames made from weather data obtained from Boone. From looking at the highest frequencies and highest speeds, we can set prevailing wind directions are from the north (N). The other more frequent wind directions are northwest (NW), southeast (SE) and south-southeast (SSE). The prevailing winds will impact wind driven natural ventillation and hence needs to be incorporated into any natural ventillation strategy.

p. 6

Climate Analysis Heating period Cooling period

Monthly Wind Rose

N W

E

W

E ES

E ES

SE

SE

SE

W N

W WN

E

0-1

E ES SE

E

E ES SE

E

E ES SE

5

W

W N

W WN

W N

W WN W

E

E ES SE

E ES SE

W

E

W

E

E ES SE

WN W

N W

WN W

E

E

E ES

E SE

W N

W WN

W

N W

WN W W

N W

ES

E ES W N

W WN

W N

E

E

W

E

E ES SE

SE

WN W W

W WN W

W

November

3-4 2-3 1-2

E

SS

0-1

4-5

10

2-3 1-2

EN

E

S

E

W

EN

2

6-7 5-6

E

4

E

N

October

4-5 3-4

6

SS

0-1

7+

NN

SW

SS

E N

8

N 15

W

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

E

S

1-2

SS

WS

The dominant wind is towards the north, therefore the south-east facade generally is at a higher pressure. This switches however from March-May, where the wind blows due east, this means north-western facade is at a higher pressure. If we were to design the exits of the natural ventillation through stack ventillation, both would however result in wind collecting in the atrium and would be moved outh through the roof.

W

SW

10

SW

September

SS

S

W

NN

6-7 5-6

W

SS

E

WS

E

S

7+

NN

E

0-1

4-5 3-4 2-3

June

EN

E

W

SW

August

SS

W

SS

W

2-3 1-2

N 12

6-7 5-6

E

W

E

4-5 3-4

EN

5

WS

E

S

SW

W

W

SS

WS

July

SW

SW

SS

W

W E

S

WS

WS W

SS

SS

N

15

W

NN

6-7 5-6

E

WS

E

E

E

0-1

7+

NN

7+

NN

10

May

2

SS

S

N 15

5

E

W

10

2-3 1-2

EN

5

N

0-1

2

SS

N

4-5 3-4

20

E

W

NN

6-7 5-6

1-2

EN

E

E N

4

SW

7+

NN

4-5 3-4 2-3

6

SS

W

NN

6-7 5-6

W

S

10

April

E

0-1

0-1

E

8

E

W

N

5

1-2

7+

NN

12

WS

SS

10

2-3 1-2

E

0-1

2

SS

15

4-5 3-4

EN

E

4

N

W

NN

6-7 5-6

10

2-3 1-2

EN

6

E

E

8

7+

NN

N

E

10

4

March

15

4-5 3-4

N

12

N

W

NN

6-7 5-6

S

4-5 3-4 2-3

6

E

W

8

N

W

NN

6-7 5-6

E

SS

SS

10

SW

7+

E

0-1

E

EN

2

February

NN

1-2

7+

NN

W

N 14

4

N 12

WS

W

NN

4-5 3-4 2-3

E

January

S

8

W

NN

6-7 5-6

6

E

W

SS

10

SW

SW

SW S

0-1

E

W

W

W

SS

E

W

1-2

7+

NN

WS

WS

WS SS

5

N 12

EN

2

4-5 3-4 2-3

E

E

0-1

10

W

NN

6-7 5-6

EN

1-2

EN

4

E

E N

6

7+

NN

E N

E N

4-5 3-4 2-3

8

N 15

E N

N W

12 10

W

NN

6-7 5-6

WN W

E

W

7+

NN

N W

N 14

WN W

W

NN

SS

W

E

S

SS

December

College of Design has an HVAC zoning system that has room to get better. One way of creating better zones within the space is splitting up zones based on site orientation. Another is through grouping programs with similar internal loads. In the current system, we see how office spaces, studio spaces, and computer labs are grouped under the same system. Each of those programs have drastically different needs and thus might require a more sensitive distribution of HVAC systems (or/and program distribution).

p. 7

Current Condition: Ventillation

Current Ventillation Scheme Currently, the College of Design (CoD) does not utilize any natural ventillation. The College of Design experiences Buoyant air movement resulting in warm air concentrating in the top of the atrium thereby heating up upper floors. however there is no outlet for this air to leave the building through the roof and is instead currently being pulled mechanically at the NE and SW ends of the building, resulting in a generally less efficent means of ventillation. Windows in CoD are not operable which poses another avenue to explore more efficient ventillation strategies.

Stack Effect

Windward Side

Leeward Side

NORTH + Dominant Wind

Mechanical Ventillation

Ants-eye isometric view of major air circulation channel volumes

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 8

Current Condition: Daylight

Current Daylighting Scheme College of Design has long strips of ribbon windows reminiscent of the modern style that run almost the full length of each floor.

They are 5’ high with internal blinds provided to help with glare inside the building (1).

The atrium allows for considerable daylight to penetrate the building, however the atrium can lend to glare in offices that face the atrium in the upper levels. This leads to requiring blinds on the glazing on the interior offices as well (2).

1 - glare on NW glazing during summer evening.

2-glare on office windows facing the atrium Winter months cause glare on the windward side of the building during mornings

Summer months cause glare on the leeward side of the building during evenings

Winter months cause glare on the SW glazing in the atrium in the evening

Summer months cause glare on atrium facing office windows during noon

1

2 Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 9

North West (NW) M0599

Current Condition : Energy R0325

0326

M0324 C0322

0330

0334

0340

0346

Current HVAC Zoning C0302

E0305

0316 M0317

0316A

R0325

0326

M0324 C0322

Third Floor

0303

0307

R0375

0034A 0030 0399 0397 0379 0377 0381 03340395 0393 0391 0389 0387 0385 0383 R0025 0340 0346 0352

0330

0044B

E0304 0020

C0302

E0305

C0006 C0336 C0008

0038

M0317

0316A

0316A

0050

M0417 M0068A

M0068C

C0394 0392 0390 0388 0386 0384

0416

C0394 0392 0390 0388 0386 0384 C0398 0396M0009 0098 M0017 0307

0303

0003B

0011

0382 0380 0378

C0385 C0002

0003

0376 0090

C0372

C0073 0077

0085

R0375

R0425

C0432

E0404

C0072 0416B

R0075

M0417

0416

0411

0116A

C0114

C0498

M0068BA

0066

0026

0028

0026

M0024

0038

0038B

0020

C0008

0028

0038

0038B

M0009 0011 R0025

0098

0003B

0003

C0002

0028 0026 0001

M0024

0085A

0034A 0038A 0099 0097 0095 0093 0091 0089

0030

0003A

C0073

0090 C0092

0038

0038B

0077

0085 0044B

0001AA C0006 0001A E0004 C0003 E0005 0034B

0020

0050

0040

C0008

0054

0050

0085

C0060

M0009 0011

0001AB

0003B

C0002

0003A

C0073 0085A 0085

0077

0066

0126B

0526

C0522

Fifth Floor

C0172 0181

M0517

0134B

0134C 0134D

0146A

0141

0146

0156A 0156B 0156C

0158A 0158B

M0224

0134F 0134E

0126

C0106

E0104

C0103

E0105

0156

0116A

0134C 0134D M0117

0134F

0141

First Floor 0134E

E0104

C0106

C0108

0118 C0114

0158

0111

0156B 0156C 0146A 0116 0156A 0111A

0102

0158A 0158B

0160 0162 0164 0166

C0103

E0105

0146

C0115

M0068B

0158

0101B

C0163

0507

M0117

M0068A

C0103B

R0125 M0124 C0122

0126B

0134B

C0119

0134E

0101C

C0106

C0108

E0104

C0103

E0105

C0072

C0115

0116A

R0075 M0117

0118 C0114

0116

0101A 0111B

0141

0226

S0222

S0236

C0202

C0571 0590 0588

0578 0576 0292 0290 0288

0586 0584 0201 0582 0580

0169A 0181A

0234

0230

C0232

C0202

0201

S0215

0252

C0271 S0272 M0274

M0268

0258 S0270

0246A

M0269

C0250 S0236

0205

M0217

M0224 S0222

0292 0290 0288

0297

0203

0286 0284 0282 0280 0278

0276

0203A

0226

0230

0234

C0271 S0272 M0274

C0285

0211

0216

0216A

R0275 0297B 0297A 0295 0293 0291 0289 0287 0285 0283 0281 0279 0277

0240

0246

C0232

0258

E0205

C0202

S0270

0246A

0235

M0268

0262

0252

Second Floor

M0218

0146A

0181 0156A 0156B 0156C

0146

C0163

0156

0158

0205 0207

0169A M0217

M0168

0216A

0216

M0224

0226

S0222

C0170

0203

0297

0211 R0225

0169

R0165

0201

S0215

0203A

M0269

C0250 S0236

C0271 S0272

Existing Section North West (NW)

0292 0290 0288

0276

0286 0284 0282 0280 0278

M0274

C0285

R0275

0230

C0232

Second Floor

0235

E0205

C0202

M0268

0262

0297B 0297A 0234 0295 0293 0291 0289 0287 0285 0283 0281 0279 0277 0246 0252 0240

E0204 0213

0258

S0270

0246A

M0269

C0250 S0236

C0206 M0218

C0172 0181

0181A

M0174 R0175

0201

S0215

0205 0207

M0217

0216A

0216

0203

0297

0292 0290 0288

0286 0284 0282 0280 0278 C0285

0211 0203A

0276

C0271 S0272 M0274 R0275

0297B 0297A 0295 0293 0291 0289 0287 0285 0283 0281 0279 0277

Second Floor

0101B

Scale (feet)

0

Prevailing Wind D North West (NW)

North 0101A

200 0

200

200

400

400

One way of creating better zones within the space is splitting up zones based on site orientation. Another through grouping programs with similar internal loads. In the current system, we see how office spaces, Scaleis (feet) studio spaces, and computer labs are grouped under the same system. Each of those programs have drastically different needs and thus might require a more sensitive distribution of HVAC systems (or/and program distribution).

200

400

600

Air Handlers

600

400

AHU1 AHU2

AHU

AHU

AHU

AHU3

Prevailing Wind D

Wind

AHU5

AHU

AHU

600

Air Handlers

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

200

Air Handlers

AHU4

College of Design has an HVAC zoning system that has room to get better. It’s current organization does not take into account building orientation, climate conditions, programmatic requirements or buidlign geometry.

0

0276

R0275

0262 0246

0240

0235

E0205

0207

R0225

0101 0001AB

0

C0572 0286 0284 0282 0280 0278

M0574 C0285 R0575

0297

0203 C0585

M0269

C0250

0101C

First Floor

200

S0270

0246A C0550

C0206 M0218

M0174 R0175

0213

M0174 R0175 0160 0162 0164 0166 0158A 0158B

0189

0111A

M0268

0262

0258

Existing Section

C0150

C0136

0102

0111

M0568 0562 0252

0558 0246

0203A0589 0587 0585 0583 0599 0597 0595 0593 0591 05810297A 0579 0577 0297B 0295 0293 0291 0289 0287 0285 0283 0281 0279 0277

R0225

C0172 0181

C0103A

M0072

C0594

E0204

C0172

0134C 0134D 0181A

0134F

0126

0552 0240

0205

0213

0101B

0058 M0070 C0071

0596

0207

M0224

0101A

0130

0126A

R0575

C0206

0102

0111

0111A

0116

C0572

C0572

M0574 M0574 R0575

E0204

C0536

E0204

C0150

C0136

C0571

0578

0211

0216

0216A

0235

E0205

0503

M0168

C0170

0189

0111B

C0502

C0598

0169

0169

R0165

0582 0580

C0206

S0215

0101

0118 C0114

C0585

0578 0576 0576

0582 0580

0586 0584 C0585

Second Floor

M0168 0101C

0156

0590 0588

C0232

C0150

C0136

0586 0584

C0594

0599 0597 0595 0593 0591 0589 0587 0585 0583 0581 0579 0577 R0225 0234 0226 0230 0534 0540 0546

E0504

C0170

0189

0111B

C0571 0596

C0598 0503

0169A

C0163 R0165

0562

C0536

0590 0588

C0594

S0222

C0532

0511 M0217

0516B

0160 0162 0164 0166

0130

C0103A

C0064

C0060

0134B

0126

C0119

0001AB

0516

0558

Fifth Floor

M0218 0516A

Prevailing Wind D

0599 0597 0595 0593 0591 0589 0587 0585 0583 0581 0579 0577

0530

0562

0558

0552

0001AA 0001A

Ground Floor

200

0516B

0596

0507

E0505 0213

M0174 R0175

C0108

0546

C0550

C0550

C0502

E0505

0511 0503

0516

C0519

C0472

0130

0001

200 Scale (feet)

M0517

R0525

M0068BA

0099 0097 0095 0093 0091 0089

Scale (feet) Scale (feet)

0158

0507

M0524

0169

R0165

0516A

0511

C0103A C0115

0101

0090 C0092

C0163

0169A M0517 M01680516B

0516

C0150

C0103B

C0119

C0072

0126A

0126B

C0122

0001AA 0001A

0044A

0098 0003

R0475

0160 0162 0164 0166

M0474

0126A

0540

C0536 M0599 E0504

C0598 0516A

C0170

R0125 M0124 C0122

C0103B

M0124

0001

C0502

C0519

C0472 M0474

Fifth Floor

0101A

M0072

R0125

0534

0101

M0068B

R0075

C0085

M0017

0480 0478 0476

0462 0156

R0475 0181A

0058 M0070 C0071

C0073 0077

First Floor

0054

C0485 0102

M0068A

C0060

0044

0085A

M0068C

0044

0490 0488

C0494

M0068C

0099 0097 0095 0093 0091 0089

M0068

0054B

0496

M0068 0054B

0090 C0092

C0002

0003

0116A

R0075

0054A

0034

Ground Floor

M0072

0486 0484 0482

M0468 0487 0485 0483 0481 0479 0477 0499 0497 0495 0493 0491 0489 0158B 0158A

0146

C0471

C0103A 0486 0484 0482 0480 0478 0476 0189

0044A

0098

0003B 0003A

0058 M0070 C0071

0062 C0072

0490 0488

C0494

0156A 0156B 0156C

0458

C0136

0552

M0568

0530

M0068BA

0066

0062

0054A

0040

E0004 C0003 E0005 0034B

M0068A

0044A 0054AA

0496

C0485

C0085

Ground Floor

0054

0050

0401 C0498

0101B

0044B 0038A

M0068C

0044

C0085

M0017

0054B

C0103

0546

C0532

E0505

C0506

C0471

0403

R0475 0146A 0134C 0134D

E0105

0526

E0504

C0519

C0436

0101C

0034A

M0009

M0017

M0068 0054A

0040

E0004 C0003 E0005 0034B

C0008

0011

0034 C0006

C0006

0020

M0068B

C0064

0038A

E0104

C0106 C0436

R0525 M0524

0540

C0506

C0472 M0474

0407

0411

0499 0497 0495 0493 0491 0489 0487 0485 0483 0481 0479 0477

First Floor

0034

0034A

C0108

0111

0111A

0116

0416C M0117

0416A

0030

R0025

M0024

0030

C0119 C0402

0111B 0403

C0064

0001AB

R0025

C0485

0401 0118

0407

0054AA

0044B

0416

C0532

0534

C0506 C0115

M0072

Fourth Floor

0062

C0402

C0450

0001AA 0001A

0054AA

0480 0478 0476

0486 0484 0482 0416B

0432M0124 0433

E0405

0001

Ground Floor

0490 0488

C0494

C0522

0462

0458

C0450

E0404

C0406

0496

0452

0446

C0471

M0417 0134B 0416A 0416C C0103B 0481 0479 0477 0499 0497 0495 0493 0491 0489 0487 0485 0483 0433A R0125 0434 0452 0440 0130 0446 0126A 0134F 0141 Fourth Floor 0126B 0126 0134E C0122

0426

C0419

0399 0397 03950003A 0393 0391 0389 0387 0385 0383 0379 0377 0381 0093 0091 0089 0099 0097 0095

Third Floor

C0436

0403 0426A 0433B

R0375

C0422

Fourth Floor

C0498

C0372

0440

M0568

0530

C0522

E0405

M0374

0379 0377 0381

0416C M0424

0434

C0406

0085AM0374

C0092

C0402

M0468

0433A 0432 0433

0526

M0524

C0432

C0419

0407

0411

0399 0397 0395 0393 0391 0389 0387 0385 0383

0416A

0376

0382 0380 0378

C0385

0426

C0422

C0371

C0406

0058 M0070 C0071

C0371 0044A

R0425 M0424

C0450

E0405

C0336

R0525

0462

0458 0426A 0433B

M0368

0362

0401 M0068B C0398 0396 0416B

C0060

M0369 0054

C0302

0303

0307

M0068

0054B

0044

0040

E0004 C0003 E0005 0034B

E0304

C0064

0452

0446

0358

E0404 M0369

C0085

0311A 0311

0311

M0368

0054A C0370

0038B

C0306

0316

M0317

0358

C0350 0034

0352

C0306

Third Floor

0028

0026

M0024

C0332

C0319

C0432

0346

0440

C0370

0311A

0316

0362

0038A

0340

E0305 M0068BA

0066

0062

C0372 M0374

C0385

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0382 0380 0378

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C0419 C0350

C0371

C0398 0396 C0394 0392 0390 0388 0386 0384 0311

0326

M0468

0433A

C0422

R0325 M0324 C0322

C0306 0311A

M0369

C0350 C0336

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M0424 C0370

E0304

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0426A 0433B

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600

Air Handlers

AHU1 AHU2

p. 10 AHU4 AHU1 AHU3

Current Condition: On-Site Energy

On Site Energy Potential

Annual Solar Radiation Map

Ames has a lot of potential for wind energy and it is typically relegated to windmills on fields.

Vertical mindmills may offer an alternate on-site energy production alternative in the coming future.

Solar panels work best at site latitude (42.0308° N for Ames). The radiation map shows the potential for energy generation with the best surfaces being the horizontal roofs of the building and the auditorium.

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 11

Current Condition: Intervention Targets

Programmatic Diversity This project looks at the major types of spaces within the College of Design to approach the different challenges faced by the distinct spaces. In particular, three main types of spaces are identified: the studio spaces (facing NW), Interior offices that face the atrium (also facing NW) and Exterior Offices facing outside (facing SE)

SW

NE

Studio

Chosen programs as they exist in the upper floors.

Corridor (Egress) Atrium facing office Exterior facing office

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 12

Daylighting strategy Shading Currently, there are no shading devices provided for any of the glazing and as a result results in very inefficient daylighting strategies including the use of venetian blinds or roller shades that act as the main source of protection from glare. While the direct penetration of sunlight is advantageous in the predominantly winter months as a source of heat, due to glare shades generally fully closed and as a result the possible gains are generally lost. The use of blinds especially in the interior offices can lead to loss in daylighting which could be captured through providing appropriate shading. The direct daylight is currently shaded in some spaces through the use of plants which may have biophillic properties and help emotional state. However, if not for plants, an appropriate shading system can increase natural daylight within the space that helps with circadian rhythm and vision in both offices. While the blinds may still be required for the sake of privacy in the interior offices, the closing of blinds due to glare may be reduced through appropriate shading.

The lack of shading in the studio spaces allows for expansive views outside the building. Thus choosing a shading device requires balancing daylight, glare, solar radiation control and views.

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

sDA 300/50%

ASE

Lux

p. 13

Daylighting strategy Shading + Energy Gain To develop shading, the cutoff days of mid-april to mid-september as seen in the heating vs cooling degree days is used. While the sun may cause glare in winter months, by reducing direct incidence of solar radiation on the window in summer we can reduce cooling costs. Since glare prevention is required in spaces that have low altitude winter sun, this method allows the sun to avoid the shades and heat the glass. If we split the facade into three seperate zones for lighting, the top and bottom third of the space can be used for daylighting and thermal gains while avoiding glare and the middle glare can be used for additional daylighting, or for views.

SE Facade: Reference day: April 15 NW Facade and NW interior glazing: Reference day: Summer Solstice

NW

SE Solar altitude on Summer Solistice at 17:00 PM Deep light shelf to push second reflected light deeper

29°

Solar altitude on April 15: 10 AM

Daylight shelf bounces light deeper into the room to balance lighting without glare

45.00 106.74

77.06

39.88

57.18

46° 138.00

Ext. Office

90.00

Int. Office

27.00

Atrium

27.00

90.00

138.00

Studio

View Window shaded to protect view and visual comfort Solar radiation window heats up space without glare in winter

410.64

Solar radiation window heats up space without glare in winter (the NW oriented windows receive direct Eastern lighting and thus may still attempt to use radiant heat)

The North West facade requires the shading to be adopted according to a different date.

The worst case for this facade is during the summer months as it heats up the space with direct daylight.

Summer Solstice: Azi/Alt -83.80° / 29.34°

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

The North West Facade of the upper floors will require the deepest horizontal shading due to the low angle of the sun coming through the glass atrium.

The South East facade is designed according to the solar position during April 15th (the date where heating and cooling degree days converge)

p. 14

Radiation Analysis Radiation The radiation on the glazing is analyzed to understand energy loads on the glass. The annual radiation is highest as seen

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

Annual Radiation on glazing

Radiation during warm hours

Radiation during warm hours

p. 15

Daylighting strategy Optimization through Climate Studio This shading scheme was then developed in Climate Studio to meet the required daylighting targets.

A major cause for concern is the orientaion that emphasizes the sun during surise and sunset and vertical shading was hence added. The light shelves allowed light to penetrate deeper without creating heat zones in the middle of the room. The interior office could do without the light shelf since it is very small and this method actually led to a higher than needed daylight spread. Though the tested days were daylit appropriately, to get a better annual measurement, the horizontal louvers were rotated 15 degrees and vertical louvers were rotated 45 degrees to face the East Sun perpendicularly in the SE offices.

Offices

Studio

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

Studio

Offices

p. 16

Daylighting strategy Shading The final arrangement allows for close to complete daylight autonomy within the space while reducing glare and maintaining a reasonable spread of daylight within the space. The biggest drawbacks however to this shading system was that SE facing offices had their views diminished by the angular shading devices. An average light level of 456 lux was maintained annually and glare was completely removed. This does lead to lower thermal gains through the upper windows but the lower window below the view window will be tested to see if it allows thermal gains in winter.

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

sDA 300/50%

ASE

Lux

p. 17

Thermal analysis The basic thermal input shows the building operating above Site EUI. The first update saw the reconfiguration of occupancy charts for the heating and cooling to reflect uninhabited weekends. Better window panels were also introduced in this step though there was only a small change at this level. The addition of natural ventillation added a lot of energy to the calculation though the

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

Base level

New level without shades

New level with shades

p. 18

Natural Ventilation strategy

North West (NW)

North West (NW)

45'-0"

South East (SE)

South East (SE)

14'-4"

Factors affecting Stack Ventilation: Temperature difference between inside and outside Effective area of the openings and obstructions Total buoyant pressure difference \Delta P_b driving the flow

14'-4"

Ventilation focus: Stack/ buoyancy-driven ventilation

Proposed Section for Proposed Section for Better Natural Ventilation Better Natural Ventilation

45'-0"

Changing Stack Height

South East (SE)

South East (SE)

Prevailing Wind Direction Prevailing Wind Direction

Existing Section

Existing Section

North West (NW)

North West (NW)

Prevailing Wind Direction Prevailing Wind Direction

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 19

Ventillation Strategy This ventillation strategy tries to accomodat the existing egress pathways by enclosing them and attempting to ventillate depedning on orientation. The offices on the windward side can be ventillated through single side ventillation while the rest of the spaces can be integrated into the atrium to make use of the stack effect. By creating an outlet for this in the leeward side (facing the studios) allows for stack effect to make use of wind pressure as well. This system would have to be mechanically operable to shut this down in the winter months as these months would not be suitable for natural ventillation.

SE

54.00

NW

138.00

Ext. Office

90.00

Int. Office Egress

View Window shaded to protect view and visual comfort Solar radiation window heats up space without glare in winter

27.00

Atrium

27.00

90.00

138.00

Studio

42.00

45.00

42.00

Daylight shelf bounces light deeper into the room to balance lighting without glare

410.64

Leeward Side

The open plan of the studio spaces may have allowed for some cross ventillation but since it is on the leeward side, stack ventillation by connecting the studio to the atrium is used to ventillate naturally.

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

To accomodate natural ventillation, this egress is enclosed for safety.

Due to its seperation from the facade, this office may use natural ventillation through stack ventillation

The South East facade benefits from being in the windward direction. However due to the egress after it, a natural ventillation strategy using single side ventillation may work better.

Windward Side

p. 20

Natural Ventillation

July Ventilation Analysis (using MIT Coolvent) The Quotidian changes observed gives us a good glimpse at the thermal challenges during July. July was picked as a test month due to it being the hottest month of the year. While we expect cooling to be a challenge, we can see that it gets hotter as the day progresses. The following sets were done to check performance during occupancy between 9am and 7pm.

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 21

Natural Ventillation

July Ventilation Analysis (using MIT Coolvent) By noon we see an increase in temperatures within the building above comfort levels. It continues to get hotter as we progress through the day till 7pm. We can then see solar radiation have a strong influence on the internal temperatures.

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 22

Natural Ventillation

July Ventilation Analysis (using MIT Coolvent) All together, it is interesting to see how ventillation takes place in the central atrium throughout the day. The direction of wind is seen to switch throughout the day. While this may decrease comfort in these analysis, it should be better when tested in IES VE as MIT coolvent does not allow us to change chimney opening by leveraging its side to create openings. Natural Ventillation does however still offer benefits in this limited analysis as we see around 34% comfort achievable through natural ventillation throughout the zones.

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 23

Natural Ventillation

Stack Height - +15’

Comfort Analysis - Stack Height Buoyancy driven ventillation seen in stack ventillation is dependent on the interior temperature gradient being greater than exterior temperature difference at the openings. The next factor that affects it is pressure difference between the top and the bottom. This means that by increasing the stack height we should substanitally see an increase in the flow of air.

July - +30’ From tesing this in MIT Coolvent, the relationships hold up. The magnitude of differnce it made however is small and hence could be checked in IES VE to be sure.

July 45’ Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 24

Natural Ventillation

January

Comfort Analysis - January vs July vs September Looking at the different seasons, January gets hard to ventillate due to the freezing exterior temperatures (which need to be warmed if used to ventillate). July as we looked in detail gets very hot, however it still is beneficial to integrate passive natural systems. Finally in September, we see that comfortable exterior conditions allow for plenty of natural ventillation. November to April does not seem to produce any comfort through natural ventillation and hence can be say that we can naturally ventillate the building from May to October.

July

September Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 25

Natural Ventillation Multi Day Test Peak External Flow (Jun-Aug) The following slices are taken from the day of peak flow through external vents in the period between June and August

Base Geometry

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

Velocity filled Contours These slices show us that there is airflow and accumulation in the stack as air moves through the building. We see that air speeds up as it moves up and out of the exit while it enters the space slowly.

p. 26

Natural Ventillation

Base Geometry

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

Temperature filled Contours The temperature contours show us how warm air from the floor rises up and mixes with other air and quickly escapes out of the exit and does not accumulate on the shaft.

p. 27

Natural Ventillation

March 3

July 23

November 11

Leeward Side (studios)

Velocity

Velocity

Velocity

Temperature

Temperature

Temperature

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

p. 28

Natural Ventillation Single Side ventillation test

Base Geometry of windward side office cells

Gautam Pradeep | ARCH 551X

Macro flow vent rates The following slices are taken from the day of peak flow through external vents in the period between June and August

Velocity vectors: The vectors here show us that air is entering through the top and exits in the bottom of the room. Since in summer months the air outside is warmer, the cold air escapes trhough the bottom pulling in warm air from the top.

Temperature Contour: The filled contours show warm air that is pulled into the space as the cold air escapes.

p. 29

ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AS DRIVERS FOR DESIGN Arch 551 X | Prof.

Ulrike Passe